Ads heard during the podcast that are not in my voice are placed by third-party agencies outside of my control and should not imply an endorsement by Weird Darkness or myself. Stories and content in Weird Darkness can be disturbing for some listeners and is intended for mature audiences only. Parental discretion is strongly advised. Welcome Weirdos, I'm Darren Marlar and this is Weird Darkness. Here you'll find stories of the paranormal, supernatural, legends, lore, the strange and bizarre, crime, conspiracy, mysterious, macabre, unsolved and unexplained. Coming up in this episode you'd better have a strong stomach. If you watch any amount of television you know that first responders see some pretty messed up stuff. Those who work in the medical field see the worst of it, especially those who work as EMTs or those in emergency rooms. We're going to look at just a handful of cases that had even those battle-hardened medical workers taking a step back wondering how that case ended up on the gurney or table in front of them. If you're new here, welcome to the show. And if you're already a member of this Weirdo family, please take a moment and invite somebody else to listen. Recommending Weird Darkness to others helps make it possible for me to keep doing the show. And while you're listening, be sure to check out WeirdDarkness.com where you can find me on Facebook and Twitter and you can also join the Weird Darkness Weirdo's Facebook group.  Hospital workers see all sorts of crazy things on a daily basis. It might seem they'd eventually get used to it after working in the medical field for a couple of years, but every now and then, a patient comes along with a shocking ailment or injury that just absolutely boggles them. Here are some of those one in a million cases that made doctors and EMTs say, how the heck did that happen? From Garrett Kaye. EMT here. I got called to our local limited capability ER to transport a patient and a critical care team to a trauma center. I got into the ER and headed over to the patient. The patient's room was a horrible mess. Dressings everywhere and blood on the ceiling and floor. Imagine any scene from any over-acted movie where the medical professional yells, don't you die on me! Like that. On the bed was an older woman with her leg exposed and the doctor was doing some stitches on her shin. No biggie. It was the kind of thing you'd expect the doctor to spend five minutes on deciding if a bandaid was good enough or if it actually needed surgery. It completely failed to line up with the scene around them, like the housekeeping department was on strike or something. Anyway, it turned out that the woman had banged her shin into the steps of a shuttle bus. Her husband then drove her to the ER closest to their house 45 minutes away, bypassing six other hospitals including the one we ended up taking her to. Apparently when she walked into the ER she said to the nurse, I think I'm going to die! And the nurse responded, I think you're right. She was on aspirin, warfarin and some form of chemo. She had virtually no clotting factors and the ones she had left were inhibited. So what would have been an annoying bleed for most people, which would have easily been controlled with pressure after a few minutes, was actually a very small uncontrolled arterial bleed which sprayed everywhere. We got her down to the trauma center without any additional complications but I have no follow-up from there. From Surf and Skate 72. My wife was a social worker at a dialysis clinic. She came home frazzled early one day. Apparently a regular patient who came in got his central catheter, PICC line pulled out of his neck and it happened in the weirdest way as he was pulling off his sweater at home.  A couple of nurses got to him and controlled the bleeding as best they could while my wife called an ambulance. She said the amount of blood was indescribable. He parked out front so they had to move his car. They couldn't drive it because of the amount of blood in it and it had to get towed. She said it looked like a murder scene. From Heather Forever. My dad was a medical lab technologist and when he was an intern, the lab techs got paged to go down to the ER to draw blood from a patient. Since my dad was a young guy and fresh out of college, he raised his hand to go down despite the more senior techs warning him not to go. He went down and they had IVs everywhere. The patient tried to end it all with an electric knife like the one that gets used to carve turkeys and he tore everything in his neck. The only thing keeping his head to his body was his spine. My dad had to draw blood from this patient's ankle since everything else had been taken up by units of blood just hanging there. When he came back to see his co-workers in the lab, he was as white as a ghost. They warned him not to go but him being young and eager, he went. He has more stories from when he worked in Detroit as a lab tech in the ER for a level one trauma center. He was there when Detroit was not a very nice city and he saw the decline in danger since he left earlier this year. Sent in anonymously. A teenager got into fight with his brother, of course, both under the influence. They were fighting over a girl. The brother smashed a glass coffee pot and attacked the dude in the neck and when he saw blood, he ran. Somehow he managed to miss all the major vasculature in the neck. This was out in the bush so I got to take this guy to the nearest major hospital with a trauma surgeon on standby. On the way, his mom called and told him he better not rat his brother out since he has a record. They then proceeded to get in a shouting match and he started thrashing around. I took the phone away from him and told him to lie still unless he wanted to die and then administered more morphine. Later, a CT scan showed he was only a centimeter away from having a caratid knit and dying from Uly 2000. Medical specialist here. I worked at an inner city hospital that was kind of the redheaded stepchild of hospitals in the area but that's another story. We were a community hospital that did primarily cardiac care but we also had a small ER. We were in the middle of the trauma triangle that is three large level 1 trauma centers so we rarely saw much of anything in our ER. It was usually just glorified primary care and cardiac patients diverted from the other level 1 trauma centers but one time while working a night shift we got a call from the fire department saying they were responding to someone with a self-inflicted bullet wound. This was an unusual patient for us to get but they were all on divert and we were the closest facility. Being a pretty boring ER for the most part all the staff there got a bit excited to finally have a real ER patient. The fireman rolled in with the patient a bit later. Apparently the guy had called his friend from a rundown hotel said he was going to end himself and then hung up. The friend then called 911 and emergency workers rushed to the hotel. The patient arrived intubated with CPR in progress but there was no visible wound anywhere. I was on the chest doing CPR and my supervisor was bagging the tube. He told the doc that something wasn't right with the bagging and he didn't think the tube was in. My supervisor pulled out the tube and the doc went to intubate the patient. While trying to insert the tube the doc yelled loudly, what the heck? He then asked for the McGills. It's a type of forceps used occasionally for intubation procedures. He proceeded to yank out a bullet shell from the patient's trachea. After the code was called we did a closer examination and noticed the guy's two front teeth were chipped. The coroner concluded that the guy didn't have the weapon but he had the shell and he put the shell in his mouth thinking that he could set off the primer with a hard bite. The guy bit down, chipped his teeth, winced in pain and inhaled the shell into his trachea. The fireman didn't notice the obstruction and put the tube into his esophagus. I've seen some crazy stuff in my 20 years but this was by far the strangest. From far and R.N. I had a guy rush into the R.N. saying his brother had been blown up. He opted to drive him in because he foolishly assumed that that would be quicker and safer than calling an ambulance. We went out and got the guy out of the car. He literally looked like one of those Looney Tunes characters that had an explosion backfire. We ended up having to put his arm band on his foot because his hands were literally melting off his arms. Surprisingly he was relatively calm and lucid.  When we asked what happened he said his oil tank in the truck exploded. I don't like to generalize but our demographic tends to dabble in the forbidden so we assumed it was actually some shady operation gone wrong. From Whom, Raider. I was working for this small engineering company which had very old lathes. I was only going to work there for six months to get experience for a better job but my second to last day was a nightmare. The lathes were these big old things that did not have any of the safety guarding that most modern machines have. They were primarily used to make parts for World War II aircraft. I was working on one and I knew how dangerous those things could be so when I was running them I had my wits about me but the guys who had been working there for 30 years or more had become really complacent with them. To give you an example, whenever I measure an aircraft part I always turn the machine off and then start it back on just to be safe but that takes ages so the other guys just leave it on. One guy started measuring his part and his overalls sleeve ended up getting caught on it wrapping around the spindle. Behind the machine is a metal plate designed to stop metal cuttings from going everywhere but the gap between it and the spindle is about three inches. The guy got wrapped around and was pushed into the three inch gap then came out the bottom onto the workshop floor. It looked like a crash test dummy being hit by a car. I definitely do not want to see a person with literally every bone in his body broken again, so now I work as a safety officer. I have every right to be a witch about safety from maybe law. Anesthetist here, I was once on call and had an emergency trauma case. We usually got a few of those every day and they normally consisted of people who fell from a certain height or suffered a minor car collision. I came down to the resus department and was told it was an 18 year old patient with stabbing to the chest and lost output. It was my first time dealing with this type of scenario so the adrenaline got going. I called for immediate help from the consult on call. Multiple surgical and ED personnel arrived to be on standby. We're going to district general hospital so we don't have facilities for cardiothoracic surgery. At the time our only hope was to cut open his chest and hope there was something that we could treat. The young man arrived by ambulance with CPR in progress and there was blood everywhere. His clothes were soaked, he was blue and pale, and there was vomit in his mouth. I took over the airway and intubated him while the ED doctor and surgeon started to quickly cut open his thorax and ED. Within 30 minutes of arrival they had cut away his entire rib cage, lifted it up like a flap. I could literally see his entire heart and lungs.  His heart was palpitated but he'd lost enough blood that further CPR was futile. His official time of passing was three minutes after his arrival. The authorities took over for evidence and we all washed our hands of the blood and went back to work. I could not sleep that night or for a few days after. From Ian McKellen to generous. The other night one of my crewmates transported a person to the ER. The report went something like this. We're in route to your facility with a patient and her pacemaker, well it fell out. Vitals are within normal limits, we'll be there in five minutes.  Well they soon arrived with the patient and indeed her pacemaker had fallen out. She got it like 20 years ago and the skin just opened up. There was no blood or anything, just plop, the pacemaker popped out. You could see some adipose tissue, again no blood and the pacemaker hanging by wires from their chest. No pain, no accident, no apparent self-injury. From Tiny Parfait. My boyfriend was the patient in this story. He was an eight-year-old boy with type 1 diabetes and he's had it since he was five years old. His blood sugar got out of whack one day when he was a kid and he was admitted to the hospital. The kid had been getting his fingers pricked and having insulin injected for years so nobody thought he'd have a problem getting an IV put into his arm. They were wrong. Apparently one nurse staggered out of his hospital room with a visible sneaker print across her face while another nurse got knocked unconscious.  He still has a phobia of needles today and even now usually needs sedatives. The only real exception is putting his insulin pump line into his stomach. Submitted anonymously. Mexico's Independence Day is September 16th but aside from the parade, all the celebrations take place on the 15th. It's the busiest night of the year for paramedics is all sorts of craziness ensues from stages that fall under the weight of tipsy people to street fights between rival hoods. And then there's this guy. He impaled himself with a flag. He probably climbed a fence or something and was waving it when he fell and went through him. But what was really shocking is that he was so tipsy he was still waving it while lying on the floor and half the mast was inside of him. Patriotic as heck though, we think gained him pato slang for tipsy. Pato Escusia, a hero of the Mexican American conflict who threw himself with the flag of a castle to prevent it from being captured by the enemy. From Elephant Dog Poppet Cat. I'm a psychologist who works in prisons. One guy was so imaginative with his self-harm that he is now used as an example in officer training. There were so many things he did to harm himself that I couldn't list them all here but the one I'll never forget was when he used the plastic from a packet of Tim Tams as a sharp object to create an opening in his skin. But that's not the most disturbing part. He patiently waited until his one hour per day time in the exercise yard to grab a fly and somehow managed to not let the officers see it even though he was handcuffed hands and feet. He then inserted the flying insect into the wound and eventually his wound became a home for larvae from bullcrap temporium. Here are a few to bugle your mind. A honey crisp apple of the butt? Just your average knight. A lady whose throat was injured with a broken glass bottle. Many reconstructive surgeries later. I hear she's doing well. A hallucinating man who was convulsing after attending an EDM festival. He literally looked possessed. 20 security guards later, even after we finally got him restrained, I'm seriously surprised he didn't die as he was incredibly messed up. But this last one was something else. We had a guy come in stating he was involved in a carjacking and was attacked. His head was bleeding, his heart rate was high, and since he claimed that he'd been attacked, the attending doctor decided that we were going to take him to the resuscitation room, which is protocol. As we're taking him there, a pregnant woman arrives via ambulance. As soon as they saw each other, the man yelled something like, that's her, that's the lady who took my car. Like a bat out of the depths, the pregnant lady jumped off the stretcher and bolted out of the hospital. Security went after her, but she was gone. I don't know if she was found later on or not. From Scarlett Nightingale. My dad got his axe tangled in a hammock when we were camping, and he ended up with it in his leg instead of the wood. Yes, he's aware that he was supposed to check his perimeter. He had initially, but the log had rolled several times and he just got frustrated and moved with it. It went right between the tibia and fibula, chipping one of them and slicing through the artery. He ended up having to have vascular surgery to repair the artery. You spent two and a half months in a cast. Took a very long time for him to regain the feeling in the top of his foot. From Thrice 18. I'm a surgeon. My favorite trauma case I saw in residency was a guy who came in with a golf club through the bicep muscle belly of his left arm. How did he get there? Well, he was playing at a friendly adult soccer match when things got a little heated. He said he felt threatened and retreated to grab a handy golf club from his car for protection. He then returned to the soccer pitch and confronted the other player who threatened him. Things got more heated and he took a swing at the dude with the club. This only broke the head of the club off on the other guy's body. Another dude then grabbed the club and then attacked him with his own golf club. So he showed up to the ER with a golf club through and through his biceps. It actually didn't bleed that much when we took it out. Here's another anonymous entry. I have a good friend who described what a local hospital calls a Code Alex. I've changed the name for HIPAA purposes. He said that several times a week a man with mental health issues and an ostomy, we don't remember the specific location of the bag, would do something intentionally to be admitted to the hospital and taken by ambulance. What he did to get himself admitted was different every time. He may have impaled himself one time or poisoned himself another time, etc. The EMTs would call the hospital ahead of time and warn them of a Code Alex when they picked him up. Anyway, he was a very large man, around 350 pounds, and he'd always have to be restrained because he got violent with the healthcare workers. But he got to the point where he was able to get his ostomy bag off, and I kid you not, he would use his ostomy to try to cover people in excrement. I'm guessing he had a lot of gas in his intestines because that would be the only way to do what he did.  From Emma Lu-Hoo. Thankfully, I was not there for it, but at the hospital, a man pulled his ostomy bag off and threw it over his nurse's face because he was angry about something. This was a completely oriented guy with no mental health issues if you don't count the absolute jaw dropping reach of his rootness. And this wasn't the ER. He ended up being charged for assault for doing this. One incident I did witness, and it was so ridiculous I'll never forget it, a solid guy actually used his catheter bag as a whip. He was smacking the tech trying to restrain him. We had to pull it off of him to get the bag away. It ended with me basically kneeling on his chest to restrain him while trying to pull the catheter off. It was just placed so that the thing was stuck on. When security came in, it took four of the bigger guys to hold the patient down. He was maybe 115 pounds. Just insane, some of the things you see in the field. From IR 1114 I spent a few months in a psychiatric hospital a couple of years ago and was in a weighing of teenagers between the ages of 14 and 18. We were there for a variety of reasons, but a lot of us had attempted to end our lives, so of course they were super strict about keeping us away from anything that we could use to hurt ourselves. I mean no shoelaces, hair ties, pencils, pens, shampoo, and quantities large enough to be poisonous if ingested, etc. Anyway, my roommate at the time was on unit restriction and basically was not allowed to leave the room. When I was gone one day she broke open a plastic travel size lotion bottle and dug the sharp broken edge into her neck. She was unconscious and still bleeding when I got back and found her and she was taken to the ER. I was told she ended up okay, but I never heard for certain because she didn't come back in the time that I was there. I got to wonder what the doctors thought when a kid was brought in with half a lotion bottle sticking out of her neck. From Fo Val An otherwise healthy young man had to have one of his legs amputated after an accident. I met him months after that. He was so depressed he hadn't moved at all in that time, even if he still had one leg and no other mobility issues. It doesn't sound so bad, but he actually had the worst pressure ulcer I've ever seen. As in, a good chunk of his hip bones was visible. The skin had separated from the rest of the tissues around his lower back forming a sort of pocket big enough that you could actually stick your hand inside. I don't know what happened to him as I left that hospital shortly after he'd arrived. From Meister Naas ER nurse here. I was working a night shift one day when I got a standby case of an infant drowning and the mother entering hypovolemic shock. Initially, I thought it was a mother trying to do a water birth thing that went wrong. Turns out the girl was underaged and her family didn't know that she was pregnant, so she gave birth to the baby in the toilet over the toilet bowl. The reason the baby drowned was because she let her baby sit in the water for some time before calling the family for help. By the time the paramedics reached them, the baby was no longer breathing and the heartbeat was fading away. Luckily, they reached us in time to stabilize both of them and sent them out to a woman's and children's hospital for closer monitoring. That whole story baffles me to this day. From Shieldbearer. I worked as a patient transporter at a large county hospital with a level one trauma center. Basically a trauma center that can handle everything you can throw at it for several years. Two things stand out to me. Firstly, I had a patient roll into the ER with an injury down there. It was odd, but we didn't think much of it until the guy rolled on to the unit holding what was supposed to be down there in his hands accompanied by two officers. Turns out num nuts was running from the officers, tried to jump a fence, slipped, and cut himself open. Secondly, I had a tipsy guy arrive at the unit on Cinco de Mayo with a fence post stuck up his backside. According to him, he'd been walking along the fence while tipsy as you do, and he slipped lodging it up there. When the attending surgeon who was black decided to question the logistics of the patient's injury, the patient chose to unleash several ethnic slurs in the surgeon's direction. Well, he definitely lived to regret that. The jerk ended up getting the fence post removed without any anesthetic.  This is definitely one of those times. I never did hear how that fence post actually got up there. From Engreedy. My sister is a doctor. She was during her neurosurgery rotation when hospital personnel told her of a bullet wound victim. Doing the math, bullet wound, neurosurgery, they already expected it was going to be bad. My sister rushed into the room where she found a female patient seated on the bed, with a bullet stuck between her eyebrows. Nonchalantly, the woman just greeted my sister saying, Hi doc!  The bullet probably misfired, resulting in it not penetrating the skull completely. A few rotations later, my sister bumped into her in the psych ward, from just some white guy. A 40-something-year-old male walked into the triage and stated slowly and uncomfortably, So, I lost a bet. Turns out he somehow forced a Kong toy up his backside and couldn't get it out. King Kong. We're not talking about the small King Kong toys either. He ended up needing surgery and lost part of his colon. Nobody had the guts to ask him if he filled the Kong toy with peanut butter first. Another time, there was a patient who came in after being in a motorcycle accident. Apparently, the kickstand of the bike impaled the rider's knee, then somehow bent to the point where he couldn't get it out.  But perhaps the most memorable story I have is when a patient came in with a security escort for acute psychosis. He tried to end his life with his truck trailer on the side of the interstate when police intervened. He quickly deteriorated and during intubation, when they pulled a blade out of his mouth, it was completely covered in a thick bright blue sludge. We later find out he had been hopping paint and accidentally aspirated a whole bunch from PTSD-FN-54A. My stepfather was a nurse in an emergency room. One day, a man came in who had chopped off a few of his fingers while working on his car. He was working on something toward the front of the engine and while the motor was running, he reached in for something. That's when the fan blade cut his fingers right off.  So far, nothing too strange, you might say, but wait. A few weeks later, the same man walks into the ER again, this time with a fan blade sticking out of his shoulder. Apparently it got bent when it chopped off his fingers and it was hitting other parts of the engine making a noise, so he was attempting to straighten it out. He took the blade off, bent it back into shape as best as he could, then he reattached it and started up the engine to see if it was spinning correctly. After the third adjustment, he did not properly secure the fan blade and when he was checking to see if it wobbled, it flew off and struck him in the shoulder. From pause to people. I was an animal vet tech. We had this golden retriever come in for diarrhea, vomiting, and no appetite. The vet checked her out with a physical exam and sent the dog home with meds. A few days later, the female owner returned and said that there was no improvement. Well, this time we hospitalized the dog and took x-rays. On the x-ray, there was definitely a foreign body in the intestines, but it was hard to tell exactly what it was. The usual foreign bodies are baby pacifiers, socks, bones, and parts of rope toys. Surgery to remove it was scheduled, and the vet showed the owner the x-ray asking her what the object might possibly be. Had the dog had a history of getting into anything, the owner said no. The next day we did the surgery, and what we found was absolutely shocking. We pulled out 13 pairs of satin, sexy, thong underwear, all stained in green bile from the dog's intestines. We put them in a plastic bag to show the owner. Surely the owner must have noticed over a dozen pairs of her underwear were missing. That afternoon, the owner came in and we showed her what we found during surgery. She was livid. She told us that she didn't wear that style of underwear, and she left in a huff all ticked off. The next day her husband came in to pick up the dog and pay the hefty bill. He told us he'd been cheating on his wife, and the thongs belonged to his mistress. When he walked with the dog, he scolded her for outing him. The wife kept the dog in the divorce settlement. Shortly after this, I left animal medicine to work with humans. I missed that job every day. Humans bite more than animals. From pick-nut. I was the first person on the scene of a car accident. This old woman took a left turn into another car. I stopped and ran to her after calling 911 and thought to keep her calm until the EMTs arrived. She had so much blood down her face and chest I couldn't figure out where she was hurt until she tried to speak. In the accident, she had bitten through her tongue. I kept talking to her until they arrived and tried to keep her from talking. She was totally out of it.  From I sold my soul for a twix.  Wednesday night after work, 10pm, I just got home and realized I didn't have any of my sleeping tablets. So I just took one of my moms.  When I inhaled the tablet unstuck. It self-lodged in the duct of my right lung, cutting off the airflow to said lung. It took me 10 minutes of coughing, vomiting, gasping, and giving myself a bloody nose before the thing came out. I calmed down and went to bed. I figured, well, it's out now and I'm fine. Boy, was I not fine. By the time I got to my second job the next morning, I had serious pain in my lung and it was affecting my breathing. So I went to the ER. The nurse thought I was joking when I told her the story and the doctor I finally saw actually asked me how the heck that happened. All in all, I'm fine. I have scratches in my lung duct and down my throat and I still have a bit of trouble breathing, but otherwise I'm in tip-top shape. Still, that was scary. From Real Ultra Lord. My cousin works in the ER. One night two paramedics were wheeling in a stretcher with a man on it. The paramedics were grinning from ear to ear and had a hard time not bursting out in laughter. The man on the stretcher was completely covered under a blanket. Only his hands and feet revealed that he was lying on his stomach. The nurses and the patients in the ER were slightly confused because it all seemed like they were wheeling in a dead man. The whole ER was filled with suppressed laughter until a third grinning paramedic came in carrying a vacuum cleaner. He put the pipe under the blanket between the legs of the man. Turned out that he had put something in his backside and it somehow got stuck in there. Another guy was wheeled in on a wheelchair followed by two firefighters with some heavy equipment. He had a massive padlock on his private area for reasons. When the lady he hired wanted more money for her services he refused so she left with the key. They brought him to the ER because they didn't want to take any chances of infection. From Lucy in the Sky. I was working in a rural ED when we had this guy and his gal The guy was crying and his girl was covered in blood. In amongst the tears and both of them freaking out it transpired that they'd been out at dinner and afterward had spent some time together in the car park. Well things progressed from there and it must have been dark or something because before they knew it this girl was covered in blood. Freaking out they hastily got themselves to the ER. Both were upset on arrival that she'd maybe miscarried a child although neither was sure that she was even pregnant. Well it turns out after the gynecologist's review and several hours of assessment in the ED she was just on her period. Well it must have been a really bad period as there wasn't an inch of her and a good part of him that wasn't covered in blood. From early hemisphere my brother cracked his skull on ice and he was taken to the ER when we were young. I remember it vividly. My brother got knocked over by another skater. He started crying and got medical attention immediately. I was so confused. People kept reassuring me that my brother was going to be okay. He got taken away in an ambulance along with one of my parents. Apparently the crack in his skull just missed a very sensitive part of his brain and if it was any bigger than it was it would have been incredibly fatal. My brother literally dodged a bullet that day. From disses stuffing to things. It was an x-ray tech at the time. A trauma patient rolled in just waiting there in the trauma room ready with my portable x-ray machine to do my part. Then out of nowhere a teenage girl on all fours came through with a pretty big fence post going right up and through well everything. When I checked to see exactly how deep it was I found that the giant fence post just went through her entire bottom. She was immediately rushed to OR. The story goes that she was locked in a room and freaked out that she couldn't get out so she jumped out of her window and landed on a fence post. I'm sure substances were involved in some way. Here's another one from Scarlett Nightingale. My high school physics teacher was also the track coach. He told us a story about how when he was in high school he was at a meet where someone had the bright idea of putting the javelin range immediately adjacent to the track with the throwers throwing toward the track rather than away from it. The javelins also happened to be a very similar shade to the dirt of the track. One of the javelins had gone through the fence between the range and the track and had embedded itself there. No one on the track side realized this and the throwers were not able to retrieve the javelin before the next race began. He said he was standing around watching the race and one of the guys running just stopped dead as he came around the bend. Turns out the runner couldn't see the javelin and ended up getting impealed through his thigh. Although everybody watching said it looked like it came through his nether regions. I cannot for the life of me remember why my teacher felt compelled to share that story with us. From Quick Peak 81.  He was naked, bleeding, and screaming. Great! So we did some blood work, sedated him, and tried to figure out what the heck he was on. Overall the guy seemed okay but we made some fatal errors. One, we failed to do a pupil check. And two, we let the new grad do the blood draw. The dude immediately stood up, shoved the student nurse, and started throwing stuff. As I waited in to try to calm him down another nurse came in to play bad cop. This enraged him so I turned to the new nurse to tell him to back off. At that point my back was facing the patient, which was not good. He picked up his IV pole, swung it like he was going for a world record, and hit me across the back. I heard my ribs crack. I hit the floor flipping around like a fish out of water trying to breathe. The officers came in to secure the dude and decided to stick in with 24 hour monitoring. I was still trying to breathe and cough, which hurt a lot. That day I learned a valuable lesson. Do not turn your back on anyone. Also, we never did find out what he took, but we had a suspicion that it was some new street substance making its rounds in our area. From India Reef. I had a patient while I was in the Air Force who tried to end his life by taking a rotating saw to his neck. When that was unsuccessful, how it was unsuccessful, I still don't actually understand, he then wandered three miles into the woods hoping to just slowly bleed to his end. His wife found the blood, called the base officers, and they ended up finding him just wandering around in a days. He lived. It was the craziest thing I have ever seen. I ended up seeing him a few months later when he came into the facility for a follow-up and he stopped in to see the ER staff that night. He was very apologetic and couldn't even remember why he did what he did. From Crap Fiddle. Years ago I was working as an ER doctor. A dad brought his three-year-old daughter in. They'd been eating pizza and she started choking. He opened her mouth and saw a red lump in the back of her throat, so he stuck his finger in and hoiked it out. Some fairly brisk bleeding followed, which had stopped by the time they came in. He brought his three-centimeter piece of meat with him in a handkerchief, but it didn't appear to be from the pizza they were eating. I had a look in this happy little girl's throat without a problem. Yep, only one tonsil to be seen. The other was in the hanky. From 96 Poppins. Not an ER staff person, but the ER staff were pretty shocked when my adult brother came in for care after he cut his backside with a small electric pruning chainsaw. He was standing on an orchard ladder with a saw resting on the top step and his toddler shook the bottom of the ladder. That's when things went haywire. My dear brother grabbed the saw, somehow engaging the starter mechanism and worried it right into his rear end as he fell off the ladder. 42 stitches to close the jagged wound. He said that his rear was on show as many staff people came by his ER room to check out the weird butt wound. From Rach Abe.  Every time she came in the pain was in a different location. She had x-rays and a CT scan, but nothing showed up. One night as she was laying in bed, she felt a sharp pain in one spot. She pressed down on that area and felt a very hard object poking through her skin. She pinched it between her fingernails and pulled it out. It was a five inch wire. It turned out to be part of a barbecue brush that was fraying from about five months earlier when they barbecued burgers last. Lesson learned. Replace your barbecue brushes often. From J. Wag. I was a very new nurse when a guy came in by EMS after an attempt to take his own life. This was his third attempt according to family. The first time he took too many sleeping pills and ended up sleeping for 36 hours. The second time he tried hanging himself and the rope snapped. This time he went all out. He took a chainsaw to his throat. It was a huge, gory mess, but the actual teeth of the saw ended up getting snagged in his shirt and stopped the saw. He was able to go through a lot of muscle and fat, but he didn't hit anything major. The best part was you could actually see his keratin artery pulsating. It took the doctor somewhere around 300 sutures and two hours of sewing to get him put together again. He was a really polite guy the whole time too, so I'm sure he was embarrassed by the whole thing. From Oracle 99-99. One frat guy came in with pain, which was pretty obvious in his backside. He was a bro through and through, so I thought maybe he would be embarrassed by the situation, but nope, he was honest and upfront. Not for the pain meds, but for the pain to stop. He had a pool noodle, or the part that they didn't cut, just stuck up in there. It started as a dare, and multiple people at the pool party egged him on, so he took the challenge on by using something to help ease it in, then boom, the pool noodle was in the keister. Long story short, it hurt him severely, and there was blood, so it was no good trying to pull it out. He ended up having it removed under surgery, and then ended up having an ostomy, because he was damaged beyond repair. From Moxifluxis in 25. One time I was sitting in the ER with a broken foot, and I watched this father come in crying, carrying his toddler son. The kid had no shirt on, and I could see that he had what looked to be pieces of tire tread stuck in his torso.  No freaking clue how that was even possible. From GothicLG My dad might qualify as one of these cases. I'm going to preface this with the fact my dad indulged in a lot of bad stuff at this time, which most likely contributed to the story. My dad had been in a car with his friends when the driver drove off of a cliff. Whether he did it intentionally or unintentionally has never been determined. Thanks to my dad's lack of belief in seat belts at the time, he was thrown from the car, which caused his eye to pop out of its socket. The ER staff managed to pop it back in, and the eye in question is now a lazy eye, but he can still see out of it.  Here's another story from Thauval. A lady was rushed into the ER in a cab, and the driver was completely freaking out.   The incredible part is that she was absolutely fine. She was super chill all time, and honestly the sweetest old lady. She was so amazingly lucky that the blade of the knife didn't hit any major structures. She only lost partial sight in one of her eyes. From XSF Machine. One time this guy was going number one and looking out his apartment window. All of a sudden, he saw his prom date fixing her dress with her mom, and their jaws just dropped to the ground.  I heard the emergency responders yelling at him, asking how he managed to get his family jewels caught in the middle. From Disparunia. I think the one of the most interesting things I ever saw in the emergency department was the opposite of an episode of Untold Stories of the ER that I literally saw a few days earlier. The patient in the episode was labeled as being acutely psychotic as she said something was crawling in her head. The doctor listened to her story and indeed believed his patient to be acutely psychotic. It was the physical exam that revealed that a fly laid eggs on her head and they had to remove multiple insects from her scalp by using Vaseline to suffocate the bugs. My patient unfortunately had the opposite. She was a highly respected member of the community. She went on a holiday and got worms in her private area. The gynecologist confirmed it for her under a microscope. Once the diagnosis was made, she could have easily been treated. She was given the requisite dosing of mibendazole. I think that's a one-time dose, though sometimes you need a second to cure yourself within two weeks. Unfortunately, what the patient presented with was an acute psychotic break. She stated that she had worms coming out of her skin. The only way to get them was to chew walnuts and rub the chewed walnut paste against her skin to extract the worms. She rhythmically rocked in the bed while her husband sat by.   We even sent walnut worms for pathology. No positive results. Eventually I had to admit the patient. The husband looked so defeated. I didn't feel comfortable with him having the strength to care for her. I don't know if I'll see that scene again. From pistachio lover. Some years ago we had this patient who was diagnosed with breast cancer at an early stage. It was pretty treatable and she wouldn't even need a mastectomy or chemo, just a lumpectomy plus radiation. While after some advice she got from some holistic healer, she backed up on the surgery and refused any of our recommended treatments.  Her whole care team tried to put some sense in her head to no avail. Even the head of surgery tried to convince her, the social workers, the priest of the hospital chapel, yet she still said no. Fast forward a year and a half or so later she comes back to the ER with a startling elevated temperature. The smell gave it away. Her breast was no longer there. It was just an open bleeding mass producing pus and filled with maggots. She went to the ER after her husband begged her for it and she was still convinced her healer could cure her. Unfortunately the scans showed it had already spread everywhere. She passed a month later. She was 35 and left three small kids and a heart broken husband behind from anus cakes. It was my duty as an intern doctor in the ER that around 3 p.m a huge crowd rushed in with a guy on the stretcher. I could see his clothes were totally drenched in blood and I hurried towards them. Well I almost gasped when I saw what had happened. His private part was not intact and it took me a few seconds to finally grasp what I was seeing before I could start assisting the senior doctor. The whole time I kept wondering how it happened. I came out in the newspaper the next day that the guy's girlfriend from his extramarital affair was responsible when he told her that he wanted to end their affair. Sad life from Polanski 1937. This happened to my brother while he was in med school. One day a guy strolled into the emergency room with the most extreme injury ever. He had the handle of a butcher knife sticking out from under one of his eyes. They did an x-ray on him and found the whole knife was indeed in there sticking into his skull. Neurological tests also indicated that he was really lucky as the knife didn't do any serious nerve or brain damage. After some debate they decided to pull the knife out but it was really stuck. Eventually they laid the guy on his back, the ER doc took off his shoe, climbed up on a gurney, put his foot on the patient's forehead and heaved the knife out. They put the guy on the ward and the next morning the authorities showed up to ask him about it. The guy just said never mind I'll take care of it. The next day while nobody was looking the guy got up and walked out. For people who didn't show up for their yearbook photo, they substituted the x-ray of the guy with the knife in his head from C.A.O.H.B.F.  Her hair was a mess and she had two wounds. I immediately suspected foul play. In hindsight that was naive of me. I should have had that diagnosis by the smell alone. That was severe neglect which can be far more damaging. I picked up my flashlight to better observe what was a yellowish looking wound and as soon as light touched the wound the kid started screaming. Weirder still the wound started moving. If anyone had washed that kid's head in the last six months she would not have had meiosis in her head. FYI the final count was around 135 larvae. Thanks for listening. If you like the show please share it with someone you know who likes the paranormal or strange stories, true crime, monsters or unsolved mysteries like you do. You can email me anytime with your questions or comments at darren at WeirdDarkness.com. Darren is D-A-R-R-E-N and you can find the show on Facebook and Twitter including the show's Weirdo's Facebook group on the contact social page at WeirdDarkness.com. Also on the website if you have a true paranormal or creepy tale to tell click on tell your story. All stories in Weird Darkness are purported to be true unless stated otherwise and you can find source links or links to the authors in the show notes. Bizarre medical cases was posted at factinate.com. Weird Darkness is a production and trademark of Marlar House Productions and now that we're coming out of the dark I'll leave you with a little light. Zechariah 7, verses 9 and 10. This is what the Lord Almighty said, Administer true justice, show mercy and compassion to one another. Do not oppress the widow or the fatherless, the foreigner or the poor. Do not plot evil against each other.  Learn from them. Every mistake makes you smarter and stronger. I'm Darren Marlar. Thanks for joining me in the Weird Darkness. Moon of the Wolf starring David Janssen, Barbara Rush and Bradford Dillman. What did you find when you examined Ellie? Just that she was murdered. Dogs didn't do it. Like I said. After several locals are viciously murdered, a Louisiana sheriff starts to suspect he might be dealing with a werewolf. He's saying Luke Garoo. Come on. How can you go wrong with a werewolf flick? Am I right? Werewolf. He's saying werewolf. Our Weirdo Watch Party is always free to watch online, so grab your popcorn, candy and soda and jump into the fun and even get involved in a live chat as we watch the movie. It's Moon of the Wolf on Saturday, March 2nd, hosted by Hexen Arcane. The show begins at 10 p.m. Eastern, 9 p.m. Central, 8 p.m. Mountain, and 7 p.m. Pacific. You can watch a trailer for the film and watch horror hosts and schlocky B movies anytime, day or night on the Weirdo Watch Party page at WeirdDarkness.com. He says that I'm his next victim. Hope to see you March 2nd.


Johnny dollar. Tell me all boy. How's the weather cold wet and miserable? And who are you Charlie Warren Johnny out here in warm sunny southern, California? Who are you lucky dog? Uh-huh. Don't I know it? I spent too many long cold winters at the home office there in Hartford not to know it You're still with worldwide mutual sure. I am always will be I guess unless they try to move me out of this Los Angeles office Boy when I think how you must be suffering back there in New England with all that cold and snow Okay, okay, Charlie. Don't rub it in we can't all be as lucky as you are and just think of all the beauty you're missing Yeah, like what the clean crisp invigorating air the sparkle of the sun on sleep covered branches the sound of sleigh bells Rolling fields drifted high with pure white snow and all that mud and flush you have to plow through there in town And don't tell me otherwise. Okay, you've made your point. I'm feeling even worse than I did before you're cold Now what's on your mind any good reason why you shouldn't be out here enjoying the sunshine the warm breezes the smell of orange blossoms The palm trees and beautiful broads barging around bikinis and all the other delights of this sub tropical paradise And I want a badge from the Chamber of Commerce. Yes, what money? Well now that's no problem Oh, it isn't well I should it be when the company is gonna pay the freight provide it Of course you keep that crazy expense account with unreasonable pounds, but just once in your life Charlie you touched me to the quick have I ever done other one? Oh, I mean except for occasional nickel or dime here and there Oh an occasional C note now and then well after all Charlie. Oh, seriously Johnny. I need you. I need your help Are you free to fly out here? I don't know why not Okay, now according to my watch It's a little after 4 p.m. And according to the clocks here in the wilds of Connecticut. It's a little after seven Yeah, that's right look suppose I take a prop job that'll give me time for a little sleep along the way And I'll see you first thing in the morning. Okay, I'll meet you at the airport. Okay The CBS radio network brings you Mandel Kramer and the exciting adventures of the man with the action tactics fence accounts America's fabulous freelance insurance investigator yours truly Johnny dollar Accounts submitted by special investigator Johnny dollar to worldwide mutual insurance company Los Angeles office Following is an account of expenses incurred during my investigation of the Cinder Elmer matter expense account item 1 17640 taxi to Bradley Field in a plane ticket It was close to midnight by the time I could get a flight out of Hartford I don't know why so many people have to travel this time of the year And it was nearly three by the time my plane in New York took off and headed west All my plans to sleep along the way went to pot Not only because of the several stops we had to make but because of the cute little brunette who occupied the seat next to mine a Real charmer on her way to LA for a winter vacation And did I have any ideas for how she might enjoy herself out there on the coast? Did I have ideas? But after we landed then she introduced me to the blonde giant who met her there at the airport took her in tow well Who am I to argue with a man who plays right tackle for the LA lambs football team?  Hey, Johnny. I'll just toss these bags in the back Here Johnny here's the keys to a nice quiet room with a soft bed in it. Are you kidding for this car? Oh, Charlie, why don't you drive? Oh, this is one of those rental jobs. Hmm. Sure. My car's over there in the lot Oh, and I had them thrown a set of chains, but you mean skid change. Yeah up where you're going You're gonna need in sunny southern, California. Excuse me. Let me get my glove compartment and be my guest You mind telling me just where I'm going and why now here's where we are see LA International Airport. See I'd rather see a comfortable bed, Charlie Now you're going north on top of the Boulevard, Comanchester east to Harbor Freeway Turn north then east on the San Bernardino freeway. I do. Yeah Sanberdo's maybe 65 miles or so then you turn north here up into the mountain see and there's crest line There you are. At least that's where you can get directions to Hillcrest Lodge. I can't oh boy I wish I could go along with you.  You'll love it Skiing to bargaining magnificent view of all the peaks up there on the rim of the world drive It's right near like I'll have you know, no, I didn't know and what's more. I don't care unless I can get a little sleep Charlie I can see Charlie up there in that clean clear crisp cold air and that high altitude You'll sleep like you've never slept before you mean like some time tonight sure if I'm lucky What do you mean by that? Well, you still haven't told me what kind of a case I'm supposed to be working on. Oh, yeah, that's right Yeah, that's right Disappearance Johnny name is Bartley Harman Bartley Harman, uh-huh in his wife Nora real good-looking doll by the way Mm-hmm and his business partner man by the name of Elmer right. Yeah. Well, I don't like they always do this time of year They all went up to Cress line he'll press large for a few days.  Yeah, her old man Bartley Oh both he and his partner Elmer rights and stand about five feet three about a hundred and fifteen pounds ringing wet Look almost like twins. I think Going well not that Nora Barley's wife She's a good five feet 11, but Johnny boy. I mean good. She's built like an Olympic champion blonde beautiful and I'll take your word for it. No, what happened to Bartley on them? Well, he took off for a plant in the snow And he's suddenly and completely disappeared Oh sheriff's department put out an APB in the whole area, but nobody's seen high in the hair of them Go on and Johnny that San Badoo sheriff's department Well, they know their way around out in that country if they haven't been able to find them Bartley Harman is really lost And the way it gets cold up from those mountains.  This is about Lee Harman have a lot of enemies Not what I know of For that matter. I don't think he has any real friends either Tell me who would benefit by his death. Well, of course the business will all go to his partner on the right How do they get along only because they have to I guess keep the business going nice and the insurance goes to his wife All those to know and how do they get along? Well, she's a beautiful dame. He has a lot of money and She's a lot younger than he is, you know, no, I didn't know now wait a minute, Johnny Somebody did murder Well, you mean You think that maybe You think that maybe one of them Charlie, I think I'd better get on up to Chris Here's a friendly and important reminder from your postmaster This is the time of year when the post office handles its biggest volume of mail The extra load often takes extra time So if you want your cards and packages to arrive at their destination before Christmas Mail early and often make sure addresses are clear and correct Use postal zone numbers and send your cards by first-class mail For a merry-or-Christmas shop early mail early That long hot drive through the valley to San Bernardino San Berdew was the natives call it almost did me in I really felt the lack of sleep But then as I swung up into the mountains and at the 4,000 foot level had put on snow chains and turn up the windows Well, it really is beautiful country up there Not only because of the white clean snow, but the mountains the magnificent big pines Anchored to the sides of them and the colorful pictures to little cottages At Hillcrest Lodge, I found that a young fellow from the sheriff's office Roy Turner was waiting for me After helping me up to my room with my bags, he got right to the point. I Can't say that. I like this situation. Mr. Dollar not a bit. Why Turner call me Roy. All right, call me Johnny Well Johnny simply because of the people involved Man falls in love with partners wife Does a way with said partner not a chance at least there's no chance you'd give him any kind of a break I bet on it why because Wrightson is the same kind of homely, pedantic Facts and figures a little shrimp as her husband Bartley is and there's no question, but that she's had enough of him And up to want to get rid of him Roy Well, Harman's worth a lot of money. I understand a lot of insurance too. Yeah, that's true And she's a much younger good-looking athletic Well, what do you see here? I'd like to you will and Don't think for a minute. She doesn't make the most of it of what she has Johnny for the few days they spend up here every year She brings along enough expensive clothes to sink a battleship in addition to snow and ski and skating outfits I mean, she has a whole front full of shoes alone Anyhow, we're making sure that she sticks around writes in two for that matter Roy if they're all on such lousy terms. Why do they come up here together? Only because she likes it so much so Bartley tags along to keep an eye on her and mr. Wrightson to keep an eye on him, I guess I Take it you've combed the hills around here pretty well as thoroughly as we know how What about all those little cabins that I've seen around been through them all Apparently Harman headed over toward old Ironside That's just north of here has a sharp face on it where the snow doesn't stick and Beyond it. Well in order to save time. We have a helicopter out there looking over that big valley Roy. Yes, John You know over the years I've investigated an awful lot of disappearances. Yeah, and You would be surprised at how many people disappear deliberately Just to get away from things once and for all But leave behind that beautiful wife. He's so jealous of and his share of a prosperous business It is a possibility though, isn't it? Well, oh That may be for me. I told the operator I'd be here Hello Yeah, yeah, where okay? Leave it there. I haven't go back and pick me up at the port As I started to say it is possible Roy not any more Johnny. Oh The copter just found Bartley Harman out there be beyond old Ironside or rather They've found his body We got to the airport on the edge of Sanford in less than 20 minutes The copter was already there and waiting for us We piled in took off and headed back to Crest line then passed it and circled the cold gray peak That was called old Ironside Beyond it was a long narrow valley Edged on both sides by a heavy growth of timber and a hundred yards or so from the tree line out in the open They're on the cold dry snow lay the body of Bartley Harman. I don't see any mark where you landed this place Steve I didn't try to land sir Just took her down low enough to make a positive ID that got all the horn recorded in It's over to run back with virtue and pick you up It's to me as though you may have got down there too close What's that? I Mean this chopper apparently blew a lot of snow on top of it. Hope it didn't cover any clues Now find a spot to land us up there ahead of it And help wondering what Harman was doing way out here in a loan Oh, he invites and believes that old legend about a cave full of gold out in this valley often came to look for it You know while his wife was busy skiing or skating or tobogganing with his bad heart Roy Well, actually, it's only a mile or so from the large so I guess he figured it wouldn't be too much for it Looks like you figured wrong though, doesn't it? Yeah Kind of knocked my theories into a cocktail you've given up the idea of murder. Yeah Get it down here anywhere Steve right there and we can see what we shall see What we saw down there was more than we bargained for The body was that about we have an all right, and there wasn't a mark on it It looked as though the old boy overextending himself at that high altitude and simply had his heart give out on him Until we found two things one Another set of footprints leading to the spot much smaller prints that could have been made by a woman's know and second besides in there in the snow Cigarette but with lipstick on it Looks to me Johnny like this settles it in spite of her alibi Nora Harman alibi run that she was over in Arrowhead Village shopping when he took his little walk out here Anybody try to check up on it? Yeah, but nothing really definite either way Well, then that doesn't prove that she did this right to cheer anybody else did anything you mean because it's no marks on the body, right? and Roy there's something about this whole setup that I don't know I'm I Don't know let's face it Johnny Why'd she say she was in arrowhead when she was really out here with him or was she and who else had such a motive? Did Elmer right soon have an alibi to the sleep in his room all that afternoon and no reason to doubt him I Wonder but Johnny Johnny the footprints and more important this cigarette but with a lipstick If a lab test shows it to be the same kind that she uses Steve When you and mr. Dollar haul the body into San Berdueva the autopsy have a doc Hanley analyzed the lipstick on this cigarette to Having do that first while we take the body in I Want to follow those two sets of footprints back to the lodge? I'll meet you there. Okay What's the matter John? Oh, nothing nothing Roy assisted Well, if we've overlooked something out here. Yeah, like what? No, I'll forget it Come on Steve. Let's get the body aboard. Yes Doc Hanley told me that the lipstick was quite unusual While he went ahead with the autopsy I had Steve drive me up to the lodge a $5 tip to a life-fingered Bell boy got me one of Nora Harman's Lipsticks out of her room when I got back and showed it to Hanley He was certain it was the same as that on the cigarette as for the result of his autopsy beaten to death mr. Dollar Without a single mark on him There were several intestinal and mesentery Perforations blood and the peritoneal cavity, so you saw no external bruises because death occurred so quickly the blood stopped Circulating immediately. Mm-hmm without circulation. There could be no hemorrhage into the tissues Little-known fact my boy. I've seen So it looks then as though Roy may have been right in spite of this hunch of mine Hunch in this modern day and age don't be ridiculous my boy. Look at the facts She not only had the motive, but if I understand correctly is physically capable of such an action And with the cigarette butters proof that she was out there with him You know Phone Roy Turner at the lodge and tell him to charge you with murder.  I Better get back to the lodge. This is Roy with the arrest maybe to keep him from arresting the wrong person I walked into my room at the lodge Roy was just hanging up the phone Okay Okay, doc. Yeah, that's good enough for me I'll um I'll bring you in right away Roy before you do that Hey, I know Johnny the doc told me what you said to him and I agree with you was pretty foolish for her to leave such Obvious signposts not at all like her okay then but following up for those sets of tracks out there really clinched it How do you mean?  Yeah, what about it Johnny? Listen did you find some more out there? Several just further prove did you leave any of them laying around out there? Well sure one or two are all I need for evidence all right come on. We're going out there and look at him Why yes unless you can visualize exactly with that first one looked like lying there beside the body Well, I don't know because I can And Roy before you do anything foolish like arresting Nora Harmon you better have a look at some of those others Just a hat good Glad it hasn't snowed for a while Well, I still think this is a kind of silly way to time Johnny and I tell you that both of us ought to be shot For not having been more observant. You still haven't told me what this miraculous inspiration is that oh here? We are Can you see that butt lying there with that same lipstick on here? I'll take it along touch it. Huh? Just take a good look at it Roy. Don't you see? It wasn't crushed out. It was simply dropped there on top of the snow For sure is the what? Then what put it out? Well the snow what else did it what do you mean? If that cigarette was still burning when it was dropped here on the snow Don't you see Roy don't you see it would have melted some of the snow while it was going out? Wait a minute You're right, of course I am all those butts you found were smoked and put out somewhere else No doubt by Nora Harmon because of the lipstick then somebody else carefully picked them up and saved them And for only one reason Roy to plant them out here beside these footprints Right right Elmer writes in the only other person with a motive But the footprint from her shoe Since you say that she's a big girl and that Elmer is a little shrimp. Yeah And if he wears a snow boot like hers, we've got him But if he doesn't Johnny did you also say that she has a whole trunk full with it Yeah, well wouldn't you have at least a couple of pairs of snow boots? Sure, I've seen him myself any reason then why he couldn't have borrowed a pair of hers and then put him back Yeah, but if he didn't Johnny, well, let's try it Roy. Let's try to send her out a bit on him Only it'll be a Cinder Elmer We'll make him put on a pair of her snow boots and if they fit Well you came to try it Nothing to lose Johnny Let's go her snow boots fit him. All right And little old Cinder Elmer Done George should have known better. He should have made us come up with some really concrete evidence But luckily for us Elmer just broke down and confessed to the whole bit So once again, it's up to the courts Expense count total including the trip home 377 80 yours truly Johnny dollar Here's our star to tell you about next week's story next week One of the cleverest cover-ups for a fire bug I've ever seen and believe me. I've seen plenty join us Won't you yours truly Johnny dollar Johnny dollar is written by Jack Johnstone Produced and directed by Bruno Zorano, Jr. Music supervision by Ethel Huber Johnny dollar is played by Manbell Kramer Also featured in our cast for Cliff Carpenter as Sheriff Roy Turner Eugene Francis is Charles Warren Bob Dryden is Dr. Hanley and Jim Stevens is the helicopter pilot Be sure to join us next week same time same station for another exciting story of yours truly Johnny dollar This is Stuart Met speaking Enjoy the Gary Moore show weekdays on the CBS radio network at rule 59 on your Tri-Cities dial This is W. W. W. Music in Albany, New York Welcome wagon hostesses make these newcomers feel wanted when they make their cordial welcome wagon business Their baskets contain useful gifts from civic-minded business men Invitations to participate in various social and volunteer activities of the many civic agencies in the community In addition every welcome wagon call recipient in the greater Albany Earth Connected areas as well as Del Mar Latham or Sposia is invited to attend the local welcome wagon club This is an organization of newcomers all anxious to make friends various welcome wagon clubs vary from 30 to 150 members who meet monthly Their interests include bowling, golf, cards, handcraft and dancing You can help to make your new neighbor feel at home Call state 5 9 6 4 0 today and make your neighbor eligible for the many opportunities in a welcome wagon club Remember state 5 9 6 4 0


Right, so let us now today look at the general correspondence between a stochastic differential equation for a diffusion process and the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation. So let us call this the general stochastic differential equation and the Fokker-Planck equation correspondence. Just to refresh your memories, let us go back and look at what we had come out with in the case of the ordinary Langevin equation. There we had V dot, a velocity, one component was minus gamma V plus a noise. This noise after I divided by m, etc., etc. This turned out to be square root of 2 gamma k T over m and then there was a zeta of T here. I have used the fluctuation dissipation theorem divided by m and so on.  And this implied, if you recall, the original Fokker-Planck equation for the Ornstein-Ohlenbeck distribution. So this implied immediately that the conditional density of V satisfied this equation, P over V T divided by T is equal to gamma times delta over delta V, V times P plus gamma k T over m, this was k Boltzmann T over m, d 2 P over d v 2. And we have to solve this with some specific initial condition, V naught for instance. So the initial condition was P of V comma 0 equal to a delta function at V naught and this led to P of V T equal to the Ornstein-Ohlenbeck distribution. That was the first Fokker-Planck equation we came out with. We also saw what happened if you assume the velocity to be a delta correlated process. Then we were in the diffusion regime. So we saw that for T much, much greater than gamma inverse, which we could implement by actually going back to this equation and then throwing out the inertia term and retaining just this term here, in which case we had a term, high friction limit or high friction limit, we had x dot, that is V is equal to the same thing here, but square root of 2 k Boltzmann T over m gamma z dot, because this term was negligible and I took this on this side and brought the gamma down and you ended up with that thing which then implied here just as this automatically implied it. So similarly back here you have delta P of x T over delta T equal to k Boltzmann T over m gamma d 2 P over d x 2. This was the ordinary diffusion equation because this quantity was the diffusion coefficient. So these are special cases of a more general result which I wrote down which was that if you have an equation which says x dot plus some matrix x, this is a higher dimensional process and this is some, this quantity is an n by 1 column vector and the drift was linear in it. This here on the right hand side was equal to some coefficients, constant coefficients not a function or anything like that times a noise of some kind. So there was some coefficients, constant coefficients and we will make this precise in a minute and then there was a vector valued noise zeta of T. So these are all n by 1 quantities and this is an n by n drift matrix. So if you had a situation like this which is a special case which is a generalization of this fellow here, right. So the reason we want that is because we want to be able to write down Fokker-Plank equations for the phase space density, joint density in x as well as v together. So if you had a situation like this then this immediately implied that delta over delta t and whenever there is a phase space density namely a density in more than one variable I will use a symbol rho so that it is distinct from this little p. So this quantity delta over delta, this quantity here was equal to k ij delta over delta xi xj rho plus some matrix, constant matrix formed from these coefficients here and the natural thing to call it as a diffusion matrix, dij d2 rho over dx i dxj. This diffusion matrix, there is a definite prescription for finding it from these coefficients. We are going to write it in the more general case so I do not bother about writing this down in each special case or anything like that. Suffice it to say that just like in these cases this was a constant, this was a constant, etc. Essentially it is a square of this constant divided by 2. But I want to make it a little more systematic. So you end up with an equation like this. This is the Fokker-Plank equation. Now we can apply this to the situation which we did earlier namely the Langevin particle in one dimension and then we did this quickly for three dimensions. So in one dimension this was of the form x dot was equal to v so x dot minus v equal to 0 and v dot plus gamma v this thing here essentially we are writing this equation again is equal to whatever is there, square root of 2 gamma k t k Boltzmann t over m in this fashion zeta of t. So the noise, the vector noise is 0 in the first row and it is equal to this fellow in the second row. So the coefficient, the matrix of the column vector of coefficients is just this and this. But you actually need a matrix here. So in this particular problem let us write what these things were, k was the matrix 0 minus 1, let us stand, let us put this in here. By the way, the identification is x 1 equal to x, x 2 equal to, that is the identification which we are making to write this down. Then it is 0 minus 1 and then 0 here and a gamma here, this gamma. So it is a linear drift matrix. In fact it is more than that, it is even simpler than that, it is constants everywhere here and it is zeros along this, it helps. And d ij in this case, let me call that matrix d whose elements are d ij. I do not want to write d alone here without subscripts because I have used that for this symbol. I have used that symbol for this quantity and we will stick to that. This thing here is equal to 0, 0, 0, gamma k Boltzmann t over n. So that is the equation obeyed by the phase space density and we have done this already. So let us write that out and then we are on to new material. So that immediately implies that the phase space density satisfies delta rho over delta t equal to, now we need to put this in k ij so the first term is with the minus sign as you can see and then you have a k 1, 2 that is the only element which is present here which is minus 1 and therefore it is delta over delta x of v rho with the minus sign. But v is independent of x, x 2 is independent of x 1 so this is equal to minus v delta rho over delta x is the first term and then k 2 1 is anyway 0, k 2 2 delta over delta v times whatever is sitting here, whatever is sitting inside here which is gamma, okay.  This is the equation satisfied by the phase space density rho of v x and you are supposed to solve this equation with some given initial conditions so you are supposed to solve it with the initial conditions rho of x v 0 equal to delta of x minus x naught delta of v minus v naught. It is a little harder to solve than the Fokker-Planck equation for the velocity process alone which did not have this term and then we got the Anstein-Ulenberg distribution. Now you have to use this term as well and solve it, it is not such a trivial solution but the solution is a general Gaussian in both x and v, a joint Gaussian and x and v and that Gaussian has the property that as t tends to infinity this Gaussian goes to the p equilibrium in v, the Maxwellian distribution multiplied by the solution of the diffusion equation which of course vanishes as t tends to infinity strictly everywhere but we want a leading behaviour the asymptotic regime. This is p of x comma t and this satisfies delta p over delta t equal to d d 2 p over d x that is the regime in which the velocity has lost its memory gamma t is much much greater than gamma inverse. Gamma inverse is called the Smolukovsky time, the correlation time of the velocity this is gamma inverse is called so it is a time scale in the problem. There is also a length scale in this problem. There is no potential, there is no general external potential because if the particle were moving in a potential like a harmonic oscillator potential or something like that you could get a length scale in the problem but here there is no length scale at all from the potential no potential but there is still a length scale and what would that be? There is a characteristic time scale in the problem which is gamma inverse well there is a characteristic velocity in the problem and therefore there is a or a speed and therefore there is a length scale. What is the characteristic speed in this problem? There is one quantity of dimension speed the mean square in equilibrium from this right so this v square equilibrium is k t k Boltzmann t over m square root of this quantity gives you a speed characteristic speed therefore there is also a length scale what could you do? You divide by T inverse right so this fellow here we put this in is a characteristic length scale in this problem. This is L T inverse this is T inverse so it is an L. You can compute what it is you can compute what it is for the Brownian particles we are talking about we know what the masses are between 10 to the minus 12 and 10 to the minus 15 kilos. We know what the temperature is 300 Kelvin so we know k t. We know what gamma is because gamma is related to the viscosity of a fluid take water at room temperature for instance then gammas of the order of 10 to the minus 6 minus 7 seconds therefore we know what this quantities can compute what this length scale is it is indeed very tiny it is very very tiny alright but we keep at the back of our minds that there is such a length scale even in the absence of an external potential. So having got this far we would like to know what happens next what happens if I put the system under an external force under an applied potential like the harmonic bound for a particle suppose there is a potential present X dependent potential what would happen to these equations. Well the first thing that would happen is that your Langevin equation would become different. Oh incidentally we also saw what the 3 dimensional generalization of this was we wrote the 3 dimensional generalization this becomes V dot gradient with respect to R rho this becomes gradient with respect to V dot the divergence of V times rho with respect to V here and then this is the del square with respect to V so that part is over and in general the solution is some kind of Gaussian which would asymptotically become something like this writing it down in 3 dimensions is very messy but in one dimension anyone can write the explicit solution down okay. By the way one important point in the 3 dimensional case whatever we wrote here in terms of the drift matrix K and so on is still true but in that case what would happen is in 3D for example this matrix K would become 0 minus the identity matrix 0 gamma times the identity matrix where I is a 3 by 3 identity matrix so this is fairly straight forward this is 6 by 6 object and so the generalization is kind of trivial. The reason I am emphasizing this is because we would like to what did we do in the original Langevin case we actually solve the equation of motion Langevin equation and then started taking velocity averages and so on. Now you have a matrix equation to solve which will involve the exponentiation of this matrix you have to find e to the power K just as we found e to the gamma t you have e to the k t that would be your integrating factor if you like but e to the k t this matrix has interesting properties therefore you can find immediately the Eigen values are 0 and gamma so you can actually find the exponential quite explicitly and write the rest of the solution alright so now let us turn to what happens when you have a potential it is a Brownian particle in a potential and again let us do the one dimensional case first so you have as before first let us do the phase space distribution and then we will come back and do the positional distribution technically a little easier because you can see what are the approximations involved because we need to now know what is the diffusion regime we need to know that first so let us look at the phase space problem x dot equal to v as before and v dot is minus gamma v same model as before but now there is an external potential some f of x and I divided by m so it is minus 1 over m v prime of x this is some potential in a potential v of x capital v of x is that term present and then the last term is exactly as it was before plus root 2 gamma k Boltzmann t over m z dot this consistency condition to keep the system in equilibrium is going to remain in any case no matter what v of x does it would still remain because what happens is that the velocity will still thermalize and that is the external potential acting on the particle we do not care about it but the velocity will thermalize and of course the distributions themselves will become very different there is no reason why now if I solve if I write down the phase space density why the solution should be generalized Gaussian no reason at all the introduction of this v prime of x makes the equation of motion non-linear earlier in all the cases we looked at the equation of motion was linear in the dynamical variables there was an external noise but now that is gone unless v of x is either a constant or or is it either a linear function or a quadratic function if it is a linear function this becomes a constant like gravity for instance if this thing is a quadratic function it is like the oscillator problem but in all other cases the equation of motions themselves become non-linear in the dynamical variables and that will go to make it complicated. Now what is the way in which we write down the Fokker-Planck equation we cannot do what we did earlier because we have this fellow which is a non-linear term right so the general correspondence goes like this we do not care how many what the dimensionality of our phase space variables is could be n dimensional in general. So let us write the general Langevin equation general diffusion process has a stochastic equation which is x dot equal to on the right hand side some possibly non-linear function of the variables and this is also vector value. So this guy here x is an n by 1 column matrix and this is an n by 1 vector force there is a force for each of these components and that is in general a function of all the x's all the coordinates. We have still not taken the most general case where this could be explicitly time dependent I said we are not going to look at those problems at the moment plus a g of x this is multiplicative noise in general but you look at times the noise but look at what happened so this is some zeta of t in general this is some matrix acting on this column vector but look at what happened in the earlier case the equation x dot equal to v did not have any noise on the right hand side but v dot equal to something or the other had a noise because we wrote an equation for random force on the particle. So the dimensionality of this noise may be lower than the dimensionality of your phase space variables so we have to allow for that. So suppose this fellow is a nu by 1 column matrix so we have n equations for the components of this but only nu of them have noise on the right hand side and what is the smallest value that nu can have? 1 if it has 0 then everything is deterministic we do not even have a stochastic equation 1 less than equal to nu less than equal to n because all n of them might have noise we do not care. Then what sort of matrix has this got to be? This got to be an n by nu matrix got to be an n by nu matrix this on the other hand is an n by 1 this is n by 1 and therefore n by nu and then a nu by 1 gives you an n by 1 that is the most general diffusion process that we can write down. There is an n dimensional dynamic a set of dynamical variables and then there is a nu dimensional noise on the other hand and the noise is multiplicative in general and then value of the noise for each coefficient could depend on all the dynamical variables you can see this is very general. The question is what is the Fokker-Planck equation corresponding to this and I am just going to write it down so this implies and is implied by Fokker-Planck equation which is delta rho over delta t equal to minus delta over delta x i F i times rho it is like a generalized del dot whatever so it is a divergence term and then the next term is plus d 2 over d x i d x j d i j times rho there is a diffusion matrix but it is not a set of constant coefficients because you have this sitting here so the question is what is this d i j equal to. So it is clear that we have to be a little careful it is not just g squared as it would have been in the 1 dimensional case this matrix d is one half g matrix g transpose because this is n by nu and that follows nu by n so the product is n by n d is n by n diffusion matrix because the indices i and j run from 1 to n and there is a summation over repeated indices so in explicit form this implies that d i j equal to 1 half a summation from alpha equal to 1 to nu g i alpha g j alpha that is what is meant by transpose here clear. So this is the general Langevin equation general stochastic differential equation and this is the general Fokker plant notice that this set of coefficients is not necessarily constants because it depends on this function g inside here and it gets differentiated it is inside so this is fairly complicated here likewise no matter how non-linear the forces this drift term is it is inside here so given that let us try and ask what does our equation look like here for this situation in the 1 dimensional case. So we want an equation for delta rho over delta t where this rho is rho of x v and t so this is equal to well x 1 is x and x 2 is v so we want minus delta over delta x 1 and then f so let us first write this f matrix in this case f equal to this fellow is a column vector and the first one is just v and second portion is minus gamma v minus 1 over m v prime of x that is this column and what is d or the matrix d well it is the same as before because you can see that this thing here is acting in this problem what is n equal to 2 of course and what is nu equal to 1 that is really true only one of these equations as noise the other one does not so this is a very trivial case but the reason I wrote this down is because I am now going to require you next to do this for the 3 dimensional case when you have an external field potential as well as a magnetic field which will make a velocity dependent force so that is a little intricate but it is a 6 dimensional phase space but we can write the equations down given the general expressions. Now what is this matrix equal to it is obviously equal to 0 0 0 and half the square of this which is gamma k Boltzmann t and now we are all set all we got to do is to copy this and write the equation down for rho so this is therefore rho of x v t satisfies the Fokker Planck equation delta rho over delta t equal to minus there is a minus here and then the v comes out because the first is delta over delta x times v rho but v is independent of x as before so this term is still present minus v delta rho over delta x this is the convective derivative v dot del with respect to the coordinate and then there is another term here and what is that that is equal to plus gamma delta over delta v v rho this portion takes care of this and then there is a plus 1 over m delta over delta v of v prime of x times rho but v is independent of x so v prime of x comes out that term sits there and then finally there is only one diffusion term here which is plus gamma k Boltzmann t over m v to rho over dv2 so that is the equation for the phase space density the one particle phase space density in the presence of an external potential v of x for a Brownian particle that is the exact equation. There is no guarantee that the solution to this is a Gaussian a joint Gaussian and x and v because this term is a mess no guarantee at all in general it is some complicated nonlinear function of x and there is no guarantee of anything here this equation is called the Kramer's equation generalized to other potentials in 3 dimensions may be even velocity dependent forces so some generalization of this is a Kramer's equation this is the simplest form of the Kramer's equation now of course you can recognize the oscillator case very trivially because oscillator case goes back to the old problem so if oscillator case potential implies that this term is this is m omega not squared x so this term becomes omega not squared delta rho over delta sorry the not squared x delta rho this particular term it is a linear term so it could in fact be combined with all these fellows it reduces to the old case which is already been solved but this is a little harder to solve in this case because while the diffusion matrix remains the same this will imply that this matrix K that we had written down which was 0 minus 1 0 gamma in the free particle case what would it be in this case remember there is an extra force here this is minus omega not squared x if you bring it to the left it is omega not squared x x not v right so the drift would have one more term this is still 0 x dot is minus v but there is a term here it is omega not squared in this problem and the D would look exactly the same as before this is not so simple to exponentiate although it is any 2 by 2 matrix can be exponentiate it why do I say that because with the 0 here the eigenvalues of 0 and gamma and exponentiating this matrix would have been trivial because K squared would have been proportional to gamma K or something like that but now that is not going to happen there are 2 eigenvalues here which depend on both gamma and omega not squared not surprisingly they would be precisely the eigenvalues of the zeros of the susceptibility the poles of the susceptibility so they depend whether they are under damped over damped critically damped definitely have that so the solution will be in terms of trigonometric functions and damped exponential in the under damped case of hyperbolic functions in the over damped case so it is considerably more messy although you can exponentiate this so not hard but this is where it would change but we can write the formal equation now what do you expect the solution of such as an equation to become for long times I would still like to look at the diffusion regime and see what happens in the free particle case when this was not there recall that this row asymptotically went to a product of the equilibrium Maxwellian distribution in v multiplied by the solution of the free diffusion equation in x right now what do you think will happen will that happen in this problem as well well in general you have to look at what happens when t is much much bigger than gamma inverse the diffusion regime or gamma is very large the high friction limit so you have to ask what happens to the solution in that high friction limit but there is also a length scale in the problem so now the diffusion regime is defined as follows diffusion not only should you have t much much greater than gamma inverse but also the force v prime of x must not vary too rapidly within the characteristic length scale so it is as if the force did not exist at all in that length scale right or a constant or whatever so within v now v squared equilibrium to the half divided by gamma so that will give you a criterion you can compute this number and then ask check whether v prime or the force is rapidly varying spatially or not if it is a gentle potential of some kind it would not very significant then how would you go to this regime what would you do you do exactly what you did for the original free particle case namely you would say I am going to throw away the inertia term look at the high friction limit and ask what happens there so in that high friction limit let us write it down below this so what happens is that this row tends in the diffusion regime to p equilibrium of v multiplied by an equation for p of x, t where p of x, t satisfies the Fokker Planck equation corresponding to setting the friction term the setting the inertia term to 0 so essentially what you are doing it is to take m x double dot plus m gamma x dot equal to minus v prime of x plus a noise and the noise was precisely the noise that we had in the original so 2 m gamma k Boltzmann t times zeta of t this term and you are dropping this term the high friction limit so this term dominates so that gives us an equation which says x dot equal to minus 1 over m gamma v prime of x that is the drift term plus square root of I have to divide by m square gamma squared so it is twice k Boltzmann t over m gamma that is our old friend square root of 2 d appearing again times zeta of t corresponding to this stochastic equation and what is this stochastic equation corresponding to x dot equal to minus 1 over m gamma v prime of x plus square root of 2 k Boltzmann t over m gamma zeta of t that is a one dimensional equation with a non-linear drift term here but we know how to write the Fokker Planck equation down for it so what would that be in other words delta over delta t of p of x, t should be equal to with a minus sign so that goes away and then you have equal to 1 over m gamma sitting here d over dx now of v prime of x times p because that is inside you cannot do anything about it plus the second derivative half of the square of this which is k t over m gamma but that is just our old friend d plus d times this is as before k Boltzmann t that is the Fokker Planck equation this equation is called the Smolakowski equation so it gives you the diffusion equation in the presence of a potential but you see where it comes from it really comes from the Fokker Planck equation in phase space it gets reduced to this in the diffusion regime where you have to have an extra criterion now about the variation of v prime of x we have not taken we have not done the problem in the presence of a velocity dependent force I assume that the external force was a potential which depends only on the position so no velocity dependent forces no magnetic field etc has been included here as yet now the question is does this have does this have any equilibrium solution or not as t tends to infinity we know that if it is not this is not there it does not it is just the Gaussian which tends to 0 flattens out but now this will depend on what this v prime of x is we kind of expect that if you had a confining potential that prevents you from having long range diffusion then the mean square displacement won't diverge with t and therefore it might be in equilibrium case for instance the oscillator now let us look at the harmonic oscillator in the over damped highly over damped high friction limit case so highly over damped what is the Smolakowski equation for the positional position probability density of the highly over damped harmonic oscillator well this fellow is trivial to write down it is m omega not squared x and the m cancels right so you end up with delta p over delta t equal to omega not squared over gamma times delta over delta x of x p plus d times this is k t over m gamma that is the Fokker-Planck equation does it remind you of any other Fokker-Planck equation you have seen yeah the velocity process for a free particle what did that equation look like that looked like delta p over delta t equal to gamma delta over delta v times v times p plus gamma k Boltzmann t over m d to p over d x d v to where this p was p of v comma whereas this p is p of x comma it is not the same function and these identical apart from reinterpretation of constants the one over gamma the gamma here is replaced by omega not squared by gamma and same physical dimensions for both and the k t over m gamma is replaced by gamma k t over m this is the diffusion constant in velocity space for a free particle or for a particle in the presence of a potential it does not matter that is the diffusion constant position space what was the solution to this equation the on-synol and by distribution with the mean which went like e to the v naught e to the minus gamma t and a variance which started with the delta function with zero and then went to the variance of the equilibrium max value so there was an equilibrium distribution which was precisely the max value in distribution this is exactly the same mathematically exactly the same problem so that is why you would very often see the on-synol and by process described in some books as the oscillator process what they mean is that the conditional density of the simple harmonic oscillator a harmonically bound particle the Fokker-Planck equation satisfying that gives you the on-synol and by distribution just as for the free particle the velocity has this on-synol and by distribution in the over damped limit in the Smolukowski approximation this thing becomes precisely the on-synol and by distribution now how do you find the equilibrium distribution in this case you would set this to equal to 0 then you would find the current here would vanish at infinity you would get the Gaussian e to the minus m v naught squared over 2 k t what will you get here what would be that distribution so there is an equilibrium distribution in this case we have to look at the general case we will subsequently of when you have an equilibrium distribution but in this case there is no doubt at all that p of x t tends as t tends to infinity there is genuinely an equilibrium distribution here because that would correspond to setting this equal to 0 then this is d over dx comes out and becomes whatever is inside is a constant which can be set equal to 0 for normalizable distribution and then you get d p over dx plus omega squared over gamma times m gamma over k t times p equal to 0 so what would you get what is and there is an x so what kind of solution do you get it is a Gaussian and what would that Gaussian be constant times e to the power minus pardon me s m omega naught squared x square over right you expect that of course because that is the Boltzmann factor for the potential energy in equilibrium you expected to go to the Gibbs distribution the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution so it is e to the minus the Hamiltonian and the Hamiltonian as half m u squared plus half m omega naught squared x squared divided by k t is what is coming out so you want that as a consistency check otherwise it is really off right so you do expect that this will go to the Maxwell Gaussian distribution in the general case no guarantee because you would have to set this equal to 0 and then ask whether this ordinary differential equation has a solution or not and yes suppose it has a solution what would that look like so this becomes a dx d over dx p equilibrium this becomes d to p over dx to equilibrium what would this solution look like we want this to be equal to 0 now of course that simply means d over dx of this whole business the current could be constant it could be going to some stationary constant current then without knowledge of that stationary current you cannot solve the problem but let us assume that at t could plus minus infinity this thing vanishes then what you have is an ordinary differential equation it says d d p equilibrium over dx plus 1 over m gamma times v prime of x p equilibrium equal to 0 but d is k t over m gamma they cannot be any reference to the friction constant in the equilibrium positional distribution right so this goes away and this was a k t so this becomes k Boltzmann t and what would that tell you this tells you implies p equilibrium of x is proportional to e to the power minus v of x over k Boltzmann the integral of v prime x is v of x but that is just the Boltzmann factor which is what you expect in equilibrium that will be e to the minus the Hamiltonian over k t and the Hamiltonian has a kinetic part which you took all separately and then a potential which is precisely this so checks this thing checks there are the possibilities we have assumed the stationary current is not there but otherwise so this will happen whenever this v of x is bounded I mean it binds the point sort of stops long range diffusion then the particle is bound in some sense and it cannot diffuse out to infinity and you end up with an equilibrium stationary distribution no guarantee that it always exists but in these cases normal cases it would exist okay so the magnetic field case is a little more intricate than this and we will talk about this later on and then see how to generalize this stop