Lesson 9 of the Esperanto Teacher. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. The Esperanto Teacher, a simple course for nondramarians by Helen Fryer, Lesson 9. The names of certain quantities are formed from the cardinal numbers by adding O, as Dekduo, a dozen, Dudeco, a score, Cento, a hundred, Milo, a thousand. These names, as well as names of quantities generally, require to be followed by Da, of, as, Dekduo da birdoi, a dozen birds, but, Dekdu birdoi, twelve birds, Dudeco da pomoi, a score of apples, Cento da xafoi, or Cent xafoi, a hundred sheep, Milo da homoi, a thousand people, Milo da homoi, thousands of people. When these expressions form the object of the verb, it is the name of the number which takes no, not the noun which follows da, as, Leageti Studecon da xafoi, he bought a score of sheep. For firstly, secondly, etc., e is added to the number, as, Unue, firstly, quine, fifthly, deque, tenthly, si, Lesson 12. Lojanto, inhabitant, lojanto, culero, spoon, culero, forco, fork, forco, mono, money, mono, prunto, loan, prunto. Metro, meter, metro, stoffo, stuff, stoffo, franco, frank, about ten pence, franco, atacanto, assailant, atacanto, pago, payment, pago, miliono, a million, miliono, prunt, lend, prunt, achet, bay, achet, dank, thank, dank, bet, beg, request, bet, beson, want, need, beson, cost, cost, cost, poste, afterwards, poste, tiuchi, this, tiuchi, bor, for, bor, re, prefix meaning again or back, re, tial, therefore, tial, au, or, au, da, of after quantity, da, mi, ha, vas, cent, pom, oin, mi, ha, vas, cent, on, da, pom, oin, tiuchi, ur, bo, ha, vas, miliono, da, lojanto, mia, cetis, tec, duon, da, culeroi, cae, du, dec, du, oin, da, forcoi, milyaro, au, milo, da, ti, fa, ras, milyaro, unue, mi, redon, as, al, vi, la, monon, kiun, vi, pruntis, al, mi, du, mi, dankas, vin, por, la, prunto, tria, mi, petas, vin, ancao, poste, prunti, al, mi, kia, mi, besonos, monon, I have a hundred apples, I have a hundred of apples, this town has a million of inhabitants, I bought a dozen spoons and two dozen forks, one thousand years or a thousand of years make a millennium, firstly I return to you the money which you lent to me, secondly I thank you for the loan, thirdly I beg you also afterwards on a future occasion to lend to me when I shall require money, nine a, to express a certain part or fraction on the one is added to the number specifying what part as one half, unu duono, one third, unu triono, one fourth, unu quarono, one tenth, unu dekono, one thousandth, unu milono, one thousandth, unu milono, one millionth, unu milono, these words being nouns take yo and no when required, three tenths, tri dekonoi, twenty-seven, two hundredths, du deksep du centonoi, nineteen one thousandths, deknau milonoi, mi mangis tri quaronoin de la cucco, I ate three quarters of the cake, C lesson thirty-five, to express so many times a number, oble, unu milono, is added to the number as du oble, double, dek oble, ten times, tri oble quar estas o farras dek du, three times four are twelve, se poble ok, faras quindex ses, seven times eight make fifty-six, to express by twos, by tens, et cetera, op, is added to the number as du ope, by twos or two together, dek ope, by tens, quindek ope, by fifties, fifties together or fifties at a time, tri estas duono des ses, ok estas quar quindonoi de dek, quar metroi datiu ci stofo, costas nao frankoin, tial du metroi costas quar gaiduono frankoin, au da frankoi, unu tago estas tricent seste quinono au tricent seste sesono de jarro, quinobles sep estas tride quin, por ciiu tago mi ricevas quin frankoin, set po la jodiaua tago mi ricevis du oblan pagon, tio estas dek frankoin, tiu ci du amikoi promenas ciam du ope, quin ope ili sin jetis sur min, set mi venkis ciuin quin atacantoin, quin ope ili sin jetis sur min, qid tu exasizot, th StroI is half of six, eight is four-fifths of ten. four meters of this struf cost naoin francs, therefor twoivia cost four a haf francs, 1 dai is a thre Poss לך היד castsliu for a thre solemn systemản של vert, sve weasle for a thre ondeuse sietze 150 f Protox cognitive of a year. Five times seven are thirty-five. For each day I receive five francs, but for today I have received double pay. That is ten francs. These two friends walk always two together. Five together they threw themselves upon me, but I overcame all five assailants. End of lesson nine. Lesson 10 of The Esperanto Teacher This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For further information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org. The Esperanto Teacher. A simple course for non-Gramarians by Helen Fryer. Lesson 10. Verbs Continued. Verbs in E and OO. In the examples already given the verbs ending in us, ease, orse express action or being. That is a state going on in present, past, or future time. As me scribas, I am writing. Le legis, he read. Ni iros, we shall go. If we wish merely to express the idea of action or state indefinitely, without reference to any time or any subject, the verb must end in E, as vivi, to live. Mi desiras lerni, I wish to learn. Ni devas labori, we must work. This is called the indefinite or infinitive mode, manner of expression, because not limited by reference to time or subject. To give an order or command or to express will, desire, purpose, etc., The verb must end in OO. Dono al mi panon. Give to me bread. Iru for. Go away. Estu felicia. May you be happy. Vivo la regio. Long live the king. In such cases as tell him to come, I want you to sing, allow her to speak, we have to use a second sentence with the verb ending in OO, and beginning with K, that is diru al li ke li venu. Tell or say to him that he come. Mi desiras ke vi cantu. I wish that you sing. Permesso al si, ke si parolu. Allow her that she speak. Sentences like the last are often contracted, only the last subject and verb being used, as, si parolu. Let her speak. Jikushu. Let it lie. Ni iru. Let us go. Ili dormu. Let them sleep. Do you wish me to do that? Do you me ti on faru? Shall I do that? Vacabulary. Normu naim. Normu. Vesto. Coat clothing. Vesto. Candelo. Candle. Candelo. Tomato. Cottage. Tomato. Aquo. Water. Aquo. Spegulo. Looking glass. Spegulo. Est. To be. Est. Tush. To touch. Tush. Aushkult. Listen. Aushkult. Pardon. Pardon. Pardon. Ooz. Use. Ooz. Ordon. Ordon. Babil. Chatter. Babil. Send. Send. Send. Drink. Drink. Drink. Vol. Wish. Will. Vol. Bat. Beat. Bat. Courage. Have courage. Courage. Ride. Ride. Las. Let. Leave. Las. Cour. Run. Cour. Parol. Speak. Parol. Vive. Live. Have life. Vive. Rest. Rest. Remain. Rest. Honesta. Honest. Honesta. Inda. Worthy. Inda. Attent. Attentive. Attent. Cara. Dear. Cara. Gaia. Gaia. Cheerful. Gaia. Tia. Such. Tia. Longa. Long. Longa. Sincera, sincera, sincera, for, away, forth, for, forte, strongly, forte, sole, alone, sole, exercises, and quay. Dono alla bir doi aquon, charili volas trinqui. Give the birds water, for they want to drink. Alessandro ne volas lerni, kay tial mi batas Alessandro. Alessandro will not learn, and therefore I beat Alessandro. Qiu coragias raidi sur Leonu? Who has courage to ride on a lion? Mi volis lin bati, sed li forcuri stemi. I was going to beat him, but he ran away from me. Dono ne dono la mano, do not give your hand to a lion. Racconto al mia iuna amico bellan historiun. Relate to my young friend a beautiful story. Tiro alla patro che mi estas dirigenta. Tell father that I am diligent. Tiro al mi via nomun. Tell me your name. Ne scribo al mi tiain longain lettero'in. Do not write to me such long letters. Montro al mi via nov'an veston. Show me your new coat. Infano, ne tocio la spegulon. Child, do not touch the looking glass. Carai infanoi, estu ciam onestai. Dear children, always be honest. Ne al scurtulin. Do not listen to him. Li diras che mi estas atenta. He says that I am attentive. Li petas che mi estu atenta. He begs me to be attentive. Or donno alli che li ne babilu. Tell him not to chatter. Petulin che li sendo al mi candelon. Ask him to send me a candle. La dometo estas inda che vi gin aceto. The cottage is worth your buying. Worthy that you should buy it. Si forte desiris che li restu viva. She strongly desired that he should remain alive. Li venu, ca mi pardono sal li. Let him come and I will forgive him. Ne estu ciai, ne uso bene la vivon. Cia la vivo ne estas longa. Let us be gay, let us use life well, for life is not long. Li ne venu sole, sed al venu, non cia plei bona amico. Let him not come alone, but come with his best friend. Mi am havas, mi an cia pelon, nun sercio vivian. I already have my hat. Now look for yours. End of chapter 10. Lesson 11 of the Esperanto teacher. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For further information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. The Esperanto teacher. A simple course for non-Gramarians by Helen Fryer. Lesson 11. Verbs continued. Verbs in us. Sometimes we want to express a supposition to say that something would take place if something else which is not likely to occur were to do so, or that something would have taken place if something else which did not occur had done so. In this case, the verb must end with us, as, if I were well, which I am not, I should be happy, which also I am not. Semi estus sana mi estus felicia. If he knew supposition that I am here, a fact, he would immediately come to me. Supposition. Se li stils ke mi estas tieci, li toy venus al mi. Compare the two following sentences. One. Kvan kam vi estas rica, mi dubas chu vi estas felicia.  Two. Kvan kam vi estas rica, mi dubas chu vi estas felicia. Though supposing that you are rich, I doubt whether you would be happy. Vocabulary. Lernanto. Pupil. Lernanto. Leziono. Lesson. Leziono. Instruanto. Teacher. Instruanto. Si. To know. Si. Pun. Punish. Pun. Esteem. Esteem. Esteem. Lev. Lift. Raise. Lev. Ten. Hold. Keep. Ten. Pen. Endeavour. Pen. Imitate. Imitate. Imitate. Quazal. As if. Quazal. Io. Something. Io. Effective. Really. Effective. Suprem. Upwards. Suprem. Quvancam. Thou. Quvancam. Se. If. Se. Exercises. And. Ki. Se la lernanto. Stiuspone. Si en lezionon. La instruanto. Lin. Ne Punus. If the people knew his lesson well, the teacher would not punish him. Service. Tios. Ki li estas. Vilin pli estimus. If you knew who he is, you would esteem him more. Il elevis unummanon suprem. Quazal ilion tenus. They raised one hand upwards as if they were holding something. Semi effective estuspella. Aliai penus min imiti. If I really were beautiful, others would try to imitate me. Ho semiaam haus la aion de decvin jaroi. Oh, if I were already the age of 15 years. End of lesson 11. Lesson 12 of the Esperanto teacher. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. The Esperanto teacher, a simple course for non-Gramarians by Helen Fryer, lesson 12. When we tell of someone doing a certain action, we often want to allude to some circumstance concerning that action, such as the time, or place, or manner in which it was done. That is, when, or where, or how it was done. In the sentences, yesterday I met your son. Hier au mir incontis via filon, he will go in the evening. Li iros vesperre. They sat there. Ili sedis tie. She will remain at home. She restos heime. Good children learn diligently. Bona infanoi lernas diligente. I will do it with pleasure. Mi faros cin plesure. The words hier au vesperre show the time. Tie heime show the place. And diligente plesure show the manner of the action. Because these words relate to the verb, they are called adverbs. Adverbs may be formed from any word whose sense admits of it, and especially from adjectives by means of the termination e, as bona, good, bona. Bonne, well, bonne. Antau, before, antau. Antaue, previously, or formerly, Antaue. Mateno, morning, mateno. Matene, in the morning, matene. Sekvi, to follow, sekvi. Sekve, consequently, sekve. When we want the adverb to show direction towards any place, time, et cetera, either actually or figuratively, no is added, as li al kurris heimen. He ran home. I li levis un umanon supren. They raised one hand upwards. Antauen, forward. No is also added to nouns to show direction towards. Li eniris en la dormon. He entered into the house. Some adverbs are used with adjectives and other adverbs to show the degree of the quality, quantity, et cetera, as the paper is very white. La papero estas tre blanca. Too much speaking tires him. La tro multa parolado la sigaslin. I am as strong as you. Mi estas tiel forta, kiel vi estas forta. He came very early. Li venis tre frue. The following words are in themselves adverbs and need no special ending. Vocabulary. Ho diyao, today. Ho diyao. Hi e rao, yesterday. Hi e rao. Murgau, tomorrow. Murgau. Baldau, soon. Baldau. Ancorau, yet. Ancorau. Yam, already. Yam. Jus, just time. Jus. Nun, now. Nun. Tui, immediately. Tui. De nove, again. A new. De nove. Ci denotes proximity. Ci. Yen, here, there, low, behold. Yen. For, away, forth. For. Bli, more. Bli, play, most. Bli. Blue, further. Blue. Tre, very. Tre. Thro, too, with double o. Thro, tutte, quite, tutte. Nur, only. Nepre, surely, without fail. Nepre. Prescao, nearly. Prescao. Apenau, scarcely. Apenau. Almenau, at least. Almenau. Ambao, both. Ambao. Ancao, also. Ancao. Ne, not. Ne. Yes, yes, yes. Ja, indeed. Ja. Ech, even. Ech. Chu, whether, asks a question. Chu. You, des. The more, the more. You, des. Comparisons are made with pli, all. More than. Lacto, estas pli nutra, olvino. Milk is more nutritious than wine. Malpli, ol, less than. Vino, estas malpli nutra, ol lacto. Wine is less nutritious than milk. La ple, the most. La malple, the least. El chioi liai amicoi, Johano, estas la pleisaja, Cae georgo, la malpleisaja. Of all his friends, John is the wisest, and George the least wise. You pli, despli, the more, the more. You pli, li learnas, despli, li desiras learni. The more he learns, the more he wishes to learn. You malpli, desmalpli, the less, the less. You malpli li laboras, desmalpli li ritsevas. The less he works, the less he gets. You pli, desmalpli, the more, the less. You pli li farriges grande, desmalpli li estas forte. The taller he becomes, the less strong he is. You malpli, despli, the less, the more. You malpli li pensas, despli li parolas. The less he thinks, the more he talks. For comparisons of equality, as, as, so, as, see lesson 20. Vocabulary. Bordo. Door. Bordo. Contracto. Contracto. Contracto. Bastro. Pastor. Priest. Bastro. Ferro. Iron. Ferro. Bastono. Stick. Rod. Bastono. Stazio. Station. Stazio. Stazidomo. Station. Stazidomo. Heymo. Home. Heymo. Furrillo. Fury. Furrillo. Shippano. Sailor. Shippano. Golero. Anger. Golero. Honesto. Honesty. Honesto. Dangero. Ranger. Dangero. Gorro. Heart. Gorro. Officisto. An official. Officisto. Regio. King. Regio. Balo. Ball. Dance. Balo. Humor. Humor. Tempo. Time. Tempo. Signorino. Lady. Misses. Signorino. Firm. Shut. Firm. Sauve. Save. Sauve. Dour. Last continue. Dour. Trunch. Cut. Trunch. Ecrigarde. Glance. Ecrigarde. Flu. Flow. Flu. Ugg. Act. Do. Ugg. Lodge. Live. Lodge. Lodge. Brul. Burn as a fire. Brul. Vetur. Ride in a vehicle. Vetur. Aper. Aper. Postul. Require. Demand. Postul. Bendig. Hang something. Bendig. Mort. Die. Mort. Malsana. Il. Malsana. Warma. Warm. Warma. Warmega. Hot. Warmega. Frua. Blue. Further. Blue. Returne. Back. Returne. Char. Because. Whereas. Char. Resti con Leono. Esta stangere. La trancilo. Tranciaspone. Ar. Giestas. Acra. Iru pli rapide. Li fermis colere la pordon. Li fermis colere la pordon. Li fermis colere la pordon. Lia parolo fluas dolce. Kaj agrable. Lia parolo fluas dolce. Kaj agrable. Nifaris la contracton nescribe. Nifaris la contracton nescribe. Se parole. Nifaris la contracton nescribe. He parole. Lopilamos o suoi fagame. I parole. Lopilamos nescribe. Gisro parolo fluas dolce. A3. Faisa de la pizством. McKiz sur tal y abre. La patola del latino. Ch Premieria. Adresalsehen tenemos una vacuna xupe-X. Des Attorney del Paak and Mesele. La ferrabastono, chi ucushis en la forno, estas brule, varmega. Pariso estas tregaia. Matene frue, si alveturis alla stazidomo. Pardon valmi, ke mi restis tie longe, lia cholero longe dauris. Li estas hodiau en cholera humoro. La regio baldau denove sendis alian poncoran oficiston. Hodiau vesperre, ni havos balon. Kie vi estas? Fordetie ci? Kien li forveturis? Si kuris heimen. Ni iris antauen kiel furioi. Cio estas bona, kai ni veturis pluen. La signorino ek rigardis returnen. La sipanoi postulis, ke oni iru returnen. Mi gin pendigis tien ci, jargisavis mian vivon. Mi ne niam sendis tien ci. Kie, to exorcise. To remain with a lion is dangerous. The knife cuts well, for it is sharp. Go more quickly.  His speech flows softly and pleasantly. We made the contract not in writing, but by word of mouth. An honest man acts honestly. The pastor who died a short time ago lived long in our city. Did you not get it back?  The iron rod which was in the stove is burning hot.  Early in the morning she drove to the station. Forgive me that I stayed so long. His anger lasted long. He is today in an angry temper. The king soon sent again another good-hearted official. This evening we shall have a ball. Where are you? Away from here. Get away. Where did he drive away to? She ran home. We went forward like furies. Everything was right, and we went on further. The lady glanced back. The sailors demanded to go back, required that one should go back. I hung it here for it saved my life. I never sent here. End of Lesson 12 Lesson 13 of The Esperanto Teacher This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For further information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. The Esperanto Teacher A simple course for non-Gramarians by Helen Fryer Lesson 13 The Prefix Mal and the Suffix In In Esperanto, certain syllables which have a definite meaning are placed at the beginning as prefixes or end as suffixes of words to alter in some way the meaning of those words. The prefix Mal gives an exactly opposite meaning to the word to which it is prefixed as dextra, right or right hand, maldextra, left, left hand, nova, new, malnova, old, helpe, to help, malhelpe, to hinder, fermi, to shut, malfermi, to open. The suffix In denotes the female sex. From Viro footnote the word homo previously given in Lesson 2 signifies a human being, a person without reference to sex. Viro means a man as distinguished from a woman.  Vocabulary, cresco, growth, cresco, haro, hair, i.e. substance, haro, haroi, hair of the head, haroi, naso, nose, naso, voyo, road, voyo, biro, man, biro, edzo, husband, edzo, neppo, grandson, neppo, nevo, nephew, nevo, bovo, ox, bovo, vidvo, widower, vidvo, fiancio, fiancé, fiancio, nenio, nothing, nenio, torment, torment, sent, to feel, sent, ben, to bless, ben, esteem, have esteem for, esteem, ferm, to shut, ferm, help, to help, help, farige, become farige, dextra, right or right hand, dextra, meza, middle, medium, dika, thick, stout, dika, mola, soft, mola, luma, light, luminous, luma, nobla, noble, as in character, nobla, rector, straight, rector, kurba, curved, kurba, felicia, happy, felicia, naskita, born, naskita, fermita, shut, fermita, etch, even, etch, longe, for a long time, longe, denove, anew, again, denove, exercises and key, mi frato ne estas granda, sed li ne estas malcranda, li estas de meza cresco, my brother is not big, but he is not little, he is of medium growth, haro estas tre maldika, a hair is very thin, la nocto estas tiel maluma, che ni ne nion povas vidi etch antau ne naso, the night is so dark that we can see nothing even before our nose, siu ci malfresia pano estas malmola, kiel stono, this stale bread is as hard as a stone, malbonai infanoi amas turmenti bestoin, naughty children love to torment animals, li sentis sin tiel mal felicia, ke li malbenis la tagon, en kio li estis naskita, he felt so miserable that he cursed the day on which he was born, ni forte malestimas tion ci malnoblan homon, we greatly despise this base man, la fenestro longe estis nefermita, mijin fermis, sed my frato tuijin de nove malfermis, the window was long unclosed, but my brother immediately opened it again, rektavoyo estas bli malonga ol kurba, a straight road is shorter than a curved one, ne esto maldanka, don't be ungrateful, la edzino de mia patro estas mia patrino ke la avino de mia infanoi, the wife of my father is my mother and the grandmother of my children, mia fratino estas trebella knabino, my sister is a very beautiful girl, mia onklino estas trebona virino, my aunt is a very good woman, mi vidis via navino kon shiai kvar nepinoi kai kon mia nevino, I saw your grandmother with her four granddaughters and with my niece, mi havas bovon kai bovino, I have an ox and a cow, la yuna vidvino farigis de nove fiancino, the young widow became again a fiancé. And of lesson 13, lesson 14 of the Esperanto teacher. This is a Librivox recording, all Librivox recordings are in the public domain. For further information or to volunteer, please visit Librivox.org. The Esperanto teacher, a simple course for non-Gramarians by Helen Fryer, lesson 14. The prefix re, the suffix ad and the prefix ek. The prefixes re and ek and the suffix ad are attached to verbs. Re has nearly the same meaning as in English, back or again, as in repagi, to payback, reporti, to carryback, rejeti, to throwback, resalti, to rebound, recanti, to sing again, relegi, to read over again. Ad denotes the continuance or continued repetition of an action. It means goes on doing or keeps on doing or is in the habit of or in the past used to, as in spiri, to breathe, spirado, respiration, movi, to move, movado, continued movement, formi, to smoke, formado, the habit of smoking, aldi, to hear, aldardo, the sense of hearing. Ek has the opposite meaning, to add. It signifies the beginning of an action or a short or sudden action, as canti, to sing, ek canti, to begin to sing, reedi, to laugh, ek reedi, to burst out laughing, krii, to cry or call, ek krii, to cry out, iri, to go, ek iri, to set out, dormi, to sleep, ek dormi, to fall asleep.  He gave me money, but I immediately returned it to him. Mi foriras, sed, attend, min, char, mi baldo, revenos. I'm going away, but wait for me, for I shall soon return. Las uno, rebrilas, en la clara aquvo, de la rivero. The sun is reflected in the clear water of the river. Li reiris al sialando. He returned to his own country. She rejetis sen sola sedjon. She threw herself again upon the seat. En la dauro de kelke da minuto mi audis du pafuin. In the course of a few minutes I heard two shots. La pafado dauris trelonge. The firing continued for a very long time. Liya hierawa parolo estis trebela, sed la tro multa parolado la cigaslin. His speech of yesterday was very fine, but too much speaking tires him. Li cantas trebalan kanton. He is singing a very beautiful song. La cantada estas agrabla ocupo. Singing is an agreeable occupation. Per mia mano mi energia l'infrotadis. With my hand I kept on briskly rubbing him. La pluvo faladis per riveroi. The rain kept on falling in rivers. Tiuminute si elrigadadis tra la fenestro cae malbenadis la malrapidan iradon della vagonaro. Every minute she kept looking out through the window and cursing the slow motion of the train. Mi saltas trelerte. I leap very cleverly. Mi exaltis de surpriso. I jumped with surprise. Mi saltadis la tutantagon de loco al loco. I used to jump all day long from place to place. Chiam vi ec parolis mi attendis audis ion novan. When you began to speak, I expected to hear something new. La diamanto havas belan brilun. The diamond has a beautiful sparkle. Si lasis la diamanton ek brili. She let the diamond flash. Tu ek briloid o fulmo tracoris tra la maluma cielo. Two flashes of lightning passed across the dark sky. End of lesson 14. Lesson 15 of the Esperanto teacher. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This is a LibriVox recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. The Esperanto teacher. A simple course for non-Gramarians by Helen Fryer. Lesson 15. Verbs continued. In all the examples already given, the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action. But often it is the one to whom the action is done and of whom we wish to speak. This one then becomes the subject and the form of the verb is changed. Instead of saying the police are searching for the thief, someone has broken the window, someone is going to finish the work tomorrow, we say the thief is being sought for by the police. The window has been broken. The work is going to be finished tomorrow. Note the convenience of this form when we do not know or do not wish to mention the doer. In Esperanto, the termination is ada, being, denoting incompleteness or present time, ita, having been, denoting completeness or past time, and ota, about to be, going to be, denoting action not yet begun or future time are added to the root of the verb as ami, to love, amata, being loved, amita, having been loved, amota, going to be loved. La stelisto esta serciata della polizano. De is used after these participants to denote the doer of the action. The thief is being searched for by the police. La fenestro estas rompita. The window has been broken. La laboro estas finota morcao. The work is going to be finished tomorrow. It will be seen that these words ending in ata, ita, ota describe the subject or show the condition or state in which the subject is. Therefore they are adjectival. The thief is a searched for thief. The window was a broken window. The work is a going to be finished work. Compare the work will be ready tomorrow. They are called participants and being adjectival take yaw when the noun to which they belong is plural. Mi estas denata. I am being held. Li estas denata. He was being held. Ni estos denatae. We shall be held. Vi estos denatae. You would be held. Ke iliestu denatae that they may be held. Estu denata be held. Esti denata to be held. Mi estas vidita. I am in the state of having been seen or I have been seen. Li estis vidita. He was in the state of having been seen or he had been seen. Ni estos viditae. We shall be in the state of having been seen or we shall have been seen. Vi estos viditae. You would be in the state of having been seen or you would have been seen. Ke iliestu viditae that they may be in the state of having been seen or that they may have been seen. Esti vidita to be in the state of having been seen or to have been seen. Mi estas laudota. I am about or going to be praised. She estis laudota. She was about or going to be praised. Ni estos laudotae. We shall be about or going to be praised. Vi estos laudotae. You would be about or going to be praised. Ke iliestu laudotae that they should be about to or going to be praised. Esti laudota to be about or going to be praised. Vocabulary. Commerzaggio. Commodity. Commerzaggio. Surtuto. Overcoat. Surtuto. Suldo. Debt. Suldo. Ringo. Ring. Ringo. Proyecto. Project. Proyecto. Ingeniero. Civil engineer. Ingeniero. Fervoyo. Railroad. Fervoyo. Preggio. Prayer. Preggio. Pasero. Sparrow. Pasero. Aglo. Eagle. Aglo. Invite. Invite. Constru. Construct. Constru. Sziig. Inform. Sziig. Gash. Hide. Gash. Pens. Think. Pens. Gupt. Gupt. Tranquila. Duta. All. Whole. Duta. Grava. Important. Grava. Ora. Golden. Ora. Volante. Willingly. Volante. Secve. According to. Law. Mi estas amata Mi estis amata Mi estos amata Mi estus amata Est tu amata esti amata Vi estas vi estis la vita, vi estos la vita, vi estus la vita, estu la vita, esti la vita, li estas invidota, li estis invidota, li estos invidota, li estus invidota, estu invidota, esti invidota, Tiu ci comerzajo estas ciam volonte accetata de mi. La sur tuto estas accetita de mi, secve ci appartenas al mi. Ciam vi domo estis construata, mia domo estis jam longe construita. Mi stigas che de nun la shuldoi de mia filo ne estos pagata de mi. Estu tranquila, mia tutta shuldo estos pagita al vi baldau. Mia ora ringo ne estus tie longe sergiata, segi ne estus tie l'erde cascita de vi. Laula proiecto de la ingenieroi, Tiu ci fervoio estas construota en la dauro de du yaroi, sed mi pensas che ji estos construata pliol tri yaroi. Ciam la pregio estis finita, li sin levis. Augusto estas mia plei amata filo. Mono havata estas pli grava ol'havita. Pasero captita estas pli bona ol'aglo captota. Key to exercise. I am loved. I was loved. I shall be loved. I should be loved. Be loved. To be loved. You have been washed. You had been washed. You will have been washed. You would have been washed. Be washed. To have been washed. He is to be invited. He was going to be invited. He will be invited. He would be invited. Be about to be invited. To be about to be invited. This commodity is always willingly bought by me. The overcoat was bought by me. Consequently it belongs to me. When your house was being built my house had already been built a long time. I give notice that from now my son's debts will not be paid by me. Be easy. My whole debt will soon have been paid to you. My gold ring would not be so long sought for if it had not been so cleverly hidden by you. According to the plan of the engineers this railway is going to be constructed in the space of two years. But I think it will be being constructed in construction more than three years. When the prayer was finished he rose. Augustus is my best beloved son. Money in hand is more important than money had. A sparrow caught is better than an eagle going to be caught. End of Lesson 15. Lesson 16 of the Esperanto teacher. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. The Esperanto teacher a simple course for nongramarians by Helen Fryer. Lesson 16. Another set of participants is used to describe or show the condition or state of the doer of the action. Namely, anta, denoting incompleteness or present time. Inta, denoting completeness or past time. And onta, denoting action not yet begun or future time. As sur la arba starras cantanta birdo al birdo cantanta. On a tree is a singing bird or a bird singing. En la venonta somero mi visitos vin. In the coming summer I shall visit you. La pasinta nocto estis tre bloova. The past night was very wet, rainy. Mi estas manjanta. I am in the act of eating. Li estis manjanta. He was eating. Ni estos manjanta. We shall be eating. Vi estus manjanta. You would be eating. Que iri estu manjanta. That they may be eating. Esti manjanta to be eating. Estu manjanta. Be in the act of eating. Mi estas teninta. I am in the state of having held or I have held. Li estis teninta. He was in the state of having held or he had held. Ni estos teninta. We shall be in the state of having held or we shall have held. Vi estus teninta. You would be in the state of having held or you would have held. Que iri estus teninta. That they may be in the state of having held or that they may have held. Esti teninta. To be in the state of having held or to have held. Mi estas dironta. I am about going to say. Li estis dironta. He was about or going to say. Ni estos dironta. We shall be about or going to say. Vi estus dironta. You would be about going to say. Que iri estu dironta. That they may be about or going to say. Esti dironta. To be about or going to say. The participants are made into nouns by ending them with or instead of a. As, kiam nicodemo batas yosefon, tiam nicodemo estas labbatanto, ga yosefo estas labbatato. When Nicodemus beats Joseph, then Nicodemus is the beater, and Joseph is the one being beaten. Labbatanto. The one who is beating. Labbatanto. Labbatinto. The one who was beating. Labbatinto. Labbatonto. The one who is about or going to beat. Labbatonto. Labbatato. The one who is being beaten. Labbatato. Labbatito. The one who has been beaten. Labbatito. Labbatoto. The one who is about to be beaten. Labbatoto. Note that the participants which have n in the termination refer to the doer. They are called active participants. Those without n refer to the one to whom the action is done. They are passive participants. Vocabulary. Tempo. Time. Tempo. Mondo. World. Mondo. Linguvo. Language. Linguvo. Nombro. Number. Nombro. Legendo. Legend. Legendo. Loco. Place. Loco. Salono. Drawing room. Salono. Erraro. Mistake. Erraro. Soldato. Soldier. Soldato. Strato. Street. Strato. Peck. Sin. Peck. Fall. Fall. Fall. Mensog. Tell a lie. Mensog. Pass. Pass as time passes. Pass. Attend. Wait. Expect. Attend. Sov. Save. Rescue. Sov. Dance. Dance. Dance. Greed. Believe. Greed. Repeat. Repeat. Arrest. Arrest. Arrest. Yuge. Judge. Yuge. Conduc. Lead. Conduct. Conduc. Voyage. Travel. Journey. Voyage. Stel. Steel. Stel. Repose. Rest. Repose. Repose. Di Radis. Used to say. Tell. Di Radis. Estonta. Future about to be. Estonta. Vera. True. Vera. Intense. Intentionally. Intense. Facile. Easily. Facile. Vera. Antaue. Formally. Previously. Antaue. Doom. Wild. Wildest. Juring. Doom. Neneam. Never. Neneam. Neneu. Nobody. Neneu. Sin. Without. Sin. Sin. Sin moves. Motionless. Sin move. Fluante aqugo. Estas zug purra. Ol aquvo starranta sin move. La falinta homo ne pova sin levi. La tempo pacinta yok neneiam revenos. The time has come, the little one is still running. Come, we are waiting for you, Savon of the World. In the Esperanto language we see the distant language of the whole world. The name of the dancers was great. It is the legend that a true believer always repeats. He took the traveler to the place where the stars rested. To the man, without intention, so easily forgives. The soldiers conducted the arrests among the soldiers. A man whom we must judge is a judge. Flowing water is purer than water standing still. The fallen man cannot raise himself. The time past will never return. The time to come no one yet knows. Come, we await you, Savon of the World. In the Esperanto language we see the distant language of the whole world. The number of the dancers was great. It is the legend which true believers always repeat. He led the traveler to the place where the thieves rested. To a man who has sinned unintentionally, God easily pardons. The soldiers led the prisoners through the streets. A man whom one has to judge is one to be judged, prisoner at the bar. Sixteen ay. Nun li diras al mi la veron. Hiero li diris al mi la veron. Li ciam diradis al mi la veron. Li ciam diradis al mi la veron. Ciam vi vidis nin en la salono li amantau ediris al mi la veron. Au li estis dirinta al mi la veron. Li diros al mi la veron. Ciam vi venos al mi li amantau ediros al mi la veron. Au li estos dirinta al mi la veron. Au antau ol vi venos al mi li diros al mi la veron. If I asked him, he would say to me the truth. I would not make the mistake if he had said to me the truth before. Or if he was direct to me the truth. When I came, he would say to me the truth. When my father came, he would say to me the truth before, or be direct to me the truth. I would not make the mistake if he was direct to me the truth. Keep to exercise. Now he tells me the truth. Yesterday he told me the truth. He always told me the truth. When you saw us in the drawing room, he had already previously told me the truth. He will tell me the truth. When you shall come to me, he will previously tell me the truth. Or he will have told me the truth. Or before you will come to me, he will tell me the truth. If I were to ask him, he would tell me the truth. I should not have made the mistake if he had previously told me the truth. When I shall come, tell me the truth. When my father shall come, tell me beforehand the truth. I wish to tell you the truth. I wish that which I said should be true. Or I wish to have told the truth. end of lesson 16 lesson 17 of the Esperanto teacher this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for further information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org the Esperanto teacher a simple course for non-Gramarians by Helen Fryer lesson 17 Participals can be used as adverbs when they refer to the subject and tell some circumstance about the action as walking along the street John saw your friend walking along the street tells the circumstance under which the subject John saw your friend therefore walking is adverbial promenante sulla strato johano vidisvian amicon if it were the friend who was walking it must be johano vidisvian amicon promenantan sulla strato examine in this way the sentences in the following exercise the vocabulary instruo instruction instruo planko flow planko imperiestro emperor imperiestro medit meditate medit port carry port demand ask demand spar save spar exige marry exige haunt to be ashamed haunt ear go ear profunda deep profunda calca some calca iya some kind any kind iya ocaso opportunity occurrence chance ocaso serve serve serve credeble probably credeble trans across trans tiochi this thing tiochi sentences promenante sulla strato mi falis walking in the street i fail trovinte bomon mi gin manjis having found an apple i ate it li venis al mi tutene attendite he came to me quite unexpected li iris tre meditante cai tre mal rapide he went meditating and very slowly nihontis ritze vinte instruo de la knabo we were ashamed having received instruction from the boy la imperiestra servanto el iris portante la braze letton the imperial servant went out taking with him the bracelet profoundly saluting he related that the thief had been caught without saying a word the duchess opened her jewel case having worked a year and having saved a few dollars i married my mary lash del liston having crossed the river he found the thief having looked by chance on the floor she saw some book forgotten probably by a departed traveller and of lesson 17 lesson 18 of the esperanto teacher this is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public domain for further information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org the esperanto teacher a simple course for non-grammarians by helen fryer lesson 18 the suffix ist the suffix ist denotes one who occupies himself with or devotes himself to any special thing as a business or a hobby as yogi to judge yugisto a judge servei to serve servisto a servant curazzi to treat as a doctor curazisto a doctor lavi to wash lavisto a laundromat vocabulary botto boot botto shuo shu shuo maro si maro mechanico mechanics mechanico chemio chemistry chemio diplomato diplomatist diplomato fisico physics fisico stienzo science stienzo dron to be drowned to sink dron verac work mentally right compose verac transcribe transcribe copy transcribe queer cook queer vhetorique drive a carriage etc vhetorique trump deceive trump or cope occupy employ or cope text weave text diversi various diversi simple simple simple yeah as an indefinite meaning yeah sentences the bootmaker makes boots and shoes shtelisto in nenu las as encian dormon nobody lets thieves into his house the brave sailor was drowned in the sea vercisto vercas libro in cais scribisto simply transcribe as paper on an author writes books and a writer simply copies papers ni havas diversi en servanto in queer is ton chamber is tino in fanis tino vhetorique we have various servants a cook a housemaid a nurse and a coachman he who occupies himself with mechanics is a mechanic and he who occupies himself with chemistry is a chemist diplomatis ton oni povas ancau nomi diplomato said fisicist on oni ne povas nomi fisico char fisico estas la normo della stienzo meme a diplomatist we can also call a diplomat but a physicist we cannot call a physics for physics is the name of the science itself one day they came to cheats who said that they were weavers and of lesson 19 lesson 19 of the esperanto teacher this is a libra vox recording all libra vox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit libra vox.org the esperanto teacher a simple course for non-grammarians by helen fryer lesson 19 suffixes eag eag eag means to make or cause someone or something to be or to do that which the word denotes while eag means to become so or such oneself thus from ruja red we get rugigi to make something or someone read rugigi to become read oneself to blush clara clear klarigi to make clear to explain klarigi to become clear cd to sit to be sitting cd to call someone to sit cd to become seated to sit down kun with kunigi to connect kunigi to become connected with devi to have must devigi to compel fari to do or make farigi to become for away for rigi make go away vocabulary bring tempo spring bring tempo glatio ice glatio vetero weather vetero brozo brush brozo relo rail relo rado wheel rado chapeau bonnet cap chapeau arbeto little tree arbeto vento wind vento branch branch branch visaggio face visaggio cuvo tub cuvo colegio companion colleague colegio hebreo hebru hebreo christiano christian christano capo head capo potelo bottle potelo dev have to must dev gratz treat as a doctor gratz brend take brend bend hang bend blow blow blow ek brul begin to burn ek brul read laugh read romp break romp fluida fluid fluida kota dirty muddy kota natura natural natura seka dry seka damen however nevertheless yet damen den laboron furigi vien fraton charli malhelpas alni venigula curaziston charmiestas malsana li venigis alsi el berlino multain libroin multida libroi li paligis te timo kaiposte li rugigi stehonto in la printempo la glazio kaile neggio fluidijas in la kota vetero mie vestu forte malpurigis tial mi prenis broson kaipurrigis la veston mia onclo ne mortis per natura morto se li damen ne mortigi sin mem kaianco estis mortigita deneniu un utagon promenante a pud la reloi de fervoio li falis sub la radoin de veturanta vagonaro kaimortigis mi ne pendigis mian chapon sur ti u chi arbeto sed la vento furblovis de mie capo la chapon kaigi flugante pendigis sur la branchoi de la arbeto si digu vin au sidiju signoro li amalgaya visagio ridigis li anamikon la tuta nocto nili pasigis maldorme kaiek pruligis pliol dekses gandeloin misenvestigis la infanon de liai noktai vestu kaistarigis liin en lakuvon poste misekigis liin li amikigis kun malbonae kolegoi malrichia hebreo volis kristanigis la botelo falis kaerrompeigis shifarigis liya edzino ion post iom shi tutte tranfiligis notes one in pluvas it rains tondras it thunders estas belatago it is a fine day estas bele it is fine estas vere ke it is true that etc it is left out because it does not stand for any thing the verbs bele vere are used because no thing is mentioned two we have new milk and new bread means we have bread and new milk language is a difficult because each refers to only one language while malphatzilai refers to all those mentioned key to exercise they so hindered me that i spoiled the whole of my work send away your brother for he hinders us fetch the doctor for i am ill he procured for himself many books from berlin he grew pale with fear and afterwards he blushed from shame in the spring the ice and snow melt in the muddy weather my coat became very dirty therefore i took a brush and cleaned the coat my uncle did not die by a natural death but nevertheless he did not kill himself and also was killed by nobody one day walking near the railway lines he fell under the wheels of a moving train and was killed i did not hang my cap on this little tree but the wind blew away the cap from my head and it flying became hung got caught on the branches of the little tree seat yourself or sit down sir his gloomy face made his friend laugh the whole night they passed awake and lighted more than 16 candles i divested the child of his nightclothes and stood him in the tub afterwards i dried him he made friends with evil companions a poor hebrew wish to become a christian the bottle fell and broke she became his wife little by little she became quite calm end of lesson 19


Hello everyone, I am Dr Chandrika Mukherjee resident in MMI MSR, Malana. I am here to present a paper on malignant peripheral nerve sheet tumors. So, here I start with case presentation. A 54-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with left chest wall mass. Patient had complaints of pain on left side of chest with difficulty in breathing. On examination, a well-defined smooth firm mass of approximately 4 x 3 cm was palpable on left side of chest. Patient was then planned for CECT chest followed by biopsy from the lesion. Non-contrast CT images revealed heterogeneously soft tissue density lesion in left pleural cavity posteriorly in lower chest wall which was seen a butting coastal and diaphragmatic pleura. On post-contrast images, the similar lesion showed minimal enhancement and was seen a butting esophagus medially and parietal pleura laterally with no obvious invasion in the chest wall and the fat planes with esophagus were also maintained. There was associated collapse of left lower lobe of lung and few nodules were also seen in costophrenic and cardiophrenic recesses. On PET CT, the similar mass revealed increased FDG uptake and on biopsy, the microscopic sections showed spindle cell neoplasm consistent with malignant peripheral nerve sheet tumors and on IHC typing of the tissue, it was negative for CD34, chalretinin, S100, SMA, EMA and P63. Patient was then started with chemotherapy with eifosfamide and edryomycine. Let's have a brief discussion on MP-NSTs. MP-NSTs are malignant tumors arising from the sheets of peripheral nerve fibres derived from Schwann cells. These are rare, accounting for only 5-10% of all soft tissue sarcomas. The origin of these tumors is sporadic, which is seen in 40-50 years age group and also in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients. In these patients, the origin can be at an early age that is from 28 to 36 years. Men and women are equally affected. The main pathogenesis of MP-NSTs lies in mutations, which can be seen in patients with NF1. NF1 gene is responsible for production of neurofibromin. Neurofibromin is a negative regulator of RAS-MPK. The mutation in this gene causes pause in the negative regulator which further promotes cell proliferation and leading to MP-NSTs. Other mutations can also be seen in CD-NK2A gene, TP53 and PRC2. This tumor shows rapid increase in size with progressive neurological deficit or pain. Pain is particularly pointed towards the suspected malignant degeneration. During physical examination, special attention should be given to examining for the presence of cafeoulaid spots, auxiliary freckling, inguinal freckling and leash nodules for neurofibromatosis. On CD, these tumors are usually lower tenuating and mildly enhancing. Large elongated or void masses occurring along a nerve with compression or destruction of adjacent structures and pleural abnormalities indicated malignancy. On MRI, similar lesions are isointents on T1 weighted images, hyperintents on T2, with a fusiform shape showing tapered ends that is longitudinally oriented in distribution of peripheral nerve. The characteristic features of MP-NSTs are large size, necrosis, hemorrhage, heterogeneous enhancement and invasive margins. The differentials of MP-NSTs include empyma, which can be differentiated as empyma are non-enhancing. Patient presents with fever, has raised TLC count and on aspiration, pus is seen. Other differentials include benign peripheral nerve sheet tumors, which are slow growing as compared to MP-NSTs. Plural-based tumors, lung masses, consolidation, sarcoma are the other differentials. On histology, MP-NSTs are composed of spindle cells arranged in vesicular, peritheliometers and story form pattern. They have marked nuclear pleomorphism vesicular chromatin in conspicuous nucleoli, mitotic figures and pale less cytoplasm. They may show lack of expression of S-100 because of de-differentiation and occasionally gaping blood vessels, myxoid areas and necrosis may also be seen. The mainstay of the treatment is surgery with neo-adjuvant chemo radiotherapy and studies and trials have revealed doxorubicin plus i-phosphamide has offered best progression free survival. However, sadly, prognosis of this tumor is poor and reoccurrence is high. Thank you so much.


shifting Philips curve in practice. So, why did the original Philips curve relationship apply to many historical cases? The original relationship between inflation and unemployment, the originally negative relationship perceived, it holds up as long as expected inflation and the natural rate of unemployment are approximately constant. So, that relationship holds up to that time, until there are two things that will be constant, expected inflation and natural rate of unemployment. This was true in the United States in 1960s, so the Philips curve appeared to be stable. Why did the US Philips curve disappears after 1970s? In the 1960s, we thought that there are certain things, but why did it break? Both the expected inflation rate and the natural rate of unemployment varied considerably more in the 1970s than they did in the 1960s. Both the expected inflation rate and the natural rate of unemployment also changed. Especially important for the oil prices shocks, because of the oil prices shocks in the 1970s, the expectations of people started to increase, and the expectations of people would also increase. So, there was a lot of variation in the expected inflation. And, why did the natural rate of unemployment change? The composition of the labour force changed in the 1970s. And there were other structural changes in the economy as well, raising the natural rate of unemployment. So, the composition of the labour force means that in the labour force, for example, if a female participation rate is increased, it will have an impact. If a teenager's participation rate is increased, it will have an impact. So, because of these changes, the natural rate of unemployment changes in the 1970s. Monetary policy was expansionary in the 1970s and leading to high and volatile inflation in the 1970s. And plotting unanticipated inflation against cyclical unemployment shows a fairly stable relationship since the 1970s. So, in a module, we saw that after the 1970s, the relationship between inflation and unemployment did not show any pattern. But if you observe unanticipated inflation and cyclical unemployment, then you can see the graph here. What are we taking on this axis? Cyclical unemployment. What did we take first? Simple unemployment. And we are taking this axis which is unanticipated. So, in this, you can see that you can see a negative relationship. So, the relationship between unemployment and inflation is not stable. There is a negative relationship, but it is not stable. Why is it not stable? Because it depends on two things. On expected inflation. And secondly, it depends on the natural rate of unemployment. So, if you account for this, then you can see there is a stable negative relationship. Thank you.