ee even in the previous year there was a question on Bombay Natural History Society. So sometimes you do get the relevant topics related to environment. Now coming back to this World Sustainable Development Summit. See this summit brings together the Nobel laureates, political leaders, decision makers from bilateral and multilateral institutions, then the business leaders, then high level functionaries from the diplomatic cops, then the scientists and researchers, then the media personnel and even the members of civil society on a common platform. And it provides them an opportunity to deliberate on sustainable development and climate change. So this is all about this World Sustainable Development Summit. Now let us look in brief about this Terry, the Energy and Resources Institute. See it is an independent multi-dimensional organization which works in the field of energy, environment, climate change and sustainability development. It was established in the year 1974 as the Tata Energy Research Institute. Later it was renamed as the Energy and Resources Institute. If you see in the year 2017 this Terry was ranked second among the top think tanks in the world by the International Center for Climate Governments. So this is all about this topic. Now you can easily answer the question by yourself. The correct answer here is option A, the Energy and Resources Institute. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey 2016-2017. Two statements are given and you need to choose the correct statement or statements. Know that this survey is conducted by NABAR that is the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. So from this fact you can eliminate the second statement. It tells that the survey was conducted by NSSO but it is actually NABAR. Now coming back to the survey the sample size of the survey was 40,327 rural households. The survey was conducted in a draw tier. Here just know the definition of agricultural households. They were defined as those where at least one member was self-employed in agriculture in the past year and he or she must have derived at least 5000 rupees from agricultural produce. Now let us see some of the highlights of the survey. There are many categories which have been discussed under this survey. Land and assets, income level, incidence of indebtedness and borrowings, then insurance and pension coverage and then savings and investment etc. Now if you look at land and assets it tells that only 48% of the surveyed households are agricultural households. So the remaining are classified as non-agricultural households. So this reveals that the share of agriculture is actually reducing. The average land that is processed by the agricultural households is 1.1 hectares. So from this fact you can tell that the first statement is incorrect because as per the survey more than 50% of rural households are agricultural households is what is mentioned in the first statement. This statement is incorrect because it is just about 48%. So the correct answer to this question is option D neither one nor two since both the statements are incorrect. Now these are some of the other highlights under various heads. Just have a look at it for your reference. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about global soil biodiversity atlas. First let us look at this atlas. See this atlas is the first synthesis of global soil biodiversity research and its importance to our living world. It is a joint venture of the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and the European Commission Joint Research Center. Here note that this Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative is a global collaboration of scientists in order to create a platform for the current and future sustainability of soils. So what do we mean by soil biodiversity? See it is the total community which is present in the soil from genes to species and this varies depending on the environment. There are millions of microbial and animal species which live and make up soils from bacteria and fungi to mites, beetles and earthworms. So this immense diversity in the soil allows for a greater variety of ecosystem services that benefit the species that inhabit the soil and also the species including humans that use it and its surrounding environment. So this is what we mean by soil biodiversity. So know that this Atlas is a joint venture of the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and the European Commission Joint Research Center. Now look at this question. It is a two statement question and you need to choose the correct statement or statements. Look at the first statement. It tells that the Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas is the first synthesis of Global Soil Biodiversity Research and its importance to our living world. Yes, this statement is correct. Now look at the second statement. It tells that this Atlas has been published by UN Habitat Association with Worldwide Fund for Nature. This statement is wrong. We saw that this Atlas is a joint venture of the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and the European Commission Joint Research Center. So the correct answer here is option A one only since you need to choose the correct statement or statements. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about climate and cleaner coalition. Now why this topic was in news recently because India recently joined this coalition. So it was often in news in the month of October. Now let us look at this coalition. See this climate and cleaner coalition is a voluntary partnership of governments, intergovernmental organizations, businesses, scientific institutions and civil society organizations. This coalition is committed to improving the air quality and protecting the climate in the next few decades. See this coalition wants to improve the air quality. How? By reducing short-lived climate pollutants. So this coalition's initial focus is on the short-lived climate pollutants like methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons.  See India joined this climate and cleaner coalition in July 2019. It became the 65th country to join this coalition. Now India plans to work with this climate and cleaner coalition on the best practices and experiences for the effective implementation of India's national cleaner program. Now let us look at this national cleaner program in brief. It is a comprehensive strategy to prevent, control and reduce air pollution in India. And as a part of this program air quality monitoring will be improved across India. The aim of this program is to reduce particulate matter 2.5 and particulate matter 10 air pollution by 20 to 30% by the year 2024. Know that this national cleaner program was launched by India in January 2019. To know more about national cleaner program we request our viewers to watch our 6th November the Hindu news analysis. Now with this background information in mind let us look at this question. It is a two statement question and you need to choose the correct statement or statements. Look at the first statement. It tells that climate and cleaner coalition is committed to improving air quality and protecting the climate by reducing short-lived climate pollutants. Yes, this statement is correct. Always link this climate and cleaner coalition with short-lived climate pollutants. Now look at the second statement. It tells that India is a founding member to this coalition. This statement is wrong because India recently joined this coalition in the month of July 2019. But if you see this climate and cleaner coalition was launched in 2012. So the second statement goes wrong. Now we need to choose the correct statement or statements from this question. The correct answer is option A, 1-1-B. Now that you have seen about climate and cleaner coalition there is one more initiative which was announced by climate and cleaner coalition along with the United Nations World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Program. Together all these four institutions have announced cleaner initiative. This initiative invites the national and the subnational governments to commit to achieving air quality which is safe for citizens in order to align climate change and air pollution policies by the year 2030. So this initiative basically seeks to simultaneously mitigate climate change, reduce air pollution and promote health in a comprehensive manner. So all these things will go together. So whenever you are studying about climate and cleaner coalition also have an idea about this cleaner initiative. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about INF Treaty which is nothing but Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. First let us look at this treaty in brief. This question will check your knowledge about the current events of international importance. See this INF Treaty is basically an arms control treaty which was signed in 1987 by the then United Soviet Socialist Republic and the United States of America. So this was a Cold War era treaty to control arms race. If you see this treaty mandated both the parties to eliminate their ground-based ballistic and cruise missiles that could travel between 500 and 5500 kilometers. We know that in 1991 USSR or Soviet Union got dissolved. After the dissolution this INF Treaty continued between six out of the 12 disintegrated states which formed the part of Soviet Union. These six states have the Intermediate Range Nuclear Facilities. They are Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. So this INF Treaty continued between USA and these six countries. In the recent years if you see the United States kept on alleging Russia that it is breaching the treaty. In February 2019 the United States announced that it would suspend its obligations under the INF Treaty and it issued a six month notice of its intent to withdraw from the treaty. And after this this INF Treaty stopped to exist after six months that is after August 2019. So this is all that you need to know about this INF Treaty from exam point of view. Now with this information in mind let us look at this question. Two statements are given and you need to choose the correct statement or statements. Look at the first statement it tells that this treaty mandates both the parties to eliminate all their ballistic and cruise missiles that could travel between 500 and 5500 kilometers. This statement is incorrect because we saw that this treaty aimed to eliminate the ground-based ballistic and cruise missiles that could travel between 500 and 5500 kilometers. Usually if you see as an aspirant generally you would overlook the key words in the statement. Here the key word in this statement is all. We saw that the treaty bans only the ground-based ballistic and cruise missiles but we also have the air-borne missiles and some ship-borne missiles which are not restricted under this treaty. So this makes the first statement as an incorrect statement. Now look at the second statement. It tells that this treaty was signed between NATO and the erstwhile USSR. This statement is also incorrect because we saw that this treaty was signed between United States of America and the erstwhile USSR. So the correct answer to this question is optionally neither one nor two since you need to choose the correct statements. But here both the statements are incorrect. Here know that NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It is basically an alliance that consists of 30 independent member countries and United States is one of the member countries of NATO. Now that we have seen this INF treaty we will also see some other treaties that are existing between United States and Russia. They include START and the new START treaties. First let us look at about START treaty to be specific about START 1 treaty. START is the abbreviation for strategic arms reduction treaty. See it was the first treaty to provide for deep reductions of United States and the Soviet or the Russian strategic nuclear weapons. This treaty entered into force in the year 1994 and it expired in 2009. The START 1 treaty limited the delivery vehicles to 1600 and warheads to 6000 for each party. And in later years if you see START 2 was signed but this treaty did not come into force. After expiry of START 1 a new START was signed. This new START came into force in the year 2011 and these are the proposed limits under this new START treaty which both the parties have to follow. So just have an idea about the other treaties that are existing between United States and Russia. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about 20th livestock census. The question is who has released the 20th livestock census. Know that in October 2019 the Department of Animal Aspentry and Dining under the Ministry of Fisheries Animal Aspentry and Dining has released this 20th livestock census. So here option A is the correct answer. See livestock census in India has been conducted periodically since 1919-1920 which is almost a century old. It is usually conducted once in every five years and it covers all domesticated animals. So the headcounts of the domesticated animals will be carried out during a specified time period. So far 19 such census have been conducted in participation with state governments and the administrations of the union territories. See there are various species of animals like cattle, buffalo, metu, nyak, sheep, goat, pig, horse and various paltry birds like fowl, duck, emu, turkeys, quail and other paltry birds that are possessed by the household enterprises, non-household enterprises and institutions. All these are countered at their site. So this counting will give vital information for determining the threatened indigenous breeds and to take initiatives accordingly for their conservation and it will also be helpful for framing policies or programs for breed improvement. So this livestock census is very crucial to take policy level decisions. These are some of the key findings of this 20th livestock census. Here one thing to be noted is that India's indigenous cattle numbers continue to decline despite government's efforts to promote the conservation of desi breeds through rastri vocal mission. See there was a decline of 6 percentage in the total indigenous cattle population. However if you see the pace of decline of the indigenous non-descript cattle population during 2012 to 2019 is much lesser when compared to 2007-2012 period which was about 9 percentage. So this is in brief about this 20th livestock census. Just have a look at the findings of this census. So here the correct answer is option A, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal husbandry and dating. As we saw earlier, this was a newly created ministry in 2019. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is based on the G20 global smart cities alliance on technology governance. First let us look at this alliance. See it is an initiative of the G20 for the successful management of the urbanizing world. See this alliance was established in June 2019. The aim of this alliance is that it will advance the responsible use of data and digital technologies in urban environments. By using the right technologies cities can be effectively governed which will in turn solve the problems in energy, transportation, healthcare, education and natural disaster response and it will make the communities across the cities more inclusive, resilient and sustainable. So the objective is to unite the municipal, regional and national governments and then the private sector partners and the residents of the respective cities around a shared set of principles which we saw the responsible and the ethical use of smart city technologies. This alliance would establish an advance global policy standards and these global policy standards will help accelerate the best practices and mitigate potential risks and foster greater openness and public trust. Know that the World Economic Forum which is the international organization for public-private cooperation serves as the secretariat for this alliance. See the alliance partners with leading international organizations and city networks to source tried and tested policy approaches and these approaches will help in governing the use of smart city technologies. Its institutional partners represent more than two like cities and local governments then leading companies, startups, research institutions and civil society communities across the world. Here you need to know that though the alliance was established in partnership with G20 the stakeholders from the non-G20 countries are also welcome to join and contribute to this alliance. The news was that India had recently joined this alliance. Now let us see some of the founding institutional partners of this global smart cities alliance. The first two are the presidents and the host nations of G20 grouping in the years 2019 and 2020 that is the countries of Japan and Saudi Arabia. And then if you see the smart cities mission of India is also a founding institutional partner of this global smart cities alliance. Also the World Economic Forum then Commonwealth Sustainable Cities Network are all some of the founding institutional partners of this G20 global smart cities alliance on technology governance. So this is all about this alliance. Now with this information in mind let us look at this question. Three statements are given and you need to choose the correct statement or statements. From the options given here you can tell that the first statement is correct. The first statement speaks about the aim of this alliance which is to advance the responsible use of data and digital technologies in urban environments. Now look at the second statement it tells that the alliance is open to G20 countries only. We just saw that even though this alliance has been initiated by G20 grouping even the non G20 countries can also be a part of this alliance. So the second statement goes wrong. If the second statement is wrong you can eliminate options B and D. Now you need to check if the third statement is correct or not. The third statement is smart cities mission of India is one of the founding institutional partners of this alliance. Yes this statement is correct. So the correct answer to this question is option C1 and 3 1B. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about the global mobility report. Know that this report covers all modes of transport which includes road, air, waterborne and rail transport. See this report is the first ever study to assess the global performance of the transport sector and the progress made towards four main objectives universal access, efficiency, safety and green mobility. See this report is released by Sustainable Mobility for All which is in short known as some for all. According to this report the world is not on track to achieving sustainable mobility. See transport sector is still inaccessible to many of the world's most vulnerable people and apart from this if you see the transport sector today is also facing many issues like high fossil fuel use, rising greenhouse gas emissions then add a noise pollution because of the usage of vehicles and an alarming number of road fatalities and a reluctance to embrace digitalization. So these are some of the issues faced by the transport sector across the world. Now let us look in brief about sustainable mobility for all. See it is the most important platform for international cooperation on issues related to transport and sustainable mobility. It was established in the year 2017. It is basically global coalition of 55 influential public organizations and private companies who have a shared ambition to implement the sustainable development goals and to transform the future of mobility know that this sustainable mobility for all is hosted by the world bank. Now the partners of this some for all believe that accessible, efficient, safe and green mobility which are the four objectives are essential to achieve the sustainable development goals and to address 21st century global challenges like climate change, global development, poverty reduction and peace. See this sum for all focuses on three main things. One is advocacy next is action and the third is financing. Advocacy means aiming to provide thought leadership to influence global and country decision makers on transport sector. Action means it is aiming at prioritizing the right policies and investments and financing focuses on creating and mobilizing finance to achieve sustainable mobility around the globe. So this is in brief about global mobility report and about sustainable mobility for all which releases this report. Now with this information in mind let us look at this question. It is a straightforward question. The global mobility report is released by four options are given G20 sustainable mobility for all U1 sustainable development solutions network world economic forum. Sometimes you do get questions about reports released by non-U1 organizations or some global level coalitions. So always have an idea about such reports. This is one such report. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is based on the data security council of India. See this data security council of India is a not for profit industry body on data protection in India. It was set up by NASCOM that is the national association of software and services companies. Know that the main purpose of setting up this data security council of India is to make the cyberspace safe secure and trusted how by establishing best practices standards and initiatives in areas of cyber security and privacy. So what this data security council of India does is that it engages with the governments and their agencies then with the regulators then with industry sectors industry associations and think tanks for policy advocacy thought leadership capacity building and outreach activities. So in order to strengthen the thought leadership in areas of cyber security and privacy the data security council of India develops best practices and frameworks then it publishes studies surveys and papers on cyber security and privacy. So it conducts training on certification program for the personnel and law enforcement agencies in order to build capacity in cyber security privacy and cyber forensics. So in a way this data security council of India will help in increasing India share in the global security product and services market through global trade development initiatives. So overall the aim is to strengthen the cyber security and cyber privacy culture in India. Note that the data security council of India in partnership with the national cyber security coordinators office introduced a new platform which is called as Tech Sagar. This Tech Sagar is India's consolidator and comprehensive cyber tech repository. So these are some of the aims of Tech Sagar. This Tech Sagar aims to provide a map of critical technological capabilities that are existing in India. Then it also aims to provide the details of individuals entities and intuitions that are engaged in critical technological capabilities. And it will also provide ways for searching, querying, filtering and analyzing the capabilities for various purposes. And then if you see this Tech Sagar also aims to endless businesses and research entities that are working across 25 areas. For example like Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and machine learning and then blockchain technology etc. So all this will facilitate new opportunities for the businesses and the academic section to collaborate, connect and innovate in the future. So these are some of the aims of Tech Sagar which is India's consolidator and comprehensive cyber tech repository. So this is in brief about the data security council of India and its initiative Tech Sagar. Now with this information in mind let us look at this question. It is a two statement question and you need to choose the correct statement or statements. Look at the first statement. It is given Data Security Council of India is an organization committed to make the cyberspace safe, secure and trusted by establishing best practices, standards and initiatives in cyber security and privacy. Yes this statement is correct. Now look at the second statement. It tells that this Data Security Council of India functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs. This statement is wrong because we saw that this Data Security Council of India is a not-for-profit industry body which is working on data protection and it has been set up by NASCARM. So this statement is incorrect. Now we need to choose the correct statement or statements. The correct answer here is option A one only. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about Youth Collab. Now let us look at this topic in brief. Know that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes the important role of young people across the world in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. So the Sustainable Development Goals calls for action against the challenges faced by young people that limit their economics, social and political inclusion. So this Youth Collab is one such step in this direction that calls for participation of young people. See this Youth Collab was co-created in the year 2017 by United Nations Development Program and the City Foundation. The aim of this program is to establish a common agenda for the countries in the Asia-Pacific region to empower and invest in youth so that youth can accelerate the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals through leadership, social innovation and entrepreneurship. So the aim is to make the youth economically, socially and politically inclusive. In India if you see this Youth Collab initiative has been launched as a joint endeavour between UNDP India and Atal Innovation Mission of Neeti Ayok. So the aim is to support young people with emphasis on the following priorities. Catalyzing youth innovation then empowering youth through technology then fostering youth inclusion and then promoting youth leadership and also promoting social entrepreneurship. So all the three aspects are taken care of economic, social and political. So for this purpose Youth Collab will convene social innovation challenges at the national level and at the subnational level. It would invite young people in the age group of 18 to 29 years and it would also invite startups to showcase their proposed ideas and solutions to tackle some of the biggest social challenges that are being phased in India. See the first phase of this Youth Collab will focus on six sustainable development goals. One is Sustainable Development goal number five which is on gender equality. Then the goal number six on clean water and sanitation. Then the goal number seven on affordable and clean energy. Then the goal number eight on decent work on economic growth. And then goal number 12 on sustainable consumption and production. And finally goal number 13 which is on climate action. So these are the six sustainable development goals which will be focused in the first phase of Youth Collab. So this is in brief about this Youth Collab. Now with this information in mind let us look at this question. Here two statements are given and you need to choose the statements that are correct. The question is about Youth Collab. Look at the first statement it speaks about the agenda of this Youth Collab. It is a correct statement. Now look at the second statement. It tells that the Youth Collab initiative in India has been launched by United Nations Development Program India and Neethi Aayog. Yes this statement is correct because Airtel Innovation mission is an initiative of Neethi Aayog. So here the correct answer is option C both one and two. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is based on C40 Cleaner Cities Declaration. Know that C40 is a network of the world's mega cities that are committed to address climate change issues. Around the world C40 cities connect 94 of the world's greatest cities. So all these cities will take bold climate action and they will lead the way towards a healthier and more sustainable future. If you see all these 94 cities represent 700 plus million citizens and one quarter of the global economy. So the mayors of all these C40 cities are committed to deliver the most ambitious goals of the Paris Climate Agreement at the local level. See in 2019 the C40 Cleaner Cities Declaration was unveiled at the C40 World Mayor Summit which was held at Copenhagen in Denmark. This summit happened in the month of October and that is why it is in the news. During this summit mayors from 35 C40 cities signed this C40 Cleaner Cities Declaration. By signing this declaration they recognized that breathing clean air is a human right. Some of the important signatory cities are Barcelona from Spain, Berlin from Germany, then Jakarta from Indonesia and then Los Angeles from US and Stockholm from Sweden. And if you see two Indian cities also signed this declaration which are Bengaluru and Delhi. So the signatories of this declaration pledged to set ambitious pollution reduction targets within two years that meet or exceed their respective national commitments and to implement substantive clean air policies by 2025 that address the unique causes of pollution in their cities. And then they will also publicly report the progress on achieving these goals. So all these initiatives would help these cities to meet the World Health Organization's Air Quality Guidelines by the year 2030. See during the same Copenhagen Summit 14 global cities committed to C40 Good Food Cities Declaration. So through this declaration the mayors of these 14 global cities will work to achieve a planetary health diet by the year 2030. So this diet will have balanced a nutritious food which is reflecting the culture geography and demography of the citizens. Here note that there is no Indian city which is a part of this C40 Good Food Cities Declaration. So remember the difference between both the declaration and in which declaration Indian cities are apart. Now with this information in mind look at this question it is a two-statement question on C40 Cleaner Cities Declaration. Look at the first statement it tells that the signatories recognize that breathing clean air is a human right and they pledge to implement substantive cleaner policies by the year 2025. Yes this statement is correct. Now look at the second statement it tells that no Indian cities have signed the declaration. This statement is wrong because we saw that the cities of Bengaluru and Delhi have signed this C40 Cleaner Cities Declaration whereas no Indian cities have signed the C40 Good Food Cities Declaration. So remember this difference. Now the correct answer to this question is option A one only since you need to choose the correct statement or statements. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about India Justice Report. See India Justice Report 2019 was released by the Tata Trusts in collaboration with various NGOs. This report ranks the states based on their score out of 10 in their capacity to deliver justice. Note that the report measures capacity to justice delivery based on four pillars. One is police, the second pillar is judiciary, the third pillar is prisons and the fourth pillar is legal aid. So what this report has done is that it has classified Indian states into two categories large medium states and small states. There are 18 large medium states and seven small states. If you see a few states like Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, Manipur and Agalan were not covered under this report. Among the large medium states Maharashtra topped the list. Other best performing states are Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Punjab. In this category Uttar Pradesh was scored at the bottom. Some other low performing states include Bihar and Jharkhand. And among the smaller states if you see Govas at the top and Tripura came at the bottom. Now we have given you the data related to the performance of the states across four individual pillars for your reference. You can use any of this data in your main section. Next if you see this report also gives insights into the data on pending court cases. This report tells that there are 2.8 crore cases pending in Indian subordinate courts and among this 24 percentage cases have been pending for more than five years and almost 23 lakh cases are pending for more than 10 years. So this is some data related to the pending court cases. This is in brief about this India justice report. Now look at this question. It is a one line question. The India justice report is released by here the correct answer is option C Tata trusts. The 2019 report was released by the Tata trusts in collaboration with various NGOs. Sometimes you do get such questions on reports like this because if you see in 2018 prelims there was a question on who releases rule of law index. The answer was world justice project. So try to have an idea about the reports that you come casually across the news. Just know who releases that report and one or two important outcomes of the report. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is based on certain benchmark interest rates which are often seen in news. Know that a benchmark is the standard rate that is used widely for settling financial obligations. Benchmark interest rate means the rate that is used as a standard or base to pay the interest rate for deposits and loans. Now let us see one of the important benchmark interest rate which is LIBOR that is the London Interbank Offered Rate. It was the most widely used benchmark interest rate across the globe. See it is the rate at which the major global banks lend to one another in the international interbank market for short-term loans. But if you see its use has been on the decline since the 2008 global financial crisis. So over time several alternative interest rates have developed. Now this table will give you an idea about the alternative benchmark interest rates that are existing at present across the world and who administers them. You can have a look at it for your reference. Now with this information look at this question. You need to choose the correctly matched pairs of benchmark interest rates and who administers them. Here all the given pairs are correct. So the correct answer here is option D 1, 2 and 3. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about Prakash Portal. See the government of India has launched a web portal called Prakash. This stands for Power Rail Coila Availability Through Supply Harmony. See this web portal has been launched with an aim to improve the coordination between the Ministry of Power, Ministry of Coal and Ministry of Railways to ensure coal supplies to the power plants. This is an important step in ensuring adequate availability and optimum utilization of coal at the thermal power plants across India. Know that this web portal has been developed by NTPC. NTPC is India's largest power generator. It is a Maharatna company since 2010. Now this Prakash portal will source data from various stakeholders like the Central Electricity Authority which comes under the Ministry of Power then the Center for Railway Information System and from different coal companies. So this portal will help in monitoring the coal supplies through the entire coal supply chain starting from coal stock at the supply end that is the mines then about the coal quantities and the rakes that are planned and the coal quantity in transit up to the coal availability at power generating stations. Know that this portal is not accessible to public. So this is in brief about this Prakash portal. Now look at this question. The question is the web portal Prakash launched recently by the government of India is related to. Here the correct answer is option B to improve coordination in coal supplies to power plants. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about Salicornia. Now let us look in brief about Salicornia. See Salicornia plants are halophytes. When we tell halophytes it refers to those salt tolerant plants that grow in waters with high saline conditions than normal. See Salicornia plant grows in the salty marshes in the mangrove wetlands. When we tell mangroves it is near the coastlines. Know that Salicornia species are native to North America, Europe, South Africa and South Asia. Across India the major species of Salicornia which is found are Salicornia brachiata. Now from the seed of these Salicornia plants edible oil is extracted. After extracting oil we have the deflated seed meal. This deflated seed meal is rich in protein so it is used as a feed in poultry. Now one more special feature with respect to these Salicornia plants is that they accumulate salt and the accumulated salt has low sodium content. So these salts are used as a substitute for regular salts that are available. Since it has low sodium content it is also preferred by the patients who are suffering from hypertension, diabetes, gastric related ailments and various lifestyle diseases. If you see in India the state of Gujarat is known for the production of the salt substitute from Salicornia. But due to the scarcity of Salicornia the production of this salt substitute has come down. Now due to the growing demand in the Indian cities due to the lifestyle disorders which we saw this Salicornia is now being imported from countries like Israel and other Scandinavian countries. And if you see in the month of July 2018 the state government of Andhra Pradesh initiated plants to extract this salt substitute from Salicornia plant. So this is all about Salicornia that you need to know from exam point of view. Now let us look at this question. It is a two statement question and you need to choose the incorrect statement or statements. Now look at the first statement. It tells that Salicornia plant grows in the tropical wet evergreen forests of South India. But if you remember we saw that the Salicornia plant grows in the salty marshes in the mangrove wetlands and their halophates. So the first statement here is wrong. Now look at the second statement. It tells that the Salicornia plant can be used as a substitute for salt with low sodium content. Yes this statement is correct. Now we need to choose the incorrect statement or statements. Here the correct answer is option A1 only since only the first statement is incorrect. Now let us move on to the next question. See this question is about 6 x 6 x 6 strategy. The question is the 6 x 6 x 6 strategy which was recently news is associated with. Here the correct answer is anemia testing and treatment. See this strategy comes under anemia moot strategy which was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family welfare in March 2018. This anemia moot strategy comes under Prime Minister's scheme for holistic nourishment which is Poshan Abiyan. If you see for a period of 10 years from 2005 to 2015 there was a slow progress that is less than 1 percentage per annum in reduction of anemia. So under this anemia moot Bharat strategy the target has been set to reduce anemia by 3 percentage per year. So what is this 6 x 6 x 6 strategy. It implies 6 age groups, 6 interventions and 6 institutional mechanisms. The strategy focuses on ensuring supply chain, demand generation and strong monitoring using the dashboard for addressing anemia both due to nutritional and non-nutritional causes. The 6 population groups are children between the age of 6 to 59 months. The 2nd category children were aged between 5 to 9 years. The 3rd category is adults and girls and boys. The 4th category being pregnant women. 5th lactating women and 6th women of reproductive age between 15 to 49 years. So the 6 interventions are prophylactic ion and folic acid supplementation, de-warming, intensified year-on-behavior change communication campaign and delayed cot clamping and 3 more interventions. And these are the 6 institutional mechanisms.  So it is basically ion deficiency which causes anemia. It will make you feel tired and weak. And this is especially seen among women population and in children. So that is why this program was launched and this 6x6x6 strategy was placed under this anemia-mukth Bharat. So here the correct answer is option C anemia testing and treatment. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about Swach Rail, Swach Bharat 2019 ranking. The question is this ranking has been released by whom? Here the correct answer is option C Ministry of Railways in partnership with Quality Council of India. Know that this ranking is part of Swach Bharat Abhyan. This ranking is compiled by the Quality Council of India based on these 4 important parameters which are process evaluation, direct observation, citizen feedback and interview of station manager. Know that there is an equal weightage of 33.33% each for process evaluation, direct observation and citizen feedback. But if you see the 4th parameter which is interview of station manager is purely qualitative in nature and there is no weightage in the ranking. Now this image will give you an idea about the ranking of the 16 Indian Railway Zones which have been considered under this ranking. Here Northwestern Railway Zone is ranked first and North Central Railway Zone is ranked last. From Prelims perspective also have an idea about Quality Council of India. Know that it is a non-profit society registered under Society's Registration Act of 1860. It is an autonomous body which is functioning under the department for promotion of industry and internal trade which comes under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. See this Quality Council of India was established by the Government of India in partnership with Indian Industry which is represented by Confederation of Indian Industry, then Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry and ASSOCHAM which is Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry. See it is headed by a Chairman who is appointed by the Prime Minister on the recommendation of the Industry to the Government. Know that this Quality Council of India is an Accreditation Authority in India. The vision is to establish an Accreditation Structure in Country and to spread the Quality movement in India by undertaking a National Quality Campaign. The purpose of this campaign is to educate both suppliers and consumers on modern concepts of Quality. So this is in brief about Quality Council of India. So the correct answer to this question is Option C, Ministry of Railways in partnership with Quality Council of India releases this SWACH Rail, SWACH Bharat 2019 ranking. Now let us move on to the next question. This question is about Fame to Scheme. Know that Fame stands for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India. See the Fame India Scheme is a part of National Electric Mobility Mission Plan. It is the National Mission Document that provides the vision and roadmap for the faster adoption of Electric Vehicles and their Manufacturing in India. So as a part of this the Department of Heavy Industries which comes under the Ministry of Heavy Industries in Public Enterprises launched Fame India 1 Scheme in the year 2015 then came Phase 2 that is the Fame 2 Scheme in 2019. This Scheme has a total fund outlay of 10,000 crores which will be given over 3 years from 2019-20 to 2021-2022. Know that the Allocated Fund will support manufacturing all these categories of Electric Vehicles. Now let us see some of the important objectives of this Scheme. First, this Scheme will support the Electric Vehicle industry with incentives or subsidy benefits to promote their manufacturing and sales. The main criterion for subsidy allocation in this Fame India 2 Scheme is that the vehicles must use lithium ion batteries or any new technology batteries. The second objective of this Scheme is to establish a charging infrastructure in major cities of the country. This includes metros, other million plus cities, smart cities, cities of hilly states across India. So there will be an availability of at least one charging station in a grid of 3 cross 3 kilometer. The next objective is to establish charging stations on major highways that are connecting the major city clusters. On such highways charging stations will be established on both the sides of the road at an interval of about 25 kilometer each. If you see out of the total allocation for this Scheme 1000 crore rupees has been allocated for setting up charging stations for Electric Vehicles. So these are some of the objectives of this Scheme. With this information let us look at this question. It is a two statement question and you need to choose the statements which are correct. Look at the first statement. It is one of the objectives of this Fame India 2 Scheme. It is correct. Now the second statement is wrong because we saw that Fame Scheme is being implemented by the department of heavy industries which comes under the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. So the second statement is wrong. The correct answer to this question is option A one only. Now let us move on to the next question. We have come to the final topic of this series which is about National Health Profile. Know that National Health Profile is published by the Central Bureau of Health Intelligence. This Central Bureau of Health Intelligence functions under the Directorate General of Health Services which comes under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. See this National Health Profile is released every year since 2005. This is the 14th edition. It provides vital information on all major health sector related indicators. It also includes demographic, socio-economic and then the usual health-related indicators like health status, health finance, health infrastructure and human resources. See all these data are essential for health system policy development and implementation. Also, if you see this National Health Profile is a major source of information on various communicable and non-communicable diseases that are not covered under any other major programs. And these are some of the key findings of this National Health Profile 2019. You can find indicators like sex ratio, birth rate, death rate, about national growth, then about total fertility rate and also about literacy rate because we saw that the socio-economic indicators are also covered under this National Health Profile. So have a look at it for your reference. Now, if you look at this question, it is a straightforward question. In India, National Health Profile is released by here the correct answer is Option B, Central Bureau of Health Intelligence. Know that the other three organizations, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India that is FSSAI and then the Central Medical Services Society and Indian Pharmacopia Commission are all autonomous bodies that are functioning under the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. So remember this fact as well. With this, we come to the end of October 2019 analysis of Target UPSC Prilams 2020 series. We have given you an overall analysis of each and every topic. Try to get the important points from each topic in Prilam's perspective. If you like this video, press the like button, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.


Welcome back everyone, live coverage here. SuperCloud Six and Palo Alto, I'm John Furrier, your host of theCUBE with Dave Vellante, extracting the signal from us. This is the AI innovators segment of SuperCloud, SuperCloud Six is the theme here. I've got a great guest, Raj Verma, CEO of Singlestore, veteran in the industry, CUBE alumni. Raj, great to see you. Thanks for coming in for the special edition of AI innovators. Thank you for having me, John. It's always fun to be with Dave and you. I wanted to bring you in when we were going to do an update and we would Singlestore again to continue success with what you guys are having over there. But you've been in the industry through a couple of cycles where there's been inflection points in your career. We chatted about this last time, we were together around October timeframe. And Jenny, I was still hitting hard, but now it's kind of continuing to thunder away in terms of a value proposition. It's a pretty special inflection point. You were at Davos, I saw you there. You've been traveling the world. You're talking to a lot of people out there. This inflection point is different. It's bigger, but it's going to enable a lot of change, a lot of wealth creation, a lot of opportunity for folks and companies. And it changes the game a bit because the buyers have a different environment now. They're end to end. There's no really IT department anymore. As the personas are changing, the world is changing. What is your view of Gen AI as you have looked at your career and as you were you are at Singlestore now, you have a unique view. What's your vision of how Gen AI is playing out? Yeah, you know, I was fortunate enough, John, that I went through a few trends in my career, you know, 30 years in the IT industry. Fortunately, I started when I was eight. So it's, you know, I remember selling PCs and printers as my first job. And then the internet happened and I started getting emails. I'm like, holy hell, what is this, you know? And then the entire cloud revolution. And on the side, while I did not participate in it, but I was the recipient of the entire mobility and communication and networking trend and evolution which has really changed the world for us. The thing that I find about this latest evolution trend in AI is it's the culmination of all the previous trends into one. So it's no surprise that it is going to be bigger than all of them put together. There's no if and and buts about it. I do think that one of the best definitions that I got about AI and what we can hope from it is the easy would get automated, right? So yes, the job discussion aspect is going to Israel. The hard would become easy and the impossible will become possible. And if you look at AI in these three trends, the amount of innovation that you're gonna have over the course of the next decade or so is going to be more than we've had in any other decade by order of magnitude. Will it create some issues, societal issues in terms of some percentage of the bottom segment of IT jobs would disappear and would never come back. However, there'll be more additions than subtractions in that field is my view offered. But yes, it'll be the biggest opportunity we have seen. What was the Davos conversations like? Just curious because I wasn't there this year. What's the reaction from the general world seeing around AI? Honestly, we're seeing reports in Europe a little bit more regulation oriented. I won't say Wild West, but Silicon Valley, we want to see more innovation. Where's the balance? What are you hearing? Yeah, Davos was been going to Davos for over a decade now and for the first time in ever, it was a very singular theme which was AI or die. I paraphrase, but everything about Davos was AI. And in fact, Davos, our World Economic Forum, I have never seen it for over a decade, just jump in with both feet on a technology prospect. And I saw the change happen on Monday as people are warming up at the reception, et cetera. The CEO was talking about, well, it was blockchain a couple of years ago, it was cryptocurrency or what have you, maybe a year before that, and now it's AI, ha ha ha ha, as they sip on their cocktails. But by Wednesday evenings, evening, it was very clear, oh my God, I called my C-suite and we said, the minute I'm back, I need an update as to what's going on with our AI trends. Now, so that was the excitement. So I came back from Davos and I was very, very clear that the investment in AI over the course of the next 18 months is going to be unprecedented. There's no effing and butts about that. There is another aspect to it which was cautionary, which is the regulations around AI so that it doesn't fall in the hands of bad actors. And by the way, the fact really is, John, when you democratize anything, by the nature of democratizing something, you are putting it in the hands of 99% good, 1% or 0.1% bad, and you just have to deal with it. Or else you don't democratize it, and I'm still in favor of democratizing it. So the point though I wanna make is regulations will play a huge part in ensuring that AI is adopted in the way that we hope it is adopted. And the three centers of regulation would be America, EU, and China. And what was very interesting when you talk about regulations, no one is disagreeing that we don't want or all three of them don't want the next world war to be started by machines. We do not want our identity to be hacked and be taken over by a machine. None of that. There's agreement there. The disagreement is around cultural aspects which are thousands of years in the making, like the Microsoft president actually put it really well, Brad. He said, you know, if you see the manifesto from EU and China, it's the difference between Aristotle and Confucius. So it is really that societal difference and how do you want to regulate, essentially what it means is, how do you want to regulate society? It's very different in America, very different in EU and in China. But I think we are extremely close to having a global regulation. The fact that it's even talking about society at this point to me is a great dot to connect. I think the bridge a little too far at this point, but the fact that it's being realized is interesting because that means full validation to your point earlier, Dave. Well, I want to go back to something you said about, just all the, it's combining all the waves of the past. So I've sort of wrote down, the PC was about microprocessor and so you've clearly got silicon playing a huge role today. The web, network effects, we've never seen anything like the adoption of open AI. You know, cloud turned the data center into an API. Now we're turning the technology into natural language interfaces. You know, social was all about data. You got a CAPEX build out, like what you didn't see for blockchain. You had pockets. And then you also introduced regulation, which is now way earlier in the cycle than it was for instance, when you know, Microsoft realized that, or the FCC or DOJ realized that, that Microsoft was going to put Netscape on a business and came in, you know, whatever, eight years too late. So now it's, all these forces are colliding at the same time, like we've never seen before. It's quite remarkable. It is quite remarkable. And there are actually two thoughts on this, David. One is, remember when mobile phones were two years into it, because we are in the second year of really the AI evolution revolution. That was 2009. Smart phones are mobile phones. Mobile phones. Oh, mobile phones. Mobile phones never go way back. Right? So remember those Motorola break-size phones, and you know. The phone bags. Phone bags, and by the way, you know, the battery life was 45 minutes and you put it next to your thing and your ear would turn maroon, you know? At least mine would. And so in the second year of any technology trend, there we are with AI, David, is far farther than we were with any of the previous evolutions. In cloud, we hadn't sorted out the data privacy and the easy controls and all the rest of it. With the internet, again, the monopoly effects weren't sorted out. I do give credit to the EU in terms of the GDPR and the privacy leadership that they've taken in that privacy regulation around data privacy is that's going to form the foundation of a global regulation. And so yeah, I mean, I think most of the technology CEOs would agree that we have all fretted and fumed about GDPR at some instance in our professional careers. But overall, I think, and I never thought the day would come and I would say that, but I think overall, it will benefit us in the long run. On your customer base with Single Store, you guys have a lot of discussions around databases and data. Where are their heads at now in terms of the challenges and opportunities they face? Because if we're talking about society impact, you've got to look at the enterprise impact now, they've got to be looking at general AI as one validated directionally. And then how do they start thinking about projects? And yeah, there's some experimentation. We heard here early all day today, again, reinforcing the vector embeds as a great way to start indexing content, at least to get context in a new way for the RAG retrieval augmentation generation to other enrichment data sources to enrich data. We've heard that theme, but it all comes back down to storage. Where do you store it? How do you access to it? Do the applications have access? So we're seeing this kind of, I won't say reset, but a refactoring of storage data access from a general AI perspective. What do you see from your vision enabling that level of disruption in a good way for those next apps? What's the conversations with customers? Yeah, when you've been in an industry as long as I've been, and by the way, I'm a computer science engineer by training, and I remember as I was graduating way back then, AI or robotics was a field I was very interested in because it just spoke to my math mind. And at that time, if you break down AI, it was really about storage and compute. So if you have enough data and fast enough compute, you can actually build models which have a larger sample size than the smaller sample size, which by virtue of the sample size are inaccurate. So fundamentally, you have to put that as the basis on which AI is built, data and compute. Everything else, as they say, is detailed. Now, there is no dearth of data in this world. In fact, by the time I finished this interview, the data created in the world would be more than the data created in the entire year of 2005. I mean, that's the speed at which data is being created. Compute, you're seeing the fastest uptake in market capitalization in one day $270 billion are thereabouts in Nvidia. There's a reason for that. There is a need for compute for AI to prosper. So those are the two foundational blocks. Now, let's keep compute separate for a second. It's not my domain expertise, but from a data perspective, I've spent 25 years in data. When I was at Tipco, we were doing predictive AI. In fact, we wrote the book on it, and it is a power to predict. Now, we were naturally predicting on a very small sample size, which was really essentially confined to that of the enterprises context of information and data. Now, the big difference between predictive and generative big difference at the banner level is the sample size that they are using to train models. Open AI sample size is orders of magnitude bigger than what we did with predictive analytics. So fundamentally, that's the difference. Now, if you were to then say that LLMs have democratized and given enough sample size to organizations to be able to use RAG, et cetera, to use that in a enterprise or consumer or their customer context, that's fantastic. So if we've established those two blocks, then the third block, which is where we come in, we've been doing vectors for six years at Singlestore. So vectors is not a new thing. The sample size increasing then has the need for, as you said, vector indices, all the rest of it, because speed becomes a huge factor. Now, when we are talking speed, we are talking about single digit millisecond speed. We are talking about petabyte scale. And we are talking about, when you're talking about scaling, complexity never scales, only simplicity does. So the three tenants that you really have is speed, scale, and simplicity. If those are the three tenants onto AI, then you would need a application development platform which has millisecond response time, has petabyte scale, and has simplicity. And I like to touch upon simplicity a little bit. The fact is if you went to any enterprise which is a Fortune 2000 company and asked how many databases do you have to build applications, the answer is going to be between 50 and 100. So if you're going to use 20 databases to build an application by design, you have 400 points, 399, n squared minus one points of failure. If you have 399 points of failure, you're never going to be effective in AI. You could try whichever magic wand that you want. So unless you simplify your data estate and ensure that you have a contextual store which is effectively feeding your rag onto an LLM, you aren't going to be effective. So if I was to advise someone asked an enterprise, yeah, go for the low-hanging fruit, the chatbots and the conversational AIs and all the rest of it. But if you are playing the long or even the medium-term game on AI, unless you simplify your data estate and rationalize your data estate and get rid of redundancies in terms of data assets that you have, you will never succeed in the long-term in AI. How do you do that and get the scale? Okay, because that's what I'm trying to, as you talk about that, I'm thinking, okay, simplifying makes sense. Then I start thinking, wait a minute, but I need scale. And I think in the early days of TIPCO, by the way, maybe you don't know that TIPCO actually really was one of the first pioneers in this concept of horizontally scaling data, and TIPCO bus was well-documented as one of the best things that happened. But again, inside a constrained system enterprise, how do you get that level of scale and get the simplicity? Is it knowledge graphs? Is it vector embeds, the combination of multiple things? Is it a data model? I mean, what are companies doing? What's that equation? It's just, I can't see that. Yeah, and forgive me, I get passionate about this topic. We'll enjoy it, we did masterclass here. No, no, no, I think you're very kind. I think scale has two aspects to it. Scale is scale of data, all right? And then how do you, so scale of data, right? So you need petabytes and tens and hundreds of petabytes, exabytes of data to really have that. Now, not all data is equal. There's hot data, there's warm data, and there's cold data, right? The most contextual data is the hot and the warm data, and the historical context is in the cold data, right? By the way, I love the data warehouses and all the rest of the technologies, but they are the cold data. They are the last resort for data, right? So whilst they provide a lot of historical context, the immediate real-time context is not provided by data warehouses. Yeah, they're like, they're historical systems of record, essentially. Historical systems of record. And it's not called a glacier. Well, no, frozen in time. See? That's archived. And by the way, I love some of what the data warehouse stores, like Snowflake and Google BigQuery, we partner with them. However, they have a different value proposition. It's models, what have we learned, all the rest of it. And they have the importance in technology. How do you capture hot data, warm data, without breaking the bank and marry it with historical data is really what operating at scale from a data means. Now, fortunately for us, we made certain architectural decisions at single store, which provides us a three-tier storage architecture, which is in-memory, disk, and then object store. So you can manage your hot data in-memory, sort of warm data in disk, and then as it cools, it goes to object store. So you get hot and warm data at the best ECU. And that's really why we called it single store. You guys use Genevieve AI to help make manage those tiers. Well, actually, the feature that managed those tiers when we were called MemSQL was single store. The name of the feature was single store. And I thought it was so applicable to what our mission, vision, and what the future of databases would be that we named the company single store. So absolutely relevant question. And yes, the answer is yes. There is another topic to scale, which then goes on to simplicity. The scale has to be scale of various kinds of data, transactional, analytical, and then the vector and the contextualization. Remember, no one talks about the fact that the archaic way of looking at application development of having a transactional system and an analytical system is just so archaic. You have to have the future of databases will be a database where you can have transactional and analytical system in one. Hence single store, right? That simplicity married with the scale that I was talking about, warm, hot, and cold data, is the recipe for AI. So can we stay on this for a second? Be sure. You're absolutely right. And you see the historical systems of record. Snowflake, Databricks taking a different path, but they're all trying to get to transactions. Whether it's Unistore or Mongo, maybe the reverse, trying to bring analytic to their system of record database. So you see those worlds coming together. We've seen some examples of organizations doing very big memory, you've got memory tiering, bringing those together. So where do you see that going? Because we had just had Uber in here and we use the metaphor Uber for all where you have a digital representation of your business, people, places, things, riders, drivers, BTAs, destinations, et cetera, in a single system that is not moving data from the transaction system into the analytic system, analyzing it and then pushing it back. It's actually a system of agency that takes action in real time. Do you see that as feasible technically and how do you play? So, you know, I'm going to ask. Without 3000 Uber engineers. Yeah. So I should have my marketing department just basically write down exactly what we said and put it on a single store brochure because that's exactly what the single store technology is. We have the ability to transact with high fidelity and reason with data without moving data in a hybrid, multi-cloud environment with millisecond response times. So that is single store. You are spot on that the future of databases, the war would be won by someone with that vision, whether it's us or someone else. And by the way, it's further validated if you really see by Amazon and even Google, which are talking about stitching various kinds of databases through zero ETL, all right? The fundamental basis of that comes back to speed scale and simplicity. The problem is when you stitch with zero ETL, you're still having two different databases. Data is still moving when data moves, bad things happen and in the cloud world is also expensive. So, and I like to address one other point that you asked because by the way guys, I love talking to you guys because you're so informed and it's so awesome. It's just, it's a real conversation. The fact is that if you really see the islands of computing and we talk about snowflake and data breaks because they've really taken, for the right reasons, the oxygen out of the data conversation because they've executed so brilliantly, right? The three kind of swim lanes that you have, which they are trying to dominate is the data warehouse or the data repository, the ML, AI ML ops, yeah? And in the middle is what you said, the application store or a database on which you can write applications, which is what the snowflake vision of Unistore is. Now, both of them have to whatever varied degree, the bookends of the data warehouse or Delta Lake as data breaks has and the ML AI ops, the transactional layer where you can actually have applications take advantage of these both is what the battle is and that's essentially the layer that we provide. Mongo, you're right, they are more transactional and they are limited in their analytical capability and also understand that data in the transactional stores are very transitionary and hence if you want to go into the consumption model which is the most rewarded model, OLTP is probably not the place you want to be at. So I do think that there isn't going to be a 800 pound gorilla in this field. There are going to be a few players at least for the next five or seven years. There's going to be consolidation in our sort of industry. I do think there are going to be a number of acquisitions that'll happen over the course of next 18 months to three years to fulfill that vision of ML AI ops application development layer and then the Delta Lake or the data warehouse. It's interesting to hear how you describe single store. Thank you for that. But I agree with you, there won't be one to rule them all. But it feels like today we're setting up for a number of partial solutions. Like you look at what Amazon is doing, you're right. It's like, they've got metadata in some data store with glue and they've got a different one for data zone and you look at what you mentioned Snowflake and Databricks, they're all these sort of, Stopeite, the metadata is still very separate and it seems like when you listen to Satya talk about the AI actually taking action. To do that, you have to trust it. You have to have a single source of truth, single source of truth. To your earlier point, John, how can you do that to scale? How can you not have a unified data model and scale? It's been possible. And so what's your vision for a unified metadata model as we transition from a world of sort of application centric world to a data centric world? Yeah, I think the applications would, fundamentally the difference is, when I've learned programming way back when, it was the if then, else loop, right? So we were feeding data into the application logic, right? So there was an application logic and we fed data into it and then the application did what it did. It's actually, the model driven applications are slightly different where the data drives the logic of that application. So that's fundamentally the shift that's happened in applications. However, you have to have the ability to transact, as I said, with high fidelity in what I'm really referring to as asset compliance, et cetera, where there is an indelible signature of a transaction happening. Otherwise, there's no fidelity of that transaction. And how do you store that transaction closest to the analytical or the reasoning layer is the seminal challenge, right? You can do it by moving data in a deeply constrained structured for purpose or pipeline, which is what zero ETL is, or have a database by design that has you transact and analyze without moving data. So for example, in single store and it's on the web, you can actually see transactions happening on the left side of your screen. And based on the transaction, the next likely action changing on the right side of the screen in real time. Same data. Same data. And what that does to you is that is where interactive analytics come into play, which is the stepping stone towards generative AI. So I'm glad we are actually talking about real problems facing gen AI than the vanity issues, which are probably three years from now. How do you focus on the hygiene of your data estate? Is the seminal challenge that people should be thinking about today if they are thinking AI? And that hygiene factor is exactly what you refer to. How do you close the distance between transactions and analytics, right? Without having to use 30 different databases because that creates complexity and complexity doesn't scale. And without scale, you don't have. So you can do it with a lot of memory. That's one approach. We see that with, for instance, MySQL HeatWave. Big, Mongo, no pun intended memory. You have taken a tiered approach. Others are trying to rethink how you lay out data on a disk or a flash. Can you explain how you see a single store participating?  Let's just call, they have a heritage, right? SQL Server is not distributed and it sells $14 billion of it. No one in their right mind should be buying a SQL Server. I mean, again, that's just the truth. It's just there. Some of my best friends are work for it and they're very bright engineers. But how can... Cash, Cal, because it's... Exactly right, exactly right. And call it what it is, right? It's not distributed, can you imagine? So every time you want to upgrade, you have to go buy a bigger machine on Azure which is really the business Microsoft wants to promote. So yeah, you can be a visionary and talk about whatever else you want. However, your business model talks completely differently to what the visionary conversations are. That's such a life, right? Snowflake and Databricks do not have another business to rely on but software. So out of Microsoft and or CSP providers and us data providers, we have no option if we fail in data, we just as a company, we fail, right? So there is some integrity of thought when it comes to data from our sides, right? We could be, we could defer and be, that's okay. However, the fact is that if our data strategy doesn't succeed, we don't succeed. And I think all of us agree that there shouldn't be data movement between databases or data centers. No question. Not even data centers, but data repositories because that is not beneficial to anyone. And that's why Snowflake, again, the Unistore aspect, Databricks is trying to integrate all of that unified stack. And I once got a great advice that when you pitch your company, never say it's an Uber 4 or a Groupon 4 or an iPhone 4. However, the fact really is where the data companies are going is the smartphone iPhone concept where you will have an integrated device of sorts where you have transactions, analytics, and contextualization of your data in one store. When you're, you know, hopefully when we are sitting here after a nice round of golf with John, three or five years for sure, we said, remember when we were still debating whether there should be one store or more? So we're playing golf in three years for this weekend. Next week, Friday. Just to follow up on that point, do you build intelligent apps on top of that store? All right, that's the key. Yes, so that's a very important point. Yes. The fact is a little bit of the oxygen got taken out of the room with the vector-only databases, right? The pine cones and the milvices of the world. I haven't had greater conviction about anything in my life more than the conviction I have that the vector-only databases will never survive. It's a feature. It's a feature set, right? And I think they're facing the heat in year two, or two and a half of their revenues, you know, facing a steep decline. And the reason for that is the incumbent databases, whether it's me or it's Mongo or Snowflake or whatever else, they are going to have a vector ability. Now, vector-only databases might have a three month, six month sort of advantage on us vendors from a vector search indices perspective. We'll catch up. Yeah, better future, but you're going to buy a separate database.  And so the incumbent vector store will be the way companies will go, right? And I talked to some of the biggest Fortune 500 companies. They are not using a vector-only database, right? So the application development on generative AI will happen on a general purpose database with vector capability. So there is no if and and buts about it, which sits on top of a data repository, a Delta Lake or a Snowflake or a, you know, whichever Redshift or what have you. That is going to be the architecture and connects onto the LLMs and has the RAG functionality that it enables. Well, Raj, it's been great to have you here for this fireside chat. I appreciate you spending your valuable time coming into theCUBE studios to speak with us on this AI innovator segment. Great to have you on. And what's new with you? What's next off to another trip? You're doing a lot of media, noticing a lot of public presence. What's new, what's next for you? What are you doing? Yeah, no, it was a fairly cathartic experience writing a book, John. Time is now and I am still uncomfortable plugging it. So it's just, the name is Time is Now. It encapsulates really three parts of in the book. One is, you know, just the people who influenced me in my life, mostly women and I'm a product of women as I say. The second is how fortunate I was to be born in this time where I went on this technology ride from selling printers and PCs in India, climbing up stairs and lugging PCs to now talking about generative AI. And the last part of the book just talks about the fact that the culmination of everything that I have been through serendipitously, the pointy end of the spear is now AI. And then I have a few recommendations in terms of how organizations can approach AI. Every time you have an inflection point, this one bigger than any of the ones in the past creates wealth creation opportunities, entrepreneurial opportunities, new market opportunities, life changing, society changing opportunities and the time is now. Yeah, I'll just leave you with one thought and you know, I was talking to Van Jones who have become slightly close with over the years and he says some of the biggest changes happen in the world when, and I hope I can remember the four pillars that he talks about. He says education, finance, which is New York, the federal government, right? And Hollywood connect on something because that is really the biggest change that happens and especially for the underprivileged and the vulnerable. And AI is that one glue that binds these four agents together so, and I think especially for the vulnerable and the underserved in society, it's gonna be a huge thing. Whenever the game changes, it's up to level up and tear down those sacred cows that were once institutional blockers for people who can't advance. Appreciate you coming on theCUBE. Of course, we bring all the action we can as fast as we can here in theCUBE in our super studio. We're super cloud six is ongoing and we're going to continue live coverage. I'm John Furrier, Dave Vellante. Stay with us for more AI innovators after this short break.


Okay folks, Larry Pesavento for TFNN and the market was sharply higher earlier in the evening with the Dow Jones Nasdaq and S&P taking out the highs of last Thursday by a slight amount and then of course the market reversed sometime in the middle of the night and has been going down ever since. I posted the chart of the Nasdaq weekly and as you can see we've completed multiple A-B-C-D patterns up into this area much as we have with the S&P and also the Russell and the Dow Jones has went actually 150 points higher than any target that we had but that's just because of two or three stocks possibly. We're in the midst of another rainstorm here in Tucson folks and we'll have to get ready to build an arc or something because boy we have really received a lot of rain here in the last three days but there's no hail so it shouldn't be too bad and it should end today so that's a good thing. The second thing I wanted to talk about is the gold market folks. I only got a second or two but those of you that are involved in the gold market you can see we had an A-B-C measuring to $22.90 today on the weekly chart. The high was $22.87. We're now down about $30 from that high doesn't mean much but going below $22.44 either today or tomorrow would really significant that we would be looking at some major possible move here in the gold market so be very careful. I know everybody's bullish but they have to be most bullish at the top and most bearish at the bottom that's where it goes so that's a key thing to look at. Now since we've only got you on for a few seconds the one thing we wanted to do was to measure the time between the low that we had back in November to the high that we had here in March and if that's the case it should be somewhere near where we're coming into where we're going at right now and as you mark it up you can see we're right over that same thing and that this cycle is equal to this cycle in both time and price. So that's something that we're paying attention to so stay tuned if you can have some great guests coming this week we've got Stan Harley we've got Bill Meridian and we've got Norm Winske as our guest and I believe I had one other guest and dog on it I can't remember who it is and I will get that one for you later. Oh Paula Webb so she'll be with us too so stay tuned and we'll be right back after we pay a few bills for TFNN.


What's up guys, Ruckson34 back with a collection video and this is my collection. You guys have been asking me about this for a while. You said I want to see your binder collection. I showed it several months ago at this point, so it's definitely a lot different. So I think it's time you guys voted on that poll where I voted put the 15k special. It won, but second place was the collection binder. It was pretty high. I have two binders. One is most of the way full and one is doesn't have that much in it, but it's all tournament packed stuff. So it's going to be pretty cool. Let's get into it. And by the way, this is my second time recording this because I definitely did not plug in my mic last time. So let's see if you guys enjoy it as much this time, but before I'll just tempt you with this, the giveaway. These three cards, I actually pulled these two cards out of a mystery cube and I'll just pull out some legacy packs. I posted it on my YouTube story. Make sure you guys are watching my YouTube stories. There's a lot of cool stuff on there and I kind of like them. The thing is it's super weird. It doesn't let me reply to you guys like on the app. I get on there and you guys comment on my story and then I can't reply. It's super weird. I can hard it, but I can't reply. So if you guys know how to reply for some reason, let me know that I'm struggling with them. So yeah, all you have to do is like the video, be subscribed and let me know your favorite card from the two binders, whichever one you like the most, or why, you know, whatever. We're going to, we're not going to do anything crazy this time. You just like it. And then I'm going to pick a random winner, the randomizer and that guy wins. So yeah, sorry to all you guys who didn't win. I'm really sorry, but let's get into it. So here we go. As you can see, we've pulled a lot of these cards on the channel. We have Star Eater Secret Rare. We pulled that two Ghost Rare Scar lights that we pulled both of those. We also pulled the Ulta Rare and the Secret Rare. We've also pulled two of those, but I'm going to, I think I'm grading the other ones of these. Then we have the Ghost Rare Red Eyes Flair Metal and the Ulta and Secret that we got from the $4,000 collection. That was pretty insane. I'm definitely, like at last time, when I recorded it last time, which was, you know, two seconds ago, it kind of went through where I got the cards from. It was kind of fun. So here we go. We got Secret Rare and then we got the DT and the Ulta Trishulis. That's pretty awesome. We got the Brionic, the DT Brionic and the two Hidden Arsenal versions. We've got the Gun Gear. Last time I said Gug near by accident, so I'm glad that we didn't record that, even though I just told you guys. So I guess I just outed myself. So dang it. All right, here we go. Let's keep going. Yeah. Okay, we got Ghost Rare. This one I actually got from old school expert like several months ago, and it was like a lot cheaper at that point. Now it's super expensive. So I'm glad I have it. First edition Red Dragon Archvenous Soul Mode. So that's really cool. We got the Doom Kaiser Dragon Ultis. And now, guys, I actually remember the names of my cards because I did a trial run. So I was the first, I was like, what is the name of this card again? But I just did it, so I know. So we got the Ghost Rare Power Tool Dragon. This one is from Fiche. All right, yeah, we're back. We're back. Plug the phone in. All right, Power Tool Dragon. Ghost Rare. We got this from Fiche on Instagram. Pretty awesome. That was a while ago, but a beautiful card. I mean, just look at that. I mean, that card looks beautiful from this angle. We got the Ulti that we pulled on video. That was awesome from the Special Edition with First Edition Packs. Then we got the Ulti Red Dragon Archvenous not First Edition, but pretty insane from Loose Packs. That was cool. Odin, Father of Ace here. I don't remember where I got that card from. This one I got from Old School Expert. Back then it was like four bucks. Now it's like 40. So that's crazy that this card went from four bucks to 40 in a few months. And then Drunken Berserker. I pulled that one in a video. That was cool. We have Horus over here. Horus Black Flame Dragon Ultimate Rare. Very difficult to find in First Edition. And unlimited as well. But we actually pulled this one.  And I pulled Arm Dragon Level 5 Ultimate Rare. That was pretty crazy. Speaking of Yuugimo, yes guys, I know. I know he destroyed me. I watched the video. Anyone who watched that video knows that I was decimated. By the way, if you haven't watched that video that Yuugimo posted against me, you definitely know watch it. I've never seen it happen before. Well, I have seen it happen before, but only from Haunted 9 if you get my drift. So here we go. Arm Dragon Level 7. Let's continue on. No more promo on Yuugimo. By the way, he's almost had 1,000 subs, so make sure you subscribe to him. Okay. Yeah, there we go. We have Ultimate Rare. This was from Petty Party. It was about to say Peter, which is also his name. So I got this one and this one, the Cyber in Dragon Ultimate Rare. Both from him. Unlimited, but they look really, really awesome. We have the Hero Flash. That's pretty incredible. The Tempest I got from Sloshed. I think it was from Sloshed. Or was it from? I think it was from him. I can't remember. Yeah, he is YouTube. So check him out. Yeah, Elemental Hero, Wild Wingman, Ultimate Rare. One of these got a 6. One of these was the one that got a 6, and one we just pulled and didn't grade. Then we got the story about the Gemini Elf. I've already mentioned this today, but you guys didn't see it.  I don't say this very often and I don't complain about this, but PSA, I think, did ding the corner on it and it got a 9, which is a bummer because I thought it was a 10 and now it's like a $800 card and a 10. Yeah, so it was a bummer. But that's okay. So I cracked it out. I was gonna put it in the binder anyway and then I damaged it more. I put a pressure line on it trying to crack it out. So this card's just been through the ringer. It still belongs in the binder. First edition, we pulled it on a video. That's pretty crazy. I have 24 packs of them in PokiRab. Yeah, so I'm shouting everybody out in this video. Here we go. Secret Rare. This one was pulled against Old School. That was from one of you guys. You guys sold me the pack. So that was pretty cool. We got Portuguese Metal Raiders. Those were good times, opening all those boxes. This is the infamous Chaos Emperor Dragon Ultra Rare that I pulled in 2018. And then I was like, wow, $30 card. Yu-Gi-Oh is actually expensive. And I was like, maybe I'll like get back into it and see what's going on. And now I'm obviously back into it. Here we go. We got all kinds of crazy stuff like Chaos Emperor Dragon. We pulled that one in the video recently. You guys need to watch that. That was insane. I pulled both of these. This was in the, it was in a special. It was like the 9K special, I think we pulled this out of like one LOD pack or two. And then this one was out of the booster box. And it was either 36 or 24 pack first edition. I've opened both of those on the channel. Go check those videos out. That was insane. Only like a year ago at this point when we opened those first edition boxes, sealed. Phantom Darkness Box, we pulled this. We also pulled another card later in here, but the Goblin Zombie, not first edition. That box would be insane first edition. This one was Tactical Evolution. This was Enemy of Justice. Pulled all the clock towers.  Here is the only product of our glass 100 pack opening. Fortunately, it's like $200 now according to TCG player. So I'll take that. This was out of three random CDIP packs. That was insane. You guys remember our Rise of Destiny special edition? First edition with five Ultis. Well, here you go. There's the three of them. It's pretty good. You guys remember when we opened Judgment of the Light? Like every single video. And we pulled Susanowo every time. Well, there they are. Three of them. So we pulled three of those suckers and then just keep showing up. So there they are. We put them in a row. We gave them some respect. Maybe they'll leave us alone now. Yeah, we got some more stuff that we pulled. We got the Cosmo Dark Destroyer. We got some Xen mains. We got the Ultimate Rare and the Seeker Rare. Oh, that's Xen master. Sorry. And then number 34 for Ruxen 34. Somebody said that in the comments. So I was like, I was hating on it. And they were like, that's 34. And I was like, dude, that's my name. And then my number. So it's like, why do I not like it? So now I like it. It's in the binder. Okay. Crystal and Zincra. I don't know what I'm talking about, guys. I'm recording way later than normal. Normally I'd do this way earlier in the day. But I have to record a video because if I don't record now, you guys won't get a video. And then you'll be like, where's Ruxen? And I'll be like, I let you guys down. I didn't post a video. But speaking of that, I'm probably not going to post every single day. Like at some point, I'm going to stop posting every single day. And I'm going to post like five days a week, maybe. But then maybe I'll be like, I want to post more. And I haven't decided yet. So let me know what you guys think about that. If you made it eight minutes into the ramble, then let me know what you think about posting five days, three days, seven days, six days. How many days should I post? I know a lot of you guys like every day, but I know a lot of you guys don't watch every day. I know for a fact.  You don't have time. You know, whatever. Let me know.  You know, if I have put more money into different videos, you know what I'm saying? So here we go. Continuing on. Number 17. We pulled this Ultimate Rare, A Hero Lives. Pulled that. These two were from the 4K collection. We get into it. We got some Pokemon. Yes. Iraqi Duelist is going to call me a simp. But here we go. The most beautiful Pokemon card in all of Pokemon. It's a topscar. Ghost or Lugia. It's not actually a ghost rare, but it looks like one. Beautiful. If you've seen Rhyme Style, he's been trying to pull one recently. Hopefully he does. It's pretty cool. But this is one of my favorite cards in general. Not a Shugio. Not just Pokemon. I mean, it's obviously Pokemon, so not just Shugio. But yeah, I love this card. This card I bought randomly and it's super cheap. So I'm not just going to resell it because you don't make anything. So it looks really cool. So I'm just going to keep it in here. We pulled both of these collector's rares. See back there, the Valkyrie and the Chaos Creator. This one was on my own and this one was with Intige. This one, I pulled this test print out of the Jinzo 10 out of the 6K special. That was crazy. It's crazy that that was the 6K special. That seems like it was just yesterday. I bought this one. These were from the 10K special. These Super Rares from Debby C11. By the way, if you have Debby C11 packs in, yep. And there is another test print. We got some Secret Rares from the 10s. This one, I didn't open that 10. I just got it at some point. I remember Gladiator's Assault Special Edition. You guys remember opening those. Much better than our loose packs with Gladiator's Assault. Those are rough. Here are more Secret Rares that we pulled. We did pull this Ghost Ogre from Cross Souls out of one booster box. And that car is super expensive now. It's like $100. Maybe a little bit less now, but it was over $100. It was like $120 at one point. This one was gifted by one of you guys when I bought something from him. So that was cool. Free Secret Rares. I will always take that. That's really cool. Here is, yep, the anniversary pack we opened in the 10K. Super extensive pack. It's like $400 now. It's crazy. We got some Ghost Rares from our Hot In Mind where we pulled all those gores. We got five Casember Dragons of Armageddon. By the way, speaking of Armageddon, I know some of you guys were like, you shouldn't open more Armageddon because you already opened some. One guy said, open newer stuff. And I was like, the only thing newer than Armageddon is Rise of the Duelist. And I was like, and I've already pulled the two biggest cards. And I'm really not interested in anything in Rise of the Duelist except the Starlights. And I'm already pulled two of them. So it's kind of like buying into it at this point. I think I'm kind of down with Rise of the Duelist. I'm just going to wait for Ra to come out. And we're going to try and pull like Ghost Rares. That's going to be pretty cool. We've got a couple of Firewalls. Here's some more from the LOD boxes I opened. We've got some more reprints here. We've got Portuguese, pretty cool. DT Crows. We've got Blackbuster Soldier, Soldier of Chaos. The Repetitive Soldier. We've got Double Draco Sack. We've got a play set of Body of My Shield. Some random stuff like Blue-Eyes Duel Terminal, pretty cool. I bought that a while back from Dylan, I think, on Instagram. We've got some Genix Undines. Ultimate Rares from Chalices. We pulled this into the 10K. We didn't pull this, but that's a really epic Ultimate Rare Cover card. This was the worst Soul of the Duelist box of all time. The Uniboo right there, that's what I call her, and then the Greed. And then we got some Tactical Evolution Ultimate Rares. More stuff from the 4K. We've got Mermails. We've got Blackwing. We pulled more Mermails. This is from our Phantom Darkness box. Go check that video out. That was really cool. Vampire's Curse. That is one of my favorite looking cards. Just look at that card. That is sweet. And then we've got more Crossroads of Chaos. We pulled some of this stuff a while back. Blackwing. That was from our Shining Darkness box, wasn't it? Yeah, that was forever ago. This was also a gift. Ultimate Rare. So that was super cool. We got, obviously, Premium Pack, Dark Magician of Black Chaos. I always get them mixed up because their names are very similar. They're just like Reverse, like Yoda. Very weird. But super cheap card. Really awesome though. So really cool. Some more Dark Beginning stuff. Yeah. And some random stuff here, like our Portuguese Gaia that we pulled from our first day at Portuguese Box. We got some other stuff, some cool stuff. Ultimate Rares. Here's more stuff from the 4K, the Mermails. I'm not super attached to those. They're just kind of expensive, so I put them in there. Crush card virus. That's cool. The Ghost Rare Varkian. Ghost Rare Boozion that we got off in a recent collection with two Ulties. And number 39, Utopia, Ray Victory. That is the cover card from Judging the Light. We pulled that. So that's the end of that binder. Pretty cool stuff in there. Still a few pages we could fill out. But yeah, we're going to go into the next binder and show you guys my Tournament Pack stuff. All right. This one is Tournament Pack. And it's all Tournament Pack through OTS stuff. So there's some pretty crazy stuff. Like you guys see that faded TP-1 mech chaser. I graded it. It got a 7, which I thought was pretty harsh because it's in really nice shape.  Yeah. Then the accelerator back here is like mod plate. Most of it's near mint though. Like these are near mint. This I pulled myself in a recent video. Not that recent, but TP-1 pack. Rare. So rare is better than nowhere. Which is pretty cool. You can get no rears. So it's near mint. It has a little bit of a ding. Called by the grave. We got the needle worm. That guy's in like light play, very light play. Maybe near mint. And then we got our other TP-3 chaser. I bought this beast skull. I don't remember where I got that from. The morphine jar we pulled yesterday. Make sure you check that one out. That video is insane. We pulled the TP-4 morphine jar. It's in really good near mint shape. I bought this one from Vins on IG. We pulled two of these. One was pulled by Tim. Maybe we pulled two ourselves. I can't really remember honestly. We got this one was pulled with Gezi. When we opened those 60 packs of TP-4. Which I shared in the last video. But if you guys haven't seen it, check that out. It was a long time ago. Has no views on it. So maybe you'll see some content you haven't seen for me before. Why do you guys say you've watched all my videos? And I know for a fact you've not watched them all. Because there's some random ones you guys have not seen. We pulled one of these needle worms. Pretty cool. He can make a cybers actually not in good shape. But I bought it because I didn't have it. A tune table of contents. I'm actually getting some TP-6 packs. So hopefully we'll pull more of those. Fusion Sage. Got Double Restructure Revolution. Warrior of Elimination. Warrior of Elimination. Double Luminous Soldier. Breaker is pretty expensive. Dunamis is very expensive. TP-8 is just crazy expensive in general. Like almost every card with Harvest Feather Duster. And the Old Chair Magical Arm Shield is not that expensive. But it's pretty rare in 10. There's like six of them. Here's our Champion Pack 2 stuff we did pull. Two Magician of Fate. There's one. There's one as a PSA-10. We got this as Unlimited. Not Unlimited, sorry. Near Mint. And then another. We got a PSA-9. Didn't get the 10. Here's the CP-03. We opened at the 15k special just recently. We pulled that Damage Gravekeeper, which was really sad. Then we have CP-04. I did pull four of these Stinkin Hydra Get-Ons. Which is painful. One is being graded. I graded one of the Apprentice Magicians. One I sold I think. And then here's the Ultra Gurney. Cards worth almost nothing. Unfortunately not gradable. Here's our CP-05. We just opened like yesterday or wherever that was. Was that yesterday? Yeah, it was. So we pulled some really cool cards out of there. None of those are really grade-worthy. So they're going in here. Here's our Turbo Pack. Literally two cards from Turbo Pack in here. That's all I have. Then we go to Astro Pack. I got this stuff from the 4k collection. We got Astro Pack 6. Two of these. Astro Pack 7. One of these I did pull. We got Dark Law. We pulled that. We didn't pull the Rygeki or the Swap Frogs. Or the Instant Fusions. All those were from the 4k collection. A lot of this was from the 4k collection. We pulled these. These. We'll pull all six of these cards actually. All of that. Scapegoats. Stratos. We upgraded one of those Stratos. This one has a ding on the side so I couldn't. But Shizuki's. We pulled both of those. We pulled both of the desires. We pulled five. No, four of these OTS-12 cards. One of these was in the collection. We pulled this Bountiful Artemis yesterday. And then we have two more Book of Moons. One we did pull. Yeah, we pulled one of these Book of Moons against Yugimo. But yeah, that's it for this video, guys. That was pretty awesome. I'm going to try and total up the whole value. And it's probably worth too much. If you guys want to buy it for 100k, just let me know. 100k, yeah. That's my price, so yeah. Pretty cool. Yeah, but I hope you guys enjoyed the video. I'll see you guys later. Thanks for watching. Peace.