Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, we're going to start our meeting, our 153rd meeting plenary session of the Committee of the Regions. Before we start our work, there is something I would like to share with you. The news reaching us from Turkey and Syria following the earthquake on Monday are tragic and heartbreaking. It is estimated that thousands of people were affected by this event, including, unfortunately, many that and injured. It is times like this that more than testing the ability to provide assistance between regions and states do truly put to the test the basic values of solidarity, mutual aid and humanity. On behalf of the European Committee of the Regions, I had already the opportunity to express the condolences and the solidarity to the people of Turkey and Syria for this tragic event. After the destruction caused by nature, may men and women now be able, with hope and humanity, to build a better future for the populations that survived this terrible event. Dear members, I would like now to invite you to join me in a minute of silence for the victims of this earthquake and a demonstration of solidarity for all those involved in the rescue operations. Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, now we're going to proceed. We have point number one of our meeting. If there is no objection or comments, the agenda is adopted. Point number two, if there is no objection, the minutes of our 152nd meeting are approved, adopted. Point number three, three of our agenda. Dear colleagues, dear members, I am very pleased and honored to welcome you today to this session that, as you all know, was supposed to take place in the room of the plenary of the European Parliament but considering extraordinary and unforeseen circumstances takes place in this venue, I would like on behalf of the Committee of the Regents to express our gratitude to the European Parliament and to the services both of the Parliament and of the Committee of the Regents for all their work to have us here in this venue. Now we move to point four of our agenda. We have a debate on the role of local and regional authorities for the digital age. It's my honor and pleasure to welcome Madam Vice President, Executive Vice President of the European Commission for a Europe fit for the digital age. And Margaret Westager, it's a pleasure to have you here with us in our meeting. Thank you so much for having accepted our invitation. The Committee of the Regents has played a major role in recent years in ensuring the EU digital agenda becomes a reality also at local and regional level. So we look forward to discussing with you the various aspects of the digital agenda from a local and regional perspective this afternoon. Without further delay, it's my pleasure to give the floor to the Executive Vice President Westager for 10 minutes. You have the floor, Madam. Well, thank you very much. President, honourable members, ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much for the invitation to have this debate. These are extraordinary times, as we just marked, also with sorrow or sadness for lives being lost. And while we are speaking, the war in Ukraine is soon to have its very sad one-year mocking. In Ukraine, they are fighting for European values. The European flag was the one that was crowning the revolution of the Mayden Square. The Commission was just there to a Commission to Government meeting. And one might believe that this is the most important thing to do to fight the war. But you do that in so many levels. And the interesting thing is that other than their incredible determination, their courage, they also keep using digital technology for their country to function on the most amazing level. I think they are far more digitalised than most European countries. The things you can do with the state-in-app DEA, as it's called, just to give you one example, the suggestion is that if you change light bulbs in Ukraine to LED light bulbs, you can save up to 10% of energy use, which is really, really important in the situation that they're in. So in the app, you can say, this is where I live. This is the closest post office. I would like to have this kind of new light bulbs, and you press, and a few days after, you can pick up your light bulbs in the post office of your preference. So very close to the individual citizen in Ukraine, in a situation of war, they press on with using digital tools to make the best for the citizens. The second thing that is, of course, the responsibility of our generation is to fight climate change. There is war, yes, but you cannot negotiate with the planet to please put climate change on hold until we have won the war. Not possible. So we need, of course, to push on. And also here, the use of digital tools is absolutely of the essence. For instance, to enable citizens to see what is the water level of nearby lakes and rivers, or for people to follow how they are doing with recycling. So from the all global encompassing climate change to the individual citizen, digital tools can make the connection and make you see that this is part of your life, that you are part of the fight against climate change. And in the geopolitics that we live in, probably it cannot be more important how we use digital tools. I have the responsibility of making Europe fit for the digital age. I had to get my head around that title, because actually I do think that the task is to make sure that we use technology in the best possible way, not that we fit the human in a certain shape or form that is fit for technology. And the most fundamental choice that we have made is also the most simple one. That technology is about people. It is the human being in the centre, the integrity, the respects of every individual. That is the driving force. And this is what you see in our digital decades targets, that we have translated into a digital decade policy programme. You also see it in the Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles that the Council, the Parliament and the European Commission signed in December in order to show that you as a citizen in this digital transformation that you have rights. We have set objective targets for 2030 and none of those targets will just happen by themselves. They will only happen when we take action positively to enable change. For instance, the obvious thing that you can identify yourself. Not with your Facebook login, not with your Google accounts, but with the identity that has been provided for you just like a passport has been provided for you. So that it is not a commercial thing that you can present yourself as who you are. And we would want every union citizen to have access to secure digital ID at the latest by 2030. And as you hopefully agree with me, regions and local communities have a key role to play in making the best use of technology. Because regions and local communities, well, they are as close to citizens as one can come. And this is also why we think that when member states do their national roadmaps for the digital decades, how to get there with digitisation of public services, how to help businesses to rethink their business model to make the most of digital technology, how to get the infrastructure right, and how to make sure that everyone is skilled. Well, member states should not do that without active consulting regions and local communities, because that, of course, makes it much more likely that it will actually work. Outside of the digital decade policy programme, and some funding comes with it, of course the cohesion policy, the funding that it provides is there to enable again the best use of digital technology. And the thing is that where we are right now, we have a risk of enforcing, increasing a digital divide if we not very specifically addresses that this is what we want to avoid. My guess is that probably 80% of people they will say this is nice, it makes my life easier, I don't have to wait in queues, I don't have to go to a specific place, it makes my life easy. And then probably you have 20% who say no, I don't know, is this safe, or can I do this? And of course the task is to make sure that everyone feels that they are on board. And also that no one is excluded because of lack of connectivity, or the lack of offer to get the skills needed actually to come on board. And this is why we have these different initiatives, like the European Urban Initiative set up in September last year. What we do here is to test new solutions to foster digital governance, to improve digital public services. Or we have the Livingin.eu movement set up by CITES in 2019, nearly 140 signatories and 130 supporters today. Because CITES, villages, regions, they can make the real difference. And last but not least, these are very practical things to do. From the principles of people first, of the integrity and the respect of the individual in the centre, there's a lot of practical things to get done. For instance, that different systems can speak with one another. We launched late last year a proposal called Interoperable Europe, where we want to set up a board with representatives also from this committee in order to make sure that we have a forum where we can enforce that it's not a choice that technology should speak with each other. It's an obligation that technology should speak with each other. Because otherwise, we are left where we were stranded. And that, I think, is a very important point that we will leave no one stranded when it comes to technology. The last thing that I think is mind-boggling for everyone is, of course, how to make sure that it's all safe. Because we see the benefits of digital technology in our hospitals, in our schools, in fighting climate change, in having ease with public services, in paying our taxes, in paying for whatever we buy and eradicating corruption and on-VAT work. For all these positive things to be harvested, it needs to be safe. Because already today, we have seen the devastating effects of cyberattacks for hospitals, telecommunication, our railroads. And for the next year or so, new obligations will come into force with the vision of the NIS-2 directive. And I think that is one of the important reassurances that you should also be able to give. That, yes, we want to use these technologies, but we will not only use them when we can guarantee that it is safe. And this is just to say that if we are to be successful in this use of technology, this is not a task for the Commission. It's not a task for a member state. It's a task for every one of us in order to make sure that our objectives, which is not to fit the human in a digital shape, but for every one of us to make the most of the technologies that are so promising. Thank you very much. Thank you, Madam Vice President. Now we're going to proceed to give the floor to the political groups of the Committee of the Regents. And I now give the floor for two minutes to our member, Marku Markula. You have the floor, two minutes. First of all, thank you. Thank you, Madam Vestager. So impressive work that you've been doing in your role by integrating different policy sectors together and seeing the crucial role of digitalisation. That's what we want to stress on behalf of the EPP especially. But let me try to be a bit more concrete, because in all of this work we need to start so our major EU target as well implementing sustainable development goals. And everything on that. We cannot get that done without digitalisation. Green and digital, they go hand in hand. And that's good in the recent EU policy especially. I want to stress that heavily. And we have taken that in most of the EU regions practically on our regional umbrella of the SDGs and how to move on. And let me just highlight because I want to show to you as well with the Helsinki region, the capital region, a special report how we are and will be more forerunner in implementing the innovation agenda. But all this is related on what you exactly said. So we start out with the first of our key messages that we implement green and digital transition and we will be carbon neutral by 2030. The whole region, hundreds of square kilometres of cities, smaller towns and the countryside, forests and the Baltic Sea. So we have an ambitious plan and how we want to reach that. We start with more investments in research and development to true and get through them more innovation. That it is specially driven and investments by private sector because they are drivers and on that so we cannot rely on public sector, national capital investments on R&D only but we need again go hand in hand. Our regional targets is no less than reach the level of 5% on GDP and that's where the digitalisation makes a lot of sense. Thank you very much. Thank you. Now the floor goes to Member Thomas Schmidt for two minutes. Thank you very much. Vice President, thank you. The net world that we live in offers us new chances, new opportunities, but new dangers as well, something we've realised in Saxon. We've faced two significant cyber attacks on the University in Freiburg and the Technical College in Zwickau. People are aware of this danger and they're worried. So it's good that the Commission is picking up the issue of digital resilience. It's good to see it on the agenda. For us from the regions, I think two things are important. Firstly, we need to create the necessary preconditions for a digital network. Digital cohesion is important throughout Europe and it's important to develop that in the regions. That's a fundamental thing. Secondly, the multifaceted aspects need to be brought together from the very start. If the initiatives at the European level, they need to be supplemented and they need to work together with markets and services to allow the possibility of provision of digital services to citizens so that they can have easy access with the chip laws, we can look at the question of raw materials, particularly with regard to semiconductors and for a law for an interoperable Europe, which we're looking at in the Econ Committee next week we'll be looking at cross-border digital provision of services. So there's a lot already being done but we can't let up in our pace. It's very important this remain at the top of our priorities. Thank you. Thank you. Now the floor goes to member Concepción Andrea Rodriguez. You have the floor for four minutes. Muchísimas gracias, querido Presidente. Thank you very much, Jim. Vice President of the Commission, thank you very much for the leadership you've been providing on this issue. I'm from one of the northern regions of Spain, La Rioja and it's also my honour to be the Deputy Chair of the Socialist Group in the Committee of the Regions. My group's firm belief is that the digital transition must leave no one and no territory behind, as you quite rightly stressed when you took the floor. The digital development must be of benefit to the whole of our citizenship regardless of how far away the place they live may be. Our group has called for the digital dimension to be built into the general considerations governing territorial cohesion. Now returning the focus to La Rioja, it's a region with a population of 317,000 people. It accounts for 0.66% of the total population of Spain. Just 0.66% of the population. But thanks to our size, we are a good region when it comes to running pilot projects. They will have impacts that are easy to gauge with a significant impact. Just a couple of very quick examples. We're a territory where we deliver digital services. The Agora programme focuses on the complete renovation of digital management and electronic registers. I'm glad to say that this has been funded by European funds with a 100% guarantee for the administrative procedures which can be carried out online wherever you are in the region. The second project I'd like to mention is the Valley of the Language. That's set out in the strategic project of the Spanish government dubbed the New Language Economy. This is a range of educational, cultural, linguistic and research programmes but the top priority here is applying artificial intelligence to natural language. The government of La Rioja wants our territory where the most ancient texts in the Spanish language were found to be on the leading edge of the language economy. Now, this new stage in language knowledge, as I was saying, revolves around artificial intelligence which is a real industrial revolution with great business opportunities inherent in it. Our purpose is to convert La Rioja into an area where we will be able to roll out all these innovative technological experimental proposals which will help speed up economic and social development of our region. On top of that, as a result of this, the same could apply to all those regions where the findings of our pilot project could be applied. We can fight the loss of population thanks to digitalisation in the process of promoting equality between rural and urban areas. At the same time where we're supporting the Commission's green industrial programme, La Rioja shares the same goals. We have to uphold social rights to the rights of workers in a wide context with environmental sustainability and social sustainability getting together. And this is very much in line with the priorities of the Socialist Group I should add. Thank you. Post-member Martin von Grütusen, you have the floor. Three minutes. Thank you, Mr Chairman. Thank you, first of all, on behalf of the Renew Group at the EU Committee of the Regions. I would like to thank Executive Vice President, Mrs. Verstager, for her statement and her efforts to make Europe really fit for the digital age. The EU Digital Goals for 2030 will help European regions and cities to become digital resilient. And the EU Framework with Regulations will help to create a trustworthy human-centred digital environment. And in my own region, the Dutch province of Norddrabant, where, among others, ASML Company with its unique chip machine is located near the city of Eindhoven, we feel responsible and we feel responsibility to lead and prioritise and invest in the digital transformation. And for me and my colleagues, digitalisation is chef's sake. As a regional public administration, we are proud to say that we are ISO certificate with a chief information officer and a chief information security officer. And we pay close attention to the implementation of the NIS-2 directive. And in addition, the Grand Initiative, the Jordanian Academy of Data Science in the city of Sechtogenbosch, is a unique knowledge institute in my own region. And as a region, we invest in the so-called data labs, where data is not only about monitoring, but it is also about predicting value. And impact. And the goal is to get more out of data so that we can improve our regional policies. We are therefore looking forward to the upcoming European data spaces. And we need to keep working on the conscious awareness of cyber security. Related to upcoming acts like the AI Act, for example, it is important to keep an eye on the target audience to create real trust among people. And if there is a good fundament, we can really enjoy the opportunities, like the Vice President mentioned, of data sharing and new technologies. And we also highlight this during our annual National Data Week in the city of Sechtogenbosch in my region and organised by the city of Den Bosch and several other private partners. And I would like to invite Mrs. Festark to be part of the next edition in this interesting week to see and hear and look and feel about innovative ideas on data use. Thank you very much. Thank you. Now the floor goes to member Marco Marsilio for two and a half minutes. Thank you, President. Thank you, Chairman. Thank you, Commission. The geopolitical instability generated by Russia's war in Ukraine has left Europe facing its own weaknesses. That applies to the Union's digital policy, too, investing in our responsibility to design our agenda to ensure our digital sovereignty. A recent study from the Committee on Digital Concerns shows how vulnerable we are to cyber attacks. There could be a digital pandemic having a very serious impact on public administration and the public. Local and regional authorities need to enhance their digital resilience. So it's a matter of urgency to set out a course of action for digitalising the European Union with the possibility of complementary funding, avoiding overlap between the member states and the European level, which would be wasteful. Europe needs to be better prepared and carry out more resilience tests on its digital infrastructures. It must invest in safe digitalisation, increasing links amongst the member states in such a way that will optimise the use of public services with significant economic benefits for businesses, too. Enhancing interoperability in the public sector will help build up strategic political independence in Europe. Improving the provision of services to citizens online also creates new business opportunities for technology firms in the various member states. Bringing in the private sector will allow us to try out differing approaches in different territories. I must comment, Commissioner, on the Commission's proposal last week on viewing state aid. Now, of course, there's a need to support firms in a difficult position in strategic sectors. In the light of the measures taken by the United States, we must nonetheless prevent any risk to the single market, so that certain member states being able to afford state aid to others would not be able to. We need a level playing field for everyone without undermining Europe's political competitiveness. For two minutes. Dear Commissioner, dear colleagues, research and innovation are key enablers for sustainable economic growth and the creation of jobs. In the European Alliance Group, fully believe that flexible future-proof regulatory framework for digital innovation is necessary to address challenges and opportunities flowing from the rise of industry. We believe it is important to remove barriers which businesses and local regional authorities currently face when investing in digitalization, for example, in the field of artificial intelligence, big data, cybersecurity, digital services. This is very common to say about how to translate to the real life. Digital literacy needs to be improved across Europe, and the digital and technological divide between urban, rural and remote areas should be reduced. And don't forget, human sight cannot be ignored, for instance, in public administration. It is not possible to save on people due to computerization in human services. Apps cannot substitute men. And let's speak about the green deal. Technology can improve energy and resource efficiency, facilitate the circular economy, lead to a better allocation of resources, reduce emissions, pollution, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. If well-managed digital technologies have also been a driving force behind democratization, citizen expression and social progress. And don't forget, once for the human side. Thank you. Thank you. Now the floor goes to member Josef Frey for two minutes. President, Vice President, colleagues. The EU has set ambitious goals for digitalization and climate protection. And for the Greens, it's important that both of these objectives be pursued together. Digital solutions should help climate protection. Because if we don't solve the problem of the climate, we won't need digitalization. So we're talking about a double green and digital transition, so that in future we can combine the production and the use of electricity for digital vehicles and for other purposes. We need to be digitally competitive in the European Union and we need to be attractive to businesses from this point of view. Worldwide competition needs to be taken into account in particular in Asia and the USA. There is less competition within the EU. It's not really so much about that, but it's more about competing with third countries than within the EU. And resilience is a key word here. We need a more efficient solar panel production within the EU. And another example is that we could use digitalization to improve our circular economy. We need to give leading regions in this assistance because they can lead the way for other European regions. With that in mind, I welcome the recent proposals of the Commission for a Green Deal Industry Plan. The strong innovative regions need to attract new businesses and be very competitive in this. Thank you. Now the floor goes to Paula Fernández-Viana for one minute. Muchísimas gracias, presidente. Thank you very much. The Government of Contabria is committed to fighting the population and giving the peoples of these areas services which exist in cities. Now it's very difficult to try and attract new neighbours to our regions if we do not offer them a high quality internet connection. This isn't a luxury, it's an absolute need. The lack of quality networks that enable digital services or the use of digital or mobile telephones is a serious problem. And it also makes decent education very difficult. It deprives people of the possibility to work. Those looking for employment in the rural areas need a good network. Digital fibres, 5G will attract populations to our regions. Better using technology can also be used in agriculture and livestock. We are running a programme, Connect Contabria, starting from March 2019 which enables us to increase cover. One minute. The initiative will lead to technological progress. And offer more possibilities to our citizens. In Koshitsa we are focusing on that. We have just celebrated the birthday of our new innovation centre, the first birthday. We are talking about innovation in our area at this event and that all showed that we are a region that pays a lot of attention to these issues. And for that reason in the last ten years, we have seen a growth in the IT sector and it's become the second most important sector in our region. It's important to us that we work together with European institutions and that we use financial assistance to foster these aims. Thank you, Cem. In the Morte region we think the challenges of the digital age require investment and adequate training of highly qualified staff who will have a grasp of the new technologies which have an increasing impact on the services local authorities provide to citizens. It's hard to fight for talent in a market which after the pandemic has seen Labour constituting up. That's particularly relevant when you're talking about cybersecurity. Taking together with recent cyberattacks, firms and administrations have been under constant attack. If we're to be ready to fund off those attacks we have to have massive investment and should we have interoperability amongst the various administrations. If the cyber security centres are interoperable we'll be better able to serve businesses and the administration in that way we can make the best use of public resources and rise to cyber security challenges. Thank you for the floor, Mr Prehn. Good and important that we talk about digital resilience and local and regional governments today in this session. Digital infrastructure is vital and must be protected. Good that Europe is taking the lead. I want to appreciate the commissioner's emphasis of leaving nobody stranded when it comes to this. I think that's the true core of true resilience. If we leave our citizens behind they cannot adapt. We will never have true resilience and data and technology security. The basic needs to be in order but digital resilience is more than that and needs a multi-dimensional approach. In our city, Sertogenbos, we are having different labs to make sure that everybody can come along. Not only the digital natives but also the digital illiterate. And how can we make sure that there are no new gaps in our society in Europe? I think I want to echo the words of member van Grijthuijzen who spoke about the Uranium Academy for Data Science which is a unique institution in Europe but also the data we can now. Thank you. Member Eric Fleafolm, one minute. Thank you very much. Thank you for the huge work. We in our Denmark region are very aware of the need for support from the EU so that our region can make sure that we can offer the digital services required. We have worked with providers and digital service receivers and that's very good but we need also to recognise the need for better solutions in the well-regulated sector. So we needed to ensure that we fully understand the legislation with regard to providers. We understand at the moment the importance to have a high level of quality with regard to understanding legislation and we want further dialogue around digitalisation in Europe as this goes on. Thank you. Thank you. Member Altonia, one minute. Thank you. President, thank you Vice President. The region that I represent is aware of these issues, digital issues both at the regional level and at the EU level including the importance of being competitive in digital technology and also in climate protection and other issues. We need to make investments to ensure that we have faster data transfers. We need to promote AI and encourage all citizens as has already been said to reduce the digital divide and also we need to make the digital sector more attractive in particular for women. This is important within our region in France. That's one I'm particularly attached to and we will pay close attention to all of their developments here. One of my colleagues spoke about cyber security. This is important to us too. Thank you. Member Dobromir Dobreff, one minute. President, Mrs Vestage, ladies and gentlemen, I'm eager to see what the results of the digital sustainability will be but clearly they will show the lack of coordination between the different levels, both in implementing the reforms and in designing the changes. Investing in digitalisation is going on piecemeal in the Bulgarian communities. Only half of the centres are linked to the central administration which is key in order to guarantee secure links with Internet. The important thing is to have mutually linked municipalities and the lack of this brings about fragmentation and only after the Covid crisis and the plans for recovery and resilience we set aside certain resources for the local authorities. This does not compensate for lax. Digitalisation is very important for the health sector and the authorities have very important responsibilities here. The commission has put forward proposals here and that is something that we'll be looking at later. There are three things I'd like to underline for development. It's extremely important that the recognition of the existing digital systems is taken into account so that investment already underway is not cast aside. Secondly, sharing services across borders needs to take place in a secure manner where we take note of the importance of the considerations of patients and healthcare providers. Thirdly, there is huge potential in sharing data across borders. That's true for research and treatment of patients. It can benefit patients but it shouldn't serve industrial interests and the tech giants' conditions. We need to put patients and providers' interests first to serve the interests of the communes but overall it's very positive that we're moving towards greater sharing of data across border. It gives better possibility for treatment, research and innovation. Mr. Schausberger, one minute. Vice President, I don't need to emphasise the importance of the commission making digitalisation one of its main focuses. The many member states have estate secretaries and departments for this that they've newly created. The regions are in competition with one another. You've already spoken about this terrible one, Ukraine, and we realise that digital technologies play a key role in war either from the point of view of cyber attacks but also for other reasons such as transmitting information and disinformation. Beyond that, there's the fact that Ukraine in this war had already carried out administrative digitalisation right down to the local level and digitalisation has many advantages as we can see but it can be used to nefarious ends. During the corona period, we saw a huge increase in digital use. One further thing, digitalisation needs to be continued to be offered to the citizens and we mustn't forget the older people in this. Turk, you have the floor for one minute. Ladies and gentlemen, it is undoubtable that we are in the digital age. However, I must say that we are still not sufficiently aware of the need to strengthen the digital resilience of the public administration and of critical infrastructure. We see that digital and cybernetic attacks have increased in frequency. Local infrastructure as well as digital infrastructure are not visible and they are not paid enough attention to as long as they are working. Local authorities have limited resources and they find it difficult to finance the necessarily level of protection for critical infrastructure. We have not enough experts and we cannot employ them, we cannot hire them. We have to strengthen this resilience by establishing infrastructure at the national level and also by establishing services for security and we must be able to hire the necessary experts. Thank you. Member Donatella Tese, you have the floor for one minute. Thank you. The next decade will no doubt see a significant digital transformation and we need to take stock of the need for the regions and local authorities to act as hubs for this digital revolution. They will need to gear up, to have stable structures within them over the medium to longer term. Taking forward the digital transformation seen as a process of necessary constant adaptation to square up to innovation and very fast change where digital infrastructure and cybersecurity are critical elements for the lives of citizens and the growth of businesses. In pursuit of this, the role of the regions is particularly important both in terms of proper data management and monitoring, but also interoperability and automatic exchanges of data, in other words, between the administration and private individuals. These are key elements. Digital resilience requires special skills that it's hard to find locally. So the regions will have to play a subsidiary role here for the smaller entities within their areas so that they can make the most of synergy with European national and regional funds. The German speaker cuts the speaker off. You have the floor for one minute. Senor Presidente, gentil... Thank you, President, Commissioner. And my question as the Committee of the Regions rapporteur on interoperability, I'd like to thank the Commission for this proposal, which takes stocks of serious concerns we've raised in the past regarding the need to involve local and regional authorities in the governance of interoperability. As a representative of Sardinia, allow me to say that this is a crucial issue. We will continue to monitor the involvement of the citizen regions, but above all, we will be careful to ensure that the costs of the digital transition are not all laid at the door of local authorities, and we will continue to call for support from national and European authorities. We're aware of the fact that most of the services offered to European citizens in our cities and regions have a cross-border element to them, whether you're talking about offering automated parking services, sharing the numbers of beds available in hospitals across the border. All these services have to be interoperable. That's why the contribution of the Committee of the Regions must be properly borne in mind by the other European institutions because we will be in the front line when it comes to putting the new rules into practice. Marius Frankowski, you have the floor for one minute. Thank you, Mr. President. I will speak in Polish. The coronavirus has sped up the digital transformation. At all levels of our administrations, we need to insist on putting interoperability in place and what I'd like to do today is draw your attention to the metaverse in our local politics. The data that we obtain at local level allow us to provide even better services for our citizens. We need to focus on accessibility to services and the role of services in the functioning of the community as a whole. We need to be very aware of the dangers of identity theft, something we need to prevent, and we need to encourage use of digital tools. And I'd like to draw your attention to the possibility of benefiting from the universe. To final remarks, you have ten minutes. The floor is yours. Well, first and foremost, this has been a very reassuring debate. I was quite certain that we was on the right track to make the best use of digital technology to serve our citizens in the best possible way. With your interventions, I feel that this is guaranteed because the intervention shows, I think, a very comforting balance between the necessity of making technology safe and trusted and to make the most of the use of it. And I think that is the threat between the different interventions. A few remarks from the top. What was said first by Makula on the global sustainability goals in digital, that for us is absolutely crucial because the development goals, they're part of our compass. And it's not enough to say that digital is carbon neutral because you have sort of plugged in a windmill. No, you also need to work on lowering the energy use of the data senders and everything else we have because the energy produced by that windmills can be used for other purposes. And we need to make sure that digitization does not become or continue to be a climate problem in itself. And this is also why it's so important for Europe to invest in semiconductors because as we can push more and more businesses to use semiconductors in their products and the most advanced nodes, then the energy use will go down. Second, I also commend the remarks that it's important to crowd in private sector funding. And I think there is a very important mechanism at stake here. You all represent very strong customers. You represent entities, regions in Europe that has a strategic approach to use digitization. In Europe, we have been too shy to see the public sector as a driver of innovation because when we start digitalizing public services, when we insist that they should be safe, when we want every citizen to take part, we are also part of shaping how things will be done. And that, of course, is very important in creating private sector responses to the needs that we have. I think the point also by Thomas Schmidt on having the raw materials needed is well taken. The thing is that when you look at the raw materials that goes into this, it's very important that Europe stays open but also that we use many more of our own resources and that we make sure that everything digital is also fully recyclable and can be repaired. Ages ago, the Commission made a study that showed that if everyone keeps their mobile phone for just another year, it would be the equivalent of taking a million cars of the streets. So there's a lot to be gained in circularity and in things being able to be repaired. I think it's really interesting to have sort of the approach of conception that one should be a pilot, one should test things, one should push the limit as to what has been done before and one should indeed push the limit as to how we see things. A valley of languages, to see how we can make the many languages of Europe a real strength for us in the language economy, I think that is absolutely crucial. And the point made to say that digital tools can enable us to prevent depopulation of our regions, I think that is absolutely also a strategic point. For that to happen, of course, we need the infrastructure to be in place. We're still not there fully when it comes to infrastructure, neither on 5G nor on fiber nor on satellite connection for regions where broadband connectivity is not possible. And that ought to be a focus. Martin von Grünhausen said, I think something absolutely crucial, that digitization is Chef Sache. And I think it illustrates a paradox because on the one hand side, digitization is about how we develop our society. A discussion that everyone here, of course, has an obvious interest in participating in. On the other hand side, I think everyone is a bit, ah, this is technical. This might be not secure. And the thing is really important that we bridge that so that we make sure that this is not just driven by the technical solutions, but that the facts that we have strategies, that we have policy goals, is part and parcel of what we do. Because if we let technology drive it, we ends up in a situation where it's not democracy that sets the rules, but that is decisions taken in boardrooms, where we have no access and where democracy is not the name of the game. And this is why the idea to have chief technology development officers at all levels of how we go about it is absolutely essential. So that someone who is absolutely next to decision makers has a responsibility, has the access to take the necessary action. We are working very hard on the act on artificial intelligence. And here, we are not trying to regulate technology because as we speak, it will have developed. What we are trying to develop is how to control the use of technology. My guess is that in the coming years, many of you will implement artificial intelligence in the regions where you have responsibility. Since there is a risk that AI can discriminate, can like men more than women, or a majority over a minority, or people from one postcode rather than people from another postcode, it's really important that people can trust the way that artificial intelligence is being used. And the proposal is taking its way, but that leads me to a specific point, also raised about who should enforce. Because yes, we now have legislation for a broader scope of sectors to make sure that they implement cybersecurity measures. We will soon have artificial intelligence rules to make sure that when it's used, when someone is at risk of being discriminated, that these rules are in place. We have the Didgeridoo Markets Act to make sure that the market is open for smaller businesses actually to be successful. We have the Didgeridoo Services Act to make sure that we are not discriminated online if that is forbidden where we live. But having legislation is one thing. Implementing it is another thing. And only when things are fully implemented can people living in regions and in other parts of our union be sure that things are actually in order. And this is why this discussion is so important. Because without enforcement of our rules, people are left without the necessary protection, but also without the necessary possibilities. And I would like to also say a few words about what was mentioned about that more women should be attracted to the digital sector. We have a completely untapped potential of women. As of today, I think 17%, 17% of ICT professionals are women. We would never accept that if that was a democratic assembly. And yet, we are talking about a sector that is to a very large degree shaping our future. So it's really important to do more and also to sort of broaden the idea of what it is to work with technology. I think within the last five years, the 10 jobs where there is most demand of skilled personnel, those 10 jobs that didn't exist five years ago. So this is why the attraction to get people to educate themselves, to make education available is absolutely crucial. I think the points made on health data are sort of the crunch points as to what should be discussed. How can we make sure that the transfer and the use of health data is for the benefit of the citizen and our health systems? Of course, very often with companies as intermediaries or those using the data, but not on there for them to decide. But for those who own the data and for those who need to use the products coming from the data of having a fair say. One of the things that most of you have touched upon is indeed security. And I think it's a fair point that we need to help each other out until we reach a situation where we can recruit the people that we need. Of course, we need to help each other to get the right resources in order to secure the networks, in order to secure the services, in order to secure the different solutions that will be useful in order for people to be well served. We have an idea of how to do that at a European level and of course more than happy to engage also with you, with Member States, with the European level as to how we can make sure that we get the right access to cybersecurity resources. Without those resources, we will hamper the development. And maybe just one point to finalize this. There is a war in Europe. There is an energy crisis. We have a climate crisis to fight with. But what the climate crisis and utilization has in common is that it will happen no matter what we do and we can choose to deal with it or we can choose to not deal with it. And if we choose to deal with it, we can also make the most of it. And one thing is a given. If we do not fight climate change, the livability of our planet will be seriously reduced. If we do not deal with technology, puts it in a democratic framework, makes sure that it serves citizens, well then the world will also be a very different place to live. Because then the risk is that we are all reduced to a data point and not to the human being that how we would like to see ourselves. And sometimes when I think about these sort of worst-case scenarios, I will remember these debates and this conversation. Because I see that there is a willingness which is completely integrated with the culture of this assembly to make sure that when we integrate technology in the solutions that we provide, we do it by putting people first. It has been a pleasure to be here. Thank you very much. Madam Vice President, we are the ones who thank you for taking the time to be with us and to share with us your views about the role of local and regional authorities in the digital age. It's been an honour and a pleasure and I look forward to continue the cooperation between the Committee of the Regions and the European Commission and more precisely your portfolio. Thank you so much.


Hi everyone, Sean with jaspyscasebrakes.com here doing 17-18 Panini Donores Optic Blaster basketball 10 box half case break two random teams each number 18 so we've got a fresh case we're gonna open up pull 10 boxes save the other ones for number 19 so way this is gonna work two random teams each we sold 15 spots obviously 30 teams in the league so here are the customers from Chris lotter down to Chris lotter in the spot he won in the illusions one filler break so there's only 15 there we're gonna take this control a copy and add it again so now you've got Chris lotters and spot he won in the illusions back up to the same thing again and I'll be back up to Chris lotter in the spot he won about straight up and then here's Len Hawks down to the Washington Wizards dice roll to randomize both lists four and a six 10 times 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and 10th and final time from Raymond down to rock now 10 times on the teams 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and 10th and final time from the Memphis Grizzlies down to the Detroit Pistons let's make this legible for everybody trade window opened we'll read through the list together so Raymond de Jesus the Grizzlies Christopher slaughter with the Nets Richardapolis with the Lakers Christopher slaughter with the Cavaliers Rob Dilla Bovee with the Thunder Martin Klaus the Suns Martin Klaus with the Bucks Robert Ives with the Spurs Richardapolis with the Kings Robert Ives with the Knicks Ryan Anderson with the Mavericks Robert Ives with the Clippers Christopher slaughter with the Magic Christopher slaughter with the Rockets Ryan Anderson with the Timberwolves Oliver Smith with the Hawks Aaron Clark with the Celtics Martin Klaus with the Wizards Christopher slaughter with the Raptors and the Warriors Martin Klaus with the Pelicans Christopher slaughter with the Blazers Raymond de Jesus with the Jazz Christopher slaughter with the Hornets Oliver Smith with the Pacers Robert Ives with the Nuggets Aaron Clark with the Bulls Christopher slaughter with the Miami Heat Christopher slaughter with the Philadelphia 76ers and Rob Dilla Bovee with the Pistons so here is the list to go ahead and sort this by teams I'm gonna open this up real quick for a trade window while I am getting the 10 boxes that we're gonna do ready you see up here on the Nick cam I'm gonna open up this box so it looks like Chris is looking to trade for either the Jazz or the Lakers or both trying to see if Richard or Raymond are in the chat or listening at all wasn't what I was planning to do but minus the one that tumbled it worked so it's four rows of five so we'll just split it in the middle go left and right that's 10 and here's 10 no trades no talk of trades okay we'll go ahead and close up the trade window so left and right guys dice roll here one two three for the left four five six for the right good luck it's a three so we're gonna go with left boxes on the right are gonna be for random team number nine I believe for 19 yep so that'll be for random team number 19 so I'll mark them all so I'll mark them all like that so we know Oliver that's my game love that game I don't even care if I make money on that just love sitting there doing that that is the jam okay so it's a little bit of a process blackjack's just to cut through everybody at the table gets mad at me when I make stupid moves and I get it I'm dumb pagao nobody cares nobody cares just like show them all your cards there show the dealer your card she's like oh do this you're like okay cool it's the best so we're gonna stack five so we're gonna go half and half guys exactly that's the best that's why I love it so that's the thing apparently Joe backer at and backer at and pagao same thing from what everybody all the very nice folks that chain smoke next to me at the pagao tables they all tell me it's the same thing and then I go over there and I see like all these like emblems and stuff and I'm like I don't get it I don't understand apparently the same exact thing I'm like oh okay pagao is popular because it there's the odds are so like even between the house and you that typically you have to pay 25 cents for every $5 the most I've ever won in pagao was actually on a bonus bet I won like on like a $5 bonus bet when I hit like a like a royal flush from 8 8 to ace or something like that the hand itself like I think the hand itself paid me like $75 but the bonus paid like five grand it was it like four in the morning and I felt so bad because it was just me and this one girl playing at I want to say Mandalay Bay I was like for the morning I had been there like I don't even know how long everybody else passed out and there was this one girl and her and I kept playing the bonus and we were playing it like so obviously if you play like $5 you get paid off the other person's hand also and she had like I think finally she decided she was gonna be done and we had been playing for like a couple hours and she finally went and like she's like went to the bathroom and never came back and like the second hand after she left is when I hit that and I was like oh god she would have been paid off of it too David we got plenty more to go this is the last break that we're sold out on but mosaic no huddle number eight I think is more than halfway gone we still got almost 30 people in the chat there was a filler break for bowman chrome that was a tops blaster it's but it's bowman chrome hta choice which is three autos per box and if it's a full case that means 36 autos those fillers typically it's like you have a chance of winning a team I don't know how many teams are up for grabs in that one but nice yeah that's pretty crazy but it's funny is all over since I was the only one at the table and there was literally nobody else like in on the table games in that area I was like hey I know you're not allowed to use like cameras and stuff at the table I was like but can I take a picture of it only 52 left they're like yeah no worries man so like he called over the pit boss the pit boss was like and I was asking was like I was like have you guys ever have you guys seen this stuff before what's up mr. Mike steady I was like have you ever dealt this and the guys like no he's like I've never dealt that hand at all he's like that's the first time I've ever seen it the pit boss was like he's like I don't think I've ever I've been in the pit when somebody's dealt it he's like but I've been on the floor when another pit has dealt it and I was like that's pretty cool yeah it was just so weird to Oliver because it was like four in the morning and there was nobody there to like even pay attention except for the people that worked there rookie Kings the Aaron Fox Sacramento Kings going Richard Ackless Trevor Riza purple hollow Milo's Tia dosik rookie Kings Jared Allen green hollow number to 149 Brooklyn that's Christopher slaughter drew holiday hollow all Kings will chamberlin signature series Thomas Bryant for the Lakers number 11 out of 25 Los Angeles Lakers Richard Ackless Paul Kings Yao Ming hollow Markel Foltz rated rookie for the 76ers Christopher slaughter I think he has a big year next year with Orlando him and Chuma O'Keeke Dwayne Bacon rated rookie hollow Charlotte Hornets Christopher slaughter oh Gianna newbie Toronto Raptors Chris slaughter Jonathan Isaac rated rookie Orlando Christopher slaughter LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers Christopher slaughter Donovan Mitchell rookie Kings hollow Utah Jazz Raymond Dejesus very nice yeah we Oliver yeah we wasn't that do like seven foot six or something like that Jamal Murray hollow for Denver and Robert Ives court Kings Hassan Whiteside Miami for Christopher slaughter 7-2 like 150 pounds somehow that doesn't add up to a formidable center Gorn-Drojik kill emit Miami heat Chris slaughter rookie Kings Frank Mason hollow Sacramento Kings Richard Atlas yeah well that's halfway through see some bigger stuff the second half boo Oliver boo you ruined our season you guys knocked us out of the playoffs I mean we knocked ourselves out of playoffs with our terrible play this year yeah he's pretty good nice all right I was so I was so excited but now since we're out it just makes it too easy to look back and go yeah now we just go back we look at like oh angel screwed up when they lost the ass or to the the Rangers this like all this stuff there was a chance Oliver not any more not anymore now it's ruined I agree Oliver I Lakers close it out Celtics win it in seven Celtics Lakers Celtics win that and seven what I do Mike Mr. Mike's daddy a bold takes if you go to Joe's picks page Mr. Mike's daddy you can see you can see Sean's Sean's bold hot hot takes for this weekend for football it's all personal stats it's gonna be incredible I'm gonna hit every one of them and people are gonna be like wow how'd you know them be like just what I do players props are super spicy right Mike isn't how good is that yeah I can't believe you got both of those Joe that's incredible like Boston was understandable but like Miami it's just like wow like great team but I just I just don't like just crazy like I don't know like Joe do you think that if they weren't in the bubble do you think that that bet would have paid do you think that they'd be where they are yeah that's what I mean I don't think out of the bubble I don't think Denver does what they did I don't think Miami does what they did and I don't think I don't think Phoenix does what they did at the end of the year like I feel like those three teams were just like wow like with no distractions and everything it's just like my god Hall Kings Rick Barry hollow Carmelo hollow Caleb Swanigan Lonzo ball rated rookie for the Lakers Richard Aplis Greg Monroe hollow Deer and Fox Sacramento Kings Richard Aplis oh how about signature series yaw Kui Houston Rockets Christopher Slaughter Joanne Evans rated rookie hollow for the Clippers Robert Ives court Kings Mike Connelly hollow Hall Kings hollow green numbered to 149 for the Pacers and Oliver Smith rated rookie hollow Thomas Bryant for the Lakers Richard Aplis Giannis for the Bucks Martin rookie Kings Josh Hart hollow and our first Tatum sighting rated rookie Jason Tatum Boston Celtics Aaron Clark and rated rookie hollow O.J. Ananobe Toronto Raptors Christopher Slaughter rookie Kings Markel Foltz for the 76ers Christopher Slaughter and rated rookie Kyle Kuzma for the Lakers Richard Aplis oh I wish that was a different Celtic Gershaw Yaviseli checkerboard rated rookie for the Celtics and Aaron Clark rookie Kings Donovan Mitchell for the Jazz Raymond De Jesus John Collins rated rookie hollow for the Atlanta Hawks Oliver Smith Markel Foltz rated rookies the 76ers Christopher Slaughter court Kings Nicola Joe kick and Gershaw Yaviseli that's the break guys some nice rated rookies maybe not 100 crazy loaded but maybe the second half is that was 17 18 Panini Don Russ optic blaster basketball 10 box half case break two random teams each number 18 Jaspies case breaks calm I'm Sean half case break number 19 should be in the store shortly we'll see what's in the second half of that case I'm Sean Jaspies case breaks calm we'll see you next time thank you


Coming to you from RGIS Studios, I am Anisia Antoine and this is your midday news brief. The Office of the Mayor has announced the commencement of the first phase of the Castries Market redevelopment project. Work is scheduled to commence within two weeks. In preparation for the first phase of the construction, the former Fire Service headquarters site on Jeremy Street is being made suitably ready as the temporary home for provisions market vendors. As part of the relocation, vendors will receive a stipend to assist them as construction work unfolds. The Castries Market redevelopment project encompasses a state-of-the-art food court, high-end air-conditioned restaurants, a craft market, a box park, a viewing tower, an entertainment area, meat and fish depots, and duty-free shopping boutiques, among other amenities. Government is intensifying its efforts at crime prevention during this new financial year. Governor-General His Excellency Sir Emmanuel Neville Snark, as he delivered the thrown speech on Tuesday, April 9th, indicated that numerous studies undertaken into the relationship between prosperity and security led to one clear interference that all endeavours to achieve economic prosperity would be futile unless appropriate action is also taken to safeguard the lives of the St. Lucian people and property. According to the Governor-General, the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend must also be addressed. The Embassy of St. Lucia to the United States participated in a signing ceremony between the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States and the Pan-American Development Foundation that will, amongst other things, support small-scale urban agriculture in St. Lucia. His Excellency Anton Edmonds, St. Lucia's Ambassador to the United States and Permanent Representative to the Organization of American States, views this new initiative as a sign of Taiwan's deep and continued interest in St. Lucia's economic development, particularly the most vulnerable sectors. The support from Taiwan will benefit UrbanGrow, a project under the Synergy Programme designed to assist residents of Castry Central become engaged in growing and eating healthy foods while building strong communities. This has been your Midday News Brief. Thank you for watching.


Hello. Hello. Good afternoon. All are there. Can you please type in your name? Can we start now? Please let me know if you are there. Okay. So yesterday we have discussed about the preparation of alkene. Okay. So we have finished the various preparation methods of alkene. So today we are starting with the properties. Okay. So the heading you write down is the properties alkene. So again we will see physical and chemical properties. Again in chemical properties we have reactions. Okay. First of all you write down here the various physical properties we will see. So in this all the molecules in which the carbon number of carbon atom is from 1 to 3 from C1 to C3 carbon atom present in the molecule. All these molecules exist in the gaseous form. Right? So ethene, propene, all these molecules are belong to the gaseous form and at room temperature. So from C4 to C17, C4 to C17 the molecules exist in liquid state and then if the number of carbon atom is more than 18 or equal to 18 the molecule will be solid. All these states exist at room temperature. Okay. Room temperature. Next point you write down next one is except ethene, next property except ethene all molecules are all molecules are orderless. Okay. Ethene has pleasant order. Okay. Not that much important. Ethene has pleasant order. All other molecules are orderless. Okay. Next one you see the boiling point and melting point. The boiling point and melting point is higher than corresponding alkanes, higher than the corresponding alkanes. Right? This is the another property. Right? The pattern or the order or the you know the order of the boiling point and melting point it is same as for the alkanes we have and like alkanes we have discussed that the boiling point is directly proportional to the molar mass. So here also we have the same thing. Boiling point and melting point increases molecular mass increases. Okay. This is the same thing we have which we have done in alkanes also. Okay. Now since we have alkanes so these alkanes also shows geometrical isomerism means they have cis and trans isomers possible. Right? Cis and trans isomers possible. So according to that if you write for cis and trans isomers what we can write and this point is important here that if we talk about the boiling point. So the boiling point of cis isomer, boiling point of cis isomer is more than to that of trans isomer. Boiling point for cis isomer is more. Right? Melting point for cis isomer is less than to that of trans isomer. Why trans isomer will have more melting point because of symmetry and we can also say better packing here. We have better packing here. That's why the melting point of trans is more than to that of cis. Third point is what? Stability of cis isomer. Stability of cis isomer is less than to that of trans. Right? Trans will have more stability because of the less hindrance. Trans isomer will have less hindrance. That's why more stability. Okay? So cis, trans isomers, the stability will be more. Melting point will be more but boiling point will be less. Just a second. These are the few physical properties we have seen and in all these properties these three properties are very important. The last three properties. Okay? This you must keep in mind. You will definitely get question under this. Okay? Now we are going to see the chemical properties. Okay? Next one I write down chemical properties. See for alkene, since we have carbon-carbon double bond here, this is the formula representation we have of the smallest alkene. Okay? So since we have carbon-carbon double bond and we know pi bond is comparatively weaker bond, right? So this kind of pi bond if it is present, then most of the alkenes shows addition reaction. So what we can write, addition reaction, addition reaction are the most important reaction, important reaction for alkenes. Double bond breaks and addition takes place, right? So you see here, if I write down the general thing, C double bond, C we have, right? So what happens in this when the homolytic fission takes place? Homolysis of the pi bond. Then we get the free radical which is nothing but this, right? This is the free radical we have homolysis fission. Okay? In this if heterolysis takes place, heterolysis, then what happens? One carbon will have the positive sign and other one will have the negative sign, right? Unsymmetrical distribution of the pi bond we have here, pi electrons we have here, right? So this kind of distribution, unsymmetrical distribution, this is possible in polar solvents, possible generally in polar solvents, right? At low temperatures, right? So whatever this thing we have polar solvents and all, generally we observe this property, right? So most of the time it is true, but it is not the only thing, okay? So homolysis takes place or the symmetrical distribution takes place in presence of, in presence of light H nu free radical formation in non-polar solvent, non-polar solvent, high temperature, right? Non-polar solvent at high temperature, okay? This is the general thing which you should keep in mind. Now the next thing which is again very important we have and that is the reactivity order of alkene. Before going into the reaction, we'll first see one or two facts here. Reactivity order of alkene. And yesterday also we have discussed that more substituted alkene, more substituted alkene, alkene is more stable, less reactive, right?  So if I write down the reactivity order here, the reactivity order will be this. H2C double bond CH2. This is not substituted alkene, right? So this is what this is least stable and hence it is most reactive. So I'm writing down the reactivity order here, okay? This is the reactivity order. One hydrogen if it is replaced by an alkyl group, RCH double bond CH2. So this is substituted alkene, less reactive than this. Another one, if I write down RCH double bond CHR and this is almost equal reactive than this one. R2C double bond CH2. These two the reactivity order is almost same and this is more than R2C double bond CHR and this one is even more than CR2 double bond CR2. So this is the most substituted alkene we have. So this one is the last one is most substituted and hence this is most stable. Most stable means least reactive. So this is the reactivity order we have. You keep replacing the hydrogen atom the stability will increase but the reactivity will decrease and that is what the order we have. This one is important reactivity order. You must remember this, right? Now next you see the chemical reactions of alkene, right? Down next chemical reactions of alkene, okay? The first reaction is the first reaction is hydrogenation reaction, hydrogenation. Hydrogenation reaction we have discussed in preparation of alkene, discussed in preparation of alkene, okay? Like I said you will see the same kind of reaction in different different chapters, okay? This hydrogenation reaction it follows free radical mechanism, right? And the different reaction we have here and that we have discussed I'll just write down the name. The first one is subartier-sendrance reaction used for the preparation of alkene. Burts reduction also we use I have discussed this yesterday only. Burts reduction, right? Hydrogenation reaction is exothermic in nature, exothermic in nature and the stability is inversely proportional to the heat that is liberated in this heat of hydrogenation. This is also we have discussed, so we will not discuss this again. Heat of hydrogenation. So this is the reaction we have where the addition of hydrogen takes place. Like suppose if you have this compound eH2 double bond CH2 plus H2 in presence of any catalyst like nickel, platinum, palladium and all this hydrogen atom attached to this carbon atom and we'll get CH3, CH3. We have discussed this reaction in the preparation of alkene. So you can go through those reactions, the same reactions we have here. There is one more important reaction here we have and in that you write down cyclohexene, write down this point cyclohexene when heated with when heated with ethene oxidizes itself, oxidized itself to benzene forms ethene. So if I write down the reaction here cyclohexene is nothing but this plus when this reacts with H2C double bond CH2 so this gives you benzene to hydrogen atom comes out from this and those hydrogen atom attached to this carbon atom will get CH3 and CH3. So this is the reaction we have. So this is the hydrogenation reaction, the first reaction we have. So what we have discussed, check your notes preparation of alkene. Preparation of alkene, check your notes first. We discussed this subartier syndrome reaction. If not, then you write down in this, first of all the spelling is this A B A T I E R D E R E N S. Yes, correct Shreya. Subartier syndrome reaction is the hydrogenation of alkene hydrogenation of alkene in presence of a catalyst like nickel, platinum we can also use palladium here or we can also use rhodium. Okay. So it is the addition of hydrogen to alkene in presence of these catalysts. Correct. Next reaction you write down B that is halogenation reaction. Halogenation generally we take addition of bromine or chlorine. Addition of bromine and chlorine. And for this purpose we use inert solvent like carbon tetra chloride. For halogenation we use an inert solvent. The reaction takes place in an inert solvent and that is carbon tetra chloride C C L 4. When we have alkene right C double bond C so this alkene may be what may be cis or may be trans or we can say what may be symmetrical or unsymmetrical may be symmetrical unsymmetrical that is cis and trans. Okay. So in this the addition of this you know this halogen atom takes place like this. Suppose I am taking this bromine that is Br Br right. So in inert solvent what happens right in inert solvent there will be hydrolysis of pi bond. Okay. So what happens here one of the bromine will take the two electron will have the negative charge on it and other bromine will have the positive charge like this the electron transfers. Okay. Now if you have this carbon-carbon double bond so in this also when this pi electron shift over here so this negative charge will take this positive Br plus iron and we get C single bond C Br. We have bromine here and the two bond but here we have the positive sign now on this positive sign this bromine will attack over here and will get the product as T single bond C Br and Br right. This is the general reaction I have given you okay. But the addition of two bromine this addition of bromine atom may be from the same side that is sin addition or may be from the opposite side that is anti-addition both are possible. So when it will be sin, when it will be anti that we have to think okay and in both addition will get different different types of compounds here. Okay. So first of all you see you just write it down one word will use here that you did not understand now because it is there in isomerism you just write it down we will discuss this in isomerism okay. So if you have cis alkene cis alkene in cis alkene if sin addition takes place sin addition then it gives mesocompound M-E-S-O mesocompound if you have cis alkene and in this if anti-addition takes place then it forms resmic mixture have you heard this term reso and resmic meso and resmic if you have trans alkene and on trans alkene if sin addition takes place it gives resmic mixture resmic mixture trans alkene anti-addition mesocompound no I haven't explained this in an anti before it's there in again in isomerism okay. So it's all these things that I'm using now mesocompound resmic mixture sin addition anti-addition all these are there in stereo isomerism right that's why we haven't done this right but we'll do this for you to understand you see what is the meaning here here we have one side growing the product is this in this what we can say the both bromine atom is attaching from the same side the same side of that carbon carbon single bond so when same side addition is there this is sin addition but if the addition is like this carbon carbon the bromine we have this side and another one the bromine we have this side so both bromine atom is attaching from the opposite side one is from this side one is down the carbon carbon single bond another one is above right these are from the opposite side both bromine atom attached from the opposite side so this one is anti-addition this is what the meaning of sin and anti so this mesocompound and resmic mixture you let it be now you just write it down it's not there in both thing right so it is for J okay so when I discuss this in isomerism you will understand this what is the meso and what is resmic mixture okay just write it down in your notes we will discuss this later on it takes some time that's why I am not discussing this here right not useful for the board exam fine can we move on stereochemistry we will discuss after ionic equilibrium okay so you don't worry if you are not getting this okay we will connect all these things when we discuss stereochemistry don't worry with that can we move on tell me okay so next write down addition of halogen acids addition of halogen acids what is halogen halogen acid it is HX halogen halide okay so the order of reactivity of halogen acids are this write down the order of reactivity I is the most reactive and then HF order of reactivity is this you have to memorize this okay this reaction follows follows Markovnikov's rule what is Markovnikov's rule write down this first what is Markovnikov's rule tell me have you started this the negative part of the addendum will attach to the carbon with least number of hydrogen write down the definition of Markovnikov's rule write down Markovnikov's rule okay I am dictating addition of HX to an alkene in the addition of HX to hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom the hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom which has hydrogen atom attached to the double bonded carbon atom you write down then the hydrogen atom attached to the double bonded carbon atom which has which has less number of or lesser number of hydrogen atom which has lesser number of hydrogen atom so what did you write the hydrogen atom did you write hydrogen atom or the negative ion what did you write can you tell me hydrogen atom or addition of hydrogen atom or negative ion hydrogen atom hydrogen atom. Okay, okay, okay, then it will be something else. Okay, so what you just, you do this one correction here. Instead of hydrogen atom, you write down negative part of the reagent, negative part of the reagent. Okay, both way, you can actually define when you write hydrogen atom, then it will attach on the carburetor, which is more number of hydrogen. So both way you can write. So you just change this over and negative part of the reagent. And after this, all things are same. Instead of hydrogen atom, you just write down this negative part of the reagent. Okay, this one is important. Okay, so this reaction, addition of halogen acids, generally follows Markov-Nikov rule. Okay, but we have some exceptions into this that we'll discuss now only. Okay, but before that, you see some reactions over here. Okay, so here you see, first of all, if I take the example of unsymmetrical alkene. Okay, so here you see, with example, we'll try to understand for unsymmetrical alkene. For example, you see, if the molecule is CH3CH, double bond CH2, and the reaction is taking place with HI. Then the product will be, in this HI, we have what? H plus and I minus. So addition of H plus and I minus takes place. What is, here we have Markov-Nikov rule is what? Negative part of the reagent. So negative part is nothing but I minus. So this I minus will attach on the double bonded carbon atom, which has lesser number of hydrogen. So obviously the carbon atom should be this. So what happens here? The product will be CH3CHI single bond CH3. Right? So in unsymmetrical alkene, what happens? You will get only one product. Okay, this is the major product. If the another product, if you try to write down, that will be CH3CH2CH2I. Okay, so here what happens? Since the alkene is unsymmetrical, so we will not get this product. Okay, this product not formed. We have only one product here, which is nothing but this one. Okay, another way also we can define Markov-Nikov rule. This product is according to Markov-Nikov rule. Right? How this product forms? This pi electron shift over here and we get what? We get a carbocation here. That will be CH3CH positive charge into it single bond CH3. This negative charge will take this H plus. Right? So what we can say and how we get this product, this product we can get when this pi electron shift over here and we will get the carbocation here. So this carbocation is one degree, but this is two-degree carbocation. Okay? So Markov-Nikov rule we can define like this also. One thing is what? Like I have given you the negative part of the reagent attached to the carbon atom, which has lesser number of hydrogen. The another way is what? According to Markov-Nikov rule, the reaction proceeds with the formation of carbocation and that carbocation will be the stable carbocation. Stable means what? We have two possibilities here. Either we will get one-degree carbocation or we will get two-degree carbocation. So when the reaction follows Markov-Nikov rule, the carbocation that we get into this, that will be the stable carbocation, comparatively stable carbocation. So here we have one-degree and two-degree. Two-degree is more stable than one degree. So this reaction is followed up, followed by the formation of two-degree carbocation and this what happens? I minus will attach onto this and we get this product. This is Markov-Nikov rule. So Markov-Nikov rule we can actually define by two ways. One is by this that I have given you. Another one is reaction follows with the formation of more stable carbocation. Remember, we get only one product here. This product will not form at all. Understood? Now another thing you see, another one is what? In case of symmetrical alkene, what happens? So one example of symmetrical alkene you will see. In symmetrical alkene, we will get the mixture of product. That is the difference we have here. In case of symmetrical alkene, we will get the mixture of products. For example, CH3 CH2 CH double bond CH CH3. This is the reactant we have plus HI. And one more thing here, don't get confused with this symmetrical term that it should be symmetry over here. Here in this, we will again study geometrical isomerism also. Symmetrical means what the terminal carbon has same configuration here. Terminal carbon should have same configuration. Here you see it is sp2 and this is sp3, but here this one is sp3, this one is also sp3. So symmetrical alkene means what? The last carbon or the terminal carbon has the same configuration or the same degree of substitution also you can see. So in this case, what happens? In one of the product, I will attach here and in another product, I will attach on this carbon atom. So mixture of product will get here. One of the product will be CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3. Here we have the iodine plus another one will be CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 and here the iodine will attach. So in case of symmetrical alkene, symmetrical alkene means what? The terminal carbon has same degree of substitution or same configuration. We will get the mixture of product. We will get 50% of this and 50% of this. So we will get two product into this. Isomers will get here, positional isomers. Understood? Now from this reaction, we can also define Marko-Nikov rule as write down the next definition of write down this. It is the electrophilic addition. It is the electrophilic addition, carbon-carbon double bond. A carbon-carbon double bond involves the intermediate formation involves the formation of, simply we will write down, formation of more stable intermediate carbocation, more stable intermediate carbocation. So we will get more stable carbocation, we will form more stable carbocation first and then the negative part of the reagent will attach. Order of stability of carbocation is this. Stability of carbocation is we have three degree maximum, then two degree and then one degree and then we have methyl carbocation, CH3 plus. Now one question I will give you and you try to get the product into this. Suppose the molecule is this CH3, CCH3, here we have CH3, single bond CH, double bond CH2 and this undergoes the addition reaction of HI. What is the product here? You just tell me one thing. I will just number this carbon atom. You have to tell me, suppose this is 1, 2, 3 and 4. At which carbon atom I minus will attach, that you tell me. At which carbon atom I minus will attach? Second carbon the I minus will attach. What about others? Tell me the answer. Now you see this reaction first. How the reaction proceeds by the shifting of pi electron and according to Markov-Nikov rule, the shifting of pi electron will be in such a way so that we will get what? We will get the more stable carbocation. So if the pi electron shift here will get positive charge here that is 2d d carbocation. If pi electron shift here will get the positive charge here that is 1 degree carbocation. So obviously 2d d carbocation is more stable. So shifting of electrons, pi electrons will be on the what? Will be on the first carbon. So in this case you see I will write down the reaction here CH3CH3CH3CH3 CH3 positive charge here. This will take this H plus so we will get what? We will get the CS3 here and we will get the positive sign here. So this is what 2 degree carbocation and like I said that the reaction proceeds by the formation of more stable carbocation. Now here we have one thing see if one of this methyl group shift onto this carbon atom then what happens? Suppose if I write here suppose one of these methyl group suppose this methyl group will take this bond pair of electron and attacks onto this carbon atom then what happens? So you see here CH3CH1 methyl shift here. So you will have CH3 and CH3. Now since this methyl has shifted over here and it takes this bond pair of electron so obviously this carbon will have the positive sign then. Okay so here we have here we have what? 2 degree carbocation but here we get 3 degree carbocation right and we know 3 degree carbocation is more stable than the 2 degree carbocation. So this kind of shifting we call it as 1, 2 methyl shift because the methyl is shifting and this shifting takes place on its own. Whenever the possibility of forming more stable carbocation we have by this kind of shifting we call it as 1, 2 methyl shift or if hydrogen is there then hydride shift okay. So first of all from 2 degree we will form this 3 degree carbocation and then the I- the negative part of the reagent that you have which is I- here which attach onto this carbon atom which is this. So this is the major product we have in this case. This kind of shifting is very common okay and you will get this kind of shifting in organic chemistry okay. So whenever I say first of all stable carbocation forms the stability of carbocation is this. So when if you are getting 2 degree carbocation and if there are chances of forming 3 degree carbocation by methyl or hydride shift then first we'll form the more stable carbocation and then the negative part of the reagent will attack. Understood? Yes or no? Tell me yeah. Now one more thing you see I'll just do some small changes into this question okay. Suppose the question is this CH3 CH3H CH double bond CH2 HI okay. Now in this question you see what happens. First of all this pi electron will shift here and that will take this H plus okay. So we'll get what CH3 CH3H we have here CH positive charge single bond CH3. So this is what this is 2 degree carbocation. Is there any chances of forming 3 degree carbocation or more stable carbocation in this? 3 degree tell me yes. How do we get that? See I'll just write down two different possibilities here either what happens if this one of this methyl group take this bond pair of electron and attack on to this carbon atom this is one possibilities and we get what CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 and here we have positive charge. This carbon is again it is 2 degree carbocation and we do not have any difference in these two molecules right. But in this case suppose if this hydrogen shifts over here then what happens yellow shifting I'm writing the product with yellow only CH3 will be as it is see CH3 then we have CH2 CH3 and the positive charge here. So this carbocation is what it is 3 degree carbocation which is obviously more stable than this 2 degree carbocation. So now in this one this is the most stable carb possible carbocation we have here. Now in this the I- will attack and we'll get CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3. So this is the major product we get. So this kind of shifting we call it as what 1,2 hydride shift since hydrogen is shifting 1,2 right 1,2 hydride shift in the previous example you see since methyl is shifting you see here since methyl is shifting so we are calling it as 1,2 methyl shifts. So whatever shift according to that will slide down the name of that shifting is it clear now tell me it's not complicated it's easy the only thing is you are looking this you are you are having this first time you're getting this first time you're getting these reactions first and that's why it is a bit complicated you are feeling right the point is this kind of reaction is very common in organic chemistry only one thing you have to keep in mind whenever the addition of Hx is there will follow the formation of more stable carbocation okay. So 2 degree if there are any chances of forming 3 degree carbocation from 2 degree we'll get 3 degree carbocation first and there only the negative part of the reagent attacks okay so once you revise this you will understand okay now in this also see this this one is very important reaction that's why I'm taking too much time into this in this also there is one also one more thing that you write down next write down the heading anti-marconic off rule anti-marconic off rule we also call it as peroxide effect peroxide or kharash effect k-h-a-r-a-s-c-h both are same thing see first of all two points here you just have to memorize anti-marconic off rule or this peroxide and kharash effect is applicable only for addition of addition of hbr for hcl and hi it is not applicable understood peroxide effect or anti-marconic off rule is applicable only for the addition of hydrogen bromide it is not applicable for hcl and hi this you have to keep in mind there are reasons for this but that is not required okay so you just keep this in mind that addition of hbr follows anti-marconic off rule in presence of any peroxide so first of all you write down two three points into this write down the addition of hydrogen bromide hbr the addition of hydrogen bromide in presence of peroxide in presence of peroxide follows anti-marconic off rule follows anti-marconic off rule and this is not applicable this is not applicable for hcl and hi next one more point you write down okay akash stay alive okay one more point you write down after this anti-marconic off addition is caused anti-marconic off addition is caused not only by the presence of peroxide not only by the presence of peroxide but also also by by irradiation with light irradiation with light of a certain wavelength irradiation of with light by a certain wavelength so basically anti-marconic off addition takes place what is anti-marconic off addition it is just opposite to marconic off okay there the negative part of the reagent attached to the double bonded carbon atom which has less number of hydrogen here the negative part of the reagent will attach to the double bonded carbon atom which has more number of hydrogen okay that is what the anti-marconic off addition we have okay just reverse of that okay so this anti-marconic off addition takes place in presence of peroxide or in presence of light okay this is what the meaning of this here so now you see and this is applicable only for only for hbr not hcl or hi okay so if i write down this reaction suppose ch3 ch double bond ch2 in this if i add hbr in presence of any peroxide right so h plus since peroxide is present so this will get anti-marconic off product okay so h plus will attach to the double bonded carbon atom which has more number of hydrogen so here the product will be this ch3 ch3 sorry ch2 br and here we have ch2 right negative part of the reagent will attach the double bonded carbon atom which has more number of hydrogen this is anti-marconic off rule now in this only if i write only hbr there is no peroxide then the product will be what the negative part of the reagent will attach the carbon atom which has lesser number of hydrogen so we'll get this okay so this peroxide in presence of peroxide or light h new this anti-marconic off rule will be followed only for hbr not for hcl and hi is it clear now this peroxide effect parachute effect is very important okay you must remember this for both point of view also next one i write down addition of hypo hella acid hypo hella acid means what it can be hocl or hobr okay so write down into this write down this reaction is similar to this reaction is similar to the addition of halogen in presence of water halogen in presence of in presence of water okay so we can hypo hella acid is hocl or hobr but instead of hocl and hobr we can also write it down cl2 plus h2o for br2 we can write br2 plus h2o both will have the same thing in this when it reacts it forms hocl and hcl here we get hobr and hbr and then the reaction proceeds okay so both if you write cl2 plus h2o or hocl same thing right now you see what happens in this reaction if i write down the reaction here ch2 double bond ch2 plus h o minus and cl plus the product we get here is ch2 oh ch2 cl and here we have oh oh and cl will attach the reaction is the same as that we have done this one is not free radical this one is not free radical okay what happens here you see uh we will get first of all we'll get halonium ion into this okay halide ion halonium ion we call it as this ch2 double bond ch2 we'll take this cl plus first of all this pi electron will attack onto this cl plus and we'll get ch2 single bond ch2 and the chlorine will attach with this like this with with positive charge here on this chlorine atom okay now since we have water as a solvent so we have two nucleophile here right cl2 and h2o first of all it forms cl plus and cl minus so we'll have h2o as also a nucleophile since we have lone pair present here and cl minus also but since water we are taking as a solvent here so this is present in excess this h2o is present in excess so attack of h2o as a nucleophile will be easier here okay so what happens here this h2o will attack one of this carbon atom suppose on this one right and this bond will dissociate like this so we'll get ch2 cl and then we get ch2o h2 plus right oh h2 plus from this we get finally ch2 cl here and h plus will come out so we'll get ch2 oh plus h plus this is what the product we get here there's no free radical formation in this this is the mechanism that i have given just now understood in this what will be the product same reaction we have write on the product and tell me the name what is the iutc name of the product what is the answer we'll get here pi electron will shift here carbocation will get here on that the oh h minus will attack so the product here it will be ch2 br this is the product we get next write down addition of sulphuric acid yeah correct correct with it make sure i write down addition of sulphuric acid turn into this write on this reaction this reaction is is proton initiated initiated electrophilic electrophilic addition reaction initiated electrophilic addition reaction and this follows and this reaction follows follows marconi cough rule marconi cough rule in short i'll write down mr marconi cough rule okay so you have to memorize this that it follows marconi cough rule this is important again right so with the product changes if we add sulphonic acid acid instead of sulphuric acid just i will okay sulphonic acid if you add what is the formula of sulphonic acid r s double bond o double bond oh oh h i think the major product will be same into this other products will be different but major product i think it will be same okay so you see we are using here cold and concentrated sulphuric acid 80% concentrated cold and concentrated sulphuric acid you see this reaction ch3 ch double bond ch2 when reacts with h2so4 which is nothing but h plus and hso4 minus right so again this reaction is same as the reaction we have discussed pi electron shift here positive charge here will take the hso4 molecule right so the product here it will be what ch3 ch single bond ch3 and here we have hso4 okay this is alkyl hydrogen sulphate okay now when this alkyl hydrogen sulphate treated with water if you put water here h2o this h2o will give h plus to this hso4 and forms h2so4 again and OH will attach over here so we'll get ch3 ch ch3 and we'll get here OH so we'll get alcohol in this case you write down here when alkyl hydrogen sulphate this is alkyl hydrogen sulphate write down when alkyl hydrogen sulphate treated with water gives alcohol next you write down addition of oxygen next reaction we have write down into this alkene reacts with O2 in presence of silver catalyst alkene reacts with O2 in presence of silver catalyst in presence of silver catalyst at high temperature at high temperature and pressure form epoxide forms epoxide epoxides are nothing but cyclic ether epoxides are nothing but cyclic ether reaction you see our ch double bond ch2 plus when it reacts with oxygen in presence of silver catalyst it forms our ch single bond ch2 and over here okay write down one point here these epoxides these epoxides on hydrolysis hydrolysis gives diols we'll get diols we'll get diols on hydrolysis okay means what suppose we have this compound ch ch2 oxygen and oxygen when you do the hydrolysis okay acidic hydrolysis suppose I am using so this oxygen lone pair will take this h plus and when the bond dissociate we'll get one OH here and another OH here this is nothing but the diols we have that is how the reaction proceeds okay this kind of epoxide one more note you write down kind of this kind of oxidation also takes place with peroxy acids with peroxy acids what are peroxy acids we have CF3 CO3H we can also write C6H5 CO3H right or we can also write CH3 CO3 H one structure I'll write down CH3 CO3H is what it is this CH3 C double bond O O O and H so this is what the peroxy linkage we have peroxy linkage okay that's why these are peroxy acids for all these compounds the structure is this only okay so this kind of epoxide formation takes place in case of this peroxy acids also so that you have to memorize understood this so will the products change if you are in this we have already discussed can we move on next you write down addition of ozone