10 under 10 What's up money geeks? Mr. V here. Welcome to another video guys. So into this video I want to talk a little bit about what happened to the market this past week and then answer some questions that you guys have been Asking about which stocks do you think are gonna be the next? Shut squeeze stocks and I'll give you guys my opinion and then also I do have a list of 10 stocks that are under $10 that I think have a potential of Becoming some short squeezes. So I'm going to talk about that in today's video But before we get started guys, if you're new to the channel, we talk about how to earn money How to save money how to invest and build wealth. So if that's something that interests you Go ahead and hit that subscribe button and the notification bell So you don't miss out on new content again guys this website that I'm using here is Highshortinterest.com. I encourage you to go out and check it out Again, this is the site that lists all the stocks that have a high short interest So if you see here the very first one here is gamestop and we know what happened to gamestop this past week and then you see AMC You know exactly what happened to AMC and then as you go down the list You can see that the percentage of their short interest actually decreases so it's actually ranked in in in order of highest short interest Again, this is the website is highshortinterest.com. Definitely go check them out. So This is where I'm actually doing the research and where I'm pulling out the stocks that I'm going to show you guys In in a few minutes here But before we go to my 10 under 10 with the potential of short squeezing I want to show you guys This is the reddit group that everybody's been talking about because if you hear on cmbc on On tv anywhere on the radio even just down the street. Everybody's talking about the reddit rebellion This is the group That they are referring to so you can definitely if you want to be a part of the group just go out a Sign up for reddit and you just you know search for war street bet And click join and and just be part of it. It's free So you don't have to worry about anything right now They have about 7.2 million people in the group when I joined it was like I think it was like 2.5 million And it's now 7.2 million, which is crazy. I encourage you to do check out these two websites so hi Highshortintereststocks.com as well as the war street Bed group on reddit. So definitely go check them out. But again, this is where I want us to go today I want to talk about know my top 10 under $10 that a candidate for you know a short squeeze again guys.  I'm looking at that short squeeze list This is what I think because if we look at all the stocks that actually Took up this week most of them were trading under $10. So if you think about amc was trading under $10 um Blackberry was trading under $10 Express was trading under $10. So I mean, that's why I'm actually pulling out this list from the list that Highshortinterest.com has and I'm looking at stocks that are trading under $10 and just putting it here So these are my top 10 again guys. This is my personal list So if you are looking at this list and want to make any financial decisions do that at your own risk I don't have any specific inside information to determine which of these stocks is going to squeeze None of these stocks might even squeeze. So Just make sure that I put that out there. The first one is Clovis oncology And this one is a biotech company and right now about 42 of these Company float is actually shorted. So that's why I have it on the list here So the second one here is synsonic and this particular one about 34 of the float is actually shorted and this one is also a medicare technology company So again, go out and just read about the company so that you have a better idea The third one that I have here on the list is vbi vaccines So it developed vaccines for adult children and newborns and 20 of the float is short So that's why I have it on the list and obviously Naked brand naked brand says intimate swimwear and apparel Again, most people got this confused because they said naked brand people were thinking it was that the the jews brand that's not the naked one that we're talking about here This is actually to sell like underwears and stuff like that So you can definitely google them and check them out 33 percent of the float is currently shorted So that's why I have it on the list and then the fourth one on my list here is PGEN 35 percent of their float is shorted and then the fourth one is OPK ticker symbol OPK 26 of their float is shorted lci That is the next one on the list 25 of their float is shorted so ticker symbol dva x is a biotechnology company that Has 24 percent of their float also shorted umc So umc is a semiconductor company that makes products for companies like advanced micro devices so amd And so I mean just from an investment standpoint. I do like this company even though Right now 21 percent of their floats are actually shorter So I I'm just I like the company because I mean it's working with good companies like amd I just just supply them. So I like this one and then last but not the least is ticker symbol txmd This one is also a pharmaceutical company targeting women and 25 percent of its float is shorted So they make most of their products women. So let's go back here to high short interest Stacks or the list that I actually have that I showed you guys came from here So I just pulled that out of here. So based on the short interest and the prices. So that's why I pull here So that's my top 10.  So if you see here, I'm just reading here Somebody says they still have 50 shares and they're not selling. So they're holding it This is as just as a slap on the face to People on war street. So yeah, we'll see what happens The memes on this website are just hilarious. There we go guys. That is um, you know, just to kind of recap here This is where I actually got the least high Short interest calm and also war street bets. Um, that is the ready that you can go check Let me know in the comment section what do you think about my list and again guys I don't have any Magical um information or inside info as to how I come in for that list pretty much like I said It's just from this list based on the float and the price of the stock So it's 10 on the 10 with the potential of a short squeeze. So that's how I got the list So let me know in the comment section. What do you think? Um, do you have some amc or? Game stop stocks. Did you treat it this past week? If yes, are you holding? Are you selling? Let me know in the conversation The law and as always guys always do your due diligence.


Hi, this is your host Blum Bhartiya and welcome to another episode of T3M or Topium of the month And the topic of this month is security and compliance and today we have with us Arthur Tide SVP of business development at CI Inc. Arthur it's great to have you on the show. Thank you. It's a it's an honor. It's my honor actually looking at your career graph The places your work and your whole experience with open source Linux and security So I'm looking forward to this discussion because the first question that I'm going to throw at you Which is going to be interesting is that the security has changed a lot early days In the traditional idea, whatever the you call it legacy ID word Somebody will write the application. You sell it somebody else will buy it download it install it manage it You're so we used to have says admins and all they still are there Security was always an afterthought security was always someone else's problem But in the cloud native cloud centric word, it has changed security has become a priority Developers of course the labels change DevOps DevSecOps SREs, but it is you know security is moving into their own pipeline is shifting left So if I ask you, how have you seen the evolution of security over time? Especially in this, you know, whole cloud native cloud centric world boy, that's a big question I'll take a crack at it though. I Think you made a great point actually in framing the question in the sense that Early approaches to security involved a lot of point solutions You had to have network security workstation security is like one thing after another and after a while you started to stack these things up And it became very difficult to manage And of course, you know that that actually creates a wider attack surface. It's not what you want One of the evolutions of security that I think is really important is just the cloud, right? Because the cloud has allowed The you know providers like AWS Oracle Google and so forth to really centralize a lot of the security offerings So I think that cloud security is in general better security than most of what I see on prem I mean, obviously you want to protect your network. You want to protect your endpoints and no solution is a hundred percent complete but I do think that cloud migrations represent a more Effective initial security posture and then you can build around that Another big change Which sort of goes hand-in-hand with that is the notion of zero trust, right? So the concept of zero trust basically boils down to never trust always verify So any user Service device anything on your network should not be trusted no matter where it sits internal or external So seeing Seeing people sort of look at their look at their security postures from your trust perspective. I think is produced You know much better environments for the enterprise that's for sure We do talk a lot about hey security is becoming a priority, but we continue to see a lot of breaches, you know Of course almost on weekly basis because also security is not a product is a process The good guys you have to be right handed personal time The bad guys have to be right only once and then in the cloudy toward there are so many different ways things can be compromised Configuration can be of course bucks are part of software development social engineering is there Uber is a good example patching and not patching a code, which is already passed. So when we look at The reality versus when we talk about hey, you know what? Yeah, security is a priority when you when you Talk to companies customers How much do you see that these processors are actually being followed that companies are embracing these practices? worse of course everybody wants security, but do you see that hey company are still not taking its You know seriously they do want but they don't have process in place Or you think no everybody is fully aware of security everybody has everything in place. What are you seeing in reality? honestly And this is just my my opinion, of course I think enterprises for the most part are getting it together because enterprises are really driven by You know compliance and regulatory issues So they've got data privacy and protection stuff that they have to deal with they have a whole raft of cyber security Regulations that that are often required because they have a fiduciary Responsibility to protect, you know money intellectual properties stuff like that. So and then record keeping regulations So at the enterprise I Often see very comprehensive well thought out security strategies Now as you work your way down to smaller businesses, you know It's less It gets it gets less comprehensive, but that said Security, you know patching updates maintenance of systems all of those problems still exist And they're not really getting any easier and I can give you an example recently of that impacted our company Significantly in terms of an opportunity if you will So red-headed and IBM chose to end of life centos and there were very big Enterprises running centos as part of their HBC environments now They would be doing things like airflow simulations engine testing vehicle crash analysis all kinds of Simulations work which generate a lot of intellectual property and then all of a sudden one day they wake up and All of their operating systems and their clusters would not pass a compliance audit. So that's a risk to them That's actually where Rocky Linux came from our CEO was the co-founder of centos as you know And he went out on the net. He was like, hey You know, let's let's essentially engineer the next generation of centos and that's where Rocky comes from So even an enterprise that has really checked all the boxes in terms of having compliant operating systems and complying with you Know various cybersecurity frameworks like PCI DSS and ISO 27001 and so forth You can wake up one day and the world can be different Just like you said a hacker only has to be right once. There's always going to be a risk You know, it's it's going to be very difficult to fight against a zero day But the things that you do have control over such as patching best practices that that's really where you start you get that right and you're 80% of the way there that's where I'm also want to go with you is also that if you just like look at the last six month already last one year Traditional IT versus clouds and to cloud base all tech companies today every company has to be tech company if you want to survive What are some of the major security concern that you are your team which are either is still there or new threats that are there? That you know, I mean, of course, there are a lot of other things that keep you awake at night But when they look at these you're like, hey, these these are still concerns that are there probably patching, you know security patching and updates that is, you know, it's one of these things where it's a well understood problem that everybody has had and Not that many companies are really on top of so You know, if you've got if you've got an unsupported OS, you know, and you see that everywhere if you've got it unsupported OS if you've got You know scenarios where you're using software from I don't want to say dodgy sources But you know, you should know who you're doing business with there's a huge amount of soft There's a huge amount of shadow IT out there That remains a problem and then I guess You know in the development space, you know, you're still looking at a lot of unsigned packages You're still looking at, you know scenarios where package verification isn't done Yeah You'll have users who go to unsigned unauthorized or unvetted package repositories to fill out some blank spaces on a server That's a lot of the administrative stuff that I see that that that generates risk it doesn't necessarily always mean there's going to be a breach but Kind of back to your initial point. It's like, you know, we want to reduce the attack surface not expand it. So You know, if we apply zero trust principles, then everything needs to be verified and everything needs to be authenticated perfect segue to the discussion which is like we talked about the problem area, of course technological solutions are there But as we have seen in many cases that you know patches are there, but they're never applied You know, so and the whole documentation is there but there is still missed a configuration Or you turn something on but you never turn it off Zombie APIs are there a lot of application that you know are running. You don't need anymore Which you know makes bring us the point of you know, when we look at things like zero trust or The whole culture movement is also needed where you need to approach security Not as a problem of a specific team, but across the organization. So Are you seeing any cultural changes within organizations also where they are looking at it? Not just you know as a product, but in a process that has to be implemented across the organizations or not and if yes, how much Well, we're definitely seeing that You know in the sense that most users these days and by users I mean non IT users, you know people in the business think the CFO the CEO and people have to implement services You know, they're now thinking of security. Now typically those Conversations start in the compliance space. It's like oh, I'm a bank. I've got a fiduciary responsibility to take financial data Or oh, I'm a health care provider and I've got to deal with HIPAA and other similar laws around the world Because you know again as as we become more global these things, you know, the the opportunity for The opportunity for dealing with different regulatory frameworks gets bigger So people are talking about it now because there's a cost associate associated with it. Luckily though the flexibility that you have these days Especially in cloud environments is significantly better than it was before and I'll give you an example In the past if you wanted to roll out patches or you had some kind of an audit that you needed to go through and You needed to do that to your production environment You had a couple of choices and they most always impact of production and If you're if you were completely on-prem Organization that could be a problem, right? It's not like you have a duplicate of your infrastructure that you can go experiment on Today though in most of the cloud environments, you can set up a production environment and essentially mirror it So you can You know do hot switchovers to better databases you can apply patches you can switch them over the the Opportunity to do the opportunity to do best practices and basic it Today is much more evolved than it was like 10 to 15 years ago and the user is now They've got a bigger toolbox. So So I see that you know and I see that driving cloud migrations I see that driving decisions based on operating systems and I have another example there Rocky Linux for example Is at nearly 40% penetration government and when we talk to government users, they're like We want to run Rocky Linux and there's a variety of reasons that they want to go that way for the same reasons They were running centos, but We want to run Identical platforms on the cloud and on pram so that we've got consistency across our environment because the enemy of security is Complexity so they want simple. They want what they're running on pram. They want that on the cloud. They want a very strict set of controls Yeah, so we're seeing an evolution towards simplicity and elegance and that's good to see I mean that's That makes our lives easier and it makes our data safer We're also seeing a lot of cost-cutting going on, you know layoffs are happening Actually, those layoffs have more to do with the overhiding during the Kobe time where everybody was hiding almost everybody So it may not be actual layoffs. Maybe just you know going back to their actual sizes but if you do look at This cost-cutting do you see there is going to be any impact on I mean as much as we have broken down silos The fact is that there will always be specialized team They're always the folks who are interested in networking folks in security. These cannot be generalized So do you think there will be any impact on security in any impact of CISOs budgets? Or you're like no these are the teams which will not have any impact from this cost-cutting the Google layoffs recently were a great example They let go of tremendous people Yes, there will definitely be any impact without question You know you start you start cutting you start cutting bone and you know, you can't lift as much, you know, so So that's definitely going to be a risk I think companies are wise in the sense that they that they can mitigate it in a couple of ways one they can be aware of the of the Compliance and regulatory obligations that they have and then you know make their budgeting decisions appropriately They can also cut costs in other ways, you know, for example if you are paying a Huge, you know licensing fee for a bunch of enterprise Linux machines look around, you know shop around find a better deal You know Check out ciq we do support for rocky Linux We also support the RESF so We can Tremendously cut somebody's support budget if we can cut your support budget that means you can hang on to those data security guys So, yeah, you know companies are gonna have to be creative as they trim down But they've always faced that problem since you talked about rocky Linux. I also want to talk about you know See IQ's solutions, of course, you'd have touched upon that a couple of times, but I want to just kind of summarize is that How were your solutions helping customers improve their security posture while as you talked about, you know You know keeping a tab on their cost and other things at a high level Well, yeah, I could start with rocky Linux You know rocky Linux was was created by one of the co-founders of centos who has a background working in US National Labs, so think research bio pharma very intellectually pro intellectual property-heavy Compliant secure environment, so Ciq approaches rocky Linux from a security first perspective Both on-prem and in the clouds. So For example, we are sponsoring pips 140-3 certification For rocky Linux, and we're gonna give that into the community We also build out a portfolio of high-performance options that are container driven That are also highly secure. They are policy driven. There is no rude access from within the containers Our security team is taking a real hard look at where you know I look I guess an example I could give is if I were say a major electronics manufacturer, and I wanted to protect my designs Am I gonna run it in a? In a container system that doesn't run secure that runs as the root user open No, I'm not gonna do that. Am I going to allow somebody to pull stuff randomly, you know pull You know containers out of the docker out of the docker hub Repository randomly. No, I'm not, you know, I'm gonna have control over all those things So whether you're running rocky Linux or app tainer You're gonna be running in a you can lock that environment down And you can lock it down easily and you can do it in a way that's going to protect your primary compliance objectives now, you know again that can be data privacy that can be cybersecurity regulations relative to pick and financial data or Maybe you just have record-keeping obligations, but We build Certifications into these products that all lead to auditability. So I guess the final example I can give there is if CIQ does a Let's say we certify a piece of hardware for rocky Linux All of that certification data can contribute to a positive score and a compliance audit So we're very security focused. What is your advice for for companies? So that they can at least there are some processes in place to improve their security posture also embrace this whole idea of you know Security is a process not a product. You have to be right all the time Very bad guys will have to be right only once So so just just give them some idea or advice on how they can improve their security invest in your people Get you know invest in your people. So make sure that they are up to date that they're trained So decide some money to make sure everybody has certifications You know look at it as a Don't see it as just a cost center Look at it as something that is critical to protect it. I mean, I'll give you an example if if I'm a business and I'm Writing a contract with a potential customer or partner or something like that. I'm probably not skimping on the lawyers so Don't skimp on the IT invest in your people the better your people the better your security I thought thank you so much for taking time out today. And you know for such great insights You know and of course your advice also Investing in people and how companies can improve their security in this, you know tough economic times Thanks for all those insights and as we discussed earlier before the interview that I look forward to Having you again on the show and have more discussions about security open source and a lot of other topics. Thank you You're welcome. I've enjoyed it immensely. This has been an honor Looking forward to future discussions


Chairman Tillis, Ranking Member Coons, members of the committee, thank you for inviting me to testify today, albeit from an appropriate social distance, on this important topic. First, I would like to take a moment to acknowledge protesters currently out in the streets and to say but the smallest fraction of names that must be said, George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Almot Aubrey, Tony McDade, countless others, all of them victims of police violence. This debate that we are having right now cannot happen in a vacuum divorced from what is going on in America's streets. This is not about content versus tech. I am here to speak about how Section 512 impacts the more than 229 million American adults who use the internet as more than just a delivery mechanism for copyrighted content. They use it to pay bills, to learn, to work, to socialize, to receive healthcare. And yet they are missing from the Copyright Office's Section 512 report. They are missing from the systems and procedures that govern their rights, and too often they are missing from the debate on Capitol Hill. I am thankful to be here representing them today. Reforming the system requires that we acknowledge the ways in which it breaks down. In particular, I will address three problems for users' speech. Bad DMCA notices, shortcomings in algorithmic enforcement, and the inappropriateness of giving private third parties the power to, without any whiff of due process, remove a family's access to broadband. First, we must acknowledge that bad DMCA takedown notices are real, that they have a variety of causes, and that they happen at an enormous scale. A DMCA takedown erases speech from the internet for up to two weeks without any meaningful oversight even when contested. The extraordinary power of this provision means that it comes with a long and thoroughly documented history of weaponization. One exhaustive study looked at 108 million notices and concluded that nearly one-third of them were problematic, and that 4.5 million of them were fundamentally flawed. While the cause of these bad notices ranged from algorithmic defects to outright abuse, the scope of their impact remains staggering. Senders can use takedowns to censor legitimate content. Incomplete or error-filled notices can make it impossible for platforms to identify the works involved, and search and notice bots can and have disrupted live streams and news broadcasts. Some stakeholders, however, still insist on faster takedowns with fewer safeguards and more potential liability for any platform that attempts to filter out defective or malicious notices. Asking for greater power and fewer safeguards is akin to discarding a tank and asking for a nuke. Second, we must understand the private enforcement mechanisms, such as algorithmic content identification, that have grown up a top section 512. These private solutions sound good in theory, but the reality of their implementation is messy and full of difficult design choices. Because they operate automatically, these algorithms can instantaneously remove speech that may otherwise be political, educational, or newsworthy. Policymakers must grapple with what users and artists alike have understood for ages that the balance of equities in practice is determined less by the contours of law than by the aggregate result of technological limitations, financial incentives, and design choices with no clear right or wrong answers. Finally, I want to address the elephant in the room, and that is broadband access. We should not permit, let alone strengthen, provisions of law which allow third-party private actors to terminate a person's internet access unilaterally and without even a whiff of due process. There are several bills currently before Congress to expand broadband access, yet some stakeholders insist that they need more power, not less, to force an ISP to disconnect its customers based on pure accusations of copyright infringement. When the DMCA was passed in 1998, ISPs were software providers that operated over the telephone network. Being dropped by your ISP meant uninstalling America online and installing any of the hundreds of competitive options that were available. In 2020, ISPs controlled both the software layer and the physical connection into your home. And for more than 100 million Americans living in home service by only one broadband provider, being disconnected means losing access to the internet in its entirety. The punishment is now wildly disproportionate to the accused, not even adjudicated, offence. We are at a moment of political, economic, and social upheaval. Americans are in the streets, in their homes, and all of the time they are online. They are debating and documenting across ideological and geographic divides. The internet is how we bear witness. It is how we see with the hope of understanding those whose experiences, whose struggles are not our own. It is how many Americans were first exposed to the tangible reality of police brutality and systematic oppression. It is how the work of community activists and organizers is amplified and how injustice is brought before the eyes of the world. If we are to strike any sort of new balance, it must keep the needs of 229 million voices and their ability to speak at front of mind. Thank you, and I look forward to your questions.


Hello everyone, welcome to groundwater hydrology and management. This is week four lecture two. In this week we will be looking at some more concepts and components of the groundwater hydrology which are very important to understand and model the groundwater movement. In the last lecture we looked at porosity and we also looked at the temporal change of porosity. Our porosity is not a constant throughout a season and it changes as per the water use and recharge and discharge of groundwater. We took an example of a cold region. Now I am just putting in somewhere very near to IIT Bombay or in Maharashtra how it will look at. So you have a you start with a porosity of around 0.1, 0.2 in a particular field. And sooner or later you would experience we are doing a calendar here right. So we are starting in Jan and slowly it decreases due to the less amount of recharge through rainfall and also the rising temperature. Once you hit March and April there is possibilities of the it is getting really hot right. So the possibilities are there for the soil moisture to be totally extracted below the wilting point whereas there is a lot of loss of plant growth, plants die and wilt and after that during your major seasons of rainfall which is your June it starts to rise around May and you will have less plants. So there will be some reversal of your soil moisture by less plant update, transpiration. But most of the plants would see more water in June. So June when the monsoon kicks up the water levels steadily rise in the soil moisture or the pore spaces. The pore space has more rainfall recharge and then you will have a peak after the post monsoon season which is the post monsoon season would peak around September or October and the rainfall would stop but the recharge would still continue to happen and you will see it until October and then it comes down after the post monsoon season. Okay so then it comes back to the normal values of soil moisture. So this is how in a typical system where you have the June, July, August as the rainfall season you will see a cyclic pattern in the soil moisture. All of this is driven by your plant water uptake and temperature and also your monsoon season. Moving on it is noticed that water is held in different units. Okay so you have well sorted sand in the first A figure where you have water entering into the pore space and then keeping it in the full stretch of the pore space which means it is fully sorted. Then you have a fracture in granite aquifer. The first was a sand aquifer where it's well sorted whereas a figure B is a granite with a lot of fractures and in between the fractures water is stored. You could see that some fractures are connected whereas some fractures are disconnected from each other so which means water can be pumped through one fracture and all the water levels will come down or recharge also can happen in one fracture and all the fractures would recharge whereas there are some fractures which are disconnected and they kind of become a small aquifer by its own. Okay then we have the caverns in limestone or as I said this is cut by water so initially it was all full of bricks like bricked rock not sandstone bricks but limestone for example and then water enters through the system and starts to dissolve the rock and thereby increasing the porosity and there will always be connections so you see that what was well connected between the soluble rock and this gives like two caves and caverns in limestone cast geology. So this is how water is held in different porous media initially in limestone the pore space is less but as and when water comes in the pore space is high. So let's look at how the contribution of groundwater is there for different components. We started with the beidou zone and then go into the phreatic zone in other words we start with the unsaturated zone and then go into the zone of saturation or saturated zone and it is very important to link it to the other components of hydrology especially the surface hydrology components. Let's take a quick look from the atmosphere we start with precipitation which is rainfall. Rainfall can come in ice snow and other kind of precipitation okay so precipitation can give water to the land and from the land there is infiltration which goes into your soil moisture porous space the porosity where water can go into the pore initially the pore is not full of water so it becomes a partially saturated zone or beidou zone and then it moves into the fully saturated zone in the pore space which is called your zone of saturation or phreatic zone and that is totally due to your gravity drainage gravity pulls the water so water goes into your pore space until saturation is achieved. The reverse would be the loss of water from the soil matrix or rock matrix and that could be first let's go from downwards up bottom to up you have the capillary rise because of your pore space and the surface tension along the pores water can rise up water rises through a straw so same way water can rise up very limited water can rise up from your saturated into your beidou zone water can also rise up because plants are pulling the water and so along with capillary rise there is an upward pull of groundwater and so soil moisture is always kept in a good condition good for moisture content and from the soil moisture it is more a loss to the system because there is vapor movement some water is being evaporated and most of the water is taken out through transpiration plants trees living things would extract the water from the groundwater or soil moisture porous space back into the vapor atmospheric space so in the atmosphere water is mostly in the vapor phase so you saw here how water enters the pore space and from the pore space it goes into the groundwater through percolation and through gravity so now there are lateral losses or lateral links to the groundwater let's see some of them from the top it is not groundwater the rainfall happens some water goes in most of the water goes as overland flow or surface flow and once it enters under the ground there is interflow which means some soil moisture can come out back into the lakes ponds and rivers as surface water or you can just hover along the subsurface and come out into the rivers and lakes so that big compartment of surface hydrology would take your soil moisture and groundwater but most of the groundwater would come from your saturated zone as base flow so base flow is the component from the groundwater which goes into your lakes and rivers all of this is through the pore space connectivity in your aquifers and there is a subsea outflow which directly goes into the oceans and sea water that is deep deep aquifer which is going down deeper and after it reaches to the bedrock it can move and connect to the oceans that's where you saw springs and some warm water coming into the oceans purely because of your groundwater component from your lakes and ponds surface water there is precipitation also entering into the lakes and also evaporation no transpiration because there's not much plants there some algae some wetlands are there but most of it is surface water evaporation back into the vapor same some of the lakes and ponds can continue to give water to the oceans as runoff and that's also where you have the ocean's precipitation and evaporation so most of the groundwater is explained on the left hand side where you have rainfall coming in and it first saturates the veto zone the veto zone is either partially saturated or full or dry soil okay fully not saturated so saturation is the process where the pore space has water when rainfall enters in it adds on to the water to make the groundwater saturated but if there is no water totally dry soil then it can observe some water there's always porosity ranges for sediments and taken from a lot of resources i'm putting some values here around 25 to the 50 percent for sand and gravel gravel is having big surface you know area but when it has irregular shapes there's a lot of more void space on the other hand sand also has a big surface area because it adds to it but most importantly it is well sorted and it has some space in between whereas sand and gravel mixed would have 20 to 35 percent this is where you have gravel and sand enters the pore space so as i said you have gravel like without jamming or without gluing on to each other there is some space it is irregular so there is some space but if the space has sand and sediment which is fine then it dries out the porosity so there's less porosity in a sand and gravel mixed system and then when you go to glacial till it is more and more sediments entering into the system silt is a combination of sand silt and clay could be having around 35 to 50 percent porosity range okay clay is the least it doesn't have much loam is called the sand silt and clay combination silt is fine sand so you have a good porosity coming when you have gravel big gravel and sand can actually add into the porous space okay so all these values are mostly from global estimates and that's why you have a range the range can be dependent on how much sand is present for example in a mixed system and mostly all these systems are not pure clay pure silt or pure sand there is some mixture unless and otherwise you are in a beach okay in a beach you have pure sand so that's how you can assess the different ranges so moving on from one porosity now we move to the other property in groundwater hydrology which is very very important it is called the specific yield let's define specific yield now it is defined as the ratio of the volume of water that can be drained from a saturated rock again it is a fully saturated rock how much water can be drained it is a ratio of the water that can be drained to the attraction of gravity because gravity is taking the water to the total volume of the rock so there's one component let's look at it graphically so you have a rock which is total height is h and then right now it is not fully saturated it is saturated up to h one okay and when you remove a volume of q q is the water which is removed through gravity so specific yield has to be in a natural condition you don't pump water and say it's specific yield you have to let the system rest and through gravity how much water is lost okay the volume is lost is q and the height reduction is h one minus h two so from h one the water level has come to h two and the cross section area is a so if you multiply the reduction in height which is h one minus h two times the area you get the volume of the rock that has been giving out this volume of water okay so q is the volume which came out so you have to understand there are actions due to gravity this total specific yield is only due to gravity so you have to do it in a lab setup where you take a rock material or a solid soil matrix you pour water and you wait till the specific yield is reached it takes a lot of time because gravity acts very slow okay but it is a very important factor let's see why so if you have a field and you have a rice planted in the field and you want to apply water water goes into the soil you know per rice plant how much water it takes and for the area you can multiply the number of plants to get the total estimate normally you know how what is the distance between the rice plants and so for a acre you can easily estimate how many rice plants would be there and what is the total water needed for the crop per acre now if the soil has a very high specific yield what happens then the water can be drained quickly so you need to apply more water okay so the gravity would actually quickly remove the water thereby reducing the water available for plants so specific yield is that very very important term in porosity in groundwater which gives you how much water is extracted through gravity okay it has different names specific yield specific storage and drainable porosity I like the last term which is because it connects us with the previous component that we saw porosity so the porosity might be there but how much is drainable is very important and that drainable through gravity is caused in a gravel the specific yield is very high water can come in fast and also go out fast rapid drainage very quick drainage fine sand is having a good matrix but however because it is loosely bound if you and you can see it just falls or pours through your hand so it is loosely bound so it allows water to go in quickly and come out it is moderate drainage not as fast as your gravel but it still has good drainage whereas clay and solid rock who has slow or no drainage wherein it stops the movement of water down it arrests the water and prevents drainage prevents gravity from pulling the water so for a plant you you can see that you might say that clay is good because it stops the gravity and keeps the water in the soil however the same process by which clay holds on to the water the plant cannot take the water up so if drainage cannot take it out your plant also cannot take it out so you need a mixture of these properties for specific yield for good plant growth but now we will focus on the groundwater term how much water is remaining is good for your groundwater aquifer your specific yield might be high to send the water in fast but if the water is connected through a river or an ocean sea then the groundwater is lost so it has to be slow so the groundwater recharges and also have maintains the level let's look at one more unit diagram in the first diagram we have a volume of a rock which is saturated with water and then one unit volume of the water has been dewatered or drained in B and there is a lowering of your saturation you can see the water level is fully saturated in A and in B it lowers by a unit volume of the rock specific yield is a ratio of the volume of water that drained from the rock owing to gravity to the total rock volume so you have the total rock volume that gave in to this specific yield so specific yield is a very good very important measure to hold on how much water can be drained by gravity and what is remaining it also gives you an understanding of how much water is remaining in the pore space so let's give it a name to identify what water is remaining in the pore space and that is given by specific retention or SR specific yield is normally called SY whereas SR is the specific retention as the name says retention is the process of holding on it keeps the water back so SR of a rock soil is the ratio of the volume of water a rock can retain against gravity so the specific yield is owing to gravity gravity pulls the water whereas retention is the property of the rock in holding on to the water against gravity to the total volume of the rock the ratios so you can leave the ratios in specific yield and specific retention out just to understand that in a pore space how much water is drained by gravity and also in a pore space how much water is retained by the soil property in specific yield it is due to the gravity and the property of the rock or soil similarly in retention the property of the rock and soil plays a vital role because it holds on surface tension is high it holds on to the water absorption absorption would be high chemical properties would be high to hold on to the water since specific yield represents the volume of water that a rock will yield due to gravity the specific retention is the remainder of the porosity therefore if you take a porous medium half of the water or part of the water could be given out by specific yield whereas the remaining water is held on due to specific retention so if you start with a fully saturated system like figure A the sum is just the specific yield how much water is lost to gravity plus your specific retention which is the water held on due to the pore material property so it is just basically the sum of these two terms will give you your porosity in a fully saturated system if it is not fully saturated what happens you have some air so that air would be added to the end component along with sy and sr so let's take the relationship between specific yield porosity and specific retention in a fully saturated system how does it look like so in clay and you could see that the total porosity could be high as 60% in clay and come down in gravels and corbels and sand okay so if you start with clay in a well the specific yield could be very very low as I said it doesn't allow water to pass through and gravity cannot pull the water because clay holds on to the water so when you look at clay materials you could see that when you apply water it actually forms into a rubbery kind of a material it prevents it swells okay it takes the water and starts to swell when it swells it stops the water from passing through and that is causing a very low specific yield and this is the size the size of the grain of clay okay the clay grain is very very small so there is a lot of attachment between the particles and the porosity is very high and same cylinder sand and gravel and corbels okay the grain size is given on the x axis and the y axis gives you the specific yield and also the specific retention along the porosity all are same units as percentage so the specific yield picks up in silt and sand the space between the grain the between the material increases so you have more space for water and air but the specific yield also mentions that it gives off the water so the porosity is actually coming down from clay to corbels and the specific yield rises because gravity can easily pull the water out but when it comes to gravel and corbels it tries to come back down in specific yield because some of them would hold on to the water in a well sorted aquifer what is well sorted the sizes are same similar and they don't have porous space on the top so in a well sorted aquifer your water could be fully drained out which is the total porosity would occupy the water the water would be full with the porosity space but it can be fully drained also so somewhere your specific yield can be equal to the porosity which means the retention is zero no water is available and that you could see on gravels and corbels especially in gravels in beaches okay you have big big rocks along the beach and when water comes in it just goes down there's nothing the water is stored in the gravels it just flows down and which means your retention is zero specific yield is very high total porosity is specific yield once the water is removed the pore space only has air there's no water no retention let's see the opposite you have high retention water is held on to the material in clay it comes down as the size of the grain increases so it comes down pretty high the specific retention and in a well sorted aquifer the well sorted aquifer like your gravel as I said water flows through so your retention is zero whereas your specific yield is high so always you can add all these together to get your total porosity and your total porosity in a saturated system is always equal to your surface retention plus surface specifically retention plus specific yield and these are the property of your solid surface and also the gravity gravity is a constant across so you can only look at both of them as per the material that's why you have the material on the x-axis to understand this please understand that once the porosity is drained a specific yield is draining the porosity the remaining space is taken by air okay quickly this I'll show you a field example taken in the US for different size and class of material which is given on the x-axis the grain size as I showed in the previous would be very very small in clay and increases to high values on the x-axis fine gravel is high so the specific yield is almost zero in clay and suddenly rises so silt and very fine sand will have space where the water can enter and gravity can also pull so specific yield increases as the size of the material increases and when it comes to very fine gravel and fine gravel the fine means it has small particles within the gravel which actually slows down the specific yield so even though the size is high your specific yield is reduced slightly because of the presence of intermediate solid materials you can look at the specific yield as percentage and depends on the clay the type of rock which is clay sandy clay silt etc the soil and rock as I said is a transferable term in groundwater hydrology because you can say clay soil clay rocks which are brought by the weathering of or turns into clay soil okay so gravelly sand is a lot of gravel which is weathered and becomes gravelly sand or soil so what you can see here is the material and you have a maximum e specific yield and a minimum specific yield as a percentage and normally what do you use for studies is the average okay so five zero average is two I think you're safe in using the mid value or the average value okay so all these even though the studies are pretty old or mostly constant and depends on the site okay so your site might have different clay red clay black clay etc so depending on the species of clay or the type of clay your specific yield range is there and also depending on the amount of mixed so when you say sandy clay it means sand is mixed with clay and the percentage of sand in clay could be different and that drives the specific yield value if you look at the variations the variations are pretty high when it comes to medium sand the sand maximums 32 and 50 and then gradually comes down to 35 and 20 which is around 15 percentage differences in coarse sand gravel sand etc so the max values are ranging at 35 for all the sand units and gravel units whereas the lowest value is in clay with specific yield as zero and wherever clay is mixed it pulls down the specific yield value okay so this course does give you an introduction to these components so that you understand when you look at a groundwater aquifer the groundwater report from Central Ground Water Board these are the terms that they'll use they'll use porosity specific yield and aquifer recharge so now you know what specific yield is and how it is related to the material that is present and the mixture of the material with this we conclude today's lecture I would see you in the next lecture where we discuss more on the groundwater components thank you


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It's a great time for artists online. During the remote semester, B.U. student Jerry Niquet drew the attention of thousands on social media worldwide with his music. Jerry Niquet started officially rapping when he came to BU, but his passion for music was ignited by lunch rap battles in high school. As of 2021, he gained 18,000 streams on Spotify under his alias, Scary Jerry. Seeing like the growth from last year to this year, and I saw that the number was much higher, made me much more confident. And it made me like believe in myself more because it was like, oh, no, like, I'm not only listening to my own music, like other people are actually tuning in. Niquet originally became popular on campus after managing a weekly song release campaign called Scary Sundays last fall with the help of peers. Like before he was just a face that like walked around the school, but like now like people have a name to pull with the face, you know what I mean? Niquet manages the scary brand with the help of other B.U. creators like Sebastian Arango and Clay Clutch, another rapper of the campus scene. Like I respect his craft. He respects my craft. And then we just come together and make something. Niquet plans to drop a series of new singles starting next month, culminating in his first album release on Halloween. The project should include a collection of songs made with Boston producers. Reporting for B.U.T.V.10, this is Balabo and Duke.