Good morning, everyone. Bonjour. Your excellencies, distinguished guests, and speakers, ladies and gentlemen, it is an honor to address you once again, and welcome to Abu Dhabi to the United Arab Emirates. We are thrilled to open the doors for the 16th edition of the World Policy Conference in Abu Dhabi for the third time. This conference has been a cornerstone of our annual calendar for the last three years, as it continues to foster and drive forward insightful dialogue and discussion on a wide variety of issues, challenges, and opportunities, all led by foremost thinkers, leaders, and dear colleagues. Your considerable expertise forged across years of dedicated service in every field imaginable will all assist to create the kind of open, honest, and meaningful discussions and spirited debates we have come to expect and enjoy from the World Policy Conference. We must never pass up an opportunity to learn from one another. As we strive every year to do so, the organizers have gathered together an impressive group of attendees and speakers so that we might better understand today's and tomorrow's most pressing issues. It is important that we discuss these topics because as challenging as 2022 proved to be, 2023 has proved even more so. Before we can start, though, we must acknowledge the devastating events happening in our region. Since the war on Gaza broke out, we express our deepest condolences for the loss of civilian lives and our thoughts go to those who have lost loved ones as a result of this conflict. Tragically, the loss of civilian lives on Gaza continues to this day. The ongoing damage being perpetrated upon the people has created a humanitarian catastrophe and folding before our very eyes in real time. We're working relentlessly to reach an immediate and full humanitarian ceasefire so that the life-saving aid could be delivered to the Gaza Strip. Every effort must be made to protect civilians and to immediately put an end to this conflict which we were witnessing as a result of decades-long failure to make progress towards a political horizon that ends the occupation and brings peace for Palestinians and Israelis alike. And as we continue working to stop this war, we cannot ignore the wider context and the necessity to turn down the regional temperature that is approaching a boiling point. The risk of regional spillover and further escalation is real, as is the risk that extremist groups will take advantage of the situation to advance ideologies that will keep us locked in cycles of violence. Therefore, as our region is facing a critical test today, we must also consider the wider problem of extremism and terrorism within and across societies. There is no peace for extremism in the world. It is a scourge that is not home to any particular religion or any country. We must use all available tools, and the wisdom occurred through often painful lessons to solve this shared challenge. Ladies and gentlemen, recent events in the Middle East, including the situation on Gaza, other ongoing conflicts, and simmering socio-economic cleavages across the region and the wider world requires strong diplomacy and cooperation among us. This is also the case of the war in Ukraine, which continues unbattled, causing further polarization on the geopolitical front and affecting the global economy and food security. We have largely recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is much concern as there should be on what we will do when the next pandemic occurs. Artificial intelligence has entered the mainstream and impacts our daily lives, while climate change makes itself felt more each year. As all this going on in the world continues to undergo systematic change, as new players emerge, the old order comes under strain and calls for more inclusive world order find more space for discussion. We have our work cut out for us. Despite all of this, there are clear opportunities for all countries and actors to seize if they possess the political will and courage. And so we embark on this path I want to assure you that the United Arab Emirates will remain a true partner and a bridge builder. We are committed to upholding aspirations of peace and prosperity for all in real and practical way, because in the modern world, crisis have far reaching implications for all of us. This also applies to the greatest long-term threat of humanity, climate change. Though climate change is often discussed, it is time that we take stock of our progress and make sure we are heading where we need to go. The UAE is proud to host COP28 this year and only a few weeks which underscores the seriousness with which we'll treat this issue. We have striven to be a leader in our efforts, but ours is not a solitary effort. COP28 is fundamentally a collective effort and our aims for this conference must cover multiple lines of efforts because addressing climate change requires further ambitions each year because solutions are possible. And we must make progress towards an inclusive and results-oriented COP that keeps the 1.5 degrees goal within reach and significantly scales up investment in the coping capacity of vulnerable communities. The struggle to address climate change includes opportunities to alleviate the crisis, including food and water insecurity, as well as global health challenges. We have learned just how vulnerable supply chain systems are in previous years, especially for more frequent climate disasters. Addressing food and water insecurity is of paramount importance and in many ways the base for which to build on. And in recognition of the significant impact climate change has on global health issues, this year COP28 will host the first ever Health Day and Climate Health Ministerial at a COP which will introduce an official high level health initiatives emphasizing, establishing, robust and inclusive health care systems that can withstand the challenges posed by it. Fortunately, we are more equipped than ever to meet these challenges and seize these opportunities both technologically and institutionally. The rapid spread of AI has only just begun to be understood. And AI is only growing more capable. Yet technology can only be developed and realized through an educated workforce. The UAE is naturally focused on building a knowledge based economy that creates a diverse and inclusive workforce with special attention to investing in youth and women whom we believe will be crucial to creating the necessary solutions. Additionally, at the institutional level, we have developed existing and new institutions to assist us. And the UAE, we also believe very strongly in the importance and role of international organizations as they reflect our deeply held belief in the virtue and necessity of cooperation based on shared values to advance cooperation and build up regional and international integration. Regional organizations, new and old, serve an important purpose in helping tackle our pressing issues. Organizations like the African Union and the League of Arab States play a crucial role in their understanding of their perspective contexts. The problems they face and the best solutions for tomorrow. They furthermore serve a complementary role to traditional international institutions that still fulfill a vital role in cooperation. For despite the changing global order, the UN remains the key institution for international cooperation. At this difficult geopolitical time in our history, polarization is growing within the UN Security Council, making consensus harder and harder to reach. We have witnessed the first hand during our tenure at the Security Council these past two years as we have worked to overcome this issue, reform, and renewal as needed for the UN. Still, there remains no viable alternative to the UN for achieving cooperation through our shared values. It is these values ultimately that define our shared humanity. There are the reasons we recognize the need to combat climate change and to resist falling prey to baser instincts. Tolerance and coexistence are our greatest legacy. Helping each other is in our very nature. It is keeping these ideas in mind that we inaugurate this year's World Policy Conference. We do hope that this year we can spark the types of discussions and generate the ideas that stick with all of the attendees and speakers, that they carry with them what they learned and to their lives and to their work and from there towards a meaningful change. My true best wishes to you for a very successful and a very fruitful conference. Thank you and God bless you all. Well, thank you very much, Madame Minister, for this excellent introduction to our debates and thanks to the Emirates through you for their hospitality here today, especially in those tragic circumstances that you have alluded to. So now I'm going to say a few words myself and as usual, I will alternate French and English. Well, English, French and French, OK? Or French and English, French, OK? That's clear. When, how are you all doing with the helmet? Around 2005-2006, I was thinking about what was going to become the World Policy Conference, the utopia of liberal globalization that had taken shape at the same time as the fall of the Soviet Union had already lost a part of its spark. My way of presenting this utopia in a few words is in the form of a sort of abstract chemical reaction that could be called the formula of Fukuyama, the name of the theorist of the end of history. The real theorist of the end of history is Hegel, of course. So this equation is something like democracy plus market economy is bringing peace and prosperity in both directions. Democracy plus market economy is bringing, as in a chemical reaction, pay plus prosperity. Intellectually, the equation falls flat on two counts. First, none of its four terms is completely and unambiguously definable. Second, even if assuming such definitions did exist, they would tell us nothing about the historical processes likely to pave the way for democracy and the market economy on one hand and peace and prosperity on the other when the starting point is far from an ideal objective situation. There is no such thing as spontaneous generation in life in this or in any other realm. Le premier grand rappel à la réalité fut le choc du 11 septembre 2001 dont les effets se propagèrent instantanément sur toute la planète. Depuis ce jour-là, on sait qu'il suffit de petits group fanatisés résolus à exploiter une religion à leur fin et à recourir aux méthodes du terrorisme pour accroître la haine et finalement l'instabilité partout dans le monde. The end of history ideology would have held up only if major territorial, economic, or other conflicts had been settled first. But then, assuming that such a situation could even be imagined, Foucault-Yama's formula would amount to a simple tautology. For example, the harmonious pairing of democracy and the market economy would necessarily imply a social contract capable of addressing the sense that wealth and power are unjustly distributed, a tall order about which great intellectuals such as the Indian economist Amartya Sen have extensively written. Dès son origine, le projet de la World Policy Conférence repose sur une vision objective et non pas normative du monde. La mondialisation contemporaine est une réalité sans précédent dans l'histoire car elle provient, à partir des États-Unis, d'une vague de technologie qui n'a pas cessé de grossir depuis une bonne soixantaine d'années. Cette vague est caractérisée par la transmission instantanée de l'information en quantité toujours plus grande. Selon l'image que l'on s'en fait, pareil capacité est la meilleure et la pire des choses. Elle peut favoriser l'évolution dans la direction du bien commun comme dans celle du déchaînement de la haine. Mais alors que le progrès se construit pas à part, la haine se répand à la façon des épidémies. Elle finit par s'éteindre, mais seulement après que les foyers qui l'entretenaient ont disparu longtemps après, parfois. Three simple ideas have underpinned the WPC project from its outset. The first is that the objective foundations of globalization are irreversible. This means that all of us must adapt to it the best we can. Not by tearing down borders in the literal sense of the term, which would be the quickest way to bring about the shock of civilizations that kept Samuel Huntington up at night. But by fostering cautiously openness to others, so that everyone can benefit from the diversity of an international society that is heterogeneous by nature. In reaction to the consequences of too much openness, we risk closing ourselves off from other to such an extent that the world might again be divided into blocks. What I am expressing is the concept of a reasonably open world. A reasonably open world. La deuxième idée est celle de gouvernance. Ce terme est rarement défini avec précision. Il ne s'agit pas d'un gouvernement mondial inconcevable pour très longtemps encore. Il ne s'agit pas non plus du droit international comme si la régulation du système international pouvait être déléguée par les États à des juges. Autant dire potentiellement à l'intelligence artificielle. Pendant longtemps encore, pareil régulation ne pourra que reposer sur une collection de groupes d'État, une collection de groupes d'État et d'institutions œuvrant de manière cohérente pour assurer la stabilité structurelle du système. En termes simples, l'objectif est de ne jamais trop s'éloigner d'un équilibre non pas figé, mais qui se déplace continuement sous l'action de multiples forces sociales, économiques, politiques ou autres, puisque la figure du changement est indissolublement liée à celle du temps. Les équilibres dont je parle ne s'identifient pas à un simple rapport de force. La absence de stabilité structurelle implique la recherche en commun d'un équilibre entre les intérêts fondamentaux de chaque partie prenante, ce qui oblige chacun à tenir compte du point de vue des autres, quand bien même, quand bien même, il en réprouve certains aspects. Je n'hésite pas à me déclarer qui singère rien à cet égard. Evidence means not allowing imbalances to grow so severe that conflicts could not be resolved by peaceful means. Without claiming to assign responsibility, it is clear in my mind that the fall of the Soviet Union upended the security situation in Europe and that the main stakeholders have never addressed the issue as such. Likewise, as events in recent weeks have painfully recalled, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been simmering on the back burner for years but was always about to boil over. The first condition for progress in the idea of governance is for states and institutions concerned to clearly share the objective. If they do not, opening up the international system increases geopolitical and geostrategic risks rather than reducing them. La troisième idée à l'origine de la WPC est celle de puissance moyenne. En créant cette conférence, j'ai précisé d'emblée qu'elle ne serait pas d'esprit occidental dans le sens des alliances scellées après la Seconde Guerre mondiale autour des États-Unis ou même du point de vue des cultures ou des civilisations. Je ne vois aucune contradiction au contraire entre la nécessaire fidélité à la culture ou la civilisation à laquelle on se rattache en tant que citoyen et le respect que l'on doit manifester pour les autres. De ce point de vue, je m'inquiète lorsque j'entends le président des États-Unis situer son pays en naturelle des démocraties entre guillemets contre les autocraties puisqu'il ne précise ni ce qu'est vraiment une démocratie ni ce qu'est vraiment une autocratie. Comme dans son regard, cette ambiguïté ne s'applique manifestement pas à la Chine. Pareil posture compromet compromet tout progrès ampleur dans le domaine des biens communs comme la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique ou contre les pandémies. La WPC se refuse à toute taxonomie politique simpliste et son point de vue ne s'aligne pas sur celui des plus grandes puissances quel qu'elle soit. Elle entend privilégier la voie des puissances moyennes, c'est-à-dire des États qui, sans être nécessairement dotés de ressources importantes, sont néanmoins résolues à en consacrer une partie de la Chine. The first great global shock of the 20th century came on September 11, 2001. The consequences of this event and of the American policies that ensured, especially in Afghanistan, are still reverberating across the globe. But that was just the first in a series of major events which together revealed how fragile the international system remains today. The first WPC took place in Evian on October 6, 2008 at the same time as a critical moment in the subprime crisis when Lehman Brothers failed and the specter of the 1929 crash and the Great Depression loomed over the horizon. Those attending Evian and some of them are here included Jean-Claude Trichet who is not far from here then president of the European Central Bank who with his central bank counterparts played a key role in averting a crash. Since then the international monetary system has witnessed several tests including the tremendous structural shock caused by the West's response to the Ukrainian war. This event largely but not only fueled the return of inflation and of policies the likes of which had not been seen in 30 years and those effects are partially unforeseeable. The second major jolt was the poorly named Arab Spring of 2011 which set the Middle East ablaze not to mention Libya whose breakdown contributed to the destabilization of the Sahel. One consequence of this overarching fiasco has been uncontrolled migration to Europe. I imagine that here too historians will pass harsh judgment on how these crises were managed or rather not managed at all. More than we the COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed societies and the economies of the world and should have helped us to strengthen the World Health Government especially the World Health Organization. Unfortunately as we will see during this crisis, the degradation of the international system paralyzes the necessary reforms so that we can find ourselves at any time in a comparable situation compared to that of 2019-2020 or even worse again. No sooner had the pandemic ended when Russia's invasion of Ukraine opened up a new chapter in the history of Europe and in the West's relations with the rest of the world. This period is all the more fraught with uncertainty given that the war is likely to drag on or freeze over in a Korean-style scenario with immense global consequences. Finally, the aggression of an innocent barbarity of Israel by Hamas has added an additional layer of uncertainty to all of this even more difficult to imagine. The surprise has been total for Israel and its allies and shows once again that we must never fully return to technology to ensure its security. Without talking about an additional category of uncertainty that is intrinsically linked to technological progress itself, as for artificial intelligence whose effects are largely unpredictable even in the mid-term. That, in a nutshell, is where we stand. There are very few places where personalities from the five continents in search of effective governance that will benefit international society as a whole can express themselves in confidence. The way forward must be inspired by deeper collective reflection on the idea of justice because I repeat a sense of injustice is the main fuel for hatred. A minimum of justice even more than material prosperity is necessary for peace. Many, may, may all of us, organizers and participants remain faithful to the spirit of the WPC and never forget that however modest our contribution to peace it is expected and therefore useful not to say I thank you. And now we will listen to a message of Emmanuel Macron, President of the French Republic who will be read by Lawrence Boone, Secretary of State in charge of European affairs. We are going to listen to a message of Emmanuel Macron, President of the French Republic and it will be read by Lawrence Boone who is Secretary of the European Affairs. Ladies and gentlemen, in your respect and quality. It is a joy for me to be able to convey some messages to the researchers and to the leaders of the whole world gathered in the framework of the World Policy Conference. This new edition is proof that despite the crises the international community continues to resonate and act together. So I really want to thank this conference and in particular its founder and president, Théorie de Montbriel. My message for the opening of this conference is very simple. We live a period of proliferation of crises. War comes back on the European soil it comes back to the Middle East the Sahel is more than ever threatened by terrorism and on the economic plan the shock of the pandemic has created the conditions of return in the history of globalization and yet we have other choices than to cooperate.  Who can still say at the age of the generative artificial intelligence that the emergence and dissemination of new technologies beyond the borders is not everyone's business? Who can believe that the extreme poverty and inequalities that are growing in the world will not create the conditions of tomorrow's conflicts? For all these reasons, the polarization of the world is not an option. But let's be clear, it is immobilism that makes the game of those who want to see the world fracturing. We must invent a new global governance because the world needs new ideas. International institutions must be reconsidered. The Security Council of the United Nations is powerful because it has not given a voice to those who could by their weight participate in the safeguard of collective security. The World Bank and the EFMI have not integrated in their right place the emerging economies. The relative weight of these institutions in the global economy declines and we lose in the capacity of collective action. A double-regime system is seeing the day, which even though we urgently need a new partnership between developed and emerging countries, and a massive financial shock for the energy transition. On the climate, we must rethink our methodology. The COP28, which will be the first global bill of the Paris Agreement First of all, we cannot think more than the public in development and the only budget for the action of climate action at the level of the developing countries. More countries have started to participate in the financing of this transition. The private sector must intervene because there are no billions we will need, but trillions. Then we will need our trajectory much more clear for the release of fossil energy. The DNU deli and I will say it again in Dubai, there are no credible scenarios where the Paris Agreement is compatible with the development of fossil energy started by the coal. Finally, we must invent a new software for the world economy. We hear a lot about de-risking. Take care of it again to choose the right method. De-risking of our economy is not the return of protectionism. De-risking is three things. First, it is the multiplication of partners rather than the generalization of the relocation which would be exorbitant. Then, it is the best sharing of the added value because if we want more reliable partners we have to share the technologies, the jobs and the wealth on the planet. Finally, de-risking is the tarification of coal because it is an economy that continues to sub-tariff what is the most and is an economy that puts its own foundations. On all these subjects, invented with CODAS, the solutions we urgently need, rethink the global governance with the same determination that many others have done before us after the Second World War. Finally, but at the heart of your own reflection, the imperative of solidarity without which it would not have a truly effective global governance. It is the sense of the pact of Paris for the people and the planet and the government. This pact rests on a clear principle and at the same time demanding that nothing should have to choose between the fight against poverty and the protection of the planet. We will meet for many of you first at the Paris Forum on Peace that France will welcome again this year on the 10th and 11th of November and on the 28th of Dubai. Until then, I wish you an excellent conference.


Welcome, welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian grammar. In this lecture we continue studying Hal Sandhi, Hal Sandhi is the Sandhi that replaces a Hal, Hal is a consonant, there are two types of Hal Sandhi that we have been studying so far. So first one is Ekasthanika Ekadesha which means that there is one substituent which is replaced by one substitute and the second one is Ekasthanika Dvyadesha where there is one substituent which is replaced by two substitutes Ekasthani and Dviadesha. We have already studied several instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Right now we are studying Ekasthanika Dvyadesha where there is one substituent which is replaced by two substitutes and this can be shown diagrammatically in this particular manner. You have A plus B and this is the substitute A X. So A plus B is the environment and this is in Samhita mode. So when B follows A is substituted by A X, it could also be X X. So A is the one substituent and the substitutes are these two and that is the reason why this is Ekasthanika Dvyadesha. We say that there are three instances of Ekasthanika Dvyadesha, Dvirvachana Sandhi, Agama Sandhi and also Satvānusvara Sandhi. We have already studied Dvirvachana Sandhi and Agama Sandhi. What remains to be seen is the Satvānusvara Sandhi and this is done now at the end of Hal Sandhi primarily because this has got some sutras which also are used in the next chapter that is Visarga Sandhi. So now let us study Satvānusvara Sandhi in detail. What is the concept? What does Satvānusvara Sandhi mean? It means the Sandhi in the form of Satvānusvara which are the substitutes and R is the substituent. So in place of R, S and Anusvara they come in as the output. Although there is Anunasika together with S also as an optional output that is very rarely seen and that is why that is not mentioned separately. We focus only on Satvānusvara Sandhi whose examples are found in abundance in several texts in Sanskrit. For example we have in the Shrimad Bhagavad Gita in the second chapter we have this particular verse. So here we have this particular Satvānusvara Sandhi, we also have this Satvānusvara Sandhi. Also we have this particular type of Sandhi. So we must remember over here that the substituent is R and the two substitutes in place of this R are S and Anusvara and that is how this is Ekasthanika Divyādesha. Here are the sutras that we are going to study in order to study this particular Sandhi. Samaha Suti 835, Atrāda Nāsikā Purvasya Tuva 832, Anunāsikā Paro Nusvara 834, Vamākhayyampare 836 and finally Nāshchavya Prasan 837. Let us first study Samaha Suti 835. This particular sutra has got two padas, Samaha and Suti. Samaha is 6 slash 1 of sum, sum is a preverb and upasarga. So in this case 6 slash 1 means in place of, so in place of sum. Suti is 7 slash 1 of sut, sut means augments, the marker T indicates that this is to be added before. So sutti means immediately before sut. Ru is 1 slash 1 of ru, sound ra and so this ru is the substitute. So this sutra means immediately before the augments sut that is substitute sum and then by the application of other Paribhāsā sutras, namely alunthyaśya, the exact substitute and is ma. So substitute ma in sum by ru, that is the meaning of this particular sutra. I repeat immediately before the augments sut, substitute sum by ru. So here is the example where this particular sutra Samaha Suti is applied. So we are deriving the word samskruta where we have the verbal root kru preceded by the preverb sum and this indicates that the meaning of this kru now is not just to do but to embellish, bhūshana. And we have the augments added over here in this particular meaning, samparibhyāṁ karotau bhūshane. Or in some other cases, sampari upe bhhyā, karotau bhūshane. So sum plus kru plus th and at the next stage we have sum plus skru plus th and now because there is this sut, we substitute this ma by ru. So the next stage is saru plus skru plus th, saru plus skru plus th. In this ru we have u as the marker by 132 and 139 deletes it and so we get sar plus skru plus th as the stage derived until now. So the point is by the sutra samaha suti ma is substituted by ru. We will derive the word samskrta eventually with the help of the understanding of the other two sutras that we are going to study now. First one is atra-anunāsika-purvasya-tuvā, a-3-2. And here there are five padas, atra, which means here, which means in this section of ru substitution, anunāsika-ha is one slash one of anunāsika, anunāsika is nasal sound and so anunāsika-ha is the substitute, purvasya is six slash one of purva that means in place of the previous sound, tu means but and wa means optionally. So all these meanings put together, the meaning of the sutra is but in this section of ru substitution, the sound previous to the ru is substituted by the nasal variety of that sound optionally. I repeat but in this section of ru, ru substitution, the sound previous to the ru is substituted by the nasal variety of that sound optionally. So here is the example. We were at this stage, sir plus crew plus th, now because this is ru, this sutra says that the vowel that precedes this ru is this r, so now in place of this r is substituted its nasal varieties. So we have san, sir is the substitute, r is the substitute and an or anunāsika r is the substitute.  This is the meaning of this particular sutra. Now let us look at the next sutra in the same context. So anunāsika is 5 slash 1 of anunāsika, in this case fifth case means other than the nasal and para is later 1 slash 1 and this is the substitute. So anunāsika is also 1 slash 1 which is also a substitute. The meaning of the sutra is the other option other than the nasal one because there is an option there. So the other option other than the nasal one is the anusvara substitute in place of that sound that is previous to ru substitution. I repeat the other option other than the nasal one anunāsika para is the anusvara substitute in place of the sound that is previous to ru substitution, roho purvasya. So we had come up to this stage, sir plus screw plus th and then there was this anunāsika sa or sa, re screw plus th, this was one substitution, one output and the other output is this, samr screw and th, this is the anusvara, this is the anunāsika, this is the anusvara, this is the second output generated by a3, 4. So we have two outputs over here. Now what happens to this stage anusvara, re, samr, screw and th? From here after we focus only on the anusvara and we focus and take the anusvara ahead.  So the next part is that we have the sutra visarjaniyasyasah, a3, 34, visarjaniyasyasah. This sutra is also going to be helpful in understanding the visargasandhi. In this sutra there are two padas visarjaniyasyasah and sahah, visarjaniyasyasah is six slash one of visarjaniya, that is in place of the visarjaniya. And sahah is one slash one of sir, that is sound sir, this is the substitute. So in place of visarga comes the substitute sir, this is what the sutra says in a nutshell. The words continued are the following. First we have khari, seven slash one of khar, which means immediately before khar that is class one and two and also shah, shah and sir. So we have the meaning of the sutra immediately before khar, that is immediately before class consonants one and two and shah, shah, sir, the visarjaniya is substituted by sir. So here we have samr, screw and th. Now this r is substituted by a visarga, so sam plus screw plus th and now this visarga is substituted by sir by the application of this particular sutra visarjaniyasyasah. So sams, screw and th. And here there is a vartika which says sampankanam so vaktavyah. So first there is this visarga followed by screw and this vartika says that substitutes sir in place of this visarga because there is an option vashari that also comes into play and so there will be optional derivation where in one option there will be this visarga and in other option there will be sir. The vartika says that no, no there is only one output namely the sir. So sampankanam so vaktavyah. So this visarga is obligatorily substituted by sir. And in this case samovalopameke, this is the vashya statement according to which this sir is deleted optionally. And so once it is deleted you get some screw and th, so you get some skrit as an optional form. Another form would be with two sakaras, some skrit. This is how the word samskrit is derived. Let us now look at the other example and the other sutra that is pomaha khayyampare. This is A3-6. This particular sutra has got three padas, pomaha khayy and ampare. Pomaha is 6 slash 1 of pom which means in place of khayy is 7 slash 1 of khayy that is class consonants 1 and 2 and khayy means immediately before. Ampare is also 7 slash 1 of ampare. Ampare is made up of two constituents am and para and ampare means immediately before. Pom stands for all vowels plus her plus semi-vowels plus class consonant 5. The other word that is continued is ruhu, 1 slash 1 of ruh that is sound ruh which is the substitute. So the meaning of the sutra is this. Substitute ruh or sound ruh in place of pom which comes immediately before a khayy which comes immediately before am.  So we have pom followed by khay followed by am and in this situation this ma is substituted by ruh. So we have pooru plus khay plus am and this u is further processed and is deleted and so we have purr, khay and am. This is the output generated so far of the sutra, pomaha khayyam pare. Let us take an example where we have once again the word pom followed by the word kokila. So the final output generated is this, pomskokila or pomskokila. This is an ananasika, this is anasvar. Now the first stage is pomkokila. Now this ma is substituted by ruh because this ker follows and so we have because ker is part of khay. So this ma is substituted by ruh. So we have purr plus kokila. Then this u is marked as it and dropped by 1, 3, 2 and 9. So we have purr plus kokila. Then atrananasika purvasya tuba is applied and immediately before this ruh there is this vowel u which is then substituted by the nasal variety of u. So we have mo, ruh and then kokila. Optionally this vowel also gets an anasvar on top of it, pom, ruh and kokila. Now the next stage is this one, namely that we substitute this ruh by the visarga. So pom and kokila and pom and kokila. So this ruh is substituted by a visarga. Then this visarga is substituted by sir by the sutra visarjanyasya sahah. So pomskokila and pomskokila and so then finally we get the forms pomskokila and pomskokila. The two finally derived words which are optional outputs of the sutra, pomakhyam pare. The second example of the same sutra is this, pom plus patra and the finally derived output is this, pomsputra or pomsputra. So we have pom plus putra and then this ma comes at the end of the pada followed by per and so this ma is substituted by ruh. So there is this pom and this per which is part of the khay and after that there is u which is part of am. So this is ampar khay which follows and so ma becomes ruh. So we have puru plus putra, puru plus putra. Then this u gets marked as it and then it is deleted. So we get pur plus putra. After that atranonasika purvasyatubah applies and substitutes. This will be by an anonasika. So we have umr and putra and then we have umr and putra. Then this ruh is substituted by avisarga and this ruh is also substituted by avisarga. These forms are optional. And finally this visarga is substituted by sir by the sutra visarjani yasyasaha and so finally we get the forms umsputra or pumsputra. These two are the optional forms. Next we have the sutra nashchavya prasana. This is 837. There are three words in the sutra, three padas, nahachavi and aprasana. So nahah is 6 slash 1 of na which means in place of sound na. Chhavi is 7 slash 1 of chhav which means cha-tha-tha-cha-ta-ta that is immediately before these sounds. The words continued are ampare, 7 slash 1 of amparar which is made up of um and parar and ampare means immediately before. Um stands for all wobbles plus her plus semi-wobbles plus class consonants 5. Ruhu is 1 slash 1 of ruh that is sound ruh and this is the substitute. Padas here is 6 slash 1 of padha which is part of a padha. So the meaning of this sutra is then the following. Immediately before chhavi that is cha-tha-tha-cha-ta-ta which is followed by um that is all wobbles plus her plus semi-wobbles plus consonants 5 in place of na that comes at the end of a padha substitute ruh or sound ruh except in the word prasana. So in the word prasana na comes at the end of the padha and even if this na is followed by chhav which is followed by um this na is not substituted by ruh elsewhere this na or such na will be substituted by ruh. So this is the equation. So this is the padha at the end of which appears this na followed by chhav followed by um and now this na will be substituted by this ruh. So the output generated would be ruh plus chhav plus um and the input was na plus chhav plus um. Here is the example bhavan plus tarati na comes at the end of the padha followed by tarati at the beginning of which appears ta which is part of chhav after ta there is this uh. So this is um prachhav and therefore this na is substituted by ruh. So we have bhavaruh plus tarati. In this case this uh is termed as it and then deleted by 132 and 139. So we get bhavar plus tarati. Now here by the application of the sutra atranunasika purvasyatu vah this vahvel a is substituted by the anunasika variety of a and because this precedes immediately this ruh. So we have bhavar and tarati one option and the other option is this a is substituted by a plus anusvara. And so you have bhavar and tarati. Then this ruh gets substituted by a visarga. So bhavan tarati or this visarga is replacing this ruh. After that by the application of the sutra visarganiyasya sahah this visarga is substituted by sahh like this in this particular step in both bhavan tarati and bhavan tarati. So finally we get these two optional forms. This is with anunasika sign. This is with anusvara bhavan tarati or bhavan tarati. This is how naschavya prasana applies in this particular example. Let us look at the other example namely bhavan and tikate. Here we have na at the end of the padha followed by this ta which is part of chhav followed by this e which is part of am. So this is amparachhav and amparachhav para na is there. So this na is substituted by ruh. So you have bhavaru plus tikate. This ruh has got u as the marker by 132. So it gets deleted by 139. So we have bhavaru plus tikate as the next step. Then atranunasika purvasyatava applies and substitutes this vowel that precedes this ruh by the nasal of that same vowel. So this is the sign of the nasal. So we have bhavaru plus tikate. Optionally we also have anusvara. So bhavaru tikate. Now this ruh is substituted by visarga over here also over here. Then this visarga is substituted by sir bhavans tikate or bhavans tikate. Then this sir is substituted by sir by the application of the sutra shtunashtuhu. So we have bhavans tikate and bhavans tikate. Finally bhavans tikate and bhavans tikate. These two outputs are generated by the application of various other sutras which come later on later than this particular sutra namely naschhavya prasana. Here is one more example bhavan plus chinoti. Here also na comes at the end followed by this chhav which is part of chhav followed by e which is part of am. So this is amparachhav preceded by this na and so this na now is substituted by ruh. So bhavaru plus chinoti. This u is marked as it and is deleted by 139. So we get bhavaru plus chinoti. Now atrano nasikapurva shthutva applies over here and substitutes this vavala by the nasal variety of a over here and optionally also the same non-nasalized a over here what so is substituted by the anusvara plus this vavala. Then this ruh is substituted by the visargah in both the cases and then this visargah is substituted by sir in both the cases with nasal sign as well as with anusvara. And then finally this sir is substituted by sir by the application of the sutra stohush chonashchuhu. So bhavams and chinoti, bhavams and chinoti and finally you get bhavams chinoti and bhavams chinoti as the finally derived output where lots of other sutras apply after the application of naschavya prasan. All the sutras that apply after naschavya prasan they are serially ordered and they do not violate this particular order. Similarly we have another example bhavan plus chinoti where na comes at the end of this padha followed by chhuh which is the chhav followed by e. So the environment for the application of naschavya prasan is there and so naschavya prasan applies and substitutes this na by ruh bhavaru plus chinoti then bhavara plus chinoti and then now immediately before this ruh you have this vavala which is non-nasal over here is substituted by the nasal variety of it and also with the anusvara. Then this ruh is substituted by a visarga in both the options and then this visarga is substituted by sir in both the options and this sir gets substituted by sir by the application of the sutra stohush chonashchuhu and so we get these two forms optionally finally we have bhavan's chinoti and bhavan's chinoti as two options available. So this particular sutra naschavya prasan applies and generates these two outputs. Similarly we have as we had quoted earlier the sentence part agata sun chuh from the Bhagavad Gita where we have agata sun plus chuh this na occurs at the end of the padha followed by this chuh which is part of chhav followed by this uh which is part of am so amparachhav is here and immediately before that we have na at the end of the padha. So this na gets substituted by ruh becomes ruh and then this ruh gets further processing the vavala that comes immediately before is substituted by the nasal variety of it over here or with an anusvara on top of it over here. Then this ruh is substituted by a visarga in both the cases also here then this visarga is substituted by sir here as well as here and then this sir is substituted by sir by the application of the sutra stohush chonashchuhu in both the cases and so finally we get agata sun chuh or agata sun chuh sun chuh this is the output generated by the sutra nashchhavya prasan. To summarize this is a unique instance of consonant sandhi where one substitute when in this case ruh or ruh is substituted by two substitutes sir as well as anusvara together and optionally visar as well as anunashika together. This brings us closer to the end of the treatment of hull sandhi in the paninian grammar and in the next lecture we take a recap of the hull sandhi that we have studied so far. Thank you for your patience.


Welcome to the wide world of eSports, a show devoted to all things eSports. I'm your host, Catherine Norr. Today, my guests are Simon Stoth and Marcel Siena of Wolfpack Management. Our topic is the future of eSports and gaming venues. Welcome gentlemen. Thank you for having us. All right, you know, I know you're, it's very late there in Germany and Malta. Thank you very much for staying up to be live, to appear live on our show. So, Simon, what is Wolfpack Management? So Wolfpack Management is a consultancy firm that specializes in eSports to give us or to give you a little bit of a perspective how Wolfpack Management started. Marcel and I have known each other for quite a long time now. We were both passionate gamers, you could say, but both of us specialized in business. Marcel has a lot of business experience. I have a little bit more of an eSports experience as well, because I played in the University League in Germany. And so I was basically the first guy that Marcel called when he stumbled upon the business idea of doing a consultancy in eSports. And for what we do is we actually have a wide variety of client buckets, you could say, mainly it is about professionalizing the eSports industry itself, because I mean, as most people that are involved in eSports, we are very passionate about eSports. And we think that eSports is by far not where it could be or should be compared to traditional sports, for example. And the second part of the business idea is because eSports is quite unique, so to say, it is very, very hard to navigate for people from outside of the industry. So we also help people, companies mainly from outside the industry to navigate the field. Marcel, what is your role in the company? Yeah, I mean, we are co-founders, Simon and I. I have a little bit more of an administrative role as well, because we have both entities in Estonia, which is remotely administered and managed as well here in Malta. And in Malta, mainly I take care of the day-to-day administrative tasks and being engaged with the government and the different entities here. But overall, we are on the same page and have the same level of responsibilities towards clients. That's the important part, really. You know, I actually have been to Estonia and Frankfurt, but I haven't been to Malta. You're more than welcome to drop by any time. I actually did have a plan to go to Malta, but that didn't work a few years ago. And for the viewers, Estonia is near Russia and Finland. And so what is the eSports scene like in Europe, either one of you? Well, the eSports scene in Europe, that's a good question. eSports is just such an international thing. The first thing that comes to mind, of course, are the organizations and the teams. So especially in Counter Strike, I would say the eSports scene was always pretty big. If I have to think about unique things in eSports in Europe, I would definitely have to mention the regional eSports organizations in the UK that always impressed me a lot by just how engaged the fans are to their local teams, basically. That's interesting. So let me ask you, Marcel, what are eSports like in Malta? In Malta, I mean, this country really lives from the international flair and engaging internationally. The island is quite small, half a million people live here. One interesting fact, for example, is that over the course of a year, I think around 2.5, 2.7 million tourists come, like unique visitors come to Malta. So that's very special. And in the summer, the island blows from half a million to 1.5 million. So you have one third are actual local people, and then it blows up to 1.5 million. It's really important for the island to pull and attract a lot of tourists and to offer a lot of entertainment and leisure time activities. And therefore, eSports and gaming just makes a lot of sense for Malta. And we're happy to be here. We have a big part. We are very close to the government and to some of the local eSports and gaming entities. We have a big part in bringing international stakeholders here and also helping professionalize and grow the both the government actually and also the other teams and the eSports organizations that are here. Well, you know, I have to say that Hawaii is kind of we have some of the similar situation as Malta being an island and being a tourist destination. However, we really don't have as much eSports and gaming here as you probably do. But our population is probably for Oahu, the island that I'm on is about double that. So how long has your business been in going on, Simon? That really depends on what you want to count. So from the start of us thinking about the whole project, I would say it's roughly one and a half years, not exactly, but pretty much. I think we started around January, February, discussing the project last year, so 2020, right when COVID was about to start. Of course, COVID also heavily influenced our the planning for our business. And as you may have noticed with the Estonian planning and with Malta, that we are not exactly set on a central hub where we mainly act around. So we are very international. All of our team members work from home. And yeah, in the times of COVID, that does out a lot that we approach the business this way. But to come back to your question to actually we actually formalized our company roughly a year ago. So it took us a little bit because we needed the e-residency it's called for Estonia to open up the business roughly a year and full business mode. So of course we had some we had some stuff that we needed to do once we formalized the company, but full business mode, including working for clients was pretty much at the start of 2021. Well, you know, a lot of e-sports businesses started around the beginning of the pandemic. So it's kind of interesting that you're one of them. So, you know, the big question we have here today is you know, we're working remotely. People are playing games remotely, doing e-sports competitions remotely, do infrastructure projects? Are they important where we're already using the Internet and we're doing remote gaming and in e-sports? Oh, yeah, I would say they are vastly important. So I mean, for one, if you compare it with the traditional sports, we already have some e-sports venues that show, for example, the world championships in League of Legends and Dota, Counter-Strike pulls huge crowds of live viewers, not online, but actually in the offline presence. That is just one piece of the offline cake, so to say, of the infrastructures or what infrastructures can provide. Of course, tourism is a big point. You will see that there will be more e-sports and gaming venues with a lot of different offerings for people who, for example, can't afford the high end computer, can't afford the sim racing equipment. Marcel will talk a little bit more in-depth about all of the the various phases that infrastructures can take in regards of the offering. But lastly, I would also say a local community. So what I experienced with e-sports as a university contender for the University e-sports league in Germany is that having a localized community sharing the same hobby, sharing the same interest is a powerful, powerful thing. And of course, while gaming, I've made a lot of friends online, but having friends offline that you can actually meet, that you can do public viewings of championships together with, let's just go outside and have a beer together, meet in the nature. I mean, gaming is still seen as such a nothing where people don't leave the house that often. But I had a lot of fun actually meeting people and, you know, going out with them. Enjoying a nice dinner in a restaurant or having a drink. It's it's a completely different experience and one that is definitely underestimated in my opinion. OK, let's shift to you, Marcel, I'll let you expand on that. Yeah, so I mean, I think a lot of people have seen with a pandemic, unfortunately speaking, that social contact can can be virtual. But there's a piece missing for everyone. I think that hasn't been seeing a lot of friends or family in the last few months. And that one is the very same for eSports and gaming. A lot of the interactions, a lot of even if you compete, there's different things that happen when you are actually offline, either with a crowd or face to face kind of with your opponents and with your teammates. It's just a completely different ball game. And these aspects are certainly something that is super important to experience. And it helps both on the on the education side, be it with mentors, be it with trainers, coaches. But it also helps to bond with other people. Some of the fair play things can actually only be really understood when you are next to each other and shake hands before and after matches. This is something we see in basically all traditional sports. And I think in the next few decades, maybe even just a few years, we will certainly close in with eSports and virtual sports compared to traditional variants. You know, I think people are very anxious to get to join together and play together and and essentially, you know, go to those venues because we haven't been able to. So I think that may create more of a demand for those venues. And so let's talk about projects that you're working on, Marcel. Yes, so we have prepared a few pictures specifically about a venue here in Malta that is being built up. I will explain picture by picture a little bit what you see, just so you can get an impression on what kind of things are happening both in Malta, but in terms of infrastructure stuff. And I think what's really cool about seeing these pictures is seeing it being built up in the process of creating something because behind the scenes kind of stuff is very rare. And most of the time you either see drafted new prints or you see the finished venue. So having a little bit of behind the scenes stuff, I think is super valuable. And maybe it is the first time for some of you to actually see some of these things. So starting off with the first picture, this is really the gate to something called Monte Cristo Estate here, Malta, right next to the airport. As I said, tourism will be a big piece on how visitors will come and experience these kind of events in Malta. So it will be, of course, locals. But as I mentioned before, locals are very limited in their numbers and of course the youth piece as well. So we expect a lot of international visitors to come. And since it's directly next to the airport, this is very interesting even to arrive just for a few days and really with intent to mainly spend time on the eSports complex that is being built here. And then what is this picture show? So this is actually the plaza where you arrive. There are different buildings. The eSports complex is only a part similar to what you have. You told us, of course, talking a little bit prior that you were at the HyperX Arena in Las Vegas. The arenas are most of the time just a small part of the overall venue, sometimes your hotels, restaurants, theatres, these kind of entertainment pieces are usually somehow connected or in the same overall infrastructure and the very same thing here with a multi-state where there are a few restaurants, the main one you can see here. There are even sometimes small car shows out here at the plaza. So people would present new cars or just get together outside and talk to each other. As Simon has said, gaming is of course a big piece of what will happen but it's important to gather outside, take a walk and just have some snacks and get together at different places around these kind of venues. Sure, and it seems like a lot of venues all over the world are multi-use venues where they have restaurants, they have gaming facilities, these facilities for music and concerts and other activities. One that comes to mind is in London. The name escapes me right now, but it has everything like museums and all sorts of things. It was one of the venues for the Olympics. So then let's move through your pictures. Let's look at the game. Yes, so this is the entrance, by the way, to the specific building where the esports complex is being built. I mean, what is important to know is you either have finished buildings where you move your esports venue in and the other option is to completely build something from scratch which is currently happening, for example, in Toronto. With over, I think, 4,000 seats for esports entertainment. I mean, it's a huge venue of 30,000 square feet completely. We have seen one that is actually bigger, but that's definitely one on the bigger side of things. And we are excited that actually buildings are completely dedicated and planned out just for the purpose of esports and related entertainment. Sure. And Simon, can you take us inside of that venue? Oh, for sure. So here on the next few pictures, you will see the SimRacing a little bit closer to World Pro Racing, of course, focusing mainly on SimRacing for now, but they also have plans to expand beyond the SimRacing and into other esports titles, gaming titles as well. A very, very beautiful setup here in this picture. You can see them in the process of setting up the SimRacing equipment. You can see a lot. There's definitely a lot of high-tech equipment, and the guys put a lot of love inside this project. I'm definitely excited to see how it turns out when it's completely finished. Yeah, we're excited to have you there, Catherine. You can show your round. I know. So, Marcel, what projects should people keep their eyes open for? I know one thing you mentioned Toronto, and another I think Shanghai. Yeah, so of course, Asia, and I have to say the Middle East, they really put in money into these kind of infrastructure projects. Of course, we have a little bit outside knowledge left and right beyond the esports and gaming world. To be honest, a lot of the esports investments tie to general infrastructure investments. So what we see is that Asia and the Middle East, they just invest huge amounts of money into general infrastructure, whereas a lot of this stuff is mostly built out in Europe and North America. So mostly it's really maintaining and maybe marginal upgrading of things or installing, as I said, some of the esports capabilities into existing stuff. But yeah, for example, Saudi Arabia has a complete sports city that is being built within the next three years, including a Formula One track and a football outdoor stadium. And part of it will definitely be also esports and some of these hybrid games as well. So games where, yes, they are digitally based, but you have a physical component. So something like there's a digital baseball, for example, and then of course, people might play just dance at home, these kinds of games where there's definitely more needed than good hand-eye coordination and hand movement. Sure, and I sure hope that Aloha Stadium in Hawaii that we end up having an esports venue in there. I know that they're talking about it. So Simon, what do you think the future of esports infrastructure projects will look like? I mean Marcel has already teased it a little bit. I definitely think that especially the Middle East will play a big part. So the way I see it in terms of infrastructure projects, historically, Europe has mostly been more on demand, I would say. So for example, people see a lot of demand for an esports stadium. So they will build an esports stadium or as Marcel has said, rent or buy a building that can house an esports stadium. Americans usually take money in their hands to do a big project when they can and when they are a little bit more, I wouldn't say aggressive, but a little bit more experimental. The Asian region definitely has a lot more publicity for esports. They have more demand. Esports is part of their being in some countries, at least. For example, I've been to Korea and I will also relocate to Korea as well later this year. And Korea has a ton of these so-called PC banks, which are basically, I wouldn't call them venues, but it's almost like cool office spaces where you can play video games and you can order food to your table. So everything is focused around video games. You don't even have to get up to get food, for example. Yeah. And finally, of course, the Middle East. I've mentioned tourism before, and I think tourism will be a big, big, big driver for a lot of these projects. And the Middle East has historically been very good at not waiting for the demand of tourists to have these big venues, these big infrastructure projects, these hotels. But they've actually taken the money into their hands and built these big, very ambitious, very cool projects and created their own demand by doing that. And I think definitely the other regions need to be on the lookout to what the Middle Eastern guys are planning. Oh, that's terrific. So Marcel, how can Wolfpack Management help in infrastructure projects? Yeah, so we divided up into three pieces. The first one, of course, is the very early stage things, right? You would start with something like a feasibility study. Does it make sense? What exactly are we looking for? Is it built? Or is it actually just moving in somewhere? What exactly do we need? Is it a simracing part? Or do we want something for streamers in there? Do we want to house professional teams? So the whole planning phase and feasibility, is it a financially viable endeavor or not? And tied to that, definitely you would also have a business plan that really ties not only the venue, but everything around esports and gaming as an activity into that plan. And from there, of course, you would then look certainly for investors and finalize the interior and the electronics into a certain place to then make it ready for the actual operational part. So that's the first part. For the second one, it's really about the monetization. Of course, after you build it, hopefully a little bit earlier. But certainly when it's operational, you need to start thinking about how to make it sustainably viable as a financial endeavor and also know how to utilize the area, learn across. While you're using it, of course, you need to learn what people are after who is coming in. And how you could further develop it while it's operational. So what we can do there is search for sponsors and partners for an operational infrastructure piece or venue. And then look at the marketing and the ongoing data so you can really improve what's happening in there. And then one important part in that is also to look at the use and utilization. Some of the areas might be in high demand, some in lower demand. And then you have to figure out, okay, how can we maximize the utilization? If you have that under control, then actually it's very easy to forecast what the kind of returns are possible in this kind of venue. I mean, that can always happen something like COVID or other constraints. But in a normal run mode, you have certainly more insurance in your income compared to some other esports projects if you get the utilization piece right. And then the third piece is actually not so much on the brick and mortar stuff. So not on the venue as a physical monument. It's more about what is added to it, to come full circle. So it's about the social structure. It's about talent development. And it's about the technology that you can use in such a venue. So for example, you would need to set up something for health and performance. I think that's super important because a lot of the things cannot be taught or really understood if you just do it remotely. So having a good health and performance program at an onsite location, especially when it has regional pull and significance. I think that's super important. The second thing almost tying into it is that you actually want to have a talent program and training program for the people that come there, be it for people who do it for a hobby, even they want to improve, but of course for the ones that really can make it to the top. And that's not only pro players, that streamers as well or people behind the scenes. So it can be producers, can be shoutcasters. A lot of times we only think about the pro players, but actually if you make it more broad, it has a much, much bigger societal value in terms of education and job prospects and careers. So that's why it's important to include these things. I mean, you could go as wild as doing an incubator for independent game developers. All of this is possible if you do it correctly and have the right partners on your side. Okay, well, you've provided so much good information and I know that with your expertise on eSports, you're the ones to go to. So Simon, how can people find... People can find us fairly easily either on LinkedIn, Simon Stotz and Marcel Sehmer. Or you can find us via our homepage wolfpack.management. Terrific, all right. Thank you, gentlemen. And thank you to our viewers. Make sure you tune in. Thank you so much. My guest next week will be Sehmer and Castor Robert Rose. See you then. Thank you for having us. Bye, everyone.


Hello everybody. Clicker doesn't work. We're going to start with a presentation. It's not going to be too long, not too much listening to me. And then we're going to go into workshop mode, hence the post-its and paper as, you know, to be expected with any kind of just workshop. So we're from the National Centre for AI and tertiary education. We're also doing its short titles in GISC. We're aimed for catchy. So we were set up about two years ago with the aim to accelerate the adoption of artificial intelligence across the tertiary education sector in a responsible way. And that last phrase is key really. We're trying to take that approach, that pragmatic, practical approach, but also not suggesting people should just leap with abandon into embracing all things AI. Definitely they should explore and try it, but also to make sure that people are aware of the negatives, the pitfalls and can approach it and make considered decisions. So in order to achieve our aim, we do four things. We run pilots, we provide information, we run some events and attend an awful lot of other people's events. And we have quite a large and growing community. We're going to run through a few things. So apologies, some people may see things they already know they've already seen just briefly go through understanding generative AI. Then look at some specific challenges around assessments, meeting student needs. Then just look at some of our pilots and then we'll move into the workshop. So generative AI things have moved quite quickly over the last 12 months and amazingly quickly over the last six months. We have a 2022. We have chat GPT. And that's when things started to move. But generative AI is more than chat GPT. GPT. Struggling with words is the heat. So this is just an illustrative section. There are many, many more tools out there. But now we can use generative AI for chats, for search, images, coding, writing content, amongst other things. Just so it was interesting to show the timeline. We have GPT one in 2018. Things moved relatively slowly, relatively normally really for technological advancement. Then 2021 we have Dali. We started with the images. And then 2022. We had a lot of growth in the images. Then we have GPT 3.5 and then chat GPT, which is when the explosion started to occur. 2023 the first six months of 2023. We've had all these and more GPT 4 is paid for just recently announced in the last two weeks now has enterprise license available. So makes it more acceptable has more GPT 4 has more guidelines. I come on to that later. This slide was made on a day in July. In which 27 new AI applications were added to future media. Just as an example of the speed of growth, the pace of growth in this sector. But it's also getting integrated into the tools we use every day. So things like Microsoft Copilot and Google workspaces. It's coming. I mean, I'm sure everybody's seen the videos from Microsoft Copilot. I can't wait for it to come. It almost feels like magic. You know, the idea that you can go into a team's meeting and it's going to just let you know the actions and who's going to do them afterwards without. You write them down on a piece of paper and then being in a different room when you want to know what you're supposed to be doing. AI in Google Docs. Now, if you're using Google Docs, you can choose to write it or you can ask it to help you write. It will suggest in the same way, really, really simple to use. And you choose. You can toggle it on. You can toggle it off. Wolfram Alpha is now being added. So that's a really good tool, particularly for mathematics students and lecturers. Subjects I'm really not going to go into know nothing about. Gamma. An example of a tool that's not necessarily one of the big ones. It does presentations. It does web pages. Does it really well? Just get back to that. It works two ways. You can either ask it to generate a presentation or you can provide the content and ask it to do 10 slides. I was doing one of these in July and admitted I did this at 8.30 in the morning, so it was probably a little bit quicker. I asked it to write me a PowerPoint on the employability skills students would need in 2030. It's nearer I used to work in. It's nearer I know and understand. So I thought I could review it accurately. It took 30 seconds to generate 10 slides, diagrams, images, way more snazzy slides than I would have made in four hours. It first of all gave me the outline. I thought that was good. I accepted that, but I could have changed it. And then the slides came and it took me 20 minutes or so to review them to make a few changes. But then it was good to go. So start to finish it took me probably 45 minutes to do that, which probably would have taken me three or four hours sitting at my desk. I would never have taken what it gave me and just walked into a room and presented it. Because that way lies for failure, you know, the human, I think is always necessary here. But it's a really good, you know, these tools are just really good at short cutting some of those tasks that we have to do that comes up time. Sometimes, you know, I can just sit at my desk rage is trying to find the right image. So, chat to PT in four points. It was created by company called open AI, which contrary to its name is not open, it is commercial, but other competitors exist. It's training on large chunks of the internet, plus some books, plus content that we continue to give it humans help with the training by providing feedback. If you notice it'll always ask you how you feel about the responses, and it works quite simply by predicting the next word, given the sequence of words proceeding. It can write plausibly sounding text on any topic in almost any language. The key to that is plausible sounding. If you've never tried it, when you try it for the first time should always try it with something you know something about, because then you can tell how truthful it's being. It can generate answers to a range of questions, including coding, maths type problems and multiple choice. It can also generate you multiple choice questions on content as well. It's getting increasingly accurate and sophisticated with each release. And it generates unique tests, text each time you use it. So when people talk about chat GBT passing an exam, you sometimes wonder how many goes they've had to have for it to pass the exam and if they then tried again to pass exactly the same exam it would probably fail. But it's greater to wide range of tasks like text summarization. It's really good for improving your writing and getting feedback. I use these tools quite a lot because I learned to write a lot. A lot when I work for the civil service I was taught to write passively. I find it quite useful to use these tools to make my writing more engaging. Or I might put something in and say just generate me for tweets out of this and it does it. It's got limitations. It can and often does generate plausible but incorrect information. And this will include false references and false claims about its capabilities. So if you output some tests, text in and ask it if it wrote it, it's highly likely to say yes, whether it did or not. And it's only trained on information up until September 2021. That's the free version not the paid for. So concerns. It does produce biased output. Culturally, politically, probably any, any way you can think of. It can generate unacceptable output sometimes. It has a very high environmental impact. Lots of concerns around human impact on the ownership of the material that people are putting into it we don't quite know. And this danger of digital inequity. So assessment. Is how the media chose to focus on it. Just the selection, rather than helpfully. They chose to focus on the fact that it was killing education because it was making essays hard. Regardless of the fact that large space of the sector have been pressing for assessment to change for the last 12 years before generative AI came out. The best we can only hope that generative AI might be an accelerator to make that change happen quicker but it's a change that most of us have been asking for for years. So tactics for assessment is basically three. Avoid outrun or adapt and embrace avoiding it. That really means just sticking with the Victorian model of sticking people in horrible rooms, usually cold in my experience, making the right at teeny tiny desks and get rice as cramp.  Outrun. Not something we advocate. There's always going to be much more effort put into beating these detector tools than there is in creating them. So it's just going to be a constant arms race. Adapt and embrace is the is the kind of message that we are promoting. Embrace the use of AI discuss the appropriate use include students in those discussions and actively encourage is used to create authentic assessments. But just explore use have discussions making form decisions about how when it's appropriate to use it. It's not always the size will be shared afterwards so there are a couple with quite few links on. Literally hot hot off the press. There's a set of cards that we published last night. Based on the top trumps for assessment so this is assessment design in an AI enabled world. The ideas for how you can change various assessment types. It's an interactive PowerPoint. And we're hoping that will be useful to help people to tweak and change their assessments for the immediate year. And there's some really good QAA guidance out on how to adapt your assessments. So is it possible to detect say I kind of sort of but not really all of the systems today are not that good. The three techniques writing style classifiers watermarking each technique can be defeated each will give false positives. And there are a lot of data processing and contractual concerns, you know, where's the data you've submitted going how are they using it, are they using it to train the model up, you know. We don't know often that kind of thing is hidden in contracts, but even if you've got a model that says it's 97% accurate. That's an increase of 2% on the human element. And that's a huge workload issue for people to suddenly deal with an extra a tripling of queries. And that's if they're 97%. We run a series of student forums over the spring. We spoke to students in both Effie and he we spoke to students anonymously. We asked them what they thought about AI and assessment. Most students, you know, they're already using AI. They think it should be allowed in assessment, but they agree that it should be used differently in different areas. Some of them came up with some quite creative suggestions, you know, for, for using a kind of bookmakers model of allowing a certain amount of credit for use. It was mainly English and Effie students plagiarism detection. They wanted clarity over what's allowed what isn't allowed they believe detects can be beaten and quite frankly they were really quite vocal in the dislike of all the focus on plagiarism, which they were taking as thinking that their tutors, their academic staff were implying they were all cheating. They were generally against automated marketing, but thought assisted marketing was much more acceptable. There were very in favour of assessment changes, and the students were quite clear that they thought the focus of assessment should be more around their creativity and critical thinking. And they really wanted to move away into a different kind of teaching, less sage on stage, more practical, more involvement, more real world and include use and potentials of AI. So way students are using chat GPT at the moment. So this is this is not, this is not to say we we've decided that this is where the line is but the line across what's acceptable, what's more acceptable or less acceptable. That's the discussion all institutions need to have and make their decision about where the line lies. It may be different in different institutions, maybe different with different subjects, different levels, but that's really important discussion to have. It's really, really important to be exceedingly clear to the students to make sure they know where the information is that they can find, because so many were saying we don't have any guidance and I knew they did. But if the student doesn't know it's there, then you might as well not have it. And it's really good to include students in some of those discussions. Just to go into one of those why are students using chat GPT for things like writing or translation. They can't just do the task, they can have a conversation with it. They can change the reading level, they can simplify change the voice. Lots of particularly students that don't have English as a first language were saying they were using it to get a better understanding of what was being asked of them. And, you know, they can do that they can have that conversation with a tool 24 seven. They don't necessarily, you know, click that they don't probably understand when they're in the right space to have that conversation with their tutor or whoever. And it's the fact that they can just keep going back. So they just get their understanding, and they don't feel that they're pestering forever. Student concerns to have quite few. They're very concerned about information literacy. They don't feel that they necessarily have the skills to make those decisions for themselves. They concerned about data security. You know, what's happening with the stuff that they're putting in and they're using these tools. How do they safeguard their privacy on their ownership, you know, if they're art students or something. They're using some kind of tools they still want to feel that they own their own work. But as we talked about that plagiarism and ambiguous ambiguous guidelines. Regulation for students, they thought it's about striking a balance. They were very, very keen on the kind of high level governmental regulation around big AI. They were let much less keen on strong regulation in the institution should maybe expect that. Staff use. Lots of them are aware that staff, the staff were using it. They wanted the staff to be transparent and open and also confident that they could ask questions and go to the staff to get help. Very concerned about access and affordability. And also equity. So people that were talking about things like, well, I can do this in my institution, my friend over the road can't talk to each other. So they're really keen that this equity across the piece over reliance. They're aware that there's a balance between balancing their use of AI but also still continuing with their intellectual development.  The changes it's going to make to employment and jobs. So what they're asking for is more information, digital literacy, employability skills around AI, practical training in how to use it responsibly. They also want to understand the future potential where it's going, what they should be thinking about, you know, these are students they see that they've got a long future and want to see where it's going. They want recommendations of tools they can use and how they can use them. They also would like the very concerned about ethical considerations, they want more clarity, and they want it to go beyond plagiarism. They're very, very concerned about sustainability, human impact, you know, very concerned about the fact that the human impact has to be concentrated on the less developed countries, you know, we're here reaping the benefits but other people are being exploited to create these tools. And discussion. They really want to be involved in the conversations. Please bring them into the conversations about what's happening. Just to illustrate digital inequity in inequality. Sorry, I'm struggling with some words today. And it's just I'm just hot and I'm dry. So financially, there's a difference of 77 pounds a month, if you were to have, you know, Grammarly. And that's an assistive tech, you know, it's not something you should have to pay for mid journey, chat GPT plus as opposed to the free version. And there's a real difference between the paid for and the free version, the paid for version is up to date. It has more. I've forgotten the word as well. It has more. Go on, it's just gone. You don't get an acceptable content. You don't get as much bias. It's a much better model. It also on the new on the enterprise license, the data, if you have the enterprise license, your data is not used for training. It is stays and remains your own data. So the more you pay for it, the better service you get basically, which obviously is going to generate a huge amount of digital inequity. There's this basically, I think this is this is just really about expanding something we already know exists. The poorer the students are, the worse access they have to tools, the more support they need. We need to support our students in a good way. Some of the pilots were running them trying to speed up teacher magic, they've got to stand out there so I speak too much about them. But what they're doing we're running that pilot at the moment we've got some eight colleges trying this for six months. And what it does is make it much easier for staff to create content and resources for their lessons grade we've completed this pilot so we've got the report up. This was a tool created by University of Birmingham students, and it's assisted marking for STEM subjects. It works particularly well in large for large numbers of classes because it learns as you go probably use about 50 or 60 responses before it starts picking up and saying you've marked this question in this way would you like to accept the same kind of feedback body swaps. That's being used here for the VR demonstrations of anybody's been over there. This is a intersection of VR and AI, and it's really useful for soft skills, helps the student put themselves in the position of the other person, and it's also been used for medical and things like that. This pilot we've just recently finished. That's an audio learning, AI generates learning resources, small podcasts from your own existing content so it just gives you another way of learning from something you already have. So, that's enough of me. We're now going to go on to our workshop. Hello. Good if we balance the tables out a bit more so a little bit of movement around. Five ish per table if we can move around to that. You'll notice that there's a big sheet of flip chart paper on the tables and that's marked up near term, mid and long term, and then this post it's and this sharpies. What I would like you to do is to keep in mind the conference themes of diversity and inclusion and sustainability and social justice. Map out your hopes for education in those three areas. And we've deliberately called them near mid and long, so that you put your own definition on those, what it means to you, but to do that in groups, but then also to think about how where AI can best support them, or if you think it shouldn't. So you can do those tasks as one or as two separate levels, but if you can do them as discussions as a table that would be brilliant. And we'll circulate around. Okay. Is that on though. Hello. Doesn't sound like it's on. No. Hello. No. Did that work. Hi everyone hear me. Hello. So do that thing where you bang on the table. Okay everyone we're going to feedback now. I've got no idea if the microphone's working. So hopefully online maybe still hear me as well. So the last bit of the session now so that we can come together and talk about what we've discussed and in relation to those themes. So I'm going to be picking on groups and hopefully all nominate a spokesperson. I'd like to start over here actually with this group because I know you had some really good conversations going. So I'm going to start at near mid and long, which we purposely didn't define just to make it a bit trickier. So I was wondering if we could start actually with some of your, your near term thoughts on AI and what your hopes are. That's right. Yeah. And that was really like students and staff. It's really important. And upscaling is easy. Yeah. It's great. Yeah. Oh no, I like that. Certainly brilliant. Thanks very much. We'll move on. Do you guys want to talk about the long term? Sorry, that's the worst one. Tell us the future. We have a discussion. I'm reminded that this quote, anything in the world when you were born is best the way it works. And if you invented before you are something like 30, it's fantastic. And if you invented by the time you were over 40 is the devil's work. So we did talk about that. I think it's that you asked us about this. As certain things become automated by AI, we will value the human skills more. Some things that will be outsourced in technology and then the tools around them for the human connection and so on. We might compare students better with AI. We might have a more effective look at what I have said before. Because he might say that we're really not genuine. And we might have a more authentic assessment of what we've been saying about for a long time. That was a good story. Yes, that's brilliant. Brilliant. Yeah, I think everyone's feeling that on assessment as well. Lee, shall we go, I'm going to switch around to the back right there. I will let you pick whether you want to do near mid or long term. And we really provide to be used as a part of the answer. And we also discuss that this is an explosion that we look for the long way. But yes, whatever we get at the end, that's final. Yeah, I think I love that. Definitely with that genitive AI boom this year and everyone is so focused on the tools and less about how we're going to use them really to promote our humanity as well. And something for us to think about soon. Yeah, brilliant. All right, and we've got a couple of minutes left and so straight down there, would you give us something in the short term that you're hopeful for? So we look at what's the core of learning different. Again, the short term is access to and can't integrate with us. Yeah. It's a really good one that you want to share. No, that's great. And last group there. Again, I'm going to give you the choice. Yeah, brilliant. I love that there's been so many mentions around accessibility and neurodiverse users. And that's something that we've looked at a bit this year and we really want to focus on, particularly in this coming academic year. So it's good to know as well that everyone is thinking about it. Thank you very much everyone for for coming and working together. I'll just leave us with a couple more links for our resources and the QR code will take you to our National Center for AI webpage. You can get to all of our reports there and we've just put out our third edition we do a yearly report. Nice really big reports looking at all AI and education. And we've got links as well to explore AI where we've got a series of AI demos and we've got those are stand outside as well if you want to come along and play with those there. And lastly, do stay in touch with us. So we have a gist mail if you aren't on enough gist mails already have another one. We do a nice monthly newsletter there that Sue sends out as well to keep you updated on those resources, and we are building a community as well so that we can keep in touch and hopefully we're going to be running some some monthly sessions as well this year so that we can keep in touch online and keep those discussions going. Thanks for so thank you Sue and Helen for leading us today I think. This is an area, we're saying in our group, it feels like staff and students are maybe at a similar sort of space or, you know, place in this whole AI. AI world that's kind of emerging and those of us in the room I guess are trying to stay a step ahead and think ahead and we don't really know I think we've kind of, we have this struggle in our group about dystopian futures and utopian ones as was said but it's going to be interesting to see how it all pans out so I hope we can continue these conversations I think I think it was really interesting yesterday to everyone the students who actually was being prescribed one of these AI tools and I think it's a great scholarship to kind of do exactly what you were highlighting one of the slides Sue about helping to sort of digest some of these complex articles and things. So, some of these tools are already making a difference in terms of, you know, inclusion and equality and helping those students. That's how it all transpires that thank you everyone for your participation, and thank you to Helen and Sue for leading us. We'll just get an appreciation.


So as long as we're dealing with real numbers, the distributive property applies. a times the quantity b plus or minus c is a times b plus or minus a times c. So let's say I want to expand square root of 5 times quantity 2 plus square root of 7. So we're dealing with real numbers so the distributive property applies. I'll distribute the square root of 5 among the two factors. So that's going to be square root of 5 times 2 plus square root of 5 times square root of 7. Now as long as a and b are non-negative, the product of square roots is the square root of a product. So this square root 5 times square root 7 is going to be the same as the square root of 5 times 7, otherwise known as the square root of 35. Or we can try another one. So again, as long as we're dealing with real numbers, the distributive property applies. So every term inside the parentheses is going to be multiplied by square root of 2. The product of square roots is the square root of a product. So let's rearrange our factors and simplify. We'll rearrange our factors and simplify. How about something like this? We can expand this like we expand polynomial products. So let's draw our grid. One side of the rectangle will be 2 plus the square root of 5, and the other will be 3 minus the square root of 7. We'll multiply. And since all of our radicals are different, we can't really do much more than record the results. So remember when we say something squared, we really mean whatever it is times itself. So we can do that in exactly the same way. One side is going to be 5 minus the square root of 3, and the other side is going to be 5 minus the square root of 3. Finding our individual products gives us our final answer. Now in all of this there is one special factor which we define as follows. The conjugate of an expression involving square roots has the same terms, but the operation is changed. So an addition becomes a subtraction, or a subtraction becomes an addition. So let's find the conjugate of 8 plus square root of 7. Definitions are the whole of mathematics. All else is commentary. So let's pull in our definition of a conjugate. And so the conjugate will have the same terms, 8 square root of 7, but the operation changes. Since the original expression was an addition, the conjugate will be a subtraction. Square root of 7 minus square root of 11 says the conjugate will have the same terms, but the operation changes. So the conjugate will have a square root of 7, a square root of 11, but since the original expression was a subtraction, the conjugate will be an addition. Or a square root of 3 minus 2, so again the conjugate will have the same terms, but the operation changes. So the conjugate will have a square root of 3, 2, but since the original expression was a subtraction, the conjugate will be an addition. So you might wonder who cares? Why is the conjugate important? And the reason the conjugate is important has to do with a useful expansion.  And so if we multiply a radical expression by its conjugate, we can eliminate some of the radicals. So for example, if we want to multiply by the conjugate, square root 3 minus 2. So we'll take our square root 3 minus 2 and multiply by the conjugate, which will have the same terms, square root 3 and 2, but instead of being a subtraction, the conjugate will be an addition. So when we multiply by the conjugate, we're going to get the square of the first term minus the square of the second term. And so that'll be 3 minus 4 or negative 1.


You look at SIG, SIG came out with the P365 chambered in 380. Beretta just released a full-size handgun with a 3.9 inch barrel called the ADX Cheetah chambered in 380. Hey there friends, thanks for checking in. Think about a Thursday. What have I been thinking about? I have been thinking a lot about 380 ACP. I remember 10, 12 years ago, it was extremely popular. The Kel-Tec P3AT, the Ruger LCP were so popular. People were overpaying by a lot just to get their hands on these very tiny, lightweight little guns chambered in what? 380 ACP. And then as time went on, it became less and less popular because 9 millimeters sort of took the place with the very small, lightweight handguns.  Nobody wants to talk to that child. Nobody wants to associate with that child. They said the 380 ACP is not for me. Too many other options are out there. So is it still relevant? Doesn't have as much energy as the 9 millimeter. Gel tests prove that the 380 isn't as penetrationable, if that's a word. Are people still getting it? And you look at when we train people, we say use a 22 to start out with. Yes, give that new shooter a 22 because the low recoil will get them familiar with the trigger pull, the point and aim, gain some confidence, have some fun and then eventually move them on to other rounds that have a little bit of recoil to it. But when it comes to 380 ACP, we take that and push it all off to the side and say none of that matters because I don't want it. Well, I equate it to something like this. When I go to a new restaurant, I'm looking for my comfort food. I'm looking for that bacon double cheeseburger. That's what I want. I want it big, juicy, medium rare. I want the grease dripping off that patty onto the bun and I consider it delicious. But I also recognize that there's a salad portion on the menu. Okay, maybe four or five offerings, but I don't want anything to do with that. I don't even look at it, but other people will. They will go straight to the salad side before they even look at that bacon double cheeseburger that I am craving. Why is that? Well, people have different preferences and desires, whether it's a restaurant or choosing a handgun. So even though the mainstream people, I believe on this channel and on others, not just channels, but forums, they say, I don't want anything to do with 380 ACP, but there is a section of people out there that prefer it. Why do I say this? Do I study it? No, but I check with the people and the manufacturers who do study it. You look at SIG. SIG came out with the P365 chambered in 380. Beretta just released a full size handgun with a 3.9 inch barrel called the ADX Cheetah chambered in 380. Ruger has been doing it for years with the LCP, the LCP Max and the Security 380. These are some of the biggest manufacturers in the world. And then Walther just came out with the PD 380, not the small little LCP size handguns, but larger three finger grip contact handguns. And people are obviously buying them because they want their comfort food much like I want that bacon double cheeseburger. They want a low recoil round. Like they may want a Greek salad, whatever, you get the point. 380 ACP, I believe, does have its place in today's world. I think that there are people, even though they may not be on the YouTube comments section or the forums talking about it, they want a 380. I check with other women. They prefer a 380. They want a softer shooting round that can still get the job done. And if you are the type that says, hey, in a defensive situation, shot placement is what's most important than what is wrong with a 380. Now, am I advocating for that everybody goes out and gets a 380 ACP handgun? No, absolutely not. But I also understand there's a market out there for it. And if you look at these major manufacturers who are some of the largest in the world, they study the ammo trends. They study the people. They have study groups. They figure out they would not produce and put the manpower and engineering into something that is not going to sell. So you look at these manufacturers as well as many others, still producing 380 ACP handguns tells me that it is a relevant round. People still want it. People will look at that salad section or the 380 ACP and say, that is what I want. It's what I prefer. I want that lower recoil. I want that lighter spring weight. I can handle it. And therefore, that's what I will go with. And that, I believe, I think about it Thursday, is true even though people like you and me would not choose a 380 ACP for carry. If you like videos like this, please subscribe and share. I always appreciate thumbs up button. Thanks for watching, and you guys be safe.