Chapter nine is t-tests, and in this chapter, we're going to talk about what's called the one sample t-test, the repeated measures t-test, and the two sample t-tests, along with a few versions of Cohen's D, a measure of effect size that's useful for t-tests. So that's the what. In terms of why we study this, it's actually nice because t-tests are one of the easiest ways of comparing groups. It's one of the easiest inferential tests there is. And by extension, it's also one of the most common. You'll see t-tests in a million research presentations and articles. In the psychological sciences, especially in experimental psychology, they're all over the place. And so this is a great tool to have when you're working with data. It also serves as the foundation for several of the following chapters. You can think of them as themes and variations. Analysis of variance is a nice extension of t-tests. You can think of regression and correlation as being a continuous version of t-tests. So it builds into a lot of other things. Now, in terms of what for, what would you use this for? Well, the fact is you do implicit versions of t-tests all the time. And looking, for instance, at people from Utah and you're comparing them to the U.S. population, you're taking one sample and comparing it to a population. So maybe you're looking at something like the cost of living or family size or political attitudes or international experience. Anything that you can measure quantitatively, you can put a number on, that's something you can do with a one-sample t-test. Or in the case of a two-sample t-test, if you're comparing two different groups of people, people do this a lot when they're comparing men and women or when they're comparing Democrats and Republicans or the comparing people who graduated from college with people who didn't. Again, you want to look at things like income, you want to look at well-being, you want to look at levels of social support, something you can put a quantitative number on, that's a great time to use a two-sample t-test.  Like, for instance, you go to the gym every day, are you any stronger after a month? You get better lighting, natural lighting at work or maybe even a raise, are people happier? Are they more likely to show up for work after that intervention than before? These are all examples of things that you could measure explicitly, but you also do intuitive versions of them all the time. And so the t-test and its variations, the one-sample, two-sample and repeated measures, are great, simple tools for looking at whether differences between groups are a fluke, that's our null hypothesis, or something meaningful and worth looking into more closely. Take it from there and you will find that you do some version of the t-test all the time.


So this section is going to be demonstration of the entire billiary system. We have the abdomen in front of us This is the supine cadaver. This is the right side. This is the left side The camera person is on the right side towards the foot edge. This structure which I picked up here This is the common vial duct. We are going to start from distal and go to proximal. This is the diodenum and We have opened up the diodenum here and my probe has now gone into the Hepatopancreatic ampulla and we can see that it is pushing into the Main pancreatic duct of virso and we can feel the probe here. Normally this opening is not so big But in this case we can see that my little finger is also going in And when I push my probe a little upward direction, we can see that it is now coming to the common vial duct here So this is the common vial duct which is entry onto the posterior aspect of the head of the pancreas and We have split the head of the pancreas in the posterior aspect And we can see the common vial duct going. So now let's trace the common vial duct the common vial duct runs in the Right free margin of the hepatodermal ligament which extends from the first part of the diodenum to the liver and as it goes up the common vial duct divides into a right hepatic duct and Left hepatic duct and we can see that here. And once it goes into the liver it divides into multiple Biliri radicals We yet we see one more duct here. This is the remnant of the cystic duct This patient has already undergone colocystectomy and we can see the clip that they have applied on the cystic duct There is no ball ride So this is the remnant of the cystic duct once the cystic duct opens into the common hepatic duct Then the rest of it has become known as the common vial duct. So this is the full course Let's come to the blood supply of the biliri system This is the celiac trunk and we can see this branch coming out This is the hepatic artery The common hepatic artery is the second largest branch of the celiac trunk and the common hepatic artery as it's traveling To the right it gives off a big branch and that we can see here This is the gastrodural artery and after that the common hepatic artery makes an upward bend and it becomes known as the Hepatic artery proper in this case. We can see not one but two hepatic arteries So we would say that this is the right hepatic artery and this is the left hepatic artery From the right hepatic artery We know we have the cystic artery coming out and so we would say that since this patient is already undergone colocystectomy This is the remnant of the cystic artery and we can see again yet another clip Which was applied to the cystic artery Additionally, we can see that there's yet one more branch which is going into the liver So therefore the common hepatic artery is not one but three here one here One here and one here and this is the remnant of the cystic artery So this cystic artery runs in the calore strangle So if the calore strangle had been present then the calore strangle is formed by one margin by the cystic duct another margin by the common hepatic duct and the other margin by the liver and One of the contents of the calore strangle is the cystic artery Which would have been present here and the gallbladder fossa is this one here and we can see that the gallbladder fossa is empty So therefore this patient has undergone colocystectomy. Let's mention a few important clinical correlations to the biliary system We can cannulate like where my probe has gone in by means of an endoscope and we can inject a radiocopic dye And that way we can outline the entire pancreatic system and we can outline the entire biliary system That is known as endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatogram Another investigation that is done after surgery especially after common bile duct exploration in the case of stones in the common bile duct We can put in a tube a t-tube inside the common bile duct The short limb of the t-tube will be here and the long limb will comes out through the domain here 14 days after surgery we can inject radiocopic contrast to see if the whole passage is patient and if it is patient We can pull out the tube that procedure is referred to as t-tube cholangio gram That is another investigation which is done after surgery I can mention one more clinical condition that seems to be present in this particular patient We notice that this patients the diodenum is highly dilated and we have opened up the diodenum And we also notice that she had diodenal diverticulum and my finger has gone into one of the diverticulum here In this connection I can mention a syndrome, which is not very common though that is known as lemel syndrome a Periampillary diodenal diverticulum can compress the intra pancreatic portion of the common bile duct and can produce dilatation of the common bile duct Approximately and can lead to obstructive jaundice and that condition is known as lemel syndrome We are not sure whether this patient has lemel syndrome or not But we can see that the common bile duct appears to be dilated So this is what we notice about the entire biliary system in this particular cadaver We thank you very much for watching if you have any questions or comments Please put them in the comment section below dr. Sanjay Sanyal sunny out. Have a nice day


Okay, so this is going to be a tutorial on how to do style transfer using spell. It's from this GitHub repo by the guy who did the real-time style transfer thing that you sent me. So you can follow the instructions here, but I will run through them as well. And it references an article in spell itself about transferring style. So I'm just kind of following along with this. It requires Python and it requires pip, so if you don't have both of those things on your machine already, what you probably do, because you've got style transfer working, but if you don't have those things, you'll need to install them. You can always get a thing called Anaconda Navigator which you download from the web. You can search for Anaconda Navigator download and you can create an environment. You go create, give it a name, and then choose your Python version and create that environment. And it comes with pip install, so 19.2.3. Once you have all that stuff running, you can go make a folder on your hard drive, change directory into that folder. So I made one called gray area spell. And I've got an image I'm going to train it on in this train images directory. So you can see that here. There's my image. That's just the image from their tutorial. And now I'm going to just kind of follow along here. So pip install spell. Now it'll probably tell me it's already installed. Nope. Some kind of problem. So I have pip3 and pip. So I need to make sure that I run pip3 install spell. This only works on Python 3, I think. Which you should be running anyway. Okay, so that's installed. Let's check it by running spell. And I get a list of commands. I'm going to type spell login. And I'm going to try to remember my login. It probably won't work. Oh, there we go. We're in. Okay, so I'm going to clone this repo. Change directory into it. And just follow all those steps here. So make directory checkpoint. Touch checkpoint to ignore. Make directory images. Draw your images style. And we're going to move this image into the... I didn't say to move it. Images style. Okay, so this is the thing. This is the style we're going to want to copy. So that will be transferred onto any, you know... If somebody steps in front of the webcam, it's going to render it in that style. Right, that's probably obvious. Okay, okay. We're going to do git and... I don't know why I need to commit to git. I'm doing it. And now we're going to make a spell run. This does charge you... It's not much. Looks like it took him about an hour and a half to run this. We'll see how long it takes us. So I'm going to go ahead and get that going. And put you on pause. Okay, so what that did is download the model. It uses a data set called Cocoa. And once it gets all that stuff and extracts it to Drive, then it'll tell you it's done. And it's set this up as run for. So if I were to go into Spell, which who knows which window that's in. I see I've got a run here and it took me 36 minutes. Which is way faster than the last time it ran, which was an hour. Not sure what the difference was. Anyway, we're going to continue with the tutorial. So we've done the setup. And I'm going to paste this into a window. So I can see what I'm about to run first. Okay, so it's where it says the run number of your setup run. That is this number here for. And it says where it says your style image name. We're going to want to do images style. We call it train image. So train image.jpg. We'll leave the style weight as it is. This is a machine type K80. It says he used a V100. I'm going to use that too. Because I've used them in the past. And let's just see what that does. It's kind of like a middle of the road machine. I don't know what a K80 is. And then we just want to make sure we're in the right directory. So inside the fast style transfer folder. Yup, I'm in the right spot. Should be able to just paste this. Hit enter. And it's casting the spell. So that's going to run. And it's going to take a few hours. Okay, when it's done, you can download the results. And so I'm just going to make a inside the spell directory. Not the fast style transfer directory. I'm going to do a runs folder. And I'm going to use one of the previous runs. Since the one we just did is still running. And so let's go ahead and change into that directory. I'm just going to open up a new window. You can close this window by the way. It's fine. It's running remotely. Let us know on our machine what the status is versus having to log in online. Anyway, so change into runs three. Actually, we want to change into spell. So CD space. Drag that folder in or type in the path to wherever you saved it. And now let's try this. Spell LS runs three. Spell LS runs three. Checkpoint Spell CP runs three. Checkpoint. So it's copying 156 megabytes worth of stuff. Runs three. I don't see anything. So I got copied. Not into the runs directory. So I'll just move this in there. Runs three. Okay. Okay. So now we need to convert it into an ML5 friendly format. So I'm going to do yet another directory, which is say ML5 format. And we'll change directory into that. And we're going to clone this repo. So you got to have git installed. Not sure if you have that on your command line yet. It's just realizing. And then we're going to change directory into that new folder. So in there. And we need to install TensorFlow. So I'm going to run, in my case, pip3 install TensorFlow. And I've already got it. So it went fast. And then to test if it works, we're going to run this next command, which is pip3, er, sorry, Python three. Okay. Now it's going to say, put the checkpoint files we downloaded from Spell into the current directory. I'm going to copy this, output directory, source, checkpoints, your folder name, source, checkpoints, we'll call it, I'm just going to call it run three checkpoint file. So I'm going to paste that in here. It's going to run. And just adds up. So just to make sure that you've got everything in the right place. What it did was take the checkpoints from the non ML5 version that we ran in Spell and downloaded. And it output them into source, checkpoints, run three. Okay. So we got this folder. You need to copy it into something where we can preview this. So we're at this step running the model in ML5.js. So if you don't have this already, I'm going to go into this directory, the gray area directory for myself. Instructure to gray area. And I'm going to clone this repo, which is just like the demo app. Once it's downloaded, I'm going to transfer into it. And then I've got Python three. So I'm going to run a server here. And it's going to say copy the folder from step four and put it into model. So that was Spell, ML5 format, source, checkpoints, run three, copy that into style, transfer into style, transfer, Spell, models, run three, change, style equals models, Fushun, model loaded. So let's take a look at this in our code editor. And we'll find that line. Here it is. And ours is called run three. We just need to change it from Fushun to run three. Okay. So you can see we're running on for 8000, load this up, loading the model, get user media nuts reported in this browser. Okay. So this is because this is not a secure connection. In order to make it secure, we can either put it on a secure web server or we can run a tunnel to our local machine or you can just put it on your local version of the actual identity portal site and replace one of the existing folder names because that is already running securely. But I'm going to show you how to do this with a thing called ngrok. Follow the download instructions. This is detecting I'm on Mac. So I'm the download for Mac. But here are the Linux distributions. Unzip it somewhere and wherever you unzipped it from, you're going to create an account, run this command to get initial authorization.   Only we want to run it not at port 80, but we'll do 8000 because that's where this is. It's 8000. So I'm going to go to my terminal ngrok.htp 8000. It creates a secure tunnel. You'll copy this HTTPS URL. Open it in your browser. It's going to load our model. And now it will allow us to use the camera because we're on a secure channel. Okay, fast forward, model loaded.  It's applying my style. Don't pay any attention to this image over here. That is obviously, you just haven't changed the website to show what style is being applied. So that's the whole process. Let me know if you have questions. Leave a comment. And good luck.


Welcome to a new Pressure Plastic video! In this video series we'll show you how to set up a precious plastic workspace inside a shipping container. So in the first video we bought a container and cut out some holes in the side. In the previous video we made the entire interior for the workspace. And in this video, the last one, we're gonna finish it up, add some branding and add some last accessories. You can download all the technical drawings and blueprints on preciousplastic.com. If you have a question feel free to post the topic in our forums. And now we're gonna start with the first step, which is painting. And the first thing we're gonna do is take everything out so we can paint it. Ready! So one of the things before painting the container, which is a lot of work, is also sanding. And it's gonna take a lot of work, so we invited a lot of people from the internet to help us out. And now it goes super fast. The container is painted quite. Do note that this is quite labor-intensive and can be pricey to paint your entire container. But we like to make a workspace that is really nice and where you like to work in. But if it's above your budget you could also skip it or do it later on in the process while you earn some money. Alright, so we reinstalled everything back in the container. But this time nice and freshly painted. Now we're gonna hook up the electricity. We're gonna start in that corner with a cable and we split it up to the extrusion machine and the shredder. Then another cable to these two machines. And while we're at it we also add a few lights in the middle. So next up is we're gonna power up the container. Yeah, so the next step is electricity. You can download the schematics of this in our blueprints. And the exciting thing is once this step is done everything works. So to make it easy we installed one plug on the outside which powers up the entire container.  So now we can put on some lights and run machines. Next we're gonna install a ventilation to make sure we have fresh air in here. This is something that is often overlooked but an important element because we want to make sure you're happy and healthy. If you want to read more about safety we added the document in our download kit. So now let's start making the ventilation. Okay, so I'm not gonna show in detail how this thing is made because it's pretty straightforward. It's just a metal frame with some wood inside. So if you have the drawing which you can download you can easily build it if you're already this far into the video. Or you could use any other type of ventilation system.  And to do that we installed one motor here which takes care of all the air. And on the outside the air is blown out and we installed this cover to make sure the rain and the water doesn't go in the ventilation. Alright so the next step we're gonna add accessories. This is a fun thing to do. It makes working in the container more pleasant and fun. And I'll show you eight different things we like to install there. But this is also the part where you can unleash your own creativity and come up with new interesting ways and hacks to work inside of here. So the first thing we installed is a scale to measure the plastic.  It's just a normal scale we added this one on here with a magnet which is super nice. However it can also be hard to get or expensive so you could also just drill a hole and put a bolt in there. So next we installed a counter. It's just nice to use when people are bringing stuff in and you're giving something back that you have some space for that. And you can also put on some additional things. Next we installed a pin board. It's where you can place some small notes, pins, folders or even a clipboard where you write down the amount of plastic you get from a person with the date so you can keep track of everything that comes in. It's just a good place to store all your information. Next we put a logo on each different type of plastic for each bag. And this way you can really separate it. For instance here we have PAT number one, HDPE number two. We put the templates in the download pack. And a good way to put them under is if you make a triangle, you put it on the back and then with a marker you can just draw around it and later color it. It's a quick and easy way to mark your bags. And above each bag we mounted a metal grid. It's a good way to display your product so you just tie them around with a little rope. And then you can easily see where the plastic should go. So for instance an old cassette box goes into this bag together with the cups which is all polystyrene. There you put in flower pots and DVD boxes. So it's a quick visual way for people to separate plastic. On this wall we mounted some hooks made with extrusion machine. It's where you can put on your jacket or your caps when you work during the day. And on this wall we mounted a poster. We used our melting temperature poster because it's kind of a nice reference when you work with plastic. However as you can imagine you can also put up your own poster.  The rest of the tools you can store them in the crates but these are the ones you often grab or need so it's easy to get them close to your working table. So now we've finished the entire inside of the container. Everything is here. Now the last final step is that we're going to paint the logo on the outside plus some additional branding. So last stop. Alright so the final stop we're going to add the branding which is some text on the front on the door and the logo on the backside. Now the style of precious plastic is very hand written which is made to be copied. So if you're going to paint it on here it's going to look exactly like the original because it's very handmade. So don't worry too much if you're not a good painter. I'm sure it will be okay. There are several ways to put text or logo on the container. You could use stickers or just start painting it. However my hand is not that steady so I rented a beamer which projects the logo on the container so I can just paint on top of it. So I'm sure it's all in the right proportions and it makes sense. A cheaper alternative is also to use a projector where you just put on a black sheet and a projection there. So yeah let's get started painting. Pully ready. Everything is on and in there ready to recycle plastic. The only thing you might want to do is to transport it to a place if you haven't built it at the final location yet. And if you want to do that there are a few things to keep in mind. So first you want to detach the counter because it sticks out a little bit so you need to unscrew it so it is completely flat on this side again. Second you need to detach this plug so it's also flat on this side and now it's ready to transport on a truck. And if you want to ship it overseas on a boat you need to make sure to put back the original stickers that were here that contain all the information about the container.  It's ready now. Make sure to send us a picture of your container. We would absolutely love to see it. I mean you put a lot of effort in this thing. Now we have one final video in this series where we're going to show you how this thing works step by step from collecting to separating to shredding just to have a full understanding of how a workspace like this runs. I would say that's also the most fun video to watch. So I will see you there.


Hi guys, this is Matt the Stoned Ape Farmer coming to you from Farm For All, and I just wanted to talk to you a bit about gardening without irrigation. I don't know if you can see all this lovely corn behind me, but it's been grown without any irrigation other than rainfall. And I want to talk to you a bit about some of the techniques I used here and throughout the garden to reduce or eliminate my need to irrigate. Let's go check it out. So, here's a close-up of my corn.  One of the things you might notice that's a little interesting is that this corn is planted in a little depression, and in fact all of the corn is planted in little depressions. And in the in-between depressions, it's filled with wood chips, and you can see a little squash popping up right there. What these depressions do is capture any rainwater that falls and forces them, forces that rainwater towards the plants. You see, water follows the basic rules of physics. If you put it on a high mound, it's going to roll off. But if you capture it in a basin, it'll stay there and slowly sink in. And because our summers are typically three to four months of drought, during the rainy season I want as much water as possible to penetrate the ground right here where I'm growing the corn.  And the wood chips do a couple of things. First of all, they provide weed suppression since there's nothing growing right there now to block out weeds, to shade them out. The wood chips do that for me. I have a few little weeds. Got this guy right here, couple of these guys right here, which I can pull real quick. But for the most part, I haven't really had weeds coming up in this. Weeded really well before I planted the corn, and I put the wood chips in to prevent weeds coming up in-between the corn. But the other thing that the wood chips do is they stop evaporation. Come down here and open this up and see just how wet that is. Mind you, this isn't good soil. This is mostly clay. So the wood chips are also going to break down and help make this soil a little bit nicer than it is right now. Now mulch and weed suppression are both great because on the one hand, you're preventing evaporation and on the other hand, you're preventing transpiration. Transpiration is actually, according to Steve Solomon, who has done the most work in dry farming, at least in contemporary times. According to Steve Solomon, most of the water loss is actually through transpiration. And that's the water evaporating off of the leaves of the plants. So wherever you can eliminate weeds, you're going to conserve a lot of your water. One of the other things that's important for gardening without irrigation is plant spacing. Now, most people are under the impression that the wide spacing between rows that's recommended on packets of seeds has to do with farm equipment and being able to get machinery between rows of plants. This is actually the other way around. Before there was plumbing and pumped water, people didn't irrigate their crops. And the machinery was designed to work with those spacings in mind. You see, if you leave more spacing between the plants, they can put out larger root systems without having to compete with each other. And then they can mine their own nutrients and water without having to have them provided nonstop. As you might be able to see here, if the corn isn't shading my measuring tape, my corn plants are about 18 inches apart. And that's up from the 8 to 12 inches that's usually recommended. Only you want about 50% more spacing than the packets recommend in order to go without irrigating your crops. And this is with pretty minimal rainfall. Like I said, we get three to four months of drought throughout our main growing season here and these corn plants will not need to be irrigated at all, even with all of the drought. You may have noticed all of this rotting firewood in the background.  And she was just going to toss it down a bank. Well I went and recovered all of it, saved her the work of moving it. And this will be another part of my water saving strategy. Let's go check that out. Now if you'll take a look at this hot mess, on the other side of my kale plants, you can see that my kale plants are doing fine without irrigation. We've gotten regular temperatures into the 90s, although it's been a weird year and we've been fluctuating between cool temps and hot temps. These are doing fine because I've kept the wide spacing so that they don't have to compete for water. But the idea here is that I'll dig out all these paths and I'll fill them with that rotted wood that you saw. Basically, I'm creating hugel paths. And many of you are probably familiar with the idea of hugel culture at this point. The idea that you dig a trench or just lay wood on the soil, cover it with more soil and that becomes your garden bed. Now as the wood breaks down, it acts like a sponge and soaks up any excess rainwater and during periods of drought it will release it into your bed. One of the things that hugel culture is intended to do is to, because it's a mound, it'll shed excess water. Like if it's way too much, it'll shed that water to keep your bed from becoming waterlogged. Well, I don't want that because that is designed for areas where the rain is pretty constant throughout the year. That is not the case here. We get three to four months of drought during the main growing season when I really need a lot of water. So the idea is I'll dig out all of the paths between the rose and the main kitchen garden and I'll fill them with that rotted wood and I'll cover it back over with the soil you see there that I've dug out that I'll leave a very slight depression over the path and that's where the water will settle during the rainy season. Well that'll seep in, soak into the wood and then when we get around to our droughty season it can kind of release back into the beds on either side. Of course I'll cover the paths with wood chips so they don't become a muddy mess but then what I'm doing is I'm actually storing all of that water that would just run off with traditional hugal culture and I'm saving it up for our dry season. You can see that my kale plants are a good two feet apart in the row and about three feet apart between the rows and I'm hoping that once these hugal paths are good and established that what will happen is I'll be able to plant things much closer together and cram more stuff in the same amount of space. I still want to maintain white spacing it's easier to weed, it's easier to harvest and it still gives you that protection from drought but by adding this extra redundancy into my water saving I will be able to get a little bit more production out while still maintaining a complete lack of irrigation. Now I've already talked about mulch, at least wood mulch, but a lot of people get hung up on what mulch they're using, it really isn't important what you use as long as you're keeping the soil covered. So here's this beautiful cabbage starting to get some size on it finally and you'll notice that here I don't use wood chips. I could, it wouldn't be my first choice and I can't get enough of them to use in my garden beds, but I don't need them. I have lots of space here that's just growing grass and weeds and I can go through and clear it out and get this nice straw that I can put down and if I pull it back you can see that this soil is nice and moist here and again this isn't good soil, this is terrible clay. There's a little bit of organic matter in it, but it's mostly just garbage. These plants don't care, as long as they've got a little bit of mulch, a little bit of organic matter so that the microbes in the soil can start doing their thing and as long as they're getting the moisture, which they are because that mulch is keeping the soil covered and protected, they don't care. Just whatever, weeds, grass clippings, wood chips, heck I've seen some people use rocks. I'd really hate to have rocks in my garden, but if it's a perennial planting then sure maybe. Of course the one downside with something like rock is that you're not getting the organic matter, which is why I would go for really anything, hell there's a random stick here. Everything that's growing and gets cut back can go in the garden. Just put it on top, don't mix it in because that'll tie up nitrogen, but if you leave it on top, worms and microbes and everything will slowly break it down and add new nutrients to your soil while holding in the moisture. So like I said you can use literally anything as a mulch and one of the problems I'm having right now is that the weed eaters broke and I don't have access to all of that fresh straw or hay from chopping down all the grass and weeds growing around the property. But you can use anything. One of the other things that Steve Solomon teaches is to use dust mulch. He's actually very opposed to using deep mulch in the gardens, which I don't agree with, but one of the great things that he teaches if you don't have enough organic matter to mulch the garden with is to use a dust mulch. It still protects the soil even if it doesn't add in organic matter and helps hold in moisture. So here's another row of Scorsonera and I'm surprised this many came up because it was old seed, but what you might notice in between the rows is that there is no mulch. Now you probably see all this cracking right around the plants. That's what clay soil does when it rains really hard and then it dries out. The surface dries out faster than the lower soil and it cracks as it loses the moisture and contracts. So because I haven't been able to get enough mulch to mulch this, what I do is after a hard rain I come through with a hoe and I just break up this top layer. And although it doesn't add organic matter into the soil, it does act like a mulch in the sense that it prevents evaporation. If I dig down here a little bit and then get in to this terrible clay and see that it's still nice and wet. This clay, but it's nice and wet because it's protected under this dust mulch. And that's one of the things that Steve Solomon teaches about dry gardening is that, well, he's opposed to mulch in general, except for the dust mulch, but a dust mulch is just as good if you can't get actual organic matter to mulch your gardens with. It won't add nutrients in like organic matter will when it breaks down. It won't feed soil organisms like mulch will when it breaks down. But from a water conservation standpoint, it's just as good as organic matter. Now one other thing that I don't really want to show because plants haven't popped up yet, but this is one of the ways that Native Americans taught settlers to garden when they first got here is to garden in hills. Now a hill doesn't necessarily mean that you have a pile of soil that's raised up above ground level. It just refers to planting in clumps with space in between them rather than in rows. So the idea here is that even on completely virgin ground, overgrown with weeds, hasn't been worked at all, you can still start a garden. Clear out of space, it's about 18 inches, plant your seeds there. Go over four feet, do another one. Four feet, do another one. Four feet, do another one. Four feet, do another one. What you accomplish with this is that you have your plants and in this case, just like with a corn, I made a little depression so that it would capture water, plant seed in the middle. Because I'm leaving four feet of spacing between, they won't have to compete with each other for water. I still need to go through and clear some weeds out, but they're pretty sparse to begin with and I'll be able to drop all of these weeds down in between the plants and any others that come up and they'll be my mulch in between the plants. This is really the way to go if you need to get a lot of plants in the ground and you don't have a clear spot to put them. You don't need nice and neat little rows. You don't need to rototill, you don't need to come clear a bunch of weeds and stuff.  Clear a little spot, put your seeds in the ground, move to the next spot, put them in. Which is exactly why these ended up here. This was not my plan at the beginning of the season, but I had issues with my cucumber seeds not germinating when I put them in the ground. I think this year was a weird year and it's been way wetter than it usually is and a lot of my seeds just ended up rotting in the ground because it was cold and wet. So I pre germinated some on paper towel and ended up with way more than I need. Well I didn't want them to go to waste so I ended up making these little hills at the edge of the garden to put them in and they might end up just being sacrificial plants for the deer and that'll be okay if it keeps them out of the main garden. One more thing that I didn't mention or mentioned only briefly with the cucumbers in the hills is that if I'm not expecting rain for a while and I need to plant something, I soak or pre germinate my seeds. Now that's what I did with my beans, I need to plant them in around my corn in the Three Sisters bed but we aren't expecting rain for a while so I went ahead and soaked my beans overnight. I didn't chit them or pre germinate them like I did with the cucumbers but I did soak them ahead of time so that they would have plenty of moisture to germinate. That's one of the things you can do if you're not expecting any rain for a while to get things to germinate outside of the rainy season. I'll go ahead and show you some okra seeds that I have started to show you what it looks like if you take them all the way to the pre germination stage since I haven't gotten those in the ground yet. Now okra doesn't grow here quite famously because our nights are too cold and it just doesn't like that but I got this variety from a local seed supplier and it's supposed to tolerate our cool weather and start producing relatively fast. So I thought I would give it a try and you can see that what I've done here is go ahead and roll them up in a wet paper towel and leave them in an open Ziploc bag overnight. It's actually been a couple of nights now but they started sprouting last night and I just left that bag in a sunny window. Check on them every once in a while to see when these little roots are starting to form and that's when they're ready to go on the ground. I actually could have done it last night because they already go then and the roots wouldn't have been so long and fragile but it was hot last night and I didn't want to go out. Now this is one way that you can eliminate watering when you're trying to get things to germinate. Just wrap them up in a moist paper towel or even soak them overnight and let them absorb all the water they need to germinate before you ever even put them in the ground. That way you don't have to irrigate while they're out there. They don't have the soil constantly being cooled down because you're watering it and they'll take off a lot better. Alright guys that's it for this video. Hope some of these tips help you out with your gardening so that you don't have to irrigate as much or you can go without irrigating at all. Again use depressions when you can to help capture extra rainfall. Plant your things further apart about 50% more than the package recommends. Use mulch wherever you can if you can't get enough mulch then use a dust mulch just after heavy rain come through with a hoe and just kind of scratch the top inch or so of the soil. I mean I don't like doing that but given my lack of mulch this year that's the best way to do it. Incorporate organic matter. I already talked about that with the mulch but compost is another great way to do that. It'll hold in extra moisture and you know if you can do a little bit of hugel culture to really soak up some of that water then go ahead and give that a try. There are some other tips that I have that I'll share you know as I get around to it as I get good examples of them going but those are the big things for now and I hope it's helpful and you guys have a good one.


It's not part of our policy, but you know, it's somehow linking the minimum wage to the average wage. Some people have suggested you're putting it at two-thirds. Yeah, with the superannuation. So personally, you're kind of sympathetic towards that. Well, I'm sympathetic. I mean, I'm not going to come out and say, you know, we're working three weeks out before an election campaign, but I think we need to have the conversation. And I don't know what the cost would be, and I don't know what the impact would be on business and all those sorts of things.


Hello, Chef. It is I, Chef Estand, joined here today by Bonnie Rabbett and world-renowned famous chef Henry Phillips. Henry, so nice of you to join us today. Hey, thanks so much for having me. We're going to be making a very special dish today. It's Halloween season, as everybody knows. Join us, won't you? As we unearth the evil tomb of Halloween and exhume its sinister covenant with death straight from the bowels of hell with our Frankenstein cupcakes. I'm going to be taking the recipe from a combination of my own personal Frankenstein cupcakes recipe, but that was mostly stolen by a recipe on Mom Foodie. But let's just give you a little bit of intro here. And this part I didn't write, but this is from Mom Foodie. Hi, Mom.  There's no kids here. And this is green, because it's going to be Frankenstein's skin. We've got our marshmallows, which are going to be Frankenstein's head. We have small marshmallows. Maybe there'll be some Frankenstein feet, or they could be a real small head. That's going to be hard to draw faces on, but we'll try to make the most out of it. Should we use permanent marker for the faces? Yeah, we could do that. Sure. Is it edible? I don't know. I'm trying. We should check. The internet's great for that. Sanding sugar. So we have sanding sugar. Is that just sugar? I think they use this for yeah, like the sand blaster if you're trying to scoop out wood. All right, so we'll need a sand blaster. And then we've got our regular sugar, not sandblasting sugar. Coffee. This is very important because we're going to make the cupcakes coffee flavor. By the way, I hope this doesn't disappoint anybody. The dish that we are going to be making are still going to be Frankenstein. They're not going to look like your traditional cupcakes. We're going to make it in a square thing. We weren't able to find the kind of pan that has the holes in it that you do for the cupcakes. We've got some cocoa powder, some sprinkles. That's going to be his hair. These are actually harvested from Brazil. Oh, really? Yeah, these actually grew on the sprinkle trees in Brazil. They imported them. Wow, that's fantastic. Okay, well, let's do it. Wow, it looks like we've got actually more stuff than we need. So it's going to be very creative. Yeah, definitely.  Cooking lesson number one. We're going to call each other chef if that's okay. Chef, how do we tell each other apart if all of our names are chef? Well, chefs are first name, but our last names are chef Bonnie, chef Ed's man. Okay, yeah, chef Henry. Yeah, okay, that works. Every dish that you're making is going to require preheating the oven. The worst problem you can have is you're in the middle of a recipe and it says preheat your oven and now you're waiting 20 minutes for the thing to reap. So I would say just every dish you do when you get in the kitchen preheat the oven and that way you'll never have that problem. I personally leave my oven on all the time. Yeah, just because yeah, that way you'll never have a problem. That's smart. It gets hot. We had a heat wave over this summer and that made it a little difficult. But you know, it's better. Well, the fire, the fires were rough. Yeah, yeah. And it could be a fire hazard too. So make sure you check with your local fire department before you do stuff like this. And hopefully if you're at home, you have your oven on. If you start to smell gas, that means that Espen ate too much burritos last night. That could be. But generally speaking, yeah, if you, either way, if you smell gas, it's not a good thing. All right, let's move over here to where this is called the work quarters. How big do we want the bowl? We're gonna need, why don't we do the two middle ones? Oh, cool. Yeah, we pre-season all of our bowls. Let's do the two middle ones. And I just want to do a camera check here. We have a camera over here. Is that right? Mm-hmm. So that one should go. Oh, look, we have a camera here, Henry. We also have the top down. Oh, and you've got that one. Yeah, okay, good. I'm going to teach you guys about wet ingredients versus dry ingredients. So when it's wet ingredients, you call that stirring. When it's dry ingredients, you call it sifting and it's an entirely different process. Generally, what you'll do is you'll mix wet ingredients in a work ball, then do the dry ingredients and eventually combine them. Okay. And you might ask, well, why don't you just mix them all in the same bowl? And no one really knows. We're going to need one cup of flour. So we don't really have measuring cups? That's okay. They're not accurate anyway. So if we can just guesstimate. Well, we can take two. Can we use two of these? Do you have Alexa? Alexa. I don't ask Alexa for any math things, but you have some technical people. Maybe can we get a Google on how many half cups is one cup? Oh, I've got Siri. What's one cup divided by two? What's one cup divided by two? Yeah, it's too hard of a question for even Siri, I guess. But okay, so we're out on our own with the math here. Yeah, but that's okay. Are we muted? Ben, are we muted? Ben, that guy said muted. But do you hear me? Help. I do help because it's got the P if you want to test the plosive sound. Yeah. Help. Help. Okay. Please help. So if you're ever at a concert and you see the musicians doing a sound check ahead of time and they scream help, don't worry. They're not actually in trouble. They're just testing the plosive sound on the mic. Okay, unless they might be in trouble too, I don't know. All right, so we're looking good. Everything's good so far. How are we doing on our overhead cam here? Do you guys see that? I'm going to take a look at what we got. Let's see what's going on. So this is sifting. Yeah, that's sifting and we're really doing nothing but sifting for a little while here. Okay. So okay, we need half of a half a teaspoon of baking powder. Half of a half a teaspoon of baking powder. Okay, yep. The kitchen is one of the most dangerous places in the house and also world I would say because when you think about it, where where else can you just walk in and have open flames, sharp objects, fear of public humiliation? But okay, good. So you're getting two blocks. Oh, what do you got? Pretty soft. So that's three. You got a three? Wait, how many? How much did you put in there? Three or six? Six. Six tablespoons? Okay. So what do you got? What are you doing? Oh, okay. You're just making blocks. Yeah, looks like like those. Nice. Okay, great. So let's divide those exactly in half. So one egg each. Okay, so we've got one egg each. Now we're going to need, okay, this is it's saying that it wants granulated sugar in these bowls. Okay. But what did I tell you earlier? Sanded sugar. Well, right? Well, this is pure. Sifting happens in the dry bowl. So I'm going to assume this is a misprint because it says in a separate bowl, whisk together your butter, eggs, and sugar. But sugar is clearly a dry ingredient. So let's go ahead and put that sugar in our dry bowl. Okay. I'm not trying to say mom foodie is a sham organization, but I'm just saying that they might have mistakenly thought that sugar was a wet ingredient, but it's clearly a sifting substance. Okay. So, Chad, this is something that, again, having a master chef Henry with us today is a great honor as he is probably one of the most esteemed chefs on either side of the Mississippi. We should all be very appreciative of the fact that he took time out of his very busy schedule. Thank you. And it's very kind of you to allow me into your home and let the right one in, as so to speak. Yeah. I don't know if that was a relevant thing, but it is Halloween. So let's keep stirring. Yeah, you know what? This is, I don't know if you can see this on the overhead, but this is definitely not good. We didn't soften that butter enough. So I'm going to have to put that, yours looks pretty good, but this one's not. So we're going to put this in the microwave. The first thing I want to know though, is this a microwave safe dish? No, but I think if we don't do it for that long. Okay. Let's do it. Well, is this going to cook the eggs? I'd have to think about that. Okay. So in thirds, so it's more math here, add the dry ingredients into the wet ingredients and mix until fully incorporated. Wow. Wait, so that's a mouthful. So just take a third of that and put it in there and start mixing. I think it just doesn't want you to overpower it all at the same time. Yeah. I'm going to go ahead and do the same. And it doesn't have to be exactly a third. That's probably a third. Hello. Hello. Hi. Emeru is joining us. Chef Emeru, Chef Emeru, Meet Master Chef Henry Phillips. Nice to meet you. Hello. Hello. I'm a big fan. Well, we're making this. That looks great. Yeah. Can we get an overhead shot of this? We're making Frankenstein cupcakes. And we have, we're dealing with a situation, a butter clumped up butter situation. Yeah. I brought over your cookbooks. If you would sign them. Absolutely. Whoa. As a matter of fact, we probably have some recipes in there that we can go through. Here, I can sign it. Wow, you've got both of them. This is great. Yes. I also brought you a gift. This is my little friend, but I want you to have him. Wow. Oh, look at that. Chef Kirby. I love that. That's amazing. Thank you so much. Chef Henry, I feel like this is. Yours is done. Almost. Yeah. I mean, yeah, keep going. Okay. We've probably got about two more minutes. Oh, okay. Maybe a half egg. Okay. Yeah. I left for like 30 seconds and everything's kind of gone into a chaos place here. I'm going to show you a trick. It's called tossing. My grandmother taught it to me. She said she learned it when she was in the joint, so to speak. Oh. But we just toss back and forth and let the white fall into it. This is the bowl that you wanted to put it in, right? Right. Well, I also already just did that. Oh, I should have done it. Yeah, I'll just put it. But you see how now I have just the yolks. Right. But we should. Yeah, and I'll put that there. Yeah. By the way, you don't have to do that thing that I just did. Let me get, it almost seems like we didn't make enough batter. Like we should have not divided everything by two.  You know. Well, I mean, a simple miscalculation is nothing to. Yeah, I also want to apologize. I have had people ask me why I sometimes slip into foul language and I just want to say that the kitchen is a very stressful place. And then, yeah, the kitchen is very stressful. And F words are basically something that you say when you get stressed out. So that's what happened over there. So I apologize. Right. How do you ever swear? Most maybe. I swear most of time. Okay. Well, I'm glad that we're all on the same page on that. Okay, guys, what we need now is our marshmallows. Can we? Oh, I'm worried about that. Oh, it's fine. This is only got a bunch of egg on it. Oh, okay. I'm going to need TV remote. Cancel the timer. So let's take the big marshmallows out. What was the remote for? The television? Oh, no. It's okay. They say you're supposed to put it in brown rice. The marshmallows? I've heard that. Or that's maybe that's just with the phone. So we can put the marshmallows in? I have rice peel off. Would that work? I would imagine. No, that's pretty fancy. I wouldn't waste it on a remote. It's a nicer remote. Okay. Maybe it's maybe try it. But save the rice because you'll want that. I could use the rice after. There you go. Yeah. And hopefully that's going to work. Okay. Oh, wow. Look at that. Yeah. This is our candy mouth. So we're going to need a nice overhead shot. We have the overhead shot. Yeah, we can... Oh, this. Yeah, look at that. We have an assembly line. So again, Chef Henry, can you tell the audience at home what it is we're cooking this? Oh, yeah. Just joining us. We're making Henry's famous Frankenstein cupcakes. Yeah. A couple of caveats on that, though. They're not going to be actual cupcakes. They'll just be regular cakes cut into smaller sections. Two minutes. But then the other thing is that it's not necessarily Henry's famous. We're taking it from a website called momfoodie. We're going to take our marshmallow. Okay. And we're going to spin around in the green stuff. And that's going to be Frankenstein's skin. Oh, okay. And once you have that now, you're going to take... You're going to dip the top of it into the sprinkles. And that's going to be his hair. See how that is? This is...  Oh, wow. We can see you, actually. But... It's been okay for me. Yeah? Yeah, it's been okay. Yeah. Well, I mean, you're much younger. So maybe when you're 53, you might do something that's this fun. Yeah, maybe. If I make it. Yeah. Well, I think people are living longer now than they were back in the Middle Ages. Let's have S-Fan do the first base. Okay. Okay. We need yet another... I need a place for all these to end up. Okay. I think that we should take them, put them on, and then put them back here. Okay. Let's do that. Uh-oh, we're going to have a problem. Uh-oh. Oh, they seem to have... It's okay. I've had a lot of things happen on that. I want to show the camera. Let's see if we can get a nice close-up shot for the camera. Yeah, there you go. Look at our... Look at Henry's world-famous Frankenstein cupcakes. Doesn't that look good? That looks amazing. I'd like to take all the credit myself, but you guys have done some pretty good work here.   If you like it, you can take a picture of it and send it to S-Fant and he'll maybe post it and so we can see other people's Frankenstein cupcakes. I would love to do that. If they would like to tweet that out of us or post to the Discord, we can see who the best Frankenstein... Johnny did a cool one with sunglasses. Wow. We have the close-up cam again. And here's one that I made that looks like it's got its face completely reconfigured into a Minecraft. It's supposed to be the screen, but it looks like a Minecraft creeper. Oh yeah, that's right. All right, I think we're about ready to give it the taste test. Okay, I think we're ready for that. Let's do it. Okay, so now obviously you do not want to eat this toothpick. That's the only part of this that isn't edible. What I'm going to do is I'm going to take the marshmallow part out first and just literally eat the whole thing. That's too much. Let's try the cake.  Really? I mean, yeah, it's really good. Well, I will try the technique of... I'm going to try both at once. Oh, wow. So I'm going to take it from the bottom here and I would like to then place it long ways into my mouth. And then I will remove the toothpick. That's quite a technique there. I don't know how you did that, actually. I'm still chewing mine from way back, so keep a lot of it in the foreground of your mouth. Be ready to spit it out. I'm really, really glad with... I'm really happy with the results of our lesson today. Me too. Personally, I learned a lot. I think we always learn a lot in the kitchen. Even the oldest chefs in the world, chefs that are in their late 80s to early 90s, still learn about the kitchen in their old age. Maybe they slip and fall on a banana peel or something. I don't know. But there's always lessons to be learned in the kitchen is what I'm saying. Oh, thank you. Boy, I'm almost wishing that we did make some coffee. Oh, you want coffee? I'm a big coffee fan. I don't really know how to make coffee. I think you just mix it with water. Yeah, I think you just put a filter in here. Oh. And then you pour the water over it. No, yeah, you don't do that. That's for sure. That's not it. If anybody wants to see what happened there, you just took coffee and mixed it. Actually, I think you were doing instant coffee, but that's a different kind. Chad, thank you guys so much for joining us today. Thanks, Chef Bonnie. Bonnie, Emeru. Make sure to follow Emeru. Make sure to follow Bonnie Rabbit. Make sure to follow the stream you haven't yet. Chef S. Finn, of course, thank you so much. This has been amazing. Yeah, absolutely. We're so glad you got a chance to make the time to come out of this. Don't forget him. Thank you. And next time, we're gonna make my whiskey barrels or chutney cheese weenie bites, weenie bites. That sounds great. Weenie bites. All right, well, I'll leave you guys to this cupcake feast. Totally backing away. Slowly backing away. Thanks for coming.


The Vice Chancellor University of Abuja, Professor Abdul Rashid Na'ala says the institution has gone tough on lecturers, sexually harassed students, as two professors have been dismissed for the offences. Na'ala told reporters in New York that the university had introduced a policy on sex abuse on campus, which had been published. According to him, the institution is committed to high moral standards and will not tolerate any act of misconduct perpetuated by its staff against students.


I have a new computer. This is a Scion 3A organizer from about 1995. It is a 8088 based machine with this model 256k of RAM. It's one of the rare Intel architecture machines that doesn't run DOS. It's got a simple but very effective multitasking operating system with a bunch of different productivity apps including a word processor, spreadsheet etc. Including a find it, including a complete integrated development kit for writing your own programs. Which was quite unusual in those days and quite unusual these days either sadly. Now I actually have two of these. The one on the left is the 256k model. The one on the right is the one megabyte model. And as you might be able to tell the one megabyte model has a little problem with the screen. Start up the processor. You can see only the top half works. Now I'd much rather have a working one megabyte model than 256k model. And these things use essentially the same screen. So what I'm going to try to do today is to swap the screen from this machine onto this machine and vice versa. So I get a working one megabyte one and a non working 256k one. And this will be a little bit of an adventure because these things were notoriously interestingly put together. Anyway let's start with the one megabyte model because it's actually broken. So I'll put this one aside. So this one used to belong to somebody. It's labeled it's Pride 2 and then a code. Who knows? It is mine now. So the first thing is to remove the batteries. These things would run off a couple of double A's for double-jittage hours. And of course being double A's they're easy to find easy to charge. I do not believe you could actually recharge them in the machine itself. It did have a main socket. The other thing we need to remove is the backup battery. These machines largely predated, that came up very effectively, these machines largely predated flashed. So this has battery back ram rather than anything non volatile. And okay let's start removing some of the obvious screws and seeing what happens. Now there's two ways I can do this. One is to remove the front panel of the screen and then take the LCD off and replace it like that. And the other is to replace the entire lid assembly. Now it would be easier given these things notoriously interesting hinges. You can see the rather elegant engineering there. It would be easier to remove the screen. However, that ribbon cable here, I don't know whether it's got a plug on the screen end. So if I were to get the screen out and realize that I can't actually unplug it, that won't help much. So I'm actually going to do some general purpose disassembly first. So let's try removing this. These machines were much beloved and you can still find them now and again in pupils pockets these days. They were designed to be usable of anything else. So the fairly low grade specs didn't really matter. And their productivity suites, the onboard software it was excellent as well as having the ability to write your own programs and it was a first class development environment you could write the same sort of apps that the native programs were yourself on one of these. It meant there was a flourishing ecosystem of the third party software. It was so successful that Sion actually had quite a lot of trouble getting people to upgrade to new models, which is one reason why Sion is no longer with us. That battery plug needs to come out. That I will need. My trusty bent nose pliers, tougher than it should be. I'd rather not break anything you see. So what's this giving us? Not a lot, but you can see more of the details of the hinge mechanism and I can actually see inside to the motherboard here and there is a plug that end. If there's a plug this end, I cannot honestly see one. So the question here is, do I start removing this panel? Because to get at the screen you have to peel this thing off. Or do I go for the back? One thing I'm rather dreading is I will remove the wrong screw and the entire hinge mechanism will go pings, brings all the screws will go everywhere. I'll probably never get it back together. Let's try the back panel. Yeah, bigger screwdriver. That one. I never actually had one of these back in the day. I was a Acorn fan boy and Acorn did actually produce their own branded models of these. So I knew of them but I never owned one. I'd probably have liked it quite a lot. The ability to write their own program on the go has appealed to me. This, by the way, is the warranty void if removed sticker. I reckon the warranty in this machine is now where I'm shooting. Go on. It's the wrong kind of screwdriver. Although I grew up on BBC Basic and the built-in language called OPL was basic like but I never really liked it much. It's perfectly functional. You can write decent apps on it. So don't lose them. What have we got? Not much really. Ah, that's removing the keyboard. So I need my trusty and that makes the keyboard come out. It looks like a rubber mat to me. It does not look like it's going to come out easily. I think there's another piece as you see. I also think it might not be helping me because I'm still going to have to do these blasted hinges in order to get the thing out to get the lid off. Do I need to remove the button bar first? I did look for like instructions online. Couldn't find any. These two panels here are for the Solid State Storage. Not SD cards. They came out about the same year as this did. It was its own proprietary format. It was actually, the cards were intelligent and they had their own microcontrollers and they spoke the same networking protocol that the device itself used to talk to the outside world via this terrible little connector here. I really don't know what they were thinking there. So you can in fact take one of the SD cards with a simple adapter and plug it into the thing that you use to connect these to a PC and then the PC accesses the card as if it was a scion. It's very neat. Naturally they are dead and gone today. No one knows the details of the protocols or anything. There's very little technical information on these. Yeah, I don't think that's helped. So let's put these back together.  I'm not even happy. This is why I started the broken one. You see, these clips should clip on. Why aren't they clipping? Very simple. Just needed more force. Okay, all right. That doesn't seem to work very well. So now I want to know whether it's possible to remove from the screen side. See, this is the sticky label that forms the front panel to the LCD. I'm going to make a wild guess that there is in fact a plug in there. So let's just try going into the front. This is going to be I don't really want to bend the bend or distort this sticky thing that has to peel off. Lude stuff. Why do people glue stuff? Let's just have a nice straightforward set of clips. And then this is working either. Moving the hinge assembly might be the way to go. I can probably peel that off. I think I just wreck it beyond repair. So there's a couple of screws here. I wonder what they do. Of course, we have to do this all again with the other one. They were designed to be repairable, but I found people online who take in this 256k model and actually soldered on surface mount ram chips. I think a bit. I think the person who described doing that did not actually end up with a working Psyon 3. So that's probably not a recommendation. Now what did that do? Still of the opinion now that actually going through the keyboard is the way to go. So why weren't keyboard coming loose here? Let's give this another go. That unclips easily enough. So is it hooked into something? That was easy. It was the bottom bar here. This thing has these four screws which hold the bottom bar flat. Without the screws it's bendy and it was catching the top of the keyboard grill. So this is the keyboard rather than that. Underneath is the main board which is not screwed on with anything, which is interesting. So it should just lift up with the force it does and the other side has got, oh this is not the main board. This is just the keyboard. There's a connector here. Is that pulled out? I think it's going on in there. It's connected to that weird connector here. But it must fasten down to the main PCB somewhere. There must be a connection. I think that's in here. There's a, ah no this is the main board. There's a plug here onto this board at the bottom. That's how it connects on right. Well I can see the bottom of the LCD and yes there are plugs so I can get that off here. So I technically don't even have to remove this. I want to. I can see there's a hole in the PCB just in there and a spring hooks through it. Spring R. It's the spring that holds this connector on. Right well that's going to be small. Here are the two RAM chips. This is where the other two RAM chips would go. Main board for the one megabyte model will have more stuff on it. And I think I've just solved my problem. I don't need to disassemble any more than this. All I need to do is to replace the main board. The, I can keep the, hang on this is the one megabyte version. So what are these two for? I can reswap the main boards and swap the keyboard skins because these have the all important one megabyte RAM label and I don't need to touch anything else. All right that is worth knowing. So let's put all these things aside because these are all belong to one machine. And then let's tackle the other one. I don't know. We do all the same things. Remove battery. Now that I know slightly more what I'm doing let's just try diving in the keyboard. I'll remove the battery first because it's possible I don't need to do any of the other stuff. It's a very energetic spring on that thing. I would love to stick this onto something more deserving. There's a security label. It's designed not to come off. So that is captured the screen quite nicely. So it's the same model of keyboard. There are apparently two. Here is our PCB which is unplugged from the screen nicely. I have a curve which I'm not expecting. Oh that's the battery connector. I forgot I unplugged that on the other one. That's actually a good reason to go to the back of this. Okay right. So this is all the stuff from the 256k model. Right. This is all working. So let us insert the motherboard from the one makes version. Oh dear. Should have been attached to the board. Let's insert this into our donor machine. That means that it's the right way up. Yes actually. This horrible sprung thing is horrible and sprung. So that goes in here. It's going to be a... What holds this together? Luck? Let's plug in the battery connector for that. Like so. Not too hard. This very delicately gets forced crudely. Very little is known about these machines when it comes to hardware. So you can't emulate one. Nobody knows how they work. It's all custom chips. The core of this thing is... Actually I can show you on this board. The core of this thing is this enormous unit which is a custom Sion ASIC. I think it's even got the processor in it. Could be wrong. I don't see anything else that looks like a processor. And it's a huge chip full of all kinds of custom logic and it's got all the hardware access stuff and memory management unit. And there we go. And it's just a mystery. I've seen a little bit of reverse engineering online but not much. So if you want to use one of these you kind of have to do it with real hardware. That seems suspiciously easy. Stick some batteries in it and see what happens. To turn it on you need a keyboard. Because the battery's been out all of its memories wiped. So what comes out? Fantastic. We have a full screen. Oh I'm in the... I'm in the contacts app. Memory. Free 871k. Brilliant. Okay let's turn this off. Take the batteries out again and quickly put it back together before I rake something. Firstly you clip on the keyboard and it needs to be the right one. This is the one megabyte version. So this has to hook underneath the hinges. Board membrane goes underneath. Now it clips together. Now we know the secret is brute force. That's easy. So I would demonstrate doing something interesting with one of these. But I'm actually still missing... I don't have any of the specialist adapters needed to plug them into modern hardware. Or a memory card for that matter. So doing something with documents is always fiddly. Plus, oh come on what's wrong with this thing? Plus these machines are actually a little bit too modern to be interesting to program for. I mean OPL is a interesting if slightly weird language. Ah what's going from here is it's this captive screw. So that's in fact... yeah there we go. Now that the lids open the screw pushes up when I push the keyboard.  So yeah I mean what could I do on this? I could write documents using the built-in apps. Which is interesting enough I suppose. Try to write a simple game in OPL. It's not that exciting. Backup battery, those lids, real batteries and make sure it still works. One thing I have been looking forward to with this one. Now the backup battery is still dead. I'm assuming I put it in the right way up. One thing I have been looking forward to is that this this model has some extra programs. It has a bigger ROM than the 256k which includes this patience application for all your solid-air needs. No idea what to do with jokers which I haven't actually had a chance to play with. Oops down the face. It advertises here 16-bit CPU multitasking digital audio system which was to be fair quite novel back then. This is not a version of patience I know. I've no idea how that works. And never mind. Just take that back up battery. Yeah this is the right way up. It must just be flat. It'd be years old. And let's start putting this one back together again. Now while it's apart have a quick look at what's left. So underneath this shield there should actually be very cool. So just this one board here this has got connectors for the LCD on it and I can just see underneath there a speaker for the digital audio system. So I wonder what's underneath the shield. As far as I know the tape doesn't feel like there's anything in there. I do see a couple of connectors here and here. It's a sticky security label. Oh it's the connectors for the card slots. Right card sliding here. They are huge. It would actually be entirely feasible to build a SD card adapter. You could fit a complete SD card in one of these things. I mean not a micro SD card an old fashioned SD card. These things are kind of enormous. But that is out of scope for this ironing plastic. Why didn't they just use an ordinary connector? It's only six pins I haven't seen. They're designing their own. I mean this is just based on a motherboard header. It's just cheapest everything. Though now I think of it back then there weren't very many bespoke connectors. Bespoke multi-pin connectors. It was before USB. So the alternatives would have been something like a desocket like an old fashioned serial port or motherboard or video, EGA video. So maybe there just wasn't anything else. That's why they built their own. That plugs back on. Very nice satisfying action the way it flips on to the internal socket. There's a hidden button which you access by pressing this. That must be a reset switch. Play with that. First I need to put this back on which involves lugging this in here. I re-hook the wire. Apparently OPL, the built-in programming language in these things is now open source. So given that it was designed for these PDAs, I wonder whether it might be a reasonable fit for Android. Of course the keyboards on these were dramatically better than anything on a modern phone. This pushes onto the keyboard here. That will not in fact do well until I put this on. There's nothing for it to screw into.  These go into the lid and they're inside here so I have to remove this again. After the various Scion 3s, Scion produced the five which was the first modern Epoch device. Epoch later turned into Symbian and for a while it ruled mobile phones as the operating system that everyone used. They rewrote the OS that these things run entirely and adopted this new processor from ARM. And those machines are very, very well thought of. They're about the same size as one of these 3s, maybe a little bit bigger, with an even nicer keyboard. And the keyboard on these 3s is not bad in any way. It's small but very, very effective. And combine that with a faster 32-bit processor and a more sophisticated operating system, stuff like pre-emptive multitasking. I think I've stripped that thread, never mind. The five was really the machine that made everyone sit up and take notice of Scion. In some ways it was also the machine that killed them as people bought a Scion 5 and then didn't buy anything else. I have a five which at some point I'll get out and demonstrate. I also have one of the five successors, the Scion netbook. The netbook was the original netbook. This is the one that coined the name. Scion were extremely unhappy when the name became generic for any small notebook machine. The Scion netbook ran Epoch. It was another ARM-based machine. It had a full-size keyboard, a small but excellent screen. It was a good machine in many ways. 32 megabytes of RAM ran Epoch and it didn't have any Wi-Fi or anything. All these machines predate the internet. There's not a lot you can do with it these days, which is a real shame. I like it a great deal to do this boot. I can see the screen is divided into two. The bottom is not working. Hello, anyone? Let's now push the mysterious button and see what happens. It went blank. It's a hardware off button. That's all it is. If your machine goes nuts and stops responding to the normal off sequence, which is function one, then you can push that and machine shuts down. Useful to know. It's probably even in the manual, which I actually have somewhere. No, you can't run Linux on one of these. You can run Linux on the five, big brother, and you can certainly run it on the seven. I did for a while, but it's only got 32 megabytes of RAM and you're not really going to get anything useful done in that. I wrote on it for a while using a simple text editor, but it wasn't really a success. Also, it's not a touchscreen. Now that's interesting. The bottom half of the screen is flickering on. I put pressure on the board. It shouldn't really be working with this one. It's turned on, but that was really interesting to notice. There we go. It's not doing it anymore because that suggests that whatever's wrong with the screen is fixable. I'll put in our screws because if I can turn this into, instead of one functional, one non-functional machine, if I can turn that into two functional machines, that'd be awesome. Yeah, all communication with the outside world for these things was through the proprietary connector. Later ones had infrared. I don't think any of these ever had Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi was still very much in its infancy even in the very, very later days of the five. And while my netbook, if you have the right add-on card, does support Wi-Fi, it doesn't actually support any useful encryption standards. So it's like wet. I wouldn't wish wet in any one. I'll put that aside and check the good one out again. I'm sure it still works. Yep. Oh, the world map. Can I just tell it where I am? It's home to Zuri. Right, Zuri here. Zero miles away. Useful to know. I have relatives who live in Cairns. If I type in, doesn't know Cairns. Won't be to go to Cairo instead. Things flashing there. Brisbane is 10,082 miles away. Miles, miles. Change distance units to kilometres. 16,226 kilometres. Good to know. Also the time is apparently 1705 there, which I suspect is wrong. That's a system. Main battery is a good backup battery needs replacing not an external power. Now, I'd better set the clock through the time app, which is here. And it thinks it is 427pm. My trusty pebble thinks it's 1555. So time and date. There you go. Won't let me type in 15. Even early MS-DOS would do that. And it is the 7th of October. It's not 1993. It is 2018. Okay. Is that the 7th of October or is that the 10th of July? It's the 10th of July. The first one is the month. 1007 2018. Right. I can change that. If I go to menu, I can then go down to the hit formats. Date format. Months of the year. Date of the year. Year of the month day. It's hyphen, the way the gods intended. 24 hours, the way the gods intended. There we go. Still thinks it's 1255. 15. Right. That's more correct. The calculator is 4. It's good to have confirmation of these things. For the processor, the board is small. You're not going to touch type on this. You notice I have not typing a file name. It just remembers. I can name stuff later if I want to. Spreadsheets. Yes. 24. So you get these shortcut buttons to specific applications or system will take you to the system application where you can browse the actual menus. Some of these are in bold because those are applications that are currently running. It is a multitasking off the system. Go back to the word processor, menu to the internal disk system. You see I now have a named document there. Data is not the file manager. That's just a card app. It may not be a file manager. I think you're supposed to manage files through the applications here. So if I want to find my document, I can just go down here to test and reload it. Reload it in this case. I can create a new document. Right. It doesn't like file names to the spaces in. I'll just call that another active system. So I have two documents loaded. I go to test, go to another. The application itself will only squat one at a time, but it will seamlessly switch between them. Yeah. It's a nice system. Everything's workable through control hotkeys. So once you get used to it, it's very fast. Yeah. Anyway, I need to figure out the rules for this probably in the manual somewhere. That'll be a while. Anyway, now have a working sound three and a mostly working sound three. Hope you enjoyed this.