Welcome to this year's ECB Money Markets Conference. This is the ECB's flagship conference on the areas of money markets, monetary policy implementation, and central bank operational frameworks. The conference is co-organized by the ECB's market operations, monetary policy, and research directors. And my thanks go to the colleagues in these three departments for pulling off what promises to be another great event. Before I invite our Executive Board Member Philipp Laine, who I just see joining us, offer his opening remarks a few thoughts simply together as going and some housekeeping rules. There was a time that market operations at most central banks was rather boring. Open market operations consisted mainly of liquidity-providing operations to steer short-term rates. And even a few basis points deviations from targets would be reason for the daily excitement. Times have changed since central banks embarked on unconventional monetary policy, first confronted with the global financial crisis and later with the lower bound on interest rates. At the ECB, market operations have therefore also been expanded and now consist of a broad range of non-standard monetary policy measures. These include on the one hand various forms of longer-term refinancing operations, LTROs that provide financing to credit institutions at attractive conditions, and on the other hand outright asset purchases, APP, including purchases of government bonds, securities issued by European super nationals, covered bonds, corporate bonds, and asset-backed securities. These asset purchases ease broader financial conditions, thus contributing to growth and inflation. With these changes, market operations has taken center stage inside central banks and research on the topic has become mainstream. The changing landscape of central bank market operations has led to a plethora of important research questions such as should liquidity operations follow a floor or a corridor system? What is the optimal collateral framework to manage the risks from asset purchases? How should non-standard measures be implemented to ensure an efficient and effective transmission of monetary policy? Should non-banks gain access to central bank liquidity? And what market distortions, if any, are created by central bank interventions? Looking ahead, the potential introduction of central bank digital currencies may have a significant bearing on the evolution of money markets and monetary policy implementation frameworks. All of these topics will be covered in the coming two days. A few words on the rules of engagement. Presenters have 30 minutes, discussants 10 minutes, followed by Q&A for a total of five minutes. You can direct your questions to all panelists via the chat function as displayed on the screen that you should be able to see. The chair will then collect and pose the questions to the presenters. Should you nevertheless experience any technical difficulties, then please let Britta Bertram know. And with that, I look forward to an engaging and exciting two days, and now hand over to Philip. Philip, the floor is yours.


How to make a pinecone Christmas tree. Oh Christmas tree, oh Christmas tree, how lovely are your branches. We made pinecone Christmas trees. We're gonna show you how to make them so you can play too. To make pinecone Christmas trees, first you'll need some pinecones. You might find pinecones in your backyard or in the woods. Just make sure you brush them off. Pinecones are actually the seeds to a pine tree. And once you have your clean pinecone, you're ready to paint. You can use any kind of paint, but we're using Christmas colors. I'm gonna use white. And if I just paint the tips, it'll look like snow on my pinecone. I'm using green and I am just painting the tips. So it would kind of look like leaves. My favorite thing about a Christmas tree is gathering around it and putting the star on top. Mine looks so snowy now, it looks so cool. Once you've painted, you're ready to decorate. You can use anything you want to decorate your tree. You can use pom poms, tinsel, tissue paper, and even old buttons. Since the paint is still wet, you can stick your decoration on. The wet paint acts like glue. I'm adding pom poms in between each branch of the pine cone. I'm adding a pom pom on top to make it look like a star on a normal Christmas tree. I wanna add this bead on the top of the pine cone, but it's not sticky and there's not enough paint, so I'm just going to add some more paint. And any time you wanna add more paint, you can. While the paint is still wet, you can use a little bit of glitter. And the glitter will stick to the paint. I'm putting some glitter on the top to make the star more sparkly. And once you've decorated how you want, you've got a pine cone Christmas tree. You can use these as decorations or like mini Christmas trees you can keep in your house. What a lovely Christmas tree you have. Thank you, I made it myself. I put the star on top with some glitter on it, and then I just put the pom poms on. Awesome. Touch here for more great videos. Or touch here to subscribe.


Small habits can have a big impact on your life, but creating new habits can be tough. Want to make positive changes, but don't know where to start? Here are eight simple habits that can improve your life in a big way. Let's get started. Daily planning. Got deadlines, commitments, and assignments piling up, feeling overwhelmed and stressed? Try planning your day. Planning your day can improve productivity. When you prioritize your tasks and set goals for yourself, you're taking a certain weight off your shoulders. You'll also feel more organized, focused, and in control. Reducing feelings of stress and anxiety. Being organized can help you increase accountability, but be careful not to overdo your to-do list too much. Or you might start to feel overwhelmed. Remember, you're in control. Stay hydrated. Water does more than give you clear skin and energy. It's essential for good health. From boosting immunity to improving digestion and mood, the benefits are vast. Dehydration can cause an increase in cognitive problems. Negative mood, fatigue, and anger. Most people aren't hydrated enough. In fact, according to Quench, 75% of adults in the US suffer from chronic dehydration, drinking an average of 2.5 cups a day, while the recommended is at least 4-6 a day. Staying hydrated can improve so many aspects of your life, whether it be your mood, skin, health, and energy. So remember to keep a water bottle handy. Taking off breaks. That feeling when you're struggling to just get through the day, or you're getting a headache and not able to get anything done, is a rough one. Feeling tired and unproductive? Maybe you need to rest more. A quick power nap can do wonders for your mental focus and productivity. And who doesn't love a good mood boost? Your body needs rest. So take breaks when you can. Even a 10-minute nap can help. According to the Cleveland Clinic, seven to eight hours of sleep don't have to be consecutive. So take a short nap early in the day if you need to. Just remember, keep it at 30 minutes max to avoid sleeping through the night. Digital detox.  You've been officially labeled a disturber of the peace. This is called brain overload. According to neuroscientist Dr. Daniel Leveden, the brain is in a state of constant distraction, which can lead to us making bad decisions during critical times. We live in a new digital age where using devices daily is almost inevitable. But that doesn't mean you can't detox yourself from screen time. Reducing screen time can help you be in the present and practice mindfulness. It also can enhance your social connections and engage face-to-face with others more often. Which can go a long way. Be a nature lover. Ever been told to touch grass? What kind of game is that? Okay, maybe this phrase is a bit funny, but according to the American Heart Association, going outside is great for reducing stress, improving your mood, and restoring your connection to the natural world. Even if you're not an outdoors person. Getting that fresh air and stepping away from a life that revolves around working indoors all the time can be super beneficial, whether it be by hiking, campus, or taking a stroll in the park. A change of scenery might be just what you need. Daily kindness. The world is a place where there is no such thing as too much love. Can you think of a time where someone, even a stranger, was kind to you? How did that make you feel? Have you felt like you've wanted to pass that good deed along to someone else? According to a research paper published in the Psychological Bulletin Journal, kindness has been shown to increase self-esteem, empathy, and compassion, and also improve mood. An analysis of decades of research shows that when we are kind to others, we become healthier and happier ourselves. Being kind to others is easy. Why not make it a habit? Embrace and perfection. There's a style of Japanese pottery art called Kintsukoroi. I hope I said that right. Where broken pottery is repaired using gold or silver filling, with the understanding that the piece is more beautiful for being broken. While perfection may seem desirable, always striving for excellence can be stressful and anxiety inducing. Studies have strongly and consistently related perfectionism to higher levels of burnout, stress, and anxiety. By embracing imperfection, you allow yourself to focus on progress over perfection, giving yourself room for growth and learning. Have you ever wanted to try something new, like playing an instrument or taking up crocheting, but avoided it out of fear that you'll fail? Just give it a shot. Taking risks is one of the best ways you can learn and eventually succeed. There's no need to be perfect. Life might be more authentic and fulfilling if you accept the imperfections in your life. Journaling. Journaling might just seem like writing in a book now and then on the outside, but it actually holds a lot of meaning when you get into doing it. Writing about your thoughts, feelings, and emotions can help increase your self-awareness, allowing you to identify different patterns or behaviors within yourself for deeper analysis and improvement. This process can also be stress relieving, releasing everything pent up in your mind onto a piece of paper. Not only that, but you can also improve your memory and provide clarity and purpose in your life. So, what are some habits you plan to incorporate into your life? Or do you already do some of these? Share with us in the comments below. We hope that you found this video helpful. And if you did, we'd really appreciate it if you liked the video and subscribed to us for more content like this. Thanks for watching!


Your Coca-Cola bottler presents Claudia based on the famous play and novels by Rose Franken Brought to you transcribed Monday through Friday by your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola Relax and while you're listening refresh yourself have a coke and now Claudia Mommy you can't close that suitcase by yourself why not because you'll hurt yourself push over I don't want to push over push over.  I think you have a little bolder living with you six months. Anyone to get a little bolder. Oh, I made a poem Nothing'd be so proud of how you're doing with that suitcase. I think it's broken mama isn't broken It's a perfectly brand-new suitcase. I used it when I came and I used it when I leave as good as new, but it won't close No, I think they make suitcases Not quite deep enough these days Well, you're just gonna have to call David you're miss the train here. Let me I'll do it. I can manage for myself. Thank you Can your mama can I what?  Well, you haven't been by yourself so much. We'll be a welcome relief What's the matter? Show me mama pinched my finger get away. Is it bleeding none of your business? I won't have you leaving us with an arm in a sling people will talk Next thing I know it'll be in all the papers that David Norton through his poor old mother not and broke her arm My finger leave my finger alone Since when are you so independent since always only you've never given me much of a chance to show my independence I'll get your chance now. I I Hope you like it mom. I love it If you quiet days in New York by myself and on to Aunt Luisa's in Long Island I see what's so much better about staying with a 68 year old woman who has allergies than staying with us You are speaking of my one and only sister-in-law of whom I'm very fond use a little respect, please I'll respect her. No Aunt Luisa has allergies nothing to make fun of when you're 68 you may have allergies to never We'll see having allergies the special type. I'll have David instead. Oh How's your finger?  Oh now. Are you satisfied? Very well said to go. We are very helpless females David. We are not you can't close mama Probably too full to close. That's impossible everything fitted in it when I came well That was six months ago. Maybe your things have grown since mama or maybe she's running off with the family silver Count your spoons. No, no, but I will right away And some guests like to take towels and soap there's momentum. Oh, no, no, no mama wouldn't take a towel or soap She's not that kind of woman. Are you casting aspersions?  I do mind being accused of not being interested in towels and so All evicted house guests are should hurry and evict me and close that suitcase David. She's pretending. She's in a hurry to leave Think what you will but I can't wait to get out of this man house How I stood it this long.  Oh, you bet you would we wouldn't have had to have you around To take care of them David piece hurry and close that suitcase. Mama's getting impatient all over again I think she's got the baby hidden in here You did it. Oh, you great big strong man. Don't I got a kiss? Well, since you asked so nicely Hello, darling, hold me David. I'm the one who's leaving Claudia. Not David. Goodbye Loving daughter, isn't she David? Mama now you'll be so kind as to eat properly and After all you're on your own now. There's not going to be anybody standing over you protecting you the way I have these last few months. Thank goodness for that. It's three meals a day mama and no for getting one of them here I'm not so old that I have reached absent mindedness David she can't even take a little bit of loving advice with good grace That's what happens when a mother-in-law gets let off to live on her own Haven't left a thing in this closet. Let me see now a shoe not a blouse not a scarf Empty all right David empty is the old lady who looked in her cupboard The roll of hangers hanging side-by-side. Hey, what are you doing in that closet? I'm just counting the hangers to make sure mama hasn't packed any of them away. Well if she has we'll Let her think we didn't notice what a generous son-in-law my daughter married My mama don't tell me you're still here Unfortunately, I just want you to notice that I haven't left a thing in any of my dresser drawers either There's anything I hate after a guest leaves It's rushing to the post office and mailing little bundles of forgotten things Well, you won't have any of that trouble with me I wouldn't leave you an old three cent stamp here the way she talks to me David about time she left She's starting to be too familiar. Yes. Well, that's always what happens when you give roof to a person Cleaned up my medicine cabinet to I'm not gonna leave you called for chattering Cleaned up medicine cabinet or not mama will find a few criticisms to chatter never fear even a hairpin And I just closed the window in the bedroom good then we can lock the door of your room mama not have to open it Lovely smell of campfire and slipcovers and be all nice and empty No, we have only about five more minutes before we have to leave to the station almost certainly be ready Oh David you better start taking mama's bag down or Do you want Fritz to do it? No Fritz is up at the barn It'll be a great pleasure to take mama's things down. There's nothing like leaving a place and feeling your hosts a jubilant to see you go Oh, I knew I forgot something you see David. It begins. It's my silver symbol. I think I left it in the baby Silver timber was neatly put away in the pocket of his suitcase David. I I saw put it there myself Well, she she probably wants to say goodbye to the baby you won't disturb It's funny how the room's so empty already. If nobody'd ever lived here David you're You're very sweet to take the later train so mama can go with you. No, it's nice to have company from mama Oh David Did I ever tell you Mrs. Norton that I love you very much Well, tell me now quickly Hanging on each other's necks. I don't for the life of me see what's so wonderful about hanging on each other's neck You're not supposed to do you find your temple? Yes, it was on a baby's dresser. I just threw it in my pocketbook David you haven't brought those suitcases down you nag nag nag nag. I'm taking them down now I'll bet you'll be happy when she's gone David to tell you the truth. I can't wait Well, there's no reason for us to staying up here any longer. Why don't we go down too? I have no objections I'll put out the lights. Oh, yes. We certainly don't want to waste electricity on a little woman who isn't there It's dark day without the lights isn't it? Very nice room Claudia. I liked it very much Well at last I found you like something And mama if you ever want to come and stay in the room again We might just consider it and I just might be able to talk David into letting you come Now I'll close the door and yours so it is left. I do hope I haven't forgotten anything It's so messy to forget things. You promised you hadn't now. Well, I never know I want to go in the kitchen and say goodbye to Bertha before I leave.  I'll miss them Well, it's nice to know you'll miss somebody. I miss those David wouldn't miss his train not even for you mama No cars already. Where's mama? She's gone in the kitchen to say goodbye to Bertha Where's your coat? What for? Well, it's cold out not letting you out without it on. Oh, well I'm not coming with you David What? Well, I think it's just silly for me to rush down to the train and Stand around waving goodbye and watching the train pull out Afterwards listening to the whistle and the distance. It's it's silly nonsense. That's all. I think I'll stay home with the baby Just as you like And after all well, what's five more minutes or less with a person it's silly You're a big girl now You know that I'm not so very big a girl not Not so very big at all You're just right for me Up to my chin not again Not again what now I can understand why you're in such a hurry to get rid of me and why I'm in such a hurry to go Certainly make a person feel as if a person is improving but that's our whole point mama So you won't feel badly about leaving us. Who said anything about feeling bad? Well, certainly a person with any decent feeling it feel bad. It's not a decent feeling in my whole body not mine either your Your hat's uncrooked mrs. Brown. I like it that way stubborn willful and Independent I am all those things well Just for that. I'm not coming down the station say goodbye. That's relief. There's anything I hate It's good buys at the station as a matter of fact I'm not gonna bother to say goodbye to you at all my intention exacter coming David. I'm ready What am I waiting for mama? What is it now? David's awfully nice about Accepting collect calls. That's good anybody wants to call you I'll tell them and we're usually home for dinner and Breakfast good appetite to you give the baby a kiss for me Won't be easy, but I'll try Man that goes a pretty wonderful woman Speaking is her daughter. She's not bad You ought to know I do Speaking is your husband You're not bad either. Oh, David It weren't for you. I Just couldn't have let her go You two girls certainly put up a good performance for each other insults Devil may care that's our system you um You don't think you're fooling each other.  Guess we wouldn't fool a stranger and what support Why don't you just let go darling it Might be easier Well, we we just never have David. I Just couldn't with mama Well, she's waiting David better go. Mm-hmm. She wants to go darling. I know because It's fair to you And to you I'll be home early. Well, that's all right Goodbye, Mrs. Norton David Tell mama to put her robbers on when it rains When you're lunch alone You're not likely to whip up a complicated recipe But you can add a refreshing touch to your noonday meal any day of the week Simply by going to the refrigerator and getting a bottle of delicious sparkling coca-cola When coke's on the menu your lunch refresh. Hey, Joe. You want to say goodbye to Mrs. Brown This is your last chance because I think the train will be coming in pretty soon. Well David I certainly am glad you mentioned it. I do want to say goodbye to Mrs. Brown Why she's one of my favorite people and one of mine too, and you have very good taste I'm afraid the good taste is also a virtue of yours David. Thank you Now if you like I'll run over to your house this afternoon and spend some time with Claudia. That'd be swell She's a she's going to be kind of lonesome at first Joe Why were Claudia and felt the way about her mother the way she does why I'd be lonesome, too No, I better go put mama's bags on the train. You coming over Joe I'll be right over to kiss mama good bye as soon as I say that every day Monday through Friday Claudia comes to you transcribed with the best wishes of your friendly neighbor who bottles coca-cola So listen again tomorrow at the same time And now this is Joe King saying or a bar and remember Whoever you are Whatever you do wherever you may be when you think of refreshment Think of coca-cola Or coca-cola makes any pause the pause that refreshes and ice-cold coca-cola is everywhere This broadcast of Claudia was supervised and directed by William Brown Maloney And now here's a word from your friendly neighbor who bottles coca-cola


Let's start with another main module which is how to respond to the written work, how to give feedback. This is an introductory module where I will set the tone for the test of the module, how to give feedback which is encouraging, motivating and which focuses on not only the content but also the form, I mean the grammar and the ideas. So let's discuss what is feedback and what's its significance. Feedback actually is teacher's response is actually driven by the goals of the course and it should be driven by the overall theory being implied whether you see writing from academic literacy's point of view or communities of practice point of view, sociocultural point of view or behaviorist point of view. So as language teachers we need to take what is good in these formal theories and leave which is not workable for our own particular sociopolitical or cultural context. So assessment focus should be on, shouldn't be on the product rather it should be on the process like by process I mean the drafting, the writing itself, planning, revising, editing, self-pediting. So it should be, I mean focused on the processes involved in writing. So there could be a range of goals of feedback. For example, sometimes we give feedback to justify the grade, sometimes we give feedback to motivate the students, sometimes we give feedback to help students see the strengths and weaknesses of their work. But we as language teachers shouldn't make the students see feedback, feedback on their own shortcomings rather on their writing. So assessment can or may vary from context to context, from course to course, from discipline to discipline. And there are two forms of assessment summative which is actually the grade itself and formative which actually gives constructive comments on the, on different parts of the writing and then how to improve them. So overall, feedback should be motivating by motivation, I mean it should inculcate feelings of love for writing and it should aim to give students a sense of publication that what they are producing is for with a value with a worth and what they are writing is worthwhile. So actually feedback should be focused on improving the quality and help generate some strategies which gives students control of their own writing and there can be process, peer feedback, conferencing, checklist, self-assessment. We will discuss one by one these elements of feedback, I mean to say how process feedback is given, how peer feedback is actually employed in the classroom, how we can bring in the concept of conferencing and how we can give assessment scale or checklist for self-assessment. So feedback has two roles to play like summative and formative and it has another role which is diagnostic one which offered analysis of poor parts and focus on strengths and measure the overall proficiency and development of students.


Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Tundi College, University of Allahabad and today I am going to discuss a new topic under a new theme, research methodology in which I discuss qualitative research methodology. I am going to discuss a new methodology under qualitative research theme that is grounded theory. We have discussed qualitative research and the difference between qualitative and quantitative research so that we can understand the basic assumptions of qualitative researches. So today we are going to discuss a very important methodology, grounded theory. It is often asked and it is very difficult to understand the people who want to research and do qualitative research. It is very important for them to know and not only those who do quantitative research but also to know what kind of work is done in qualitative research. Okay, so lecture will be bilingual mode and useful for various examinations and for your research purpose too. So do subscribe my channel, Grounded Theory, Grounded Theory is a qualitative research approach. That attempts to uncover the meanings of people's social actions, interactions and experiences. When we talked about qualitative research, we talked about what is the aim of qualitative research? What does it want to attempt? It wants to attempt, it wants to explore, it wants to uncover the meanings of people's social actions, their interactions, their experiences. That is the main basis. These explanations are called grounded because they are grounded in the participants' own explanations or interpretations. So the explanation that will come out and we will get the outcome, it is grounded. Where is grounded? In the participants' own explanations, in the interpretation of the participants, that is, our subject, which we will study, which we will talk about, which we will interview, which we will observe, it will tell us about our own experiences and it will emerge from it. That is why it is said that it is grounded and nowhere else is it grounded. The grounded approach has been used by researchers in various disciplines. It is totally based on data rather than trying to emerge theory from data. It means that what we generally do in quantitative research is that the theory comes from data and emerges from it. But here it is totally based on data. It means that as we collect the data, the theory emerges from it. And the same data will tell us how much further we have to collect the data. Studies that incorporate the grounded theory approach are basically a step towards conceptual thinking and theory building rather than empirical testing of the theory. What do we do in quantitative? We know that we have a hypothesis and we check whether it is verifiable or not, whether it is testable or not, whether you accept it or reject it. We have a hypothesis first. Here we have to build a theory, from whom we have to build it, from the data, from the participants. As it is this systematic development of theory in social settings and it depends upon inductive approaches which are appropriate for the study, mainly aid in theory development. That is, for theory development, inductive approaches are the best and it only depends upon inductive approaches. Inductive-deductive means, I know, I think you must know, where does inductive approach come from? From specific to general. And where does deductive approach come from? From general to specific. So we will not go into inductive-deductive right now. Data collection, analysis and eventually theory stand in close relationship to one another. It means that when we are working on the grounded theory, we are using the grounded theory. So the collection of data, that is, we are in relation to the eyes, the visualization of the eyes, and the emergence of theory. These three are interwoven, they are closed in a close relationship to each other. The researcher begins with an area of study and allows the theory to emerge from the data. The researcher is an area of spiritual knowledge and he gives the permission to get the theory out of his data. Grounded theory is because they are drawn from data. That is why it is called the grounded theory. It is likely to offer insight. There is insight from it. Enhanced understanding, understanding is mixed. And provide a meaningful guide to action. And for our action, our action, we get a guide. Artful. Sorry. Then it goes into history. From where did it start? How did it start? How did it become a methodology for qualitative results? So, grounded theory was first developed by a sociologist bargaining laser and insulin straws. So, it is famous for the name of laser and straws. During this period, they criticized the pre-dominant approach to qualitative research, which they found to be very limited. That is, when the theory was developed in those days, then when qualitative research came, first quantitative, then qualitative, and then merge. So, they found that there are very few approaches that are being used in qualitative research. So, what did the laser and straws do? They pioneered a new methodology. They developed a new methodology for discovering theory so that we can take out theory by taking an inductive approach to qualitative research. During Gujarat Mahatma Kanna Santhan, they followed an inductive approach to take out one theory, which was called the laser and straws methodology. They formally presented their newly developed research method by publishing the discovery of grounded theory strategies for qualitative research. So, in 1960, this book is written in Discovery of Grounded Theory, Strategies for Qualitative Research and from here, it comes to the literature of qualitative research. Discovery of Grounded Theory. How a grounded theory was approached and how it can be a strategy for qualitative research. After the first publication, the duo continued to work together on various research products, projects, and wrote four more books. That is, laser and straws. They continued to work on it, and they did a lot of other work, and in the end, their paths were removed. These people are different. They take different stands on different themes. Laser published another book, titled, Theoretical Sensitivity, Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory, and Glazersburg is often considered the classical grounded theory. Later on, another book was written in the name of theoretical sensitivity, and its work was considered the classical grounded theory. And straws, another book was written in 1977, qualitative analysis for social sciences. But philosophical perspectives have changed. So, here, a laser and straws are changing both the philosophical perspective. Whereas, the Glazer's is the positivist version. Whereas, the straws and forbidden take post-positivism stands. As you know, what is the difference between positivist and post-positivist? Positivists believe that logical things should be there. I mean, every thing is verifiable. Logically, you can verify it. Whereas, post-positivism stands not there. We can't know everything. Nothing will go wrong when we are studying in humans, when we are studying in social sciences. So, these are the two main stands. So, the Glazersburg classical grounded theory was in positivism, or they adopted it, and the straws were in post-positivism. And, since then, various evolutions of the grounded theory were present. After that, there were many evolutions of grounded theory. Including basics of qualitative research, grounded theory, procedures and techniques which are being written here. This shifted from the concept of the natural emergence of theory by designing an analytical coding framework for generating theories from data systematically. Meaning, they separated their ways. Then, this new, I mean, the classical grounded theory, which was made by Glazersburg, which I will tell you later. Then, the evolved grounded theory of straws was made. Grounded theory was made. And after that, there comes the constructivist grounded theory. I mean, this is exactly the second one they adopted in the 1990s. It was said that, a former student of straws and glasers published a new approach called constructivist grounded theory. As soon as the constructivist word comes, it means that the participant is making the same theory of construction. And argued that neither data nor theories are discovered. Instead, what is happening? But are constructed to the researchers past and present experiences. The researcher's old and new experiences are emerging to the grounded theory. In 2006, Chair Mares published her book titled Constructing Grounded Theory, A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. This makes her worth the third grounded theory. So, when her book comes, Constructing Grounded Theory, this is in the next slide. Traditional and classical genre evolved grounded theory and constructivist grounded theory. So, the classical grounded theory was created by Pratipada Khan, who is a laser, who evolved his straws, collin, and clad. And the constructivist, he said. So, what do the traditional people say? The goal of traditional GGs is to generate a conceptual theory that accounts for a pattern of behaviour i.e., this is a positivism stance. So, he said that the theory is grounded and emerging. But what is the straws collin and clad? They say founded on symbolic interactionism. What is symbolic interactionism? And stems from work associated with this and this. Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective. It relies on the symbolic meaning people ascribed to the process of social interaction. Symbolic interactionism is a symbolic meaning that is associated with the process of social interaction. Symbolic interactionism addresses the subjective meaning people place. We give subjective meaning to things, behaviour, and actions. So, the meaning is given by the basic how this is going on. And constructivists are saying participants are constructing, researchers are constructing, interactions are constructing area of inquiry or theory. Okay. Stages. If we are going to ground theory, research, concepts are derived from interviews, observation and reflection. Where will the concept come from? We will interview participants, we will do observations, we will be organized. We have to organize data. In qualitative research, open-ended data is the most important thing. So, what do you have to do? You have to organize it. In what categories? What type of data will go to what type of data? What concepts are coming from it? What are the different similarities? What will be the themes or the categories developed? They are compared with one another and two or more competing theories are identified. The categories developed will have comparison and theory will emerge. And what will be the last one? Research, hypothesis is in more statement and concept. The last step of ground theory is to generate research hypothesis. Whereas, in quantitative, research hypothesis is carried out. So, this is the difference. Then, theoretical sampling is important for ground theory. This is what theoretical sampling is used in ground theory. Generally, in qualitative research, there is purposive sampling. In theoretical and purposive, there is a little difference. And in your quantitative, there is a random sampling. So, theoretical sampling is an integral part of the ground theory approach. It has an internal part. How? As it leaves the researcher on what to collect next. You don't know how much data you have to get. If you are doing an interview, if you are doing an observation, if you are reflecting, the amount of data you have got depends on who you will interview and from where you will get the data. So, it shows a way. Who will be the next sample? In this regard, the important definition of theoretical sampling will be presented by Glazer and Strauss that what theoretical sampling is. And what is its role in the ground theory approach? They say that the process of data collection for generating theory is that the analyst jointly collects quotes and analyzes his data and decides what data to collect next and where to find them in order to develop his theory as it emerges. Because what is going on? The collection of data, analysis, synthesis, emergence is going on. So, we get an idea of where we have to collect the data from, who we have to collect, and how much we have to collect. And you will get a point of theoretical saturation that when will we collect the data. Similarly, we have 300 samples of our students. So, we will keep doing it until the point of saturation and until the data is repeated and until there is no such thing which is not there. Meaning, we have to collect data until the new thing comes. Strauss and Corbin are saying that theoretical sampling rather than being pre-determined is not pre-determined. The first solution is that we will have 4 samples before beginning the research. It evolves during the process. It is based on concepts that emerge from the analysis and that appear to have relevance to the evolving theory. The aim of theoretical sampling is to maximise opportunities. What we have to do? We have to maximise the opportunity so that we can compare events, incidents or happenings. To determine how a category varies in terms of its properties and dimensions. Then, what is the difference between theoretical sampling and purposeful sampling? Because we have chosen someone purposefully but it is purposefully sampling according to categories that one develops from one's analysis and these categories are not based upon quotas. They are based on theoretical concerns. Which we have chosen is purposefully sampling but it depends on categories. It does not depend on quotas. It depends on theoretical concerns. Everything will evolve and everything will be based on the future. What are the benefits? For example, it is not concerned whether or not something has been done before. It does not matter whether or not something has been done before. What does a grounded theory do? Researchers are interested in what participants say about their experiences. What are the experiences of the participants that these researchers are looking for meaning. The grounded theory allows researchers to use inductive reasoning and ensure that the researchers use the participants' perspectives rather than imposing their own ideas. It is very important that you have to discuss and involve the participants but do not impose your own ideas. It is also called confirmation bias. If we impose it again and again then we do not have to be neutral. Subjectivity will come but we have to be objective where we are talking to it. This encourages objectivity. Pre-conceived notions should not come on our research. The experience of the participants should come out. It allows for constant comparison. I told you that researchers choose to conduct experiments in the last stage of research and you can verify quantitative research. Researchers have also chosen it. It produces a theoretical model. Researchers often produce more refined and detailed analysis of data and because grounded theory emphasizes the interpretation of the data, it makes it easier for researchers to examine their own preconceived ideas about the topic in critical analysis. Limitations are very important. It does not promote consensus. If we say that we are going to make the birth together then it will not happen. Because there are always competing views about the same thing. We do not have to bring everyone together. It may seem like an overly theoretical approach. The results are too open and ready. There is so much data and result that you have to categorize it. It is a tough task. Grounded theory is not concerned with whether something is true or false or right or wrong. We do not have to tell whether something is right or wrong or good or bad. We just have to bring out the meaning of the incident. Grounded theory requires a high level of skill and critical thinking from the researcher. Researchers also have to be critically involved. They must have a level of objectivity, ask unbiased, open-minded questions and conduct interviews without being influenced by personal views. So we have to conclude Grounded theory. Grounded theory proposes that careful observation of the social world can lead to the construction of theory. Grounded theory proposes that we should carefully observe our social world. Grounded theory proposes that we can construct theory. It is iterative. It is evolving. It is aiming to construct new theory from collected data that accounts for those data. The data that we are collecting is responsible for the emergence of theory. That is why Grounded theory proposes that we have to bring out the theory. It is very interesting. We cannot explore it ourselves. It is a very good methodology. It is a quality research approach. It is a research approach. So thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel. Explore Education and join my Telegram group too. Then from my site.


West Asia key strategic region in the world is in tumult and it's all kinds of tumult some of which is even positive over the past month we've heard all kinds of discussions talking place the Saudis and the Iranians are talking the Saudis and the Houthis in Yemen are talking Syria, Russia, Iran, Turkey all of these players many of whom have had very difficult relationships in the past are talking or are going to talk soon and all of this actually raises a lot of questions is the face of West Asia going to change is some of the violence that has become so endemic to the region are going to end maybe at the same time we also have Palestine where these answers seem way more clear Israelis are continuing their brutal assault on Palestinians whether it be in the city of old Jerusalem whether it be in the rest of the West Bank whether it be in Gaza blockades all kinds of attacks arrests continuing the violence from 2022 we'll be looking at the larger West Asian region in this special show by People's Dispatch so Praveer a lot on our menu today and no surprise because so much has been happening in West Asia over the past few months very difficult to keep up of course we have some some of the more you know usual unfortunately usual cycles of violence like in Palestine but we should we should talk about what more interesting has been the fact that there's been some signs of rapprochement of traditional rivals we've talked about the Saudi Arabia Iran discussions that are taking place but two I think maybe center the discussion first let's maybe first move to what Yemen which is really you know the latest news is that there has been a prisoner exchange agreement I believe some 900 prisoners the Saudis are released to the Houthis they're likely to be more prisoner exchange arrangements in the next few weeks so we're looking at something that we thought was very difficult which is like an eight year conflict suddenly you know maybe moving towards a solution so what prompted Saudi Arabia which was really bombarding Yemen like anything to really come to the table let's go back to the earlier map that you showed us here the interesting part of it the battle which was really we're talking about is over Yemen of course Saudi Arabia had attacked the Houthis in Yemen because the Houthis had taken over from those forces who are aligned or very close to Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia wanted this area to be under their control or influence this is also important because if you see this particular seaway and that's important because this finally connects to the Mediterranean to the Arabian Sea the Indian Ocean whatever you want to call it therefore Yemen has a very strategic position in it and particularly Aden which has been an ancient harbor a trading port of enormous significance in the world and in this attack on Yemen we had of course the United Arab Emirates joining it so this is not that it was a simply Saudi Arabia it was a joint United Arab Emirates Saudi forces which attacked the Houthis who opposed the I will not call it puppet but Saudi Arabia's allies in Yemen and carved out a position for themselves at least in northern Aden and northern Yemen so this was the battle which was going on it's a much more complex picture of Yemen which we won't won't get into but Houthis have a history of big good fighters so they not only were successful in beating back the the Saudi Arabian forces and the Emirati forces they were also attacking the Saudi Arabian Aramco facilities even the airport all of this was proving a huge thorn on the Saudi side that too with very little equipment the drones basically well yes drones and missiles you see Yemenis are not that technologically backward as people might think they have had their own air force the ability to manufacture at least low end missiles and low end drones which of course they would have probably got technological help from Iran which is what everybody says but a lot of it is also the fact the Yemenis are people who have the skills to do a whole lot of things with help and support they can do it so therefore these attacks which are taking place in Saudi Arabia particularly Aramco meant that if Houthis could not be defeated then it will remain as a permanent thorn in Saudi side particularly the Aramco facilities so here was the issue that it is not simply a question between Saudi Arabia and Yemen Iran is also into the mix for very obvious reasons and of course United Arab Emirates even the Houthis have attacked the Emirates again the airport and so on so they all decided the time has come to stop this war now this is something the world has been asking for quite some time Yemen has been hugely harmed the population have faced enormous deprivation we have had you know diseases come up which we haven't seen cholera epidemic for example come up which we haven't seen no clean drinking water the schools etc are all shut what happens to children malnutrition whole range of things and Yemen has a very rich history if you remember the the kind of cities that were there in medieval Yemen which are really eight storied and so on these have been things which are engineering terms in front lines of the world in terms of technology and other things see Yemen has a huge culture so has Yemen in terms of trade it starts some just a backwater so therefore Saudis attempt to subdue it having failed the question is how do they come together so let's go back to the map that you had started with this is the Yemen map let's start with this area this is probably some of the what are called the jihadist forces very right wing with tacit support of Saudi Arabia which are there then there is the adhan the southern part of this area which is centered on adhan which seems to have been backed by United Arab Emirates with certain forces which have seems to be holding that area then we have Sana and the Houthis really occupying this area and that's where the battle has been with Saudi Arabia this is where they have been marib is a town over there on which battle is going on but they have been attacking with drones and other things the Saudi Arabian forces they have attacked physically inside Saudi Arabia over here so this is something which bothers the region so it's not just between Yemen and Saudi Arabia Iran is obviously involved because we know that Yemenis have been supported by Iran at least with knowledge technological help probably even some arms and ammunition and Oman is a rich country which does not want war its borders so Oman has been a peacemaker not only in the this case Yemen and Saudi Arabia both seem to be meeting in Oman but also Oman has been a peacemaker between Saudis and the Iranians so in fact a major initiative over here was taken with Oman in the loop also Iraq in the loop Soleimani was coming to discuss some of these issues in Iraq when he was killed so this has been the larger dynamics of the region and it seems now United Arab Emirates is also part of the peace process but the discussions in Oman it seems with what you talked about prisoner exchange all of these issues it seems this is a harbinger of peace in the Yemen war but also peace breaking out which is very very problematic for the United States peace breaking out in the region in which the larger set of forces essentially Saudis United Arab Emirates Qatar and Iran all of them including of course the Syrian battlefield all of them willing to look at solutions within the region not going to countries outside to mediate for their peace if you go back to the map that you had shown before that the larger issue is that we have peace breaking out between Iran and Saudi Arabia and also it seems to now involve Syria and Syria means peace not only between Iran and Saudi Arabia but also Turkey is involved because Turkey has been very much a player in this area so how can these forces come together on the Syrian issue and it seems now Saudi Arabia and Syria are talking about re-admitting Syria back into the Arab League of Nations and therefore they were thrown off because when the various struggles broke out against Assad the question of who was behind the struggle we will not get into this stage there's no question the Turkey backed the struggle in a big way intervened in Syria the United States intervened in Syria so you had all kinds of forces who are active in Syria now it seems they're also willing to come to the table and work out their own disengagement now that for the United States is a huge change that it is no longer the country to go to in order to negotiate or intercede on behalf of one or the other it ceases to the king be the kingmaker which it was in this area I think one of the experts had said that the important thing is not that you know who is involved but who is not involved exactly that who is not involved is the United States you see this is an area if you go back to President Carter he had declared this entire area as a strategic area for the United States because oil is a strategic asset of the United States therefore this was supposed to be a part of United States strategic assets and therefore they could go to war against any country which interfered with that now that of course doesn't take into account the fact that these countries are independent so they have the right to take their own decisions and of course at the time Iran was the basic issue because as you know their puppet Shah of Iran had been overthrown and of course President Carter was humiliated with the embassy and holding of the embassy personnel hostage which is what Iranian street government forces who took over from Shah of Iran did at that time so that was the what he was smarting under but the net result of saying this is our backwaters nobody can enter that was of course a huge slap to all the countries over there and it's taken about 40 years before now slowly the pendulum has swung back that we will decide our own future and not it will not be decided by any other country so next in line would be then Turkey and Syria absolutely yeah it's interesting you mentioned Syria for a while because a lot of lot happening in Syria as well we know that the Saudi foreign minister might go to Syria soon there's going to be an invitation for Syria to join the Arab League Saudi Arabia also working much more closely with Turkey after years of very bad relations following the Khashoggi incident also interesting because last year we did see Turkey make a lot of noises about continuing its military operations especially in these regions but keeping all this in mind you know do we see sort of do we see Syria sort of developing into you know how do we see the situation developing considering that Syria still really split up into pieces and the United States like this map shows the blue areas represent the US allies the various forces working under their direction under their control still has a very substantial presence in Syria this is an interesting issue because nobody has invited US forces into Syria so even government has not even the islamist forces supposedly the enemies of the United States in their global war on terror they have not who invited them so they seem to have invited themselves and they still hold if we take this area as well as this area into account which is the where the US forces still hold the territory this is about 30 percent of Syria's territory now this is a really a desert and so is this not very thickly populated but it has oil in this part of the area and a lot of oil goes by the Kurdish areas which really are here and they go into really Iraqi held Kurdish territories from there they go into Turkey and this is a how if you remember President Trump had said well the oil will pay for our occupation and he had said Syria we are leaving but we'll still control the oil well so that still happens even if Biden has become the president that hasn't stopped you still see oil going out of Syria and that is a part of the US occupation now this occupation is being done in connivance with or in conjunction with forces which had aligned earlier with the Islamist forces which now have broken free of that and have gone under US Umbrella. Al-Tanaf is again another area again nobody's invited them there there is it also is the connection between Damascus over here and Syria and Baghdad in fact so this is right there to stop that connection of course there are other connections also between Syria and Iraq but that was the original route which has been stopped Al-Tanaf sitting over there again providing some Umbrella to Islamist forces and of course Turkey is in these areas as you know and they are in fact saying that we will not let the Kurdish forces gain control of the area Kurdish forces are here they are here and the Kurdish forces at the moment are trying to be in between the United States and Syria which is a difficult position for them because their main enemy is really Turkey who also want to take this entire area away because they feel that Kurdish entities in Turkey are people who are being supported from here in the same entities and therefore they feel that is a PKK which is the Kurdish entity in Turkey that they are the ones who are really over here rather than indigenous Kurdish people of Syrian origin so this is a complicated picture but again why is us here because as we have said right in the beginning nobody's invited us in so this is where Turkey Syria Iraq are three forces who should be sitting down and discussing how to bring peace to the area and in fact Syria today the Syrian government does not control these parts of the of Syrian territory large portion of the populated regions are under the Syrian government so I think Turkey who has been in negotiations with Syria under Russian ages they have been having Astana talks a number of times these discussions have taken place slowly that process hopefully will make it possible to bring peace in Syria between Turkey and Syria but the question is what happens to the US forces over here will they let go that easily or fighting against them is that even feasible for Syria to fight against the United States these are the questions or will it be that if the whole region unites and said we will talk about peace and bring peace ourselves then US will be forced to vacate this area is a question that we have to see how it goes in the future but the real issue what you have raised raised is yes Turkey and Syria are willing to talk and if what we have seen happens between Saudis and Iran then I think between Syria and Turkey also the possibility of peace is there this is a huge threat to the United States because if peace breaks out in the region then the US threat is the people will be able to bring about what they want how they want their future to be without the tutelage or the intervention of the United States which means the strategic resources of this area will no longer be under their tacit control right just to sort of also clarify for the audience we have multiple dynamics here like I said Saudi Arabia and Turkey talking on the one hand Saudi Arabia and Syria talking on the one hand we know that Syria and Iran are very close Hezbollah is involved Saudi Arabia and Iran talking so like you said all these dynamics while in parallel nonetheless seem to indicate you know a kind of convergence which does look possible but if there's something that is kind of sticking out in this region unfortunately and where people are really suffering it's maybe the last area we need to talk about which is Palestine and you know it's it's one of those conflicts we talked about often on our channel and which seems to be escalating by the year so let's maybe go to Palestine and see what's really happening right so Praveen of course the latest news or at least the news over the past few weeks this is a month of you know the month of Ramadan going on and as usual as has happened in 2022 in 2021 there have been continuous attacks on Palestinians al-Aqsa mosque in occupied East Jerusalem of course being the center of a lot of these attacks attacks by both Israeli security forces attacks by say Jew illegal Jewish settlers of course trying to claim that space trying to you know although it's against the laws and of course also the continuing violence over the past few months we know that 2022 was the most you know most violent year from since 2005 huge number of people especially attacks in the West Bank over here some very important cities continuously being attacked like Janine but you know the question has also been the interesting thing has been that Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and the far right government also facing protests inside you know by one section of Israeli so so huge amount of chaos at this point of time and violence against the Palestinians so so maybe let's first go to the East Jerusalem issue and al-Aqsa and why this continues to be such a point of conflict or oppression so to get back a little to what you're saying earlier that old Jerusalem city is only about two square kilometers is a small part of the existing Jerusalem city and over there if you take the old Jerusalem which is what we are seeing the two square kilometers in which the al-Aqsa complex is situated it had what are called Jewish quarters, Armenian quarters, Christian quarters and Muslim quarters it was split in four sections and the each of the sections operated in peace with each other and so there was a peace between all communities for a very long time it's not there have been historical struggles which have continued and so they now broken is continuing or has broken out again so this is of course something which is important to all three Abrahamic religions the Jewish the Christians and the Muslims partly because if you remember that this is where supposedly the first two temples were now the second temple which is the little the last one that existed was destroyed by Romans, the Muslims had nothing to do with it so it was really the Romans who destroyed it and therefore this association of the third temple with the al-Aqsa complex is something that the Jewish settler population particularly the extreme writing variety of it says or whips up every time saying we need to build the temple here the temple has to be built here only because this is where the old temple was again the Solomon's first temple and the second temple which is demolished by the by the Romans we do not know where they were or historically are there remnants of this over there but that doesn't really matter you know when mythology takes over history it has a dimension of its own so the settler population or the what you call the really the right wing settler population has been trying every year to desecrate the complex so that's really what they do they try and do and therefore attacks of the complex particularly at the time this is also unfortunately both the Jewish religion and the Islamic religion both observe the lunar calendar so the Passover and the Ramazan basically take place almost together and therefore the religious temple heightens in this period so every time the call of the al-Aqsa mosque is preserve our sanctity by putting people inside the basically this is the dome of a rock over there which is where Muhammad is supposed to have ascended and this is the the mosque so man the mosque so the people stay there at night so continuous attacks by right wing forces but also Israeli armed forces police whatever attack the people inside the complex for a number of days finally the last three days of Ramadan they allowed the peaceful peaceful at least celebrations to take place there are no attacks after there was really a huge outcry in the world on this pictures came photographs videos all of this showed the kind of settler police security forces violence that took place in the complex so this is something which is recurring but in this particular case it also had the tacit support of Netanyahu who is facing a huge inner struggle among the Jewish community it is not that it is the basic the old Palestinian population who have been disenfranchised over the period of time who officially are Arab Israelis but nevertheless they don't really get a whole lot of things in terms of what their rights are so it is not they were protesting this time Netanyahu's protests came from what would be called the secular Jewish population who identify themselves as Jews who identify this is their land but do not identify themselves as wanting to be completely sectarian or going back to the position which are there amongst the certain settler population that all the Arab population is to be thrown out of this land this exclusively ours nobody else can stay here except Jewish population so this throwing out business is what is where finally the line is drawn disenfranchising them in various ways is still okay but throwing them out they know would put them outside the pale of civilized nations and therefore they have been saying no this is not okay that division which was manifest in Netanyahu's attempt to pass a judicial reform we should have meant they could he could have nullified the conviction which he already has for corruption so the parliament could say he is not guilty and then the court would have to accept that and also a whole bunch of religious laws could be passed which would effectively make the non-Jewish population particularly the Arab population who are both Christians and Muslims disenfranchise them completely that is what was the battle which is going on and in this when Netanyahu aligned with extreme right because he needed to be the prime minister otherwise he was going to go to jail the conviction would have stood so that issue there has been to some extent papered over by this struggle and perhaps that is the reason why the struggle assumes this force because then it papered over the struggle internal to the Israeli state which is a huge number of even reservists the army air force reservists are not willing to come and serve and if they don't serve half of Israel's army doesn't exist because his reservists are the ones who confer at least 50 percent of the armed forces in Israel and they are not permanent armed forces so all of this meant that either he had to come to and re-approach Ma with his own people or he had to whip up an external issue and I guess Al Aqsa mosque is always an easy incendiary issue which brings the Jewish population in one place but also what happens after the Al Aqsa mosque issue coming up that Israel actually attack parts of Lebanon parts of Syria and of course always Gaza is a focal point of attack so attacks took place in these three areas so again it heats up the area it creates a war atmosphere and of course the reserve forces then reservists who are earlier protesting and because Netanyahu withdrew partially from his judicial reforms he's got one month time to settle this issue that they went back to the army and air force and therefore the bombings which is the regular Israeli activity they took place all of it happens when the Al Aqsa mosque is attacked all of these things also are companion so to say in what happens so they there is protest from here a few rockets are launched and of course in Israel the launchers attacks on this area they're clear they're also careful not to attack Lebanon too deep because Hezbollah has proven itself to be a strong force so therefore they're little more wary about that they also finding it difficult to enter Gaza at will and conduct military operation so the operation seems to be more rocket fire and within limits so that there is no really large reaction to what they're doing because Lebanon also Hezbollah has a lot of rockets Syria has not attacked Israel as yet though in Jullan Heights there's still conflict going on Syria claims Jullan Heights is there because that is what was taken over in the 68 war so that is very much something that Syria feels should go back to it and of course there are attacks therefore on Syrian forces also by Israel so these every time Al Aqsa mosque issue comes up these also heat up so if there is a larger piece that breaks out in the area then what happens to Israel's politics what happens to Palestine is not a minor issue because one of the safety that Israel had is our enemies are divided they are fighting against each other Jordan is not going to go with them only Syria is a problem Hezbollah is a problem Iraq is no longer such a big problem so this is something we can handle but Iran supporting Syria Lebanon is only one issue peace breaking out between all these areas if you take the Abraham Accords which is the basis of Israel thinking it could get a certain number of Arab states with it Islamic states if you will with it and therefore will be able to break out of its isolation that doesn't seem to be happening if you remember the Abraham Accords included Bahrain it included United Arab Emirates it included also Morocco and Sudan as well Morocco and Sudan as well the big discussion was whether Saudi Arabia would be would come into it but they held out they were trying very hard to get Saudi Arabia into it and unfortunately without Saudi Arabia this peace is incomplete because Saudi Arabia was seen to be a staunch US ally and therefore railroading or arm twisting Saudis to join the Abraham Accords is a big play if that succeeded then Saudis are after all the protectors of the Makkah Medina the holy sites of Islam therefore they would have thought it could be thought that their stamp would make Israel legitimate in the region that did not happen Saudis did not do that and now with Saudis making up with Iran that whole Abraham Accords seem to have disappeared into thin air so that importance of the same Abraham Accords seems to be no longer there I think that's the other big thing that is taking place in the region that we have a different dynamic taking place and what we see is a larger peace breaking out this would involve Turkey it would involve Syria Saudi Arabia Iran and of course United Arab Emirates also will be a big player in all of this so Yemen is only a part of the issue but Syria and Yemen are the sites of the struggle but the real struggle is between the larger players in the region and that is where the US hold is slipping and they are negotiating among themselves and they are willing to accept Russian as a more independent and you know impartial negotiator between Turkey and Syria and China between Saudi Arabia Iran I think that is a really a huge change in the overall scenario for this region and I think that is something which the US is not able to understand or stomach because they never expected something like this to happen the seem to have been taken aback by the shall we say the speed at which the events have not to mention that Saudi Arabia UAE among the countries which as part of OPEC plus have agreed to once again cut their oil production and that's not making the US happy thank you so much for talking to us and giving us an idea like you said the threat of peace is really what the United States fears at this point although I think for people in the rest of the world this could be a really good thing because the key issue like you said remains Palestine how long will this circle of violence against the Palestinians continues a very important issue but thank you so much and we'll come back to some of these topics in future episodes as well so there you have it the question of peace very very important on the minds of all of us at a time when there's so much war conflict so many global challenges if there could be some measure of peace some measure of stability in West Asia you would see millions of people benefiting especially the people in Yemen who suffered one of the worst humanitarian crisis of this century we'll be tracking some of these developments in the coming months and weeks as well until then keep watching People's Dispatch


One of the more common questions surrounding Elite Dangerous Odyssey's equipment upgrade material gathering is where to find manufacturing instructions. Manufacturing instructions are a data material that is used multiple times in every single upgrade of every single suit or weapon and the randomized drop rate is such that it can seem like they're rarer than unicorn shavings. In this video, I'll tell you what missions you need to pick up to give the best chance of getting a drop of manufacturing instructions and if you really don't want to leave it all entirely to chance, I'll tell you how you can farm lots of them really easily. There's three main methods for acquiring the all-important manufacturing instructions. Two are the way Frontier would prefer you gather them. The third is a method Frontier would probably rather you didn't use, but it is far and away the most time efficient. On to the first method then, they can simply be a reward for successfully completing an Odyssey surface mission and whilst the spawn for this mission reward is fairly rare, I have seen the reward spawn a fair few times with as many as five manufacturing instructions coming from one mission. To find these missions, simply look at all the missions in a station's on-foot bulletin board and then filter the mission board by material rewards from the top right drop-down filter selector. Then, page through the missions to see if manufacturing instructions are currently available. You can visit every station in a system checking the bulletin boards like this, but it's not terribly time efficient. The second method is to choose a mission type that is quick and easy to complete and has a higher chance of having manufacturing instructions available to gather whilst on the mission. The missions you're specifically looking for are salvage missions that require you to retrieve an electrical component from a crash site. Examine the mission before you accept it and try and find one that is Threat 2 or above. I tend to hunt these missions in a low security or anarchy system, but they tend to spawn just about everywhere generally speaking. The mission will take you to a downed satellite or navigation beacon on a nearby world and task you with cutting open a panel to remove the target component. These satellites however also have a data panel that can be accessed and that panel has a reasonably high chance of spawning manufacturing instructions as well as a few other useful match such as topographical surveys. If after downloading the data you extract the component that is the target of the mission, then when you leave the POI it will immediately despawn. It's here however that the third and most time efficient method for gathering these mats comes into its own. Instead of extracting the component and completing the mission, if you instead log out to the main menu and then immediately log in again, the game will respawn the data in the terminal and it carries the same chance of spawning manufacturing instructions or indeed anything else again. You can then rinse and repeat the re-log as many times as you like, grabbing the manufacturing instructions whenever they respawn. Whilst we frankly wouldn't recommend this method for the best gaming experience, sometimes it is honestly just the best way to get those last one or two pieces of data to get you on your way again and it does work. Whilst researching this video I was able to gather about 14 manufacturing instructions in around 30-40 minutes compared to one manufacturing instruction that spawned randomly when completing a salvage mission that took about 15 minutes to run through. And there you have it, that's how you can gather manufacturing instructions for all your suit and weapon upgrades. Have you had much luck finding them yourself and if so, what method do you employ? Share your results in the comments below. That's it for now, thanks very much for watching. If you found this video useful consider subscribing to the channel and maybe take a look at one of our other videos linked on screen right now.


We hear the ID TechEx show here and who are you? I'm Naziruddin from EPFL, I'm working as a professor. I'm developing this perovskite solar cells. So you just had a presentation about this? Yeah, is that so? Is that the next generation of solar? We believe so. This is going to be a next generation of solar cells for the grid-free type of technology. The efficiencies are very much comparable to silicon solar cells, but the advantage of this material is very low tech. Unlike silicon solar cells, where it's a high tech technology, this is a low tech technology. The people can fabricate it. It's totally inexpensive. Inexpensive? Inexpensive, yeah. And the same performance? Same performance. But how far are you from this being real? So there are three companies who have already started. One is Oxford PV. The second is Polish company, Solace. And ours is the third new company which we will start. This is a valley perovskite solar cells. Is it a spin-off from EPFL? This is a spin-off from EPFL, yeah. And with the students? With my post-docs. Post-docs? And what are you working on right now? So we are trying to scale up the laboratory cells to 30 by 30. And eventually we want to produce 3,000 square meters of these panels and install on our rooftop to monitor its performance, stability, all the parameters. But if it's real, how much lower cost than silicon-based? Yes, silicon-based solar cells. The cost is going down, right? Of course, the price is going down. But it's artificial. It's artificial. It's subsidized? More or less, it's subsidized. And also, since they have these factories installed, they have to produce and they have to sell it. So they have a big capacity for themselves? Yes, yes. But how much cheaper are you? So we are much cheaper than silicon solar cells because structurally, the cost of the glass which you put is the cost of this material is insignificant. Let's put this way. So this can compete with the silicon solar cells. Very... Yeah, yeah, cool. But the...


what's up guys in this video we're going to talk about what actually UX design is and what it's like to be a UX designer let's go before we get started my name is Anthony Conboy and I've been a professional UX designer for 15 years I've worked some of the world's biggest companies and I hope some of the stuff I'm going to share to you now is useful so let's take a look at the board this is UX in the middle let's talk about actually what UX design is and there's three circles here so the first one is we want to make something that's useful that's really important then we want to make something that's actually desirable so we want people to desire something and usable so you exit to the center of this but what exactly is UX design so I'm going to give you a practical example now we'll go through what it's like to design e-commerce websites okay so let's start with our econ website I'm going to draw a big circle and this represents a user's experience I'm going on this website so think about this is UX here so think about UX as the whole process so within that user who comes to the website what do they see well first of all they might see some images so good good product photography they might have UI which is the user interface so this is a the looking field of the website or the app then there's also other sections about this so they might have the actual experience of a check out then there's the content on the website and then there's other things like the actual interaction animations stuff like that so UX and it compensizes everything there's all these little sections this is what people actually get a bit confused about UX so UX already actually exists so any website or an app you already have a UX and it's not about a designing a UX to say it's about improving things to make sure that the person who comes to the website their user experience is as good as possible so let's take a look at some good examples of UX let's take a look at an example of a home page for the e-commerce website so we've got our page at the top we've got a navigation bar so then we've got some labels and we've got a search so a big part in UX is making sure that the information architecture on the website which is basically how things are organized that arrange is good so making sure all of the labels here are clearly defined simple language and understandable that's a really important experience then we've got search so search is a big part of the website having that clear and predominant and making sure that experience is really good so we also have images are a big part of the website making sure that the products are clearing the images it's not confusing it's very simple then we'll have some descriptions so it's making sure the descriptions clearly indicate we don't want any surprises what the products actually are and then what we want is big call to actions and we want we want the user basically to know what happens when they click that button so this is an example of a product detail page so we still got our navigation then we've got images rating well done high quality images then we'll have some sort of title and description and big clear call to action which is like add to basket and then underneath here we want things that are useful to the users which might be there might be some reviews then we might also have other bits of information like different sizes small medium large a very simple structure for a website but has all the elements that are really useful for a user now we'll take a look at what happens when someone actually adds something to cart and I'll show you a good example of a UX Amazon's a really good example of a good checkout experience so this let the page up into three sections so the first thing is a delivery info then this is where you do your payment and then at the bottom is basically where you review everything it's nice and simple and they've also got one of the most amazing experiences in UX which is the one click buy so this button here which is a basically your confirmation they've brought that button earlier in the cycle to the actual page where the product description is so you don't need to add something from the basket you can purchase this straight from there it's very addictive and it's one of the best bits the user experience to actually increase revenue for the website so the reason why UX is so powerful for companies like Amazon and other e-commerce websites is basically they make an easy process for the user to purchase something and this creates a really really happy customer because it was nice and easy this then leads back into revenue for the company because they retain to the product they make it seem simple as easy as possible is a brilliant way to attract great customers now let's take a look at a bad user experience so let's just example we've got our customer here for this let's call her Meg so Meg wants to go to a different e-commerce website so she logs in and she tries to find what she wants to buy so she looks at all the items and then she decides to add something to her cart so she's found what she's looking for she then goes but then it then asks her to make a new profile so there's no log out as guest or no check out as guest but you have to create a profile so Meg goes through all this she fails in the form she creates a profile that's fine so there's no log out with google or anything like that she has to create a form on this website but then once she's created the new profile her basket's empty so there's nothing in it so what she added then before it gets forgotten about during this journey so now she has to go back and then she finds her item again she then adds it to her cart but while she's adding it to her cart she gets a big pop-up here which is like 50% off all the offers for the website with a tiny small cross button in the corner which she can't find so once she removes that she's getting bombarded with advertisements on the website they're distracting her from the whole process she then gets fed up of all of this and wants to contact us but then gets taken to a 404 page which is a broken website then she just gets fed up and decides to leave the journey so you can see how different that is from amazon there's so many steps involved here amazon everything was really nice this one lost a sale amazon gained the sale and that's the power of good and bad UX so let's take a look at the UX design process now and an example of what you might do today so let's still stick with this e-commerce website and let's take a look at okay our job is now to redefine the bad user experience on the bad e-commerce website so the UX design process is split up in the five stages and you'll see this on the internet um on each stage basically you do different things than the UX designer so let's start with the first stage which is the fine so before we start we need to know what exactly we're doing in the project so we need to talk to the business and find out what they want and their job is okay make this sale make this sale process better but we need to know actually does that mean um have they gone off traffic coming to the website so they need to improve the advertisement or is it that the the users are falling off a certain point in the journey so we need kind of something solid to go by and because this is what we're going to be judged later on so for this example they've got plenty of traffic coming to the website but their purchases aren't as big as they want them to make aren't as good as they want them to make okay so that's our problem then the next thing we need to do is we need to understand why this problem's happening and this is a this is kind of like the using research phase of the project so this is quite uh it's kind of quite fun as a designer so this is where you get to have your thinking hat on and you get to actually so you want to meet with customers so you you can meet them in person that's great you want to talk about um their problems with the process some big companies have in-house testing facilities so when it was in Barclays they had these rooms where they got customers in the customers get paid for the time and then you get to ask them questions and sit behind like a glass wall it's kind of like like a police interrogation apart from it's a lot nicer that's quite fun so you can do that one on one you can do um it's called infographic research we follow people around in real life and you you observe them using the website or the app in actual day to day um real life situations or you can do surveys and get quantitative data with lots of people and you're kind of just understanding the problems so with this website we know that um the check of journey basically wasn't good we added it to a basket it dropped off we have to create a new profile and we were bombarded by ads so we understand that by going through the journey ourselves and by talking to customers then the next stage is the design phase so this um this has loads of different steps in it so we might start out by doing rough sketches so we might um sketch a sketch a new journey but we might do this in a workshop where we'll get people from the business we might get some users in and as a designer it's quite important to facilitate workshops so that's something that you'll learn to do as your career progresses but you'll you'll actually you might sketch out the website and then from there because sketching so easy you can scribble it off doesn't cost that much and you get the people from the business involved so you kind of know you're heading in the right direction before you even really get rural that's what I've kind of learned from my career then you'll take those low fidelity sketches and turn them into wireframes then you can prototype prototype them in websites applications like figma or sketch or Adobe XD figma is the one that everyone's using at the moment so it's just been bought by derby it's really good so you'll create a wireframe in that and you'll then test that with um you'll test that with the audience so you'll get people in you'll if you can use the test online you can send people prototypes ask them questions like do this checkout process then you'll go back and you'll make changes you can make a high fidelity version of it so you'll make it look and feel like the real website you basically go back and forth back and forth back and forth until you've got something which you're actually quite confident in and then there's kind of a step in the before analysis which I'm going to say develop so it's really important to work with it let's just hand that in dev so one of the key jobs you have as a UX designer is to work with the development team so this might actually be the majority of the year because projects take a long time to design and develop you work the development team so basically you want to hand your plans to them and they'll make it in front end tools hate doing lcss JavaScript and they need to basically you're an architect and you're giving them as good a plans as they could possibly have so that could be a prototype but you also want to work one on one with them and make sure they understand the nuances of the design and then that will get developed and released and then one of the key things that people don't realise in your exercise is to analyse what you've done so you want to make sure that okay actually this is performing how we want it so okay we're getting just as many users coming to the website and our conversion rates gone up so we're making the company more money but then you can then kind of move to this back around so from the analysis we might learn a couple of things so we might see okay we've we've done this we've done really good apart from on this one page we're losing right the checkout final page we're losing a lot more people than we should so you'll take our finding go back into the defined stage and then you can then understand on the new design why people are falling off on that page and then go through the process again so as you can see this might this whole process might take a year so during the first couple of months of the year you'll be doing different jobs than you would be later on when it might come more design and development and it's quite fun because you get to wear different hats as a UX designer and following this process that no day is actually the same so you're probably watching this video interested in becoming a UX designer I just want to give you a quick overview of what your UX career path might be like which is which is interesting and I wish I would have known this one started so here you are as a student uh what are you thinking about changing career then the first job is always the hardest actually so you want to get a junior designer role and to get this role you're going to need a portfolio of projects so you'll need three to five case studies which is where you might redesign an app redesign a website or make a brand new one from scratch and this is the hardest part so this is where I might be able to help you if you check out the link in the description Anthony Conroy.com I've got a course where I basically take you from a student to a junior dev so we create projects together we put them in a portfolio and then I teach you about the US design process career paths like this and then I get you interview ready so you'll have the confidence to take this portfolio into an interview then once you get this junior designer role you can then progress you become a mid designer senior designer and as for the salaries you can expect my first junior role was about 30k in the UK obviously this depends on what country you're in it might be slightly more now but if it depends that was in London might be slightly left in different places obviously in California it's going to be higher than other places but then you might go you might go 30 35 40k then you've got a decision to make so the big decision is is whether you want to continue in as a design as an individual designer or if you want to become a manager so this is where it forks off now as you see on the example before the e-commerce website kind of the whole digital industry works in projects and kind of unique to digital so there's two ways you can go one is to become a contractor or the other one is to become a permanent employee and this is so you're you're senior dev so go down the pain roll this is where you then start to lead teams so this is where you're a manager and then you can you know you can earn you can earn 100k and above and that's where you're actually going to be looking after a first of all a small team of three or four designers and then you might need a global team of like 50 or 60 designers but your actual day job will become more management and less hands-on design so the other route the the other way you can go is to become a contractor and that's what i have them both so you can become a contractor and that's where you might go into a big company and you might be given a year contract so that will be designed this e-commerce website you get paid on a day rate so you might earn you might earn $500 a day this could go off to a thousand dollars depending on your experience and you'll be in that company for a year and then you'll leave and you'll probably go to another company or it might get extended so there's actually more financial gain in this side but there are downsides to it as well so i've had contracts cancelled on me basically the day before i went there's no stability it's kind of not great with a family because there might be so this one you might have three month notice one month notice this one could be two weeks or even a week and companies are more likely to cancel big projects and move you on so there's no stability after a year you've then going to apply and get another job it might take you three to five months to get it but if you're good and you become good for your career and you have a good portfolio you can make more money becoming a contractor but if you want to have a long term relationship with a company you can go down the pavement and risk them becoming manager i have this overview has given you kind of an exciting glimpse into becoming a UX designer if you want to learn more what's the next video i'm going to go over the UX design process step by step in further detail let's go