Good morning and welcome to this week's edition of Encompass Live. I am Krista Burns, your host here at the Nebraska Library Commission. Encompass Live is Library Commission's week-on-line event, where we cover any of the interest in Nebraska librarians. We do these sessions every Wednesday morning at 10 a.m. central time. And we do a mixture of presentations, interviews, interviews, anything we get published. And today we have our, today's session is our tech talk with Michael Sowers, the Library Commission's technology innovation librarian sitting next to me here. He does him about monthly updates on any new interesting techy things that are out there, and he can answer your questions about any tech-related things. And this morning we have an interview that he's going to be doing for us, so he's the last minute thing, but we're glad, happy to have it. And so I'm going to now turn it over to Michael to do his thing. Great, thanks Krista. As Krista said, I'm Michael Sowers, I'm the technology innovation librarian here at the commission. And as part of these tech talks, what I've been so far successful in doing, although I was almost unsuccessful this month, is finding someone I think is interesting to interview about technology related to libraries. And this month we have Tim Spalding, who is the founder and person in charge of LibraryThing.com.  Krista, can you unmute him? Tim, are you there? Yes, I am. Can you hear me? Yes, we can. Thanks for joining us. I know you're really busy. I'm going to let Tim kind of take control and give you a tour of LibraryThing in just a minute here. But I was wondering, Tim, if you could just maybe introduce yourself and give us a little bit of your background for the audience.  I was a scholar, ultimately I'm a failed scholar. I dropped out of graduate school for Greek and Latin. And, you know, I was a very bookish youth and a bookish adult as well. And I started LibraryThing really as a way to catalog my own personal library. And it became something more than that, something like a career. So LibraryThing is now a company. We've got some 10 people, three of them librarians. But as I said, I am not one. OK, well, I promise not to hold that against you. I've met Tim just full disclosure. I met him several times. He's a really wonderful guy. Got no, yeah, Krista's gotten a note of two. So, Tim, I'm going to go ahead and give you presentation control there. Great. Oh, sorry, hold on. Oh, I'm sorry, I just clicked the button marks not yet. Can you do it again? Oh, OK, let's let's it was the blue one. OK, give me a sec here. We see I've seen you have lost something on my screen. This is this is the technology show here, everyone. So, oh, he's on your staff. Yes, there we go. Change presenter. Why is he not listed in my presenter list? Because he is the presenter right now. Oh, OK, I think you are the presenter. Oh, OK, can people see my screen now? No. OK, give me a sec here. Let me. I'm going to. Hang on. Back to you. Yeah, it's back to us. I gave it back to you. OK, now let's. Oh, I see on the screen. There we go. OK, hold on. Try now. There. OK. I work with computers. Don't we all? Expert in this stuff, yeah. So Tim, why don't you take a little bit and give us a tour of library thing for us? Sure thing.  And it really grew from there. And the basic idea is that if many people catalog their books in one place, in some sense they catalog together. So I've come up with a concept called social cataloging. And it really drives everything that library thing does. I talk about a ladder of social cataloging. And this is a ladder that you ascend as you use the site. It's a ladder that the site itself has ascended. And it starts at the bottom with personal cataloging and ends with a much more complicated thing like true collaboration. So I'm just going to put that up briefly. And I've probably mentioned some rungs along this ladder. But just to get the sense that there are people who only use the site to list the books that they're reading or the books that are in their personal library. And there are people who do true collaboration with other people around bookish topics. So just to start off, anyone can go to library thing. Until you've got a lot of books, it's completely free. After that, it's pretty cheap. You just go. You create a membership. I'm already a member, so I'll just type in my name here. And it brings me to this screen that's got a million things going on on it. But when you really come down to it, the core of library thing is probably this screen, adding books to your library. People tend to spend, I don't know, maybe a third of their time on library thing just on here. So I take it in a book. It's all right? That would be us. Yeah. So you type in a book, like I just typed in Huckleberry Finn. And lots of different editions appear on the right. If I were to specify an author or a publisher or an ISBN, I could narrow it down more. Library thing is unique among the sites that do this because we search library sources as well as Amazon, which is the current source. So we start 690 libraries around the world. And probably a majority are in the United States, but lots and lots of libraries around the world. So it's really good for everything. Now, let me see if there's anything in Nebraska. I don't even know. There we go. University of Nebraska. I can add that to my list of libraries. And when I search for Huckleberry Finn, I'll search the University of Nebraska's collection. It might be slow. Anyway, you can add books from all these libraries. And library thing consumes mark records and tries to do justice by the quality of that data. So yeah, here you see items in the University of Nebraska. Once you've done that, you get something like this. So this is my library at present. And it looks kind of like Excel. You've got cover. You've got title. You've got author, date, tags, which are these free form subject kettings that I add myself. I can rate a book. This is actually a very good book. So I'll give it a five stars publication. As I mentioned, library thing gets into the library data quite deeply. So we have LC classification, DUI, LCSH. When I switch here to style C, you can see library thing is doing some things that are a little bit more unexpected. This isn't a good example. But you can see things like series, important places, awards, and honors. Things that don't normally appear in a library catalog are somehow appearing in library thing. And I'll show you how. One of the best ways to look at the library is when you click the covers button, as I just did. And this shows your library as if it were sitting on a shelf as a set of covers. Of course, no one actually faces their books out like this.  Library thing is really equivalent to going to someone's house and croaking your neck to see the books that they have.  Have you read all these books? I've read a lot of them. I have a lot of nonfiction, and one doesn't consume nonfiction in quite the same way. That would be my very true. Anyway, so here's my profile. And I think two things should strike you about this. One is that I'm better looking in this photo than I am in the photo that Michael put up. No, the thing that should strike you is this looks like a standard social networking profile. You've got pictures of me. You've got information about me, sites that I'm on, where I am. All the information is voluntary. But this resembles Facebook or whatever. What I think is equally striking here is that I'm going to blow it up here. Library thing puts a lot of emphasis on this area here, members with your books. Now, we have the familiar concept of friends, but a lot of the interaction on the library thing is going on with people who have your books. And the idea is that this person shares 53 books with me. Even if I'm not a friend of his, and in this case, we share something that's pretty cool. So a lot of these people, like this guy here, I share 59 books with, looking at his library, talking to him, seeing what sort of books he recommends. All that becomes immediately interesting to me. And library thing is always trying to do something more than near social networking. It's about your friends if you want it to be, but it's about what you love most of all. So yeah, here's a feature called Connections, where I can keep up with my friends and other people who aren't my friends, looking at what they've reviewed recently, what they've added to their wish list, and so forth. So I can keep up with it like that. Library thing has an extensive social section of the site. There's a groups section here. The largest group on library thing is librarians who library thing, which is like 6,000 people, which is still only less than a percentage of the site. But a lot of librarians on the site, we have a lot of people who like that. You can see here in the talk section, these are all messages that I've been involved in one way or another groups along to posts that I've made. But again, there's this thing here called Your Books. And when I click on Your Books, it tells me all the conversations that are going on about books in my library, because there's a way when you're having a conversation to indicate what books are mentioned. So these are conversations going on about my books, even if I don't know these people or I'm not in this group. Library thing is giving me an in based upon the shared data. So we also have an extensive local area that I invite you to explore. We've got more than 50,000 bookstores and libraries marked on a map. You can find out what's near them. You can find out events that are going on. Here is an example, one of my favorite libraries, the Boston Atheneum. Find out the other people who love this place. Find out the events that are going on there. We also have an iPhone application for this. It's really cool when you go to a new city. It's a cool way to discover it. Anyway, so here is an example of what library thing produces when everyone works together. So there's 45,000 people who have Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. And I can see over here people who've added it recently, my friends, employees, all sorts of other people. You can see a section here of tags. Library thing has over 63 million tags added by members. That's an enormous amount of tags, far more than anyone's ever assembled for books. And the result here is a tag cloud that pretty much describes this book. If you don't know what tag clouds are, the idea is that the more times a word is used or a tag is used, the larger it is. So I'll show numbers here. Young adult is used almost 1,000 times, fantasy is used 5,000 times, and so on. If I were to show all of these, it'd probably be about 100,000 tags. I won't do that. You can also see all these people together have made tags. But through the logic of algorithms, they've also made recommendations. So library thing has determined that people who like Harry Potter also like these books here. And we find these are pretty good recommendations. We also let members make their own hand recommendations, readers advisory, or hand selling. We have a cool feature called Will You Like It, which tries to determine if you'll like it. We like to do things that Amazon would never do. Amazon would never have a button that tells you you probably will not like the book. I think we try to do lots of reviews. So all these people working together have created something pretty cool. Here's a section called Common Knowledge. Members enter data about the book. So what are the characters in it? What are the important places? What's the dedication? First words? The last words? I've spoiled it for you. So all of this stuff entered by members. The Common Knowledge system is about to hit 2 million edits for members and has created one of the richest sources of book data out there, all of which was very consciously chosen to not be things that libraries know because we don't want to duplicate effort. But libraries don't keep track of characters and places. So I am very passionate about tags. I'll always speak to you about them for a few minutes. But there's a whole talk up on Vimeo and YouTube about tag that will go on for almost an hour about it. Tim, if I could interrupt you with a quick question. Do I have to create an account to get access to all this data? Well, no, certainly not. If you want to, you know, library thing is a very good tool for reader's advisory.  What else should I read? And obviously that's an easy one. But you know, very obscure books will have pretty good recommendations. What are my favorite? Without an account, someone could see those recommendations. You can see everything on the site. That's right. You won't get to add them to your library. You won't get to have friends. But you can see all of the data. So here's a really obscure academic book about Alexander the Great. It's still got 114 people and very good recommendations. Yeah, you know, I recommend you join it. And there's no downside. We're sort of a pre-Facebook style site in that we don't require anything of members. You can refuse to give us your email. You can make your account entirely private. And you have very strict control over where your data goes. But so I encourage you to make an account and play with it. So briefly, can I jump on to tags? Oh, go right ahead. Thanks. So tags are just this wonderful thing that Library Thing has assembled. You've probably heard of tagging before. And I would encourage you to just throw out everything you've heard about tagging. Most of the things that are told to librarians about tagging are based upon Flickr. Delicious, a few other sites like that. Book tagging ends up looking very different. And with respect, it is more like what librarians should be interested in. Book tagging is seriously interesting in a way that I think Flickr image tagging should be necessarily needed to most librarians. Library Thing has 63 million tags. We add more tags every day than the largest library tagging project has added in five years. That's the University of Pennsylvania. So it's really a remarkable resource. In this case, cooking, it's just a popularity contest. But you will notice, of course, that the tag is not cookery, because people use the word that comes to them naturally rather than some unusual word. Cookery is the library tagging. And I can't figure out who would tag something cookery unless they're a librarian. So I think these are probably things with librarians. Librarians and catalog are probably. They're the only people that know it. Yes. So here's a good example of where tags work. This is the chiclet tag. And this is the chiclet reading list. It's got all the top stuff. It's sorted by relevance, which is something that subject headings don't do. Everything that is a man-woman relationship in library-converged subject headings is a man-woman relationship equally. Whereas with tags, you can look at statistics and decide, Bridget Jones' diary is a really, really good example of chiclet. But way, way down the list here, there are things that are much less good examples of it. If you don't like chiclet, here's cyberpunk. A classic example here would be something like Neuromancer, which has completely bizarre subject headings. I think one of them is information superhighway fiction, which is a completely dated term. Another one, my favorite, is nervous system wounds and injuries fiction. But there's no cyberpunk. There isn't even science fiction. For people who care about that, and there's people who practically only read cyberpunk, tags are just a wonderful way of getting to it. Paranormal romance is another great example. There are people out there who only read paranormal romance. I would say that being used almost 50,000 times with the top books having hundreds of examples, this is a really solid, defensible subject or genre. And it's great to have a way to capture what you have. You can see in this one here, France, World War II fiction, that when you add tags together, you can get some of the benefits of a structured subject system, right? If you look down here on the right, you'll see some of the related subjects. Library thing is always tying the library thing data to the library data. And the subject, LCSH is great because it's hierarchical. And can get into great detail. Well, you get some of that value by adding tags together in what library thing calls a tag mash. So here's a book, some random Star Wars book that you probably have not read, and I certainly have not read. Members have added the information down here. I'm probably going to quickly here. You know, members have added that this belongs in the Star Wars series, the Lando Calrissian Adventure series, and the Star Wars Rise of Empire series. That boils down to something like this, which is 610 Star Wars works, right? All of these books have been rated as part of the Star Wars series. If you look over here on the right, you can see 107 related series, Rise of the Empire, Clone Wars, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, right? This is more good information about how the Star Wars books fit together than any library has ever assembled, than any librarian that I know has in their head, right? And I would argue that's a good thing, right? That the guys who really know Star Wars are the guys who are editing library thing at 3 a.m. in their underwear. And that isn't necessarily something that libraries should try to be the experts in. So this might be a case where libraries can learn something from regular people, not always. By the way, all this data is completely free. It's a Creative Commons attribution license. So it's all completely free. Amazingly, nobody uses it at the moment, to be sure. So one of the cool things that library thing does is just get people involved in different projects. Library thing has harnessed the power of book love, like all get out. We attract a lot of really nerdy book people. We attract a lot of catalogers. So at some point, I proposed that we cataloged Thomas Jefferson's library. It had been cataloged before in book form, but I figured, well, why don't we try and make an online catalog of it, and then we can see the books that we share. So I share 57 books with Jefferson, because I got a lot of Greek and Latin, and so does he. And library thing members made very short work of this as a couple of days. We then proceeded to do things like John Adams, which is great because John Adams shares the most books with Jefferson, which is a great shared worldview there. We did Ernest Hemingway, Sylvia Plath, Tupac Shakur, the famous rapper. We've done over 150, we call them famous dead people's libraries, and all of it's been done by members working from a variety of sources. Sometimes they're printed sources, sometimes they're archival sources. In a number of cases, they've been original works of research. A librarian in Massachusetts did the first catalog of a famous Puritan family.  And then when you get it all together, you can see, I share 57 books with Jefferson, and I share 35 books with C.S. Lewis. And I can see the books they share together. And so all this stuff that library thing people are doing, you know, it goes in ascending, in ascending stairway or ladder, where at the bottom you're doing it just for yourself. And as you ascend, the stuff that you're doing for yourself starts to become helpful to other people. And at the very top, there are, I don't want to exaggerate, but a couple hundred people who spend a lot of time on library thing, helping other people out, working on projects like this, people whose love of books previously might not have been fully expressed. So that's, I did it in 26 minutes, I'm very impressed with myself. That's libraries in a nutshell. Michael, I'll turn it back over to you. Great, thanks Tim. I've got some questions that I kind of pre-planned for Tim. We've got some questions that have already come in and I'll ask Tim of those. And so if you've got any others, feel free to either type them into the Q and A or raise your hand if you want to ask via audio and we'll do our best to try to pull that off. But to one question that came through from the audience to which I will answer because I have a feeling Tim won't know the answer to this question. When he was on the Star Wars page, somebody was noticing the BBY on something. And unfortunately, I do know the answer to that. Before the Battle of Yavin, isn't it? Yes, all right, Tim. Before the Battle of Yavin, that's the battle at the end of the first Star Wars movie to which then the timeline is established before or after. So I just think I made myself into one of those 3 a.m. and you're under our guise. But anyways. Nobody wants to know. So that's a very big Star Wars deep preference that is the library thing. Yep. Well, there are numbers of organized these things in this order which you would never know if you weren't one of those people. Right. And then the other question that has already come in, Tim, is you threw out a term called a tag mash at one point and someone was willing, if you could, maybe fill us in a little more what you meant by that. Maybe show us an example. If I might throw out a question for myself, I wanna briefly show library thing for libraries too, which I totally forgot about. Oh, sure. Yeah. Showing the child. Yeah, so the idea of a tag mash is simply to take a bunch of tags and put them together. So, how many books are there that are both zombies and romance? Well, a fair number actually. Pride and Prejudice and Zombies gets number one. But it's great for other things too. You got cooking Indian. So it's taking two tags and doing something like a Venn diagram of them. And it was one of those things that we didn't do until we had millions of tags, but with 63 million tags, the data is just so rich that you can do really quite complicated things. Chiclet, it takes place in Greece. There's actually a fair amount of it. So yeah, it's something that actually library thing invented. I haven't seen any other site do it quite the same way. I should also mention one thing here about tags. You probably saw some of this that Chiclet includes these variants. Another good example would be WWII, World War II, includes variants World War II spelled out and WWII and these vices, Elk Creek and all these other things. Library thing members performs something like authority control on tags. And they also do it on authors and works as well. The whole bibliographic system is available to people to change and although you might think they all go crazy, they don't, they produce something pretty good. So Anne Frank is a number of different names, but the diary of a young girl, all the various editions have been combined together by library thing members, there's over 244 covers. All of that was done by library thing members in part to help each other and in part because when you combine your obscure edition of the Diary of a Young Girl with the larger work, then you gain friends and connections. So anyway, can I do quickly library thing for libraries? Okay. Yeah, so I got the debug turned on here, but basically library thing for libraries takes features from library thing, features and data and it puts them inside of a library catalog. This is the High Plains Library in Colorado I think and it's got features from library thing, like a tag cloud here, it's got a tag cloud here on the left and when I click on one of these, I find all the books that are about vampires within the High Plains Library, sorry.  But anyway, the idea is that you see all the, you see all the tag stuff that you would see on library thing, you've got similar books, which is recommendations, you've got other editions, so tying together all the editions of New Moon by Stephanie Meyer, one of those things that just incredibly library catalogs stand out to do. Here's a reviews feature, so your patrons can add their own reviews and then library thing kicks in 450,000 reviews of itself. And we just added this one, which I think is just good looking, which is showing your library's books on a shelf as if they were sitting on a shelf and it brings some of the serendipity back into the computer experience. I can browse around this as if I were standing in front of the library rather than just searching, searching, searching. So anyway, it's a product that we sell, it works with basically every OPAC, we've got a list of 200 odd, some more, we have a list of 200 odd libraries that are currently using it. And so yeah, any more questions? And the library thing for libraries, is that a free service? No, it's not a free service, no, it is a pay service. I'm just gonna see here, Nebraska, okay. University of Nebraska is currently using our library thing for libraries. So they're only using tags, but if you go to their catalog, you can check it out or go to any of the others listed on our wiki. And it is not free, it costs real money. Basically every single page of your OPAC is enhanced and every single page is hitting us for information, so it's not at all cheap for us to deliver it. But compared to upgrading to a next generation catalog, it's much, much cheaper. And in case anybody in the audience couldn't tell, I need to answer that question. Another audience question, is there any staff doing anything to any of this data?  Is there any staff that is participating in maybe cleaning up the data or things like that? Correcting or proofing, that kind of thing, editing. Yeah, no, pretty much the members do it. I mean, there are some layers to it. I'll show you here the helper's log, which shows you the stuff that people have been doing to help us in the last hour. People have been doing, well, not much, but people have been doing stuff all day, helping us, combining works, changing stuff. In a very small number of cases, we require a certain amount of voting. When you want to combine a tag, you've got to get a majority of, a strong majority, a super majority of people to agree because it just causes havoc if tags are being combined and uncommined all the time. But we use goodwill as the first stop. The second stop is checks and balances so that people can't do things crazy without other people agreeing. Everything is reversible. So even if someone makes a mistake, it can be reversed rather quickly. And then very, very occasionally, someone will complain about something that needs to be fixed by staff, but not very frequently. I am just saying, a lot of the users are actually librarians, so. Yeah. So it really is a member-driven and created thing. I mean, the core of it is coming from libraries and from Amazon. And we should never downplay that or not speak of that. That's really where the best value comes. But members add a lot of stuff on top. That's true. So it's kind of a mash-up of the official, I think what we're asked the person was concerned about is where does this, so let's speak mark record type information. Well, it comes from places like the Library of Congress, places like other libraries, so that is the good stuff. And all the extra content added by the users is the great stuff, like who would like this book? What is it about? The things that when you have someone come in and wants a readers advisory type thing, that's the cool extra stuff that's put in there by the users. Yeah, I think it's really, it's neither OCLC nor Wikipedia. It's the marriage of the two in a certain sense. And I am not an extremist about user-contributed data and I obviously am not an extremist about authoritative data. I think there are some things that it really works for and some things that user-contributed data doesn't work for. To give you an example, we mounted a rather big effort to create a replacement for Dewey. We called it the open shelves classification. And if there is one thing that is really hard to develop in a group, it's a classification system. It was just one fight after another. And it was fun to try, but some things don't work. Some things you really need an authority for. But when it comes to the definition of thriller, I think it's a lot better to ask a thousand people than it is to have one librarian who may or may not be an expert in thrillers to decide. We have another question from the audience. We have one person who I believe from our signing sheet is currently in Massachusetts, but she says she will be heading back to Brazil. She's specifically asking about Portuguese, but is library thing currently or planning to be available, the interface itself in other languages? Yeah, no, library thing is currently available in more than a dozen languages. I can't remember whether this is Brazilian Portuguese or Portuguese Portuguese. GT2 maybe? BR, I can't remember. Anyway, so we have it in Portuguese. We've been very successful in a couple of languages. Yeah, so here's one version of Portuguese. Our most successful sites are Holland, Denmark, other Scandinavian countries. But, and then my favorite one is Catalan, the language of Catalonia in Spain. These are smaller than librarything.com, but we've got some serious uptake in a couple of countries. And again, all of the translation is done by members. And it's significant that library thing is the only service that uses a lot of different data. The sites you may have heard of besides library thing would be Goodreads and Shelfari. And they use nothing but Amazon data. And they don't let you edit your data. And if it's not available from Amazon, you got to type it all in yourself or else, or maybe it's not available at all. And so we really want to be kind of a world solution and a solution that respect the quality of that. Good, great. I had a question which I've never asked you before and you are a for-profit company. So if you don't want to tell me too many details, I understand, but to get a little geeky and technical for a moment, what's under the hood of all this? What started were in software involved? Oh, I thought you were gonna ask how we made money. Oh, no. Yeah, so I mean, library thing is, you know, it started with me personally growing pretty rapidly and organically. Library thing would never have been possible without open source software. You know, we have Apache and Linux underneath, PHP, MySQL, a lot of the Mark Parsons code is in Python, Mencached, you know, I've just listed 10 projects that are open source projects. PHP is the core programming technology. MySQL is the core database technology. And you know, we, I think we have like 10 servers now, but they're commodity servers. It really is a testimony to the power of Moore's law, the idea that every year computers get basically twice as fast. This is not actually officially released, but I'll show it to you. We have this thing here called OverCat, and this is a search. This is a search of 35 million library records, which makes it, which we have stored, which makes it the largest bibliographic data source outside of OCLC by a considerable magnitude. And it's called from public records that open library is produced in others, as well as records that library thing has gathered over the years. We have zero intention of monetizing it in any way or selling it. We never sell library data, we never will.  That's pretty amazing, you know, because library thing, library thing's annual budget is a third of what the president of OCLC, no, no, half of what the president of OCLC makes every year.  Well, I am not, actually. Well, you're not, okay, good, all right. No longer OCLC connected at all since last summer, so. Excellent, okay, well, anyways. It's amazing how much can be done now. You know, we've got 10 commodity boxes and we're not that smart programmers, and we still manage to do some stuff that's pretty impressive in terms of scale. Okay, great. Another question from the audience, and they're specifically kinda asking about DVDs, but what about cataloging other material other than books, other formats? Yeah, yeah, well, I think it really, it really spreads out from the book. Audio books are very easy to catalog, they're very similar. We certainly have people cataloging DVDs and CDs. The data model is different enough that we don't encourage it. You know, it's, this is a different data model, and this is true, this is true in the Amazon data. It's also true in Mark, you know, a Mark record for a piece of sheet music or CD. You know, it's just quite different from a book. The library thing is really set up for books, but there's certainly people who catalog that. There's people who've cataloged, someone cataloged the entire library of perfumes, I don't know why, but they did it. You can do basically whatever you want, but you know, the system is based around books, and the community is based around books. We may at some point do something, but if, you know, to extend that, but you know, if we're gonna extend it, we wanna have a community that loves music, you know, separate, probably. So yeah. And speaking of formats, and you know, I read your blog and whatnot, so maybe, you know, I can guess some of this, but what sort of impact, if any, do you see of eBooks on, say, library thing? Your service as opposed to, you know, books in general? Well, that's a very interesting question. You know, I think library thing, just to give you some context, you know, there is this universe of services out there now, and library thing was the first, you know, I invented this idea, and that and three bucks will get me a cup of coffee, but there are, you know, a lot of services now that do similar things, like Goodreads, like Shelfari, there's some Facebook ones too. Library thing is definitely the one for more, people who are more scrupulous about their data, but people tend to be older, more intellectual, more interested in interests than they necessarily are in friends. I would say because of that library thing has seen less impact from eBooks than you might think. Generally speaking, if you mention eBooks on library thing, someone will practically shout you down. So, you know, there certainly are people cataloging eBooks on library thing. We're working on a project to make it much, much easier to bring your stuff in and out from Kindles and iPads, but, you know, overall, I'm not seeing a lot of it, you know, just to give you, you know, my experience, I have both an iPad and a Kindle, and I don't use either for reading, so.  The, you know, there are going to be devices now which are social eBook devices. Copia is coming out with one, I think there'll be some others. I don't know, you know, I worry, you know, the Amazon recently exposed this feature where you could see the most highlighted passages that people were doing, and all of a sudden, millions of people who bought the Kindle realized that Amazon was aggregating the passages that they were highlighting and showing them without their permission. I'm very much in favor of people sharing things, but I think there's a very strong tendency in the commercial world, be it Facebook or Amazon, to rig it so that you're always sharing in a way that I think is harmful to you and to both culture and culture. And that segues into one of my other questions. I see you're starting to add integration into Facebook in the library thing, and as probably most of our listeners know, Facebook has gotten some press lately about some privacy issues. How is this feature working? You know, what is library thing doing with Facebook? And how are you potentially addressing the privacy concerns that Facebook has raised in the last couple of weeks? We believe very deeply in integration of a certain sort. Here's a book, this is a recent book. Library thing has a page where it'll tell you all of the places you can buy it, buy ebooks. Versions, audible versions, audio books. There's a price comparison part here. We have this wonderful, wonderful thing where it shows you the local bookstores that have the book. Nobody else has done this. It involved a lot of really, really interesting scraping and data feeds. So here or down here is we integrate with 12 different swap sites. I believe passionately in integrating the web and hooking the web together, and library thing does that. I don't like ways of hooking the web together that strongly prejudice one side over another. We haven't added the like it buttons, those buttons you're supposed to put all over the web now with Facebook that say you like something. We do have Facebook integration because members want it. And it's pretty, you know, it's cool to publish to your feed a review that you've written on library thing. You know, you can count me in the rank of skeptics, generally speaking, when it comes to online privacy and just sharing. So yeah. So I'm logging into my Facebook and showing you a review that I just posted. There it is. You can post a review to library thing like that. Excuse me, to Facebook like that. And then your friends can jump to it. We also have Twitter integration. It's now broken, but it'll be back in a day or two. And you know, there's lots of cool stuff we can do integrating with the world, but yeah, I'm a little bit wary of some of it. Great. Another project that I've seen you do periodically, and if I got the term wrong, please correct me, but sort of a flash mob cataloging? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Can you explain that a little bit? I love those. Yeah, so basically we, I'm gonna Google it here. The idea of flash mob cataloging is somebody announces that they have a collection which needs to be cataloged. And it can be all kinds of things. I have two examples here. So somebody announces they have a collection that needs to be cataloged and we show up and catalog it. We might be just members of the community. I've been involved in maybe a half to a third of them, but it's taken place all over the country. Many of them have not involved any library staff at all. Here's a Rhode Island Audubon Society that we showed up with about 20 people cataloged the whole Audubon Society in a day. Here's a church that we did in Massachusetts where we cataloged it. More and more I'm seeing around me these institutional collections. The library thing is fundamentally for people, but within half a mile of me there are two churches that have used library thing to catalog their collections, neither of which were inspired by me. There's an Irish Heritage Center that's cataloged their collection. And one way or another it's a great activity to get together on a weekend and get a bunch of people to catalog books together. And library thing, as I say, is a community that if you wanna do that, we'll probably find you some people who wanna do that. And this is not something that we're talking about as a pay service. This is people out of the goodness of their heart just showing up and helping these little independent type places that need it. Yeah, I know, it's just showing up. I mean, this picture here is like, I guess there I am and there's two other employees, but most of these people are just people who love library thing or some of them are parishioners at the church. I have to say the first church we ever did, we thought we were helping out this poor, bedraggled church and it turned out to be the richest Episcopal church in Massachusetts, but they needed our help anyway. And yeah, I mean, library thing has a lot of this. We've also done flash mobs just on the site where we'll take a library and we'll do it in one day. So we did the John F. Kennedy 1963 White House Library which was published in the limited edition. And we just took a day and we just put the whole thing up. So there's lots of different ways that library thing members are helping each other out and doing cool book stuff. I think it's one of the coolest things that you guys do is when people just come at it and just do this. Yeah, I'm waiting for one to be like in Nebraska or something. Okay, go ahead. That's church news in the summer. Yes. Yeah, we just need somebody else to organize it, I think. Okay, here's a question kind of out of left field cause I know you're constantly listening to your members and getting suggestions from them on how library things should change or what features should be added. What's maybe the oddest request you've gotten from somebody that either you ended up implementing cause you just had never would have thought about in a million years or said that is so crazy we're never going to do that. Yeah, so this was a suggestion actually of my best friend which he said as a joke but actually did and that is you're all familiar with the idea of if you like this book you're gonna like that book. Well, the logic of that algorithm is very simple.  So here's the dangerous book for boys. If you like that book you will not like Jennifer Wiener's Good in Bed or the erotic fantasy Cushie L's Dart by Jacqueline Cary. I don't know what purpose this serves but it's kind of fun. I have some of my favorite ones over on the right here like opposition between Emanuel Kant's critique of pure reason and shopaholic. So library thing loves to do fun weird cool things with data and showing you the books you should never ever read is a good example of that. Plus again, Amazon would never do it. But generally speaking, library thing is a very, I'm gonna click on my posts here. There's all these posts trying to improve the site telling me what's broken. Library thing is a very open community. We all take a lot of joy in doing what members think is cool. That was a perfect answer because I was gonna have you talk about the unsuggestor. I wasn't even trying to pack you into it because I love showing that feature when I get a chance to show a library thing to people. The feature that my friend actually suggested was if you're going to show the people who are most like you you should have a feature to show your nemesis. But we haven't done that because I think people might be a little bit annoyed by having library thing pick out their enemy or something. Well, yeah, it might be you and me over Star Wars books but well, and I like to say some readers advisory I absolutely hated this book. What should I read next? I mean, it's got possibilities. It might be a little extreme, but it's got possibilities. The cool thing to do with it is actually simply to expand yourself. We had members saying, let's all read our opposites. You can get the unsuggestor book by book but you can also get it for you personally. So let's see what my current unsuggestor is actually. I'm sure it's like knitting. Knitting is what I tend to get. Knitting or certain sorts of religion, I'd say. But the idea is maybe I should read that knitting book. Maybe I'd be a better person if I could understand the people who like knitting books. I haven't actually done it, but maybe I would do it. It's really interesting if you read a lot of politics and social stuff and you really wanna read the other side of something. Yeah, and I think that library thing, in general, library thing creates connections among likes. Right? There's this phenomenon where if you go onto the side and you're let's say you're an evangelical or let's say you only love theater books or whatever, you get this queer sense that the whole site is about you because the site is kind of always adjusting its content based upon you. But there are ways to get outside of that. And I think that what's called homophily, hanging out with people who are like you is half of the story and the other half is hanging out with people who are different. There you go. I should absolutely not read Jody Picose, my sister's keeper. And I can tell you that I will not. You have any more questions? It's a quarter of a dollar on that list. I mean, it might not be too bad. Yeah, I have one more question and I forgot to pre-load a photo just for proof, but and you're gonna have to explain yourself on this one. What's with the rhino? Yeah, so we just have a weird attitude towards life. Library thing shows up at all conferences with rhinos, giant inflatable rhinos. It came about because we didn't have anything to bring to the conference and the rules are very explicit about not bringing furniture. It has to be something that you can physically carry in by yourself or the unions get involved. So we started filling our booths with rhinos just to fill up the space and that's it. In general, I want library thing to be kind of the funny weird site and I think that's one example of it. Well, you are in charge. So, you know, mission accomplished. We will, for everybody who doesn't want to go hunting, we'll, to the bookmarks list for this week, we will post a photo of it. It's okay, I have a very good picture of us doing rhino tossing because we... Yes, there's rhino tossing. I was, they are sort of funny. I have a good picture from my Flickr stream of you and your rhino, so I'll make sure that everybody gets to see it happen. Listen, I wanna say that people should feel free to follow up with me with questions if they want to, Tim at librarything.com very easy to remember. But thank you so much for inviting me on today. Oh, yeah, welcome Tim and thanks for taking some time out of your day. We'll do one last check here to see we're kind of running a little out of time, see if there's any questions waiting in the queue here. And there was one question about the cost differences between libraries and individuals to which I'll just quickly answer, significant. And Tim, correct me if I'm wrong, but library thing for libraries, it really is kind of a library by library quote on the price, right? It is, I mean, library thing for libraries enhances your O-PAC in a very serious way. The minimum is usually $1,000, so it's a significant product, but it adds a lot of value to you and it prevents you from having to go out and buy something else. The other thing that's interesting about it is that there are all these things now, like Encore would be one example where vendors have decided that tags and other social stuff is good, so they just kind of cram it into their software. And I think those things are mostly just terrible. The idea of Encore is that if you have tagging, you're done, but tagging doesn't work if there's only five tags, if there's only 10 tags. In fact, having 10 tags done a book is worthless. You might as well forget them. You need hundreds or thousands of tags and what library thing provides, library thing for libraries provides is not so much the feature because people make features, but the enormous society and pool of data that stands behind the feature, which I think is the essence of social software is not the software, it's the social. We're not seeing any other questions in the queue, so Tim, I just want to say thanks again. This was great. We kind of told Tim we wanted a half hour out of him and we've taken the whole hour, but I've learned some things about library thing and I've been a member for several years now. Yes, so now I want to go and spend a lot of time playing with some of these things, these little features, fun things, things you can do. Yeah, and I'll also say I use it a lot. All of my new books, I get them home. I'm completely nuts. I put dust jacket covers on all my hard covers, but I also add them to library thing. And if for no other reason than on my phone while I'm in the bookstore, I can go, do I already own this? And I can pull up my library thing, and it will tell me whether or not I already own it. So I mean, that was worth every penny for me right there. Let me reveal one more secret, which is that library thing does cost $10 or $25 for a lifetime account. When you actually go to pay, you guys probably don't know this, but when you go to pay, it says, never mind, pay us whatever you want. So you can actually pay us as little as a dollar, but we get on average more than we asked for. So just another way that we do something a little bit different, and I think I'll help you in a cool way. I actually did notice that when I did my lifetime one, that it said it also had the option of that. And also I think that one or a higher suggested one had a little comment that says, thanks mom. Yes. What did you, and what did you pay? Oh, good. I think I did this. I can look it up. I paid 25 bucks. Yes, I did the suggested for lifetime, whatever that was. Yeah. But I've also purchased a QCAD, so I've given more. Hi. Thanks again Tim. Yeah, we're gonna take, go ahead. I'll see anyone at ALA who's there, bye. Yep. Okay, thanks Tim. We're gonna take Tim, the control back here. As usual, I did plan sort of some other things to talk about, but our hour is pretty much up. I do want to say that we will have bookmarks up the library thing, a photo of Tim and his rhino. And we can actually, we can show you that real quick. Oh, got Tim. Tim, I need to make you a presenter first. Okay, we're gonna provide a link to it. We're having a little technical issues here. We will have booked up. There's some other issues that you may be interested in. Those links will go with the recording. I'm just showing them here real quick. Some of these I might save for next month. Haven't decided who. We're gonna talk to you next month. Although, I do have an idea for next month. I don't know how many of you are aware of One Book One Twitter going on right now. I have been in contact with the guy who was running that and we might be able to get him for an interview next month. So we'll keep you posted on that as soon as we know one way or another. So, Kristy, you wanna wrap this up? She's trying one more thing. Oh, okay, there's a picture of Tim and Rhino. Yes, thank you very much, Tim, for speaking with us today. I think it was great that we had that very awesome long introduction to what you're doing. There's Tim and his Rhino. And we'll be joining us next week when it will be Michael again, talking about participating in the Creative Commons next Wednesday at 10 a.m. Central Time at your local computer. Yep. Thank you very much and see you next week. Bye-bye.


BC has the foundational pillars to build a globally recognized sector in the life sciences. That will lead to more jobs, more opportunities and continued growth within BC. The opportunity is giant. I'm Dr. Tom Madden. I'm the president and CEO of Acutus Therapeutics, a life sciences company located in Vancouver, British Columbia. What I think has been really instructive is to look at the impact that British Columbia companies have had in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. Acutus Therapeutics was involved in the development of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, but also companies like Upcelera who developed a very successful antibody to treat people who already had contracted the disease. Those two examples really illustrate the power of British Columbia in this life sciences space. I'm Murray McCutcheon. I'm Senior Vice President of Corporate Development at Upcelera. BC companies have made seminal contributions in the fight against COVID-19, both on the vaccines front and on the therapies front. BC is home to the fastest growing life sciences sector in the country. We employ about 20,000 people and it's responsible for more than $5 billion of annual revenue. So it's a pillar of the provincial economy. We have great talent here. We train some of the best scientists in the world at our universities and our colleges. We have a renowned innovation economy. The stronger BC Economic Plan emphasizes the opportunity of competitive, low-carbon, high-impact sector like healthcare to contribute to the present and future economy of the province. Clearly it provides job opportunities. It allows talented scientists to continue to work in British Columbia and add to the success that we've seen in the last few years. It's also an environment where people feel supportive. The government is investing in healthcare, they're investing in research and I think that's important to provide a positive environment where companies feel that their continued growth can be assured. With a plan such as this, we have a generational opportunity now to build a sector that is globally recognized and will provide meaningful economic opportunities and healthcare impacts for decades to come.


So, let me start off by showing you the model solutions. So, the first question was basically just a starter. All of you I am sure will be able to address the difference between rigid, semi-rigid and non-rigid. What is important is to understand the merits and demerits of each type. Rigid airships are actually structurally most efficient if the size is large. So, some studies have shown that if the size exceeds around 120 meters or even 100 meters then the payload fraction or the empty weight fraction of these airships tends to be the best compared to the other types. Another advantage is that the passengers can be seated inside or the cargo can be placed inside the envelope. So, the drag is reduced. So, these airships generally have very high speeds. Semi-rigid airships essentially are useful because you can mount some items such as the power plant directly on the structure. In a non-rigid airship you are constrained to mount everything on the gondola which is suspended below the envelope because it is difficult to locally load the envelope. But in a semi-rigid airship because there is a framework you can use the framework to mount say the engines. If you look at Zeppelin NT which is the currently available semi-rigid airship for flight operations, passenger operations, we notice that there are 9 frames. And before and after each major structural element they have put a framework for example ahead and behind of the gondola, ahead and behind of the horizontal tail and vertical tail because they are in the same plane. Similarly, in the front also they have inserted so and also the engines are mounted on a frame on the sides of the airship because you can use the framework to mount the propulsive devices. In a non-rigid airship you are forced to put the engines only on the gondola and therefore their moment arm between them will be very small. So, you cannot use it for any turning performance enhancement whereas if you mount the engines on the side of the fuselage at the maximum diameter location on the framework normally you get large moment arm you also get very good aerodynamic location to mount it. So, the semi-rigid airship was brought up because of bad reason. Another reason why Zeppelin NT company went for semi-rigid airships is that please recall historically the name Zeppelin is associated with failure, with fire, with bad design which is not true actually. So, when they tried to revive the airships and they wanted to get German certification for passenger carrying airships, if they had gone for a non-rigid framework they would have had to explain many, many more new things. So, but if you have a structural framework that takes the main load it inspires confidence in the minds of the reviewing agencies or regulatory bodies plus it is also safer. So, using only on the envelope for passenger carrying airships and large airships with large payload may not be a good idea. And non-rigid airships but the problem with non, the problem with semi-rigid is that they cannot be folded, they cannot be transported. So, when Zeppelin NT company delivered an airship to Japan they had to fly it to Japan and flying it to Japan from Germany involves a huge logistic issue because everywhere down the in the road or along the path you need to have places to store it to refuel it to service it. So, it is a logistical nightmare to transport a semi-rigid airship that is one reason why a team of students is trying to design a transportable semi-rigid airship something which can be dismantled, packed and taken away. Now, are there any other points which you would like to be included in this? As far as the type and merits and demerits are concerned, if not then let us go ahead. Between LT and HTS systems the differences are clearly mentioned in the notes. The first and the foremost is about the nature of lift transition, aerostatic lift is available in LTS systems. The Reynolds number of the airships tends to be large because of the large dimension although the speeds are low but the dimensions are quite large. So, for an aircraft we normally have Reynolds number in terms of 6 million, 10 million. In airships 10 power 8, you know 100 million, 200 million are commonly thought about. I am talking about large sized passenger carrying airships. And secondly, airship is essentially practically a zero mass system practically, its net mass is zero because buoyancy is fighting the gravity. So, it is a very lightweight body large in size which is moving therefore it does not cut through the air rapidly like an aircraft. So, a large mass of air actually moves with the airship. So when the airship moves there is a huge amount of air collected in the front of the airship which actually moves with it. This is called as the added mass or apparent mass. Apparent mass is equal to airship mass plus added mass. So, this apparent mass is also present in aircraft. Even in an aircraft when the aircraft moves some amount of air will move with the aircraft but the quantity is far small compared to the aircraft weight. So, an aircraft you can say literally cuts through the air without too much of air being attached to it. So, the apparent mass could be half percent, one percent negligible. In the airship the apparent mass could be 40 percent, 50 percent and that changes the whole dynamics. We will study about apparent mass later on. These are the three main differences. Any other point that you think should be included here? There is a difference between LT and HTA worth mentioning. This I have just taken directly from the screenshot of the notes. Aircraft versus aero straps for surveillance platforms. So, the two main problems with aero straps are they are weather dependent and they remain stationary. So, super heat many people misunderstand it is basically the change in the buoyancy caused because of direct exposure to sunlight or rapid ascent into cold regions. It goes both ways. You can have negative super heat by pushing an airship or an aerostat into a very cold region suddenly. It leads to sudden increase in lift if you do have a positive super heat first because of the expansion of the gas and then because of the density reduction. Why are airships essentially vehicles for the lower parts of the atmosphere? Why we cannot use them to operate at very high altitudes? The reason is that the volume of the ballonet that you have in the airship is decided by the delta H. And if you have high delta H larger percentage of the envelope will be ballonet because we need to control the buoyancy as we go from operating altitude, from launching altitude to operating altitude. So, if delta H is small then you will have more volume available for the gas and less volume is to be kept as a ballonet for the air. Hence, it is better to operate them only at low altitudes. Now, this is a lesson that we learnt when we did a study for operating airships for Uttarakhand. That is how this whole activity in IIT Bombay started in the year 2000, 2001, we started the project. Our idea was why not use airships for transporting goods and passengers over hilly terrains? Because there are a lot of transportation issues. When we did the calculations and when we actually went around meeting people, we realized that they will work very well if they are launched from a high altitude to a slightly high altitude. But if you launch them from the planes of Uttarakhand to the heights of Uttarakhand, the volume occupied by the ballonet was very, very large. The inflation fraction was very small and hence it was considered to be untenable. No airship in the world available is able to handle the load of let us say 15, 1 and a half tons. So, this is something that we learnt a hard way. But if you want to operate from sea level to 1 kilometer altitude, let us say Mumbai Pune for example, sea level to 1 kilometer altitude or if you want to operate from some altitude to a slightly higher altitude, the delta H is small, airships are very good. Okay, this alternative method for providing the buoyancy control, I have actually mentioned in the classroom and I think showed you also, but did I show you a picture of this? Okay, when we flew, when we operated aerostats, we realized that one can, I may actually mention just like we have a bootstrapping, you can put an elastic cable on the bottom of the envelope and you can tighten the envelope and as the airship envelope wants to expand either because of super heat or because of any other reason, maybe delta H, the elastic cordage can allow the envelope to expand and when the temperature falls or when you want to bring it down to lower altitudes, the elastic forces will try to, because then the envelope tends to reduce in volume, the elastic cordage helps in controlling that. So, in all the airships and aerostats that we have built so far, we have never used ballonet because ballonet is a very complicated system, it is not a simple system to design a ballonet. Okay, what is done, can somebody answer this question? What is done to reduce the air permeability of the envelopes of hot air balloons? Quoting. So, you quote it with what? Yes, the most common thing is neoprene. So, this is what some of you could have tried in your lanterns, if you knew and if these silicon coatings would have been available, okay, you could have just quoted that from inside to reduce the air permeability. So, what are the typical instruments that are carried for the avionics? What is it? A transponder. Why do you need a transponder? Correct. To help the air traffic controllers identify your location because a hot air balloon is going to be a slow-moving and drifting vehicle. So, the air traffic controller should know where they are. So, the easiest way by which the ATC can know about the location of a flying object is by a transponder, which continuously transmits its unique code called as a squat code. It transmits it uniquely and when it is intercepted by the screen, the ATC knows where this particular vehicle is. So, yes, one is a transponder. Ben, what else? Communication and so on. Yes, you need to communicate with the air traffic controller because the ATC, of course, the ATC cannot say maintain so-and-so altitude or go so-and-so place because you have no control on it. Perhaps you have some control on the height by adjusting the buoyancy. But if there is an imminent threat, the ATC can warn you or you can warn the ATC that we are losing control, our height is increasing rapidly, so, channelized traffic away from us. So, you need a communication system. Anything else? That is a communication system. UHF, VHF is a radio for communication. Anything else is needed if you are on a hot air balloon? See, the pilot should know the location of the balloon. So, an instrument that shows altitude, vertical speed and envelope temperature is very important. The temperature of the envelope directly affects the buoyancy. If it is exceeding some limits, there is a danger of envelope tearing and people coming down crashing. So, one instrument that you need is to measure these important parameters, okay. Then you can communicate with the ground people using UHF communication radio and you may have a transponder for identification, right. This is all mentioned in the notes. I have actually copied and pasted from the notes directly, some of the answers. This also is mentioned in the notes. You can use superheated steam for a hot air balloon because superheated steam has got a very good buoyancy. But the problem is to maintain that superheated steam at that particular temperature. So, Germans have come up with a very interesting fabric which can hold superheated steam. And some people have suggested that you can further increase the buoyancy by mixing it with hydrogen. But hydrogen is inflammable. So, there is a certain proportion after which it becomes inflammable. That proportion is around 12 percent, okay. So, initial mixture of 15 percent hydrogen and 85 percent water is progressively diluted by air and 12 percent hydrogen if you add you will have a safe, you will have a safe mixture. Beyond this it will become prone to ignition. This is also there in the notes in the hot air balloon chapter, okay. This is something which many people may not remember but I wanted to highlight this so that from now on you remember, okay. Anybody knows the answer? 35 people died. Yeah, so 22 of them were crew members remaining 12 were passengers and correct, 63 people survived. So the number of people who survived, now if you are off by 1 or 2 people I am not going to penalize you, okay. So 35 people died and 63 people survived and of the people who died most of them were crew members. So, it is just 13 passengers, what did you write? Because you think airships are unsafe, okay, right. This is a very interesting question. During World War I there was one agency which used airships for a very specific application. Anybody has any answer? British, British what? British F.O. British Navy. British Navy. For what application? Yes, anti-submarine warfare and coastal patrolling. Last year, not last year, few years ago I was invited by the Indian Navy for an anti-submarine warfare workshop in Kochi, okay. So there is a presentation on how in the past airship they had no idea, they are experts in anti-submarine warfare, they have no idea that there is something called airship and it was used by the US, by the British Navy, okay. So I made a presentation to them and then I said why not we try to revive airships in India. So hopefully someday we will hear Indian Navy also using airships for coastal patrolling and submarine warfare, okay. Experiments carried out by Britishers using the R-33 airships in 25. This is again going back to history. This was the world's first aircraft carrier. The first aircraft carrier of the world was not on a ship on the water but on a ship in the air. So what they did is they carried aircraft on the airship. So they are called as parasite aircraft. So the first one they used was this DH-53 hummingbird aircraft and this aircraft would actually, it will be launched from the airship and it will come back and reattach after doing its mission. Very challenging and very exciting. There are many failures but ultimately there was success in December of that month. So this is a very unique application. You can see there are these two aircraft hanging below the airship. Now this might sound very odd and peculiar but you will be surprised that now there is a rethink on this whether we can use an airship for attaching MAVs which can be taken to our location, launched and reattached. So there is some thought and some people have approached me to write a proposal for designing a mother airship which can carry UAVs or MAVs which can increase the range and capability of these MAVs. They will be having a docking station where you can charge them also. So you can take the airship and make it fly then these small babies are launched, they do their work and they come back, get recharged, refueled and again launched. That is the possibility we will take up a project in that area. Okay, blow gas. Anybody remember this? What is blow gas? What is special about it? Yes, same density as air. So very beautiful. It is a fuel whose density is same as the air. So you can consume it and put it back. There is no loss in buoyancy. So all those heavy and complicated methods to control buoyancy are not needed if you do not have change in the density. So this is a very remarkable idea. It is a buoyancy compensating fuel for the graph Zeppelin. And non-explosive, therefore safe to handle. And you can use it without a change in buoyancy. So this was the secret weapon of the Germans in the war, in the war that they can use. Anybody can answer? SkyShip 600B is the answer. The airship which was used to revive the technology in mid 80s. Okay. Alright, so let us look at the next question which is about hybrid airships. The question asks, how do you classify an airship as a hybrid airship? And also there are two different types. So how do you distinguish between them? So does anybody know the answer? When does an airship classify as a hybrid airship? Yes? Come on, I am sure you know the answer of this question. Because many of you have answered it. Alright, so basically when the dynamic lift exceeds 40 percent, now there is no fixed number available in literature. So this is not something which has been accepted by everybody. The general feeling is that if you can produce more than 40 percent lift by non-static means or non-biant means, then it is considered to be hybrid airships. The two basic types are the dinostats and rotostats depending on whether you use the relative motion between the airship and the air to generate the dynamic lift either by changing the shape of the envelope to a flat-ish envelope just like we have seen in P790 or by attaching wings to a balloon. In rotostats you attach rotors and with those rotors you produce vertical force or lift which exceeds 40 percent of the total. Okay, now then there is a question which many people want to know and that is to do with the specific application where airships can be used as a mode of air transportation. We cannot use airships in those scenarios where we need high dispatch reliability and all other operations because you know that they are not able to operate in bad weather conditions. But when you look at connecting remote communities where other modes of transportation are pretty bad or very expensive or sometimes even infeasible, in those applications if we can provide airships it will be a very good solution. I will be presenting to you a case study of airships versus helicopters for connecting remote communities in Uttarakhand which was done by me few years ago and it has appeared as a chapter in one textbook on providing air transportation to remote communities. Okay, moving ahead let us look at the three types of drag forces that act on the airship and also how to minimize them. So can somebody name these three forces? What are the three types of drag forces which act on an airship? Skin friction because it is a very large body which has got a huge surface area, yes. Induced drag because it generates lift and therefore there will be some induced drag and the third is the profile drag, okay. So the three drags are skin friction, form and induced. Form and profile are interchangeable actually, okay. Now for minimum skin friction drag, you just try to go for minimum surface area, okay. That spherical shape is the best for that, however it has got extremely high form drag. So the compromise will be an obliques the right type of shape. Then if you want to really worry about form drag more than skin friction then you can go for elongating the body and making an axisymmetric body of revolution. So the longer you make it, higher the L by D, more the surface area for a given volume but lesser is the form drag. So depending on which component is more important depending on the Reynolds number operating conditions, speeds you can decide. Anyway the induced drag is always very small because the lift produced by the body is around 15% in the non-hybrid airship. So there are nine requirements for the airship structure given in the notes, okay. Any one of these, any five of these could be used to answer this question. And let us look at, this is a slightly trick question, okay. It talks about location of the fin on the envelope. If you have a fin located far back, smaller area, hence less weight will give you the required moment arm. If you move it forward, then for the same moment arm you need larger area, hence more weight. But as you keep moving back, the cross sectional area of the airship envelope reduces especially in the tapered portion. So if you move it very much behind, then it is difficult to attach it structurally because that area tends to be of low pressure. So there is a compromise between these two. And what we have found with our experience is that the location where you mount the quarter chord or sorry the aerodynamic center of the fin is roughly 70 to 78% of the length of the airship. This is what we have observed based on our experience and also a study of the existing airship. This is something which many people know, static heaviness when the net lift is not 0, when it is more than 0. So airships are frantically heavy because we would not want them to come down. And aerostats are radically light because we want tension in the tether for it to remain afloat and not start sagging. Now balloonets can be used to provide automatic stability by using the aft balloonet. So because you can have more than one, in this case two balloonets, the rear balloonet alone if it is adjusted, it can be used to create the required pitching moment to trim. So that is what it is.


Everybody forced here ripping 20 22 origins football hobby eight bucks half case number 23 pick your team style we've got Adam a with the Titans Andrew H Cardinals Brandon J bangles Brian P. Seahawks Brian s Steelers Chris s Saints Don H Ravens in Washington Donald B. Dolphins Evan M. Colts Fareed has the Chiefs James E Broncos Jeffrey M Raiders Jonathan H Texans Jonathan Q Patriots Jordan E with the Vikings Keith B bears Matthew F. Giants Michael H Cowboys Mitchell H Jaguars Ryan C. Chargers Sam L. Packers Niners Scott M. Panthers Sean H. Falcons and Jets Stephen W. Browns and Rams Todd C. Bills Tyler T. Eagles will W. Lyons and Yana with the Buccaneers. Thanks for joining everybody. Good luck. Here we go Got variation rookie Aiden Hutchinson Lyons Cowpets Falcons 27 of 199 And Raiders Josh Jacobs 14 of 299 Falcons rookie Jumbo Jersey Desmond Ritter 150 of 199 on card rookie out of Patriots Bailey zappy nice zappy there you go Pat's and Titans rookie Jumbo Jersey Otto Hassan Haskins a nice Kyler and Justin Jefferson Got David Bell rookie Cleveland Jaguars Etn to 299 and Browns Watson the 75 rookie Jersey Jets Garrett Wilson 25 of 199 Bills rookie on card Otto is James Cook and redemption Brian Robinson jr. Rookie Jumbo Jersey Otto Washington other redemption coming up a lot of redemptions Got rookie Carson Strong. We've got Packers AJ Dillon to 99 and Rams Aaron Donald to 299 Rookie Jumbo Jersey John Dotson commanders 42 of 199 Auto card rookie out of Raiders Amir White and redemption going to the Ravens rookie Jumbo Jersey Otto Kyle Hamilton You'll Ravens NT divisions is down to two to go now And you guys Panthers and Titans available on the next break here What happened Minnesota? I don't even know what the final was, but I know that CBS switched the game from that one to the The The Steelers Bangles game because it was such a blowout like midway through the third they switched it over Never seen him do that before that book is like gray Interesting. All right. They're so green on it. It's just normally a little color Niko Collins Texas is 299 And to 199 Captain Kirk Jersey card Washington, Antonio Gibson to 99 From Stockbridge, Georgia Rookie Jumbo Jersey to 199 Trey McBride. Oh, that's gonna be really nice. Oh boy. What do we got here? What do we got here? Chris Olavae Rookie patch autograph is that a I'm guessing that's a cleat Goodness gracious gigantic swoosh. It could be glove. I probably I mean you see the big swoosh on his glove I might be glove. I think it's glove actually could be cleat though one out of two One and two together is 12, which is Jersey number Beautiful a lot of it goodness gracious. I think it's glove. It could be cleat. It's probably glove That is nasty Calvin Austin the third rookie Jersey Auto For the Steelers. Oh my god That's Phil. He had a huge touchdown today, too. Did they win? Jerry's Tony hurt now all the Chiefs are getting hurt Tell me right now. It's usually number zero zero There's true Taylor, I cannot refute that Son has been Ricky Titans Eli Mitchell to 25 Niners and Coralyn Sutton Broncos to 199 Rookie Jumbo patch Drake London Falcons to 25 Nice London rookie receivers hitting here easy e-rookie auto Dolphins Eric is who conma Not numbered in redemption again Wanda Robinson this time for the Giants Ricky Jumbo Jersey Auto He's been having some pretty solid games. Oh, he's very under the radar in this rookie class Lava I forget to do this This goes in the taste Got Tony for the Giants 31 of 50 And Niners Debo Samuel to 199 Steelers rookie patch George Pickens to 75 Kenneth Walker the third Rookie Auto 81 of 99 nice hit Seattle and Commanders Johan Dotton rookie Jumbo Jersey Auto. I would assume so Taylor But There's a reason for asking that question. So is there no Jersey number for a guy wearing double zero on the card Rookie Skymore Chiefs Bears Montgomery to 99 Chiefs George Kittle to not chiefs, but Niners George Kittle to 299 do you imagine Kittle and Kelsey on the Chiefs? Jersey card Chico, California hometown roots Aaron Rogers to 99 Packers Cardinals Rookie Auto red Tremac Bride color match to 99 and Isiah Spiller Rookie Pat a rookie Jumbo patch auto red for the Chargers Khalil Shakir Got Bears John Imooney to 45 at 299 St. Michael Thomas to 199 Jets Breeze Hall Rookie Jumbo Jersey to 199 a Rookie Silver Ink Auto Chiefs That's awesome Skymore 30 of 49 receiving stars card And redemption again this time going to the Jaguar Trevon Walker Rookie Jumbo patch auto red Jaguars And that'll do it. Thanks again everybody We've got another half case coming up next


Kusura kwa ngao aqu ni kamaithu clingu qamaikunu na kupunokunu. Nkouwa, kimisha ahhimata ni ya? Miswa alt..... Ya miswaldi ya. Kwa kwa ni kamaithu na piha wanzikinu kwa yali 7-8a. So, hondo kwa yali? Ya. Keni kuwa pBa bizeya. Inyukiki, kwa kwa guzumizu, yali sumi tempura kwa kaini but uziu kwa kwa iyali. Kwa kwa pRya kwa kwa kwa kutwizu, kwa kwa kwa kutwizu, So it was nice. Then today, for the first time I worked with Claudia and I have to say she's quite something. Yes, for the first time I'm working with me, I expected a hard time. But no, she gave me the perfect time. I've said the first time I've worked with her. Yeah, for sure. And Claudia, believe this is one of the biggest events you've hosted? Right now, currently the biggest event. How was it, how was the experience?  He's insanely fun. I just, I know what anytime I'm told you, I'm saying with Obina, I know I'll be in safe hands. Yes, it's Obina, yes it's Obina. Feels like you guys have good chemistry. Yeah. You do? Yes, we did and we realized actually we can do a lot. Yeah. I was 18. Let's talk. This is Obina. Obina. Obina. This is the one. Obina. Don't get missing the one. Okay. I'm very confused. When you are in my space, you don't get confused. Never. This is the difference. I've actually gone trillions when we nearly saw how. Jump at the jump. We've been seeing you so many times. Yeah. Fantastic. Asa, asa. How was your call? Last year call. So I've known, I knew when she was 18, she was very, can you say feisty-fiesty? That's it. Then I said, how old are you? Yes, I met her at SPM Bar's offices. And I was like, how old are you? She said 18 and I said, yeah. That's why. I said, keep going. That's the direction. And then now see. Two years later, she's finally 19 now. 20. Oh, sorry. 20. I'm 20. 20. I'd like to know, did you guys have a favorite model? Shantu. You think because she was the winner? Yes, yes. She played a violin, man. There's nothing you can do. And she was a band. Yeah. Appropriate timing. Everything was a point. Yeah. Everything was. But I also, mine was also Wanjiku Kariuki, the first one Arab. Okay. Like everything about Wanjiku is just beautiful. Okay. Yeah, actually. Yeah. I really liked Wanjiku. That's all I can say. Claire did like to ask. Have you ever thought of joining modeling? Did you do these things yourself? Watcha di kwambu. And people also, I posted this poster for Miss One.  I'm like, no. I'm seeing. So everyone was like, I thought you were contestant.


We have, in the past, covered countless incredible and compelling ruins which can be found within Japan, indeed, all over the world, upon which we continue to find connecting features which not only suggest there was once a global, ancient, highly advanced civilization, but the chance that these architectural techniques came about at the same time in history the world over, by coincidence, is so slim that many said features we feel can instead only be seen as corroborating evidence of their past existence. Metal clamping techniques, enormous ancient megaliths, false doors, and the as yet to be fully understood polygonal masonry techniques have now been discovered the world over, and Japan is of no exception. Along with the polygonal masonry found upon the foundations of many temple sites, there is also the ancient fortresses of Okinawa, which also display the same uncanny ability as other sites globally, constructed of seemingly random-shaped stones perfectly placed atop one another. Katsuren Castle, Zakimi Castle, among many other Gusuku castles or ancient fortresses found upon the Ryukyu Islands within Japan, all contain this same ancient masonry technique, exhibiting this now lost knowledge and thus lost civilizations know-how. Although many of the sites are claimed as restorations, any explanation as to how this ancient masonry technique was replicated within modern history remains unexplained. We must then presume that the ancient sites which exhibit this lost technique have remained intact for untold millennia, and have subsequently been misdated as constructed within known new world antiquities. Found upon such ancient sites, located within Peru, Egypt, Greece, Turkey, Lebanon, even as far as the notoriously remote Easter Island, these sites all exhibiting the same lost masonry technique. How can we continue to take these discoveries for granted, dismissed by academics, simply due to modern paradigm, absent any logical argument to explain or indeed disregard this proof of a now lost yet once global super-civilization having once been responsible? They must continue to rely on the Bering Strait theory of human migration and ignore any site which is indicative of not only earlier construction but matching characteristics with other sites the world over, which according to said theory simply could not have been visited by ancient civilizations, long argued as a feat which ancients were incapable of. The evidence which contradicts these claims, however, can be found still in existence upon these ancient sites. How old are the ancient fortresses of Ryukyu Islands, or indeed the other polygonal sites throughout Japan and the rest of the world? Who were responsible for these incredible sites? We feel simply dismissing the evidence which shows they were the work of the same civilization is not only illogical but is a great example of the ignorance of mainstream funded institutes in regard to a possible lost chapter in human history. It is a journey of discovery which we find highly compelling.