Welcome everybody, Lynn McCready set this all up for us and we're really honored to have systems let us present a webinar. I'm Chris Sherwood, I'm an oceanographer at the U.S. Geological Survey in Woods Hole and I'm one of the large group of people who've been working on the sediment transport components in ROMS in the coast model that John Warner has set up and I'm going to let Courtney introduce herself and then I'm going to kind of do the first part of the seminar talking about kind of the mechanics of what sediment transport is in coast and then Courtney's going to talk about the real science that she and her students have been doing with that. So anyway, go ahead Courtney, why don't you introduce yourself. Okay, thank you. I'm Courtney Harris, I'm a professor at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science and this is Danielle Tarbley. Danielle is a PhD candidate here at VIMS and so to show you some of the applications that we've been doing with the cohesive sediment model, we're going to show you some of Danielle's dissertation results and I'm also the chair of the CSDMS marine working group and CSDMS has asked each of the working groups to provide a webinar this year and for the marine working group, we thought that the webinar would be a great chance to show you all some of the recent model development that Chris and others have been doing to add cohesive transport processes to the ROMS-based community sediment transport modeling system. Okay, thanks Courtney. So I want to also make a call to Alfredo Zabaleta who is who helped me develop some of the flock components in the cohesive sediment stuff in coast and who he and I have been working on this presentation a little bit for the coast seminars when John Warner hosts his training for coast. Some of this has been taken from the sediment transport component and also both Courtney and I wanted to kind of keep this informal so you can send a chat and Lynn will unmute you and ask questions all along the way. Don't feel shy to stop us if something's confusing. So now change slides. Okay, so we're talking about one of the components of the coast sediment transport modeling system. The coast is a coupled atmosphere ocean wave sediment transport modeling system. It's been kind of designed and maintained by John Warner here at the USGS but it's got contributions from people all over the world and it's got a huge user base. We're mostly going to be talking about the sediment component but the other main components that are important to know is the ocean component which is based on the Rutgers originally the Rutgers regional ocean modeling system and we use swan for our wave modeling system although you can also use wave watch three and the atmospheric system is contributed by the weather research forecast model which is worth. There's also an infragravity wave component and a sea ice component and there's along with the distribution there's a bunch of modeling tools like MATLAB files and things like that and all this combined is the coast sediment transport modeling system. So I'm going to talk briefly about all of the sediment transport components not just the cohesive ones so that there's some context for understanding where the cohesive components came from and the things that are kind of related to sediment transport in the model. Obviously there's routines for eroding sediment, depositing sediment, changing the bed model so you can look at stratigraphy and today we'll talk about doing that for both sand which is non-cohesive or cohesive which is mud or mixed sediments. Settling is an important component in ROMS. One aspect of the way that ROMS has decided to do settling is that once a sediment class has a settling velocity that settling velocity stays fixed for the entire modeling run. That allows us to do very efficient and effective settling calculations but it has the disadvantage of not allowing us to change the settling velocity of some component kind of in real time as the model is running so that's just a feature that you have to keep in mind. The model includes bed load sediment transport using a couple of different equations and flux divergence so the calculation of erosion and deposition which allows us to calculate morphological evolution which is the aggregation of the bed or erosion of the bed. One of the new components that we put in for cohesive sediments is a flocculation and aggregation component and we do not explicitly include the sediment stratification correction in as part of the sediment boundary routines because it's included in the model. If you turn it on, the model turbulence closure equations will damp out turbulence if there's sediment density stratification so that's built in part of the model. An important part of any sediment transport scheme is that you have positive definite convection scheme. There are two of them now in ROMS and SWAN but you have to remember to turn those on if you're doing sediment transport because otherwise you won't be able to make sure that you conserve sediment which is one of the components we're shooting for. Lots of sediment transport equations need waves especially coastal ones. You can either specify waves as input or you can couple with SWAN or WaveWatch 3 and it can be either one way coupling where you just get wave information or two way coupling where you can send back changes in the water elevation that might be driven by the radiation stress from the back to the wave model so that it's two way coupled. We have wave current combined bottom stresses via a few formulations and the model has wetting and drying. The standard sediment transport components are fairly standard. One of the most important features of any sediment transport component is making sediment available for picking up. Since we have the layers in the model that compose stratigraphy there are, we have an active layer thickness based on the Harrison-Weyberg formulation that basically makes some of that sediment available and that active thickness is dependent on the excess shear stress. Erosion is a flux formulation where there are basically two parameters. There's an erosion rate which is E and a critical shear stress for erosion which has to be exceeded before sediment will come out and that is applied on a class by class basis. If you have several different sediment classes the critical shear stress and the erosion rate parameter may vary for each one. Sedimentation back into the bed is a flux formulation where it's basically the sediment settling velocity times the sediment concentration at the near the bottom of the bed and that deposition is just the sum of those two processes. There's a number of different bed load formulations. There's the kind of classic Meyer Peter Muir equation. There's a Solesby and Damgard equation that brings in a little bit of velocity asymmetry and allows and allows you to to somewhat correct for asymmetrical sediment transport. Both of those depend on the combination of wave and current components of the sediment of the bed shear stress. There's a bed slope effect so that it's harder to push sediment up a bed or down a bed and one of the things that we're working on now is we're working on adding another asymmetrical wave driven bed load transport basically on the Santos formulation and using bulk wave parameters to assess the asymmetry. So these are the sediment transport equations that have been in ROMs for quite a while and have been used for lots of successful simulations. Bottom boundary layer is for the most part when we're doing sediment transport we use the law of the wall so that the roughness is characterized by a z-knot, a bed roughness. That z-knot can be a combination of a number of things the kind of the Nicarazi grain size roughness, the z-knot for sediment transport, and maybe another z-knot for bed forms and those can kind of can be added. All these things can be controlled and the model switches you can turn on which ones you want to include and which ones you don't want to include. The wave current bottom boundary layer is important because when you have waves the orbital motions of waves increases the turbulence right near the bed and that couples the overlying flow to the to the bed more tightly and that kind of results in an apparent increased drag of the on the mean flow well and and that's characterized in in these formulations as a z-knot apparent which is usually higher than the regular z-knot and associated and there are a number of different wave current boundary layer formulations in here. We tend to default to the to the Madsen 1994 formulation when we do our model ones. When there are ripples on the seafloor that increases the roughness of the seabed and there are some formulations that relate the ripple roughness to basically the height times the steepness of the bed forms. Some of this is really form drag and doesn't come in as skin friction so we use the claim formulation to the smith and the claim formulation to partition the that drag so that we don't include the form drag component in the skin friction component of the bed roughness. So these are things are all turned on and turned off with if death statements at compilation time you basically set up the model compilation and so this is kind of a pseudo code over here on the right that shows the sediment flow and if sediment is defined then all these things occur if bed load is defined and you turn on bed load a suspended load is defined and that's included and even all of these have sub options and although we can't really get into that in great detail now we have lots of examples in the that John has included in the in the code where you can look and see how we turn on different components of this code. So what we're going to talk about today mostly is the is the cohesive component of the sediment transport and that includes both cohesive and mixed sand and mud components. We're going to talk a little bit about biodiffusion which allows the sediments in the bed to mix and change the stratigraphy we're going to talk about flocks and one of the things that having these components in the in the model while you do is to actually characterize the biogeochemistry of the bed which we're not going to talk about that much today but Courtney has been taking a lot of the a lot of these components that we've been working on and along with her students have been applying them to real-world situations so recently she's had a number of students who have taken these components of ROMs and published great papers on them JP, Kelsey, Julia and Danielle are all taking have taken components and and done really cool science with all of them. So here's a quick example of how the non-cohesive bed works this is one of the first simulations that John Warner did in Massachusetts Bay he basically applied a series of typical nor'easter storms like the one we had all weekend and he started off with the kind of a uniform sediment distribution on the bed and and he did several times with these storms so here's a map in the upper left hand corner of the bed stress kind of at the peak of one of these storms and the higher colors or higher bed stresses typically in the shallower areas over on the right is the bath and bathymetry change that's the biggest changes here are only five millimeters but it shows that there's erosion in some of the places with high bed stress and a little bit of deposition in some of the quieter deeper basins and on the left is a map of map of sample grain sizes in the area and on the right is what what the ROMS surficial sediment ended up looking like after several these storms hit and this kind of gives us some kind of reassurance that the model is changing the bed sediment in kind of reasonable ways using both the stratigraphy and the sediment transport routines we've got so that's non-cohesive sediment let's talk about cohesive the cohesive the cohesive bed model is is built on a very simple and and and somewhat heuristic idea that there's an equilibrium well first of all that that in cohesive sediment rather than worrying about the individual grain size critical shear stress what's important is kind of a bulk critical shear stress of the whole bed so the idea is that if it's muddy and cohesive you can't erode one grain out of that bed at a time you basically have to exceed the critical the bulk critical shear stress of the bed in order to get erosion and of course individual grains come out but but their erosion rate is not dependent on their individual critical shear stress and that in general that profile of critical shear stress changes with depth in the bed typically it increases as the bed is increasingly compacted and so we we have this concept of a equilibrium critical shear stress profile in the bed which typically increases with depth up to some asymptotic value so the curve kind of looks like the one on the left and the idea is that if you erode that bed you kind of cut into that profile and truncate it so you end up with something like this profile over here on the right where the critical shear stress is now higher up at the bed top of the bed if you deposit a bunch of fluffy non-cohesive sediment on the bed you may end up with a big pile of kind of less easier to move less cohesive material on the top of the bed and presumably over time that will compact and you'll work towards the critical towards the equilibrium profile alternative is if you've if you've truncated that profile and exposed difficult to move material to this seabed that that will kind of water and swell and gradually maybe bioturbate gradually go back to the equilibrium profile the concept is that that takes a lot longer to happen than compaction which happens fairly reasonably so we think there's something like an order of 100 times difference between the time scales of those two processes but the idea is whenever you put the bed out of equilibrium it'll try and get back into that equilibrium at a certain speed so here's an example of what happens during erosion the initial bed level was right here at the z level and then we applied a critical shear stress that was in excess of the critical shear stress at the bed and we truncated the bed we eroded about two millimeters of the bed now the critical shear stress follows this follows this black curve and and it shows you that the material right at the surface is difficult to erode probably the erosion process stopped as as that material became harder and harder erode and that's what that's what caused it to stop eroding when it got down by two millimeters the the equilibrium curve is in red and so over time now if the if nothing else changes that will slowly migrate back towards the black curve i'm sorry i have this i'm sorry the black curve will slowly migrate back towards the equilibrium red curve the opposite happens if you're depositing on a cohesive bed in this case on the left the bed level was at zero water was up here in the blue we deposited two millimeters of material and the critical shear stress of that material the equilibrium shear stress is shown in red and you can see that that material at the surface is easy to move but over time as it compacts that material the black curve moves towards the red curve and it becomes more difficult to move as it compacts so that's kind of the idea here's an example of the model being run doing that and i won't go over this it's basically the same sequence of events the erosion rate truncates the bed and moves sediment after a while that that sediment swells and becomes easier to to move and then there's a deposition when the shear stress time series decreases there's deposition of fine material at the top and there are a number of different parameters that control this that that we need to worry about but i'm going to focus more on examples here over on the right is a is an example that includes the stratigraphy of the bed and what we've got of sand excuse me several size classes yellow is sand and the darker colors are mud this top panel shows how much what materials in suspension of the bed the middle panel is a kind of an artificial time series of bed shear stress where we start with no shear stress we have a high stress event which then stops low shear stress another high stress event with kind of a different shape and then no stress and the active layer thickness that's associated with these and changes as the stress changes is shown in the bottom panel and so what you're seeing is that you apply a large amount of shear stress and then when you decrease that shear stress at the end of this event materials start settling out so that the concentrations are decreasing in the in the water column and you notice that the sand falls out first as it should because it's got a higher settling velocity and then the silt falls out or the finer sand and then the classes of mud and so over on the right you can see that this stratigraphy that was built after this resuspension and erosion resuspension and deposition event occurred is a typical finding upward sequence where you have high amounts of sand deeper in the sediment column and increasing finer sediment as you go up and so this is another example where it's kind of a simple conceptual model that produces what we would expect from our knowledge of how sediment is supposed to perform in the how sediment is supposed to behave in the water column so the mixed mud for the mixed bed behavior is an attempt to combine the two end members we talked a little bit about the non-cohesive sediment where the erosion rate depends only on the particle critical shear stress we talked a little bit about the cohesive sediment bed where the critical shear stress depends on a bulk critical shear stress that applies to all the sediment and the idea of the mixed bed is that there's some ratio of sand and mud that produces those two end members so if you've got more than about 20 or 30 percent mud you're going to behave completely cohesively and so it's going to behave as a cohesive bed if you're if you're if you've got a very small amount of mud maybe less than something like three to ten percent there's no cohesion at all and the mud is just in the matrix of the sand and can be resuspended by the sand and then in the middle for lack of any other better approach we basically have gone kind of a linear combination and what we're doing is we're saying that the critical shear stress for resuspension kind of gradually goes from one end member to the other as you go through as you mix these sediments and and so what we are changing as we go through that as we as we look at the the non-cohesive component we just call this p-coe we switch from being totally non-cohesive to totally cohesive kind of linearly and that produces kind of recent reasonable results here's the flux of clay based on how much mud is in there so if you have very little mud you're over here on the left left silt and clay can be easily resuspended from the matrix during a storm and so the erosion flux is very high it kind of gradually decreases and then when you get over under the right you're behaving completely cohesively and that material all comes out together whenever the cohesive shear stress is eroded unless unless the material is so difficult to erode let's say you've got pebbles in a mud matrix or something like that those pebbles won't move and come out of the bed unless not only the matrix that the bulk cohesive stress is exceeded but also the critical shear stress for those individual pedals will be exceeded so so it's a it's a kind of a heuristic overall approach but it seems to produce kind of reasonable results um finally one of the component that's important um for for any model that has stratigraphy in it is some kind of mixing within the bed because in the real world there's often either ripples migrating across the surface which tend to mix down to a certain level or there are animals fauna in fauna in the bed which move the sediment around and this schematic over here shows the importance for geochemical processes often sediment is is resuspended into the water column and then it can react with components in the water column with either resuspension and desorption of say contaminants that are in that sediment or adsorption of something that's in the water column onto the particles and then they deposit down and and they form a layer that that is kind of uniform initially at the top but then it mixes and mixes that bed in and we kind of envision that there's some kind of a profile that looks kind of like this you can you can make a profile that includes any of these components as input to the to the model the idea is that near the surface there's kind of a high mixing rate and it might be uniform for a certain thickness and then way down deep some place there's no mixing associated with in fauna or surface there that there may be molecular if you see the in the pore water or something but essentially there's zero mechanical mixing and then we kind of put an exponential profile in between those two end members so that's kind of the conceptual model that we are using for our mixing and when you combine that with the mixed bed model you get a number of different results depending on where you are and and if you this this is in the paper where we describe it and I won't go through it in detail but in in you can see that the stratigraphy that results from changing the from non-cohesive to mixed bed and from changing the bio diffusion varies and and in this case with the large bio diffusion the bio diffusion mixes down to some bed with the mixed bed and so you're getting changes deeper into the bed with this case then you are with the small bio diffusivity diffusivity which doesn't reach as far into the bed and so so there's a kind of a tapering of the mixing in the ultimate stratigraphy when these are part of some of the kind of the test cases that there were conceptual cases so that we can make sure that the model was doing things that seemed reasonable finally one of the important things that we've got in the model is the flocculation component and and we're following a model called FlocMold that was developed by Vernet and and he has helped us implement it in ROMs and the con the idea is that there's a fractal dimension that relates to the density of the flocs with the volume of the flocs and ideally if the fractal dimension is three the flocs are completely solid so they're regular spheres and their and their flock diameter is the same as their solid spherical diameter so there's no no difference between these two components on the right but as you reduce the fractal dimension the density of the flocs becomes lower and the flock size becomes relatively bigger for for an equivalent diameter and and so we relate the size to the to the fractal dimension and the change in the in the grain size of any particular flock class is a function of gain by aggregation gain in that class by break up by shear of a larger class so some material comes into this break up by collision of a larger class which might put some components into this lost due to aggregation so two sizes in the size class might aggregate and so that material will be lost to a larger size class and lost by breaking up from this size class and lost by breaking by collision the shear and the collision are both in those rates are both increased as concentration and turbulence increases as is so so if you have lots of turbulence you can break up flocs aggregation requires both turbulence of particles see each other but also the higher the concentration the more likely the two particles will see each other and and aggregate so a typical typically we will break our class sizes into a number of different break our sediment into a number of different size classes and distribute them logarithmically by size and then the settling velocity is associated with the particle density and changes as a function of size and and the mass basically is moved among these classes through aggregation and and disaggregation depending primarily on the shear stress and the density of material that's there so we did some test cases this is a a test case where you've got a kind of a tank of water and you increase the shear the concentration you keep the same amount of sediment and increase the shear in that tank of water and the floc sizes decrease in as the shear rate increases as they get torn apart then you decrease the shear the shear rate is the gray pyramids here you decrease the shear rate and the flocs are still being moved around and they aggregate and then they end up with a larger diameter in the real world that would settle out but in this tank they can't really settle they can settle to the bottom but they get re-suspended and this is one dataset that we can use to demonstrate that the model it seems to be doing the same thing that the field experiment does another idea is whether or not the flocs come into kind of some equilibrium diameter in the in Winterwerp's original one of his original papers he argued that there's a linear relationship between the floc size and the ratio of concentration in the square root of the shear in the water column and these linear relationships change depending on the aggregation and the breakup parameters so each one of these curves represents different parameters these are these are somewhat tunable parameters that determine what the equilibrium floc size is depending on the rate ratio of concentration in shear and so these are model results in the dots in blue and linear fits that show that the model does kind of come to equilibrium sizes depending on the conditions and this is kind of a very simple experiment where we've where we've taken the water column and just taken it from a still water column with initially uniform distribution of flocs in the water column so this is the floc concentration in the pop panel the elevation the mean diameter the weighted average diameter of the flocs in the in this column and the settling velocity of the flocs in this column initially the flocs are uniformly distributed the water column is accelerated the flow velocity increases the turbulence increases initially the flocs start settling out but as they settle out they end up in the high concentration region in the bottom where there's a lot of shear and a lot of concentration so there's a lot of aggregation and over time this whole system kind of comes to a dynamic equilibrium where you have a concentration profile that looks like this you have a diameter which looks like this so you have smaller particles up near the top of the water column larger particles near the bottom and you have an average settling velocity that looks like this and this little kickback in the right near the bed is is actually the wave current bottom boundary layer where there's so much shear that the floc size is cut right down and these profiles for each individual class are shown over on the right so one last thing I wanted to mention before Courtney talks about how we actually could use this model how she and her students have used this model is that there's also a vegetation drag component now in in ROMS that was put in by Alexi Baudin and Neil Gange and others here in this lab and the idea is to be able to put in for ag associated with submerged aquatic vegetation vegetation and so there's an interaction between the parameters from the swan model and the in the flow model that go through the vegetation depending on different parameters and it has a number of effects it it within the canopy it reduces the amount of tke and so there's less mixing in the canopy but above the canopy the the flexible component of the submerged canopy can enhance the tke and so the vertical distribution of particles that are in the water column and are quite different if you include the SAV component of the model so here's kind of a summary of the different components of that model and I recommend that that you have a look at the paper if you want to include that in your in your model but it's for modeling for example marshes or seagrass beds this seems to be a very effective addition of the model so I'm about to turn it over to Courtney and I'm going to let her start sharing her screen the way all this is accomplished in the model our details that are probably too difficult to get into here but basically you need to include changes in the .h file which changes how the model is actually set up you need to make changes in the input files that describe what kind of input you're providing the model you need to have you need to describe the sediment components that you've got and you need to either initialize the model analytically or with some kind of initial file that shows the spatial distribution of all these components in there and there are good examples in the ROMs distribution of how to do this but we're also welcome to answer questions here around the forum as to how to actually implement this and so I think that's it for me Courtney maybe I should stop and ask if there are any questions while Courtney shares her screen and I'm going to unsharing I'm going to stop sharing mine yeah so if there are any questions while I figure out how to share my screen that would be great I notice that Aaron Beavers on there and I forgot to include him as one of your students who is doing very cool stuff with this model so sorry about that Aaron and all right are you guys Chris yeah this is Larry Sanford hi hi Larry so how when you when you have bioturbation in the model do you are there any issues with numerical diffusion between the layers there's a little bit of the numerical diffusion but it's much much smaller we're using a we tested that kind of extensively and we have there's there's more diffusion than there might be because there's variable bed thickness brought into there so there's a there's a dz component in the in the equation but we're we're using a fully implicit solution that is stable and has errors that are less than one percent the numerical diffusion is less than one percent when we do a bunch of analytical tests with analytical distributions okay thank you okay um are there any other questions before we move on to trying to show a few applications of the cohesive model okay um so what I want to do with the kind of next 10 minutes or so is to show you some of Danielle Charlie's PhD results so Danielle is a PhD candidate she's co-advised by Carl Friedrichs and myself so Carl is co-author on all of these the work she's doing and Chris is also on her dissertation committee so he's also been heavily involved in the model applications that she's been doing so one focus of Danielle's work is to try to quantify how the cohesive sediment transport processes impact the York River estuary which is the uh system that is you know right outside my window here at VIMS so she's been using the sediment transport model that Chris just gave a great overview of and she's been specifically in not including the non-cohesive version which Chris covered in the beginning of his talk but accounting for the cohesive version of the model and specifically looking at the effects of flocculation and bed consolidation so here um this is showing kind of schematics from what Chris already covered Danielle's model runs include both bed consolidation which uses the model that Chris covered that was originally developed by Larry Sanford and it includes this kind of parameterized critical shear stress at equilibrium depth profile and then the model tracks the instantaneous critical shear stress for erosion and nudges it at each time step back towards the equilibrium value and then on the bottom here is just a schematic of the flock model that Chris just discussed and Danielle has been using this with I think about 11 size classes to try to account for flocculation processes in a system like the York River so just a shout out to the work that this talk was kind of put together based on stuff that Danielle presented just last week at the surf meeting in Alabama so for her model runs she has set up an idealized estuary model and she based it the kind of overall dimensions and hydrodynamics of this model on the York River estuary but one thing to note is that we're using this idealized kind of 2d representation of the York because especially the flocculation model was computationally expensive so we wanted to get a feel for how important the flocculation processes were in this idealized system before we attempted to run it in a full 3d model which would have you know many more grid cells so the basic features of her idealized model grid is we have a riverine input I'm not sure if I don't think you guys can see my pointer we have a river input to the right coming in relatively shadow shallow water putting in fresh water and then on the left hand side the downstream boundary condition is a tidal boundary condition with salty water flexing in and out with the with the tide and then underneath the water column is a sediment bed model that accounts for the bed consolidation processes that we talked about that Chris talked about earlier so we're going to show you an animation of the model run so the top she ran the model for this case twice once she included the flocculation processes and then the second time she ran it she did not include flocculation so here the arrows will be the current velocity the red lines represent the isopignals so showing you how the salt distribution is set up and then the color is suspended sediment constant concentration in milligrams per liter so now if you can see the time dependency of the model we see the tides flexing in and out and we see that the sediment concentrations are heavily weighted towards having high sediment concentrations here in this turbidity maximum region and we also see that there's quite a big difference in overall suspended sediment concentration when flocculation is included compared to when it was not included so again the major features that we see is the difference in sediment concentrations when we include flocculation and that whether or not we included flocculation we did get an estrange turbidity maximum that's formed by the sediment trapping at the halt at the head of the salty region so in this model in her 2019 paper Danielle ran the model with and without each of these cohesive processes so on the bottom panel here on the on the right is showing the overall depth integrated amount of suspended sediment concentration for a model run that that included both consolidation and flocculation and so that is the blue line and then in the green and the red lines those were models that either for the red line did not include flocculation and for the green line did not include bed consolidation so with both of those we see that we see two kind of twofold differences in overall suspended sediment concentration when we neglect those cohesive processes and then here she differenced the suspended sediment concentration in each of those in each of kind of the modeled size classes I think she included 11 different size classes ranging from one micron up to a thousand micron sediment wherever you see blue that means that when she included flocculation there was less of that sediment in suspension where you see red that indicates that when she included flocculation there was more of that sediment in suspension so what we see is that our main differences in sediment concentration are in the etm and that flocculation there acted to aggregate the finer sediment and package it repackage it as the coarser aggregates and then something she's been looking at more recently is to try to evaluate how good this equilibrium model is when we apply it to our idealized estuary so chris already showed this figure where he ran the flock model to steady state for three different cases and showed that at steady state it did meet winter ropes ideas about equilibrium flock sizes um danielle pulled out times from her idealized model where she thought that the model would likely be at steady state at this equilibrium flock size and so that was at i believe the peak flood and ebb times for the etm locations so each dot represents the equilibrium uh or the the instantaneous size that was calculated by the model and then the the black line on it is the same equilibrium line that she obtained the black line represents a best fit to these points and then the color of the dot indicates how high in the water column that point was so the dark blue dots are the very near bed data points and then the red ones would be in the upper water column so overall we conclude that during these times of peak flow that the the model is pretty much approaching an equilibrium flock size distribution but when we plot all of the scatter for the instantaneous diameter from the model compared to that equilibrium flock scaling shown as a black line we see that a lot of times the model is producing flock sizes that are very different from the equilibrium flock model so here the very bottom grid layer is shown as these black triangles and then the colors of all the other dots indicate how high up in the water column it was with blue being near the bed and red being near the water surface so we see that throughout the water column there are times when the model does not meet this equilibrium size distribution so what she's been looking at in her analysis more recently is trying to evaluate the importance of flocculation throughout different time periods and at different locations in the in the in the idealized model so I'm just going to show a few of her recent results kind of and these point out the importance of the flocculation terms as well as when the model is at this equilibrium flock size distribution and when it is really not quite there so on these panels the the very right hand panel oops sorry the very right hand panel shows the time the kind of title where we are in terms of the tide in the model so so we're showing that we're going to show you results from points one two and three which represent slack tide um raising flood tide and then peak flood tide and then the panels to the left show model results from each of those three time periods on each of these panels we're showing the grain size diameter with the finest stuff being to the left the course of stuffing to the right and we're showing the the mass the amount of mass that's being transferred through flocculation for each of those size classes so wherever these bar graphs are above zero that means that that size is being added to by the flocculation process and wherever that bar graph is below zero that means that the flocculation process is acting to take material out of that size class so here during the flood conditions at times two and three we see that we're disaggregating our larger particles and form and they as they break up they're forming more of the small of the medium size flocks and then the other data points that are in these graphs are these dashed vertical lines the red dash vertical line is the equilibrium diameter and then the black vertical line is the instantaneous modeled flock diameter so we see that during times two and three the equilibrium diameters are finer than the instantaneous and so in order to nudge the system back towards equilibrium what the model is doing is breaking up the larger flocks to form those medium size flocks okay and then I should have pointed out that this model data is from the very near bed so at the very near bed at peak flood we're not at equilibrium we're resuspending stuff that is coarser than the equilibrium flock size and that stuff is quickly being disaggregated and put up and then put into the finer sizes and then these panels are the same panels again looking at conditions as we go from peak flood down to peak ebb and again we see pretty similar behavior with with we tend to resuspend sediment that is coarser than the equilibrium and when we are at higher shear stresses that stuff breaks up to form the medium size flocks but that was all very close to the bed when we look at what's going on about a meter above the bed so for these results daniel took model estimates from a grid cell that was 90 centimeters above the bed and there we see that the system tends to be reaching more of the equilibrium sizes when we are more at the peak flood because the equilibrium flock size diameters closer to the instantaneous one at times at time three when we're at peak flood and they're also in this upper water column we've switched from disaggregation being important to aggregation being important for most of our mass balance terms we have we're losing sediment mass in these medium sizes and that stuff is especially at peak flow conditions that stuff is aggregating to form the coarser the bigger aggregates so to conclude some of the results that we're seeing from this idealized estuary case is that the idealized estuary case does reproduce the key features of the of our idealized estuary such as estuarine circulation forming the etm but in order to get realistic values for the sediment concentrations daniel needed to include the cohesive processes of bed consolidation and flocculation the flocculation had the biggest impact on the suspended sediment concentration in the etm and it reduced sediment concentration by about 50 there outside of the etm the bed consolidation had a bigger effect and it but it also decreased sediment concentrations by about 50 and then in daniel's more recent results we're seeing that flocculation is transferring as much or even more sediment in the flocc term compared to the horizontal and vertical advection terms i didn't show those results today just for time but that's kind of one of the significant results that we're seeing out of her model runs and then finally that the model that accounts for this time dependency in the flocc size showed that in our idealized estuary a lot of times the flocc size did not reach the equilibrium flocc size it seems to only really reach the equilibrium flocc size when we have peak flow conditions and up above that immediate resuspension layer so that's what i had if there are questions either for me or chris or daniel and i presented this today it's really daniel's work but she's been um busy writing up her results so she i'm sure so maybe if there are no i can't see the chat thing now lin was going to keep an eye on that to see if there are any questions it looks like uh you may have two questions coming okay i think somebody's probably typing at this moment daniel's trying to help me figure out how to do this okay okay so there are two questions okay so daniel the first question is why didn't you present this because i'm trying to write it up in word form so did you spend the weekend writing or working on this talk i spent most of the weekend writing she did present to that surf um a week and a half ago and did a much better job than i did today probably so and did you have another question have we thought about the effect of hyperpikinal flows yes we have thought about it um and there are examples of the roms model being being used to account for hyperpikinal flows shenan chen did a kind of similar to our idealized estuary shenan chen did a paper where he used the roms model in a 2d across shelf case to account for hyperpikinal flows um erin beaver who i believe is on the call as part of his dissertation he looked he included that um the sediment density effect to look at whether um a river in new zealand would plunge during high um discharge um the shelf off of that particular river right off of the river mouth is not very steep so that river wouldn't really um plunge too very deep because it kind of emptied into an embayment and so the so i guess the way i would include hyperpikinal flows from a river mouth right now would be to try to have sufficient vertical resolution so that we would have some hope of capturing the suspended sediment stratification at the kind of top of that hyperpikinal layer and but to date i i have not seen cases where people ran it for kind of a realistic um um model grid and bathymetry so maybe larry's question so when you're using the flock model you've got christ said that for you have a fixed number of sediment classes and each class has a fixed settling velocity right correct did that right so did you set your so you all had one basic fine sediment size and you just divided your sediment classes into different classes of flocks is that the way you did this and each class of flock had its own settling velocity yes oh okay and it assumes that all classes of flocks are have the same fractal dimension right right so the settling velocities are just what what's assigned to it by the same fundamental size and the same fractal dimension within their different categories of flock okay cool and also do you have what's what you have the the actual citation for your 2019 paper yeah i think it's on Courtney's presentation but it's in the journal marine science and engineering okay thanks i believe the next question was from how wing um what would like to know how our group creates rom's grids and what we use for grid generation christ have you done that recently i my group has done it and i used an m file that was called easy grid and i decided that might be a misnomer but we tried to update easy grid that's what we did and and recently i've been doing it um in python but it's not it it's been very um it hasn't been a gooey operation it's it's been you know actually me picking the points that i want to do and then doing the smoothing and the and and all the things for the the symmetry grid and then finally writing out of rom's grid so there's uh there are some getting getting from an xyz grid in matlab to a rom's grid is pretty easy because there's some tools in the rom's toolbox for doing that but slapping down a grid a curvilinear grid on a on a you know a pythymetry map um there are a number of ways to do that and i don't think any of them are completely satisfactory but that but um easy grid's probably the best way to start i remember at the coast user group meeting last february that they asked for a show of hands of who had used easy grid and it was like me and one other person so and john and danielle's reminding me that john warner had some other tools that come with the coast distribution i think so so i would probably look at those first before easy grid or chris's python tools that he mentioned okay there was a question about whether the bed consolidation module changes the sediment bulk density to reduce the layers thickness within the bed layers so so the answer is yes it does do that so the mass of the sediment is conserved the bulk density changes and the thickness of the layers change but none of that those things aren't really calculated dynamically they're only calculated kind of um uh through this equilibrium profile approach okay yeah all right um and chris are you following the chat so brian romans has a question um uh applications to the deep sea three to five kilometers water depth contra right currents and drifts um so and brian is wondering if we've used cohesive models in that context so i have i've run the roms model to try to represent the gulf of mexico continental shelf to slope and we do get in the model contour currents we do get resuspension from fast relatively fast flowing currents along the continental slope so in the model the shelf is definitely wave driven transport dominates but when we get deeper you know in the gulf of mexico off of when we get beyond the the shelf slope break what dominates resuspension is fast currents that come through now whether those whether those are real we don't really have good data time series data to evaluate how good those contour currents that we get in the model are and that is something that i think is important to try to do is a more tightly coupled deep sea model data comparison and in my model we i have not used the cohesive model at at this point yet we've used a non cohesive formulation and i can't speak to what other people have done in the deep sea but i think it's important to try to get better studies howing wrote on the chat to try that he might try easy grid he's tried grid builder and not liked it he or she okay are there other questions or any that we missed in the chat no well thanks to everybody for participating and thanks to lin and systems for organizing this


Assalamu alaikum, peace be upon you, our respected viewers and welcome to the beliefs of Islam. In today's episode, we will talk of miracles as evidence of prophetic claims. Logically, accepting any proclamation fundamentally requires proof. Now the connection between the proclamation and the proof must be so reliable that the confidence in the reliability of the proclamation is indissoluble from the evidence provided. A prophet proclaims the representation of from Allah the Exalted. There is no way of proving this proclamation except from confirmation from Allah. Thus a miracle is a practical confirmation from Allah for his proclamation as a prophet. A miracle takes place without a material cause with a will that encompasses the causes and effect. The cause determines the effect and the effect except determining from the cause which is nothing but the will of Allah the Exalted. When a miracle takes place with the proclamation of a prophet, then it gives certainty that Allah the Exalted performed the miracle for his confirmation. Now the best definition we can give for a miracle is that which exists out of the productive capacity of the human beings. When someone proclaimed to be a prophet and it was rationally possible to confirm this if he showed a miracle, it would be a convincing proof to verify his claim. However, if he was not truthful, then the occurrence of a miracle from him would be verification of a liar and a reason for misleading the people.  Imam Aridah A.S. said, if one said why it's compulsory for them, meaning the masses to know the messengers, acknowledge them and submit to their obedience. The reply would be, this is due to the creation not being able to reach imperfection. What is in their interest? The Creator is higher than can be seen. Due to their weakness and incapability, the creation cannot perceive them. Thus it was a must that an infallible messenger be in between him and his creation to convey to them his commands regarding what to do and what not to do. In short, he would teach them manners and inform them of their interests and harms. In short, he would teach them manners and inform them of their interests and harms, as they do not have the ability to understand what they need and what is in their interests or what is harmful for them. If recognizing and obeying the prophet was not compulsory upon the people, then there would be no use of his coming. This would mean that he has carried out a useless act which has no benefit and use. This is not the attribute of all wise who made firm everything. This is for today. Until we meet next episode, thank you very much indeed. Anas salamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.


TEFL jobs in Greece There are many private language schools offering opportunities for TEFL jobs in Greece These language schools are where the great majority of English teachers can find work in this country Most TEFL jobs in Greece are teaching young learners, but there are opportunities for work in almost all other areas as well, such as business English, teaching adults and private lessons Salaries in Greece will seem to be quite low, but this is offset by the low cost of living here and are, therefore, more than enough to get by on If you have a university degree, a TEFL certificate and an EU passport, then you should be able to find work without too much problem For nationalities outside of the EU, regulations made finding work in Greece more difficult Finding a TEFL job in Greece It's best to thoroughly research the work situation in Greece before you come and maybe even get a TEFL job lined up as well All language schools in Greece are organized and regulated through a single association of school owners known as POSSO They will be able to tell you about job openings available and will even forward your resume to schools in need of teachers English teaching jobs are frequently advertised on the internet and in newspapers Most positions come available between the months of August to October If you haven't secured a position before coming to Greece, this period is a good time to go in person to language schools with your up-to-date resume and dressed in your professional best and asked to speak to the Human Resources Manager or the Director TEFL job requirements Once you are in the country, you will need a work permit, a residence permit and a teaching permit to teach legally It takes time to get through this process and the school where you will be working needs to do part of this process for you Working conditions Salary and working conditions will vary from school to school Make sure that you ask questions before accepting a job regarding salary or hourly pay rate, whether you'll have to travel to your lessons and if you get compensated for this time and reimbursed for expenses What kind of material resources the school has for lesson planning and teaching materials, what kind of administrative and collegial support you will have, etc Students will help to avoid any nasty surprises after you've already agreed to take the job Many English teachers supplement their income by offering private lessons Many private students are preparing for one of the University of Cambridge's all-exams, which is the most respected and widely recognized of the English competency exams in Greece If your salaries in Greece are quite low, you would find it difficult to find a more welcoming and beautiful country in which to teach English Good luck with your job search and have a great time! TEFL in Greece Sign up for TEFL International's intensive TEFL training courses at one of our three locations in Greece Obtain one of the most valuable teaching certifications in the world at our exciting training centers in Greece For completion, you will easily find a job teaching English in Greece or other parts of the world The picturesque country on the Mediterranean Sea is a premier travel destination for many people around the world It's especially Greece's unique history and the abundance of historic landmarks and splendid beaches that draw in many visitors TEFL Greece Our three training centers are situated in Corinth, Athens and Santorini All three locations are very different from each other with their own unique charm No matter where you decide to spend a month to become a TEFL teacher, you will have the time of your life Corinth is a prestige summer destination for many travelers The city has hot summers with mild rainfall In ancient Greece, Corinth was the commercial center of the country with traders from around the world traveling to this city The iconic port of Corinth is still one of the many landmarks of the city If you are looking for more history, come to Athens for your TEFL course The city is filled with ancient Greek temples for gods and goddesses The world-famous Acropolis and Pantheon make up the city skyline Enjoy the finest Greek cuisine and wines and explore the vibrant nightlife one the sun has set Santorini is a world-famous island in the Aegean Sea between the Greek mainland and Turkey The island is most famous for its distinct architecture with white cubicle houses and blue roofs Santorini is a premium vacation destination with splendid beaches, crystal clear water and a vibrant nightlife TEFL course Greece On completion of your four-week intensive training course at one of our three Greece training centers Our staff will assist you in resume writing and provide extensive recruitment support Once you have applied for a few job positions, our staff will also prepare you for your TEFL interview The courses at our Greece locations are available throughout the year Which means you can join a new course every month


Hey guys, I just wanted to show you this little circuit that with one move basically you can change the circuit from a dual power supply circuit to a voltage doubler as long as the little transformer that you're using has a sensor tap. For it to be a voltage doubler you don't need the sensor tap. All you need is your little bridge rate to fire, your AC will go on to the bridge rate to fire as it normally does, any of the side. Your negative will come out the negative, the positive will come out the positive as they normally do and then on the positive side we'll put a capacitor. So the positive leg of the capacitor goes to the positive side and we will then meet with another capacitor and bridge with the negative side of this capacitor, the positive side of this capacitor going to the negative side of this capacitor and the negative side will come here to the negative lead coming out of your bridge rectifier. What this will give us is basically two capacitors in series and so what we will get is this is 14 volts once it's DC regulated, it's going at 19.5, 20 volts and if you can see that there 19.5. Now if we want that voltage to double what will you got to do? You have another wire where your AC went in, this is exactly the same place and the same line of sockets as where your AC went in and we'll just put the out part of that in between these two capacitors. Now basically what happens now is that voltage gets doubled. It is no longer the 19.5 volts, it's now 39, only 40 volts. It's about as crude and simple as you get and now something else that you can do with this, if your transformer there has a little center tap coming off it like this does here, what you can do is you can take this wire out that you've just used to make it a voltage doubler, take that out and in between these two capacitors where you had that wire, put your center tap and then once you get then, let's just pop this in, it's going to be a little bit difficult for me too without the tweezers because the end on this isn't, it's a bit frayed. Okay so I put that in there, sorry we didn't see that, there it is between those two capacitors, that's the center tap and now what we've got, what we got, what we got now is we have a zero voltage, we have a positive voltage and we have a negative voltage, so the zero, positive and a negative. Effectively we've got a dual power supply using the center tap of that, or that second drip and I'll show you, so if I put, yeah if I put this in here and just connect it to one of these legs of the capacitor, it doesn't matter which one because it's just making that bridge circuit and it's going to be connected to the center tap basically, now I put the power down so we can see what's on there and we got positive 18.3, it's going down because really, I don't actually know why it's going down, but that's where it's supposed to be anyway, so and if I take that off and I take this positive lead here, let's connect that and I come round to this side and I connect that there, what we then get is the negative side, so from here we've got the positive and here we've got the negative. A dual power supply. It's cool. Cheers watching guys!


I want to read you a quote. It says, Speak highly of everyone or say nothing at all. Tempa your words with consciousness of empathy. Speak the way you would want to be spoken to. Are we together? One more time. Speak highly of everyone or say nothing at all. Tempa your words with consciousness of empathy. Speak the way you would want to be spoken to. Na jen iru sumgumingi, but basically what I'm trying to say is, jipende, sawa na upende wa tuvene. My name is Valent and I want to give a very big shout out to Kayesu and Ian and Georgia who did a couple of miraculous things right before we came. So I hope you're enjoying the show. We had Joanne Aoko for Strength of a Woman. I told you she's amazing. Sinkwambia nani. Sinkwambia nani. And if you don't believe me, you can watch that interview again at 224 channel on YouTube. So Kaibunisana WCW. And we have a meeting. Ngepende kusimani women's conference pashtukuna manome. So wacha konza tu salimi. Ani watu then we'll get to the topic at hand. I mean we'll be running running there to our Facebook and Twitter in them. Hai. Hello. Kaibunisana. Mbonu Jenselme. Hai. Hai. Mnaka kusuri. Transi na wewa Jojole. Yes. Good morning, sir. Good morning, madam. You look like you're about to go for an interview after this. Thank you. Na fana kaza kutafutaka. Wow. What is your good name? My good name is Jojono Diemu. Where can we find you? YouTube Mkenya Halisi 3. No, not YouTube. YouTube, I have YouTube channel called Sky News Media. We do a couple of things there. But important things we don't blog. Tweet Mkenya Halisi 3. Facebook Jojono Diemu. So apoka YouTube ya kutani ambia venyesuji tanasha me atua? No, no, no. We don't blog. Okay, but seem back yenda Rwanda kutafutabidi wengini. Tabidi tumetwami aki. That part is news we are waiting for. You stay, she died to see. Okay. Sawa. Sizi tu na pamanana low cast. Na corona virus. Oh. Bye. Hi, mommy. Hi. What's your good name? My good name is Purity Dinda Muluwa. You can find me in Instagram. At Purity Namaste. Yeah, Facebook. Namaste. Hey. Then Facebook Purity Muluwa. Yeah, that's all. Hi man. Hello. How are you? I'm fine. What's your name? My name is Hilda Nyango. I'm a student of journalism and mass communication. You're so sweet of toys. Yes. Some professions require strong, strong hearts. You can't just enter. You can do this. I can. I believe in you. I believe in you. Satafati. To some of you to see what's up. So Facebook. Hey, we have a question. As you can see. Lakin imbona de manaka akuna makasiriko. How do we fix grudges and conflicts in a relationship? How do we do that? Okay. I see you, Keeta, as you continue. Pia sayatun nezaika komente. Ako we have a rosy baby. Irungus is good morning. It depends on what he did. I can forgive anything else but cheating online. I just can't. I just online. I just let him go. I prefer to be told the bitter truth. Hi from Kajado. We can only fix relationships by the individual faithful to each other and trust each other. Daniela Kaosa's hashtag when the morning loves about trust and honesty for me. Whenever we have problems, we talk about it and forgive. Laitok tok be. Hey Daniela. We have a Charles Ireriwa Shamata. Good morning. I'm watching from Shamata Nyandara County. I see you. Ukiyenda kwa hobat kei. Hobat kei simple forgive and forget good morning. Yaw hapukwa studio hashtag why in the morning. Siprian Kaxi Junior says hello I'm Sipria. We can fix things through advice taught by mentors and by being guided. CW mtapeli mehengam sumali nabigap. Ni pite nawawa. Ah, where was I? Okay. Eman James I see you. Good morning. Good morning. I'm really enjoying the show. Mombasot kunda ni. Nime grope ingine. Nene sis bunyeza. Kibunyeanya pamocha. Cardi boy says if you are in a relationship and you have a grudge with your partner then that's not a relationship. It's just a puppy relationship. Vani young music just following the from pipeline. Hashtag why in the morning CW mtapeli again chaza naraada. And Darala and Angel say zake kumskilzan. No Yorobala from Mexico City Cafe. I have no idea what you just said to me Brobo but I appreciate that you're watching the show. Andrew Maulidi. Mdara says good morning. Wayamesh Morome. Ah! Good morning, Wayamesh. How are you? Hashtag why in the morning. Inabidiki lam tu ashke barabara kama lokaast. Wow. Ham tasumbuana sana. Tushike barabara kama lokaast. Wayamesh. Ay. Atokiam koe badu kwangamfani. Zawa. Naya. My name is Valentine or at Kalamiga. Maloch mongelia. Kuleko of grudges. Although tumisimani relationship apokwani ni. Yundoch tansanayo. But na takatu. To address yote. For example. Kawa na date Jojo vinyem ta fix grudgenu. But kawa we na we we na agiu. Na justi sometimes also can agiu. How we can fix that. Yes. Yes. Yes. Holy kwa chofi. Na kuna sana. Na kuna sana. I say Andrew Maulidi. Good morning to you too. So guys. How do you think? Okay first of all. Mbo na usana tukuna shida. Mbo na twizi say ma'am sorry. Ona Jojo vinyem prai yoko tu ya. Asa that one. Like it's true. Why are we so difficult? Why are we so difficult? Na ni ukueli siya tunewa. Ya. Ukueli. I think niju. Siki. Atuizi ang felt mistakes. Sidi kwa nili bata twizi. Tunatunata ni. It's a mental itunata ni too. How easy kwa siya tunewa una kwa siya yoko tu kahi.  That's it. It's difficult to say sorry. But why are you disturbing your man to apologize for things you cannot hear. Proof he did. Waw na katap samams. Na wana Joa vizuri sana ni wewa. Inu mefanga. Why are we like that? I think it depends. Sometimes he's wrong. He has to say sorry. And sometimes you're wrong. But he's still the one saying sorry. Why? Mawli zama swalingu. But why do you think so? Because of their ego. That's simple. Sidi katuna ego. Really. Musubu ladies utapata. Mama kosa but they don't want to accept. But you're like, where is it? Last time me did kupata daba kosa. Where is it? Sasa say utaki. It's like what a complicate to your issue. You can't even come and like. But they're wrong side. But you're on the wrong side. And then I just want this thing. Sometimes you're just afraid of losing this person. So utakama me kosa. And I accept. Why do you think so? But the men are also egocentric. Most of them don't like apologizing. I think for many just because of pride. So it goes both ways. It's not like women are egocentric and men are not. So where is the solution? Come away wu mejfanya. Tami mejfanya kumukilam tuapa. But sometimes you must just lower our ego. Who is supposed to lower it first? Nani and Afakwa. There must be someone who is starting. But Sasa, that's when we talk about the situation at hand. Maybe you're on the wrong side and you don't want to lower your ego. Jojo, for example, she has caught you cheating on her. So I shall lower my ego. Would you actually forgive? I should lower my ego and accept the situation. I was this and this, this was wrong. Just forgive me. Let me rephrase that question. I've seen that some things that people can be done wrong too. Now we see kubale kusame. Like, for example, nimona cheating, nimona lying, nimona cheating. That is a breaking point. Kifanya tuwe nivo. But you know, like that comment, I was thinking, like, what if you were the one lying? What if you were the one cheating? Ya, so you should ask yourself if I'm the one on the wrong side. Should the person forgive me, how much should you not forgive me? Okay, why do you cheat and want to be forgiving? Sometimes it's easy for me to cheat. Namu anya oki jikuta tuz kumo jake. Ya, how much? How many times do you cheat? If you get to the point where you have to cheat, I think it's better to break up with your kind... Limitily something. These are facts. So easy kitu nimi, kujaku notice. Wasi ano na de. Bichali wa willi. Kuna besti. Nakuna oki jali wa ke. So it's like you are cheating with your besti. Kwa zuta ona, balasai zuna, isu ni alawni. Chats na your besti. Kwa chalana, your besti. Ya, kia wakunaga kitu apa ina nistunas tuwagam. Tuwata ni kupesana. I'm very smart kijana. We don't play like that. Ten frames. Seven out of ten. Wata kubali. I have a question again. Is it really cheating if we are just seeing each other? Na uja nio. Is it cheating? But we love each other. So we should be loyal. Why is it now this loyalty thing comes in? It's not like we don't know each other. Let me move on now. I'm kidding. If you want to know. Wata kwa umdiya eva. Luezi kula mbozi kila zi. Baka mbozi zi. Sometimes kule sama. Luezi kula kwa mbozi kya waka mbozi. But now when it's the reverse, when we are actually worried about cheating on you. So now loyalty comes in. What happened? But it's not true. Fade kwa ni wuna nasech na pena managutu. Atatereda sometimes. Naji oval kuna kwa nai this situation also. Naji wuna nazech na tukose kujo. It's common. Nazech na tukose kujo. But it's not true.  Girls are so secretive. So kwa mga very secretive. So it's a date or tattoo. Kuhu ni kuzu wa kuzo wa kuzo. Kujo na kuzo. You're dating as many people as you want. We don't judge her. We don't do that to her. But to say me tu wa kukose mojayao. Let's say your favorite one. So kwa nai yo grad. We said we're very secretive. Natu na zaka nai utu kwa roho. How do we come out of being hurt by someone we love? Tuna msa me aji. How do we say, nani wili nifani leka kitu. Nani meski akba ya. I think the first thing we should sit down and discuss the problem. This was the issue. Is this and this. So we should focus. The situation in lefa na ni kafa nai kitu. Kwa ii nai. So forgive me. Onaji o that one will be easy to forgive. Let me put you in a situation where you see now he sounds like he's ready to ask forgiveness. But what about him? What are you denying? It didn't even happen. Now you have all the evils in the world. Like we're visuri wu na jo omizu mechezwa na badona kata. Say no. How do you forgive someone who's not even admitting that they hurt you? It's really hard to forgive someone if they don't admit they hurt you. Kwanzae inamsa kwa kulini ako. Who told you na kwa mbo kwe klingi? You always want. Okay, just that feeling utu aki kukose ya. U na wambanga tu aki. I really want to forgive this person. But u na takatu aku dia ombe msa maha ako. What if they don't? What if they don't say I'm sorry? But when baku wendele na meche ako. Kwa zi shindapu mekasirikia ututu om tu sasa? Well, it's very hard to forgive and forget. Sasa kamaa takiku kumba msa maha. I think to take a break. To take a break forever. Sasa kwa utaki kwa apia na zataftamungi na. Jojo, how would you handle it if they cheated on you? Na kaku darao yanyana cheat na mtu? Very, very close to you. No, I don't know. I'm not sure if the lady maybe is cheating. Maybe she's not cheating. I'm the one insisting that the lady is cheating. I am telling you a scenario. Stop getting out of it. Scenario is. Yeah, the lady is cheating. Yes. With someone very close to you. If your partner is cheating with someone who is close to you and you know and she's know that you know that now is not her relationship. That's so much hard. So you should look out of that relationship. How do you get past it? The walking out is very, very easy. But how do you deal with it? I think for me silence is the best weapon. Sometimes you just sit down. But you just control your temper. Yeah. Jojo, this is not why people are killing themselves. If you are in a womb. Yes. Okongia, the person will know your mind. You don't have to talk to the person. Thank you to me. Thank you. You can talk to someone else. Thank you. So that's also silence. When I discuss something with you about Val and Val is not aware. It's like silence. Val turns up fikiria. Jojo na fikiria ni. What's happening? What's up? Yeah, what's not going on here? Maybe you are doing that thing for me to talk. Ni react for you to get away with it. You are talking out of that relationship. Maybe you are doing that. Niaza kubo mbeza ni.  I bring drama after you react.  What if you found yourself in a violent relationship? I walk out. How do you forgive? How do you forgive? Na forgive mitu vizuri ale kupia veve black eye. After all the melani pia kongezia black ingine. How do you forgive someone like that? I really don't like violence. So if I'm in a violent relationship the best idea is just to walk out. How do you start to heal? Is there a process? A ma kwanza wuna toka and laugh wunanza life kolepole? Yeah, you talk to people you love. People who really appreciate your existence. What happens when the person you're dating is abusing you psychologically? Like to say me, at emotionally. For example, wuni, um, sandapu per example in a kaji. Someone who, for example, unona ameku kusia, sindio.  Ona kenyumefanya, iwi na iwi na iwi mi skupenda. But venyata ichkua te spin ita kwani yo fault. Why you medling? Why you so into my business? You're so clingy. Like nimba na wewe. It's going to be all about you. Legit uli endakam tu mzimasin oki. Let's talk about this. We're grown ups. We're over 18. But they're nae hataki. In fact, they don't have time for you. It's just probably something that you can offer them that they like, that's keeping them there.  Unona kitu lakina me kwanbea huku ona. So after it's playing to him, piya hataki kusiki ara? In ala kwanbeata, kenyuna semasi korekt. Kamul yon naisimu apa alafu akumbuke. Oh my gosh, na nilisa hau simu. Aende afiche. Sijona simu apa ay simu gani. Okay, here, for such a person, nita kuwangumu kufoge. So the best thing aiki tu ni, to move on. As you know, nuna tu kawna na amside na nilise. Na chana tu nae. But you know, at a certain point you are not supporting this issue of moving on. Because you can move on. You are like locusts. That's my grating from one area to another area. You would rather someone stay in some of the... No, I'm not saying that you stay in a toxic relationship. Why? I would take that back when my queens will not hear this. You should not just move kama korona virus from... Please do not allow ni tambea ni ni wa in a relationship that is not making... So this is my point. Please, please. This is my point. Before you give in, you must know what you are. Why are you giving in? You must know the personality of the person. Because when you give in, when you give in, after some ni ni you are noticing that you are the wrong person. You move, then... I don't think that's a person. I don't think ni mimi na kwangali aware. So let me tell you something. Let me tell you before you tell me. I feel like in that situation, ati, sosa yo storya kusunga, maybe you are with Jojo, then next you are with Kaisu and all these things. I don't think it's a problem with you don't know what you want in a man. Ni wujwi kenyungu na takamunye. Well, wujwi. I think that's the problem. It's not with the guys. Another thing also, the most important thing is you must know the person you are dealing with, the temper of that person. Kuna other people, ati wa kikosa.  It's like they don't spend years pretending to be the people. We are not pretending to be the people. We are not pretending to be the people. We are not pretending to be the people. Please, please. But you know, when we are talking about people, sayzit niko na uyu, na dewey am handling other guys inafaijuwe this person a kuiwi na iwi na iwi na iwi. Even ati akama beshtiangu na mini kusia, nisha mukha nimi pegi a beshtiangu na niki tukadoga na fakujo a wu mutu a kuiwi na iwi. Ya. So usikui apu na kawana na kia ui mutu na piga trua to truwa utuna na mibi ui mutu. He will never touch me. Ya. Oh, he loves me so much. Wow. I want to now bring it a little bit to the sisterhood. I hear we are our own worst enemies. Ya ni umnezaku. Mili ambe wa actually ua tu vali machali tunna vali ama demonzeitu. Because hatajua tofautia guchi na prada lakini sista kwa tajua. Sintu, demonza kwa tajua. So are we just doing these things for clouds? Do we look good to make others feel bad? Do we say things to bring other people down? What do you think? How do you live as a queen? How do I live as a queen? Please. Please. Please. Please. Please. Please. For example, ok, shkama kasi rikona mimi tse mimi miku kusia. Are you now going to go ahead and tell people nasty things about me that don't exist? Ama uta kujoni ambe onna vali. Can you leave her? Siyoku anastafil visuri. Why did you do it? Where did it come from? Ya. As for me, mimi miku kini kusia.  Apologize. Apologize. Hatshweza kusana na wadil. Aika ikwa. I once met a person, a lady, nastia onam tukawi in my life and I really hope I don't have the opportunity to meet someone like that again. As in, ushai onam utwa jifaya kwa rafki ako, but in the end, it's like me coming to talk to you only for the reason that I want to use this information that you give me, that's personal against you. Ya. How do you forgive someone like that? I think first you have to take time to heal from whatever it is you're hurting, because you might rush into, okay now let's talk this out, let's forgive each other, but then you're still hurting, so your relationship won't be mended. But then first you have to take time, first you heal from the hurting, then maybe you can talk it out with the person who hurts you. And then you talk it out to the person who hurts you and then they start crying, because now they are the victim and in fact it was all your fault. Is it to do exist, Tafavali? They exist. How do you deal with a person like that? I think Sila Zima. Sila Zima? Sila Zima to force you. We can't force issues. So how do you start forgiving yourself for even thinking of having a friend in the first place? I think you can just say things happen, it's live. Miljia mbea kiwaal. Kuchu ya niskasi. I want to call him. Contribute. He's a good friend. This is Joseph. Joseph na jwa kumasen mo. He's my good friend. Akil kuchu kongu kani in box. So I don't know. Nowadays we talk, we are good friends, we are mabudis na jwa. So what's happened? Joseph kanza kunia mbea, kumbea kona unge na nemyangu. He's a good friend. We are both friends, I love him. Kkutu kuna nise hi? I want him, I will love him. When they tell the truth. I was scared, I wanted to take pictures for them. I was scared, he was in a group, we were said to be friends, we were like in the field. So I don't know Joseph. He was scared, he was suspicious, he told me. Praise the Lord! That is a real man. He's a real man. The likes of Benson are watching. They know this story. So after some days, I don't know. Whom say na kansakun kya bibaya, then I can notice there's something that's not right here. So after some two days, story kakuja. These same, same group. Devin Mr. Nanakana yembia, she's in Rongo, Trongo University. Kansakun yembia. Sendo yembia, you see, I post to you. Whom say na, I'm like... Discussi kitu na, you say. But I have all your screenshots. So it's normally happening after that. How did you move on? No, mimi, I'm not this person like... Ni kwanza ni ma naume, grade ni. Nini, nini kutia ni kanyamaza. One of my friend kansakun solve izu witu. I don't want to comment about that thing. Because we talk to youse. Izu witu, umisana na se ma nili fanya. Nili, mimi nili nili. Nili yembia, youse, fanya. It was my fault, but youse, nili danganya. At first place. So I was thinking, youse, it's my friend. It doesn't feel so good. So why do you lie also? So mi ni katulia, after two months. Ni kawana mi nitu mi na long text. Ni kami jibuji. Okay. Akani mi, can we meet? Ya, we can meet. Because by that time, also I was avoiding conversation. Ni zakuna conversation nani. We met, we discuss issues, we solve issues. Ya, na yu relationship li kufa. Both of them. I thought it was going to happen. I thought it was going to happen. Me too. I thought it was going to happen. Why Jojo, why did you feel like that you needed to terminate the relationship now? Sometimes you need just to avoid other things. If you have a certain point, you are feeling like I did a mistake, I should accept my mistake, and then this person now knows me. Kama gemi ako yume pachekana like. So you are like, you just need to start a fresh life. You just want to start a fresh life. That's what I did, I just need fresh life. But even the lady, we still talk, even yesterday, I have a question. It's very hard to find two guys who have not talked to you for three months. Why? I really respect that code. It's never that serious. These things we do online, it's never that serious. So kids, it's your personal, they'll affect you and people are moving on. It's never that serious. And then maybe we live in this, some simple fights, they doesn't work. Like, we are in a grand fight and we are living our life.   You are not living for someone else. We are living our life. We are not living our life. You are not living for each other? No, I am not. I am happy. Please talk to me about it. About it? Yes. I am happy. Sometimes we are not ourselves. We try to be ourselves. We try to be ourselves. There's a difference between being yourself and trying to be yourself. I am trying to be myself. It means you are someone else and you should not think about yourself. But you should not think about yourself. You should try to be yourself. You should try to be yourself. So you should try to be yourself. You should try to be yourself. You should try to be yourself. It's almost out of time. Imagine, it took me almost 10 minutes. It's almost out of time. It's almost out of time. We'll still see you in next 10 hours. We will see you in 10 hours. My friend. Please talk to me. We can have a part 2. We can have a part 2. I have at least one last question. Izi general too, and I hear these cases happening to other people, so maybe your friends Muske, your bestie here is very, very dangerous, so he's your boyfriend but her bestie So you already know what's happened, bestie has quiz, is he best friend?   Yes Please Please discuss with your mam Discuss with your mam Mam You are mad There are some things that cannot be discussed with your mam Eh, eh, eh What one anyway But you know kumangia Me, me, I believe There's only two people in your na kutakia mazuri Yeah Your mam and God Yeah, right So, remining her But I had it with she So, to Sameriana and Sindio But apparently we've not even got close to the surface of the topic So, we will bring you that same topic But two Okay We'll be at WhiteFive4 On Facebook at WhiteFive4 channel On Twitter hashtag Is why in the morning us Sez maliza elika blani kwambia form Oya na ni Teniwa Am keni, am keni Wa ikona form On Friday the 6th We will be at Mary University So, kwa na roadshow All the way from Emble Ending at Mary University Na wakona gala night On that Friday For Mr and Miss Mary University Don't want to miss it All your favorite presenters, DJs And all these people will be there So ita kwa live piya So, manzeuki usipitwe Apondotambia ni ni watu Okay But meanwhile you have an amazing week And an amazing date When I repeat from two to around four This is where we say bye guys Bye


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Leighton Sports Cards, and I'm ripping a personal year for Garrett T We've got two more 22-23 Panini contenders basketball hobby boxes. All right. Thanks for hopping back in Garrett. Good luck What's up sin? How's it going? Definitely had to have been to sleep doing the afternoon. I would hope so maybe you're just waking up He'll we've got a Johnny Davis rookie ticket Russell Westbrook a key and Murray on the lottery ticket No, we blowers nice redemption. It's gonna be a Caleb Houston on the rookie season ticket Magic Caleb Houston. Yeah by Donovitch and Markel Fultz Donovan Mitchell Marvin Bagley You've got a cool, Anthony to 199 on the first round ticket Yeah, the lottery tickets are cool Timothy Jalen Brown tickets the whole yokich Kade Ant-Man courses in it's Kpj Scottie Barnes. We've got Jalen Durand rookie of the year Bradley Beale Wizards Demian Lillard. We've got contenders autograph to 99 Franz Wagner Nice second-year Franz Magic box here both autos be in for more land. Oh I would assume and James wisely like that here in a big magic fan Hold a nice Franz mojo out of prism earlier. That was the number to 25 Aten Dila.  Yeah, Tim Hardaway, Jr. Deirdre Fox and Julius Randall Solid box there We're sure like I said magic box. All right box two here for you Garrett. Good luck Scotty Barnes, we did it again back-to-back weekends here for you Garrett License to dominate. Let's see we get you this go around Gonna be hey on it's onto the combo nice hit there. Wow, so you got Luca last week and now a Yanis to go with it. You got to complete the the set now There you go.  We'll get this one in a mag Heck, yeah Chris Middleton We've got Tony Parker and first auto up is gonna be a Christian brawn. Yeah, it really does The Marta Rosen and Rudy go bear back-to-back weeks and one love to see that Westbrook I'll Walker Kessler on the rookie ticket superstar die cut Steph Curry Bison Daniels Halliburton Bain and Mobley Hardin Trey young We've got KD confidence final stick to 75 Look up. We got Russell Westbrook another redemption here on Kyrie and bam on a bio See rookie season ticket Card 124 is gonna be a EJ Liddell Pelicans Liddell for the pelicans and the last pack here for you Garrett Brunson Trayman. We've got first round to 199 Cam Thomas Lottery ticket Keegan Murray Superstars Jalen Brown They've got Jalen Brown Devon Vasell and a Yanis base that will do it for your boxes Garrett Congrats again on this license to dominate short print case hit get this magged up for you and sent right out Thanks again for hopping back in congrats