OK, hello. Good afternoon. Let's start. So today, we're looking at the inverted spectrum, and in particular, Martina Nidarumalan's piece, Pseudonormal Vision. That's really a little bit more technical than you really need. I'll try and explain the basic points here relatively straightforwardly. The inverted spectrum is supposed to be a problem for functionalism. On Tuesday, we'll look at Nagel's article, Brain Bisexuality and the Unity of Consciousness. The Nagel article, now don't be taken by surprise by this. The Nagel article is not in the Chalmers collection that all the pieces we've looked at so far have been. The Nagel piece is in the small blue book, the Peri Personal Identity Collection. Does anyone have a copy of the Peri with you? I mean, no. OK, so a picture, if you will, of a small blue book. That's the Peri, right? This is in the small blue book, not in the big blue Chalmers book. So today, I just want to start out by saying what spectrum inversion is. And once I've said what spectrum inversion is, I'll review what functionalism is and how we got to it, and then look at questions about what kind of problem spectrum inversion raises for functionalism. OK, that's the plan, spectrum inversion. Well, to start with, people talk about qualia in this literature. I gave the example of a Chinese barn last time, the feeling you get when someone does that thing to your arm. So for qualia, I don't really know, for color qualia, I don't really know of a better way of explaining it. And to say, look at those colors right now and reflect, if you will, for a moment on the sensation you are having as you look now. This one, now that one, now that one. So reflect, not as it were, on whatever's out here, but on the color in here, in your head, in your mind, the sensation you are getting as you look here. So the sensation you are getting as you look at this, now at this, now at that, that's the quali. That's a singular quali. Yes? Austin, Jackson, is that a singular quali? OK. But it's usually used in the plural qualia, meaning many quali, qualies. Qualia, you see what I mean? OK, so is that perfectly clear what color qualia mean? The sensation you get when you look at a particular color. So here's a possibility. Suppose you wake up one morning and you find to your amazement that all the colors of the objects have changed. Everything looks different in point of color. The sky seems to be red. The fire trucks are blue. There's been a systematic change. All the people look different. No one else seems to notice anything different. And it seems to be something that's idiosyncratic to you. Excuse me a second, I'm just going to push this out of the way. So yesterday, you were looking at a fire truck and it looked like that. That's how fire trucks regularly look.  How distressing. How amazing. So are your qualia the same or different? Are your qualia the same or different when you look different? That is the right answer, right? So the qualia have all been swapped round. The color qualia have all been swapped round. If you look at it again, are the shape qualia the same? Yes, are the size qualia the same? It is only the color qualia that are different, right? Yep. Do you want to take a minute to just check that? This is fun. It's only the color qualia that are different. Now at first, that's naturally going to be very distressing and upsetting or maybe kind of mind blowing. I mean, it depends on your temperament, I guess. But at first, when you're looking at an object like this and you're asked what color is that, you're going to give the wrong answer, right? But after a little bit, you will learn to use the word red in connection with that appearance. Yeah, you'll get the hang of it after a bit. You, if you're reasonably skillful, will start to use the color words for just the same objects as everybody else. It used to be you used red when you confronted with something like that. Now you use red when you confronted with something like that, right? So your use of color vocabulary will start to be the same as everyone else's. So at first, your use of the color words is disturbed and different to everyone else's. You're given all these wild sites and you don't quite know what to make of them.  You use the word blue in connection with the sky, just like everyone else. And maybe after a bit, you get amnesia for the change. This whole thing was so distressing and traumatic that you actually just blot out your memory of the change. So you paint, you discuss the colors of things with other people and nobody notices that you're in any way different from anyone else. You pass all the tests for having good color vision. If you go for a checkup and they take a look at your color vision, you do just fine. You report the crimson things as crimson, the maroon things as maroon, the scarlet things as scarlet.  No, they're completely different, right?  You see what I mean? It's just radically different from everyone else's. But you are talking and reacting to the world around you just the same as everyone else's. Now the thing is, maybe you were born that way. Maybe this didn't happen just one morning. Maybe you've been like that since birth. How would you know? There isn't any way to know. How could you know? What tests would you do? They take you, the doctor runs the checks. They say, can you tell which of these is which? Can you see the number five in this display? And you do absolutely fine. You tick all the boxes for having healthy, regular color vision. But your color experiences are different to anyone else's. I mean, you might say, well, there are some differences after all that might stick with you in the case where it just happened one morning in adult life. I mean, people talk about red things as being warm or reds used as a sign of danger. Blue is described as cold. Green is described as relaxing. So you might say, the world's gonna feel emotionally different somehow because the emotions I associate with the colors will be different after this change. But there are two things about that. One is presumably a lot of that emotional connection to the colors is something you learn. I mean, red is a color of blood, for example. Red is a color of fire. So presumably different, blue is a color of the sea. So presumably a lot of the emotional differences that we have between different colors have to do with what you regularly associate them with. But of course, if you're born with your colors all around, your color qualia all around a different way to anyone else, then all the emotional associations you learn will be around the other way too, if you see what I mean. I mean, because you'll be learning that what you experience is red, which is quite different to anyone else, will be associated with the same blood, fire, and so on as everyone else. So the general point here is, I mean, actually, can I just ask you, how many of you have had this thought already? Right, I mean, I think it's, yeah, I don't think it's a wild thought. You know, it occurs to most of us at some time that how do I know what's going on in there? So just to spell this out explicitly, what's going on with spectrum inversion? The idea is there could be a systematic shift in your color experiences that keeps their structure. So what you want to do is, if you're going to set up a case of spectrum inversion, is find an axis on which all the colors are symmetric. So what I mean is we talk about yellow and green and blue and red as being unique colors. Unique in the sense that orange is a bit of red in it and a bit of yellow in it, if you see what I mean, whereas red doesn't have any other color in it. Yeah, primary colors, the same, yeah, that's what I mean. So what you would really like is to map primary colors onto primary colors. So you map the green onto the red, you map the yellow onto the blue, but you could keep the same structure for all the colors. You see what I mean? So which colors are in between which? Which colors are lighter or darker than which? You keep all that structure. So there's one way you could do it. You could try mapping colors like that, but there are lots of other shifts you could try. These are from Alex Burns' article on inverted qualia. So it could be that what you're getting when you look at the bowl of fruit is that, that's what you get when you look at the bowl of fruit. Another person could be looking at the same bowl of fruit, getting this kind of color experience, getting the kind of color experience you get when you look at this scene, if you follow me, do you follow me? You and the other person are looking at the same bowl of fruit, but the other person's not getting what you get when you look at the bowl of fruit. The other person's getting what you get when you look at this. Or maybe they're getting what you get when you look at this, or what you get when you look at this. Now, the two of you could have just as fine color discriminations as each other. And when you bring asked, which ones are in between which ones in color? You could be giving exactly the same answers. So the structure of your color experience could be just the same. So the point is, there could be a systematic change in your experiences that kept the structure of the colors. It could keep which colors are in between which, which colors are lighter than which, which colors are purer than which. All that makes perfect sense, yes? That really, I mean, there's no trouble with the idea. Just to give a very simple example of this kind of thing happening. Suppose you have someone who has only black and white vision, right? There are people who just don't see color. They just see everything in black and white.  Then it could be that what one sees as black, the other sees as white and around the other way, right? So one is getting this, the other is getting that, right? Right? So there is very clear that the structure is kept. And the way they talk will be exactly the same. But their experiences are different to one another's. The qualia are completely different. Yes? We all on board with that? OK. So if you can make sense of waking up one morning with all the colors and the fire engines in the sky and all that looking different, then after you wake up and you have that change, well, one possibility is that what happened is that earlier your color experiences were different to everyone else's and they've now been regularized. You've just stepped into line with everyone else. Or maybe they were the same as everyone else's before the change and you woke up and now you're one in a million. You're just right out of step with everyone else in which color experiences you're having. Or maybe you were different to everyone else before you woke up and maybe you're different to everyone else now too, right? Only scenarios are possible. So suppose your color experiences at the moment are different to mine in this way. Could you tell? Would you have the slightest idea? Is there some test you could run? Right, we use the same word. We call it green, whatever the sensation. Yeah? Yep. I agree if you just swapped red and green. Yeah, but if you also swap blue and yellow. If you find a shift around which everything is symmetric, then there's not going to be a way of telling. Yeah, yeah. If they feel different, you mean if one makes you feel alarmed and the other makes you feel calm or something like that? I agree and that really is worth thinking about. But what I was suggesting is that I don't actually have a red card, but let's take the dear old fire truck.  Then you associate that color with blood and fire. Yeah? And the other guy is looking at it and seeing this, right? But they associate this color, this sensation, with blood and fire. Yeah? So if you feel alarmed or there's some kind of arousal when you look at the red, then they're going to get that kind of arousal when they get this sensation. Because when they cut themselves, that's what they get. You see what I mean? When they get fired, that's what they get. But these are the natural lines of thought to test that. OK? Yes? OK, let's call it x, right? x cycles per second, something like that. Right, OK. Very good. Yes, yes. Well, that's a natural reaction. You might think they've got to be different. Yeah, suppose they are different biologically. The sensations are still just the same. I mean, sorry, what I mean is the sensations are around the other way. That's what I mean, yeah. That's one possibility, yeah? The question at really in the back here is, how would you know? You see what I mean? Maybe the sameness of the biology does guarantee sameness of sensation. But maybe it doesn't. How could you tell? Yeah, yeah. Read dreams, yes. Yeah. Ah, that was all right until the very last thing, right, which visual experience. That's the question, right? How could you do that? The same sensation that every single person said. But how could that, how could checking the brain before you do the experiment tell you which of these qualia the person was having? That's the issue. Oh, I see, you just mean that as a comment, yeah, yeah. That's fine. And I love the idea of the machine that can read your dreams. There you are, sound asleep, and there's a TV screen with your current dream on it, yeah. Yeah, no, that's just great, yeah. OK, so let's just, I mean, in a way, this is already arresting enough. But let's think about what it means for functionalism. And so I want to backtrack here and go over how we got to functionalism and then say something about what this means for functionalism. So the next few things I say is really important that you should find everything I just say extremely obvious. I hope it's going to seem like I'm just laboring the obvious at this point. So stop me if anything doesn't seem completely obvious. So remember we started out with dualism and the idea there's two kinds of stuff, mental stuff and physical stuff. Stuff made of atoms and some other kind of ghostly stuff made of ectoplasm. And I said the argument against that kind of picture is it's really difficult to see how the atoms can be making a mind. That's really hard. But you don't help by moving to ectoplasm because whatever ectoplasm is, it's really hard to see how that could be generating a mind too, yeah. Just postulating a different kind of stuff doesn't help. And we had that example of the TV where people say, well, the way TVs work is they're made of TV stuff. And that's not a way of explaining how a TV works because if you found it difficult to explain how electricity could be making a TV, you're also going to find it difficult to see how TV stuff, whatever that is, could be making a TV. You just made things harder, not easier, by saying it's a different kind of stuff. So we have to work with a basic problem. How can biology, how can physics be generating a mind? That's OK. That's plain as day. OK. So then we say, OK, that was the wrong way to think about it. We should think of having a mind of being intelligent as a matter of behaving in lots of particular complex ways, as what the behaviorist said, that mental states, having mental states, having a mind is just a matter of being disposed to behave appropriately. And then the problem about the Superspartons was you could have sensations like pain, even though there wasn't any specific connection to displays of behavior. Yep. A Supersparton after centuries of breeding and so on could have their pain sensations disconnected from outward behavior. Yeah. That's OK. And then we say, OK, look, this is about behavior. It's actually the brain that matters for having a mind. To have pains is just to have a particular kind of biological structure in your brain is to have C-fibers or whatever. And then there's that problem about variable realizability. It's obviously possible that just as you could make a conductor out of lots of different kinds of stuff, you could make a mind out of lots of different kinds of stuff. Octopuses surely have minds, but they're made out of quite different stuff. Yeah, that's OK, too. That's plain as day. OK. And so that's how we get to functionalism. We say it's not the brain state itself that matters. It's the functional role. It's not whether you have C-fibers. It's whether you have a bit of biology that works in your brain the way that C-fibers do in ours. So it's that you've got something that's doing this work in the overall structure. Just as being a switch doesn't demand that you be made of copper and Bakelite, you can make a switch out of lots of different kinds of stuff. It's still a physical thing. Any switch is just a physical thing. But what makes it a switch is the role it plays in the overall circuit. So similarly, what makes a brain state a realiser of pain is the work that it does in the overall system, its functional role, what causes it, and what it does. And the argument to this point really seems compelling. Functionalism must be right. And as I said, it really is science's philosophy of mind. It is the way scientists think about the brain and the mind. Yeah? I don't know. OK. OK, it's really important this should be plain as day. You see how compelling the case is for functionalism here. It's got to be true. It's the only game in town. So if functionalism's right, then we're going to describe functional role, the functional role of any state. We can do that quite abstractly. If we're going to describe the functional role of a particular state, S2, we give a big list of all the outputs to that state and a big list of all the inputs to that state.  And that's all there is to say schematically about the functional role of a state. So what makes a particular brain state or a particular state of whatever kind of structure an organism has? A pain or a sensation of red is just its functional role. What outputs you get for what inputs? Right? That's all right. So then what is it to have a red sensation in this view? What is it to have a red quali? Well, what it is to have a red quali is to be in a particular machine table state. That is a state like S2, a state like that.  It's the kind of sensation that has stop lights as its cause. It has the kind of sensation that has saying that's a red one as output. Yeah, that's what it is for something to be a red sensation. So functionalism says to have a red sensation is to be in a particular machine table state, S2, for example. And as I say, the argument for this view is really compelling. It can't be anything else. That's what science works with that idea, because what else could having a red sensation be? Having a red sensation is variably realizable. An octopus could have red sensations, even if his visual system is quite different to ours. So all it can be to have red sensations is to have a particular place, to have a structure that's got a particular place in the overall circuit. But what we've just been seen through looking at these cases of spectrum inversion is that you and I could both be in the same functional state, even though your spectrum is an inversion of mine. You and I could be functionally identical. We could be all wired up in just the same ways with just the same structure. But what you get when you look at the Campanile is that scene. What I get when I look at the Campanile is this scene. We are going to be functionally identical. We give the same outputs for the same inputs. But our sensations, as you can see, are radically different. There's nothing in common at all between our color sensations. So functionalism must be wrong. Yes, could we apply that to emotions like pain? Yeah, it's harder with pain. It's easier with color. I don't think it's completely impossible with pain. But the thing is pain seems to have distinctive connections to behavior. I mean, if you're pain-sensitive, how should I put this? Pain sensations don't really structure themselves with your other sensations the way that colors do. Colors have this nice structure that can be mapped onto itself, if you see what I mean. Whereas pain and pleasure, for example, don't really map onto one another. But at a more abstract level, once you've got the idea here that the functional structure is one thing and what the feel of the sensation is quite different, then it's just a perfectly natural idea, even though you can't spell it out in quite as precise a way for pain, that maybe what you feel when you feel the pain is functionally just like mine, but the feel is actually quite different. Couldn't that be? Yeah, it's a very natural thought. Yeah? Yes? That's right. Yeah. That's right. Yes, right, right, right. Yeah, the peaceful scenes and so on. Yeah, I think that's exactly right. And the only thing I'd add to that is when I talk about the qualia or the feeling you get when you look at the scene, the sensation of color, I don't just mean the associated emotions and so on. I do mean that, too. But I also mean just, I don't quite know how to put this, but the blueness itself, the color sensation itself that you're then associating with all these other things. You see what I mean? The intrinsic, the specifically color bit of the overall experience. Now that's completely different between here and here, right? The specifically color bit. And your point is you could have quite different specifically color bits, but the same associations and feelings, is that what you're saying? Yeah, yeah. Or vice versa. Exactly, yeah. I just completely agree with that. Yep. Yep. So this is a critical thing. Yeah, this is the key point about spectrum inversion. Yeah. The picture isn't a brain state. Sure. Yeah. It's a trigger, all right. But I agree that the picture is just a trigger. Sure. OK, I think I see. But you have to separate these things very carefully here. This is why I went through the history so far. This is causing a brain state. That's all right. But the question is, what makes the brain state a realizer of one sensation rather than another? And it's important to be very pedantic and careful here about when you're talking about the brain and when you're talking about the sensation, yeah? The point is you could be, someone could be, you have one set of sensations generated in you by this picture, right? I don't know what they are, yeah? Now, this picture could be generating quite different sensations in you than in me. But functionally, we're going to be exactly the same. So sameness of functional architecture can't be enough for sameness of sensation. That's the argument. Different. Yeah, that's true, but it's not relevant, because we're not talking about brain state here. We're just talking about the sensation. Yeah? Yes. I do think you were saying you could bring it about that we have the same experiences, yeah? So if ordinarily, your experiences are inversions of mine, I could say, I could be saying, I wish you could see what I see when I look at the Campanile, and then I do that thing. And I say, no, there you go, all right, right. Now, that's fine. The thing I want to get at though is something that you're actually taking for granted there, that you and I could be organized in just the same way, even though our sensations were quite different, yeah?  That's got to be what it is to have a mind. But this is telling you that that can't be right, yeah? See, the stakes are pretty high here. If this really makes sense, the spectrum inversion, then functionalism is just not correct. And it's not that there's something subtle or hard to understand about the way it's not correct. It's radically incorrect. Functionalism is telling you that this experience is just the same as that experience. And that is a lie. Yeah, it doesn't matter. Who can't, well, that's actually a good functionalist response. Spell that out a bit. It doesn't matter. Yeah, that really is good. Can you say a bit more about why it doesn't matter? Yes, settle down, yeah. OK, that's a really important point. And I'm going to say some stuff about it. But I don't mean that what I'm about to say makes it go away. If you see what I mean, that's an important reaction. Because from a practical point of view, for negotiating with other people, functionalism is just right that it's identifying how you push someone's buttons, how they're going to push your buttons. And everything about that is captured, everything, you might say, of practical importance is captured by functionalism. So even if there is a difference here, who cares? That's a way of playing back to you what you just said. Well, there's a very general abstract point here. Sometimes we really care about a difference, even though we can't tell whether that situation is there or not. Look, here's one scenario. While you're at Cal, you develop a group of friends.  You keep connected into adult life. You are respected and admired by all of them. And they keep with you through your various career accomplishments until you are in a happy and contented old age. Here is another scenario.   So they pretend to be your friends. They pretend to admire you greatly. They tell each other stories about you while you're not there.  Now, can you tell the difference between these two scenarios? No, you can't. I mean, they're really good, let's suppose. Does it matter? Well, call me insecure. To me, that kind of thing matters a great deal. So the general point there is a distinction can matter a lot, even if you can't tell on which side of the distinction you are. If another person, suppose another person doesn't feel pain, they're just a zombie. They've got the functional structure of something that feels pain, but they don't have any sensations. So you go to great lengths to keep them safe from harm and so on, but it doesn't matter, right?  This is just a zombie. Why would you care about a mere mechanical zombie? So whether this thing has pain or not can matter, even though you can't tell whether it has pain or not. Yeah, if it has all the functional structure, but minus the pain. And similarly, knowing what it's like in someone else's mind really matters to us. If you meet someone you haven't seen for a while and you say, how are you? What you want to know is, what's it like in there? So that's what you care about. And if you're told, well, what is like in there is absolutely unimaginably alien. This is just the tip of the iceberg. What's going on in someone else's mental life is completely alien to anything you could ever imagine. Well, oops, oh no. Then that really seems important. Oh, god, OK, sorry for me, right? OK, anyone? Control and scrolling down? Well, well, I think we're going to have a short technical break while I switch this off. Oh, well, it was fun while I lost it, all right. Well, yeah, the trouble is with this one, you can't tell the difference. OK, so yeah, what is like in your point was, what is like in someone else's mental life if that doesn't make a difference to our functional structure than who cares? And my point back is sometimes we do really care about stuff. It can be the most important thing in the world, even though you can't tell on which side of a distinction you are. This is going to be where it opens up in exactly the same state, but OK. Another victory for the human over the machine intelligence. So the thing that seems so engaging about the mind, the thing that is so puzzling is actually this stuff about sensation? Oh, no, what have I? Oh, bliss, right. OK, so that's really the key thing. Functionalism is missing out an aspect of our color experiences, the aspect that's different between you and me in that scenario. So is that absolutely plain up to this point? Yeah? Yeah? It's a real hard problem for functionalism because it seems to be missing out the thing about the mental life that we care about so much. And remember last time we were talking about Bloch's robot, this thing with billions of people in it moving about.  But if you give it a Chinese burn, does it have the qualia? Does it have the qualia if you give it the Chinese burn? Let's take it from the top. OK, let's remember where we got to last time. So we've got a billion people all phoning each other and so on, driving about a robot.  OK, the whole thing is functionally structured just like you. So if you do that thing to the arm of the robot, back in the network of a billion people, they're all phoning each other. They're all moving the limbs and so on and saying, stop it, stop it, and so on, right? But does that whole thing, that whole system, have the feeling that you get when someone gives you a Chinese burn?  Put up your hand if you have no idea what I'm talking about. I'm sorry, what were you going to put your hand? OK, yeah, if you don't know, OK, that's fair enough. As long as you know what the question is, that's all I ask. Right, yeah, I mean whether the whole structure, the whole network, the whole corporation has a single thing, that feeling. No, I don't mean the might. Well, you can put it like that. There's a way of asking, does that whole thing have a mind? I mean, can you make sense of talking about the Apple corporation having a mind? Could the whole Apple corporation feel an awy? Block said, that makes no sense. Yeah? It could have the functional structure of a human being, but it still doesn't feel an awy. It doesn't get that sharp pang. No, what does? Remember, the robots just is the billion people driving about an empty shell. That's right, they're controlling it. OK, well, that's a view, right? Block said the shell itself isn't a person, doesn't feel pen.  It really is an empty husk. Yes, OK. All right, I'm not trying to knock that over. I just want to remind you that Block's idea was that there isn't any such level. Yep, yep, yes. I completely agree, yeah. Yeah, yes, yes. I think that's right. I actually do think that's right. There is a question of whether Block's thing is right at all, just because the humans can all get together. Incidentally, Jackson, do you want to comment on this? It's up to you. If you have a sound bite, you'd like to share, but that's great. Yeah, that picks up on the last question. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah. I agree, yeah. OK, OK, right. OK, at the moment, it's not really that I want to settle the question there. You see what the structure is of Block's argument, whether you buy it or not. The structure was, I get something here that has got all these S1, S2 states just the same way a regular human has, but it doesn't feel anything at all. It doesn't have any qualia. That was Block's idea. Yeah, that was one objection to functionalism. So that's an absent qualia objection to functionalism. You have the right functional states all right, but you don't get any qualia at all. And this inverted spectrum argument is saying you could have the same functional structure and you get qualia both times, but the qualia are all different. So this is an inverted qualia challenge to functionalism. This is just a quick way to remember these objections. Inverted qualia versus absent qualia. Does that make sense? That'd be determinology. If you've stayed on the bus this far, that's pretty good. Is that makes perfect sense? Exactly. Absent qualia is a Blockhead argument. You have the right functional structure, but the qualia just aren't there. OK. OK, so if you're a good functionalist, how might you try and reply to this? I think the challenge, but it doesn't make any difference, is already an interesting response. Another kind of challenge is, does this scenario really make sense? I mean, there are comparisons among people's psychological states that at first sight seem to make sense, but they don't really. I mean, suppose that you and I are going to watch a TV program and the choices, let's say, are we going to watch, what's on TV? Are we going to watch? Sorry? Breaking Bad. Right. Are we going to watch Breaking Bad or are we going to watch Mad Men? That's OK. Right. And you say, OK, I really want to watch Breaking Bad. And I say, well, I don't really mind whether we watch Breaking Bad or Mad Men. I have a slight preference for Mad Men. It's a slight preference. And you say, I just can't stand Mad Men. It makes my skin creep. But I can't wait to see what is going on in Breaking Bad. And I say, well, that's fine. Your relative preference is for Breaking Bad over Mad Men. I have a slight preference for Mad Men over Breaking Bad. But what we now have to factor in is that all, absolutely all of my desires are of titanic magnitude. I am a kind of passionate volcano in my desires, whereas your tepid preferences don't really stack up too much, so that even the largest gap between any two of your preferences is smaller than the smallest difference between two of my massive passions. Right? That makes sense, right? Well, I mean, what I mean is you kind of understand that emotionally. That's kind of recognizable. But the thing is, it really doesn't make any sense. If you take two people's preference structure, what they prefer to what, you can rank them. It's like relative space and absolute space. You can say relatively where everyone's preferences are, respect, what they've liked most, what they like least, and so on. And you can say relatively, there's a structure of my preferences, what I like most and what I like least. But saying that my preferences have some kind of absolute value, like voltage or something, that they could really have an absolute value of being bigger or smaller than your preferences makes no sense, right? I mean, that's really the rational reaction to that situation. It doesn't make any sense. You can look at the structure of my preferences. You can look at the structure of your preferences. But asking whether mine are absolutely bigger or smaller than yours, that's just crazy. It's a best kind of emotional expression of egomeria or something, yeah? But it really makes no sense. Do you see what I mean? Can you articulate that? I don't necessarily agree with that. Half that compared to something else. Yeah, right, compared to another of their preferences. Yeah, so the thing is, what I mean to be saying is, if you take my preferences, yeah, you can look at their structure and say, if you've got a preference for coffee, and I've got, so how much you like coffee? How much you like coffee here? And you say, I like tea much less than coffee. I say I like tea. You say I like tea much more than coffee, something like that. You could rank your tea coffee preferences with respect to one another. And you can compare that to mine, yeah? So I just agree with that, yeah? So this is kind of relative measuring, yeah? But what I mean to say makes no sense is saying, the absolute value, this just gets a 10 for you. Whereas for me, it's 10 to the 6, right? These numbers make no sense. Yeah, all you've got is the ordering of the preference with respect to one another. You see what I mean? Is that more persuasive? Okay, good, yeah, yeah, yeah. Sorry, yeah. Oh, okay, yep. I'm saying that makes no sense, yeah. I'm saying you can make sense of just the structure of preferences and where my preferences are with respect to one another, and where you are with respect to one another. But looking at absolute values like that just doesn't make any sense, yep. I agree there's something to that. What are you gonna do about it? How much do you do about anything? Yeah, I think all you can do there is, all you're doing there is ranking, how much do you prefer getting water to staying where you are? You see what I mean?  You see what I mean? And so you say, well, you're very apathetic, but really what you're doing there is measuring all your preferences with respect to my baseline, with that baseline, and measuring all my preferences with respect to that baseline. You see what I mean? Yeah, yep. Yes, I do, yeah. I really like that. Right, that's right. But you could do that, give them numbers, and you could give them all the same number, yeah. But really, that's a good way of making my point. The only significance the numbers have there when you're giving numbers to all your preferences is by way of comparing them to one another, ranking them with respect to one another. So you could have them all coming out five, but that's just a way of saying they're all equal, yeah. Right, yeah, that's right. My point here is you're always making a comparison, yeah. And what would make no sense would be to say, all your desires get values in the range one to 10, whereas all my desires get values in the range one to 10 to the 23, yeah. No, 10 to the 22, 10 to the 23, right? I know you can compare mine to yours like that. That makes no sense. For a moment, you might think that made sense, right? If you were having an argument about the TV or something, but really it makes no sense. Look, let me just give another quick couple of examples of comparisons across people that, of course, you might think they make sense, but then you think about it and they don't actually make sense. If you wear spectacles, you know that sometimes when you're in a new pair of spectacles, things look smaller. Yeah, sometimes you put them on and they look smaller, and then after a bit, somehow that effect goes away.  And it's not that they don't look sharp or something, they just look smaller. And then it's kind of puzzling to know what that is, that effect. But suppose you go to the optician and they're doing sight tests on you, and they say, your vision is great, your vision is 2020, your acuity is just fine, and how big an area you can see at a glance is just the same as a regular person's. But you have a very rare deficiency. You see everything smaller than other people do. Well, but we have this expensive treatment that will put you right. I mean, that makes no sense, right? You can't be seeing everything smaller than other people, can you? I mean, sometimes you can see something smaller than the look before, but you can't be seeing things smaller than everybody else. Or could it be that you see everything tilted everybody else sees an upright thing upright, but you see everything tilted? That makes no sense, right? Well, what does tilted mean? I mean, this is upright, right? You get a pole on the ground, you say that's upright. Tilted is defined by comparison to upright. Yeah? How could you be seeing everything?  People sometimes say, well, when they find out how the retina works, they say knowledgeably, well, you know, everybody sees everything upside down. I mean, that is a crazy view, right? Everybody does not see everything upside down, but finding out that thing about your retina does not show that you see things upside down. I mean, there was this case of people being fitted with inverting prisms, right? So when you put on the inverting prisms, you see everything upside down, and for the first few days you're wearing it, the first few hours you're wearing them, that's really confusing, right? You bang into things you can't navigate properly. After a remarkably short time, after a couple of days, people who are wearing inverting prisms can navigate around just fine. They get around just fine. One guy wearing the inverting prisms in the original experiment back in the 1920s, used to drive his motorbike around the streets of Innsbruck, wearing these inverting prisms. Now, if you're seeing everything upside down, you can't be getting everything right like that. You just... I mean, there are two hypotheses. One is vision has flipped round. The other is that you're still seeing everything upside down, but you just adjusted to it. And what I want to say about that is the functionalist is surely right about this kind of case. If you're functionally working just like everybody else, then you just do see everything the right way around. That's all it is to see everything the right way around. It makes no sense to suppose that you're seeing things tilted if you're functionally just the same as everybody else. Which is an argument against spectrum inversion. Exactly. So, okay, you're ahead of me. So, if you think about the spectrum inversion, then isn't that like these cases in that... What you're trying to do is say there's the way your colors are ordered with respect to one another. There's the way your color perceptions are ordered with respect to one another. There's the way my color perceptions are ordered with respect to one another. And you're trying to suppose that absolutely there's a difference between them. But maybe that makes no sense. Maybe the functionalist is right about that. The functionalist is going to say, well, one thing a functionalist might say is that comparison between your color experiences and mine is like trying to compare the size of your desires in mine. It seems that first to make sense, but it doesn't really. All you can make sense of is the structure of the color space. In color perception, you only get structure. You don't get absolute values for the colors. Yes. Sure, I completely agree that can happen. That's a less radical case than the case I'm trying to consider. The case I was trying to consider was one. Not where you just get taken in for a moment, but where absolutely everything in my visual field is tilted from birth to death. I just see everything at a bit of a slant. I get around the same way as everyone else. I drive a car just the same way as everyone else. But it never shows up. But little did I know it. It was always skew, right? I just struggled with that my whole lot. Yeah, that I think makes no sense. Your case really does make sense, that visual illusion kind of case. Okay, quickly, one, two, three. Could you make this for everyone else? That's right. Well, another way of putting that would be to say you don't know what tilted means here. How could you compare, yeah? Tilted is by comparison to some standard, and the only standard is inside your head. There was someone else, yeah, yeah. Yes. Okay, I don't know, that's fair enough. You see the argument I'm trying to make here. Yeah, okay, that's what I really care about right now. But I agree the feel of it is different in the color case. But if you could make out that all it is to color, perception of color, color experience is getting that structure, then that really would give the functionalist something good to say here. Yeah, it's just an illusion that there'd be absolute differences in color between you and me. Yeah. Okay, we'll come back to that. Yeah, yep. That really is true. And in the same way of preferences, they're all a bit different. Preferences are all modulated somewhat differently. Yeah, what you care about. But that kind of modulation in color perception between people, and I agree that or vision generally in people, I agree that it's there, you know, what leaps out at you. If you or I look out at the room, then who leaps out at you and so on will be different. Yeah. But those things you can pick up functionally, those really are going to be a matter of the structure of your visual experience as opposed to the structure of my visual experience. Yeah, well, this one leaps out at you more than that one does. Do you see what I mean? So that's a comparison that's kind of internal to your own color experience, to your own visual experience. Or if you just have bad eyesight, yeah. Okay, I agree. That's a comparison across people. Yeah, if you have bad eyesight, that's relative to a standard set by other people, so that really is right. But that's completely functionally pick-up-able, yeah. I mean, that's what eyesight tests are for, yeah. You spot it in a flash and someone's got bad eyesight. Yeah. Yeah, yes. That too is true, yeah. But it's still a matter of comparison across us. If you spit, what you're pointing out to there is something about variable realizability. You could be having the same experiences because of different physical things, yeah. But the functionalists will be fine with that. Okay. The thing about that is, someone said it feels different in the color case. I think if you think about that idea of waking up and the fire truck looks different, that's really pretty powerful, yeah. I mean, you can imagine that. That seems clearly possible, right? That scenario where you just walk up and it's changed from looking like that to looking like this. And then you say, well, if I could wake, you could wake up and there could be that change, but that's the idea of waking up with that change. All my desires are no much stronger than they used to be or my vision now is tilted or upside down. That doesn't seem to make sense so much. And here's another way of putting it. This is due to Gilbert Harmon and Ned Block. This is Earth, right? This is the planet Earth. Consider for a moment, inverted Earth. This is an actual photograph of inverted Earth. It is far away in a distant galaxy. And as you can see, it's very similar to our Earth with one difference. Can you guess what the difference is class? No, that is the wrong answer. I mean, there are aliens there, but the aliens are in many ways just like us. They're not quite. The big difference is all the colors actually are inverted. I don't know if you can tell by looking at the photo. Yeah? That's why this is inverted Earth. Right. Boy. Hello. Right. That's for technical reasons we're not going to go into right here. But you can see, I mean, this is very rare. This is an actual snapshot of inverted Earth from our traveling satellite. Yeah? So as you can see, the colors are quite different. In fact, they're inversions of all the colors we get on Earth. Now, there's nothing weird about that supposition, right? I mean, I don't say it's likely, but there could perfectly well be a planet in a different solar system. There was just like ours, same size, same shape, same shape continents, except the ocean is a different color. All the land masses are a different color. The trees are different colors. They've got fire trucks there, but the fire trucks are different colors. They've got people there, but the people are all different colors to the people here. I mean, they've got humans there, but the humans are all different colors to the humans here. Right? Okay, so give me that. That's all right. That makes perfect sense. Yeah? Now, suppose, here's a further supposition. Okay, so all the people there are, except for color and color vision, they're regular humans and they all talk English. And the thing about them there is they can look at their trees that are different colors to the trees on Earth, but they say those trees are green. They look at their fire trucks, which are some kind of wild different colors to ours, but they apply the word red to them. Okay? That's okay? They apply the word blue to their sky, even though it's a different color. Now, here's another supposition. Suppose that you have, suppose that you're on Earth and the scientists on Earth have developed color-inverting goggles, right? So you put on the goggles and everything looks around the other way. I don't really have the technical terminology to explain exactly how this is done, but it's just like what I did with pushing the keys, right? You put on the goggles, everything flips around in color. It's like you're looking at a color negative. No, no, you're not inverted Earth yet, right? I'm just saying you could clearly have such goggles, right? The invert around the colors. So now you're shipped to inverted Earth and on the way, you're given color-inverting goggles.  It's just going to look the same as the place you left, right? If you're kidnapped and shoved off there and given the inverting goggles, you're giving them contact lenses or something, you're giving them in a way that you can't really tell you're wearing them. You might not even realize you'd shifted planet, right? Yeah? But when you get to inverted Earth, are you going to talk the same way as everybody else? Yes, they apply the word green to the trees and so on, yeah? So you're going to talk the same way as everybody else, but are your color sensations the same as their color sensations? As far as you know, right? But they are just biologically like you and me living in a world where everything is really round the other way, yeah? They're biologically just... Let's suppose that they are actually... The twin Earth was actually seeded from Earth's stock with humans, yeah? So they're just humans looking at this, yeah? So their sensations are round the other way to yours or mine, yeah? Because they're looking at us round the other way to yours or mine. But when you get there, wearing the goggles, everything's going to look just the same to you as it did on Earth. You're going to talk the same way as all these people, but your sensations are quite different to theirs. Even though you're functionally just like them... I'm sorry, there's only... OK, quickly, but there's only a couple of minutes left, yeah? They still have the same sensation to the color as you? No, because they're biologically just like you without the color-inverting spectacles. Yeah, they're just... They're just humans, really. They are seeing something red, something that really is red. And they've got exactly the same kind of color vision as an ordinary Earth human. So it's going to look red to them, yeah? They just use the word green for that, yeah? So you talk the same way as they do, but your color sensations are quite different to them. Now, I just finally want to look at... Quickly look at Nida Rumilan's point. So far, we've been looking at a lot of thought experiments, but consider this. The red-green color blindness is relatively common, right? There are probably some red-green color blind people in this room. Now, there are two ways of being red-green color blind. In the eye, there are... Color vision depends on three cone types with different kinds of pigment in them that make them sensitive to a light of different wavelengths, yeah? So you've got these three types of photopigment, B, G and R, and what happens in red-green color blindness in one variety? The pigment that is usually in the green cone is also being used in the red cone, so you don't get discrimination here. And in other types of red-green color blindness, the pigment that is usually figuring in the R-con is also figuring in the G-con. So again, you don't get red-green discrimination, yeah? So these are two different types of red-green color blindness and they're both relatively common. That's okay, yeah? So what's going on in one kind of red-green color blindness is that either the pigment that's normally in the G-con is also in the R-con, or the pigment that's normal in the R-con is also in the G-con. So red-green color blindness like this is very easy to detect, right? People are usually picked up with this at school in testing. Yeah, I mean early in school in testing. Okay, but now just statistically, you've got a certain proportion of the population with the pigment that's usually in the G-con, also in the R-con. You've got another proportion of the population that's usually in the R-con, the pigment that's usually in the R-con is in the G-con. So statistically, there should be a number of people that are both types of red-green color blindness. That's to say, you can just read off from the statistics. There are going to be a certain amount of people who have the pigment that's usually in the R-con in the G-con and the pigment that's usually in the G-con in the R-con. So the pigments have been swapped around from the two types of cons, right? Does that make sense? Okay, now, so the ratio in males should be about 14 for every 10,000, right? But no example of this kind of color blindness has ever been detected. Now, how could you detect it, right? Because what's going on is that this person is getting red stuff where there should be green, green stuff, where there are red. You know why it's not going to be detected. They're going to be functionally, highly similar to you or me, right? So this is a real case. I'm sorry, I can't take anything right now because we're nearly on time. So this is not made up, right? This is really what is happening. This is the stats, 14 in 10,000. That's quite a lot, right? That should be picked up if it was possible to pick it up. But we know, if you just think about it, it's not going to be possible to pick it up. So these people are going to be real cases of spectrum inversion in amongst us.  You could be one of the 14 in 10,000. And on that bombshell, we have to stop. Okay, now you go on the unity of consciousness next time.


Thank y'all all for being here. This is a very important topic, and we're so blessed to have an opportunity. I want to thank the Richland Memorial Board and Trustees. Is Shirley Mills here? There's Shirley. Shirley called me up with the board and said, would you be interested in talking about the blue zones? I said, I know very much about the blue zones. Yes, I'm in. And have been so excited since then that we've had the opportunity to get to this stage. And I hope that when everybody leaves here today that we can get the majority of people to join in. If you haven't had an opportunity to see the Netflix series that's out there or read the book or checked it out, please do, because we have an opportunity. We're at an incredible place in our community right now where we are really moving forward and people are coming together. And with that opportunity comes trying to make a healthier community, not only a safe community, but a healthier community. And health is a lot around environment. We had a lot of discussions around that earlier at the CEO roundtable about that and how important it is that we follow parallel paths, because we need to make sure that we have the green spaces, the connectivity, the outdoor exercise, the opportunity for people, but also to make sure that we have fresh vegetables and healthy choices for all communities in every corner of our community. And the only way we do that is by working together. We have to take one step at a time. I'm excited for Dan and his team to share with you the blue zones and how we get there and as we move forward into the assessment as we assess our whole community. This is a pretty ambitious program. But if Fort Worth, Texas can do it, Columbia, South Carolina can do it. I'm a true believer that we are the best, well, first of all, I know we're the number one city in South Carolina, even though we don't have the title, but we will be. Secondly, I know that our community is invested together because I know how compassionate it is, how involved they are, and we see that at every step. It doesn't matter what issue we are talking about, folks are engaged and they wanna be part of the solution. And we went around the city and town halls and we did a little trick. We put a puzzle piece under everybody's seat and made them pull it out. If you ever looked at a puzzle piece, it has multiple sides. It connects in multiple ways. And our question was, how are you gonna be part of the bigger puzzle? What are you gonna do together to work with us or connect with your neighbors or improve your neighborhood or your business community or wherever it is? What is your role gonna be? So hopefully this is another piece of the puzzle that we're working together and we figure out how we're gonna connect all those pieces to improve this community. But our goal is to bring everyone together to have a healthier community and it starts at every level from early education to seniors to business owners to our healthcare partners in the community, which we have three. Thank you Prisma Health for being a big part of this conversation and a driver behind this. But it only gonna be successful is if we have this room and the next room and the next room and the next room and upstairs filled as well. So I hope when you leave tonight, you'll talk about it with your friends at work. You'll talk about it with your neighbors and that we'll continue to take the information, learn from our assessment and start taking piece by piece because you'll hear a lot about people, places and policy. Those three factors fall into a lot of things. You've heard us lately talk a lot about as we talk about balance reduction. It's people, places and behaviors. Kind of the same thing, right? There's some connectivity there that we have to affect that and a lot of its communication, a lot of its information. We have so many resources here, but yet with our ability to get information on this little device that we all live on, we still don't know about half the things that are happening or available to us. So hopefully as part of this overall assessment, it opens up doors for people to get more information and more opportunities to take advantage of what we already have, but give us opportunity to fill those gaps that we don't have. So I wanna thank y'all all for being here. I'm excited for the next part of this and this is gonna be great. Thank you. I too am excited for all the obvious reasons that Mayor just spoke of as well. You have to ask yourself why? Why would you be excited to be here today and be in this room, be in this atmosphere to talk about what? And that is that I'm not gonna have to share with you all the things about what Blue Zone has to offer, the partnerships that's gonna be necessary to be able to make this a sustainable endeavor itself. Dan's gonna do a lot of that today about just describing to you what Blue Zone really is and what it's about itself. But what excites me the most is look around the room. Look around the room right now. If you see the, I would say it's a hunger, if you will, and looking at what we need to do, looking at what the possibilities are, looking at bringing communities together, that's what it's really about. And when we're able to sustain that, we're able to bring individuals together for a common cause for the betterment of our communities and seeing that level of engagement, that's what really excites me about being here today. So if you think about helping our people, if you think about helping our community, there's certain things about, who wants to live a longer life? Right? Who wants to live a better life? I'm glad to see that. But making healthier choices, and we had a really long debate on that just minutes ago as well about making healthier choices, but I think a part of what you'll see today is how do we make it easier? How do we make it easier for you? Because it's hard. And was it, I think, was it Dr. Pastides was saying that? I can't think of the number of times that I've said I wanna go on a diet, I wanna eat healthier, I don't wanna eat this, I wanna exercise more, how many people have done that? I think I'd do it every day, I'm gonna start on Monday, right? But again, it's how do we make it easier? And the part of what you're gonna learn today and to really enjoy is that it is gonna, the things that we're gonna try to bring to the table is how do we make it easier as well? And I guess that's why I'm excited here today. And if I look at some of the things that we already do every single day, I know at Prisma Health that that's our purpose. It's why we wake up every single day, is how do we make a difference in the people's lives that we can impact, in the communities of which we serve as well. So our purpose is the core of everything that we really do and we always, our saying is that we wanna inspire health, wanna serve with compassion and we certainly wanna be the difference. And that's what you all are here to do as well, right? Or you wouldn't be here. So it's a big piece of what we're trying to do and as a state's largest non-profit healthcare provider, we were formed to really, I mean, this is the purpose. How do we create a better state of healthcare for the state of South Carolina? This includes providing full continuum care from preventative and we'll talk about wellness, components of it, all the way to life-saving services as well. It includes a commitment, a commitment to advancing health equity, trust. It's gonna talk about creating quality and equitable healthcare that is delivered to everyone, not just a certain population. As we've seen Columbia, we've seen the Midlands growth and revitalization, I guess why I'm excited up to be up here today as well is that we at Prisma are committed to that, to understand what that changing environment is and how do we have a participation with that as well. Excited to see the city. Mayor Rickman's leadership to continue this, to be well-invested. You see, he didn't have to really read from a script to be able to talk to you about his passion and what he wants to see as well for the community. There's a strong passion there and what did you say earlier? Maybe not ranked number one in the state of South Carolina, but we will be ranked number one in the state for because of that leadership. And so I wanna thank Mayor Rickman for that vision, that goal as well. So when I look at in just the recent years of what Prisma Health has really done and focused on our corporate and community partnerships, it wasn't just Prisma Health alone, it was a lot of those corporate and community partnerships that was extremely important for us. And as we expanded really to address what I would say, a lot of the social determinants of health and needs of a community. I mean, things that are extremely important because it's not just about coming into a doctor's office or coming into a hospital and us taking care of you, right? It's talking about things such as housing insecurities. It's talking about access to healthy foods. It's talking about educational attainment and the importance of that. It's talking about healthy behaviors such as walking and exercise, economic empowerment. You know, we recognize that these and non-medical issues have a true profound impact in the patient's community and overall healthcare status. Now think about this and what's most important. We cannot do it alone. We cannot do it alone. Not one single institution can do this alone. If I think of a healthcare entity itself, a hospital, we can really only impact 10% of that healthcare outcome. There's other things out there such as our social determinants of health that we're gonna talk about, that a lot of the initiatives that we're gonna talk about today are really there to do genetics and other things that go into that as well. So to move the needle on what health in the community really is, it has to include partnerships. And that's gonna take our local and state governments. It's gonna take businesses, foundations, healthcare organizations, social and civic organizations as well, faith-based communities. It's gonna take a true partnership to be able to make it happen. So when I look at that and why, again, I always go back to why I'm excited to be here is that many of you feel that role. Your engagement is gonna be extremely important for us to be able to move the dial, move the needle as we move forward. So when I look at the different partnerships that are out there, it's evidenced by many different things that we're doing right now as a healthcare entity, but it's gonna take everyone to come around the table to do it as well. So the Blue Zones Initiative under Mayor's Leadership, which is initiated by our Richland Board of Directors has the potential to make a true profound impact in our overall community for not only just today, but for something that's gonna be sustainable over a period of time if we remain committed to it. And remember what I said, no one can do it alone. It would take the city of Columbia, Richland County to lead the effort and to recruit many hands to be able to make this happen.


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So in today's video I'm going to be teaching Carly Steele how to meditate. What is up everybody? It is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem but focus on the solution. And today I am joined by a very special guest. Go ahead and introduce yourself. Hi I'm Carly Steele and I'm a mess. Yeah and because of that mess we're gonna try to teach her how to meditate. But this is part of the collab so we just actually filmed a video over on Carly's channel about addiction and I dive into some brain science. Carly opens up about some stuff. What other stuff do you know? I don't even want to ask what you have over on your channel like what has your channel been kind of focusing on lately?  Yeah so make sure you go follow her. Like it's awesome. Like I've been watching the videos and it makes me tear up.  But something that Carly has been driving me nuts about is I keep trying to get her to meditate like a lot of you and she won't do it. So in this video I wanted to show her like this is way easier than a lot of people know. But first like what I want to talk about is is like answering questions and also hearing your excuses. There's something going on outside and hearing your excuses about why you don't meditate because trust me this isn't to put a spotlight on you but I know a lot of them have those same excuses. So why haven't you started meditating? Like I told you that you only had to do a five minutes a day. Why haven't you done it? I'm not going to give excuses because because I make time for things you need to do but I feel like it's just because I don't know how. I don't want to. Yeah even though I showed you apps that will guide you through it. Yeah. Is it well let's be honest. I guess some people will say they don't have time. Yeah but do you think like here's something that I struggle with.  Yeah a little bit a little bit that way and I believe in prayers so I'm like well it's almost the same thing and we're gonna jump into that pretty soon. All right so when you say you don't know how like when you think of meditation like what do you think it is? I think it's me sitting and just shutting my eyes and trying to not think of anything but when I don't think of anything I'm thinking of not thinking of anything so let me think. Thing is misconception about meditation. Really? So everybody thinks everybody thinks that meditation is about not thinking which is insane because did you know did you know that on average the human brain has between 50 and 90,000 thoughts per day. I believe it. Right and check this out 90% of them are repetitive. If you think about the same thing over and over and over and over and over right so no matter how much you meditate the greatest Buddhist monks can never stop thinking. So meditation is not about stopping your thoughts it's about noticing your thoughts. Gotcha. Okay so one way that I personally kind of picture it especially when I first started was just looking at them as like clouds in the sky. All right just kind of passing by. See our problem is is that we latch on to that cloud and we get drug we get drug away with it right.  Tell me a situation without naming any names no shade no tea how has somebody pissed you off recently just like what they did just that's it what they did. Put blame on me when I it's not all me. Yeah okay so that's a good one right so what happens is is somebody put blame on us right and then we think how dare they then we start wondering what are they thinking then our ego comes in it's like don't they know who I am then we start thinking about how we got to defend ourselves if you're vengeful like I am I start thinking about all the ways I'm going to get back at them I'm thinking all the shade what can I tweet what can I do on Instagram do you see what I'm saying so it was rather than them just putting blame on you and you're moving on and letting go it turns into this whole story does that make sense yes so all we're doing with meditation is we're catching that first thought noticing oh this is anger this is fear this is anxiety or whatever and then moving on okay so mindfulness like somebody taught me a long time ago mindfulness is just letting go over and over and over again so when we're talking about specifically like a feeling like anger think about it like holding a hot coal right like we're holding on to it forever but the more you practice meditation you start dropping it a lot faster so it's because when you sit there on the angry like do you notice how you get more angry the more you think about it yes right you create this whole story in your head okay so are you guys starting to learn while we gotta meditate okay so again it's not about stopping your thoughts it's about noticing your thoughts okay a lot of times when I'm meditating I start laughing because I think of all the crazy shit going on in my head right if I'm just quiet I'm like I'm just sitting here and nothing's happening and then all of a sudden I'm thinking of like some kid in eighth grade who did something stupid I'm like I wonder what that jackass is doing today you know and then I'm laughing myself I'm like why do I care you see what I mean like it can be fun it can be very simple easy yes all that stuff all right so did we get rid of that myth yes all right that makes it a lot easier just by knowing that because trying to not think is like I feel like it's impossible for me not to think how do you not think yeah nobody's sleeping yeah if you had that's the other misconception is that we think that we have control over our thoughts like if I had control over my thoughts I would never get angry sad scared depressed anxious right I would just be like don't be anxious you know we have absolutely no control of our thoughts so part of meditation is accepting that we don't have any control over our thoughts all right rather than resisting it so the other way I kind of explain meditation is like before meditating it's like imagine watching a movie on a movie screen like before it we are the people in the movie right we're going through all this stuff that story that we create when you start to meditate now it's like you're the person watching the movie now you're just watching that story go by but you're not getting swept up in it and it's okay to feel emotions like you ever watch you'll watch a movie that just gave you the feels oh yeah what's the last movie that just made you feel um I don't know I don't watch movies very often no but 13 reasons why I watched that show oh do you have you watched my reviews no I haven't oh my god that show makes me my feels Grey's Anatomy makes me my feels yeah there you go so so yeah it's okay to feel those things right but we don't get like swept up and I'm like like does something on Grey's Anatomy and this might be a bad question if you're like really into it but has it like kept you up at night no okay exactly so that's what we're trying to do with our normal yeah exactly so so exactly so rather than being in the movie or in the show we're stepping outside of it okay now the other misconception about mindfulness which is what we're going to be doing today is that we think that in order to meditate we've got to sit be quiet watch our thoughts like that is one thing that is one thing all mindfulness is I'm gonna give you the definition of mindfulness as explained by the father of western mindfulness a guy by the name of John Kabat-Zinn and it's paying attention on purpose in the present moment and without judgment okay that's all it is you don't have to sit there and be like no that's one we call so we call that formal meditation but there's also informal meditation okay so there's all sorts of stuff okay so I've got Carly chocolate what that's the only reason why I'm here I'm just like hey girl what kind of what kind of those are my two favorite not not sponsored by the way okay which one do you want to use this one okay all right Carly's friend behind the camera heard that we got chocolate can I eat it so that's what we're gonna do okay so let's see meditation's fun all right now before I hand you this piece of chocolate you gotta promise me two things you're not gonna do anything unless I instruct you to do it okay okay and you're gonna pay attention to what your brain's doing something that we're trying to do we're trying to be like scientists we're trying to investigate trying to research okay so hold on to this okay that's it hold on to it that's it oh now are you interested okay behind the camera here follow along behind the camera okay all right you can do it with us okay we're all going to do so this is what we call mindful eating and it's fun so over on Carly's channel we were talking about addiction and everything like that so by the way for anybody out there who wants to do this pause the video go get a snack or whatever you follow the same rules you can't do anything until I tell you to all right pause the video go get yourself a snack or whatever so one thing I want you to do is as I'm talking notice how many times your brain says just shut the hell up and let me eat this all right okay so guess what you two are being mindful right now you're noticing your thoughts okay so anyways what we're going to be doing is we're gonna notice our brain is always in two constant states attraction and aversion right give me more or get that away what's the food that you hate apples I like everything okay all right so you it's a little bit harder but yeah if you have been into an apple you're bringing this their egg and get it away same thing with our feelings okay so the first thing that we're gonna do okay is that we're just going to notice as much about this piece of chocolate that we can using all of your senses sight sound smell not taste yet man okay uh touch but I'm gonna add a sixth one thoughts okay so just examine this piece of chocolate like you're an alien you've never seen this thing before okay notice how much it weighs notice the little grooves in it any kind of weird dots or imperfections in it smell it notice if your brain's saying I want to eat this right now you can even see what does this thing make a sound and if you do that and you think that's stupid then notice that thought all right so you're just examining this thing okay now we're going to unwrap it and now we're just gonna hold it in our hand now I'm not gonna do this I'm just gonna instruct you okay so now what you're gonna do is raise it to your mouth but notice the entire action of raising it to your mouth how your arms moving do not bite into that thing until I tell you to okay so open your mouth and just let it rest in your mouth all right like put it in it but don't bite it yes all right and notice the thoughts going through your head notice is your mouth like salvating are you in smells all right what is your body doing in this moment okay now go ahead and take a bite don't swallow it yet just chew it in your mouth notice how the texture changes in your mouth notice is your mouth making more saliva all right notice the sensation to swallow it and think about or notice rather do I want more do I want to eat the rest of it all right now go ahead and swallow it and notice how it goes down your throat into your stomach and now just notice am I full do I want more what are the thoughts going through your head for people who struggle with eating like is the thought like I can eat 15 more of these okay all we're doing is noticing the thoughts all right finish the damn buttercup okay this is the best club ever that's it mindful eating so what we're doing I appreciate it more exactly so one of my favorite meditation teachers says a lot of people are trying to like double the length of their life but what meditation and mindfulness does it helps us enjoy life a hundred times more because we're paying attention like how many times you just sit on the couch and just shovel chips in your mouth or how many times are you just really hungry and you just you know sit down at the dinner table your food comes right like an expensive meal even so this is about slowing down really noticing everything about it you know so if you can do this is a challenge to all of you including you two in the room is try to do this at least for three or four bites each meal okay that's it is it that hard Carly no since I can't get you to sit down and meditate for five minutes yeah eating anyway is right I'm proud of you too I feel like that like I feel so satisfied from that one job like I don't even want another one but if I would have just shoved it in my throat but I've had another one exactly so it's just about noticing these things like it was so much better like so you you two just did mindful eating that's it that's all it was but now we're gonna do some more okay okay so I've sold people on mindfulness right yeah all right so next one is you are trying to reconnect with God right rebuilding your spirituality in the video we did on your channel you mentioned prayer are you going back to church yes so I'm not religious I am spiritual and we're not diving into that but part of this is and what I saw from your video probably I was like an hour long video I suggest you go watch it and you talked about reconnecting with God so part of that to my understanding or what I've learned in my you know my 12-step programs about spirituality is that you want to live in a way that your God would want you to right yes so another way to be mindful I'm gonna give you two different ways but for somebody practicing a religion is whenever you're going to make a decision stop and say what would God want me to do in this moment that's being mindful of your decisions that's all it is it's pausing for a second when you want to send that tweet when you want to send that text message when you want to you know clap back at somebody in a video you know or whatever it is ask yourself what would what would you know God want me to do now for people who aren't spiritual who aren't religious find somebody that you look up to you know what I mean and this could be a figure right now like who's like who's a good role model Justin Bieber yeah right now yeah right now okay so ask yourself what would Justin Bieber do in the situation me I was thinking along the lines of like MLK Gandhi all right but I'll take Justin Bieber but ask yourself like what would this person do right or something that I've done and a lot of meditators do is rather than having like an external higher power there's this higher power within and say like like imagine the person that you want to be like what does that person look like so when you're about to make decisions say what would that person do in this situation because we're all on this journey trying to improve ourselves and stuff like that like for example I'm trying to lose weight so when I'm sitting there and I want to buy stuff when I'm just show my freaking face like what would the person the healthier version of me doing that situation so that's another way to be mindful is just to pause and ask yourself that question boom two mindfulness lessons wow right there I know right it's like I'm a a magician all right so the last one this is one that I just want to show you real quick because I've been meaning to do it on my channel and here we go so this last mindfulness practice is called noting noting like writing notes okay okay so five senses again sight sound I always screw sight sound taste touch touch here wait no no it's that sound taste touch feel oh wait that's touch smell okay so those five and add thinking so all noting is my son and I we do this in the car together okay so basically what you're doing is you're sitting there and you're noticing which one of those senses is most prominent right there okay we're gonna do this for like literally a minute and a half okay and we're gonna switch off okay so just notice what which sense is most prominent in that moment okay so we're gonna switch off I'm gonna do it and I'm gonna tell you to do it okay so there's a buddy system one you can do with a friend okay okay just watch me do it and you got this okay so that's it you're relaxed all right so seeing hearing thinking thinking seeing hearing tasting thinking seeing all right you try so I just say what's going on like the sensing what is happening in your experience right now okay tasting hearing thinking hearing thinking thinking thinking tasting not feeling nope I'm done that's it well that was that was totally fun like sometimes you'll just be like thinking thinking yeah I kept hearing the clock I was like hearing see and that's like how how many times have you noticed that clock since you've been here once right there boom right so all this is is experiencing life more fully so that was called noting you can do that anytime anywhere just say you know what I'm gonna take a few minutes and just do note it right or like like I said my son and I would do it in the car but there's also mindful listening something that I do is I go outside I just get quiet I see how many sounds I can recognize right so like even if you if you're just like all stressed out and you need a break just walk outside and see how many sounds you can hear whether it's a wind cars motorcycle birds whatever it is so and every time you do that remember on your channel I taught her I taught her about this you guys the whole hand model prefrontal cortex you guys just did like push-ups for your prefrontal cortex strengthen it and guess what this prefrontal cortex does let me tell you impulse control self-awareness emotional regulation I need emotional regular logical decision making let me repeat that logical decision making so every time you do this even if you like studies have shown that even if you do this five minutes a day it will strengthen the prefrontal cortex and those are all pretty sweet abilities that we all need it also improves things like empathy morality all that stuff and it also helps to regulate the flow of dopamine which we also talked about on your channel gotcha all right so are you gonna meditate yes that was it's so easy I know I could do in the car I could do it anywhere exactly real quick something I always tell people is like you know I like to do mindful driving and like oh my god you're like meditating in the car it's like you better be mindful driving like how many times do we get in the car and we're going someplace that we already know and we're there and we don't even we didn't recognize I'm like I'm like did I go through like seven stop signs because I don't remember exactly so sometimes that's where I meditate right sometimes I get anxious while I'm driving and I'll just put my hand in front of the air vent and I just notice what that feels like right so there's so many different things that you can do that don't involve that formal meditation that we're talking about all right any last questions about meditation is there a certain amount of time I have to do it every day or just five minutes a day you'll get results okay that's it 10 minutes yeah okay right like I said it's like going to the gym for your prefrontal cortex you don't even got to go anywhere right five minutes a day 10 minutes is good right just so you all know everybody watching this I do five minutes 10 minutes is a stretch for me like I have some of the audience members come out and they're like hey Chris I've been meditating for like 30 minutes a day I'm like damn or sometimes what I'll do is I'll do like five minutes in the morning five minutes around lunch five minutes a night stuff like that so that's about it you'll start noticing differences in my experience the people around you will start to notice differences in you before you do they'll be like wow Carly you didn't react to that situation like you used to because you're strengthening your impulse control she's already doing that yeah yeah see so I would say it because like sometimes I try to point out when people have been mindful like you're being more mindful about improving your mental health you know it's something that maybe you put on the back burner right so mindfulness is coming in everywhere all right so here's what we're gonna do you're gonna start doing this every day you can be your accountability partner have some mindful eating if you want like I said just just three or four bites every meal you're golden yeah all right but anyways we did a video over on Carly's channel too it'll be linked down in the description below anything else cool going on in your life that people need to know about nope all right well that was fun links to her social media will be uh down in the the description below she has like a million but jillian followers and stuff so so yeah go check her out all right anyways that's all we got make sure you like this video subscribe thanks to all the patrons and we'll see you next time bye


Hey guys, this is rich from rich to be live and we have some breaking news from fsd pharma fsd pharma appoints top GW pharmaceuticals executive Rupert Haines as chief executive officer So this is a company that's really building its management team fsd pharma Inc. otherwise known as huge HUGE on the CNSX on the OTCQB under the symbol FSDDF and in Frankfurt, Germany under the symbol OK9 Announced today the appointment of Rupert Haines as chief executive officer. Mr. Haines is a highly Accomplished health care executive with nearly three decades of global pharmaceutical experience Having most recently held the position of head of global marketing at GW pharmaceuticals GWPH on the NASDAQ in the United Kingdom in his new role with FSD pharma Mr. Haines will continue to work out of the United Kingdom which will support FSD pharma strategy of expanding its global footprint Interim CEO and co-chairman of the board dr. Raza Bakari will remain in place as CEO until mr. Haines officially assumes the role Mr. Haines has an impressive track record in pipeline and product development Which is directly relevant to FSD's vision of becoming a global cannabinoid based pharmaceutical leader Said dr. Raza Bakari co-chairman of the board He blends world-class specialty pharmaceutical experience with a fast-paced biotech mindset that will help Accelerate FSD's growth and global expansion strategy by assembling a top-tier management team and Pursuing targeted mergers and acquisitions on behalf of the board I welcome him to the company as head of the global marketing at GW pharmaceuticals Mr. Haines oversaw the strategic development of the firm's cannabinoid portfolio including numerous cannabinoid pipeline products across dozens of therapeutic areas for primarily neurological neurodegenerative and neuropsychological Conditions mr. Haines was also involved in the strategic planning and development of Epid eolix are an FDA approved cannabinoid earl for the treatment of seizures associated with Linux gastro syndrome or Dravid syndrome before GW mr. Haines held numerous commercial roles including senior leadership positions at both large pharma and bespoke biotech firms Which include so be ucb pharma Bristol Myers squib limited uk and pharmacia And up john limited uk. This is an exciting time to be joining fsd pharma said Rupert haze CEO of fsd pharma The company is advancing at a rapid pace having recently announced a pilot study for scn One in irritable bowel syndrome through its collaboration with sycan and intention to acquire therapeutics biosciences Where there are active clinical trials evaluating cannabinoid combination therapies I look forward to continuing this fast-paced pharmaceutical development Which could lead to multiple significant new development programs in a very short timeframe In october 2018 fsd announced its intention to acquire therapeutics biosciences to develop novel cannabinoid combination therapies In pain migraine and other cns disorders Therapics is currently evaluating th x 110 a proprietary combination drug based on Drana benoen benol and pea In two ongoing phase two studies in Tourette syndrome Yale university medical center obstructive sleep apnea Asuta medical center with a planned phase two initiation in chronic back pain fsd partner Sycan therapeutics a company developing novel cannabinoid products for a range of diseases Recently announced initiation of a pilot study Evaluating sycans proprietary steady stomach cannabinoidial combination product for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome patients We look forward to having mr. Haynes at the helm of fsd as the company expands into the pharmaceutical industry said anthony dirkitsch co-chairman of the board of founder And board the board believes that mr. Haynes track record of product and pipeline development leadership on both a regional international level Will support the Transition of fsd into a global leader in the cannabinoid based pharmaceutical space love this Love this. This is such a great company Mr. Haynes appointed as chief executive officer builds on the incredible momentum At fsd pharma this year said zeeshan sayid president and founder We believe mr. Haynes brings the vision and know how to create long-term value For investors and new effective treatments for conditions where there remains a need for the therapeutic alternatives About fsd pharma fsd pharma is focused on the development and highest quality indoor growing pharmaceutical grade cannabis And on the research and development of novel cannabinoid based treatments for several central nervous system disorders including chronic pain fibromyalgia And irritable bowel syndrome the company's phase one growth plan involves the development of 25 000 square feet of indoor Grow space at its ontario facility and an additional 220 000 square feet Which pending approval by health canada is expected to be operational in the first quarter of 2019? Which is right around the corner fsd facilities sit on 72 acres of land and 40 acres prime for development and expansion Capacity up to 3.896 million square feet fsd fully wholly owned subsidiary fv pharma is a licensed producer of Cannabis having received its cultivation license under the access of cannabis for medical purposes regulations acmpr on october 13th 2017 and is now operating under the recently enacted cannabis act fv pharma vision is to transform its current headquarters In a craft plant in colberg ontario into the greatest hydroponic indoor grow facility in the world fv pharma intends to cover all aspects of this exciting new industry Including cultivation legal processing Manufacturing extracts and research and development. What do you think about this news? This is a company that just continues to add to its team I personally own 19 000 shares of fsd pharma and I think this bad boy has huge potential The only problem that I have with this company is the amount of shares. They got too many shares That's what worries me about this company way too many shares CEOs CFOs. Hey guys, you guys keep getting joined to this board Why don't you do something about the shares if you need to learn what to do about the shares? Holler at your boy. I can show you how to reduce the shares. I can show you how to buy back shares I can show you how to just Shrink your shares guys. There's too many shares This is why the stock won't go up if you want the stock to go up Holler at your boy.  Okay I can't control the stock I don't own the company But if I did I'd be doing something about that One billion plus shares, which is the reason why the stock's not going up. All right. That's the only reason You reduce the amount of shares and watch the bad boy fly. All right.  Peace Hit that like button share the video everywhere Subscribe for more updates hit that bell for notifications. This is your boy rich, and I'm out FSD farm of big news Please