Rwy'n fawr, prof. Bentley, Julia Powles ac y Llywodraeth Llywodraeth Cymru. Rwy'n fawr, wrth gwrs, i Julia, o'n gweithio'r hynny'n gweithio'r hynny'n gweithio'r hynny'n gweithio'r hynny'n gweithio'r hynny'n gweithio'r hynny'n gweithio'r hynny. Rwy'n fawr, wrth gwrs, roi'n cael cymryd yn Cambol ac yn cynnogrwyll wedi'i gweithio'r ysgolodau'r Hwyl. Rwy'n fawr, rwy'n gweithio'r hynny, oherwydd rôl. Rwy'n gweithio'r cymryd yn y Cambol, ddyn nhw, yn 6 yw, rydyn ni'n gweithio'r hynny'n gweithio'r hynny'n gweithio'r hynny. mae'n gweithio, mae wedi bod yn rhan oeddo'r gweithio i ysgolion. Mae'r ddweud yn gweithio a'n gwneud cael cael canbald, mae'n gweithio a'r hwn, mae'n gweithio a'r hwn yn ei gweithio i'r gweithio i'r gwaith, mae'n gweithio i'r gweithio i'r hwn yn anodol, mae'n gweithio i'r ddweud o ran ychydig o'r cyfle o'r cyflomau canbald i'r llwyddoch i'r hyn o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweudio i'r cyflomau. I will come on to the facts of the Campbell case briefly a little bit later on, but firstly just moving on with the chronology. In 2008 there was a case of Murray and Big Pictures. There a 19-month-old claimant sued a paparazzi agency via his parents as litigation ex-friends. His mother was JK Rowling. The case extended privacy protection to children. It had been believed by the media up until this point that the children of celebrities or the children of public figures had no rights at all in this area. It was argued unsuccessfully that children, especially pre-sentient infants, were not in top to protection because they could not suffer damage or distress. This was because in the Murray case the 19-month-old boy was blissfully unaware he was being photographed as he was being pushed to the streets of Edinburgh and, as he didn't read the newspaper either, he wasn't aware that the photograph was subsequently published. These cases are in effect a tension between two competing convention rights, neither of which are supposed to have automatic priority over the other. We have article 8 free speech on the one hand and article 10 free speech on the one hand, article 8 respect for family and private life. The approved methodology for resolving this tension is twofold. Firstly, the question is asked, is article 8 engaged at all? In other words, following Campbell, does the claimant have a reasonable expectation of privacy? That's the threshold test for privacy. Interestingly, there's no threshold test at all for article 10 so that to the extent that article 10, to that extent, article 10 may already have something of an advantage over article 8. The second part of the test is as follows. If both articles 8 and 10 are engaged, then there needs to be an intense focus applied to decide which one will have priority on the facts. That's the methodology that came from Campbell and that was articulated and subsequently confirmed by Lord Stain in Re-S. But this second part of the test is really an exercise in proportionality. The Naomi Campbell case is a good example of this methodology because of the five pieces of information in question in that case, the fifth being a photograph. The first two were accepted by the trial judge not to be protectable at all on the facts. The remaining three pieces of information were held to be protectable. The Court of Appeal unanimously disagreed saying none of the five elements were protectable. But on appeal to the House of Lords, the two most senior law Lords, Lords Nichols and Lords Hoffman, disagreed by the trial judge. But the remaining three judges in the House of Lords agreed with him. Now, as Piers Morgan, then the editor of the mirror and now a celebrity himself, bitterly observed at the time, more judges had found in the mirror's favour at this point and had found in Naomi Campbell's. It was something, I think it was five-four at that point. But the soundbite was rectified later on when the mirror sought unsuccessfully to overturn the Campbell ruling in Strasbourg. It's a useful comparative exercise to contrast privacy as it's now developed with the law of libel. And the question is sometimes asked, is privacy the new libel? The three areas which I want to briefly contrast libel with privacy the first is the issue of false information, the second is damages and the third is injunctive relief. Now, historically libel's been concerned with false information and breach of confidence has been concerned with true information. In confidence we speak of information having the necessary quality of confidence about it, which was an observation by the Vice Chancellor and Coco vs Clark in 1969. Logically, therefore, for breach of confidence, the information needs to be true, but the emergence of privacy has blurred the edges considerably. If false information about an area of someone's private life is published, it's still an interference with their private and family life as it puts the information into circulation. The person involved may be forced to explain or deny it. If he does neither, he'll be deemed to have admitted it, so this is not an attractive position to be in. At a practical level it could encourage inaccurate reporting if private false information was not actionable. A key issue in Campbell was that some of the information was wrong, but the Lords held this disintight of the claimant from succeeding. The point was also addressed in McKennitt and Ash, a case involving a Canadian folk singer in 2008, where Lord Justice Longmore said, the question in a case of misuse of private information is whether the information is private, not whether it's true or false. The truth or falsity of the information is an irrelevant inquiry in deciding whether the information is entirely protected, and judges should be very cherry at becoming sidetracked into that irrelevant inquiry. We've seen for a number of subsequent decisions that judges have unfortunately become sidetracked into that inquiry. Whilst no privacy case has so far succeeded where all the information was false, in a case approximately 18 months ago with Brad, Peter and Angelina Jolie suing the news of the world, all of the information was false in that case. The claim was framed in privacy and not in liable, and the defendant settled the case on very respectable terms before trial. Anyone who saw the article, it was a front page article, and it talked about their impending divorce, the arrangements which were being made for their children, specific details about alimony, et cetera, but of course, as everyone knows, with the possible exception of the editor of the news of the world, the couple were not even married and the story was completely false. The second area of contrast between liable and privacy is damages. Damages in privacy were always regarded as inferior to liable in two respects. Firstly, quantum, in Campbell for example, the award was £4,500, which is very small. That's since been corrected in the Max Mosley case against the news of the world, where the judge said he'd come to the conclusion that a right award taking everything into account was £60,000, so that's a much more comparable award to the type of award you'd expect in liable. The second area of contrast is punitive damages. They're rarely awarded in liable now, but they are available, and they've been severely capped. In the Mosley case, the court said that they were not available in privacy, but the Joint Committee on Privacy and Injunctions, which reported on 12 March this year, has now recommended that punitive damages be made available in privacy, possibly as a result of the background of massive phone hacking. The third area where a contrast is of importance is that of injunctions. Strasbourg jurisprudence requires that remedies for breach of convention rights must be practical and effective. That's a case of airy versus Ireland, where it was said that convention is intended to guarantee not rights that are theoretical or illusory, but rights that are practical and effective. In liable, Bonnard and Perriman, a case decided in 1891, held that interim injunctions for liable are not available. A liable claimant can always publicly deny the allegations, and the theory is that when a court increasingly a judge is juries are currently out of favour with the judiciary, makes an award of damages, it vindicates a claimant's reputation. But the same process is not available in privacy, at least not where the information is true, because a verdict will only confirm the truth of the information and cause further embarrassment and widespread publication of the information through court reporting. Often an injunction is the only practical and effective remedy in privacy, and this is why super injunctions and injunctions generally have become a real battleground. If an injunction is not available, either because a claimant doesn't know in advance that an article is about to be published, or because the court refuses one on some ground, the damage has been done. The press strategy is twofold. Firstly, it's a strategy of secrecy to prevent a claimant knowing about a story. The news of the world in particular were very adept at locking down their offices on a Saturday afternoon and not contacting a claimant to tell them about the story that was being published because they feared an application for an injunction would be made. The second element of the media strategy is they know that a claimant is unwilling to bring claims to trial in privacy cases, as opposed to liable cases, due to the risk of adverse publicity. Max Mosley applied to Strasbourg for a ruling that the media should have a legal obligation to notify someone before interfering with their ask a late rights, and that's called prior notification. That was refused, as you know, and the Joint Committee on Privacy and Injunctions have said that although they can't support prior notification as a statutory requirement, it should be part of the press's voluntary code, subject to various public interest exceptions. I'm not at the moment referring to super injunctions, but to ordinary privacy injunctions. I expect you to know the difference. In a privacy injunction, a claimant is named, and the defendant, often but not always someone who's demanded money from the claimant, is enjoined not to publish the private information. As a condition of getting protection against newspapers as well, it's necessary to serve them either with the application for the injunction, or with the injunction itself. This is a case called Attorney General and Guardian newspapers. It's called the spy capture effect. If you'll serve with an injunction, even if you're not a defendant, if you commit an act which is contrary to its terms, you're in contempt of court. So the media have had opportunities to oppose injunctions, because in most privacy injunction cases they have been served at some stage. And what's very clear is that this is not secret justice, because the media invariably oppose the grant of injunctions. But that's the nature of the problem. The injunction would state the general area of information being protected and unscrupulous elements in the media served with the order could then tell their friends about it, or, as we've seen, make anonymous postings about it on the internet to undermine the injunction, believing that their identity will remain private. And someone who publishes that information, who's unaware of the terms of the injunction, cannot be guilty of contempt of court. And if a publish is asked where he got the information from, he's entitled to say he is protecting his source, even if it's a journalist who's been served with an injunction. So the problem with ordinary injunctions was that the media were allowed to name the claimant. This led to press reporting the existence of the injunction and introducing into their reports tidbits of information, which by itself were not preachers of the injunction, but over time could build up a picture of exactly what the information was that was the subject of the injunction. This was compounded by people on social networking sites trying to guess what the information was, so it would often start a guessing game if someone obtained a privacy injunction. I wonder what he's done, and before you know it, all sorts of speculation is going up on the internet. It therefore became necessary to counteract this, and this is where the super injunction developed. That also forbade the media from reporting on who the claimant was. Obviously, the media know who the claimant is, but they're not allowed to publish their name. But the problem with what's called jigsaw identification still arose because different media would give different descriptions of the claimant, but without actually naming him. And when you put the various descriptions together, this could identify the claimant. Onora O'Neill, giving the reflector in 2002, so quite presciently, that the new information technologies may be anti-authoritarian, but curiously they are often used in ways that are anti-democratic. Undermining court orders and the rule of law may be a good example of that. However, in the vast majority of cases, injunctions have been effective. Over the last year there have been very few super injunctions. I think there's only been one against the media. The following list is not comprehensive of the reasons, but it gives you an idea. The first, and I think the main reason there have been no super injunctions, is that the media have been extremely cautious. They're concerned about the Levinson inquiry. They're also concerned about various parliamentary committees. They're also trying to see a new defamation bill passed, which would severely restrict the rights of individuals to sue the press. The question is, will it be business as usual again once these inquirers and committees have exhausted themselves? But that's a position now that Levinson has paradoxically prevented the very activities which Levinson has been tasked to look into. The second very important element is the demise of the news of the world last July. A phoenix hasn't yet risen from the ashes, so we still have the situation where particularly objectionable stories are not generally appearing on in Sunday newspapers. The third reason for the absence of super injunctions is journalists and other people leaking injunction details onto the internet, which has discouraged some people from bringing claims where it might otherwise have been appropriate. I think it's also fair to say that following pretty vicious media attacks on the judiciary, both generally and specific judges, there appears to have been a judicial regime change at the Royal Court of Justice, and the judges now seem to be much more unsympathetic to claimants in privacy cases, particularly where it involves sexual indiscretions. Importantly, the joint committee that I mentioned earlier now recommended that Google must take steps to remove material from the internet which breaches court orders, and if they refuse to do so legislation should be passed. That's an important development if it goes through, because Google and such like were very much the Achilles heel of super injunctions. Those were the domestic developments to date. I now want to talk about Europe very briefly. There have been a few developments there, two cases in the European Court of Human Rights, and a draft European Union data directive. The first case of note is Axel Springer and Germany, which was decided in February. There Axel Springer were the publishers of Bill, which is a well-known tabloid magazine in Germany. X is a well-known TV actor who played the role of a police superintendent in a long-running police drama in Germany. He was arrested at the Munich Oktoberfest with a small supply of cocaine. It was not his first offence and published articles about his arrest and subsequent conviction to which he objected. Now, critical to an understanding of this case is the cultural differences in Germany, where they do not generally publish the names and addresses of persons convicted of mid-tier or low-level offences, which these were. Each of the three tiers of the German courts found that publication of the actor's name was not necessary under Article 8, but the Grand Chamber of the European Court reversed that finding by a majority. The result was perhaps not surprising when judged against an English background, where we routinely published details of anyone convicted of anything. So, I think the real impact of the Axel Springer case is likely to be in Germany and in other countries in which they did not usually publish the name of people who have been convicted of offences, but it's unlikely to have any impact in this country. The dissenting judgement of the Grand Chamber is of note. Their complaint, which appears to be quite well founded, is that the ground rules have been changed for references to the European Court. The procedure to date, as everyone understood it to be, was that the European Court would only get involved if a decision was manifestly wrong. Now they're saying they're prepared to get involved and review a decision if there are strong reasons to do so, which is generally guarded as a much lower threshold than they applied previously. The effect of this, as some of the Grand Chamber dissenting judges have mentioned, is to create or effectively to make the European Court a fourth tier of appeal, which means more appeals, more expense and more delays in getting these cases resolved. They did also set out quite helpfully a six-point approach for the national courts to take when balancing articles eight and ten, which is worth consulting, but which I'm afraid there isn't time to discuss this evening. The second case decided on the same day by exactly the same judges is von Hanover number two in Germany. Von Hanover is of course the family name of Princess Caroline, and in this case the Grand Chamber had to decide on three articles which contained photographs of Princess Caroline on skiing holidays. The difference in the articles concerned the use to which the photographs were being put. In the first, the two articles were about holidays themselves or other fairly inconsequential activities. The German courts impeccably applied the previous European Court decision of von Hanover number one and found that these magazine articles were clear breaches of Princess Caroline's article eight rights on the basis that generally speaking what she did on holiday was her own business. The third article they said was different. It used a photograph of her skiing to illustrate a story saying what she was doing was to her father Prince Rainier was seriously ill, namely she'd gone skiing. It was held by the German courts and upheld by the Grand Chamber that there was a public interest in this story which justified the use of the photograph. Now I regard that as an extremely doubtful decision for two reasons. Firstly it means you can justify almost any invasion of privacy if someone's relative is both important and unwell. The justification being that you're telling the public what this person does at a time when their important relative is perhaps dying. So paradoxically at a time when you perhaps need most protection against intrusion, namely when a close relative is seriously ill or dying, your family life will receive less protection rather than more. I think the second point of note is to ask well what did this photograph contribute to a debate of national interest? What does it tell us about the character of Princess Caroline? Well nothing at all I think. Many people faced with illness or death might well take the decision they should try and carry on as normal, particularly where the person has young children. In fact this photograph was published in February 2002 and Prince Rainier died in April 2005 after a long illness. So were Axel Springer, the publishers in this case also really expected, sorry was Princess Caroline really expected in this case to keep a bedside vigil for three years? That's really the effect of the decision. Lady Justice Arden, in a recent speech to Cardiff Law School in March this year, said twice that she regarded the decision as borderline, which is perhaps a judicial euphemism for unsound. I would suggest that that case would not necessarily be decided the same way in this country. The third European development to be noted if only briefly is the right to be forgotten. This raises the question whether you ever have the right to be rehabilitated. It has profound implications for the internet. Now we have a UK rehabilitation of offenders act but it's fairly ineffectual and largely directed to spent convictions, where there's been a substantial prison sentence. But there's now a new draft EU data protection regulation intended to establish a right to be forgotten. There are three possible categories of information which it might cover. What it will actually cover depends upon the definition of data which will be decided on in due course. But at the moment the three possible categories are as follows. First is information which you upload about yourself. Second copies of that information which may be made by other people. And thirdly what other people put up on the internet about you. And you can see as you go down that list it becomes increasingly more controversial. It's very important because depending on the precise form of these regulations when they're promulgated an internet service provider like Google can be required to erase the information. So it's not a question of going to the website itself. It's a question of going to Google and they can erase the information centrally. The question of compliance is also interesting as well because this really does have a sting in the tail of these regulations. The company involved, Google in this instance, can be fined up to 1 million euros or 2% of its turnover for failure to comply. So one can see that given the extent of US control and interest in the internet through Facebook, Twitter, Google, Yahoo etc. This is going to be potentially a very interesting confrontation between the USA and the European Union. So I should say a few words about the position in the United States. The First Amendment as you I'm sure know basically provides that Congress shall pass no law which abridges the privileges of the press. In other words, free speech rules in the States. Now whatever this was originally intended to mean it's been interpreted through a series of Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s onwards to mean if you're a public figure, if you're in a public place or if you are newsworthy you are basically stripped of any protection in privacy and indeed as well as in libel. In libel the exception is you need to prove malice. So the critical question then is what is a celebrity or what is a public figure? There was a case in the northern district of California in December called Fraily versus Facebook. Now in that case Facebook used the names and likenesses of Facebook users to bolster advertisements of specific products which it knew the Facebook user liked. The plaintiffs contended they were celebrities to their Facebook friends and therefore that they'd suffered economic injury. The court indicated that precisely because they were celebrities or public figures, albeit to a limited audience, the newsworthiness public figure defences applied from the First Amendment. So the likelihood is that they will not be able to succeed in that claim for that reason. It illustrates that Europe, unlike Europe where a more nuanced, balanced approach is taken to convention rights. In the USA the law has reached the stage where if you are newsworthy, as decided by the media, then by definition you are not in general entitled to protection. If of course you're not newsworthy then the media will not be writing about you so the problem does not arise and this might be called the paradox of the First Amendment. In England the judiciary decide the vital issue when publication is or is not in the public interest. In the USA because of the First Amendment and the degree of deference shown there to the media it means that it's tantamount on the media deciding the point. Professor Solovey from George Washington University in his book The Future of Reputation, Gossip, Rumour and Privacy gives a number of instances where US law is impotent to prevent what we might regard as the most egregious invasions of privacy. He cites instances of film crews filming up ladies skirts at the New York metro station and elderly lady who was tripped into explicit photographs when she was very young and in each case the ladies involved suddenly saw these images posted onto the internet and could do nothing about it. In addition they have many what are called revenge websites where you can post explicit photographs of your ex-girlfriend or ex-boyfriend if you wish to and in all these cases it's impossible to get the material removed in the US. I see some people smiling in the audience so I think I may have given them some ideas. I mention these instances partly to catch your attention but also to demonstrate that even within the US the First Amendment certainly has its critics. The authors of a recent Stanford law review article earlier this year took some comfort from the fact that according to them Europeans have a long tradition of declaring abstract privacy rights in theory that they fail to enforce in practice. They may be right. The same may be said of Americans who've introduced a privacy right on one hand but then have taken it away in respect of material that's newsworthy. So now the future of privacy very briefly. US privacy law will continue to decline as the class of celebrities increases. In Europe although Axel Springer and Von Hanover might suggest some minor retrenchment in European privacy law, in my view it's likely to hold its ground given article 8 is a fundamental human right and secondly we may see some progress in increasing privacy rights through these data protection regulations if and when they're promulgated but the gulf between the First Amendment, the US approach and the European approach will certainly increase and be the source of tension. Now that news international's grip over public life has been lessened it's to be hoped that the rule of law will be enforced where journalists use the anonymity of the internet to breach court orders. The Attorney General whose job it is to prosecute breaches of court orders has arguably been very lax in enforcing clear contempts of court orders online. The Joint Committee of the House of Laws and House of Commons has urged the Attorney General to be more active in bringing contempt proceedings for online breaches of injunctions and the Attorney General has said he will. So we'll have to watch this space. In relation to regulation of the press the PCC code is generally very good. The problem with the regulation is the PCC itself. It's heavily represented by poachers, newspaper men especially editors have not distinguished themselves as being impartial in balancing individual privacy and free speech rights partly because they see free speech as synonymous with their own commercial rights and yet this is likely they are likely to be the biggest single group even under a reconstituted PCC so we're still going to see even when the PCC has gone ex-newspaper men and some serving editors forming a substantial minority group within the new PCC. The Leveson report and what the government does about it will obviously be critical and I can't predict what's going to happen there but it's been a feature of the Murdoch era that governments will not generally curb press excesses and it remains to be seen whether that will continue. A brief word about phone hacking, we were told it was a rogue reporter some years ago the lone gunman theory now we're told it's a rogue newspaper but we know for certain that email hacking has also been done by Sky News they've admitted as much to Leveson times newspapers has been hacking people's emails that came out through the nightjack case where they obtained the details of an anonymous police blogger and it may be at a coincidence that at a time of a major media lobbying against privacy this scandal was unfolding this scandal as you know was exposed by the diligence of a guardian journalist but it was assisted by privacy claims which were being brought against the news the world of phone hacking which were leading to disclosure of documents seemingly overlooked in previous police investigations but despite all this and all that's been revealed about the feral beast there are still those who say that the press should be trusted to regulate itself. Nora O'Neill and the wreath lecturer mentioned earlier said the media in particular the print media whilst deeply preoccupied with others untrustworthiness have escaped demands for accountability and that's undoubtedly the case. Do we want to be held accountable by unaccountable organisations particularly after all we've learned about the absolute power that they've wielded? Now finally for the Jerry Springer moment you've all been waiting for many of you at some future date if not now will be public figures some of you may even be celebrities the decisions that are taken now will profoundly affect your future are we entering an age where your private lives can be commoditised by the media and you're continually brought to account for the exuberances of youth perhaps an innocent posting on facebook following a night out this evening viewed in years to come by a potential employer will be your undoing or do we want a more balanced approach where only information of genuine public interest about you can be published, recorded or stored on the internet and where in the event of a dispute the decision of what's in the public interest is made by an impartial judge rather than now by a news editor or a blogger. Thank you very much.


So that's the first thing. So we didn't clear all this out. Now, once again, we have exactly as many zero-modes as in decodes, so we get something non-zero. But each of the brackets choose a different zero-mode in this machine, because you have to have the only way to get something non-zero is having one product between zero-mode. Is that clear? If you choose, but it's even simpler. If you chose the same zero-mode in search twice, then it's just zero. It's the last one you should be able to get. This is the last one you should be able to get. So the only way you get something non-zero is choosing a different zero-mode. But you can choose the same one. You could choose the MF zero-mode from your name. MF one from there, and so there are many possible ways in which you can do this choosing. Each possible way will give you an answer. Imagination I want you to take. You can check this with 2 cross 2. Can somebody guess what the answer to this? But the answer to this is father-neighborness. So suppose we chose the first zero-mode from here, the second one from here, the third one from here, the fourth one from here. What would we get? We get the product of all these factors. Where this one was replaced by B01. This one was replaced. So we would get a factor like B01, B01, there you watch G, thanks, B02, there you do G. And so we chose instead the second zero-mode from here, the first zero-mode from here, everything else, the same. Then what would we get? We get B02 del 1 G, B01 del 2 G, times the same stuff from here. But we'd also get a minus sign, because we've done the integral, because it seems it's different order. And so on, we get many such steps. Now, somebody gets what you're looking at. Actually, there are only two insertions that's the full answer. What is this? There's it now. Exactly. So that's to find the matrix Mkk prime as equal as, 0k doesn't get prime G. This part of the integral is the determinant of that. These are the zero-modes. You take the inner product of this thing, but M of these, M of these, it's an n-prosect matrix, take its determinant, and that's the answer. The net result of doing the zero-mode integral over B, including the B insertions, the net result of that. So that's the determinant of B0k del k prime. Let's also quickly look at what we get with the C's. And when you get the C's, it's also equally simple. Remember what we had? That's what we're going to get the left-movers. You get C sigma i product over all i. We're doing zero-mode expansion. So text somebody to tell me what we're going to get. Only the zero-modes, and what's the final answer going to be, determinant of something, or what is that going to be something. What's looking about these different insertions with different points? There is a different point to pick up, particularly a different zero-mode. You know, so this is now, again, a V cross B matrix with the indices being between zero-mode and which point? The part of the integral over the zero-mode of C, and during the combination from the insertions. That means what we get in the part of the integral that we looked at by doing the integral over all the other stuff. They're not zero-modes. Well, that is just some overall factor. See, because none of the insertions is null, dependent B and C anymore. That's just some overall factor, you know, some determinant, it's product of gammas which you can regulate in something. Throw it out. It's gone. So the whole result of doing the cross path integral is to do the matter. So this cross path integral, we're going to derive these two determinants. Once you have these determinants, no more courses. Now this will not always be the most convenient way to calculate it. Sometimes you can see how you actually evaluate the course of the path integral that you calculated and determined it. But you should remember that this is an alternative. Okay. Now, well, if we start with this discussion by saying that we wanted to show that the measure on that this integral over one digitized space was invariant was invariant on the field redefinition of one digitized space. Now it's obvious that this is the case. But it's simpler than that. It's easy. It's dmT times, or the only thing that depends on T is this thing, right? That's determinant of bk0 ln k prime g. First, we make some transcribing, some in my, some in free period. T is equal to, T is equal to f a of t. What is this major strategy? It's the Jacobian. The determinant of the Jacobian matrix. How is this determinant? By the inverse of that determinant of the Jacobian matrix. You see, because this matrix picks up a product of the inverse Jacobian. And then you use the fact that the determinant of the product of matrices is the product of determinants. So the space of party i is not important. You can use any layer you want. You can get the same answer. I should say that different matrices have to be related by one to one transcribing. Some something here, in changing the curve, measure you get an absolute value. And here you don't get that absolute value. So if the, if you don't make one to one, you run into problems. But of course you do want to make one to one, because you want your coordinates to be a phase full set of coordinates of modulo space. So if you start with a phase full set of coordinates of modulo space, there's only a main phase full, if it's one to one. So that's not this. Okay, so once you have a reasonable parameterization of modulo space, you've got your answer, doesn't that? Doesn't that? It's a step. This is our first, our first tip, nice day of it. We've seen that a possible value you might have had is not one, you know? Okay, great. So, so we've, we've described, we've understood the variation under, on equities, we will have the next five seconds. Okay, okay, so now, questions, comments, or we've got to the next? We'll do that.  But this is now a check on the answer.  And you might, so I think a sensible approach today is to create a, well, that derivation as heuristic, but check on the answer for every property that is physically. So, it's, you know, that is a formal argument, starting from our procedure, but then that's actually true. But this is how we, now we just, by explicit evaluation, show them the next. So, what do we do then? Is there a variation of the path we talked about? Okay, that's a huge, it sounds like a huge infinite dimensional matrix. For example, this determinant, basically path we talked about, because, right, I mean, which we exponentiated into goes, right. Yeah, but you see what we've done here, is throw out the part, that this is also infinite dimensional determinant. What we've managed to do very nicely is separate the part that doesn't matter, and the part that plays with the boundary line. So that's what we've done. Taken the path we talked about in the determinant show, then it does depend on the module that would be very simple. In a way that cancels the change of measure, only the few more. Exactly. That's, so that's the first property we were interested in. Now, there are many other things we should check, that we should check about, some of which have been bought in European, I think. Okay, so, the next thing I'm just going to do, you know, there are functions here of the things he checks. Okay, so, the next thing you might want to check is, how do we know that the final answer does not depend on what fiduciary method you used. You used in your constructions. Suppose we take two different methods that are related by wild transformations, we'll be at the same answer. Well, you should, right. Okay, now you might be thinking, well, well, well, well, and this sounds like deja vu, we've been through this before. We had this whole discussion of how the place of the stress tensor, and therefore the partition function and so on, did depend on the wild method, provided we have the critical event. It's a question, but, if we were just doing the integral of a partition function, we know that it doesn't depend on the wild method, but we're not just doing the integral of the partition function, we also have these various insertions. Okay, so we should make sure, we should make sure that our insertions are also quiet. It's a very easy job because it's a very easy job because remember that B and C were themselves wild. You remember that when they wrote down the action, we saw that which of the right index structure for B and C, they were wild animals. Now, these physical vertex operators, these physical vertex operators have definite insertions of V, have definite wild transformations. They have definite wild transformation properties. In fact, the same wild transformation property as the inverse of the metric, because they're one-on-one operator. You know, how can we see that? You see, conformal transformation. These operators are Lorentz scalars, they have no spin. So conformal transformation, okay? A conformal transformation, some compound of a wild transformation, and some difuermapism, okay? So if we understand how these things transform under, we know how about the transformation is under conformal transformations. And we know about the transformation is under wild transformation. Under difuomorphism. Then we know that that transformation is under wild transformation. These things are essentially difuomorphism scalars. All the conformal transformation properties come from wild transformations. And we see that the operators, these v operators have to be one in one operators. How do we see that? We see that because we know that the corresponding state has to have L0 equals 1 and L0 bar equals 1 and under the state operator map that maps the scaling direction of the operators. We have also seen that these operators are primary, that is crucial. We have seen that they are primary, therefore their transformation under conformal transformations is very simple. It is just del z by del z prime to the power 1, del z tilde by del z prime tilde to the power 1 and now if you convert that to a wild transformation, it is exactly the wild transformation of an object which is like the inverse of the nation. I have said this fast but is it clear? But maybe next class. Maybe actually, I will do that. But is it clear? Is the idea clear? There is no need at all. Let us say this is a formula. You remember when we first, when we were discussing conformal field theory long ago, we discussed the transformation of primary operators under conformal transformations. And we said that if an operator has weight h h bar, then the transformation has to be the power h del z bar del z bar prime bar h bar. This is the factor of transformation. But now let us compare this to the matrix. How does the matrix change? Well, yeah. Well, 1 minus 1 minus 1, depending on the dimension. So, the matrix or the inverse of the matrix, we have to get out the matrix. We transform exactly the same way but with factor 1 and 1. The matrix is exactly the same as that of the matrix. Let me say this way. You see, under the same coordinate change, the matrix is transformed by a wire transformation. The matrix is transformed by a wire transformation. And the wire transformation factor is this, when either 1 1 or minus 1 minus 1, which I get straight away. It is exactly the factor of the wire transformation if the primary field and the question is 1 1. So, what we are saying is that, now if you do it correctly, I would have to get the inverse is correct. But if g alpha beta goes to e to the power minus 2 phi g alpha beta, then v goes to e to the power 2 phi, if the operator p goes 1 1. You see, I know this. This is one of the two signs. You see, this is the right answer. Because of that, every insertion, every insertion of square root g times v is y. So, the insertion is fine. b and c is fine. Actually, there is only one thing that is dangerous and that is the b insertion. Let me write it down. Is it b insertion? b insertion was square root g, g alpha mu, g beta mu, del alpha beta, b alpha beta, del k g. Now, I am suppose we have power wire transformation. There are some weights. Then as many square root, you see, this is where suppose this transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. This transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. This transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. This transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. This transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. This transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. This transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. This transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. This transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. This transform is like e to the power minus 2 phi. It's a choice of fiducian metric for every choice of module. It's a choice of fiducian metric in a module's dependent fashion. The answer should depend on it. You see, B is stressless. Business directly acts on the stu-5. It contracts B with G and you just get stu-5. Again, so this potential problem, this insertion is awesome. I, in gladiants, am caring in, is manifest. It's manifest in the action because the stress-sensitization is in the critical dimension. It's manifest for C insertions because C is vitamin B. It's manifest for square root G times V because V is a one-one-one. It's manifest for this thing because we only potential problems. It's actually completely vital in the sense that if you choose different fiducian metrics that are different from each other and apply some vital transformation, it doesn't matter. Okay. Now, I said I, well, you guys, science is possible. That's the difference. Okay, I want to tell you about DRST invariance, also about, if you want to remember. You know, we've got these things inserted at specific points. Okay, that's very funny. If I choose different points to insert these things on, will I get the same answer? We're gonna do that. We want to prove that the action, that if you change the vertex operator, my vertex operator...


Hello everyone, this is Amit Dan and on this channel you can find financial travel and more videos. If you like what you see, please do the thumbs up and consider subscribing. Thank you. Hello everyone, this is Amit Dan of AmitDan.com. Today I will have another episode of Alex's Tips and Tricks video and I'll talk about how to stop Amazon listening to your Alexa conversations. Bloomberg recently reported that Amazon employs a global team which are located in several countries such as USA, Costa Rica, India and Romania that listen to your Alexa conversations which can range as long as 1000 clips per shift. Once you've said the wake word, Alexa, and these conversations are being heard by these employees to understand Alexa better and make the system better. However, Amazon didn't mention this anywhere and everyone is wondering if there's a way to stop Amazon listening to your conversations or test your conversations in a lab like a guinea pig. So that's what I'll talk about today. Amazon confirmed that the employees who are listening to your conversations with Alexa do not have any information to associate the conversations with the real name and address. So they were just listening to the conversation or they listened to the conversation but they do not know who you are or where you are. So these conversations are randomly picked conversations and they're just, you know, the purpose of this conversation is to use for testing purposes but it doesn't invade privacy or anything. However, all the Amazon mentioned that the conversations are being used are those once you say the wake word Alexa but there are cases that, you know, the conversations are recorded even you didn't say the word Alexa. So somehow Alexa just randomly listened to your conversation and their conversations which were found that such as a woman was singing in the washroom or the kids are like screaming or even people are giving out there or talking about their personal back information. So it's not really a 100% thing that, you know, only when you say the wake word Alexa and that the conversations which are being recorded are being tested. It can be any conversations in the room as long as you have Alexa set up in your location. To stop Amazon using your voice recordings there's an option on the account setting which I'll show you right now and you can opt out of Amazon using the voice recordings but this is not a 100% thing so it doesn't mean that you're opting out and Amazon is not going to be able to use your voice recordings or even other recordings when you didn't use the word Alexa. But, you know, something is better than nothing. The only sure thing or the only sure way you can make Alexa totally stop listening to you is not to have Alexa at all. So or you can just like, you know, disconnect Alexa or not have any device in your place. But that is not going to be possible for many of us.  Even when you didn't use the wake word, you're just having a normal conversation with your family members or friends or on the phone or even talking to yourself. So there are chances that, you know, and that's the chance you have to take if you want to use these smart devices. So if you do not want Amazon or Google or Apple or anyone to, you know, use your voice recordings, then the best way to handle this is not to have anything at all. So my personal opinion is that if someone listens to my conversation, I actually am not worried about that because, you know, there's nothing to take out of my conversation. I do not discuss any personal information during my conversation. I do not talk to anyone about any things that can be used to do anything. So in that way, I'm, you know, I don't feel this is a big issue for me. But for many of us, definitely you are not comfortable using someone to test your voice recordings or use your voice recordings in a lab as a kidney pig. So definitely, you know, you can opt out or if you don't like that option at all, then you can just stop using these devices. So that's all I wanted to talk about. If you like what you see, please give it a thumbs up and subscribe because there will be more videos coming up. So I'll see you shortly. Thank you.


I'm Yusuf Haddad and we're here in South Africa to explain what apartheid is and what it's not. Apartheid is an Afrikaans word that refers to historical policies and government sponsored segregation, racism and discrimination against black people in South Africa. Apartheid is prohibited in black people by law from sharing restaurants, bathrooms and any public facility in the country. Apartheid is not allowing Arab Israelis who have equal rights under the law to become 30% of the doctors, 50% of the pharmacists and we're only 20% of the population. Apartheid is prohibited in banks from saving black and white people on the basis of the color of their skin. Apartheid is not an Arab Israeli Samar Hajjahia who is the CEO of the largest bank in Israel, Bank Lomi. Apartheid is denying black people their right to vote on the basis of their color. Apartheid is not Arab Israelis joining the government coalition such as Mulsour Abbas did in the last government or having multiple Arab Israeli political parties which sit in making assets since the founding of the Israeli state. Apartheid is having two legal systems for whites and for blacks. Apartheid is not an Arab Israeli Supreme Court Justice Salim Jubran who is sent to present a Jewish prime minister and a Jewish president. Nor is it Supreme Court Justice Khaled Kaboob an Arab Israeli who today sits on the Israeli Supreme Court. Apartheid is denying black people and white people to play together to represent the country. Apartheid is not Arab Israeli athlete who proudly represent their country. Like Hala Mahli, the Israeli Karate champion or Biblah Snathok, the Israeli national football team captain.  Apartheid is not an Arab IDF commander over Jewish soldiers defending together our country as I did and many others from my community. Apartheid is the sole crushing dehumanizing legal implementation of racism. Apartheid is not a democratic country where Jews and Arabs live side by side with equal rights. While we face challenges of racism like any other country in the world, we are protected by Israeli law, not discriminated against. Political conflicts are not black and white but Apartheid was. It is very clear that the Jewish and democratic state of Israel is not an Apartheid state.


I remind members that if the amendment in the name of Donald Cameron is agreed to, the amendment in the name of Sarah Boyack will fall. The question is that amendment 144.1 in the name of Donald Cameron, which seeks to amend motion 144.4 in the name of Angus Robertson on the impact of Brexit on Scotland's supply chain and labour, be agreed and members should cast their votes now. The result of the vote on amendment number 144.1 in the name of Donald Cameron is yes, 27, no, 93. There were no abstentions, the amendment is therefore not agreed. The next question is that amendment 144.3 in the name of Sarah Boyack, which seeks to amend motion 144.4 in the name of Angus Robertson on the impact of Brexit on Scotland's supply chain and labour, be agreed. Are we all agreed? The Parliament is not agreed, therefore we will move to a vote and members should cast their votes now. The result of the vote on amendment number 144.3 in the name of Sarah Boyack is yes, 26, no, 94. There were no abstentions, the amendment is therefore not agreed. The final question is that motion 144.4 in the name of Angus Robertson on the impact of Brexit on Scotland's supply chain and labour, be agreed. Are we all agreed? The Parliament is not agreed, therefore we will move to a vote and members should cast their votes now. The vote is now closed. Siobhan Brown, point of order. Yes, sorry, my app didn't work but I would have voted yes. Thank you, Ms Brown, we'll ensure that's recorded. I call Murdo Fraser for a point of order. I'm ready officer, for some reason I couldn't connect on that vote and I would have voted no. Thank you, Mr Fraser, we'll ensure that is recorded. Point of order, Michelle Thomson. Thank you, Presiding Officer, my application failed as well, I would have voted yes. Thank you, Ms Thomson, we'll ensure that's recorded. I call Jamie Halcro Johnston for a point of order. I'm sorry, my app wasn't laid either, I would have voted no. Thank you, Mr Halcro Johnston, we'll ensure that's recorded. Thank you. The result of the vote on motion 144.4 in the name of Angus Robertson is yes, 67, no 54, there were no abstentions, the motion is therefore agreed, that concludes decision time and I close this meeting.


Ik denk dat het met andere plezier is, maar ook een beetje van de zetting, dat ik in een manier die eigenlijk geen introductie nodig is. Ik zou zeggen dat het onderdeel is omdat Schaubing zijn excelente, scientifische ervaring hier in Eeri is, een plezier, omdat hij een goede vriend is, en de zetting is natuurlijk een deel, omdat dit een uitgangseminair is. Schaubing heeft de positie van een volledig professore ontwikkeld, terug in zijn hometown, in zijn Zuidse Universiteit Waazong, agricultuurse universiteit, en hij zal de positie nemen zoals van januari 1, en hij zal in de reale regatie van december 21st blijven. Hier zijn er wat van de volledige staten over zijn carrière, en ik ben eigenlijk gevraagd om in mijn introductie te stellen wat van Schaubing's highlighten hier in Eeri. Dus ik heb ongeveer 50 slijten. Maar ik vind Schaubing welke om dat zelf te vertellen. Dus ik zal hier eigenlijk alleen om jullie te leren van dit. Zoals je kunt zien, is Schaubing zijn educatie heel snel gebouwd in vier verschillende universiteiten, studies in agronomie en fysiologie, begrijpen zoals gezegd in zijn Zuidse Universiteit Waazong, agricultuurse universiteit, om naar UC Davis, Texas Universiteit en dan Universiteit Florida. Na deze vijf jaren of zoveel, vijf jaren, Schaubing dacht dat hij klaar was om Eeri te joinen. En sinds 20 jaar geleden begon hij eigenlijk op alle verkeerbare positie die we hebben gehad, begrijpen als een visiteer-scientist, en dan naar de associële fysiologen en associële scientisten. Een kop fysiologen, een IRS-positie en een senior kop fysiologen.  Karier highlight en er was ook een beetje ruimte meer, dus we hebben alles besloten om te focussen op een paar. En ik denk dat het waarschijnlijk een van zijn meest signifieke ervaring is, het is niet zelfs daar. En het is dat na 20 jaar geleden aan Eeri Schaubing nog steeds jong en heel dynamisch lijkt. En ik weet niet hoe hij het niet doet, maar ik hoop dat hij in de rest van de rest van ons die nog veel jaar geleden had, hopelijk hier in Eeri. Maar Schaubing is terug twee CTIR-woorts, een van de promising jong scientisten, en de andere, een paar jaar geleden, ontwikkeld voor een uitstelling scientific paper. En als ik het niet verstaat, was dat de paper die de effect van een hoognachtig temperatuur op een gevaarlijk gevoel is. En ik ben zeker dat Schaubing dat in zijn seminar gaat. En hij is een vrouw van de Amerikaanse Society voor Bronomie en de Cod Science Society van Amerika. En hij bezocht in de editorie award een paar genoemd journalen. En laatste week werd Schaubing alles over de impact-factoren van deze journalen en hoe je ze kan manipuleren op welke manier. En je kunt zien dat hij een master moet doen zo. Dus ik wil niet meer zeggen. Er zijn ongeveer 87 slijten aangekomen. We hebben 45, 50 minuten om zo te doen. En ik ben volledig vertrouwd dat Schaubing ons volledig enthoudt in de tijd. Dank u wel, en Schaubing. Dank u, Bas. Als je een debuutje hebt, geef je voor de seminar. Dat is een goede nieuw, dat betekent dat je een nieuw is. Dat is het exacte wat we in een paar weken moeten doen. Vandaag gaan we gewoon over mijn ervaring op de koffiephysiologie, op het intensive rijdsysteem van de erin in de vorige 19 jaar. Ik begin met deze technie van koffiephysiologie. Koffiephysiologie stuurt de handproces om de functie van de hand te ontstaan op de koffiepeur, in deze interactie met de andere handen in de koffie, en ook op het environment. Dus je kunt hier een paar keeuwen zien. Processing, processus, koffiepeur, interactie en het environment. Dus die zijn de keeuwen als je de koffiephysiologie ontstaat. Een heel bekende koffiephysiologie, de professor Neuer Evans, die twee koffiephysiologie bespreekt. Eén is de koffiephysiologie over de economie, inclusief de efficiëntie van water en de fotonisele management. Een andere koffie is bekend om te kiezen, e.g. om te ontstaan en de processus te analyseren die in koffiepeur bevindt. In 2004 ontstaat de missie en de projectie in dat document voor de commandie-based centrum in het cg-systeem. Er is 10 koffiephysiologie van de cg-supported research. Eén is de productie en de andere is de natuurresource management. Dus dit betekent wat we op twee koffies hebben ongeveer alle verschillende. In professor Neuer Evans kreeg hij de agronomie en de koffie. Maar in dit geval, in het cg-systeem, productie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie. De koffie wordt meer belangrijk. Natuurresource management including resource use efficiency, koffiemanagement, koffievision en de farm system ook is er een andere pinot van de cg-supported research. Dus je kunt zien dat dit heel belangrijk is. In de negatieve 19 jaar research in de e-range heb ik me op de landmap in mijn research area en de ferragie. Op die strategie dus ik bedoel koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie proberen de scientific support in de koffie, resource management waarin veel economies doen en ook onder de breeders voor koffie, koffie, koffie voor koffie. Dus de goal is te proberen in de koffie, koffie, koffie en ook op hetzelfde koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie. Dus over de jaren in terms of koffie, koffie, koffie, koffie ik heb veel gedaan. Wat ik nu zeg is dat we de etiëren, specie, koffie, koffie en ook de verspreking en wat we de specie gebruiken in de nutriciëntie, nutriciëntie met capitalism graag voeding en allemaal normaal resistentie en ook een beetje koffie modelen met de meer fysiologische koffie en ook de 15 miljoen per hectare per se juist per jaar wat gebeurt in de landmap om te studeren wat is de fysiologische basis zo'n vijf jaar en ook veel tijd om koffie te veranderen onder de issue te studeren met de UVV project en dan gaan ze focussen op de luchtigheid voor koffie-resource management study ik heb een echte tijd elektriciëntie en ook werkt op de site specifieke nutriciëntie met andere universitieënten en studeer ik een beetje op de schiplijt en met de strategie van helftekantie management en ook in de laatste jaren starten we op de AWP en een luchtig interactie dus wat een luchtig interactie op de koffie-stabbing we deden soms een studie in de eerlijke 90's op directe stad mainly op de wetstuk heel interessant ik heb ook ook een studie op de SSRI zelfs de mediciëntie niet als niet als SSRI maar ik heb een studie met nabriek in China en ook een studie in China op de zero-killage en op de schiplijt de nabriek was op de koffie en een heel interessant studie we deden een klein studie maar het is heel interessant op de goldengodige controle met de bedrijf van de eeuw van de Sidiëntie en de sidiëntie nummers per jaar en we kunnen de goldengodige sidiëntie de goldengodige effectie dus alle die zijn al opgepust op de koffie-stabbing op de site ik werk op een nieuwe koffie de ideale koffie-stabbing probeer ik de ideale koffie te proberen dank je ook werken met onze hybrid rice readers hybrid rice study the physiological mechanism of the heterosis aerobic rice the sustainability of aerobic rice try to save water while still making the relatively good rice year study the great year of historical year of koffiebus and to see what what is the trend of this year tension for those historical year of koffiebus spend some time on cold furnace basically is the screening of the cold furnace in the greenhouse and study the genetic variability in natural use efficiency and in the last few years I was focused a little bit on green super rice the green super rice really trying to increase rice year and at the same time cutting the inputs but I'm not going to have time to cover all of this so for what I decided that I'm just pick up the five cases which I think and highlight my research at the year which I believe had a little bit more impact en also its scientificity and both scientificity and the practicality I'll start with the the mid-end education some basic of physiological study and also the establishment of a new strategy of natural management and I'll move on to the high temperature study and the third one is the denying of IR8 and the possible process number four is the year the security of aerobic rice and finally I'll finish up with is a development of new contact line give you update and also what is our new direction for for the new contact study at the year so I started with the case number one rice leak en nutrition and then natural management and I like to start with this picture many of you have seen this many many times but I still like to show this one why because when I came to year 91 my division head at the King Testament is a chauvin this is a toy please deal with this and we cannot get this on right so when we do this try when we use this for anionide to try to determine a leak in concentration we get too much noisy numbers so please walk out on this so I put this machine and this small machine and my whole career at the year study with this machine that's why I want to study with this and this is a leak on the chart we also use this for farm speed when the farmers not buy this one because it's too expensive so when I get to the machine and I put a measurements by myself when you're new or the year you do anything by yourself so I do the same thing I put a measurements with a spot with a northern meter and I've noticed when the leak is a little bit thicker I can feel it with my hands and then I can find that the reading is higher gave me higher output so that gave me some indication making the leak thickness has a big effect on this spot reading so this is just a proof that my feeling was right so this is a data set this is a trivet based on trivet based on anionide concentration this is spot reading and this is a middle-thin reading stage early stage middle stage late stage so within each stage the correlation is pretty good but when you put all data together the correlation is very poor r squared 1 is around 0.5 so based on my observation that leak thickness effect so what I did is I normalized this spot reading with a specific weight which is the weight developed by the leak area and once I feel that all three lines put together you can see the r squared increase from 0.5 to 0.9 huge increase so this is the first time in any crop we discover the importance of leak thickness affecting the spot reading later on we also find the leak thickness also have effect on the color chart reading so when the leak is thicker the LCC will give you a high reading but it doesn't mean it has more lacking concentration of you need a leak area or you need a leak drive-in another important figure I can share with you is this one we follow the very high reading rice crop throughout the season what we find is that the leak thickness is gradually increased so the old leak is thicker than the young leak but on the drive-in based the LCC is gradually decreased because of dilution but the spot reading of the leak area based in confiscation is steadily constant throughout the season so this paper is an indication we can use maybe only one threshold the spot threshold to manage our life in the field and you can see that the old management system with the base on a coder for the end is a different stage you have a different threshold against the California system so you have many thresholds with the new system I proposed with the spot meter we only need one threshold for example for most IR varieties we use 35 for the LCC of erit LCC meter we only need 3.2 and we should respond to the leak area based in confiscation 1.4 gram per square meter once you maintain this level of leak-in status you don't need a plan anymore life the crop is safe it will give you a high year so we test this one of the erit in the Philippines it works out very well and because of the variety we calibrate when we know stuff but when we test this system in China this one didn't work very well compared with the site specific life in management so in China we decided not to push on the real-time in management which are developed we decided to push this one site-specific life in management which is developed by a team by Christian Witt and Dr. Roland Borash at the evening so this one is basically feeding the crop based on the leak in this case it is also considered in addition to this supply and also considered climate but for the what I discussed discovered in the in the spa, the reading and the leak and nutrition it is provided the scientific foundation for charging the crop leak for nitrogen in this system that's a key example in the SSNN when we decided how much nitrogen we applied we used this roughly meter-special if it's greater than 36 we only have 920 if it's between 34 36 for 930 if it's less than 34 we have 9 more 940 so this component of SSNN is really based on our scientific study on the spa reading and the leak and nutrition so in China we have tried to extend this SSNN technology in seven provinces throughout China and it showed a very effective I will start with the on-farm field trial and on-farm demonstration and also we used a farmer a participatory a farmer's research approach now we're in a stage of large scale extension and the key research funding is that we there's a very high indigenous supply capacity in China and we apply nitrogen the in response is very low it's only 1.5 pound hectare many farmers apply too much nitrogen especially in the early stage and we often see the yield reduction in China due to too much infantile due to past damage and logic and if we use SSNN we can improve the rice yield and also increase the nitrogen efficiency with this improved in management it continuously it does not reduce the yield in your subsequent rice crops and this technology was officially evaluated by apps for China in China and on average the proteinizer for the excess yieldment was reduced by 20 to 30 percent and compared with farmers practice grain yield increased by 5 to 8 percent so now the extension is really going on in Guangdong province and also in Hunan province in the very big scales now move to the second case on the high net temperature study this is the data from our even climate unit so thank you even climate unit provide this data this is the annual mean temperature from 79 to 2009 at 31 years of data and the weather station was studied in 79 in the wetland station so in maximum temperature it not changed that much in 31 years only 3.7 degrees in 31 years however minimum night temperature increased in increased by 1.33 degrees in 31 years 31 years that's only focus on the dry season what's happening in the dry season dry season will really use average from January to April in dry season again maximum temperature not much increase not much change but night temperature in 30 few years it increased of 1.62 degree that's very high if you put on 100 years turn that is for a 5 degree increase in minimum night temperature over 100 years so what is the implication is the increase in the night temperature the gradient is reduced significantly when you increase night temperature but with no relationship with maximum data temperature radiation not a very strong relationship so this is the paper that the BASC-bomber distribution was published in the PPS in 2004 and if you look for above ground biomass and it has a linear relationship with minimum temperature no relationship with maximum temperature and a full relationship with radiation and from this linear relationship will come up with the biomass benign by about 10% for each 1 degree of increase it increases minimum temperature assuming the house index does not change on a warm night temperature so that means the rise year decreased by 10% with a 1 degree increase in night temperature so this statement has been used by APCC when they evaluate the impact of future global climate change on crop year and based on those studies we also established this is the practical night temperature and radiation for the gradient at year 1 if you try to get more than 7 pounds if you try to reach 8 pounds you need to have average night temperature minimum temperature 24 less than 23, I'm sorry and then if you want to move your year from 8 pounds to 9 pounds your radiation becomes factor so you may have 19 megawatt square meter per day average throughout the season from transplanting to the office you may ask me how did you come up with this night temperature the importance is just by chance no it is not in 2001 August 14th extended report in the entire institute I have reported this year decline in the last three seasons at the year reform which is 99, 2000, 2001 and you can see this is 72 years if you reach historically lower and also this is the best entry also lower than many others so this is the year this is the green year and I analyzed the data of the weather station of course these three years have a lower radiation but more importantly has a very high minimum night temperature so from this it gave me an indication the night temperature could have something to do with this year decline so in my memory of the whole institute I mentioned many times about this night temperature should have more attention that's the whole reason come up with this it's a 2004 paper in the period as discussed describe the importance of night temperature so this is not come from nowhere it's really intrigued by the poor year in 99, 2000, 2001 after our paper published and there's many paper published in a very important journals describe the importance of night temperature this is study published in the p.s. 2006 and they study the wet season year data in the India in 9 rice growing states in India and they find of course this is the rain to the rice rainfall in June 1 in September is the number one factor control of rice year the second important one is the October November minimum temperature that's the second most important one to determine the rice year in that area for the real good rice and this is another study recently came from India and this user Whitney tries to tell him between June and August and they find that this 32, minimum temperature 32 is critical if it's greater than 32 you get an ear reduction if less than 32 also get an ear reduction so this critical number of 22 is pretty much the same to what we find at the year it is always about 22, 23 and then another study just came out this year a user year is data set this data set is based on the 227 farms managed to feed from 6 rice growing countries actually this data was this was done by Akim Doverman and Kishin Wee many years ago and they took this data set and did some analysis they find that keep minimum so this is the light temperature has the hugest biggest effect on the rice year especially in the right new phase compared with the maximum temperature compared with the radiation so this also supports what we reported in 2004 more interesting is the in Mexico they use the similar data on a windy year it's also a historic data set in full site they find the delta team minimum temperature it's the most important one explain the year to variability compared with the maximum temperature of radiation the light temperature is more important very funny they come up with the same statement roughly 10% of year reduction for every one degree increase in minimum temperature so completely different crop different location came up with almost same results so we continued our light temperature study by doing this field chamber the year reform and try to so this is the daytime and then we opened the the chamber night time we covered this and knew with the air and made it in the temperature inside so based on this chamber study we were able to find IR8 is more sensitive to the higher night temperature compared with IR72 you can see the year reduction with the higher temperature is only 11% for IR72 35% for IR8 and also in our recent screening study we found many varieties has the ability to tolerate this high light temperature and of course many varieties are very sensitive the sensitive variety they reduce the year because they have reduced the sink size and also reduced the green finish percentage on the warm night temperature and those that tolerate one for example N22 is very interesting N22 is a variety is very famous for heat tolerance so they have they maintain a good green finish on the very higher daytime temperature so we also added another property for this one so you also have the ability to tolerate the night temperature en N29 is a variety which is also reported as very good resistance to the many A by R stresses now we move to the the third study the third cases the third case is talk about the year behind of IR8 and the possible causes this is a bigger also quite famous of the year many people use this especially by readers and this shows the year trend of a very historical varieties those are varieties which has a big impact in rice production award such as IR8, L36, L64 and you can see this is the year of release and this green year so the new variety has much higher yield than all the variety we grow we grow them on a current condition so phase one is a breeder when they cultivate this data they have different answer for phase one is the OEC or year the pressure has not changed since the release of IR8 because it's stemming in a 10-ton specter green OEC were making great good progress in the increase in yield because the yield is greatly increasing both are right both interpretation are right and if I compare the IR8 which was this is a national response curve of IR8 which was done in 1968 compared with the one I did in 1998 the 30 years difference and you can see better responses total difference across the entire range of life in deep water so zero in the yield difference especially when the 120 kg flat top this but in 1968 it produced nearly 10 tons but if you do that now it only give you 7 tons so that just indicating the IR8 is just not doing the same job as it does it did 30 years ago so we compare the IR8 with the best varieties in 1996, 1999 at dry season you can see the IR8 yield is always lower in the best varieties except this year as I said 99 was a very poor yield yield potential is only very poor so we can't see much difference so then we tried to ask what happened with the IR8 why IR8 and not produced the same yield as the 30 years ago so I came up with a very good idea in 1998 I thank for years of GRC to provide this IR8 seed which was obviously in 1968 and they stored in the Jinban they only stored 20 grams they were able to spare 10 grams for me then I marked not this IR8 and then I got enough seed so I could compare this is the Jinban stored IR8 with the continuous grown IR8 and this is the field study I did so this is Jinban grown IR8 the Jinban stored IR8 is continuous grown IR8 you can see vegetative stage low difference PIF stage low difference harvest stage low difference the national response curve is dead even so in terms of performance field performance is two different IR8 seed sources give me two identical results so this is all the data we compared it for four seasons between these two IR8 with the best variety 2000, 2001 4 jaar we don't worry about this data there is no difference because the year of attention is very poor so 2002, 2003 2 good years so you can see the best variety which is much higher in the last 8 the more important is 2 IR8 you don't show any difference with the help from Hays we did some SSR analysis about this 2 IR8 seed source SSR detected a variation in the bottom 12% of continuous grown IR8 seed needs but not in the Jinban stored IR8 seed so we grown this after the SSR test we grown those plants all weight maturity in the greenhouse and this is Jinban grown IR8 this is 2 continuous grown IR8 this with SSR variation this without SSR variation and with your eyes you don't see any difference even though there is SSR variability they are identical we made it for the synthesis for these 3 seed sources and for the same rate in a different stage they are dead even and we also see no difference in high chemical size green thin percentage same weight for the dry weight ups index and green year so morphologically we see those IR8 from 2 different seed source they are identical so that pretty much give us an answer what is the cost of the year behind for IR8 so there is only 3 possible reasons one is the biotic stresses to change the biotub disease and the insects so the IR8 not to generate those new biotubs so that's one possibility but we in our experiment we control our disease and insects very intensively so at least we don't see visual damage the second possibility another possibility is the genetic change in the seed itself and based on studies conducted we rule out this possibility so that only gives the second option the second possibility which is a biotic stresses for example changes in climates such as night temperature and also changes in soil quality and for this study another pinpoint which one is but we know it's a biotic stresses so what is the implication of this study it emphasize the importance of maintenance reading even though our continuous reading has not increased yield of pension but it was able to maintain the yield of penthouse actatum yield level secondly when we talk about maintenance reading normally we talk about biotic stresses disease and insects but this study also indicated A biotic stresses can be also important and for the maintenance reading and this study also suggests a climatic change may evolve with the genetic gain in crop improvement so the reading should continue to the reading to almost like a race with the climatic change to be able to maintain the rice yield finally en de meen breeders of see of when the seed when the new variety come out for five or six years then the seed will deteriorate this variety was not good anymore then you have to clean it you have to go with a new variety so this variety deterioration even though people have this perception but we are in the first time we prove that's not possible that's not exist scientifically using this method now move to the Arabic rice in 2001 we established a medium term experiment on Arabian rice this was done in the challenging project project the name of the project called star project within the challenging program and like the vast bomber is the the PI of this project so I had a very good experience in working with him in this project so this just show show the yield trend of this medium term experiment this is the grain yield this is the yield this is rice yield and this is wet yield and you can see the the red one is the grain yield of the Arabian rice as it gradually decreases but if you put on a relatively term relatively the yield of a irrigated rice and the difference is even bigger so gradually the difference is getting higher both in dry season and wet season so this indicate when you grow Arabian rice continuously you are going to get the yield reduction and you can see this yield reduction mainly because of the biomass production is reduced on the continuous Arabian rice en this is the 2001 rice season Arabian rice not much difference in the biomass accumulation in 2002 and you can see some gap 2003 gap is getting bigger 2004 even bigger so you can see gradually you can see the soil become a problem and the the Arabian rice does not function as well as the early years even though this this is such a nice mindset but I will still not be able to convince everyone this year 2009 in the Arabian rice then what we did is in 2004 we changed the design as a return and I think it right now I think it is still I think this is a very good idea to be able to do that what we did is this field has grown the Arabian rice for the previous six seasons we suddenly convert this one into the Arabian rice and here is the Arabian rice for seven seasons for seven seasons so now we can compare the fourth season with seven seasons Arabian rice in the same field on the same condition same environmental condition the only difference is the history of the soil is different the previous crops is different and then this one is not a rice used like as a control and you can see in the next stage is the first Arabian rice first season Arabian rice seven seasons Arabian rice you can see maybe another scene where this one is very poor this one is very good and this is not a rice of course is the best and if I give you just a close up this is the seven season Arabian rice fourth season Arabian rice very clear difference in the performance and just give you the data fourth season Arabian rice 6.3 tons spectra very nice yield the seven season only 3.8 tons the difference is for 51% it's a huge difference even without end you have 40% difference in it in the yield between the first season and seven season Arabian rice so that's really key point our view just really conform the business yield decline in the continuous Arabian rice the coffee system so then we did a many study in the library in the greenhouse by using this soil so what we did is that this is the Arabian poor soil six soil after 11 seasons of the grown Arabian rice we grow Arabian rice without any input it will produce very poorly but if you put the soil in the oven just use the oven to trade the soil it grow like this so this is Arabian rice for flutter rice if you do that you can also get some improvement but not as much as the Arabian rice so this indicates that the soil is really sick but then what is the cost of the sickness which they didn't know so we tried many things we tried a different solution micro solution and also P and K many things but finally we find out this nitrogen is one of the main reason cost not cost has some association with the soil sickness and you can see this is zero end no end of night this is control sick soil this is the oven traded soil so this is another control so you have two controls this is best control this is worst control but with the ammonia soil pig application we are able to almost get 80% of this performance so this is really indicated nitrogen is one of the limitation in this sick Arabian soil so after those studies we are able to come up with this hypothesis maybe the end efficiency is one of the cost of the year behind in continuous Arabian rice this can be caused by end availability or the end uptake ability availability reduces because of the soil change and we observed when you grow Arabian rice for many seasons the soil pH increase when you acidify your soil and it will give you better performance so that's the indication of soil end availability reduced for uptake efficiency for uptake ability ammonia accessity and limit of the all cost reducer in uptake ability then which give you the yield reduction now moving to the the new prototype i had a privilege to work with Dr. Kosh on the investment of new prototype in the early 90s and in one of my review paper i have summarized the good picture or bad picture of the NPT-9 a good one if increase in size improve the noisy resistance and also reduce the onplug of killer but on the negative side it has poor grain feeding reduce the bad mass plucking and poor compensation of NPT susceptible to disease and insect and also difficult to stretch and it has poor germination and poor grain quality so those are the analysis on the new concept but despite those negative aspect the NPT still has a still made some impact one is a few NPT-9 has been released in Indonesia, China and the Philippines and even NPT-9 has been distributed distributed through India to more than 90 countries for evaluation and many breeders in the national system has used the NPT-9s as parents in the breeding program and another important story is this China's supervised breeding started in 1996 is really stimulated by the e-waste NPT-war so now the question is if we really want to increase the rice yield by another 15% is it possible it is possible but we have to do many changes on the yield component side we have to increase chemical size and we have to maybe have the grain size also need to be increased to be able to give us the high yield in terms of process the yield process of yield formation and there's another way to activate the yield increase we cannot change the the radiation which is fixed we cannot change the crop duration because if you re-increase too much and then you may get a yield reduction so 110 days is mentally it's optimal for the rice yield but I have to make sure we have a very good light inception so the canopy has to capture as much radiation as possible so on the whole season our copy is 70 cent once you intercept those radiations we need to convert it into the biomass with high efficiency so the radiation efficiency has to be making about 1.5 grams of dry-meat production for mega-juice of the radiation production out index is less than 50 cent so if we can achieve this it is possible for us to produce 11.5 tons per hectare so at the beginning we are discussing some of the new strategies with our NPT breeding one is to follow the China's experience in donor selection and also consider the utilisation of the hydrolysis and emphasise more on the top three names and also the position of the panic over within the canopy use multiple trades instead of single trades consider compensation among the different trades so that's another strategy and we are also discussing about imposing the selection pressure in the early generations and the major indicators to be used in the selection by the breeders in the nursery and finally when we are now expanding and standardise the market location yield trials so the pump trade proposed the town type trades is not much different from our previous NPT work so it's the only winery, modern machinery capacity and thinner leaf in the vegetative stage for the plants and no mechanical height thick strong stamp for nodging resistance erected thick, dark green they should need high degree index in late leaf resistance in late leaf resistance in the next stage and also have nod and compact panico in the heavy greenway in the non-degree finish duration so we also have all those trades here but what I did is try to give some value on those trades and I come up with 45 trades including the three I call the secondary trades so those 45 trades 40 some trades I give value to four brooks one brook is the important trades and also it is easy to measure by the breeders in the field so for example panico number spectrum number and gradient percentage those are relatively easy to measure so when I put in the value the target value for yield increase improvement so I'm not going to go through all of this I will just leave this here so our breeders can use that and hopefully they'll use that secondary brook they are important trades but not easy not easy to measure by breeders for example total badmatch crop growth rate if an index leaves an essence with issues efficiency health index so those are very nice trades for the physiologist but it's very difficult for breeders to measure they are very important if you want to increase rice yield you have to focus on that and the third brook not very important but it's easy to measure for example leap number leap length leap weight and then shape and then you recognize panico length and a number of primary branches and the secondary branches so those are very easy to measure but they're not very important compared with the previous cute brooks the fourth brook not very important and also not easy to measure leap thickness met the material number for the material percentage and the second number for panico length this is the compactness compactness of the panico kind density kind density so many so I also have all the values here and all those values are based on my study at E-ray in the past 19 years and also based on literature so those are three secondary palm trades so I just put the numbers here so the breeders can use in the future so there's also some lessons for the supervised varieties come from China so when we do our new compact breeding we should also remember those lessons one is the new supervised may have a poor life use efficiency and also it has reduced only vigor because of the tenant production is reduced and poor compensation for the disease and the insect damage and also it requires very intensive crop management also needed in high input so all those has to be taken into consideration in our MPT breeding also there's some many issues when we talk about increased rice yield potential one is how much room we really have left in the compact improvement for achieving high yield potential and if you can make new set up so that is an extended breed breeding duration can you really increase the rice yield potential so to think of relation which one is more important and can we improve the rice yield by improving the breeding use efficiency so the higher force to decorate such as safe or wise and also finally what is the real impact on this new management technology in our yield potential world now another question we may ask ourselves do we have a better chance compared with 10 years ago in our new compact breeding try to breed the yield very I'm pretty positive about this I have 5 reasons one is I think we have better understanding of high yield, high yielding plant trace and also where there's already a success story in China in the yielding type breeding and also there's a wide range of geopartments with the target trace become available as the donor parents nowadays compared with 10 years ago and as I just mentioned all the target plant trace become a quantifiable and measurable so I have all the balance put in there and where you extend we're extending our market location yield twice and also try to standardize that as also a positive use the more importantly it's a better funding situation and even though the yield potential is a very important work but in the past we cannot have much money to work on that so nowadays we have a better funding situation in the yield so we can have a more support for this animal research of course those are the five cases of a study I have did at the year and after 90 years of course you have some regrets so I summarize with that summarize those regrets I have to say in the 90 years I had we had a pretty good understanding of life in nutrition but we were pretty weak in the carbon assimilation animal capitalism so we did pretty good on the life here side but a little bit poor on the carbon side we focused well on the carbon physiology but had a very limited use of monognebiology approaches for myself I focused more in the East Asia but had a limited contribution to the South and South East Asia and emphasized more on the favorable ecosystem but connected a little bit on the fragile ecosystem so that's also some regret and I'm not very successful in application of large project funds such as the climate change as I still remember Duncan told me when I had the PNS table shall we you're going to get a big project for climate change but I never did of the paper so that was that is just a a regret another one is I never achieved a rainy year over 11 tons factor at the year reform I would try to try many ways but still was not successful okay so just for my replacement of other people who found the physiology on irreverable rights someone was suggesting or advised we need to continue to work with breeders in identified non-pipe trades that increase rescue potential really work with breeders side by side study of biological and genetic control of physiological traits that determine the process of yield information we have not the information about the biological and genetic control of the morphological traits but a very few physiological traits but a physiological phase many times more important than those of morphological traits try to establish a high focal length position and phenotype system for both field and lab core study to really support the monognex study such as monognex breeding understand the mechanism of arrival adaptation to climate change and this become more and more important the arrival adaptation and maintenance breeding is really crucial if we want to meet the challenge of climate change explore strategies in increased wet season rights yield with focus on the shading tolerance this one I just started this season but I'm leaving so I hope someone can continue this study because our water become limited so try to increase rice production in wet season become more important because water shortage is not a major issue in wet season compared with dry season finally increase in the right relationship efficiency by improving the photosynthesis of both canopy and a significant levels and also by expressing the respiration so this is a little bit more strategic research it takes more time so we need to work with the seafwalk the seafwalk move more closely on this aspect okay some numbers for me to remember okay for the past 19 years here I have come from 38 rice growing seasons both dry and wet seasons every season we do many experiments so in the Philippines we have done 169 field experiments and I spend almost 7000 days with earring so I have so many people I need to thank for I start with the top so I have not survived I survived 3 at 5 bg's so Dr. Nampé Dr. Rothschild Dr. Papeter Dr. Kent Trell Dr. Zegner Dr. G. R Dr. Fisher Dr. Kostin Dr. Yun Wang Dr. Boon Dr. Kim Doberman and my division head because for me I am working at the bottom so the division head is more important for me than those boys so I start with Dr. Tasman and Dr. Jimi Kier Dr. Yipo Dr. Boon and Dr. Bas Forman and I really thank them because they really protect me very well make sure I have enough resource to do research make sure I am not too bad to spend too much time with the administration so big thanks for them and I have collaborated with many even scientists over the years as I said at the beginning for physiology I need a face in the agronomy side and also in the breathing side so in our own division of Mr. Kasselman Dr. Goresh Dr. Boon Dr. Boon Dr. Boargaro Dr. Bas Forman Dr. Esmer Dr. Nader Dr. Jan Schiehe Dr. Christian Wieck and maybe some more on the breathing side Dr. Kush Dr. Boon Mani Dr. Boar Dr. Schier Dr. John Bennett Dr. Mlechner hisology now the most important part is my own group so they are the one that really helped me a lot and they made a huge contribution to my achievement I started with Romy Romy will be high next year he will be working with E-ray 43 years by next year so as Dr. Randy Boargar said yesterday high moya and Romy Biskos they really represented our instigator memory Bax Nader Bax is the one that started with me when I started my whole shop for the E-ray I had only one research assistant and she is the one that started with me and stayed on here now so I really thank her and the thing that is my third secretary and another one I need to mention is the Rx Rx is my field technician and about 10 years ago he wanted to join the stock separation back in the state because it is so important for our field experiment en I also have many former staff staff member with my group and especially Emma of my first secretary and my second secretary Owen and unfortunately I had a severe staff member passed away also I would like to take this opportunity to thank my family my wife and my cookies and then here the one can make my life happy and also I would like to thank many other E-Rx management top management like Dr. Bonardo and Dr. Fadminna so they really also helped me now I'm going back to China as a boss and this is my building my big building and this is called Crop Science Building and this is the Crop Phenology and Protection Center this is my center so I call it CQPC in the future when you see if you have CQPC then that's me so with that thank you for your attention I use a little more too much time 47 minutes