Happy Republic Day in advance, Surya. So let us start the new chapter that is our environment for revision. From this chapter, 4 to 5 questions, 4 to 5 marks questions will come in the form of very short, short and then long, okay? Can we start? Everybody ready? Aditya has also admitted in the class. Is it okay? Should we start? Shall we start? Everybody say yes or no. Close the chat box. Okay. So without wasting time, let us start the first chapter R environment, the first chapter of today's lecture. First of all, what is an environment or what is an ecosystem? Let me open this participant list so that I can allow you to sign in. So here is what is an ecosystem. Before ecosystem, I would like to tell you that what is an environment. Environment is something that is present in our surrounding. Environment is something that is present in our surrounding that is known as environments. Related to that is an ecosystem also. What is an ecosystem? An ecosystem is a self-sustainable, structural and functional unit of life. What is an ecosystem? An ecosystem is a self-sustainable, structural and functional unit of life or a sustainable structure or functional and unit of biosphere you can say in which all the life is existing. So what is an ecosystem? An ecosystem is a self contained unit of living things like plants, animals and decomposers and they are non-living environments. It means biotic components will be also there and a biotic components will be also there. Let me check is there anybody else who is trying to join the class? No. Okay. I am audible properly. Am I properly audible? So what is an ecosystem? An ecosystem is a self structural functional unit of biosphere in which biotic as well as a biotic components interact with each other. So biotic is living. A biotic is non-living. Living and non-living. So if we talk about the living so it will be plants, animals, humans and non-living it will be soil. After this we can say water. All the non-living components will be present in the surrounding that is going to you can say established relationship with the living component. For example, I am living in this ecosystem. I am inhaling oxygen. I am giving CO2. I am using the soil to make my plants grow. I am drinking water so I am interacting with non-living things. It means I am interacting with a biotic components. So I am biotic. I am interacting with a biotic so that will constitute an ecosystem. Any doubt? Any doubt class? Only Surya is replying that no doubt. This is the example of ecosystem. What are the examples of ecosystem? The examples of ecosystem are grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem, desert, mountain, pond, lake, river and sea. These all are small, small, small ecosystems. Is it okay? So most of the ecosystem in the world are natural. For example, these pond, river, sea, forest, desert, these all are natural ecosystem but at the same time we can go with the man-made or artificial like aquarium. So aquarium is the ecosystem that is man-made or artificial. Is it okay? Artificial ecosystem it is already given here. I am waiting for your reply. I think somebody to use the mic like agricultural lands, parks and aquarium. They are built by the man-made. They are built by the you can say by the involvement of human activities. So they are known as artificial ecosystem. Next is what is the contents of the presentation? So first is components of an ecosystem, functioning of an ecosystem and these are the factors or you can say main important component of the ecosystem. These are all things we have to study. In components of an ecosystem we can see the abiotic components. What it is? First of all, the component is abiotic. Abiotic means non-living components of an ecosystem include physical environment like soil, water, air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. These are abiotic. I have already told you like water, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, all the minerals and all the nutrients. After this the physical factors or climate factors like light, temperature, pressure and humidity. So all the physical factors that includes climatic factor also like light, temperature is there, pressure is there, humidity means amount of water vapor present in the environment. They all will become abiotic components of the ecosystem. The abiotic component or living component of an ecosystem is a community of organism like plants and animals which is made up of many different interdependent populations. So abiotic component means living components. Abiotic means non-living component. The abiotic community or living world of an ecosystem includes three types of organism. First is producer, consumer and decomposer. Producer, consumer and decomposer. Producer that will produce something that is known as autotrop. Consumer that will consume the producer that is known as heterotrop. Decomposer that will eat the dead and decaying material that is known as saprotrop. They are also known as natural cleaner of our body. Okay. So moving to the next functioning of an ecosystem. How does this ecosystem function? What are the components? Then how it will function? Self-sufficient. It means it is self-dependent. Ecosystem function has a self-sufficient or independent unit in nature. Ecosystem has both living, non-living, abiotic, abiotic. All these components make the ecosystem function as follows. How it will function? See clearly. Hello class, can you hear me? Now have you heard anything? I was explaining the function of the ecosystem. Can you hear me now? But is screen invisible? Now you can see the screen. Hello. Now screen is visible. My voice is clear. Okay. So see here once again ecosystem will function as a self-sufficient, self-dependent. It's not dependent upon others. Someone is trying to add. Hello. Okay. Now here is the writing pad. Now I can see the chat as well as the person who are entering in the class. Ecosystem will function as self-dependent or independent unit in nature. Ecosystem has both living component as well as non-living components. All these components make the ecosystem function as follows. Like from the nutrient pool of earth. Earth is considered as a nutrient pool. Nutrient pool means it have all the nutrients. So I will have water there, air is there. So carbon dioxide that is present in the nature and water that is present that will be absorbed by the producer. Okay. So green plants what they will do? Green plants will have chlorophyll by the help of sunlight energy they will produce food. This glucose will be food. It means I am talking about which process? Photosynthesis. So the green plants will do photosynthesis and by the help of photosynthesis producer traps the solar energy and then provide the basic food or energy for all other life forms in the ecosystem. It means the help of the photosynthesis plant will prepare food and that plant will be eaten by consumer. So consumer will get the food then consumer will also die after some time. It will be consumed by saprophytes like we can say saprophytic mode of nutrition will be there. In this way saprophytes will also get the food. In this way producer, consumer and decomposer all of them will get the food. Is this clear? You don't know. In the last we will discuss the question also that was the part of the last year. Producer, consumer and decomposer one by one. Everything is very easy. Chapter is students. Producer means something that will produce something. Producer has an organism which can prepare their own food from simple inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll. It means we are discussing four synthesis. Producer will do photosynthesis. The examples are green plants and blue green alga. Moving to the next. Those organism which consume food. Those organism that will consume food that will eat food prepared by the producer are called consumers. All the animals are consumer. Even we can add human is the intelligent intelligent someone is trying to add. Okay. So human is also one of the animals that we are also consumer. If an animal eat grass or other green plants or their product itself we say that it gets the food from producers directly. So what the animals suppose animals are eating green green grasses that is a part of producer then these green grasses will go in the body of producers and produce from producer it will go to consumer. If an animal eats the meat of another animal suppose there is an animal that will eat the meat of another animal which get eat grass then we can say that energy is going from producer indirectly. If an animal eat the meat of another animal for example if my name is Archer I eat meat meat of goat goat is eating green grass goat is eating green grass okay. Then we say that it gets the food from the producer indirectly. It means the food we I am getting the food from the producer only but not directly I am getting indirectly. Is it okay? Yes or no? Okay. So consumers can be further classified as herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous. So consumer may be of how many types? Three types herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous. Now let us study one by one herbivorous.  Next is those animals which eat only other animals as food are called carnivorous. So those animals which will eat only other animals like lion will eat deer, goat they are known as carnivorous like lion, tiger, frog, vulture all the example have been mentioned directly here. The small now next is the small carnivorous which fed on herbivorous are called primary consumer are called secondary consumer. Now in order to understand this slide children for example if I say that this is green grass just a second suppose this is green grass. Now green grass will be eaten by rabbit, rabbit will be eaten by suppose lion instead of rabbit it could be goat also. Lion will be eaten by saprophytes talking to more examples suppose green grass is eaten by what can we say now green grass is eaten by suppose goat, goat is eaten by human, human is eaten by lion. So here we can say this is primary consumer green grass is a producer so prime goat is a primary consumer human is a secondary consumer okay and lion is eating the secondary consumer it will become tertiary consumer any doubt in the explanation of primary secondary and tertiary consumer out everybody reply that is there any doubt yes or no no doubt okay so let us go back and continue our topic those animals which eat both plants and animals those animals which will eat both plant and animals are called omnivorous okay those plants are known as omnivorous like man, dog, crow, sparrow, bear, man and ant are omnivorous everybody please write down these things these examples are very very important it will come in a short answer question. Plantons are very minute or microscopic organism freely floating done the surface of water in a pond lake river or ocean I hope you can see the diagram and then you can imagine that these are green green color plantons these are very minute very very minute these are very very tiny microscopic organism freely floating on the surface of the water plantons can be two type plant it can be animal so phytoplankton, jouplankton the microscopic aquatic plants freely floating on the surface of water are called phytoplankton like algae green green algae that is doing photosynthesis also next is the microscopic aquatic animals freely floating on water known as jouplankton like protozoa so animals will be in jouplankton and we can say green plants will be a part of phytoplankton is it okay Janya is trying to admit are you guys writing phytoplankton the green layer floating on the surface of the water in this lake is that of tiny free floating plants called algae which are phytoplankton so everybody I have understood you made you understand that what is phytoplankton and what is jouplankton okay the green layer floating on the surface of water of the lake is phytoplankton tiny aquatic animals freely floating on water is called jouplanktons next is decomposer the microorganism which break down the complex organic compound present in dead organism like dead plants and animals and their product like pieces urine etc into simpler substances are called decomposers okay so they are known as decomposer that will depend upon the dead organism dead plants dead animals the bacteria and fungi are best example the bacteria and fungi which decompose the organic matter present in the dead plant and animal into simpler substances and liberate ammonia carbon dioxide etc the bacteria which acts as decomposer are called putrifying bacteria this is important so putrifying bacteria are decomposing bacteria decomposing bacteria decomposer help in the recycling of material in ecosystem the decomposers are also known as micro consumer or sapro tropes okay and the mode of nutrition is known as saprotropic mode of nutrition or it is also known as saprophytic mode of nutrition is it done now what is the importance of decomposer the decomposers help in decomposing the dead bodies of plants animals and they are known as natural cleaner cleansing agent of the environment it is only due to presence of decomposers that the various nutrient elements which were initially taken by plant from the soil air and water are returned to the soil air and water after the death of plants and animals the decomposer of organism they will help in recycling the material in the ecosystem so that the process life go on like an unending chain so decomposer are very important because they whatever they will consume they will give it back to the environment so that our environment will become neat and clean is there any doubt in this are you listening class let me go back to the chat box no doubt now next is food chain the process of eating and then the food chain that is moving from one direction to another direction means the process of eating something and the organism that is eating something is also eaten by another organism the movement of energy will be in one direction that is known as food chain so what is food chain what is food chain food chain is the sequential interlinking of organisms food chain is a sequential interlinking of organisms involving transfer of food involving transfer of food energy from the producers though a series everybody please write down this definition though a series of organisms with repeated eating and being eaten eating and being eaten is called the food chain is called the food chain for example producer producer will be consumed by herbivorous herbivorous will be by primary carnivorous then this is by secondary carnivorous secondary carnivorous by tertiary carnivorous so producer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer and this tertiary will leads to quaternary consumer okay this way the food chain will go the movement of energy is always in one direction that is known as unidirectional everybody can you hear me yes or no okay tropic level the various steps that are representing organisms in a food chain at which the transfer of food and energy takes place are called tropic level so what is tropic level suppose green plants are eaten by producer so producer will be first tropic level because green plants are giving energy to producer the producers are getting 10% of the total energy now the producer will be eaten by consumer so consumer will be second tropic level second tropic level is getting 10% of the total energy that is present in the producer is it okay no I am not writing anything I am speaking I am audible I should write should I write okay okay let me write so here is producers primary consumer secondary consumers tertiary consumers after this quaternary consumer and then seprofites so producer to primary consumer the flow of energy is unidirectional it means the flow of energy in this food chain will be in one direction after this it will be secondary consumer tertiary consumer quaternary and then seprofites so what is this this is first tropic level second tropic level third tropic level fourth tropic level these all are the tropic levels and this is the fifth tropic level so producer will give whatever the energy is produced in the producer suppose these are green plant they are producing energy so only 10% of the energy will go in primary consumer whatever the energy is present in primary consumer it will give its 10% already whatever the energy is present in the secondary consumer it will be given into the tertiary consumer the same thing 10% then here is also 10% so only 10% of the energy is passed at each successive tropic level this is known as 10% law that was given by a scientist known as lindman is it okay 10% law was proposed by lindman in 1942 in 1942 any doubt no doubt now we will understand what is the characteristic of food chain food chain is nutritive interaction a food chain is always this trait food chain unidirectional flow of energy will be there only three to four tropic levels are there in a food chain not more than four tropic levels means in a few it can be five but normally for a you can say normal we can say if we talk about an ideal food chain it have only three to four tropic levels some organism can be omnivorous some organism can be carnivorous some organism can be herbivorous at each transfer generally 80 to 90% of the energy is lost as heat in accordance with second law of thermodynamics is it okay of one of the important topic is bio magnification bio magnification is a magnification bio magnification means biological magnification bio magnification or biological magnification in this the thing is that if there is a supposed food chain plant producer consumer decomposer suppose this is a food chain now in this food chain there will be successive transfer of energy there will be a successive transfer of energy in the form of food chain so along with the energy there are some harms full things like DDT heavy metals after this mercury arsenic cadmium DDT heavy metal mercury arsenic and cadmium these all are the five harmful things they can also be transferred from one tropic level to another tropic level it means from one step to second to third to fourth so this will be first tropic second tropic third tropic level and what will happen if they will pass their concentration their concentration at each tropic level will go on increase 0.05 0.1 0.2 like this the concentration will go on increase at each of the tropic level this is known as bio magnification or biological magnification for example in a food chain operating in a pond river or lake the water contains a small amount that is 0.02 parts per million it means water have a small amount I if I talk about a pond aquatic ecosystem in water there is 0.2 parts per million fish will consume it how the fish will consume to consume before fish first of all there will be phyto plankton jute plankton they will consume something now these phyto and jute plankton are consumed by fish so they will also consume something so fish are feeding on these accumulate 240 parts per million so in this way what will happen at successive tropic level the concentration of harmful chemicals will go on increasing is it okay I am audible or not any doubt any doubt in bio magnification no doubt now one more thing is utrophication utrophication is means aging of the lake okay aging of the lake lake aging okay what is this in utrophication what will happen all the green color phyto plankton will be grown and just because of this suppose this is a pond this pond will have a small small fishes this is water this is fishes and these fishes will have they will be covered by growth of phyto plankton and outside there is solar energy that is known as sun okay so this sun that is a solar energy that is used by the phyto plankton to do photosynthesis to make their food but what about these poor fishes poor aquatic animals that are at the bottom of the sea or just below the or just below this phyto plankton is there any disturbance okay so utrophication is this process in which the phyto plankton will cover the entire water source either it is lake or it is pond and the internal organism that is at the bottom of the sea or the bottom of the pond they will not get sunlight and just because of the lack of sunlight they will not prepare their food they will not get their food they will not get proper nutrition nourishment and they will die this is known as utrophication what is this known as utrophication is it okay now next is what is left in this chapter now the last part of the chapter is ozone as well as waste management a small topic is there ozone everybody know the formula of ozone is o3 ozone will protect the earth from the harmful UV rays if there will be no ozone layer all the UV rays will come inside the earth and then they can cause several diseases like skin cancer eye cancer cataract first ozone hole was observed in Antarctica that is in 1985 so how can we write first ozone hole was discovered in Antarctica in 1985 okay what is ozone hole it doesn't mean that there is a huge hole it's simply means that the ozone layer is becoming thin it's getting depleted day by day is it okay yes correct Surya so this is known as ozone hole that is also known as ozone depletion first ozone hole was observed in Antarctica in 1985 what is the depletion what is the effect of ozone depletion first is cancer eyesight weak will be there weak eyesight immune system will be poor increase the embryonic mortality photosynthesis global warming decreased photosynthesis would result in increase in the concentration of CO2 that is known as global warming everybody know what is global warming the earth will become warm the concentration of CO2 will rise this is known as global warming is it okay any doubt now next is biodegradable and non biodegradable waste so biodegradable waste are these ways can be degraded by biological or microbial actions these includes domestic sewage livestock waste municipal waste these cause pollution only when they are added in the large amount then their rate of degradation non biodegradable these waste are not acted upon the microbes or acted upon very slowly so that they cannot be degraded so waste are basically two type biodegradable it means that can be that can have the action of microbes non biodegradable that does not have the action of microbes is it okay yes or no now let us discuss the question part short answer type questions as you can see I have some questions along with their answers what is environmental pollution distinguished between biodegradable and non biodegradable pollutants choose the biodegradable pollutants from the list given below so first of all what is environmental pollution environmental pollution is an undesirable change in the physical chemical or biological characteristic of the natural environment okay what about by man's activity this pollution may affect the soil they can affect the river they can affect the seas or they can affect the entire atmosphere so you have to only give the definition of environmental pollution you don't have to write all the things now how you will distinguish between biodegradable and non biodegradable we will make one column like this make a line in between these pollutants can be broken down into non poisonous substance in nature by the action of microorganisms non biodegradable can't be broken biodegradable can be recycled non biodegradable cannot be recycled biodegradable generally obtained from living things non biodegradable are generally not obtained from living things fourth they cause minimum environmental pollution non biodegradable cause most of the environmental pollution is it okay okay so see the questions once again question number one part two part three choose the biodegradable pollutant from the list given below sewage DDT radioactive waste agricultural waste so what will be there biodegradable pollutants are sewage and agricultural waste material is it okay yes or no this is how is the increase one more question see in we have to only write the answer in one or two lines how is the increase in demand for energy affecting our environment adversely the increase in demand for energy effects are involvement adversely due to this increase pollutants like carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide these all are released into the atmosphere which leads to which leads to greenhouse effect two line answer okay for short answer for one more question only you have to write two line answers high is ozone layer getting depleted at higher levels of the atmosphere so ozone layer is getting depleted at the higher level level of the atmosphere due to the effect of chlorofluorocarbons CFC everybody know chlorofluorocarbons that is released from AC refrigerator they are very dangerous name any two abiotic components of an environment the two abiotic components of an environment are temperature and rainfall instead of this you can also write children air and water okay air and water are also two abiotic component of the environment can you explain the types of waste management like there are some like fire method and all that but it's not in our syllabus are in this time board does not have the waste management type primary treatment secondary treatment tertiary treatment there are so many treatments methods of solid waste disposal understood now next question I will discuss each of the question last year questions why are bacteria and fungi called decomposers list any two advantages is list any two advantages of decomposer to the environment so bacteria and fungi break down the dead remains and waste product of organism these microorganisms are called the decomposers as they break down the complex organic substances into simple inorganic substances okay so that is why bacteria and fungi are also known as saprotrops saprophytes decomposers two advantages of decomposers in this environment are as follow decomposers feed on the dead bodies of plants and animals they return the simple components to soil and help in making the steady state of ecosystem by recycling of the nutrients okay they therefore create a balance to the environment they also act as scavengers or cleansing agents of the atmosphere okay what are the two main components of our environment the two main components of our environment are biotic or living component as well as a biotic and all living see whatever question that is of one mark only that is only of one or two line answer is it okay only arian is replying what about other students why are green plant produce called producers okay now i am not i will not give you the answer you have to give the answer our plant called producers such a easy questions plants are called producers as they can prepare their own food by the process known as photo synthesis very nice very good next is which disease in human being is caused due to depletion of cojone layer in the atmosphere already you can see the answers cancer the answer is given here only so you can directly i can i think that you can directly see the answer and tell me okay now one more board question i'm going to ask okay the question is suggest any four activities in daily life which are eco-friendly any four activities group any four activities not using plastic very good anirudh after this using chute and cloth bag reducing the usage of water using a bucket instead of shower okay very good very nice next is what will be the consequences of absence of decomposers in an ecosystem rain water achha very nice saryan what will be the consequences what will be the consequences or absence of decomposer in an eco system in absence of decomposer dead remains having nutrients will not be restored to the soil the earth will be accumulated with stinking saracas okay okay okay next is everybody listen carefully i am asking more board question what will happen if we kill all the organism in one tropic level suppose there is a food chain and in one tropic level in any of the one suppose i am killing all the organism what will happen then the food chain will collapse and organism of other levels won't be able to live very good it will disturb the food chain and food web which in turn will decrease the chances of food availability in the succeeding tropic levels and finally result in instability of the eco system is it okay is it okay next is the same question is given here let me complete the question which i have used in my PPT explain the phenomena biological magnification how does it affect organism belonging to different tropic levels okay so such an interesting part here is this the second part that how does it affect organisms belonging to different tropic levels particularly the tertiary consumer the process in which harmful chemicals enter a food chain and get accumulated progressively at each tropic level is called biological magnification so harmful and toxic chemicals enter our bodies when they are added to soil and water use of pesticide to protect the food crops from diseases and pest and chemical waste of factories are dumped in open or disposed of into rivers the quantity of these harmful chemicals increase with increase in tropic level so what will happen suppose there is continuously biological magnification accumulation of DDT is taking place the i-chlorodiphenyl trichloroethane is the full form of DDT that will get accumulated in the following way in the food chain this is the reason why our food grains such as wheat and rice vegetables foods all these things will be what all these things will not be have proper amount of nutrition so we will eat chemicals we will not eat nutrition is it okay see here is one of the example also given water phytoplankton and then fish 2 marker 2009 how is ozone formed in the upper atmosphere why is the damage of ozone layer cause of concern to us state a cause of this damage ozone is formed in upper atmosphere by the reaction of ultraviolet rays to oxys and the damage of ozone layer is cause of concern to it because more UV rays reach the surface causing more disaster see this is O2 O2 will combine with one O it will become O3 that is ozone a cause of this damage is the presence of large amount of chlorofluorocarbon in the atmosphere is it okay damage to the ozone layer is a cause for concern suggest any two steps to limit this damage very easy question first you have to see whenever you are answering any question that have two questions means that question have two part so try to answer first part of the question in one paragraph and then the second part of the question in another paragraph so that it will be easy for the examiner to know that yes you have given answer to both part of the question it's not like that use only a single paragraph so many lines to describe all the parts of the question no you have to try you have to try that you should give the answer in two different paragraphs so that it will be clear that yes one part is now this and then after this part is next paragraph if you give the answer in the form of points like one two three that will be more useful now next question that I would like to ask is what are the various steps in the food chain known as what are the various steps in the food chain known as tropic level very good next question I hope everybody is ready to give me the answer tell me the full form of DDT tell me the full form of DDT tell me the answer okay the flow of energy in a food chain is DDT full form still I am waiting next board question is there the flow of energy in an ecosystem is Aryan has given the correct answer because his spelling is correct T-R-O-P-H-I-C okay Aditi very good Aditi unidirectional anybody who is going to tell me the full form of DDT sorry di chloro di phenyl tri chloro ethane very nice I have googled it Aryan okay you are very honest I appreciate it but try to learn this spelling is it okay try to learn the spelling next question the few questions I have on my screen let me discuss this what are the important function of presence of what is the importance of presence of ozone in the earth atmosphere it will protect us from the harmful UV rays okay give an example to illustrate that indiscriminate use of pesticides may result in the degradation of the environment the pesticides used in crop field are washed down into the water bodies from water bodies these are absorbed by aquatic plants and animals of a food chain and thereby degrades the environment why is it necessary to conserve our environment it is necessary to conserve our environment to prevent depletion of natural resources and environmental damage thereby sustaining life okay now what is meant by biodegradable waste that can be broken down into simple simple pieces by the biological processes okay example are urine, fecal matter, sewage, agricultural residue, paper, wood, cloth as well as cattle done is it okay next question next question I would like to ask differentiate between food chain and food web differentiate between food chain and food web differentiate between food chain and food web then give an example to the food web okay very good Aryan I have seen your answer give an example to illustrate that indiscriminate use of pesticide may result in the degradation of the environment the pesticide used in crop field are washed down into the water bodies from water bodies these are absorbed by aquatic plants and animals of a food chain and thereby degrades the environment next is why is it necessary to conserve our environment it is necessary to conserve our environment to prevent depletion of natural resources why is it important because we have to conserve our natural resources depletion of natural resources and environmental damage thereby sustaining life what does mean by biodegradable waste already we have discussed those ways that can be broken down into simple simple pieces now I once again I am asking class do you have any doubt okay now one more question I would like to ask and I want everybody to answer in the chat box everybody means everybody describe biomagnification describe biomagnification everyone have to write the answer in the chat box the phenomena due to which non-biodegradable substances continuously accumulate in increasing tropic level in the food chain is called biological magnification very good Aryan has given such a beautiful answer in so less lines Aryan answer is also correct Sreyesh Aditi instead of waste you can use toxic materials or biodegradable non-biodegradable substances concentration of impurities and toxins like DGT increase as we go up a food chain since they are not biodegradable this is called biomegification very good very nice I hope you have understood this chapter any doubt everybody okay one more question let me ask only last question what do you mean by uterification what do you mean by uterification uterification are you guys hearing me please write down the answer the excessive development and formation of layer of phytoplankton over stagnant water body is leading to resistance to normal functioning of underwater aquatic life is called uterofication very good Aryan but your spelling of uterification is not correct it should be E U T R O after that it should be P H I C A T I O N uterofication is it okay okay so very nice everybody bye bye take care this was the revision class of our environment chapter please go through the slides go through the last year question that are going to use use in the board examination surely okay bye bye take care bye bye everybody thank you


Hey coaches welcome back to another episode of make money coaching sports. I'm coach Jim Swift of sports performance training Today's topic is going to be why I chose to be a sports performance coach And I'm also going to tie in why I still choose to be a sports performance coach I think that's very important since I am now 10 total years into being a trainer and seven years. Actually, I just started year eight Running my own business with performance training so when I first got into wanting to be a sports performance coach It was because I was Had in college. I was in a very big fitness kick. I want to know all of it about nutrition for those who are In the fitness side sports formants the common denominators. I wanted to learn about strength I want to learn about speed. I want to learn about anything that could not only make me better from a health aspect But also perform better in the gym Perform better if I decide to go do a pickup basketball pickup football game Later on run around my own future kids But also when I played sports There was always guys and I looked back and I'm like man, that was some terrible strength conditioning programs We did in high school, but Why were we so successful and some of it came down to you know, there was some strength science But there's a lot that was outdated and I know that it would in order to help more kids You had to find something that's more than just about Hard work hard work hard work every day What kind of things can you change up within your program? As a strength coach to help more kids at once than just the genetically gifted hard workers, okay? And even if you do have Everybody who is genetically gifted and hard workers. Are you setting them up for long-term success? Are you gonna fall short to a team that is? Genetically gifted also hard workers, but training even smarter I wanted to make sure that that gap was as narrow as possible for the athletes that I helped So that made me really fun not because I was trying to like wish I could go back and play sports again Be better, but so I can give the confidence to another boy or girl Athletes training to know that no matter how good you are if you're struggling to get better Everybody else is increasing. We have the solution to get you better. I have the solution to get you better You just got to trust me. We do that put in the work But you know, we have enough science and understanding in our coaching now to where I can make sure that What happened to me and several my teammates and our whole team In the regular season the playoffs individuals You know doesn't happen to them if it doesn't have to okay make sure I give them the best potential to succeed and Reduce injuries and just feel better after training. Okay, not that feel beat up all the time like we did in football a lot and like a lot of Athletes and different sports do now because that's the culture, right? So That's why I got into it. I was a nutrition and fitness strength science Junkie and that's all I want to do and plus I didn't want to continue being a finance major in college because I hate to sit Down so I knew if I didn't want to sit down for long then being a sports performance coach was it? Okay?  I wake up to be a sports performance coach One I still love it for myself also I Learn and relearn something new like every three to six months that I want somebody else to know So I'm always wanting to teach people other things through training through nutrition coaching And I get that teaching side of me because my parents taught in the public schools for a total of 65 years. I Never wanted to be a teacher in the schools because you know, it's Very busy overworked, you know, everything has kind of changed We won't get into that but it wasn't something that I wanted to do but I did want to teach others adults and You know athletes around my area my community Through my own way through what I was passionate at and that's how I really stay engaged with force-for-arms coaching And then you add in everything for me running a successful business What does it take to be successful? What does it take to help you guys listening here to be successful? Everything be successful as a strength conditioning coach as a business of strength conditioning be a more successful Parent spouse become good at anything over a long period of time. I Really love teaching that stuff because I feel like those common denominators We've always used sports to teach a life lessons and get people through harsh times I feel like that's another add-on that I can provide and I love providing it Because there's a lot of confusion a lot of noise out there. You coaches know it People come to you confuse over so much information But then you simplify you show them how easy it can be with the right kind of coaching and guidance and once again hard work Consistency and then I like showing them how they can apply that to other areas of life So that's why I chose to be a strength conditioning coach And that's why I still choose to be a strength conditioning coach. My wife has asked me Okay, you're I'm turned 30 January 11th. I'm turning 34 and 12 days. When are you gonna retire? When does a personal trainer private strength coach retire? I honestly have no idea when that is Because as many of you know whether you've worked in the private side, you've been a college athlete You've been a high school athlete. You have worked in either one of those You know that we kind of do it to her like 70 All right As long as the body can keep going and if you love coaching and you can give every day and do it You're gonna keep doing it to your almost 70. Okay I'm not saying I'll be working 40 50 sessions a week when I'm that age But I do want to be around it and I told her like I love it so much that it has gonna take either A big physical disability like my kneecaps are shot. My back is torn up You got to cut a foot off Or just a really better opportunity for me and my family to where I want to step away from this Okay, so as of right now all the reasons why I still choose to do what I do is definitely gonna overpower Why or when I would actually walk away from ever doing training sessions even 10 hours a week I told her after a certain time if I this I do online nutrition coaching I give online workouts I was like even if that is making me a million dollars a year. I would still want to get out of the house and do Sportsformers coaching with Athletes in my area because I love it. It's my way of teaching them. I can kind of get back to my community every single day I get paid to do that Sports and fitness was and still is a big part of my life and I have learned a lot of life lessons that helped me in business Succeed helped you guys succeed and all the other coaches that make money coaching sports will agree to that So I'm gonna keep doing it for as long as I can because everything I listed. That's what I love doing Okay, so always remember Your passions and your why with this. Okay, not just why you like to work out why you like to eat healthier for your own health performance, but always understand Why you chose to do something and why you choose to do something every single day to be successful a lot of y'all listening to hear Had invested in our mentorship program Because you don't just want to make more money. I mean, that's great. We all want to make more money But you want to keep this ship sailing. Okay, because you absolutely love what you do and every single day you remember The big why and what you do and you can help everybody else remember their why so they can succeed So take a little time to remember that write that down have it anywhere in your bathroom and your car every day in your office And we'll talk to you next time if you haven't signed up. Give us a dm You can actually email me at make money coaching athletes at gmail.com Or you know what go ahead and text me at two one zero four one four three zero seven seven If you're not signed up in the membership be happy to take a free 15 to 20 minute phone call where I can talk to you about your business things you're dealing with That are just bringing it down or things that have been going awesome I can give you some free pointers and we can work from there. Okay. Take care


The Brainerd Legion baseball team was back in action today after beating Salk Rabbids 11-8 yesterday. They're off to a good start this season, winning three of their first four games. Hosting the St. Cloud 76ers this evening, first inning, Alex Hapajoki, lines one to left, Colin Clefman. He scores from second easily. Brainerd, a good start to this game. They take the lead one to nothing. Also flashing the leather, Tristan Reichert, Rob Samuel Hansen of a base knock, still leading one to zero in the third. Ben Jones adds another tally to the scoreboard with a base hit to right, scoring Mikhail Peterson in the seventh inning. However, base is loaded, brainered up by three. Brainerd pitcher Bryce McConville strikes out not one, but two St. Cloud batters to end the game. Come on, guys, you got to swing at those. Brainerd wins it three to zero. They pick up the win three to nothing. No time for us. They got a double header at Buffalo tomorrow. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland news, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


In fact the S to Z transform should do the following, preserve rationality that means the transform should be rational on its own you see because an analog filter system function is expected to be rational, rationality corresponds to realizability even in the analog domain. So the analog system function itself is expected to be rational. Now you want to retain that rationality when you go into the discrete domain by making an S to Z transformation. So the only way you can do it is if you replace S by a rational function of Z. So that transformation must be rational. Secondly, the transformation must preserve stability and now we want to interpret what preservation of stability means. Preservation of stability means a proper mapping from different parts of the S plane to different parts of the Z plane. In fact, let us now put down specifics there. So you see what does it mean? It means in the S plane let us mark the regions of importance of the S plane and the Z plane. So you have the Z plane here and you have the S plane there. The contours of importance are the unit circle in the Z plane or mod Z equal to 1 and the imaginary axis in the S plane S equal to j omega. We had seen that S equal to j omega corresponds to sinusoids. So the imaginary axis and the unit circle must be a mapping one on the other. That is a requirement. Of course that is actually not a requirement. By itself it is nothing to do with stability. It is a requirement that when you have a frequency response already constructed in the analog domain, it moves to a corresponding frequency response in the discrete domain. But what is important for stability is that the left half of the S plane go into the interior of the unit circle and the right half of the S plane go to the exterior of the unit circle. This is what is important for stability. If this happens, if the right half of the S plane maps into the exterior of the unit circle and if the left half of the S plane maps to the interior of the unit circle and of course the imaginary axis maps to the unit circle, then we will very easily be able to show that one cannot result in, it cannot happen that we design a stable analog filter and it becomes an unstable discrete time filter. We can show that without too much of difficulty. In fact let us prove that. So what we are saying is S equal to j omega must map into mod Z equal to 1. Real part of S greater than 0 must map to mod Z greater than 1 and real part of S less than 0 that is the left half plane must map to mod Z less than 1. This is the right half. Now remember what we are saying is we are making the transformation on S. S is the independent variable in the system function in the analog domain. Suppose it could happen that you have, now you see remember we are retaining now again we assume the filter to be causal. So let us also I think we should make a note of that. We should emphasize that. What we are saying is that we take a causal analog filter and use this S to Z whatever this transformation be. We will have to now come to that transformation but we must know what we want out of that transformation. So a causal analog filter must move into a causal discrete time filter or discrete filter. Now if the discrete filter is causal we know what to expect from its poles. We are assuming the discrete filter is causal. We want it to be rational because it should be realizable and we have a causal rational discrete time system. We know what to expect of its poles. If it is to be stable the poles must lie inside the unit circle. They have no choice. Suppose a pole happen to go outside the unit circle. Now what is a pole? A pole is the point where that system function diverges goes to infinity and that must have come from some point in S. Under the transformation some point in S must have brought you to that point in Z. Now a point on the if the point in Z happens to be outside the unit circle it could have only come from a point on the right half plane in S. It could not have come from a point in the left half plane of S. If we have ensured that there is a closed relationship of left half plane to interior of the unit circle, imaginary axis to unit circle and right half plane to the exterior of the unit circle. If we have ensured that there is this disjoint relationship then you cannot have a pole on the exterior of the unit circle because that should have come then from a point in the right half plane. It could not have come from a point in the left half plane. But you cannot have a pole in the original system in the right half plane because it is stable. Of course that filter has to be stable. So if we ensure that this is satisfied that left half goes to interior, imaginary axis goes to the unit circle and right half goes to the exterior we are guaranteed that a stable and lock filter will go into a stable discrete time filter. Is that clear to everybody? Yes. So that is of course but you see we of course now as a consequence of that you know because left half goes to interior, right half goes to exterior. Naturally the unit circle and the imaginary axis will have a one to one relationship. However, we do not want any arbitrary relationship there too. We had made a remark on that too. We said that relationship must also be monotonically increasing. The relationship, so this is the condition number we had already given two conditions so far. The third condition is that there is a monotonically increasing sinusoidal frequency relationship, increasing one to one sinusoidal frequency relationship between omega and small omega. This is the unlogged sinusoidal frequency and this is the discrete sinusoidal frequency normalized of course. Small omega is a normalized discrete frequency. Now why does it need to be one to one? We have also put down the explanation. It needs to be one to one because we want to keep the nature of the filter intact. One to one and increasing to retain the nature of the filter. You see for example in the unlogged domain if you happen to have a low pass filter with its pass band and stop band edges as we talked about the last time and tolerances and transition bands. Then under this transformation, 0 must come to 0. As we move from 0 towards infinity we must go from 0 to pi. Therefore infinity must be in one to one with pi. As we go from 0 to minus infinity we should be moving from 0 to minus pi and therefore minus infinity should be one to one with minus pi. And because of the increasing nature we are going to have the same pattern translated albeit with a non-linear distortion. It has to be non-linear. There is no option but the nature of the filter is retained. So we noted that this transformation has no choice but to be non-linear. The transformation between capital omega and small omega or the analog sinusoidal frequency and the normalized discrete angular frequency. It has no choice but to be non-linear. So all these are the conditions that this transformation must satisfy. And now we need to use our intuition and our insights to construct such a transformation. We also have a hint from where to begin. The transformation must essentially be an approximation of the derivative operator in terms of shifts. And what simpler example of a derivative approximation can we have than to subtract the current or the pass sample from the current sample. You see what is the derivative? A derivative is essentially a rate of change. And the smallest unit of time on which we can measure change in this discrete system is one sample time. So if we look at the change in one sample time we have an approximation to the derivative. So we are tempted to consider the following candidate for this transformation.


Okay, welcome. What we are going to do here is learn how to play the sport of baseball. And when I say that, I mean we are going to start at the very beginning. I assume you are here because you want to learn how to play. But when I was in school, I always thought the first lesson should be to explain what we as students were going to get out of learning the topic, right? Why should we care? Baseball might not have the same effect as learning something like physics, but I cannot express the enjoyment I have gotten in my life from sports, which never would have happened if I didn't know the rules. So I want to explain the rules to you and hopefully you find some of that enjoyment too. Also, baseball is the best game ever, so why not learn it? But I digress. In this video, can you tell it's my favorite sport too? So in this video, we are going to focus on the baseball field. We won't get into gameplay or even where the players stand until later. Let's just get to know the field and figure out what everything is called and where it is. So here is our field. Usually, its surface is a combination of grass and dirt, hence the green and the brown. You might see all dirt fields or even all astroturf fields, but all fields will have the same basic layout. Everything starts at the bottom here with this white pentagon, which is made of rubber and called home plate. Next, we notice that there are three white squares in the dirt, which are called bases. Because things work counterclockwise in baseball, we start on the right with first base, move to the top to second base, and then finally third base is on the left. Not to get too far ahead of ourselves, but the way that a point is scored in baseball is when a player moves from home plate, touches first, second, then third, and then comes back home to touch home plate. But plenty of time for that later. The distance from base to base is 90 feet. So from home plate to first base is 90 feet. This creates a square, but because it is sideways, we call it a diamond, which is where the term baseball diamond comes from. And this is, they say, why girls like baseball because it is the only sport played on a diamond. Get it? Diamond? Just kidding. I'm still single. What makes home plate so special though is that it forms a 90 degree angle that shoots out what are called the foul lines. And there are two foul lines, one on the first base side and the other on the third base side. And these lines will actually be either painted or chalked. It's chalked a word. You know what I mean? They put chalk down on the field for the foul lines. Why are these called foul lines? Well, they are a bit like the out of bounds lines any sport would have. Everything between the foul lines, most of the field is called fair territory, which is where the vast majority of the action will take place. Everything outside of the foul lines is called foul territory. There are a few times where balls will be hit into foul territory that won't matter, but usually when the ball goes into foul territory it'll be into the seats or something like that so it won't matter, but again we'll get to that later. The foul lines extend the whole way out to the outfield fence. But before we get to that, let's look at this circle in the middle of the field which is called the pitchers mound. And the reason it's called the mound is because literally it is a pile of dirt which is elevated 10 inches above the rest of the field. The player who stands on the mound, the pitcher, is one of the most important players in the game. And he will use what is called the pitchers rubber or just the rubber which is this white rectangle that will stick up about an inch out of the ground on top of the mound. And the pitcher will push off of the rubber which will help him throw the ball harder. The pitchers rubber is, if you do the calculation, remember, home plate to first base is 90 feet and so katoa, remember, well actually that wouldn't work but I can't tell you that the pitchers rubber is 60 feet, 6 inches from home plate. And on that note I should just point out here, if it isn't obvious, everything here is not drawn to scale. But now that we know home plate, first, second and third bases, the foul lines and the pitchers mound and the rubber we call the area that all of these things are located in the infield which is the area in fair territory that includes all of the dirt and below. When we reach this dirt line, which if there is an artificial surface or artificial field this line will still be painted on there to show the difference between the infield and the grass above which is called the outfield. Being that it's so large we divide the outfield into three sections not with any physical markings on the field or anything like that but just by calling the general area on the third base side left field the area on the first base side right field and of course this is right and left as if you were standing on home plate and looking outward and so then the area in the middle becomes center field left field, right field, center field. Between these outfield areas we have left center field and right center field the area close to the infield is said to be shallow so for example this would be shallow right field and the opposite of that is deep so this would be deep left field. Again the area of the field isn't really marked off on any way or doesn't even really matter but if you hear an announcer say something make reference to shallow pop up or something like that in right field you know kind of the general area of where the ball is which takes us to the outfield fence and outfield fences are a really cool part of the baseball field because they are different in almost every field there is so if you go to a basketball game in Miami or Los Angeles other than the colors both courts will be exactly the same but baseball fields have some freedom to be unique in both the distance that the fence is from home plate and how tall the fence itself is this is something that would probably make more sense if you saw a photo so here is PNC Park in Pittsburgh and so we can recognize the infield and the outfield unlike our drawing the field here is to scale so we follow the first base foul line all the way out to the right field foul pole which is kind of hard to see here but there is a tall yellow pole that sits on the foul line and all fields will have these to help us tell whether a ball that is hit over the fence is fair or foul from home plate to the foul pole in right field is 320 feet but you will notice that the wall itself in right field is fairly tall and in fact it is 21 feet high because a famous player who played for the Pirates named Roberto Clemente wore number 21 so they made the fence 21 feet high in his memory because he was the right fielder but as we move around the field to right center we see that the wall not only goes out and again when I say out this is because all distances to the outfield fence are measured from home plate so in addition to going out it also drops down to only being 10 feet tall in straight away center field and that means that if you draw a line straight from home plate out through the pitchers rubber and keep going the fence is 399 feet from home plate and most fields will be about this far and I should note that everything we are looking at here is in a major league baseball stadium major leagues are the highest level of play of baseball in the world if you look at something like college or younger with younger players like the little league games their fields will be much smaller as do accommodate the players but everything we are looking at here is for the major leagues so as we continue around the fence we see that in left center field the fence suddenly goes way back to 410 feet but it also drops down to only being 6 feet tall and it remains at that height over to the left field foul line most parts will follow the same general pattern of the outfield fence being closer to home plate down the foul lines but a bit further away either in straight center or one of the gaps the gaps are right in left center field so here is another photo of Fenway Park in Boston which has the tallest fence in the major leagues it is 37 feet tall at the same time it is only 310 feet from home plate so it is closer but obviously you have to hit the ball pretty high to get it over as the tallest fence in the league this left field here in Boston has been nicknamed the green monster Fenway's fences are a bit like the opposite of PNC in that it is tallest in left field drops down in center field and then drops down again to its lowest in right field and like I said almost every stadium is different when it comes to the height and distance of its outfield fence from home plate which is cool because it gives each park its own type of personality a ball that is hit over the fence in Pittsburgh might bounce off the green monster which just adds to the uniqueness of every baseball game so let's continue our tour of the field back at the home plate area the first thing that we looked at was home plate itself which is 17 inches wide and it includes this 90 degree angle that creates the foul lines on either side of the plate are these rectangles which will also be outlined in chalk which are called the batter's box depending on whether you are left or right handed you will only stand on one side of the plate or the other and which side really isn't that important the point is while you are hitting you must remain inside that batter's box and behind the batter's box is the catcher's box which will rarely ever come into play so as you can see in this photo we have our batter here with his bat and the batter's box around him on the ground and behind him is this guy who is crouched down and wearing a mask he is called the catcher and the guy behind the catcher is the umpire who is kind of like baseball's version of the referee we'll look at all these positions in the next video but that should give you a good idea what the home plate area actually looks like the plate, the batter's box and the catcher's box on either side of the field there is a covered seating area where the players sit and this is called the dugout usually it's below the surface of the field so you have to take a few steps down and it is literally dug out of the ground in front of the dugout and the entire way around the field is not grass or dirt it's usually some sort of crushed red rock this is called the warning track and we'll see that players will be trying to catch balls that are hit high into the air and since they will be looking up the whole time they won't be able to tell how close they are to the fence the warning track is there so that they can feel underneath their feet that they are getting close to the wall and that they should probably slow down if they are running too fast if they don't want to smash into the fence or fall over it and we can also see here that there will be a circle in front of either dugout called the on-deck circle which is where the batter who is about to step up to go to home plate would stand to get ready for his at bat and so that's pretty much the baseball field quick recap most important few things home plate first second and third base counterclockwise order bases are 90 feet apart the rubber is on top of the pitcher's mound and is 60 feet 6 inches away from home plate everything in the dirt is called the infield the grass up top is the outfield between and including the first and third base foul lines is fair territory and outside of those lines is foul territory so thanks for watching and I'll see you next time