A very horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hockey-hio silver! The Lone Ranger! General Mills, makers of Cheerios, the oat cereal that's ready to eat, Benny Crocker mixes, and Wheaties, the breakfast of champions, present by special recording, The Lone Ranger! Say kids, before you go to bed tonight, why not have a treat? A big slice of Betty Crocker white cake and a glass of milk. If your mom has Betty Crocker white cake mix on hand, it couldn't be easier.  The finest ingredients are right in the mix. So all you have to do is add water and the whites of two fresh eggs. Isn't that easy? And quick too! You just pop it into the oven and the result is always perfect. Betty Crocker promises you a perfect cake every time you bake. Cake after cake after cake.  You know, Betty Crocker white cake has all the special goodness and keeping quality of the best homemade. Ask mom to keep several packages of Betty Crocker cake mix on hand and bake up a perfect cake soon. With his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the daring and resourceful mask writer of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver. The lone ranger rides again. Come on, Silver! Let's go, we call him Silver! Late one afternoon, the driver of the stagecoach returned to the town of Gunside on foot. In the sheriff's office, he explained how Cherokee Smith and his partner Rusk had stopped the stage, forcing him to walk back to town while they drove the vehicle away. Sheriff Gospel organized a posse and rode after the stolen convoy. At Black Rock Creek, he found it abandoned, together with a team of horses, an empty strong box and the tracks of two riders. He followed the tracks to the water's edge, then turned to Deputy Moes Morgan. Cherokee, this parallel have done it again, Moes. I should have expected it. It was the same trick after every hold up. We gotta stop those crooks. There's only one way to stop them, Moes. Just tell me how. Get a fella here who's sure to capture them. Who? The lone ranger. The lone ranger? Do you know the lone ranger? I met him a couple of years ago. Well, then ask him to come here, Sheriff. I had to ask him a long time ago if I knew where to find him. Oh. I don't even know how to get a message to him. So we'll have to try to capture that crook without help. We sure haven't had any luck so far. Let's hope I look genius, Moes. Though the Sheriff and his deputy didn't know it, the lone ranger and Totto had heard that Cherokee Smith and his partner were operating in gun sight. Determined to capture the notorious outlaws, the masked man and his Indian friend were a short distance from town when they passed what appeared to be an abandoned mine. The lone ranger signaled a halt. Don't tell. Don't tell. Totto, the Sheriff's house has made a good campsite. Am I right? We leave gear here? No, we'll come back after we've seen the Sheriff. That was a warning shot. Full-color coverless with the rifle. I've seen, Totto. Right on, you two.   Very well, two-son. Come on, Totto.  Come on. Early darkness was falling as the lone ranger and Totto drew rain in an alley behind the Sheriff's office. A few moments later, they opened the door without knocking and entering. Good evening, Sheriff. We met a few years ago, but you may have forgotten. I've forgotten my eye. Mr. Is it really you? You remember Totto? Sure I do. Howdy, Totto. I can't believe it. Sit down. Thanks. Why, only today I was wishing I knew how to find you. We're looking for Cherokee Smith. So am I. I spent all afternoon trying to pick up the skunk's trail. He robbed another stagecoach today. Tell me what you know about it, Sheriff. Not much to tell. This afternoon, the garden driver came in on foot. Cherokee and his power rust stole the stagecoach. We found his black rock creek with an empty strongbox nearby. What about his trail? We lost the tracks of the creek the same as we always do. Those critters have a hideout somewhere near here, but where it is and how to get to it after a holdup beats me. There are a lot of hiding places around here. I know the hills are full of them. The tracks never head for the hills. They stop at the creek. We passed an excellent hideout on the way to town. There. A couple of miles east of here. It looks like an abandoned mine. Oh, you mean the old Golden Rock. A man with a rifle is on guard to drive away trespassers. No, that's Tucson Crockett. Him, they, him own mine. He does. And it was a mighty rich one, but it gave out. Tucson spent all his cash trying to hit pay dirt again, but he never found it. Oh, why didn't stay at mine? Yeah, it's all he has left, huh? Most folks around here know him and leave him alone. Well, the mine's deep, isn't it? Nearly 200 feet with tunnels, galleries, and cross cuts running through it. There, you'd need a map to find your way around down there. Have you been there lately, Sheriff? Tucson won't let anyone near the place anymore. Oh, what's he afraid of? Right. I don't know. It might be interesting to find out. Maybe so. I'd like to look around the old mine. Why? Tucson may keep everyone away from the place because he's hiding in Cherokee Smith and Rusk. Oh, Tucson would do that. We just don't know whether he would or not. Well, no power to him. I'm going to call on the owner of the stage line. I should report it to him as soon as he's got back to town with the party, but I... need to give him more bad news. Now I can tell him you're at the Cherokee Smith. That'll make him feel a lot better. We may see you later, Sheriff. Right? Soon was rising, and as the Lone Ranger and Toto near the Shack House...  Toto turned to the side while the Masked Man went on alone. Tucson Crockett was still on guard. He came to the door and threatened the approaching Masked Man with his rifle. Get away from here, mister! But the Lone Ranger continued his slow advance. You hide here, mister. I said get out!  I warned you! Tucson! I've come back to ask permission to go through your mine.  Got him, Toto. I'll take that rifle. Let me go! You take it easy. Take it easy. All right, Toto. Let him go. Dad, Rache, give me my rifle. I'll return it when I remove the cartridges. If you're here to rob me... No, we're not. Well, you're after something. We're looking for Cherokee Smith and his partner. Well, come to the wrong place to look for cooks, mister. I can't keep you from looking. Thanks. Well, you get down there without a guide. You'll never get out. We'll risk that. You want me to show you around? Oh, we'd appreciate it. Come on now. I'll take both of you down the shaft in the hoist. Good. Here's your rifle. Thanks. We'll be with you as soon as we take care of our horses. While the Lone Ranger stayed with Tucson, Toto led Silver to the place where Scout had been hidden and tied him alongside. When he rejoined Tucson and the Masked Man, they took lanterns and started a donkey engine. Then used an old mine hoist to go down to the first level of the Golden Rod. After exploring it thoroughly, they descended to the second level. Finally, they reached the lowest level, nearly 200 feet below the surface. But they found no trace of the outlaws. As they turned to go back to the main shaft, the Lone Ranger said, We owe you an apology, Tucson. I told you you wouldn't find Cherokee Smith here. Thanks for showing us to the mine. Now that you've seen it, I hope you'll leave me alone. We'll not bother you again. How much farther do we have to go to reach the main shaft? We'll turn to the next crosscut. What is it, Toto? You look there. Wait a minute, Tucson. What you find? Foot prints. Oh, well, they're mine. I was down here yesterday. Those footprints are much larger than yours. I'm head for crosscut. We missed. Yes, you're right. Toto stayed with Tucson. I'll see where they lead. Uh, he wait here. He's smart of you to notice those footprints, engine. I've never spotted them myself. You've not seen them before? No, I... Hey, look out behind you! As Toto turned toward the crosscut behind him, Tucson brought his rifle butt down hard against the Indian's head. Pooja didn't die red skin. But you and your masked pal are due for an even bigger surprise.  We'll continue our Lone Ranger adventure in just a moment. This is the Lone Ranger. If you want to be a champion at anything, remember, others have done it in spite of obstacles. Take rodeo champion Bob Maynard. He did it the hard way. He proved champions are made, not born. Bob didn't even have the advantage of growing up on a western ranch. As a boy, he lived in Chicago. But Bob started riding when he was 8 years old. At 14 in California, he became a stable hand. Today, Bob Maynard is one of the top money winners in rodeo competition. He surely is Lone Ranger. And like many champions in all sports, Bob still chooses Wheaties for his favorite training dish. There's no question about it. Champions are made, not born. And there's no question why champions choose Wheaties for their training diet. If they want that famous wheat energy, they get it with Wheaties. Because there's a whole kernel of wheat in every Wheaties' flake. Champions are made, not born. Get on your way with Wheaties. Breakfast of champions. Now, to continue. A few moments later, the Lone Ranger found Tonto where Tucson left him. Tonto, what happened? Tonto! Tucson! Come back here!  Keep a steady, Tonto. Tonto, click me. He's taking the hoist. Leave us here. We fought. Don't blame yourself, Tonto. We've got to find a way out of here. Without hoist, we never get out. Meanwhile, Tucson Crockett left the shaft house and ran toward Black Rock Creek, which flowed past the rear of the mine. He waited across the creek to the opening of a large cave where Cherokee Smith and Rosk waited. The outlaws listened attentively to Tucson's account of what had happened at the mine. So I left the masked man this pale Tonto 200 feet underground. Cherokee and I were on the lower level and we heard you coming down on the hoist with two fellas. So we left by the secret exit and came here, figuring to go back when they were gone. They found your footprints. The old barrel poisoned the fellas like me. You know who they are, Cherokee? Have you heard of a masked man the red-skinned named Tonto? The only engine named Tonto I ever heard of, right? Yeah, the lone range. Great day of life. You mean that I captured the lone ranger? That's right, Tucson. It's a good thing we weren't in the golden rod when he came looking for us. I'd like to know what made him figure you were using the mine for a hideout. I'm wondering how long it'll take him to find the exit that leads to the Crick. There's one way to make sure he never finds you. How? We've set off a couple of charges of blasting powder that'll blow away enough dirt and rocks to change the course of the Crick. But you might flood the mine if you do that. That's what we want to do. And the masked man, the engine will drown. You can't do it. And why not? I own the golden rod. That's worthless. I know that. But you, for helping us, will more than cover the damage to, son. Well... And on top of that, you'll get part of the golden east on the midnight stage. Russ and I were planning the robbery when you came here. And it'll be our last job. With what we get tonight, we'll all be on easy street for the rest of our lives. You'll cut me in on it, huh? We'll pay you well. As soon as we've taken care of the Lone Ranger and his engine pal, you'll ride to stop that stain. The Lone Ranger and Toto were in the main shaft of Tucson's mine, unaware of a secret exit. They considered other means of escape. The voice is at the top of the shaft. There's no way to bring it down, Toto. Kimo's hobby, their ladder, built into sight of shaft. Up there. Yes, I noticed it. No, it may be bad. It's not come down this far. It ends about two levels above us. That's right. We could reach it by cutting hand holes in the face of this shaft. That's our only hope. Explosions. Oh, I don't know. Oh, look! The creek's near here. And Tucson blasts away rocks and dirt to make it flow into the mine. The water's rising fast. He may have outsmarted himself. What do you mean? We'll go through the sewerage shoulder level. We'll stay afloat. We'll try to reach the ladder. That's a pretty good idea. The mask man and Toto were floating on the surface of the water when they heard the donkey engine start and Tucson's voice in the shaft house. Then the hoist began a slow descent as pink lantern light illuminated the sides of the shafts. Kimo's hobby, Tucson, other fellows come down here. Get out of the water so they don't see us. See those two down there? There's plenty of them. At the end, if you don't stop this thing, we'll go back to the top and tell Cherokee to won't raise me. Oh, Nick, I have them come. Yes, Toto. Tucson worked with Cherokee Smith and Rust. Outside the mine, Cherokee was already in the saddle as Rust swung to the back of his waiting horse. He grinned. He didn't worry about the mask man and his pal getting out of the mine, Cherokee. There's risen at least 30 feet down there. Good. We're rid of the lone ranger for keeps. Hit the saddle too, son. You're riding with us on this old evidence. What's your hurry, Cherokee? The stage might be ahead of schedule. Yeah, more than likely it'll be late. It always is. We're taking no chances. Early or late, I want to be on hand to stop it. Now let's go. All right, come on, get it there. Some time after the outlaw is left, the water is level with the bottom of the ladder, Toto. I'll climb up. As the mask man pulled himself from the water and started upwards, Toto followed. A few minutes later, they reached the shat house. Now we'll go after Tucson. With water dripping from their clothing, they hurried outside. There, Toto noticed the tracks on the moonlit ground. This footprint, made by Tucson. Yeah, those are like the blueprint you discovered in the mine. That's right. Tucson leaves here for another plumber. Short time go.  It took but a few minutes to change to dry clothing carried in their saddlebags. Then the lone ranger and Toto mobbed it. Did he send you to the plumber? You ride for the share of Toto. I'll follow the tracks of those three riders. Me, Sammy. Get them out. In a well-chosen place of concealment on the side of a steep hill overlooking the stage trail, Tucson Crockett loosened the bandana he had tied across his face. The bandanas, Lady Uncountable, tied over Fuller's mouth and nose. How much longer do you figure we'll have to wait, Cherokee? How do I know? You know, that stage makes connection with the eastbound train in Kansas City. They go and put aboard the train and ship to New York and Philadelphia regularly. Yeah, but after pulling one hold up today, you're risking plenty trying another one. They'll all expect us to lay low after the day's job. I hope not. All right. Hey, listen, I hear the stage. Yeah, you're right. Get set to move as soon as it comes into sight. Dr. Crockett! Are you said he was dead? He can't be alive! While Roscoe and Tucson stared in disbelief at a man they thought they killed, Cherokee Smith grabbed his gun. As it cleared the holster, the lone ranger fired, smashing Cherokee's 45. But a silver bullet struck him in the arm. Rock fell back under its impact. Let him have it, Tucson! Get him! Not me!  Don't make a fast move, Cherokee! You'll not get me while there's a gun left! As Cherokee grabbed for Tucson's gun, a bullet busted his right hand. My hand! My hand! The stage driver, hearing the shots and fearing outlaws, reached his team madly as the stage rumbled fast. Meanwhile, the sight of his wounded friend sharpened Tucson Crockett's fears. The revenge for the way he and Tonto had been tricked. Tucson pleaded.   I quit! I don't want any fights! Get your hands up and keep them there. You want more gunplay, Cherokee? You've got the upper hand now, Miss Cherokee. Look, here comes the sheriff. Sean, do you want a couple of deputies? You're with him! I apologize, Miss Cherokee.  Cherokee, Smith, Rusk and Tucson are here. You put handcuffs on the Polkats, Sheriff. All right. You're in plenty of trouble. Tonto told me what happened at the mine. I reckon there's no use trying to explain, Sheriff. Judge and jury will listen to your explanation. When they find out you tried to kill the masked man in Tonto, they're likely to be downright hard on you. Then let me talk. I can tell where to find the loot from the robbers. I can tell all I know. I'll squeal plenty. You've got to let me talk, Sheriff. Give me a chance. All right, you'll have a chance. We may see you again, Sheriff. I hope so. I owe you to a heap of thanks. Forget it, Sheriff. We were as anxious as you were to capture those crooks. Easy. All right, put out your hands, Tucson. I'll handcuff you for the tip of town. I was never crooked in my life before I met Cherokee and Rusk. They taught me into hiding them. You'll pay for hiding them, Tucson. But you'll pay a lot more for trying to kill Tonto and the Lone Ranger. The righted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated is produced by Kendall Campbell Muir Incorporated. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Grace Beamer, your announcer, Fred Boy. Listen to the Lone Ranger brought to you by special recording Mondays through Fridays at this same time.


Thank you Richard, and I will not repeat things that have been said because the IMF's WEO, most of us have read it, and it is indeed in the long time, the first time that the IMF has become more optimistic than it was in the past editions. I want to focus on really two points. One is this issue of debt and interest rates and whether that is a major risk. Clearly the amount of total debt, private and public jointly, and of course, in terms of gross debt, I mean there is a netting out process, but gross debt to GDP has increased, is higher today, significantly higher, depending on the measurements, the exact figure, but it's about a third higher than it was at the beginning of the 2008 crisis. This debt is carried and is feasible and doesn't create too much of a problem because of extremely low interest rates. So if there was a chance for interest rates, if there was a probability of interest rates rising, the overall debt situation in the world would be a problem. However I don't foresee these interest rates to rise for various reasons, both supply side and demand side reasons. Urey has mentioned the low inflation and so at least in the next few years, I don't see that that is a real risk despite the fact that debt is so high. If this hypothesis about interest rates is wrong, then we could enter a major crisis situation because debt really is very high. The second point I want to make, and I think that is about the productivity paradox. We just heard that, most of us must have been here for the last session about digital communication, news, and you know we've entered a world, artificial intelligence, a booming technology world and if you look at these technology stories at the micro level, you would think as a macro economist that productivity growth would be rising very rapidly. But in fact the opposite is the case. Both labor productivity and total factor productivity are rising much more slowly than they have in a long time. And that is pretty much a global phenomenon. It's true in the US, it's true in Europe, it's true in the major emerging market. So this is a very strange situation. On the one hand you have this booming technology, innovation, and on the other hand you have measured productivity in terms of GDP statistics that is actually slowing down and it is slower than it has been in the last, you know, for decades. The decadal trend has been much, much faster. Now quickly two points in our time is very limited. Is this a measurement problem? Some people will immediately say this is a measurement problem. There are some measurement issues, but there are important papers that have been written that actually show that measurement only explains a very small part of the problem. And of course we have to remember one thing, productivity measured by GDP does not try to measure consumer surplus, I mean I don't want to get too technical. Consumer surplus is a different concept from GDP and it may well be that consumer surplus is rising, but there's also been research on that and even if you adjust for consumer surplus again you don't find that technology is rising, total factor of productivity or labor productivity is rising rapidly. So this is a paradox, this is a strange situation which is a real puzzle. And we've done some research which is not finished. But the story that comes out is very interesting and has to do with something that we wrote together also some years ago, income distribution. What's happening is that the firms, the best firms on the frontier are actually increasing their productivity quite well. So there is rapid total factor productivity growth and labor productivity growth among frontier firms, among the best firms. But they are a small minority and their weight in the overall economy is small. The other firms, the median firm or the low median firms is showing in most cases negative total factor productivity growth. So it's not that innovation is not happening and is not translating itself into the productive sphere. It is, but only by a minority of high performing firms. And this has of course one that has many implications. One can be hopeful because the diffusion might occur and that would solve the problem although there's data that shows that the diffusion is actually slowing down. But it has one very important consequence also. It is making the income distribution even more unequal. It is one more factor of why the income distribution is becoming more unequal. And I think I've run out of time.


In the quasi-linear domain, the social choice function can be actually decomposed into two components. So, you have already defined that this social choice function maps each of this the Cartesian product of all the type sets or the type profiles into an outcome. Now, outcome has two components we have already discussed in the allocation component and the payment component. The allocation comes from the set A and payment comes from the set R to the n, one for each of these players. And now what we can do is we can actually decompose this f into two parts. So, one function which maps this theta into A and the other component which maps this theta into R to the n. And we are going to call each of those things as the first component as the allocation rule and that is what we will be denoting with this lowercase f. So, what does that do? So, if each of these players report their types, it will take an allocation decision which will come from this A. So, to give an example, each of these players suppose are saying how much the value is specific object, then the indivisible item allocation just gives this item to one of these agents that is one allocation. Now, each of these types are denoted by lowercase theta i. So, therefore f of theta 1 to theta n is essentially an alternative which is living in this set A. And the second component, this component here is denoted by P. So, this is essentially a collection of functions. So, let us look at the ith component of this vector. So, the ith function, so this is a vector of functions because we will have to define the payment for each of these players. So, for player i, it is defined in the following way that if they report their types in this way, each of these players, then it will pick one real number. And notice that this real number can be either positive or negative. So, which means that in the remember our the definition of our utility, our utility had this form that vi of A comma theta i minus pi i. So, essentially this pi i is nothing but the real number value of that. So, we can as well replace that by pi of theta 1 to theta n. So, that is both these things are the same. Now, if this pi is positive, that means this agent is asked to pay. So, you purchase an object and you also ask to pay certain amount of money. So, therefore, there is a difference. But if the pi itself is negative, that means the agent is getting paid. So, not only it gets allocated, also gets some amount of compensation money. And those setups are also admissible under this model. So, as before this pi 1 to pi theta 1 to theta n is essentially one payment, real number which is living in this set R. Let us look at some of these allocation rules to understand what it means. So, one of the very straightforward and not so interesting allocation rule is a constant allocation rule. No matter what about the agents are choosing, you are going to choose this allocation A and you are completely agnostic about the types of the agents. So, that is a constant rule not very interesting one. The second rule that we have already discussed to a certain extent, this is known as the dictatorial rule. So, suppose we identify a specific player and call that player the dictator and we are going to pick the alternative or the allocation which maximizes its valuation and we do not look at the types of any other player. So, here even though this type, this type vector has lots of components. So, theta D is the the dictator's type and theta minus D is the type of all the other players apart from the dictator. But this allocation function, this rule F does not look at anybody else's, it is just picking that allocation which maximizes the valuation of this player. So, that is a dictatorial rule. A mechanism or allocation rule could be something which is known as the allocatively efficient rule and also sometimes called the utilitarian rule. So, what does that mean? So, suppose we look at the the sum of the values of all the agents. So, different people, so if you pick a specific alternative, let us say building a bridge or building a park, building a museum that gives different valuation for different players. So, there may be there are lots of people in the population who values environment more, lots of people who values transportation more and so on. So, we are taking the sum of the values of all the agents and picking that allocation which maximizes that sum. So, if we do that then what we are going to call that allocation is what is known as the allocatively efficient. So, we are taking the sum, picking that alternative that maximizes the sum. Just to keep a note here that this is different from parity efficiency even though sometimes will be a little loose in saying what kind of efficiency it is and we will just say that in the context of quasi-linear mechanism design we will just say that it is an efficient rule. What we mean actually is the allocatively efficient rule not a Pareto efficient rule. So, Pareto efficiency is a property that is defined for the outcome which also considers the payment. So, this is only looking at the valuation component and we will see a connection very soon how we can connect this allocatively efficient rule and the Pareto efficient rule. In some sense you can think of Pareto efficiency it is making a kind of vector to be better off. So, for each of these agents the infinity should be better off and there should be some agent for whom it is strictly better off. While allocatively efficient efficiency is looking at an aggregated matrix taking the sum and picking the alternative that maximizes that sum. There could be some cases where some people might be getting less valuation than other people but yes this is how it is. Allocative efficiency just maximizes the sum. So, the fourth example of an allocation rule is what is known as the affine maximizer rule. This is just a generalization of the previous rule. So, here what we were doing is we are just taking the simple sum of all the players. We are not distinguishing between different agents in some sense you are being fair to all the agents in some equal way. But suppose we do not do that we become a little unequal and put certain weights on each of these agents. So, let us say we put some weights lambda for each of these players take that weighted sum of their valuations and then translate that weighted sum with a function which is a function of that alternative or the allocation. So, that is the reason this is called affine maximizer because this is now an affine sum. We are taking the weighted combination of all these valuations of all the players and then you are translating with respect to this allocation giving a selective biases to certain allocation and you are picking that alternative that maximizes this affine sum. Of course, to define an affine maximizer we will first have to come up with all this lambda i's that will be fixed and also this kappa which is a function which translates in this the allocations and we are also going to assume that this lambda i's are not all zero. So, they are non-negative quantities but not all of them are equal to zero. So, then the type of mechanism that type of allocation rule that we get is known as the affine maximizer rule. You can think of so, still we are in the domain of utilitarian rules, allocation rules that we are looking at. So, maybe we are just taking the sum or you are taking unweighted sum. But what if you do something like a egalitarian, so a more equalized treatment of all the agents. So, how do you, what do I mean by this egalitarian treatment? Suppose we look at the valuation of a specific agent at its type and for a specific allocation A. Now, we look at for that particular allocation fix that allocation here and look at what is the worst valuation in the whole population who is getting worse off if we pick this alternative, this allocation and then pick that allocation which maximizes that minimum value. So, in some sense we are actually giving a push to the lowest possible valuation in the whole population and we are maximizing the minimum of the valuation in this in the whole population. If we do that, that kind of an allocation rule is known as the maximin allocation rule which is also called the egalitarian. So, you will see in some literature the term egalitarian being used or utilitarian is being used. So, egalitarian means that this is actually looking at the maximin while utilitarian is the sum of the valuations. Now, that is that where a few examples about the allocation rule. Let us now look at the payment rules. So, certain properties that we want from our payment rule when we are running this kind of mechanism. The first thing is that even though we are charging we are using payments transferable utilities. It should not be the case that the mechanism in order to satisfy certain properties run into a deficit that is now the mechanism designer or a person who is actually selling an object has to pump in money to run that mechanism. So, that condition is called no deficit that means the sum of these payments of all these agents should be non-negative. That means at the end of the day there should not be any money that will be needed to run this mechanism rather the mechanism designer might gain some amount of money or the transfer should be exactly equalized that someone is getting paid and someone is paying money and the sum is exactly equal to 0. Now, the second property is that of no subsidy. This is the property where the payments are always non-negative for all the agents. So, this is the on an aggregate level this is non-negative here it is non-negative for every agent. Of course, no subsidy will imply it is non-deficit but yes no subsidy is a more stricter condition. So, we are asking every agent to either pay or not pay at all but there would not be any situation where the mechanism will pay a specific agent. And finally, the other property that we will be looking at later on is what is known as budget balance. So, this is when this no deficit condition is is met with the equality which means that the sum of the payment is essentially getting redistributed among these agents someone is paying a certain amount of money and someone is getting paid but the sum of the payments is exactly equal to 0. So, this is desirable in certain settings because you do not really want to earn money or maybe gain a lot of money and we will see that this could be a problem in certain mechanisms. You do not want a lot of money to be taken away just to run that mechanism rather it will be very desirable that in order to run the mechanism if certain make a certain party certain of agents are paying money which is being redistributed among the other agents that will be very desirable. Let us now recall the definition of incentive compatibility that we defined long ago in the very beginning of this section the mechanism design section. So, in we are going to reiterate the same definition in the context of Quasillinia preferences and in the context of mechanisms with transfers. So, we know that the mechanism is a tuple of this allocation and payment f comma p and we are going to call that mechanism dominant strategy incentive compatible if the following thing happens we have already seen an equivalent thing. So, in the previous definition of dominant strategy incentive compatibility we have just written it in the terms of the utilities. Now, we are going to write it explicitly in terms of the valuation and the payment. So, what are the two components? The first component is the allocation decision which is given by this f and the second decision is this payment decision which is given by this p. Now, what can happen is that player i suppose player i's type two type is theta i and it can report theta i or misreport something else which is theta i prime. Now, this dominant strategy incentive compatibility would ensure that when it reports its type theta i truthfully then this left hand side is the utility that that agent gets and the other agents can pick any type. So, it need not necessarily be their true types it could be true types or some false types whichever they want to choose. But under the same condition that the other players are choosing the same types if player i changes its type report to theta i prime then that utility is not going to be better than the utility that it gets when it reports its truthfully. So, and this inequality should get satisfied for all theta minus i tilde's so theta minus i tilde for all the other agents and also for all theta i and theta i prime. So, if this holds then we are going to call this mechanism to be dominant strategy incentive compatible. So, in other words in one liner definition would be that dsic means that truth telling is a weekly dominant strategy equilibrium. We have seen this in the previous case here we are just writing it in the context of mechanisms with transfers. And we are also going to use some terminology and it is good to know that because we will be using this kind of a terminology later on in this course. We are going to focus mostly on the allocation part. So, in the in the quasi linear domain we are often very much interested just in the allocation. So, the allocation whether that is that is maximizing the sum of the valuation in some sense that is the social welfare maximizer or not that is that is a objective that we have and payment serves as a mechanism or as a artifact of essentially making that happen. So, it is not that we are jointly deciding of course the mechanism decides the allocation and payment jointly. But the question that will be often asking that whether we can implement and this is the term that we will be using whether we can implement a function this allocation function f using some payment rule in dominant strategies or is f implementable in dominant strategies by some payment rule. So, as if the payment rule is not that important as long as we can find some payment rule and we can implement that f that payment will implement f in dominant strategies will be happy our primary objective is to satisfy f and not the whole combination of f and d. This will make more sense when we discuss more examples but in some cases will directly refer to f as the social choice function. So, even though in our context we have used f capital f which takes this capital theta and gives the outcome which is a Cartesian product of allocation as well as this payments but sometimes only the this is the terminology that we will find in literature as well that theta to a that itself is called the social choice function and we will be calling that whether this social choice function f is implementable in dominant strategies or not. So, that is just a kind of a terminology some nomenclature that we will be we will be using. So, yeah so it will make sense when we discuss examples. So, what actually needs to be satisfied for a dominant strategy incentive compatible mechanism. So, let us say our mechanism is f comma b and suppose we have two players and their types are typesets are same theta either their types have a high type or a low type and therefore, the function the allocation function is a Cartesian product mapping from that Cartesian product of these two typesets to the set of allocations. So, what should happen you can so this is just writing down the same expression. So, this inequality for each of these cases I am just doing one of them to to just give you a feeling if you do it yourself then you will be able to understand what is going on if you just do not look at the this inequalities and try to write down what is the DSIC conditions that will reinforce the understanding of what dominant strategy incentive compatibility is. So, we are looking at player one first. So, the valuation of that player one when his true type this player one's true type is theta h and it is reporting type it is typed with theta h. So, therefore, the payment function also has the same thing and the other player player two is reporting any type it need not be its true type this should be at least as much as when he is reporting his type to be theta l. So, its true type is theta h it is reporting misreporting to theta l and then this is the utility that that agent should get and this inequality is saying that reporting truthfully is better than not reporting it truthfully and this inequality should hold for all theta twos. Now, we only have theta l and theta h. So, we are just expanding it out. Similarly, when player one has a type which is its true type is low type then it should report it truthfully. So, report theta l truthfully and that utility should be more than the utility and he is misreporting even if it is true type is theta l it is misreporting to theta h. We will see certain implications of this when we talk about options but yeah. So, this thing should also hold and they should hold for all theta twos. So, this is only for the inequalities the same set of inequalities for player one. Similarly, you can write it for player two and I do not want to spend time on that. So, let us look at one specific property of the payment rule that implements an allocation rule. So, suppose we have a mechanism with transfer which is given by f comma p the allocation rule and the payment rule this is incentive compatible. So, because it is incentive compatible we already have this p i s. Now, let us define some other payment rule. So, a payment rule which is just adding another term. So, we look at the original payment. So, notice that this is a function of theta i and theta minus i the reported types of all these players and now for player i I am just forgetting its own type I am just adding a function which is function of theta minus i that is its sort of constant from the point of view of player i. So, whatever the other players are choosing as their type that determines that h i function and we are just taking the sum here. Now, the question is the way we have so we have created a new set of payment functions. So, if we look at this mechanism f comma q instead of p now we have q is that mechanism dominant strategy incentive compatible? The answer is yes and why is that you can just write it down. I mean you just write the conditions explicitly. So, all that we have here is this h i theta minus i tilde if you write down the original expression and that h i theta minus i tilde is unchanged on both sides of this inequality. So, essentially this part will get cancelled out and all that is left that you are left with is the same inequality and because this f and p together was dominant strategy incentive compatible this inequality will always be true and for that reason you can always add this kind of a function h i theta minus i to a payment scheme which is already known to implement the allocation rule f without the loss of dominant strategy incentive compatibility. So, the summary is that if we can find a payment that implements an allocation rule then there exist uncountably many because h i could be arbitrary you can pick any kind of h i and many payments that can that can implement that the same allocation rule. The converse question so here it is just saying that if you have a payment you have many payments but the question is when can we say that the payments that implement f differ only by this factor h i. So, in some sense we are not only identifying a specific payment we are identifying a specific payment up to the change of that payment with h i theta minus i. So, you can find and so there does not exist any other kind of payment which will actually implement it. So, if there exist any other payment that can only be written as a factor an additive factor of h i theta minus i of the original payment. So, let me just give the second implication of this incentive compatibility on payment and leave that the proof as an exercise. So, suppose there are two type profiles so one is theta so theta is nothing but theta i theta minus i as we have defined earlier and there is another type profile which is theta tilde where only player i's type is changing to theta i tilde other player's types are still theta minus i and let us assume that this even though player i has changed its type so its type has changed to theta i tilde the social choice outcome or the allocation outcome did not change. So, there could be some many situations you can think of it if player i's type changes from theta i to theta i tilde it is not changing sufficiently to change the outcome altogether. So, if the outcome the allocation outcome is the same and if p implements this function this allocation function in dominant strategies then what we are going to say we are going to conclude the claim is that the payment should also be the same and this is not very difficult to show you can just write down the inequalities for DSIC under these two conditions and use the fact that the allocation is the same so that the valuations essentially cancel out from both ends and use it when when you are using the theta i to be the true type of player i then what is the implication of the DSIC condition and when it is theta i tilde so player i's true type is theta i tilde and it is misreporting to theta i let us write the corresponding condition and the in the previous case when it is true type is theta i and it is misreporting to theta i tilde what is the what is the corresponding condition inequality for the DSIC and you will find that this is pi theta and pi theta tilde both will be equal


Child trafficking is one of the worst forms of violence against children, affecting an alarming number of children globally. Despite all the work that has been undertaken over the last two decades, trafficking in children continues to be a high-profit law-risk crime based upon the principle of supply and demand.  Children are treated like commodities which are bought, sold, traded, and used over and over again. According to the UNODC, child trafficking has tripled in the past 15 years, and the share of boys has increased five times. The effect of the COVID-19 makes the situation even more grim, as it is increasing children's vulnerabilities and demand for trafficking. To accelerate progress towards achieving the Agenda 2030 and its SDG Target 16.2, it is essential to tackle drivers as well as demand side of child trafficking, to invest in enabling inclusive and just environments that keep children safe from all forms of violence, exploitation, and trafficking, leaving no one behind. And finally, to involve children as part of solutions in ending and preventing child trafficking. This year, on the occasion of the World Day Against Trafficking, and under the overall team of the Global Campaign of the UN Interagency Coordination Group Against Trafficking in person, I join forces with the Director General of the Organization of Migration, Mr. Antonio Vittorini, to appeal for accelerated action to end child trafficking.


Every one of you ever one thousand here and there's We're taking this garbage back, we're gonna get something else so stick around okay guys bringing this back Into Harbor Freak That's it that's what we was looking at it Yeah Grab this there's the radio That's a junk he says what it don't work well it does They don't have it up here this time Yeah That's what we're getting let's go find alligator clips Okay, so we just got out of Harbor Freak the guy asked again, so it's not broke No, it ain't broke. I don't mean it's not junk. I said brand-new Ford's junk. Don't mean it's broke I said man radio don't pick up it just you know, it's not worth it then he's Can I get you on the two-year service plan for 999 on the late and I'm like no not even a year. I said no Bricks in a year, I'll just go buy another one You know what I'm right mama So you can always pay to buy those plans so back there in the back in the back seat there And it's when we left the house monkey brought her. I like that Chevrolet You could distract it. It's red white and blue. It's like the flag and Chevrolet letters anyway So I said you brought your camera bag. She says yeah my camera stuff's in it Yeah, I kind of figured that She didn't just bring the camera she brought the whole bag So she said do you want to go down by the water? I said well, I suppose so because you brought your camera equipment for something So we're heading down the water. I'll get some of that footage for you So stick around guys. We're gonna have fun Okay guys, so sorry about the wind This is where we filmed when it was real low right after the hurricane well one of the places But it's low tide right now.  They're having a tournament all in the same spots Might be having some kind of fishing thing. Hey guys, so we're back home With our power Light we're gonna open it up And check this out. So it's like but also got This was on sale the six inch magnet So you put parts and stuff in It was three ninety nine Right. Yeah, yeah three ninety nine on sale for a dollar eighty nine. So I grabbed it. Yeah into four inch was 99 it wasn't on sale, right? So I mean for dollar eighty nine. Yeah, I'm gonna grab one of these I've got a couple in there, but It's always nice to have Then how to get some of these so one one, you know, I need for my test light and then I'm gonna make a couple jumper leads They had jumper leads there, but they were low voltage. So You know, we can put it so this way I can make the jumpers what I want, right? So all right guys So we'll get you down here When I open this up, we're gonna check it out and then when it gets dark We're gonna go outside and check it out but what I'm seeing on here that I didn't notice before is 140 foot beam distance. So I hope it's not just a beam You know what I mean? Yeah. All right. Well, let's open it up. Let's see It's got battery or Coarded, of course, you don't get your battery extension cord or charger 2,000 lumens 140 foot beam distance Because that can be like the flashlight that your dad had. Yeah use all the time.  Yeah, they want you to buy the bigger more expensive battery And it says up to nine hours of runtime They're under 60 degree rotating hand. I'm betting the nine hours is with that big battery And it better run longer than nine hours when it's plugged in So, yeah, you know, so let's go ahead Let's get this opened up here But I didn't notice There's some damage on the top of the box here. We stopped at a Church sale a yard sale before we left monkey said when you gonna work on your hut again But when we got there when we got out there We got this this yard sale on the way back. She saw these little lights Yeah, and she said look these lights are cool. We can put them in our hut Yeah, when it's time to work on it's my hat, but so she got those cute little All right, so we got our Little manual or a booklet here and we got the product itself Pretty heavy so maybe that's a good sign Yeah, better be better than I'll take it back. This is the first time I've gotten three Christmas presents and still only have one So yeah, all right, so you make sure it's 360 degrees. Yep sure is All right, the cord down here on the bottom Got a cord there And you can use this as a handle or stand So that moves around so what I forgot to do is get my battery Yeah, so in the meantime while I go get my battery There won't keep me showing me your little My little stuff So I found these little lights and I was like this would be cute in our hut So I got those Two boxes, they were two dollars a box, so I thought oh that'd be cute. We can string them up And then I was like he said, well, where are you gonna print them? I said Probably in the inside somewhere. He said well, you could do the porch We could do the little porch in the front. So we might do the porch with you Yeah, and they're pineapples. Yeah, they're pineapples. They had Seguro cactuses too. Yeah, it's only four and a half feet lighted of lights Okay, so let's go ahead and already decorate. There's the back Battery and you can plug it in so I do like that Switches on top and that's pretty much all you need to know about it because that's all there is to know I already said that and I said Included yeah, what do I think it should be? That's nice See yeah, we're gonna show you guys outside one. Yeah, it gets a little darker. It gets darker, but I don't want to shine it at them. All right But yeah, I want to get stuck we're gonna take it outside and check it out. Whoa Oh, it has different two settings. Oh, wow Okay, so There's high there's low cool, so that's two settings now you can Have a light on here She didn't want me being in the dark in on make it scare pretty crappy review there. She bear. Yeah, I know So when it gets dark, we thought maybe camping, you know, so yeah, yeah, that's why we said I'm on the picnic table and so like cooking what not when we're camping and Video taping that's mainly where I got it. Yeah, I mean this underneath the car. That's kind of big Underneath the car But there's gonna be other uses for this like a garage, you know because when the garage doors open, you know covers the lights Yeah, so, you know I Can hang it off the door So but we'll see how good it is at nighttime. All right, so we'll see you guys want to get start right month. Yeah, I Just fed three people for two dollars and 30 cents each You did All right guys, I don't know if you see behind us, but it's dark out. Let's take a selfie and try it. Okay. Let's go Okay guys Right. There's the vat right behind it is the Chevy. So I'm gonna have monkey turn off the porch light Okay, and then we're gonna turn this light on All right, here we go. We got this late. Well, you can't see it, but here it is See here's the light Turn off cars coming Okay, now let's go this point across the street here. Let's see how far this will shine Not bad. Well, you're not impressed I'm impressed with that Yeah, I am Okay, now watch I'll turn it off again Okay Now turn it on There it is Okay, so here. Let's do this.  All right, see there's with the light off And there's what the light on yeah So you can see the table over there, there's my tractor There's the trees Okay, I got a cord here. So what we're going to do with this month So I'm going to take this out This battery out and we're gonna plug it in just to make sure the corb works I mean that's really all we're plugging it in for because nothing special there No and So Yeah, there that is Now what we're going to do is I'm gonna turn this back off Unplug it We're gonna go around back Okey-dokey. Okay All right now Here we go Okay, we still got the light in our hands Well, you can see the shed back there Of course the camera is not going to want to focus on it, but Because I got you on auto auto focus, but say look at this monk Now turn it off So you can see the shed That sheds about 40 feet There's low. You still see the shed There it is without the light I'll come up here a little bit because the light from the window All right now. Let's kick the light on There we go All right guys. That's pretty cool Hang on a second. I'll be back with you with our final thoughts. Okay guys So there you go, and that is the light behind us. I'll show you what I did I set it up there on the The tripod cooker grill or whatever it's called tripod grill It is bright, but it's not as bright as having a light on top the camera right guys, right? I don't think right you know So yeah, that'd be good. It would be handy Well, we're in Florida power outages. Yeah, I mean we do have a generator. Well, you know Yeah, it's mechanical. So what something could happen to it not want to start or whatever We got a nice light. Yeah, it's always nice to have more than one And I don't have to pull the battery out to use my thing and then put it back in right I mean, I could just plug the light in you know, right see what I'm saying. Yeah, you like that better than the other two Yeah, you yeah, yeah, I mean I'm impressed with it. Yeah, I am impressed with it I was worried that it'd be more like a spotlight. Oh No No, it's so because it said bean. Yeah, yeah, I like it.  Yes, it will. Yeah, that'd be real good for camping Yeah, trying to cook in the dark or something. Yeah. Yeah, cuz I cook in the dark sometimes Yeah, it's kind of a pain I just set that up on picnic table shine it down and yeah, that'll be really handy. Yeah, yeah I think we'll use it more. Yeah, so far. Well, like I said later on I've got a video coming up soon Here within a week or so About of some other stuff. I've reviewed and see how they're doing So that'll be like later on later in the year or something longevity make sure still working good Yeah, have I found any faults with it right now? I mean, it's just the light you pick it up and move around But was it bright enough? I think it is. I didn't know it had two settings So yeah, yeah, so so far two thumbs up. I'll give it four and a half star. I'll go four star Since I'm not sure what the longevity is like on it. No, I'm going four and a half because it's it's it's it's dual power Battery or electric Yeah, like it's not plugged in right now.  Yeah, but you can plug it in So you have two choices. That's what I said dual power You have two choices So, you know, if I'm using my impact driver, I can still use the light. Yes Seem to be pretty versatile, you know me seen I could work on that Corvette just fine if I had to yeah Yeah, yeah, all right guys appreciate you watching Monk Like so self now y'all bye All right guys shabers myth man legend golfing out don't forget that stop buying visit her channel And we'll see you in the next one.


This is an important week. It started off in an unfortunate foot with the terrorist act in Orlando, and we grieve for the victims. Here in Pennsylvania, I was proud to be part of the recognition of 1,000 people whose lives we saved with the drug naloxone. And I'm also pleased to be able to stand with Senator Mench and sign Senate Bill 609 to establish a task force to look at ways that we can do a better job of addressing the scourge of prostate cancer.  We are better than this. And we need to recognize that there is no place, there should be no place in our society anywhere for this kind of intolerance and this kind of terrorist activity. I was pleased to announce this week that we have saved over 1,000 lives in Pennsylvania with the drug naloxone. We have brought these folks back to life, people who have suffered from drug overdoses, and the naloxone has done this. It's in the hands of our educators, our first responders, our police forces, all over the state. This is not by itself enough. It only brings people back and they need to get into treatment. But people can't get treatment for substance use disorder if they aren't alive. I was pleased this week to sign Senate Bill 609. Senate Bill 609 was sponsored by Senator Mench, and it directs the Department of Health to establish a 19-member task force to look at ways we can combat the scourge of prostate cancer. This is a disease we can beat. I know that because I have it. And we can beat it if we all acknowledge that we're part of the fight to combat this disease. So I'm pleased to sign Bill 609 and pleased to stand with Senator Mench to do that.


Did your client ever ask you how much experience you have in a certain field like the construction business, healthcare or public services? Well, you're not alone. And in this video, I want to talk about how to deal with these questions. Hi, I'm Mark and welcome to the Serbs Design Show. This show is all about helping you to design and deliver services that have a positive impact on people and are good for business. As we're making Serbs Design project proposals, one of the common questions clients ask is how much experience or how many projects have you done in our field. And if you are not careful and this question can really make you uncomfortable and uncertain if you haven't done a lot of projects in a certain field. And I don't think that's a smart way to deal with this question. So the way I try to approach this is by getting into a conversation with a client and talking about how they are the experts in the field and the reason they are hiring us is not because they want to understand their field better, it's because they want to understand the needs and desires of their customers better and help them to translate that into viable, interesting offerings. So we're the experts to guide them through that process and they are the expert in their specific field. And another thing is I think if you have deep field knowledge, you might also fall into the trap of making a lot of assumptions about why things work the way they work. So bringing in someone who is new to the field can bring a new perspective, fresh perspective on certain challenges. Am I saying that it's bad to have field expertise? No, not per se. I think it's good if you've done some projects, service design projects in a telecom sector that you'll be able to easier and more quickly understand the language that people use there. But do I think it's necessary to have deep field knowledge to do really good service design projects? No, I don't think it's required or it's necessary and in most cases I think you'll actually benefit if you don't have deep expertise. That's my perspective on how to deal with a question from a client if you have done a lot of projects in healthcare, public sector, construction, banking, finance. But I'm really curious, what do you think? Is deep field knowledge required to do good service design work and if so, why? Leave a comment down below and let's continue the conversation there. If you'd like to see more videos, check out the playlist that's on the here I think and for now, thanks for watching and I look forward to seeing you in the next video.


Good afternoon. Howard Wigg here for the State of Clean Energy, Think Tech Hawaii, and we have a full plate for you today. I'm not here alone. I'm with co-host John Cole of the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and the kick things off Keith Block, commercial building manager, something like that for Hawaii Energy. And then after Hawaii Energy, we are going to bring on David Bissell, CEO of the KIUC, Kauai Island Utility Cooperative. And when he comes on, hang on to your socks because if you don't, they're going to be blown off. Let's start with Keith and you have been doing some horrendous things, great things with restaurant roll because you can imagine how big the air conditioning system is for that entire complex and you have done something with it. Yeah. No, we wanted to bring a video today for you to show you some of the projects that we do. This one, a little bit unusual because like you said, it's a huge project. I mean, if you imagine how big restaurant row is, the cooling plant that cools restaurant row is equally as huge, but that's what makes it really, really interesting. Interesting to me, hopefully interesting to your audience as well. I didn't realize I'm a little bit of a tech geek and an engineer, but hopefully, you know, it'll resonate with your audience is techie. Yeah. So yeah, let's take a look at the video then because it's pretty cool system. It's new chillers without everybody in the building go down. They've got new equipment, reliable equipment, the ability to meet their diverse load at night. For these guys, it was really number one. It was how how can we save money on such a plan? We're spending too much money on maintenance. We're spending too much money on our utility bills. We have to find a way to save. And that's when we came in and came up with these. The new technologies we installed has the ability to ramp the systems down, run more quickly, even though it doesn't sound like it's going to be more efficient, but when you run more at a slower speed, they tend to get a little more efficient. And that's really what we're utilizing here is trying to get those efficiencies driving the plan. So Hawaii Energy helped us a ton. At the end of the project, we metered the equipment, looked at the utility bills, ended up coming to agreements that we saved almost over a million KWH annually just from the central plant equipment. That accolades to a $250,000 rebate back to the owner at the other project, which was, I mean, just icing on the cake at the end. Okay. Keith, I didn't get any numbers out of that. What was it before consumption and the after consumption? Yeah, I got a bunch of numbers here for you, but what you actually saw there were two 800 ton chillers, three cooling towers, variable speed frequency drives on all the pumps. So they took out three chillers. There were two 575 ton chillers that they took out, one 250 ton chiller, and again replaced with two 800 ton chillers. The variable frequency drives that they put on all the motors allows them to save pumping loads when they're not at full load. But the 800 tons actually increased some of the capacity of the plant, but the 800 tons allows them to run at part load where those chillers are really efficient. They're actually magnetic bearing compressors. So they're called oil-free. You don't have to oil them, but the compressor shaft actually floats on a magnetic force field. So extremely efficient at part load. So, you know, that's why they put so much capacity on it so they can run at part load. And then variable frequency drives on all the pumps and allows them to scale back the amount of water they're pumping. If you don't have to pump so much water, you don't have to cool so much water.  So the entire project itself is about a $2.5 million project. Our incentive to that was $249,000. So almost 10% of the costs we contributed to that project. It's saving the customer about a million kilowatt hours per year. So that's about $169,000 savings to the customer. And actually this whole thing, as you can imagine, a project of that scope, you know, took years to get going, right? So it actually started with a study we funded back in 2012. And from that, they said, you know, the study determined that this was the best design and then two years of construction. But the other thing that was key about this, too, is in that two years of construction, they were able to stage a bunch of different things so they never lost cooling to the entire facility. So truly an extraordinary project. I was, you know, we're thrilled to have been a part of it. And we worked with some good contractors, you know, to do that installation. But and you saw the contractor there that was, you know, he's equally proud of that project. It's really an interesting project, I think. And there's so many tenants in restaurant row. They probably all have different time schedules. But because of variable frequency, you probably got sensors all over the place saying, I don't need any cooling right now and I need all the cooling I can get right now. And it'll automatically sense and flow in accord with the demand, which I would think would be a kind of a variable demand. Yeah, no, that's absolutely right. I mean, they have a nightclub there that's open till late at night. They have office tower. So there's, you know, traditional office hours. So yeah, that's the other reason why I was saying, you know, the two chillers allow them to stage those chillers so that they operate optimally. And this whole system came with a new controls package where you're doing exactly what you said, monitoring different set points, you know, with a chiller plan of this size, there's various things you can do. You can change your set points on your cooling, your temperature of your chilled water. But then you've got to pump more of it and then blow more air across it to get the same temperature in the building.  Or the other way around, you can make colder water that you don't have to pump as much.  And in the past, what you used to do is you'd kind of find an optimal point at some point in your load during the day. And that's just where you'd leave it set at. This one is dynamic. It senses all those points and changes everything as it's going along. So it's really an optimal system, real cool design. Cool, so to speak. And you heard it from me first. You estimated a 1 million kW weight savings per year. My seat of the pants, I guess, is it's going to be more than that. Yeah. And the key thing there too is, you know, a chiller plant is going to last 20 years. So that's a million kW age per year for at least 20 years.  Beautiful. Well, we have to bid fond adieu to Hawaii energy at this point. And this is Think Tech Hawaii. Thank you, Keith, for the video and for saving us at least 1 million kWH per year for the next 20 years. This is Think Tech Hawaii. We will be back with part two, David Bezel of KIUC in a moment. Hi, I'm Stacy Hayashi and you can catch me on Mondays at 11 on Think Tech Hawaii. Stacy to the rescue. See you then. Hi, I'm Ethan Allen, host of Lakeable Science on Think Tech Hawaii. I hope you'll join me each Friday after an explore the amazing world of science. We bring on interesting guests, scientists from all walks of life, from all walks of science to talk about the work they do, why they do it, and more why it's interesting to you. What science really means to your life, its impacts on you, how it's shaping the world around you, and why you should care about it. I do hope to join you every Friday at 2 p.m. for Lakeable Science. You're watching Think Tech Hawaii, Hawaii's leading digital media platform for civic engagement, raising public awareness on tech, energy, diversification and globalism. Great content for Hawaii from Think Tech. Hey, you stand the energy man here. I know you're bored this summer. You're just sitting at home, figuring out what to do, go to the beach, spend some time with Think Tech Hawaii, spend the time thinking about how you can contribute to Hawaii and make it a better place to live, and start watching some of the programs on Think Tech, including Stand the Energy Man. Well, you'll learn all about everything energy, especially hydrogen and transportation. So we'll see you every Friday at 12 o'clock noon, Stand the Energy Man here on Think Tech Hawaii. Aloha. Aloha, I'm Chantel Seville, the host of the Savvy Chick Show, which you can watch every Wednesday at 11 a.m. on ThinkTechHawaii.com. On the Savvy Chick Show, we are all about inspiring and empowering women and girls to be the best they can be by having amazing guests from all around the world. So we hope you'll join us every Wednesday at 11 a.m. Aloha. Good afternoon again, Howard Wigg, the state of clean energy, ThinkTech Hawaii. And we've got a full lineup. My cohost is John Cole of the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute. And our guest star, we were so lucky to have him in town today, is Keith Bissell, CEO of the Kauai Island Utility Cooperative. And I do research in a reading about a lot of utilities across the nation and certainly follow what Hawaiian Electric is doing. And I think that KIUC, out of the hundreds of utilities nationwide, may be number one in terms of getting close to 100% clean energy generation, as we will see somehow the phrase small is beautiful comes to mind here. Does Kauai still just have 65,000 people? No, they're up to 70 now. It's about 70,000. 70,000 people. If you drew a circle with a quarter inch diameter around where we are in downtown Honolulu, you'd probably have 70,000 people. So you've got a certain advantage there, but you've done exceptional, exceptional things. So welcome, David. And why don't we get rolling with the first slide? Because we don't have all that much time here. What in the world is this? Thank you, Howard. What this slide is, and I'm not a technical person, I'm a little intimidated up here on the think tech thing. I'm an accountant and a financial person. So pretty easy numbers 40% and 70%. 40% is where KIUC is today on our renewable portfolio standards. And that's up from about 8% six years ago. So we're really pleased on Kauai that we've met the state 2030 renewable target already. And the 70% is kind of our next goal on Kauai. We've been in strategic planning as a co-op. We've been holding community meetings over the last couple of weeks on multiple locations on the island of Kauai. And I'm pretty confident that our board's going to come out and say 70% is the new target on Kauai by 2030. So we'll should stay 10 years ahead of the state mandates. And we're making great progress on doing it with an awful lot of solar, solar biomass. We've got legacy hydro trying to do new hydro on Kauai and really doing some innovative first in the industry type of things with battery storage. And we've broke there's been ground broken on the solar city Tesla renewable PV project with storage so it'll be dispatchable solar first large dispatchable solar project done in the industry will be taking 52 megawatts of energy generated during the day it'll be a 13 megawatt PV field running into a battery and bring it out at nighttime during our peak most expensive part of our dispatch profile. Wow. Did I tell everybody to hang onto their socks? I mean, I read about other utilities. This is way, way, way above what we're used to other utilities are struggling even to get to first base on in this area. Well, in Kauai we have a lot of advantages compared to Oahu in particular, we've got a lot of land underutilized land. So we can do big solar projects, we can do a lot of big solar projects without eating up the land and really having a visible footprint problem on there because we've got so much we got 10s of 1000s of acres of land available. So even if we did 1000 acres under PV, it's not going to be taking up a huge amount of the island. The problem we have is that the lack of available load during the day, we've, we've already put in 30 megawatts of utility scale solar on Kauai and keep in mind that our daytime load is in the 50 to 60 megawatt level. We've got 6.7 megawatt biomass plant. And we also have five or five to eight megawatts say of any time of the day, hydro energy. So very little available load during the daylight periods, we've maxed that out. So the next frontier is moving at the nighttime. Amazing, amazing. Why don't we look at the next slide? And John, John, why don't you take over from here? Well, I'll let David do the slide. But first I wanted to congratulate him. He recently got a energy transformational award. It was given by the Hawaii Energy Policy Forum and presented by the governor last month. And it's for a lot of the things that David's talking about, to quick move toward renewable energy, some of the high penetrations they've been hitting and how their system has been able to handle it, and just how they've been moving forward at a marching pace. Whereas it seems, Oahu has gone quite a ways in the rest of the islands under the HECO companies. But KAUC has really been leading the way as part of the award. So congratulations on that, David. Well, thank you. Thank you, John. I just want to be clear. It's not my award. It's KAUC's award. It really does belong to our engineer and operations people on Kauai, because they're the ones that are pushing the envelope, technically, to make this happen. If you talked out of mainland grid, any of the operators out there, they would say this is absolutely impossible what's being done on Kauai. So my job is really to say, yeah, it makes sense. Let's do it. Let's figure out how to make the money or obtain the money to make the project happen or to sign the deals. But it would not happen without the engineers. We've got great engineers on Kauai at KAUC and our operators that are actually making this happen. And you said you're an accountant, so you're the numbers guy. You just let them do the real work there. We're kind of interesting from an accounting versus operations and engineering thing, because what I say is, can we do it? Why not do it? And what we're really fortunate is my engineers on Kauai have a culture of saying, why not? Let's try this. Make it happen. We'll figure a way to make these industry leading projects go forward. They don't have, they could be saying, no, no, no, no, we absolutely can't do it. And nothing will get done. So I really want to give those guys credit. Well, let's take a look at the no smoking slide here. And that now you got some specific numbers coming down here. Yes, we've hit a really remarkable 97% renewable at times on February 10th on this slide. 97% 77% of that coming from solar. On Kauai we have really two legacy power plants, our Port Allen plant, which is shown in this picture, which is a lot of small diesel units. And then we have a Kapaia plant closer to Lohui. And every day now when it's sunny, we're shutting down the entire Port Allen plant for hours at a time. And that was the legacy, that's what KAUC and Kauai Electric before us was founded. That was the predominant power plant for the island of Kauai 15, 20 years ago. And now it's shutting down every day. And Clear Day is 80 to 90% renewable. We couldn't do it without having the batteries we've been putting in place. We have about 10 megawatts of utility-skilled batteries that KAUC owns. Six and a half megawatts of that is lithium ion ones that are on a whole of the solar plant. And those batteries are every day going off hundreds of times to help us with frequency control and to keep our grid stable with all the renewables, in particular intermittent renewables of solar that go up and down every time the cloud comes around. So a lot of technology in play. Yeah, just that one slide is, we could spend hours building into every one of those, but it's all exceptional. Why don't we go to the next slide, because we've got to move quickly here. This is a mind blowing slide, at least to us, takey types. Yeah, it really is. And what this is, this is a KAUC dispatch from a, it's not necessarily a typical day, but it's not an atypical day, March 4th, 2016. And it's showing, starting at midnight, going forward till midnight the next evening, our load profile. And you hear a lot about the duck curve in California and a little bit here. I don't even, I don't even know how to characterize this curve, because during the midday hours, when the sun's out, we have just a remarkable amount of solar energy. The greenish, greenish color at the bottom is the biomass plant that's just producing stable, about 10% of our use. And below that is the blue is hydro, and above that is the yellow solar. And in prime sunlight from between 11 to 2, you can see on there the remaining piece I didn't talk about is our fossil fuel, the black piece there.  Typically that's one small generator running for, to keep our system with a frequency and a little bit of backup on it. And it's nowhere else is the curve like that in place in the United States. So it's pretty, pretty amazing. And look at those jagged lines, even at the bottom, that's where your batteries kick in, isn't it? That's right. Yeah. And if you're really looking at those jagged lines, I think that's a 15 minute chart on a second by second. It would be up and down, you know, hundreds of times. And you can go that fast. And it's not unusual to see some of our big plants go from 12 megawatts down to two or three in a matter of a minute or so, as the cloud comes over. Yeah. And the kawaii is pretty garsh-darn cloudy, too, so, you know. Cloudy and frequent winds. It's the cloudy days with wind coming by quick that really impacts the system. If it's just cloudy, it's not problematic because it kind of keeps stable. But when you have fast-moving clouds that we get on kawaii, that's, that's what's the challenge from a technical side. Yeah. Again, we could spend hours on that slide. Can we go back to that? I just have one question I wanted to talk to you about. So the black areas that right now are the oil or diesel generation. To go all the way, those are going to have to be filled in by renewables.  That's a perfect segue. If we move forward to the next slide, that talks about what we're looking at on kawaii. And we don't... On kawaii, we don't have a huge amount of options with today's technology. This is, this slide shows really the conventional biomass or conventional renewable opportunities in Hawaii. And we've done one biomass project, but we just don't have the scale to do more on kawaii. So the cost would be prohibitive. Bio-fueled really throughout the state now and throughout the industry is the pricing's not there. The pricing is typically cost of diesel or oil plus. Waste energy, we're too small on kawaii. It's clearly possible over here and working on a wahoo, but we don't have the scale on kawaii. Geothermal, we have no... We don't have that there. We don't have the thermal activity that we do on the big island in Maui. And tidal wave and ocean isn't commercially available. There's some really cutting-edge technology and research being done in Hawaii, but it's not commercial right now. And wind is also very widely deployed on Maui and the big island and over here on a wahoo. But with our endangered species on kawaii and small scale, wind's essentially off the table. So that leads us hydro and solar. And that was well illustrated in the previous slide there. And speaking of slides, we'd better move along to the next slide. This is a cutting-edge draft strategic plan on kawaii that we've been working on. Again, kawaii is a co-operative. A little bit different than any other islands that are investor-owned. So we've got an elected board. And the elected board works with our members. Everybody that takes electricity on kawaii is a member of our cooperative. And they elect the board and the board then sets the draft, sets the strategic plan. And they've recently updated strategic plan with a draft that we've been out meeting with the community. And I talked earlier about the 70 percent renewable. And the second item under there from a financial side is important. We could go to 100 percent renewable in a couple years. We could double down, quadruple down on the PV and batteries. But there's technology risks on that. You don't want to put too much, too many eggs in one basket. If the prices of batteries drop radically, we don't want to lock in 2016, 2017 pricing. If it's going to be a third less or half less down the road. So we really are looking towards technology risk as a big part of our timeline. We want to ladder in our renewables on kawaii. Similar to what's being done on debt with most enterprises. Because you don't want too much at any one time. So we're doing that. We continue to have cost control as a focus on our island. We're a cooperative. We don't want to spend money. We don't want to have to raise rates. So we're really trying to watch our expenditures carefully. And then we're moving to rate design. Rate design is huge on kawaii. Huge throughout Hawaii and really throughout the industry. And we're concerned about rates fairness between member classes with right now with we've got 1950s rates. And it just wasn't set up to have on kawaii. We have 12 percent of our membership as rooftop and distributed solar. And we don't want that to be subsidized. The ones that have it subsidized being subsidized by those who don't. So we've got to look at our rates. We want to get more fixed cost which really reflect the way the grid operates. The grid the cost of operating the grid doesn't go down or change. If all three of us are the grid and we each have two of you have PV and you're the grid costs aren't going down. It's just would all be funneled over to me. And we don't think that's fair and want to work hard on that. So at those are really big pressure points on kawaii that we have to get. We have to get straight to help us move forward to be in a position to be the best utility we can. And I'm gathering that built into this is possibly time of use pricing. Yes we have a small time of use pilot program on with about 300 members. And we try to keep it simple because we we really wanted to just assess whether we could change behavior. So what we came up with was for four or five hours in midday we're offering a 25 percent discount to our retail rates. And it's early it went into effect Valentine's Day our first report showed people are shifting some of their usage into that time but there's kind of a other outcome and we didn't anticipate but their usage is going up throughout their whole time frame. So they're moving more into the cheaper period but they're also using more throughout the entire period. So we'll see if that holds holds fast going forward. We do believe and it makes total sense that PV pricing is gets cheaper and cheaper and to the extent the cheapest way outside of efficiency to bring improvements and improve the quality of life is to move more of the use into that lowest cost generation period. And we we believe we're going to have pretty aggressive rates during that time frame probably much more than a 25 percent discount but maybe down to eight ten cents a kilowatt hour for a four four hour period. And we could spend a lot of time on this but we are running out of time and I believe we've got another slide. This is a just a little bit of kind of kawaii specific items that we want of course every company needs to maintain a prudent financial structure. Big one for us is we're now really looking at should we be regulated by the PUC. When we were formed in 2002 we had a commitment we made a commitment to the PUC that we would stay regulated for five years. It's now well past that it's been 14 years and our board is increasingly starting to question whether we need that we've kind of grown up co-ops are in 47 states and only 12 of them have any 12 states have any form of regulation. So we're definitely on the very high end of regulation for a co-op. We don't you know as a member elected board there's nobody we don't need a watchdog to say take care of our membership because if the public is not happy with what's happening they're going to vote in a new board. So we spend a lot of money on that a lot of time are good people at the PUC. John knows as a former commissioner and they really do a good job but they've got limited resources and we're starting to believe more and more of those resources are and should be focused on the investor-owned utility and not on the cooperative. So we look at that that's not going to be an overnight movement but it's definitely a direction that the board is interested in pursuing. Wow not bad for a small one we're just about to wrap up John any parting question. No thank you David I just Wow very interesting and I'm really impressed by the the work KIC is doing and moving forward toward the RPS so quickly. Yeah and I my guess would be the PUC says just we'll keep our hands off you just keep doing what you're doing and let the rest of the not the rest of the state but the rest of the nation see what in the world you're doing and see what they they can emulate here. Well thanks both of you got a good group on kawaii good management team good board and good engaged community so we're firing on all cylinders and hope and hope to continue. Wow well on that cheery very cheery note from us techy clean energy type people we need to sign off Howard Wigg Think Tech Hawaii with John Cole of HNAI and our honored guest David Bissell CEO of KIUC see you later


So my name is Dr. Tim O'Connell. I'm a faculty member in the Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies at Brock University. And I teach primarily in outdoor recreation, which includes outdoor leadership and resource management. And the course that I'm specifically talking about is Recreation and Leisure Studies 3P86, which is Advanced Wilderness Program Planning. I have been teaching this course for about 10 or 11 years. The first time I taught it was in 2007. And this spring will be the 11th time that I've taught this course. So this course is offered traditionally in the spring. And it's a two-week intensive course that enables students to do some work on campus and to get out into the field as well. So the first two days of the course, we spend time on campus preparing to take a seven-day canoe trip to Algonquin Provincial Park. So the students are responsible for preparing a menu plan and figuring out teaching components that they're going to be responsible for sharing with other students. And that's one of the experiential components of this course is that while we're out on the canoe trip, students will be teaching a canoe skill to other students in their trip group. Another experiential component includes that menu planning piece. As well as when we're out on a trip, they're also revisiting and honing outdoor leadership skills and outdoor technical skills that they've learned in previous years. So the seven-day canoe trip is a way to introduce teaching technical canoe skills to them as well as to revisit their technical outdoor skills. We leave the middle of the first week for a seven-day canoe trip to Algonquin Provincial Park and they'll travel in a group of eight or nine people which includes two instructors for that week. Again, practicing those technical skills and teaching each other how to canoe and then revisiting all of those foundational outdoor leadership skills and outdoor technical skills and then we return to St. Catherine's and they spend the next day planning a canoe workshop which they then deliver to local high school students. So it's a one-day workshop and this is again a very experiential component of the course. So the Brock students are responsible for the entire day that they're working with the high school students. So we run that workshop at Charles Daly Park which is right off Lake Ontario and the Brock students, as soon as the high school students show up, they're responsible for everything. So they'll do a welcoming, some games, some name games, some icebreakers and then they're responsible for the canoe program for the rest of the day which includes teaching technical skills, they're responsible for safety and risk management, they're also responsible for doing some kind of a program evaluation to figure out whether they've reached their goals and objectives that they've set up for themselves for that day. So that is also experiential because the students in the RecL-356 course have taken a programming class previously in their career in recreation and leisure studies. So it's integrating those programming skills with the teaching skills that they've just learned and then they're able to immediately after returning from the canoe trip put those into practice in a live, real-life setting with actual, unique, big high school students. Over the years, we've had tremendous success with this program and I think that students for their next, they really only have one year left at Brock after that. That course is a highlight of their time in ultra-recreation and recreation leisure studies.


Welcome back to my YouTube channel where you can find a steady stream of random information, although it's usually connected to Israel and living in Jerusalem. I recently covered the engrossing subject of the dangers of using a certain type of plug in Israel. While a specific type of the two-pronged Euro plug will fit into Israeli sockets, to be on the safe side, it's often better to make sure that you're using appliances in Israel with an Israeli plug type. If you care enough about this, then consider watching that video. I decided, however, that I hadn't yet exhausted this rich treasure trove of information. So today I have another obscure fact to present to you. Did you know that Israel uses a type of plug that is used literally nowhere else in the world? Today, the type of plug socket you will find in use throughout Israel is classified as type H, or type H, as Americans would pronounce the letter. Israel standardised on the type H connection in 1989, the same year in which I was born. It consists of three round sockets, looking at the plug, the neutral connections on the left, the live wires on the right, and the bottom third prong is the connection to Earth. The outlet supplies electricity at 230 volts at 50 hertz. But here's the kicker. The Israeli plug interface is used exclusively in Israel, and the Palestinian Authority controlled areas like parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Literally no other country on the planet uses this plug socket. According to the Digital Museum of Plugs and Sockets, and yes, that's actually what the website is called, until the early 1980s Israel actually used a different variant of the S132 socket, which had three flat rather than round pins. These were rated to supply a current of up to 16 amps and a voltage of up to 250 volts. From the 1980s onwards, however, Israel began transitioning towards round pin plugs, which ensured greater compatibility with European plug standards. Initially, sockets were installed onto homes and businesses that could accept both round and flat pin connectors, and eventually everything became the round pins we have today. Another type of connector that you'll apparently sometimes see in Israel is Type M, which is otherwise only used in South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho. Type M also has three round pins, although it's spaced a bit differently than Type H. The World Appliance website says that you'll find these used pretty much exclusively for high amperage connections like hold building air conditioning units. However, in close on 10 years living in Israel, I've personally never seen these sockets in homes or businesses. So there's certainly nowhere near as common as Type H connections, which are the ones you'll see literally everywhere. I chose to describe Israel's unique plug type as controversial because on the face of it, not going with a plug type that's already in widespread use seems like a needless decision that only serves to jack up prices for the Israeli consumer. For instance, if all European appliances have to be terminated in Israel's unique plug after they're imported from Europe, then this is bound to jack up the price and create monopoly for vested interests. Israel and Europe share a common electricity supply voltage, so it would seem that life would be a lot simpler if Israel simply adopted a European type of plug. Like for example, the Type F Shuko plug, which has two prongs with grounding or even the Type G plug, which is used in the UK and Ireland and which has three flap plugs. Both of these plug types are grounded and are compatible with the type of electricity which is used in Israel. According to some opinionated people on the internet, Israel's decision to introduce its very own plug type was actually rooted in precisely this idea, protectionism. Mandating the use of a plug that is entirely unique to Israel creates state-sanctioned monopolies in building materials. After all, pretty much every home and business needs plenty of plug sockets, as well as for importers who can pass on middleman costs through having to re-terminate specific electrical appliances. Whether the protectionism theory is the actual explanation for Israel's unique plug type or an urban legend propagated by people looking for boogie men for Israel's high-cost living, I'm not entirely sure. But Israel's seemingly unnecessary unique plug type does come up somewhat frequently whenever the cost of living is being discussed. And unique and unnecessary Israel-specific standards, like the plug type, are presented as part of the problem. The usual punching bag is a body called the Standards Institution of Israel or in Hebrew, Mechonet Ekanima Israeli. This is the government body responsible for setting health and safety standards for just about everything in Israel. These days, the two-pronged, unerished Euro plug, which is plug type C, is the most widespread plug you throw out Europe. While type C plugs will fit into Israeli sockets, they're only intended for low-current double-insulated appliances, which do not require earthing. Therefore, many higher-amperage appliances in Israel, let's take washing machines and vacuum cleaners as two simple examples, continue to use and require Israel's unique plug type. What do you think about the Israeli plug controversy? Is it too late for Israel to shift to a different connection? Or did you hear a competing theory about why the unique plug was introduced in the first place? If so, consider leaving a comment. Thanks for watching today's video.