Improving your website accessibility. This module is made available to you through a joint initiative between the Legal Services National Technology Assistance Project, the Legal Services Corporation, and Idealware under a Creative Commons by-license. When designing a website, it's easy to assume that every person who will visit the site will see it in the same way. That's not the case, though. Your audience will include people with varying abilities, and if the site isn't accessible to everyone who needs or wants to access it, your organization won't be able to meet as many people's needs. The United Nations recognized web accessibility as a basic human right in 2006. Steps to make websites accessible to people with disabilities also benefit many other users, including those who are older, those who are recovering from injuries, those who are restricted to mobile devices, or those who use older computer technology or slower connection speeds. If you don't make your website accessible, who are you excluding? Shouldn't we provide equal access to justice for everyone? Module 3 will cover steps to make your site accessible. There are best practices for accessible site design that can assist many different groups. For those who are colorblind, avoid color-coded navigation. Making color essential to navigating your website content might look attractive, but can impair navigation for some people. For those who have difficulty using a mouse, make all functionality available from a keyboard. For those who are deaf, provide captions to videos. Keeping the language on your site simple, dividing content into scannable and more manageable chunks, and avoiding technology fanciness just for fanciness' sake makes your site easier for lots of people. Those who don't speak English well, those who are unfamiliar with U.S. technology norms, or aren't tech savvy, and in fact, most of us. The picture we're looking at is of someone with low vision who is zooming in very closely to see what's in front of her. A screen reader will read web pages aloud to the visually impaired. These people have similar questions, but they have a different experience of the web than you may expect. Additionally, LSC requires that websites be made accessible under Grant Assurance 9. Quote, The website is periodically evaluated and updated for ease of use and accessibility to meet the needs of as many consumers as possible. So let everyone benefit from your services. Let's talk about six things that one can think about to make a more accessible website. The things we talked about for a usable website also apply for accessibility. Text is really key for both things. Splitting up text into scannable chunks is good for those who may have difficulty seeing, as well as those who aren't very literate, aren't technologically literate, or don't speak English well. Summarizing information at the beginning of sections and paragraphs helps everyone, especially those on a screen reader. Think about equal access to your information. Translated copy makes your site more usable and more accessible. More advanced content management systems will make it easy to create and manage both English and Spanish language versions of the same page, for example. But for sites without this functionality, you'll likely have to create duplicate versions of each page for each language and provide links to switch between them. Your users probably aren't reading at a law school level. It doesn't make sense to include detailed legal language on general pages. Consider adding a glossary or frequently asked questions page. For instance, the Arkansas Legal Services Partnership includes a law dictionary on their site. You will have things on your site that you may not think of as images. The alt text option presents a verbal summary of photos, icons, or logos to people using screen readers. If images, video, or icons convey important information, always provide a text alternative for those who have trouble seeing. The text alternative function in a website allows you to add a description of an image or audio clip that's read by a screen reader or helps people who can't see the detail. The description of the image should explain the message you're trying to convey. A reliance on icons or screenshots without explanatory text will trip up people with vision problems. They won't be able to interpret either the icon or the screenshot, only the alt text that accompanies them, which is why it is so important to include. Another strategy is to provide a hidden link, viewable only to screen readers that can provide further context. There are design considerations that support accessibility as well. What makes for beautiful design doesn't always support accessibility. Blue on blue type doesn't pop. Dark color text on a white or light color background is easier to read for everyone. Gray on yellow text? No one can read that. Use a font size for your text that is readable, larger than 10 point in general, especially for older people or those with low vision. It's better for a page to scroll more than to have smaller text. If you can't see the color, do your images or charts still tell the story you're trying to tell? As we've mentioned, a screen reader helps a blind person navigate through the website and is entirely keyboard based. It lets you quickly hear the text of the headings and the links to quickly jump from one place to another. With a screen reader, the tab key is the primary way a user moves through content on the site. Consider a skipped nav link to let those using screen readers or keyboards skip the navigation and get right to the content of the page. This can really help streamline a blind person's experience of your site. Imagine if you had to listen to the navigation options on every page you visited. A navigation flyout that does something where you select without clicking is impossible for someone who can't use a mouse or is accessing your site through a screen reader. Don't rely on fancy functionality for your navigation, or if you do, at least make sure you offer an alternate, less fancy way to get to each page. To support the accessibility features in web browsers, use the standard H1 and H2 tags to designate your headers and subheaders. If you arbitrarily apply styles, a screen reader will incorrectly display a table of contents for the page that doesn't reflect the actual content. When linking to another site or to another page on your own site, it's tempting to name the link something generic, like here, or read more. But for someone reading content with the aid of a screen reader, that doesn't provide any context about where that link goes. Instead, name your links in a way that makes sense on their own. For example, read more could become read more about our services. A lot of people don't use a mouse. This includes the elderly, those using screen readers, those with mobility issues, and those who just prefer to use the keyboard. Those who are not using a mouse are reliant on the tab key for navigation. Try it on your own site. Does it work well for you? Browsers and computers have typical keyboard shortcuts. You want to ensure that they do what people expect. Does the order of fields make logical sense when jumping from box to box with the tab key? In general, your developer should code your pages in standard ways. Browsers will automatically support tools like screen readers and navigation by keyboard unless you do things to break them. Your site should still work even if you turn off all your style sheets, JavaScript, applets, and other programmatic objects. This should seem obvious, but only use tables and lists for actual tables and lists. These formatting tags have certain meanings to screen readers. Using them in an unexpected way will make the site difficult to navigate. Don't assume that your site is up to code. There are tools available to the general public that test websites for accessibility. There is a free tool called Wave which locates more straightforward accessibility issues like alt text, links, and forms. You can also install the developer's accessibility extension in Firefox. The things it tests for overlap with Wave, but it focuses more on the technical side of how your website was implemented, like styles and scripting. VisCheck will simulate most every kind of color blindness. It works as a filter over your website. The web aims screen reader simulates what it's like to browse the web through a screen reader. Using a screen reader well, though, takes practice and skill, so don't expect to be able to tell for yourself what the experience of a blind person would be like. Don't forget the possibility of doing a user test with someone who uses a screen reader all the time. You'll hear the terms W3C and 508 standards when investigating accessibility issues. What are these standards and what do they mean to you? What does 508 compliance mean? Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 requires that federal agencies electronic and information technology, and that of any organization that is supported by a federal agency, is accessible to people with disabilities and allows remedies for people who are aggrieved by violations. What's included specifically? You should, of course, go read it and consult a lawyer, but in general the main things that 508 compliance requires are You provide a text alternative for every non-text element of your website. Videos and animation have accompanying captions or auditory descriptions of the visual track. All information that is conveyed with color should also be clear without color. Form controls are labeled properly and their functionality is accessible for those using assistive technologies. Users can skip repetitive navigation. Sites are safe for those with epilepsy by refraining from using a flickering effect at a frequency greater than 2 Hz and lower than 55 Hz. And it specifies some specifics that the people coding your pages should follow, which are generally just best practices anyway. Like using markup to associate data cells with data headers and helping people to navigate through frames with text. What about W3C? What does that mean? These guidelines developed by the World Wide Web Consortium, thus the acronym W3C, explain how to make web content accessible to people with disabilities. The requirements for both W3C and 508 compliance are similar. Occasionally one has more strict rules than the other, but their primary difference lies in the fact that W3C compliance is not required by any institution, but is rather an optional set of best practices for web accessibility. Many people find W3C to be a clearer set of standards, so it's more likely to be referenced by vendors or software developers. There's almost always a number of ways to make your site compliant with either standard, so you'll have to think through what makes the most sense for you, and for your actual users, as well as the law. Keep in mind that being 508 compliant doesn't necessarily make your site helpful for those with disabilities. Make sure you don't disappear down the rabbit hole of federal requirements and forget about what will be useful to real humans. If you have content that is very difficult to provide in an accessible way, the 508 requirements do in fact give you another option. You can create an accessible text-only page with equivalent information, as long as that information is updated whenever the primary page changes. In concept, accessibility is more straightforward than you might think. Just focusing on the content and not breaking the browser's default settings will get you a long way. If you want to be very serious about an accessibility check, you would do well to hire someone with experience in this area who can look at both the front end and the back end code supporting your site or website prototype. These resources can help provide more background and best practices for your own website.


Now, this is a Michael Crichton book that I loved, cover to cover. It's about the discovery of a gigantic interstellar spacecraft at the bottom of the deepest parts of the Pacific Ocean. It's been there for millions of years, and yet it's clearly man-made. The catch is that in the cargo hold of this ship, there is something else that is clearly not man-made. How did that ship get there? How did that thing get inside it? Why are all the bizarre things happening to the people who are down there at the bottom of the ocean trying to figure all of this out? This is a great book. My only problem with the book is I thought the ending could have been stronger. I thought it could have been weirder. The movie that came out many years later was amazingly faithful to the book. And I got to tell you, the casting was dead perfect. The ending of the movie was even less interesting than the ending of the book.


Well, everyone, Basel Chapman on this Thursday, December the 9th, we're looking at the Dow and this is the 10 a.m. Tiger Financial News Network market update. Dow's down 118, I know I said down, you're not used to that, it is down 118 at 35,637. I suspect that I said to subscribers over the last couple of days, I suspect that yesterday, Wednesday would be a small doji-type candle and there should be some kind of weakness on Thursday and how deep and how long is going to be really important because if it's just very brief and then we made a new recovery high, that's going to be very, very positive for the market and especially if you're ready to do the VIX index and that VIX index right now is down at the 20.21 area right on the 200-period exponential moving average way of the 35 high that was just four or five sessions ago. Let's go to the S&P, this is the S&P 500 and we're looking at minus 12 had a really strong rally over the last two days, 47-43 was the high in the 22nd of November. We made a high yesterday in the 46-90 area, it's very good and today we're at 46-90 but it's actually almost 47, today we're at 46-90 down 10, we're looking at the QQQ, the NDX100 pulling back a little bit earlier on, it's sold down 71 cents at 398.92, not as strong as the others but doing pretty well and the IWM is a laggard and I'll talk about that and I had a question about it, we'll do that in my Tiger technicians hour coming up in a moment, 224.22 down $1.41, it's kind of struggling, gold also struggling. Gold is down 9 at 1776, just can't get above that pink 9-period moving average and hold and certainly can't break above the 1791 14-period moving average, dollars holding okay but it's bonds that we're looking at, bonds right now trading at 149.50 in the Lehman 20 at Treasury Bond Fund, up $1.10 but it's had a big pullback from the 152s, going to be watching this very closely and crude oil pullback just a little bit, it's down 90 cents, no it's now down in 71 cents and 71.66 and that's also something we'll talk about when I get back from my Tiger technician hour, let's check the coach and we'll take this, see you back in a moment, hope to see you there, otherwise tomorrow's the same time.


Euler began the modern study of continued fractions with his 1744 essay on continued fractions. To continue discussion, it helps to introduce some terminology. In modern terms, the continued fraction has partial denominators a—yes, I know it's not really a denominator—b, c, d, and so on. It should be clear that a rational number has a finite continued fraction expansion. It should also be clear that, as long as we make the obvious restriction that our partial denominator should be positive integers, that an irrational number has an infinite continued fraction expansion. But there are irrational numbers, and there are really irrational numbers. Let's take a look at that. So Euler used the approximation for square root of 2 and found the sequence of partial denominators. So remember we can find these by applying the Euclidean algorithm. So we'll divide to get a quotient and remainder, divide to get a quotient and remainder, and lather, rinse, repeat. And a rather remarkable thing happens, our quotients all seem to be two, corresponding to the relationship. Now we shouldn't generalize from one example, and so Euler considered square root of 3, and he didn't say what approximation he used, but if we use this approximation and apply the Euclidean algorithm we get, and so in this case our terms seem to alternate, the remarkable regularity of the terms led Euler to note it does not follow from the division that the quotients will continue in this fashion, but it seems likely, and in fact it can be proven. Which if you read that carefully is a very interesting thing to say, because Euler is essentially saying that we begin with our suspicion of what is true and then go on to approve. So again it helps to introduce some modern terms, if the sequence of partial denominators repeat after some point we say the continued fraction is periodic, and Euler considered the problem of finding the value of a periodic continued fraction. So let's consider the simplest case where our partial denominators are all the same, except for that first denominator which again isn't really a denominator but we call it one. So we find x-a equals, and at this point we'll make an important observation. The repitent, this portion of the continued fraction that repeats over and over again, is the same as the whole thing, it's x-a, and so we can replace this repitent with x-a and get an equation that doesn't extend off to infinity. And once we do that we can solve for x and find, now by assumption a and b are positive so our continued fraction will also have a positive value, so the positive solutions to this quadratic equation will be, and so x can be expressed in terms of a and b. So note that if a is equal to one and b is equal to two, we get x is equal to the square root of two and the continued fraction expansion, which is what we found earlier. For convenience we can let b equal to a, and what that will do is that we'll zero out this portion that isn't under the radical. And then our formula for x gives us, and so in general, and this allows us to find things like a continued fraction expansion for square root of five. So our formula gives us, and if we let a equal to two, then we get square root of five equal to, and a convergence will be, which give us excessively better approximations to the square root of five.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. You all would have seen by now that BJP is leading in both Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Let's look at the figures. BJP is leading at almost 105 seats in Gujarat, while Congress is at 71 seats. Others are having lead on six seats. Congress is somewhere around 41 percent vote share and BJP somewhere around 49 percent vote share. Now let's look at the 2012 results. BJP had 115 seats in 2012 while Congress had 61 seats. After defection, BJP had somewhere around 122 seats in Gujarat as most of the Congress MLAs had shifted to BJP. Let's look at Himachal Pradesh now. Congress was in government in Himachal Pradesh with 36 seats in 2012, and 26 seats were to BJP. In 2017, the trends have reversed. Forty-two seats have gone to BJP. They're leading on 42 seats while Congress is on 22 seats. Left has made its entry in Himachal Pradesh assembly with one seat, others on three. The vote share is somewhere similar, which is 48.7 percent for BJP and 41.7 percent for Congress. Now if we look at the election campaign that was followed in Gujarat, it showed clear desperation for BJP. Modi was all talking about Pakistan, was abusing his opponents, and was talking about the issues of nationalism. The issues of the people were missing from the campaign. Results are visible that there is no Modi wave in Gujarat. BJP is losing its ground while Congress has gained. In a way, it's an honorable defeat for Congress, which has revived. If we look at Himachal Pradesh, Congress is clearly facing anti-incumbency while BJP is gaining grounds. The early trends show that even the CM candidate was trailing, now he's leading. When it comes to Gujarat, Jignesh Mivani, an independent candidate, is leading by a huge margin, and I think he would have won by now. To discuss these elections, we are joined by Tari Conver, senior journalist of NewsClick, who has covered extensively the Gujarat elections, and Tikender Singh Pawar, former Deputy Mayor of Shimla, and a member of CPIM. So welcome to NewsClick, both of you. Thank you. To start with Gujarat, Jignesh Mivani is losing, is winning, sorry. BJP had shown massive sign of desperation. People's issues were completely missing. Communism was their only agenda. And still, they have not been able to gain the target that they had set. What do you have to say about it? First of all, Pranjal Jignesh has already registered victory. He won by a huge margin of more than 18,000 votes. And second thing is, you are right in saying that people's issue took back bench in their entire election campaign in Gujarat. We broke the story that initially there was a campaign going on. In the name of Hajj versus Ram. Ram, right. Hajj stands for Hardik Kalpesh and Jignesh. And Ram was Rupani, Amisha and Modi. So people were given a poster whom do you want to vote to favor. Either Hajj or Ram. So, and in the last phase of the election, campaigning, we saw the entire political discourse changed. So it actually looked like that communism was the only last resort that BJP had. And this is the only agenda that they are going to follow. Exactly. Exactly. In the last phase of election campaigning there, Modi brought the issue of Pakistan and every non-issue who said what Manish Shankar's IR said and what Renuka Chaudhary said and all political rhetoric. There was no words on development, demonetization, GST. And you can say that the BJP tried to play on people's emotion. Modi tried himself to connect with the Gujarati Asmita which I guess to a large extent has worked in favor of the BJP which is leading in most of the seats, not most of the seats which is in position to form the government there. So actually if you look at the economy of Gujarat, it looked like due to demonetization and GST, the rural economy and also the traders community was most hate. So what role did that play? If we analyze the rural votes, Congress has enroled very well there. When we went to rural areas of Saurashti, North and South Gujarat rural areas where the farming community is staying, the main cash crop there is cotton and wheat. People were complaining about the lower rate of their agricultural produce. They were telling Rs. 700 to Rs. 800. Rs. 700 to Rs. 800 they are getting for 20 kg of cotton which is much lower than what they spend for production. So this anger was very visible and it has gone in the favor of Congress. But this position of Congress, although Congress is in a good position now, the Gujarat Assembly will be in an aggressive position. There will be no government like that which the Gujarat government has seen since the last 22 years. But the mistakes made by Congress, I feel that Congress failed to consolidate the anger on the ground completely. They failed to, you can say that the voters have not been able to get that anger and this was their biggest failure. So this lack of association because Bhajpa has an association with the National Assembly which is campaigning at home. And this was also very visible in the whole campaign. Mr. Rupani is saying that if Bhajpa loses in Gujarat then Pakistan will be destroyed. So this is a straight line of RSS. What was the lack of association with Congress? If we analyze the lack of association with Congress then there is no association with Congress in Gujarat. In fact, in other states as well, there is no association with Congress. There is a commitment, a worker's commitment towards the party which was absent completely. And on the other hand, when the polling was going on in the second phase, most of the Congress's leaders I spoke to were slipping on the polling day. So generally, a trend has been seen that if there is a lot of voter turnout in an election then we analyze it in such a way that there is a vote against anti-encompassion. But the situation here was not like that. Here the voter turnout was decreasing and BJP tried their best to get the poll on the polling booth of BJP's committed voters. Congress failed here although they did a very good and aggressive campaign and the wave was in their favor but it was not able to convert it into a vote. This is what I felt saying the entire trend so far. We have seen a lot of movements in Gujarat since last year. There has been a movement of youth. It is about Jignesh, Alpege or Hardik. Jignesh's elections have also been won. The party leader of these youth, OVC, Dalit what is their role in this election? Because if this would have been a consolidated vote then Congress would have been in such a big way. But the performance is good but maybe they are making it a government. If we look at the party-dominated youth by seats then every movement from where the party-agitation started if we look there then the Ujjha constituency of Vardnagar in which Vardnagar comes Vardnagar PM Modi's home ground where PM Modi was born then Vardnagar is considered their constituency although it is in the Maesana district but after the delimitation of 2008 Vardnagar came into the Ujha constituency. In Ujha, BJP lost. Leaving one seat, the seven seats of Maesana they are leaving one or two seats and leading Congress. So the party-dominated youth has benefited the Congress. A new thing that we have seen which BJP was discrediting and which our analysts have discredited these three new faces they have established themselves as a leader. Alpash is leading. Jignesh has won. Hardik has played a very important role in this and we have seen in every party-dominated pocket so Congress is leading there. The failure of Congress in the BJP strategy BJP has been very successful in the last minute of BJP's strategy that when the OBC voters were unable to subside the party-dominated anger they shifted their strategy and they started working with the OBC voters saying that when the party-dominated power comes and the party-dominated reservation will be given your share will be cut BJP was not successful in this too so their last resort was the tribal vote bank which they consolidated in favor of and that's why we can see that BJP is leading in every tribal vote. We will come back to you again on the issue of Jignesh. So congratulations first of all for gaining one seat in Himachal Pradesh and left has made its entry into the assembly. How do you see that victory what impact will it have? How do I see that victory is actually when we coined the slogan in Himachal what is the agenda that we're going to take to the people so our slogan was of a real opposition because what we emphatically campaigned in the elections was that both BJP and Congress happens to be two sides of the same coin I mean they don't represent an opposition at all and actually if you see by last 15 or 20 years what they've been doing in the assembly is not on people's issues the debate but how to increase their wages, salaries that really clicked. So the real role of the opposition how that role of the opposition has to be played we get that slogan. So the CPM is not going to form a government because we were contesting some 20 seats and the CPM also doesn't want a situation whereby it is because of CPM that a government gets formed and our slogan was very concrete that we want a representation and someone who actually represents the voice of the opposition the way Modi is trying to decimate the entire opposition in the country so that really clicked in the minds and how do I see that? How do I see that? I think the candidate who is one Rakesh Singha also has earlier represented the Shimla urban constituency so there are lots of hope and lots of aspiration amongst the people who will be representing the issues of the people. For example the course if you just understand how the state of Himachal has developed probably it's one of the best left of center development that is taking place after Kerala though it was Congress for a long time that played that role right from 1970s to 1990s but yes then after 1990s what we call the post neoliberal era and that also speaks about why no party has been able to win after the 1990s every 5 years people just remove them off so that speaks about the real issues of development and why the development could take place from 1970s to 90s and post 1990s why the governments were incapacitated to perform and it was also part of the structural adjustment that took place from the center and that has really affected important sectors like health education and so who will champion those issues who will champion those causes for example health is becoming one of the largest agendas to intervene similarly education because we have one of even in the remotest place we'll find the schools so what we call we have the hardware but the software slowly slowly got missing like you have an ambulance in the village but you won't have a driver to drive that ambulance so I think those aspirations and land has of late become a pivotal issue for example in Himachal 70% of the land is owned by the forest I don't want to go into those details and so the land that people own the forest tribal act has hardly been implemented so people own that land and they've been owning it for decades together but all of a sudden the government terms them as encroachers so we really fought that movement and it is in this region of Shimla where we have been able to win so how do I see is I think a real opposition coming up maybe just because of one and there are few independence also also looks like that the left is emerging as the third major force in Himachal Pradesh I can say the left has always been that probably the left owns that responsibility I mean because we have a very strong students movement and it span Himachal so every nook and corner of the state you'll find some presence of the left and fortunately we don't have any third party third party of any sort in Himachal so that space can be and slowly slowly is being utilized by the left let's come back to the results so is it merely anti-incumbency against the congress or BJP was properly able to take its agenda to the people you see if you understand how BJP was able to they did it very smartly by the way the BJP because initially they brought the Modi narrative to the fore and then they realized hey Modi narrative is going to get defeated can you believe the party that said no we will never declare a chief ministeral candidate all of a sudden in between said no because they realized Modi is going to be defeated so this Modi narrative of development because there is a Himachal narrative of development and the kind of narrative that they were trying to build the Modi narrative of development was not clicking at all I mean people said we don't want that Modi narrative of development especially after demonetization after GST the way the business community was responding so they were very clever that they brought a chief ministeral candidate in the in the form of Dhumal who is a statesman undoubtedly and who is also representing a large community of the Rajputs so they were in a fix that they will target I mean they will keep that ambiguity and slowly they'll and then that's how they do it the way they did it in Uttar Pradesh or Uttarakhand or Haryana so they couldn't do that because they realized that Modi narrative is not going to work so it's the people's narrative and let us focus not on the pan-Indian issues but only on the issues of anti-incumbency of Congress so and they were able to so what what impact will it have BJP coming back to power in Himachal Pradesh impact in Himachal or all India Himachal see A BJP is not seen a very pro-Himachal party because when Himachal was formed we didn't have a BJP at that time it was Jansang and Jansang used to coin slogans like Statehood, Marothood very good they never wanted Himachal to be carved out of Punjab so I mean they are considered to be more anti-Himachal stuff and I don't know how they will really frame their entire discourse now and how would they decide to govern the state but going by the logic we have a debt of 40,000 crores and we have a neoliberal framework in which the parties work because for example Congress tried to intervene and was even able to put it in the manifesto that no outsourcing will take place so probably the impact would be this would enhance that pace enhancement of more outsourcing because Himachal is probably one of the states where we have the largest per capita human resource engagement in government services largest per capita nowhere in the country not even Kerala for that matter any other state so that is going to I think be hit more which means it will affect the common people more in the sense it will affect the services of health education because it will amount to more outsourcing more privatization and of course the previous government the previous BJP government was considered to be a land mafia so I don't know how how they will reincarnate how they will reincarnate themselves and what kind of metamorphosis will take place you never know but yes that is how they have been branded but never have they have been like pro-state that pro-Himachal kind of stuff so I think it will be a challenge but for the left it will be a golden opportunity because given the reality that if it is BJP the left bring more carters to the streets and if you have an elected representative I think they couldn't have been a better opportunity than what is now Tariq this would be my last question in Gujarat BJP is coming back again with what kind of independent candidate like Jignesh Mewani is going to Vidhan Sabha with a big margin what will be the impact on the politics of Gujarat if we look at the impact positively it can be said that Gujarat is now trying to go ahead with the bi-polar politics of Congress versus BJP not only Jignesh Congress could not check this Congress is doing a lot of trades you will see that third or second candidate is an independent candidate and high number of votes on many constituencies they are getting more than 20,000 votes this was also a strategy especially this is on the trend of party seats where Congress is trailing there independent candidate is gaining a lot of votes so this was another strategy to corner Congress Congress could not check and it proves that the people of Gujarat their electorate this bi-polar politics is trying to bring candidates as a new alternative and this is a challenge for the government see this is one of the options so beware thanks a lot for giving us your time as we have seen and as both of our panellists have told that there is no Modi wave either in Gujarat or in Himachal Pradesh even in Himachal Pradesh they had to declare a CM candidate because Modi didn't want to appear so the feminism is the last resort that BJP has that is what it followed in Himachal Pradesh that is what it followed in Gujarat let's see what happens the final results are yet not out will be coming back to you with the final results at 5 o'clock keep following our facebook page for more updates thank you


Today, we're going to talk about the drug discovery or even the drug design process. This is a gigantic topic and I will only have a chance to scratch a little bit on the surface. But we're going to try to approach this from biophysics, see how we use our fundamental understanding of physics first, proteins, things like homology modeling that you picked up in lecture 11, but also a bit of molecular dynamics simulation and other tools that we can use, including enthalpy and entropy. So what do we need to design drugs? Well, you might think that that's a very clinical endeavor, but that's not really the case. This is mostly chemistry, although a particular branch called medicinal chemistry. And in principle, the steps we're going to go through are roughly these. First we need to be biologists rather than chemists, actually. So we need to find some sort of target. That can be harder than you might think. What does the target say for blood pressure? We might not know, in that case we do. Then we need to understand the process of that target that could, for instance, be solving the structure of the protein we're interested in. Then we need a strategy for change, I would say. And again, that could be how should we activate that protein more or how should we activate it less? Or do we want to steer the processes in some completely different direction? If we want to do drug design, at some point it's a good idea to design maybe not a drug, but design what I call a small compound, something we can eat, and that might be a drug or a small molecule. And then we have the trial and error stage or optimization. We're going to need to make this molecule better. It's the chance that you get something that works when you start is virtually zero. Then you need to be lucky or have a strategy to avoid side effects. So minor side effects might be okay, but if you have severe side effects, there is no way this is going to pass all the tests. Then we need to do lots of clinical testing. And if all this works, you're either going to have something that can cure a disease or potentially even make your company a lot of money. I will go through almost all of these stages. I might not go into details about clinical testing, but I will tell you a little bit about the stages one has to go through there too and how it works. But the first thing we're going to need to do here is to think about targets and biology. And I'm going to do that in particular in the context of COVID-19 that is very much on the table right now.