A very good evening aspirants, I welcome you all to the Hindu daily news analysis brought to you by Shankar IS Academy. Now, before getting into discussion, I have two important announcements to make. The first announcement is regarding prelims test series. Shankar IS Academy is going to start pre-storming batch 1 for UPSI prelims 2024. The orientation for the first test will be conducted on 11th September 2023 and the first test will be on 18th September. A total of 48 tests including C-SAT and Mach tests will be provided in the test series. The fee details of the test are displayed here, kindly registered to the test series immediately and boost your prelim score. Now, coming to second announcement. The second announcement is regarding all India Open Mach tests for means 2023. The test starts on 1st September 2023. Use this wise chance and boost your main score. To know about detailed information of the test, click the link provided at the top of description column. With this exciting announcement, let us get into the news analysis. Today, I am going to cover important news articles from the Hindu newspaper dated 29th of August 2023. Displayed here is a list of news articles that we will be discussing today. You can go through it. At the end of the video, we will also have prelims practice question discussions. So, try to watch the entire video and a kind request to you all, those who haven't yet, subscribe to our YouTube channel, do subscribe and hit the bell icon button so that you will get regular notifications about our current affairs videos. Now let us get into our first news article discussion. Take a look at this news article. This news article talks about the increasing P fold population in the country in general and Kerala in particular. Since 2000, Kerala has witnessed a 150 percentage jump in the P fold numbers. What is the reason for this sudden increase in population of P folds? Here the article provides some reasons for the increase in population. The first reason is that as the P fold is more assimilated to the arid region, the overall drying of the weather in India has added its population growth. The next reason for increase in population is that the P fold was given legal protection under the Wildlife Protection Act. So the effective implementation of the Wildlife Protection Act has reduced poaching of P folds across the country. So these are the two main reasons for increase in P fold population. This is all about the news article. Now in this context, in our discussion today, we will see some important points about P folds from Purlim's perspective. The first let us look at the distribution and habitat of P folds. The Indian P fold is native to the Indian subcontinent and neighboring regions. Its distribution spans across India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The P folds prefer a range of habitats including forests, grasslands, scrublands and cultivated areas. It mainly prefers dry climatic conditions. One thing unique about the board is that it is often found near human settlements. This phenomenon is due to its adaptability to survive in various environments. This is all about the distribution and habitat of Indian P folds. Now let us look at the unique characteristics of the P fold. Firstly, the P fold has a distinctive plumage. Here plumage is nothing but the feathers of P fold. The male Indian P fold which is called a peacock has elongated feathers with striking colors like deep blue and emerald green. Then in the case of females which is called P hints, they have less extravagant plumage. The plumage appears with a mixture of colors like dull brown, green and gray. These colors provide effective camouflage to the P hints during nesting. Now coming to the diet of P folds, see the P folds are omnivorous. They feed on a varied diet including grains, fruits, insects, small vertebrates and plant materials. This is all about the characteristics of P fold. Now let us see the conservation status of P fold. The Indian P fold is listed as least concerned in the IUCN red list of threatened species. This status indicates that the species is not currently facing imminent threats of extinction. But the Indian government has placed it in schedule one of FOILF protection act 1972. This is to provide maximum protection to the P fold as it faces certain threats in India. This is all about the conservation status. Now coming to the threats to Indian P folds, the first and foremost threat is habitat loss. This is due to rapid urbanization, agricultural expansion and deforestation. See the habitat loss has resulted in fragmentation of their natural habitats. The next threat is hunting. Despite legal protection, hunting and poaching for their feathers, meat and body parts continue to pose a threat to Indian P folds. Then the last major threat is predation. The eggs and chicks of the Indian P fold are susceptible to predation by various animals. This further impact the population of Indian P folds. These are some of the threats faced by Indian P fold. And that is all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the habitat and distribution of Indian P folds. Then about the unique characteristics of Indian P folds. And finally we saw some points about the threats and conservation status of Indian P fold. See this topic is very much important for your problems exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now look at this editorial article here. This article highlights the historic achievement of Indian athlete Neera Chopra at World Athletics Championships 2023. Recently the 2023 World Athletics Championships was held in Budapest, Hungary. In that event Neera Chopra won a gold medal in Javelin throw. He became the first Indian to win gold medal in Javelin throw at World Athletics Championships. This is India's third medal at the World Athletics Championships. The first medal was won by Anju Bobby George in 2003 and the second medal was won by Neera Chopra last year. Last year Neera Chopra won a silver medal in Javelin throw and this year he came at the first place and he won a gold medal. This year the second place was secured by Pakistan athlete Arshad Nadim. He won silver medal which is Pakistan's first ever medal at World Athletics Championship. This is all about the event. Here the author of the editorial was worried over the poor performance of some Indian athletes. So the author suggests a review of training by Athletics Federation of India and Sports Ministry. This is all about this editorial. Now let us see some basic information about World Athletics Championships. The World Athletics Championships is an international track and field event. It is one of the most prestigious competitions in athletics. It provides an additional opportunity to athletes to compete on the world stage outside of the Olympics. See the World Athletics Championships covers a wide range of track, field and combined events like running, walking, jumping and throwing. Know that the first World Athletics Championships was took place in Helensky, Finland in 1983. Until 1991 the event was held once every four years. Then from 1991 the event is being held every two years. That is the World Athletics Championships is a biennial event. Okay now talking about the events under World Athletics Championships. See the championships has a variety of events including sprints, middle distance and long distance races, hurdles, relays, high jump, long jump, triple jump, short put, discuss throw, javelin throw and cross country races. Okay now who organizes the World Athletics Championships? See the World Athletics Championships is being organized by the World Athletics. It is an international sports body that governs the sports of athletics. It was formed as International Amateur Athletic Federation in 18 July 1912 at Starkholm, Sweden. In 2001 International Amateur Athletic Federation was renamed into International Association of Athletic Federations. Then in 2019 International Association of Athletic Federations was finally renamed into World Athletics. Okay, despite the organization was formed in Sweden, it is now headquartered in Monaco which is a European country. Okay currently the World Athletics has 214 member federations and know that India is also a member to the organization. See in addition to World Athletics Championships the World Athletics also organizes World Under 20 Championships and World Under 18 Championships to promote youth participation in athletics. Okay and that's all regarding this discussion and in this discussion we saw about the recently held World Athletics Championships 2023. Then we saw some basic information about World Athletics Championships and an organization named World Athletics. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this news article from the Opinion page. This article talks about the need of comprehensive sexuality education in India.  But how many are educated about sexuality and how many are aware about sexuality? This is the question here. According to UNOS course Global Education Monitoring Report only 20% of countries have laws and 39% of countries have a national policy that specifically addresses sexuality education. See India is one among the countries which neither have a law nor have a national policy regarding sexual education. Now with this background in this discussion let us see what is comprehensive sexuality education then why India needs it then what are the challenges associated with imparting sexual education in India and how the problems can be solved. Okay this is what the plan. Now before getting into discussion the syllabus regarding this discussion is highlighted here you can go through it. Now let us begin with what is comprehensive sexuality education? See basically sexuality refers to sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions and behaviors of one person towards other person. Now coming to comprehensive sexuality education. See comprehensive sexuality education which is in short called as CSE is a program where young people are educated about their sexuality by providing accurate and age appropriate information. Here the term comprehensive means that the program covers a range of topics on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health throughout childhood and adolescence. See according to UN global guidance comprehensive sexuality education should start from the age of 5 along with formal education through an established curriculum and as I already said the information provided should be scientifically accurate and it should be tailored for different ages. This means that young children will be taught about their bodies, emotions, the basic principles of consent and how to deal with violence, bullying or abuse okay. So in simple words comprehensive sexuality education is typically introduced at an age appropriate level and gradually built upon throughout a person's education until adolescence okay. This is all about the basics of comprehensive sexuality education. See the comprehensive sexuality education program has various impacts. See the impacts and the need for such a program are the same. Now we will see them one by one.  Secondly learning about sexuality aspects helps the individuals to develop the skills that are required to establish and maintain respectful and consensual relationships. Thirdly assist information about contraception and safe sex practices can help to reduce the number of unintended pregnancies. Fourthly the sexuality education helps individuals to understand how sexually transmitted diseases and sexually transmitted infections are transmitted and how they can be prevented and treated. This will contribute to the reduction of transmissions rates especially among the younger population.   Apart from this the sexual education counteracts myths and misinformation about sexual health and it empowers individuals to set boundaries and to recognize potentially harmful situations.  This is all about the need and impact of comprehensive sexuality education. Now coming to India, see India lacks such a proactive comprehensive sexuality education program and it neither has law nor has a national policy with respect to sexuality education. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, 51,863 cases were reported under the protection of child from sexual offenses act that is POKSO Act in 2021. Of the 51,863 cases, 33,348 or 64% were of sexual assault cases. Even if several state governments formulate policies they were not socially accepted. While some says that the program sexualizes children and others says that the program violates Indian values. See our traditional values are often shaped by patriarchal and hierarchical social structures. So there is a hesitation in the society to adopt two modern programs. So this is the first major challenge for India to import comprehensive sexuality education in formal education. Secondly in the context of POKSO cases, consensual adolescent relationships are frequently criminalized in India. So the High Court of Madras, Delhi and Mahalaya have asked the government to reducing the age of consent which is 18 years. See actually this happens due to lack of awareness about sexual consent among adolescents. When adolescents are educated about sexual consent, they themselves can identify where they are exploited and abused. This in turn will reduce the criminalization of consensual adolescent relationships. Here reducing age of consent is not at all required. Since even judiciary lacks this understanding, the push to comprehensive sexuality education remains a challenge in India. Thirdly, teachers actually lack the knowledge to talk about diverse topics included in the comprehensive sexuality programs. See capacity building of teachers is very important to import sexuality education in India. But educating the teachers in the first place remains a challenge in India. So this is another challenge. And finally, the author concludes by saying that the responsibility of sexuality education is vested with the state governments in India. So the states have the freedom to develop their own creative curriculums. The curriculum can be developed within the framework suggested by United Nations Population Fund. Additionally, the judiciary can persuade the government to formulate a national policy which can act as a guidance to state governments in imparting sexuality education. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about what is comprehensive sexuality education, then about the need for comprehensive sexuality education, then we saw about the challenges in imparting sexuality education in India. And finally, we saw some way forward to impart sexuality education in India. See, you can use these points while writing your main sensors with these points in mind. Let's take a look at the next news article discussion. Look at this news article here. Yesterday, the Prime Minister virtually addressed the Rose Garmela held in 45 locations across the country. That address is stressed with the importance of yoga to the newly inducted officials of Central Armed Police Forces. This is all about the news article. Now in this context, let us learn some points about Rose Garmela and its significance in reducing unemployment in India. Now let us start with the objectives of Rose Garmela scheme. See the main objective of Rose Garmela is to provide employment opportunities to the youth all over the country. Basically, Rose Garmela is a recruitment drive to hire 10 lakh personnel for 38 government ministries and departments. Now we shall see what are the posts covered under Rose Garmela. See the selected candidates under Rose Garmela will be appointed across various levels like Group A and Group B Assisted Posts, Group B and Group C Non-Gasetted Posts. The posts covered under Rose Garmela include sub-inspectors, constables, lower-division clerks, stenos, income tax inspectors and so on. Under the Rose Garmela, the Union Home Ministry also filled a significant number of posts in various Central Armed Police Forces. Now moving on to say about the training procedure under Rose Garmela. See the newly selected candidates under Rose Garmela will be trained under Karam Yogi Prararamp. It is an online orientation course for all new appointees in various government departments. The course will teach them code of conduct, guidelines on workplace ethics and integrity, human resources policies, etc. Now we shall see the significance of Rose Garmela initiative. As we all know India is aiming to become the world's third largest economic power. But rise in unemployment rate pose a huge threat to this goal as it leads to wastage of human resources. For example, 1% increase in unemployment rate reduces the GDP by 2%. Apart from this, as per the NSSO periodic labour force survey, India's labour force participation rate for the age group 15-59 is only around 53%. This means that nearly half of the working age population is jobless. So this much of unemployment rate potentially reduces the GDP. Now in this scenario, Rose Garmela helps the job seekers to learn about job openings and it also helps to apply for jobs. On the other hand, the Rose Garmela also helps the employers to find qualified candidates. By this way, Rose Garmela can help to reduce unemployment and it promotes economic growth. See the newly appointed officers under Rose Garmela will also help the government in implementing the government initiatives and schemes. So the government can better serve the underserved persons and it also tries to increase its GDP growth. So ultimately the Rose Garmela is a step towards the fulfillment of Prime Minister's commitment to employment generation. The Rose Garmela will act as a catalyst in employment generation and it will also provide opportunities to youth to participate in national development. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about various aspects of Rose Garmela and finally we saw about the significance of Rose Garmela in reducing unemployment in India. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this editorial article as we all know the G20 summit in Delhi is about to commence next month that is September 9-10. So the editorial here is written in this context only. The editorial highlights a few steps that can be taken at the G20 summit to tackle climate change. This is about this editorial so in our discussion today we look at the share of G20 countries in global carbon emission that the steps taken by the G20 countries to tackle climate change and finally the steps that can be taken by the G20 countries to effectively address climate change. Okay this is the plan. Now before getting into discussion I have highlighted the syllabus regarding this discussion you can go through it. Now let us start our discussion by looking at the share of G20 countries in global carbon emission. See the G20 countries includes most of the developed countries and the developing countries of the world. The G20 members represent around 85% of global GDP over 75% of global trade and about 2 thirds of world population. As we all know economy for most of the human history was fuelled by fossil fuels. So the G20 countries being economic powerhouse have significantly contributed to global carbon emissions and climate change. Look at this image here. This image highlights world's top 10 greenhouse gas emitters. In this the top 3 emitters that is China, the US and India contribute 42.6% of total emissions while the bottom 100 countries only account for 2.9% of global greenhouse gas emissions. See the top 10 countries alone contribute to 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Of these 10 countries except Iran the rest of the countries are part of G20. When we take all of the G20 nations their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is more than 80%. What can we conclude from this data? We can conclude that for a significant reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions the commitment of G20 nations is an utmost necessity as they are major contributors.  Now we look at the steps taken by G20 countries. The first major step is 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. See all the G20 countries are part of Paris Agreement. As part of this agreement the G20 nations have pledged to limit global warming to well below 2 degree Celsius about pre-industrial levels with an additional effort to limit it to 1.5 degree Celsius. Then many G20 nations have set emission targets to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. For example the European Union has set a target of reducing its emissions by 55% by 2030. Then in the case of China the world's largest emitter it has pledged to peak its carbon emissions before 2030 and it aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This is the second major step. Then to reduce emissions almost all the G20 nations have invested heavily in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. This has increased the efficiency of renewable energy sources and reduced the cost of assessing renewable energy sources. For example Germany aims to produce 65% of electricity from renewables by 2030. So the investment on renewable energy sources is also seen as a step to combat climate change. Fourthly to ensure access to finance to adapt green technologies the world nations have set up the green climate fund. This international fund supports climate projects in developing countries and it has received contributions from various countries including developed nations like Germany and the United Kingdom. So we can say that the G20 member countries are supporting other nations to adopt green technologies. Fifthly to ensure collaborative efforts between nations the G20 nations are part of United Nations framework convention on climate change and they attend the conference of party summits to tackle climate change in future. And finally to prevent the use of fossil fuels many G20 countries have adopted carbon pricing. For example Canada implemented a nationwide carbon pricing system which includes both carbon taxes and cap and trade programs at the provincial level. This will de-incentivise the use of fossil fuels. These are some of the steps taken by G20 countries to combat climate change. Now coming to India specific information, Sindhya for its part has also taken various steps to combat climate change. For example in the COP26 which is held in Glasgow, India announced its Climate Action Plan which is often referred to as Punjab Mirth or Five Fold Strategy. The Punjab Mirth outlines a set of goals aimed at addressing the challenge of climate change. As part of the Punjab Mirth India aims to achieve five goals. The first goal is to reach India's non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 gigawatt by 2030. The second goal is to meet 50% of India's energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030. Then the third goal aims to reduce the total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tons from now onwards till 2030. And the fourth goal is that it aims to reduce the carbon intensity of Indian economy by less than 45% by 2030. And most importantly the fifth goal aims to reach target of net zero by the year 2070. So through the Punjab Mirth initiative, India outlines a set of goals to address climate change. Apart from this in COP27, India put forth its LT-LEDS that is Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy. See, this is a roadmap to achieve net zero emissions by 2030. Other than this, India has taken other steps to combat climate change. For example, India set up International Solar Alliance along with France at COP27 in Paris to promote solar energy. Apart from this, India has also announced its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution. These are all the measures taken by India at the international level. Now coming to domestic measures, India has announced various schemes like National Solar Mission, then Fame India, Pradhan Mantri Ujwala Yojana, National Biofuels Policy, the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and so on. See these schemes aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and aims to combat climate change. These are some of the steps taken by India to combat climate change. Due to these efforts, India is the best performer among the G20 nations. For example, among the G20 countries, India is the only one in the top 10 of the Climate Change Performance Index 2023. See while India and the other G20 countries are working hard to fight climate change, they need to do more to achieve the goals of Paris Climate Conference. So the editorial suggests some three steps that can be adopted by the G20 nations to fight climate change. The first step is that the G20 nations must create a clear governance framework. See the G20 countries should work together instead of separately so that the benefits are shared equally. To work together, the G20 must create a plan with clear-cut responsibilities. Individually, the nations can create inter-ministerial councils to ensure synergy while implementing just energy transition. Where just energy transition is the process of shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy while giving necessary attention to social justice, inclusion and equity. Here the G20 nations can look at South Africa model. See South Africa has established the Presidential Climate Commission to implement just energy transition. And finally, to measure progress, the countries should not look at traditional indicators like job-created and economic growth, but also look at the type of jobs, then who got the jobs and how communities have become stronger and with time. So the G20 nations should take all this into consideration while establishing a global governance framework. Secondly, the G20 nations must give due attention to sustainable economic transition. The sustainable economic transition will help ensure long-term economic stability, protecting livelihoods and securing public revenue streams. But for this to happen, the financial institutions must play a supporting role. The financial institutions must provide support for energy-efficient technologies and low-carbon industrial process. In this aspect, the editorial highlights the example of green steel. The G20 countries represent a significant portion of global steel production and consumption. So they can play a significant role in the adoption of green steel. Here, green steel is the steel produced using low-carbon emission technology. See production of green steel is capital-intensive. So the financial institutions can provide a targeted credit to aid the production of green steel. In addition to this, the G20 countries must make a collective commitment to procure green steel. This will ultimately decarbonize the steel sector across the globe. Like this, the G20 nations can set forth the sustainable economic transition. And the final step is, the G20 nations must ensure transparency. See improved transparency and accountability are essential components of successful energy transitions. So the G20 can play a part by establishing mechanisms that disclose relevant data related to energy transitions. In addition to this, the G20 can encourage countries to disclose information about their energy transition plans, projects and strategies. This is particularly important for fossil fuel producing nations. This information will help in assessing the overall progress towards global climate goals. Okay, so these are the steps that can be taken to prevent climate change. Since India is hosting this year's G20 summit, it has an opportunity to talk to the other G20 countries about these ideas. If they agree, it could help find a good solution for climate change that lasts for a long time. Okay, and that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the share of G20 countries in global carbon emission in the steps taken by G20 countries to tackle climate change and finally the steps that can be taken to address climate change in future. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this front page article. This article focuses on the observations made by Chief Justice of India regarding the impact of Article 35A. The Chief Justice remarked that Article 35A of Indian Constitution gave special privileges to permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir and at the same time it denied fundamental rights to other residents of Jammu and Kashmir. The Chief Justice said that Article 35A violated three fundamental rights of Indian citizens. Okay, this is the crux of the news article. Now in this context, let us first see about Article 35A in general and then the fundamental rights that are violated by Article 35A. Now let us start with Article 35A. Article 35A was added to the Indian Constitution by a presidential order in 1954. This order was issued under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. The Article 370 of the Indian Constitution grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir. Okay, now coming to Article 35A, Article 35A provides special rights and privileges to the permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir. As we all know, these special rights that were granted to Jammu and Kashmir was revoked by Government of India in 2019. So some people have filed several petitions in Supreme Court challenging removal of special status that were provided to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370. And the Supreme Court is now hearing the case and it recently observed that Article 35A, which was issued under Article 370 violates several fundamental rights of Indian citizens. Okay, now what exactly does the Article 35A says? The Article 35A says that people from outside Jammu and Kashmir cannot buy or own any immovable property in Jammu and Kashmir or they cannot settle permanently in the Jammu and Kashmir. The Article 35A also says that the non-permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir cannot get scholarships or employment opportunities under the Jammu and Kashmir government. And all these rights are only reserved to permanent residents of the Jammu and Kashmir. And above this, the article gives exclusive power to Jammu and Kashmir legislature to determine who are permanent residents of the state. So because of these contentious provisions, the Article 35A had faced many criticisms. This is because of differential treatment of Indian citizens on the basis of residents. Okay, this is all about Article 35A and its provisions. Now we shall see the remarks made by Chief Justice of India on Article 35A. The Chief Justice noted that Article 35A violates three fundamental rights. Now let us see the rights one by one. The first one is Article 161. See this fundamental right ensured equality of opportunity for all citizens in public jobs. But Article 35A violated Article 16 by reserving public jobs only for permanent residents of the Jammu and Kashmir. So Article 35A violated Article 16 that is the right to opportunity for all citizens in public jobs. Then the next article is Article 300. This article gave protection to property of individuals against state actions. But this article also violated by Article 35A because the property of non-residents in Jammu and Kashmir was not protected by the state under Article 35A. Okay, this is another violation. And lastly Article 191E. See this article ensures the right to settle in any part of the country to Indian citizens. Article 35A also violates this article as it imposed many restrictions on non-residents of state and it only gave preference to permanent residents. Okay, so these are the three fundamental rights that are violated by Article 35A as per Supreme Court's observation. And that's all regarding this discussion and this discussion we saw about Article 35A. Then about the criticism of Article 35A. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next part of the video that is to discuss preliminary practice questions. Today we have three practice questions. I will solve two of them and one will be a quiz question for you. And look at the first question. Here four species are given. We have to find how many of them exhibit sexual dimorphism. See sexual dimorphism means that males and females of a species look different from each other. It is like having two versions of the same animal. See we can witness a noticeable differences in male and female in the appearance itself. For example in some animals males might have bright colors or larger features than females. Now come into the species, peafowl, lion, angler fish or viewing spider. Now look at these images here. From these images we can see that male and female are different from each other. So we can say that all the given species exhibit sexual dimorphism. So the correct answer for the question is option C all four. Moving on let us take up the second question. This question is regarding world athletics championship. Now look at the first statement it is conducted once in every four years. See this statement is incorrect because the world athletics championship is conducted once in every two years. That is it is a biennial event. So first statement is incorrect. Now come into the second statement Nira Chopra is the first ever Indian athlete to won a medal at world athletics championship. See this statement is incorrect because Nira Chopra is only the second Indian athlete to won a medal at world athletics championship. The first medal was won by Anju Bobby George in 2003. And the second and third consecutive medals was won by Nira Chopra. That is in 2022 and 2023. In 2022 he won a similar medal in Javlian throw. And in 2023 that is in the recent world athletics championship he won a gold medal. And this is the first gold medal for India. So second statement is incorrect because Nira Chopra is the second Indian athlete to won a medal at world athletics championship. Now come into the third statement. It is organized by global association of international sports federations. See this statement is incorrect because the world athletics championship is being organized by world athletics which is an international sports organization. So all the three statements are incorrect. So the correct answer for the question is option D none. This is a quiz question for you today. I will post this quiz question in a community section try to answer it. And the answer for the question will be provided in the comment section of the question itself. You can verify the answers and displayed here are the main questions for your practice. Go through the questions write your answers and post it in the comment section. With this we have come to the end of the video. If you found our video to be useful do like comment and share it with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.


Aaron Judge was placed back on the injured list with a strained right calf after re-aggravating it when he played in game two of the last doubleheader. Jordy Mercer has been added to the 28-man roster to make room. Luis Avelon has been released. The Yankees are hopeful that they can sign him back. And Estevan Florial has been appointed the 29th man. He will make his major league debut in game one.


In slow speech, English speakers pronounce the h or th, in words like him, her, or them. In fast speech, we sometimes do not say the first sound. In writing, it looks like this, him, her, and. Listen to Anna speak carefully about the duckling. It is about a lost duckling. The duck's mother cannot find him. Then she speaks quickly about the duckling. It is about a lost duckling. The duck's mother cannot find him. But a family gives him a home. Now you try it. English has many words. I'm learning many of them. When we use a verb with he, she, or it, the s at the end of the verb usually sounds like this. He walks, she talks, it helps. Sometimes the s at the end of the verb sounds like z. When the verb ends with b, d, g, l, m, n, n, g, r, or with a vowel sound, a, e, i, o, u, pronounce s as z. Listen to Anna tell about the car race. Right, but it is awesome that an 80-year-old grandmother wins a car race. And about the driver. In Indiana, a grandmother is the first 80-year-old woman to win the race car 500. She rarely talks to reporters. But when she does, she often says, nothing can stop me now. Now you try it. Anna reads the news. Katie tells Anna about feelings.


Now's a good time to take a look at the keyboard. First off, in the top left corner you have a key labeled ESC, which is short for escape. The escape key isn't used all that much in today's programs, but it generally can be used as another way to dismiss dialogue windows, it's like hitting cancel. It also sometimes can be used to deselect something if you have it selected. The function keys are at the top of the keyboard and labeled F1, F2, F3, F4 and so forth up to F12. These keys aren't used very much today either in most programs and when they are used their meaning varies from program to program. Three more keys which are hardly used anymore are the print screen key, the scroll lock key and the pause key. In Windows you can hit the print screen key to capture a screenshot of the current image on the screen. When you hit the scroll lock key you'll notice that it toggles on this light on your keyboard. The light is meant to indicate whether scroll lock is currently on or off, but this is an archaic holdover. Modern operating systems like Windows and modern programs just have no concept of scroll lock, so in practice this key just doesn't do anything. Similarly the pause button just has no general meaning in most programs, however in many games you can hit the pause button and it will pause the game, but aside from that it's just not really used anymore. At the bottom of the keyboard you'll find two keys both labeled CTRL which is short for control. Both of these keys do the same thing, there's simply two of them for the sake of convenience. The idea behind the control key is that in many programs you have what are called keyboard shortcuts or key combos, wherein to perform actions rather than having to click on something you can hold down the CTRL key and hit some other key like say a letter like W, and that key combination of holding CTRL and hitting W is the same as clicking on say some button. You'll also find at the bottom of the keyboard on both sides of the space bar a key called ALT, which is short for alternate. The ALT key is often used in combination with the CTRL key in key combos, but also the ALT key is used in what are called accelerators. The idea behind accelerators is that you will notice that in menu bars of programs certain letters are underlined, and the idea is that you can hold ALT and hit that letter and it's the same as clicking on that menu. And then in the menu that appears you'll see that some items have certain letters underlined and if you hit the letter on the keyboard it's the same as clicking that item. So the CTRL key and the ALT key are basically about keyboard shortcuts. For things we do repeatedly and very frequently in programs it's nice to have keyboard shortcuts because it's often easier just to hit a couple keys on the keyboard rather than having to move the mouse and click. One more key you'll see two of at the bottom of your keyboard is what's called the Windows key, and it's usually labeled with a Microsoft Windows icon. If you hit this key it's the same as clicking on the start menu button and the Windows start menu will pop up. Also the Windows key is used in a number of shortcuts for Windows itself. For example, if you hold the Windows key and hit M that will minimize all of your Windows. The key to the right of the right side Windows key is called the context menu key. And as the name implies when you hit this key it will pop up a context menu of whatever you have selected. This is just another convenience for cases when you don't want to use a mouse. On most keyboards you'll find these six keys grouped together. Insert home, page up, delete, and page down. The page up and page down keys as the names imply are simply more conveniences for scrolling. When you hit page up it scrolls up. When you hit page down it scrolls down. When you hit the home key your text cursor will jump to the front of the line you are editing. And when you hit the end key your text cursor will jump to the end of the line you are editing. The delete key will delete the character immediately after your text cursor or if you have something selected it will delete what you have selected. The insert key usually doesn't do anything. It's another archaic holdover. What it used to do in most programs is it would toggle between two text editing modes. In one mode you would type and letters would be inserted where your text cursor is. In the other mode the letters you type would be would overwrite whatever is immediately after the text cursor. Eventually program designers realized that no one actually wants to edit text that way. So there's always just the one mode now. The cursor keys the up down left and right arrows very self-evidently simply move up down left and right. This group of keys on the far right side of the keyboard are collectively known as the num pad as in number pad. And all the keys in the num pad are actually redundant. You don't really need them because the same keys are elsewhere on the keyboard. It's just here because it's a more convenient way to enter a bunch of numbers. The trick with the num pad however is that some of these keys have two labels. For example the seven key is also labeled as home. These keys with two labels are why there is the key in the top left called num lock. When you hit the num lock key you'll notice another light on your keyboard toggles on and off. When the light is on num lock is on and you can use these keys to enter numbers. When the light is off num lock is off and hitting these keys won't insert numbers instead when you hit seven it's the same as hitting the home key. So if you ever find yourself trying to use the num pad but it's not entering numbers just make sure num lock is on. Frankly this is a very annoying feature. I think most users would much prefer it if num lock were always just on by default. If you've ever used a typewriter you should be familiar with the shift keys. When you hold a shift key down and then hit a letter like J it'll insert an uppercase J rather than a lowercase J. Also you have a number of keys on the keyboard like say the number keys where there is a secondary character written above like say the one key has an exclamation mark above it. That indicates that when you hold shift down and hit the one key it will insert an exclamation mark rather than a number one. The caps lock key which is above the left shift key is another key which toggles between two modes. When you hit the caps lock key you will notice this other light on the keyboard toggle on and off. When caps lock is on hitting a letter key will insert an uppercase character and holding shift and then hitting that same key will insert a lowercase character so it effectively reverses the normal behavior with shift. However this reversal only affects the letter keys so if you want to insert an exclamation mark you still have to hold down shift when you hit the one key. Above the caps lock key is the tab key. In some text editing programs when you hit the tab key it inserts what's called a tab character which is basically the equivalent of about four or five spaces. In many other programs however hitting the tab key will cycle keyboard focus meaning that it will move the keyboard focus to some other element in the program. So for example here in this program where I compose an email I have three text fields I need to fill in. To type in a text field normally I need to click on it to give it keyboard focus but here's what I can do with a tab key. I can click in the text field at the top the one where I'm supposed to put an email address the recipient of this email and then move to the text field where I need to fill in the subject I hit the tab key. Once I'm done typing out the subject for this email I can just hit tab again and it takes me down to where I write the actual body message of the email. So here using the tab key I very conveniently was able to type in these different text fields without taking my hands off the keyboard to move the mouse. Finally the last key on the keyboard is the enter key and notice that there's two of them one on the numpad but they're really just the same key. In most contexts when you're typing text and you hit enter it's effectively like a carriage return on a typewriter it takes you down to the next line. In all other contexts the enter key is used to effectively activate whatever you have highlighted. Like say if you have a list of menu items and you can use the cursor keys to move up and down the list to actually select something in the list you hit enter it's like clicking on the thing which is currently selected.


The Appalachian Wireless, 30th anniversary holiday sale is going on now from now until the end of the year. Visit us in store or reserve online for an unbelievable sale and give away. We know what you want for the holidays because we are you. We are Appalachian Wireless. In a few weeks, Kentucky lawmakers will convene the General Assembly and health advocates are calling for new policies that address systemic inequities linked to poor health outcomes. Vivian Leslie Bibbs of the Foundation for a Healthy Kentucky says the Commonwealth is at the top of the list for cancer-related deaths, smoking rates and depression, and trailing behind on rates of exercise, eating fruits and vegetables, and getting enough sleep. She says broader factors such as poverty and education are directly tied to residents' health. And some of the areas that we're looking at is looking at healthcare coverage and accessibility, sufficient and equitable school funding, and we're looking at access to quality pre-kindergarten and childcare. Those things are really those predictors of long-term health outcomes. Leslie Bibbs points to the pandemic as a glaring example of how racial inequities burdened black and brown populations with higher rates of COVID-19 exposure, hospitalizations and deaths. She adds that before the pandemic, Hispanic Kentuckians, who face greater obstacles accessing healthcare, were at a higher risk for diabetes and pre-diabetes. Leslie Bibbs says she hopes next year state lawmakers will consider how factors such as genderism, sexism and racism are impacting Kentucky families' long-term health outcomes. Those are the true issues that are driving the disparity gap, and we need to start thinking about those instead of just thinking about those risk factors for chronic disease. She adds the state continues to make strides, reducing the use of tobacco among residents, a habit linked to heart disease, cancer and premature death. We still feel that's the number one area where I think we've made the greatest improvement so far and we know that Kentucky's number one in lung cancer deaths, so that's still one of our priorities. Data shows packs of cigarettes sold in the state are on the decline. More Kentuckians now report they are considering quitting smoking, and about half of Kentucky adults say they believe e-cigarettes are just as harmful as traditional cigarettes. This is Nadia Ramlagon for Kentucky News Connection.


I will introduce Dr. Marisa Escobar, our next presenter. She is affiliated with, also with SEI's US Center. I really can't do two things at once. That's why I won't try. And also earned a PhD in hydrology at Cal Davis. Her work focuses on the linkages between physical and socio-ecological processes and systems. And with a geographic focus thus far on Latin America and California, and in these venues she's done a lot of work on the energy food, water, nexus and the role of hydropower in sustainable development. Dr. Escobar's presentation today is titled Scenario-Based Approach to Define E-Flows, Environmental Flows Under Hydropower Development in Alto Magdalena, Colombia. So Dr. Escobar, please. Thank you and first thanks everybody for being here and to the organizers of this session. It's very important for us to share what we do and to have an opportunity to hear input from other partners on this. I changed a little bit the title to be more catchy and to learn to communicate better what we do. Finding the flow, examining hydropower development in Colombia and this is work that we are doing with Jack Siever, which is the weed developer. He's located in Boston. David Perky and we are working in collaboration with the Nature Conservancy, the global group that does a lot of conservation efforts. We are working with the Colombia team, Héctor Angarita and Juliana Delgado and this is work that's being funded by USAID Colombia and this is just a portion of a larger project that we have with them in Colombia. And I'm sorry this is in Spanish but I think you get the idea. It's a stream flow in the y-axis, time on the x-axis and you see the flow, how it fluctuates throughout the year and the idea of this image is to show how the species have adapted throughout their evolution to these flows and their life stages are also adapted to those flows. For example, fish in low flows do their spawning processes and so on and so forth. So once there's some alteration of the flow, of course these species and ecosystems don't have the capacity to adapt to that so it's very hard for them to keep going with these conditions. This is the red, hydrograph is with hydropower after a dam has been put in place. So if flows is really water that needs to be delivered to meet these environmental requirements and it needs to consider the different flow components, the magnitude, the duration of those flows, the timing when those flows happen, the rate of change and the frequency in which they happen and put in better words a famous Californian fish biology says, hydrographs show the pulse of the river to which species have evolved over millennia. So the problem is how do we start defining these flows? IHAs is one way in which we can do that. IHAs mean indices of hydrologic alteration which are statistics about 60, 70 different statistics that characterize the complexity of those flows and they can help characterize hydrographs and they have been mostly promoted by TNC, the Nature Conservancy in a software package and the IHAs help identify flow components that have been altered with these type of alterations like hydro power dams. What is not really being addressed with IHAs is the contextualized problem within the context of the watershed and what we bring with our project is try to address some of the context through the use of WEAP and applying these in this upper Magdalena basin and put it by another famous Californian scientist. Maybe we can not really have the river as it was because of all the other uses, but at least we may be able to have a scale down version sort of like a mini me, he calls it. So WEAP really puts it all together and many of you know WEAP. And this is the interface and I'm trying to represent here all that context that's really not taken into account but these other methodologies that address e-flows. So, sorry. So we have the hydro power, here is one of the dams that is in the place where we have our case study. We have households and probably some of these words resonate a lot with some of you because some of us, some of you work more on energy, some of you work more on households, some on agriculture. And downstream the last thought is what do we do in terms of environmental flows and many times that's not being considered. And of course all the governance aspects, these are some partners that we are working with trying to identify how do we relate to each other and to the problem of water and how to interconnect. So basically the governance aspects of it and this is when I think most of our months governance. And as other famous California has said, WEAP has changed my life and that's David Perkey. And certainly he's very passionate about WEAP but I think not so extreme for the 13,000 users of WEAP but I'm sure this tool has been very useful to integrate all of these components. This is a case study in the Upper Magdalena Basin. This is Colombia in the upper left and the main basin where most of the population is located is called the Magdalena. And the case study is located in the lower part where I put the red circle and that's where most of the hydropower development is being pushed because there's a lot of water, there are big slopes, so great opportunity for energy development. Of course, this case study shows the contradictions of the nexus, this larger basin versus water scale analysis, the national energy planning versus the local water planning, the hydropower versus fish, the energy versus water in general. And that's what some of our researchers in SEI are also trying to address how to link and how to understand these contradictions using our tools, WEAP and LEAP. So in reality, what we are doing going back to the EFLOs is trying to do software marriage, trying to integrate WEAP. This is the case study already into WEAP and the big blue thing there is the dam. And of course, that is what has been altering the flows downstream. And Jack Siever has been working a lot on these trying to integrate the statistics into WEAP. And of course, as he's always done, he's very focused on the user of the tool to make it as clear as possible and as transparent as possible, integrating a lot of complexity, making it in a simpler way. And this is one of the results we have. And just, there's a lot going on here. It's just to give you a flavor of the type of results that we are getting from these type of analysis. Red means that the low values of a flow component has been, the frequency of those low values has been reduced. The green means the middle range of the flows, the frequency has changed. And yellow means that the high values of that flow component has been increased, the frequency. So just focusing on the first of the indicators that shows the magnitude of the January flows, you can see how here, very simply and very graphically, we can see the decrease in the frequency of the low and middle range and the increase of the higher range. So basically, we're putting more water in the river than it was before. So that's probably, of course, affecting the fish or the ecosystem in general downstream. And I just want to leave a few talking points. The use of WEAP and IHA integration for your flow assessments. We need to keep understanding better how to do this integration. We are trying to connect the dots. Urban agriculture has repowered environmental flows. This is improving governance in Colombia and we hope that it can happen elsewhere. And I'm just going to leave two questions that I hope we can talk about later in these two days. What to do with the broken or the contradictions in the nexus and what else could this analysis be appropriate?