They said he lived for 4,000 years. They said this tree was planted by Agastya 6,000 years ago. So this is called a Gurdasam beginning. It's believed that Agastya Muni left his subtle body here with this linger. The first transmission of yoga happened in the banks of Kantisarovar, about six to seven kilometers beyond Kedarnath. It's called Kantisarovar. Kantisarovar means a lake of grace. It was named as the lake of grace because it's on the banks of this lake. The first yoga program happened somewhere between twelve to fifteen thousand years ago. At the Yogi when he appeared in the upper regions of Himalayas, people gathered in thousands because his very persona was such that it attracted people and everybody sat down. But he said nothing. He closed his eyes and sat. People waited. So he simply sat there for months on end unmoving. They realized that if someone has to sit like this, he must be beyond his physical nature. Otherwise he cannot sit like this. Only seven people identified this and they stayed back. These seven people today are referred to as the Saptarishis or the seven celestial sages in India. He gave them a few preparatory steps and said, you prepare, let's see. One day when his attention fell upon them and he noticed they have become like shining receptacles. For one who knows when he sees such a shining receptacle, he can't keep quiet. He saw these people are really ready and then he sat down on the banks of Kantisarovar and started expounding the science of yoga. To assimilate this science, to assimilate this knowing and to integrate that into the human form, they went into long periods of hibernation. The most prominent of them, one who is very, very significant for us, the one who chose to travel south, Agastya or one who is known as Agastya Nani. Went into his sadhana in a subterranean space. The legends say that he stayed there in the subterranean space in a mode of hibernation for thousands of years. And then when he came out of it, having completely integrated the knowledge as a part of himself and his system, not as an intellectual property, but as an evaporating process of his own human system, he decided to fulfill his mission of going south. And of all the seven, he became the most prominent because of the vigor with which he spread this across the southern part of the subcontinent. He set up probably over, from what I have heard of, over 700 ashrams in the country. Many small places that's not counted, proper ashrams where sadhana went on and he established some kind of a guru in the place in so that sadhana could go on. Over 700 ashrams he established around the country to make spirituality a part of everyday life. The depth of understanding and how he went about his work with the energy and the wisdom with which he handled everything is, is quite superhuman in many ways. In many ways, Agastya is, you can say almost, you can call him the father of South Indian mysticism. Yoga came in a particular format to South India, to Agastya. They say he lived for 4,000 years. I don't know whether he lived for 4,000 years, but definitely he lived much longer than what normal human beings live if you look at the volume of activity he performed in his life. It doesn't look like he died in 100 years time. At least 400 years he must have lived, because the volume of activity he's performed is not possible within a certain limitation of time. Today we are jetting around and driving around so, you know, we are able to do so many more things in a short span of time. But the kind of travel Agastya did on foot, it's impossible for a man to have that much activity in a normal span of human life. Definitely he lived very long. Maybe 400 years and maybe 4,000 or people just added one zero because natural zero. But he did incredible things. He was the one who sort of tamed the anger of Kathikeya. Kathikeya was Shiva's son. So he got very angry and he wanted to go away from his father. So he went down south in great anger and he became a warrior. In many ways an unmatched warrior and he went about conquering. Conquering he didn't conquer to rule. Whatever he thought was unjust he went about slaughtering. Because he felt his parents have been unjust to him and he wanted to create justice. When you're angry everything feels unjust, you know. Every small thing you think some great injustice is happening to you when you're angry. So he felt so much injustice in the world so he found a lot of people to slaughter. So he fought battles and battles and then down south-south. It was Agastya who made this anger into a means for enlightenment. Finally he found his rest in Subramanya. So for the last time he washed his sword at Subramanya. Settled on there for some time and then moved out. Kumar Pravat where he attained Mahasamadhi in standing post. So this great art of transforming Kathikeya's anger into a means for his enlightenment was Agastya's work. And all the Siddhars of South India they are very much in the tradition of Agastya. In a way everything that I do is just a small extension to Agastya's work. He built a major, a colossus of a place. We are just adding one extra room to it because this South Indian mysticism has a different flavor. That's because of Agastya. So he took up the maximum territory compared to the other six and went about transforming this in many different ways. He ensured that some element of spirituality is in everybody's life. It may be going away but still if you just look at the last innovation even today is very much there. Even a simple present in South India or anywhere beyond Uttar Pradesh. Even down south beyond that you will see even a simple present has some element of spirituality in him. This was Agastya's work. This is an area where Agastya Muni walked, probably he even visited this temple either himself or probably one of his people because the nature of the lingam is such which is in line with Agastya's way of doing things. So either it's himself or somebody like him or in his line of duty who have consecrated this lingam which is pure kriya which is 100% energy work, no other things, no mantras, no tantras, no nothing. It's 100% energy work. That's the way I am, that's the only thing I know. I can just transform life from one dimension to another simply on the basis of energy. I don't know any chantings, I don't know any rituals, I don't know anything without any ritual. Simply you know just switching the energy from one dimension to another. You know what Gupta Kashi means? Gupta means secret. Kashi means you know Varanasi, you heard of Varanasi? Kashi is the holiest of holy cities, one of the most ancient cities of learning. This was a place where hundreds of enlightened beings lived at a time.  So Kashi means the holiest of the holy. So that is the main Kashi just after Kedar is Gupta Kashi, the secret Kashi. Nobody is supposed to know about it. There are a whole lot of stories like this about Agastya's journey down south. When he was going down south he met Vindhya Chalbhu. Vindhya is another mountain range in India. A much older mountain range than Himalayas. Himalayas is a geologically variant mountain. So Vindhya Chalbhu is a much older mountain among the oldest in the world. So among the mountains Himalaya was elected as the king of the mountains. So in Agastya was going down south, Vindhya Chalbhu was angry and he stopped Agastya and said, how can you do this? How can you make Himalaya the king? He's just a child compared to me. How could you make him the king? Now Agastya knew when a mountain gets angry it can be bad. When a man gets angry it can be very bad. When a mountain gets angry we don't know what she will do. Now when Agastya sat down, because Vindhya Chalbhu was very devote, he bowed down to Agastya. So Agastya said, just stay there, stay there. I'll go down south and come back. Then we'll look at your issue. So Vindhya Chalbhu remained bowed down waiting for Agastya to come back. Agastya never came back. Next time when he came north he went the other way through Jagannath Puri just to avoid Vindhya Chalbhu so that he remains subdued, that he doesn't erupt as a volcano or something. So Vindhya Chalbhu remained very, he is small because he's bowed down. Himalaya is tall because he's standing up and still growing. Anywhere in the Deccan Plateau if you travel almost everywhere you will see in some village somebody will say, hey this is a cave where Agastya meditated. This is a place where Agastya did this. Of all the places in Bihar Hills it's called Billy Gillilangana Beta in Karnataka near Inchamaratnagar district. So in Bihar Hills there is a place where there is a, what's the Sampagi tree? What's it called in English? Okay it's a very fragrant flower. This tree this air was planted by Agastya Med. It's definitely incredibly old this plant, this tree is. It's become all not adopted. It looks much older than any tree of its kind. They said this tree was planted by Agastya six thousand years ago. So this is called as Dutta Sampagi because Dutta Sampagi means big Sampagi. It's so large and Agastya planted this tree and he stayed there for some time. In the Cauvery it is the midpoint. So they identified the exact midpoint and Agastya Med consecrated a linga which is originally actually made of sand next to some compound of those days, traditional compound. So it's a sand linga which is still intact, not only physically intact in every way intact. This is seen as the naval of Cauvery because it's a midpoint and whatever he did I wish I had more time to spend here but it's just blowing away as if it was done yesterday. It's incredible. This is our ancestry. It's believed that Agastya Med left his subtle body here with this linga and left his mental body Mano Mayakosa in Chedura, what? Somewhere near Madurai or Virudh Nagar there is another place where he left his intellectual or mental body but he took the help of Kartikeya and took his physical body, took a Lash where Shiva was and left it there. That's a spectacular way of doing things in the end. A Lash is like a tremendous spiritual library for me. When they say this was the abode of Shiva, this is the abode of Shiva. It doesn't mean he's still dancing on the snow. It means that everything that he was is invested in that place, not just him, everybody else who came. For me, the most significant thing was Agastya money. We know invested his energies in Kailash. So Agastya invested everything that he was in the southern face of Kailash. That's incredible. It's incredible means. In terms of natural beauty, there are no words for it but in terms of its power and energy, it's absolutely incredible. So Agastya is the source of everything that is Sathranastasia. He is the very source of everything that I am. You can say I'm just a fingernail of his. It's crashing your life right now.


In previous lectures we have seen that what are the requirements of running a cyclic accelerator and the major requirement was to keep this synchronization. Now in this lecture we will take a detailed look on the cyclotron. Consider that there is magnetic field B here and magnetic field direction is out of the screen perpendicularly. Now consider a charge particle which is passing through this magnetic field. So, this is the trajectory of the particle and at this point it enters into the magnetic field. Now as it enters into the magnetic field magnetic field imparts a force given by q v cross. So, q v cross B means a force in the perpendicular direction to v as well as B. So, this force on a positively charged particle will be in this direction and because of the perpendicular force this magnetic field will advance the trajectory of the particle. Now we are considering that in this region where the magnetic field is non-zero it has constant magnitude means the value of magnetic field does not change over the space and direction is also constant means everywhere the direction is out of the screen in the perpendicular direction. So, in this magnetic field when particle passes through this magnetic field it feels a perpendicular force means a centripetal force and its trajectory becomes a circular trajectory and because we are considering constant magnetic field means this circular trajectory has that radius r constant everywhere means radius does not change as particle proceeds. So, it is a perfect circle made by the trajectory. When we consider that this magnetic field is constant over the space it means we say this is a dipolar field. So, dipolar field means it is constant over the space if we change the coordinates x, y, z in the magnetic field the magnetic field does not change. This type of magnetic field can be generated by taking two poles very long surfaces. Suppose this is a north pole and this is a south pole and this is a very long broad surfaces. So, in between there will be a uniform magnetic field that is why this is known as dipolar field because this can be generated using two poles. Now, here because magnetic field imparts the centripetal force. So, centripetal force is equal to the magnetic force. Here magnetic force should be q v cross b however we are having that v perpendicular to p. So, v cross b will be just v b because sin 90 is 1. So, this is written as q b b and we know that centripetal force is m v square by r. However, because we are considering energies which may be higher than the rest mass energy or may be comparable to the rest mass energy. So, this equation or formulation of the centripetal force must be corrected relatively and that is why this gamma has been introduced here. Now, remember here just multiplying mass with gamma does not produce correct result of this. This is a special case when force is in perpendicular direction to the velocity means if acceleration is in perpendicular direction to the velocity then only this can be done. If velocity and accelerations are not perpendicular then we have to obtain explicitly the expression of the force. You will see this kind of things when we will study the syncopon radiation sources in detail. Now, this v here is cancelled by this v. So, we have gamma m v by r is equal to q. Gamma m v is just the momentum p.  So, radius of this circle, this radius of this circle which is made by the trajectory of the charge particle is given by p by q. Means r is directly proportional to p momentum of the particle. A higher momentum particle will have larger radius of curvature. Means it will make a larger circular particle because it will bend less by the magnetic field because it is a higher energy. So, radius of curvature will be larger. And r is again inversely proportional to means if we increase the beam the radius of curvature will decrease. So, a higher magnetic field will make a shorter circle for the given charge particle and because r is directly proportional to p means magnetic field separate the trajectories according to the momentum of the particle. That is why this kind of dipolar magnetic field is also known as momentum analyzer. Now, we the very first thing for successful acceleration is to maintain the synchronization. So, we calculate what is the revolution time of this particle when it passes through the magnetic field. So, if there is a magnetic field and particle trajectory makes a complete circular path or complete circle and let the radius of this circle be r. So, length will be dipolar. Now, we have seen that in last slide that r can be calculated if we know the magnetic field and value of the charge particles charge and v. So, this value of r can be kept here from this value r is gamma mv by qv this gamma mv by qv. So, we just it will be 2 pi mv upon qv. So, this will be the length of this orbit. Now, we want to calculate the revolution time. So, this length will be divided by the v. So, this 2 pi gamma mv qv divided by this v. So, this will give you the revolution time. Now, this v cancels out. So, 2 pi gamma m by qv. So, revolution time you can see here depends on the rest mass of the particle which is constant quantity q which is again a constant quantity b magnetic field which we are applying because we are applying a constant magnetic field. So, we can see that b is also constant for a given configuration and 2 pi is also constant. Only t revolution changes with gamma. So, at lower energy regime where gamma remains constant how gamma changes with beta we can plot here suppose on the axis we are plotting beta means how the speed is changing of the particle and here on the y axis we are plotting the gamma. So, gamma minimum value of gamma is 1. So, it goes like this. So, in the initial part gamma almost remains constant. So, when gamma remains constant t revolution does not change with energy. It is a very beautiful result that as energy increases the length of the orbit increases and because the energy increases speed also increases. So, increasing speed just compensates the increase in orbit length and that is why t remains constant. And this is true only in the low energy regime where gamma remains constant. When gamma changes this t revolution will increase with energy. So, for running a cyclotron if we want to maintain the synchronism with a constant frequency RF field this is valid only in the low energy regime. So, how the cyclotron looks like there are two big poles north and south this makes these poles make dipolar magnetic field perpendicular to this orange structure. This orange structure is known as D inside this D there is vector and charge particle freely can move freely inside this D and when there is a gap between these two D there is the applied electric field. So, whenever particle crosses this field it gets energy from this electric field and due to this magnetic field which is constant over the D the particle makes a circular path. So, we can see here that particle starts its journey from this point. So, it gets some energy from the field and then because of the magnetic field it makes a circular path inside the D and again it crosses this electric field then again it gets some energy from this electric field and it makes a larger circular path because of the increased energy magnetic field is constant. So, when energy increases the radius of curvature of the path will also increase. So, a larger circular path will be there in the next fall after here again particle crosses this gap between the D and gets the energy from the electric field and it makes even larger circular path. In this fashion energy increases and the radius also increases and on the desired level of energy we can extract the particle from the cyclotron and this is how B looks like from the side this is the side view. So, North Pole and South Pole and we have a constant magnetic field inside this area. Now, here we have calculated that T revolution is basically 2 pi gamma m upon Q B and omega revolution will be just 2 pi upon T revolution. So, omega revolution will be Q B by gamma m. So, this revolution frequency is known as cyclotron frequency. If gamma is not changing much we can say that omega revolution is almost constant because we have applied constant magnetic field Q is constant and for even charge particle. Now, how cyclotron works we will see it in this plot you can consider that this is a D means whenever particle will cross this line its energy will increase. In this plot we will plot the radius of curvature for each orbit and in this plot we will plot the energy. So, whenever the particle will cross this line its energy will be stacked and in this plot we will show the revolution frequency of that particle. So, now we will see this in movie. So, these are the orbit on each crossing radius has been increased and energy is also stepping up and here radius of curvature is also becoming larger and larger. While here you can see that revolution frequency is almost constant and because of this constant revolution frequency synchronism can be maintained by a constant frequency RF light. However, when gamma will change much here you can see that gamma changes a very little bit. If gamma changes with a large value this synchronism will be improved and acceleration will take place. So, what is the highest energy possible in a cyclotron? If we make the cyclotron magnet with a radius r means up to the r, r is the largest radius the particle can go up to that orbit which is having the radius of radius r. So, t is equal to half MV square we are using non-relativistic formulation here because we are considering that we are working in that region where the gamma remains constant. So, naturally we are working in the non-relativistic region that is why kinetic energy can be written down as half MV square because v is equal to omega r omega is the revolution frequency. So, v can be written down as omega r so it will be half m omega square r square. Now, at the place of omega we can put qv by m keeping the gamma as one because we are considering that gamma is constant. So, this half mv square means omega is equal to qv upon gamma m and we are considering that gamma is approximately 1 no change in gamma then omega will be approximately equal to qv upon m and this value has been written down. So, kinetic energy will be half m q square v square r square by m square this m will be cancelled out by m. So, we have half q square v square r square by 2. Now, at the place of q we can write down q as z means if we are accelerating some ion so charge on the ion will be z into electronic charge and mass of the ion will be a into mass. So, a is the mass number and z shows the charge state of that. So, at the place of q we keep z square e square and place of m we keep a m. So, here e is the charge on the electron and here m is the mass of the probe. So, these quantities are constant and for a given configuration of cyclotron b is also constant and r we have taken the largest possible radius in that cyclotron. So, r is also constant for a given cyclotron. So, these quantities are constant and z and a depends what ion we have selected and what is the charge state of that ion. So, kinetic energy can be written down as k into z square y. So, this k is known as k value of the cyclotron. If we are accelerating the proton then z becomes 1 and a also becomes 1 in that case t is equal to k means k shows you what is the maximum possible value of a proton in a given cyclotron if gamma remains unjust. So, this is the maximum possible value. So, we say that k 130 cyclotron in the variable energy cyclotron center at Kolkata means proton can be accelerated theoretically maximum up to 130. However, we have seen that gamma changes a little bit. So, if we consider that little bit change. So, phase of RF where the particle arrives after one turn will change a slight. So, when this change accumulates over the turn button and when it change in phase becomes sufficient particle cannot accelerate beyond that limit. So, in practically the value of proton or energy which we can achieve using a cyclotron for the proton will also be lesser than this k. k is also known as bending power of the cyclotron. Now, we have considered that particle is entering into the magnetic field where the V is in perpendicular direction to the magnetic field B means particle velocity vector is making 90 degree angle with respect to magnetic field B means it is nicely following a trajectory which we wish. This kind of particle is known as synchronous particle because this is an ideal particle which shows what should be the ideal trajectory or descent trajectory in the accelerator. However, in B there is a large number of particles and all these particles may not follow exactly the descent trajectory. There may be deviation in the velocity vector, there may be deviation in the from the descent trajectory itself. So, consider that a deviated particle in velocity means a particle is not having only perpendicular component of the velocity also it has some parallel component of the velocity than the field. This is the component V perpendicular and this component decides what should be the radius of curvature of the orbit which it will follow under the given magnetic field B. While this V parallel there will be no force because V and V for this component is in same direction. So, in this direction particle will advances with this V component velocity. So, particle will make a helical path means particle will go in vertical direction continuously while making circular path. So, this circular path is decided by this V perpendicular and advances in the vertical direction is decided by this V parallel. Now, if it will be the case after few turns particle will hit the surface of the T's because there are D inside which particle always circular trajectory. So, after certain time it will hit either the above surface or the below surface depending with what is the direction of this V perpendicular, a V parallel. So, in that case we have to have some mechanism to keep these particles confined in the vertical plane also. How we can do that? We have considered that we have a nice dipole magnet means pole faces are parallel to each other. This is the pole face of the north pole and this is the pole face of the south pole both are exactly parallel to each other and we have nicely constant magnetic field in this space. Now, suppose a particle is deviated in vertical direction from the central axis this dotted line shows the central axis. So, a particle which is deviated from the above or below from the central axis is still the force is exactly parallel to x axis or parallel to this central axis. Suppose particle is going inside the screen in the perpendicular direction V is in this direction. So, force will be in this direction for a positively charged particle. Now, we want to bring some vertical force which will keep the particle confined in case if particle has certain velocity component in the perpendicular direction. So, instead of making pole face perfect parallel make some curve in the pole faces. So, the gap between the pole increases as we go away from the center. So, here the gap is high here gap is low because here gap is low means magnetic field is stronger here and magnetic field is weaker here. So, as we go outside from the center magnetic field becomes weaker and weaker means we are introducing a gradient in the magnetic field. What will happen now for a particle which is deviated in the vertical direction from the central axis in this configuration of the magnetic field we see it. Now, suppose a particle is again deviated here now here because the magnetic field name as curvature. So, magnetic field direction will be decided by the tangent at this point. So, at this point magnetic field is in this direction. So, this is marked here this is the magnetic field direction is still we are considering that particle is going in the screen in the perpendicular direction. So, force will also be perpendicular to V as well as perpendicular to this is a magnetic field. So, force now has vertical component also because force will be in this direction. So, this will be the horizontal component of the force this will be the vertical component of the force. So, now we have vertical component of the force. Now, here you can see that when the particle is below the axis the magnetic field line will look like this and force will be in this direction. So, horizontal direction of the force is still in the same direction while the direction of the vertical component of force has been reversed. So, if particle is going above or below it feels a force towards the central axis means a confinement is possible for the particles in case of vertical displacement or vertical velocity if we introduce some gradient in the dipolar magnetic field. So, if we introduce gradient in the dipolar magnetic field of a cyclotron then vertical focusing is also possible. This kind of focusing which is obtained using the gradient in the dipole magnet is known as weak focusing. In later chapters we will see what is the strong focusing when we will consider the quadruple magnet.


In a Hindu temple, there was an Indian specialty shop that sold bootlegs especially tech as well. In my trip to New Bailey, I saw an installation disc of Watts Windows 9. Some Indian dude said it's from 2004, in an alternate universe called, Universe 13341b. It seems like they might be using a quantum belt to create a tunnel to 2004, in Universe 13341b. He claimed that he got a copy of this OS once he arrived to this universe, and then took his power to get it back to our universe. It is rumored that this OS possesses strange supernatural abilities. Hindus claiming that it's the work of Vishnu. Users who dare to install this copy of Windows 9 would be drawn into a nightmarish world of glitches, and disturbing distorted imagery from the broken dimensions. The eerie sounds of harmonic whispers decreasing in a shepherd tone is enough to give someone seizures, shivering down the user's spine. Many users had reported their computers starting up by themselves, shutting down or restarting without warning. And some of the UI UX elements being distorted and warped beyond recognition, or their files disappearing or reappearing in an orthodox place is mysteriously. Most of them had reported that they had developed depression schizophrenia or caused a time paradox after using this OS. Many also mysteriously disappeared, and transferred consciousness to another body, due to the space-time fabric being ripped apart by paranormal entities, which caused their grandparents to be killed by the demonic spirits. Rumors said that this OS had a sinister purpose. Some claimed that it was the underworld demons who haunt the copy after quantum travel, or was a sinister gateway to the dark web. Many told Microsoft in our universe about this copy of Windows, and there was no response as it wasn't comprehensible within this universe. Many Hindus had warned that the world would end with this OS, by causing a time paradox and eventually ripping apart space-time. After many years, the Indian specialty shop that was bustling with customers had become abandoned after 20 years. To this day, the legend of Windows 9 continues to haunt the minds of those who hear it whatever religious or secular. Its eerie existence might be the cause of an incompatible timeline, which eventually questions Hindu eschatology and time paradox. Anyone who thinks of it, were sent to the deepest depths of technology, that can lead to darkness that cannot be escaped. In the context of the multiverse theory, the concept of universes colliding is more metaphorical than literal. The multiverse theory suggests the existence of multiple separate universes, each with its own set of physical laws and constants. When people talk about universes colliding, they are usually referring to the idea that different universes could interact or overlap in some way, potentially leading to complex and speculative scenarios. Unlike galaxies colliding, which involves the physical interaction of massive celestial bodies, the concept of universes colliding is more abstract and theoretical. It's important to note that the multiverse theory is still a topic of scientific and philosophical debate, and there is no empirical evidence to support the idea of universes colliding in a physical sense.


In this presentation, we will go over an introduction to the Health Information Systems Program and DHIS2. We will start by discussing the Health Information System Program and DHIS2 origins. We will also discuss the community behind the software. We will describe a quick overview of some of the various DHIS2 features and discuss this concept of DHIS2 as an integrated data warehouse. We will also describe how DHIS2 can be used as an information sharing and analysis tool, not just as a data collection tool. The Health Information Systems Program, which supports DHIS2, is a global action research network that was initiated through a collaboration of the University of Oslo and University of Western Cape in 1994. DHIS2 is the eventual result of this initial collaboration. DHIS2 is an open-source software that allows for reporting, analysis, and dissemination of data for all health programs. Recently, DHIS2 has also been applied to use cases outside of the health system as well. One of the key goals in using DHIS2 is to build a shared and integrated data warehouse where all essential health data can be stored. In turn, this will provide information for action. There are three broad categories of data that DHIS2 supports. This includes aggregated data, event data, and patient-based data. We will discuss these concepts a lot more throughout other sessions. So just quickly, we will go over a brief history of DHIS2. Through the collaboration between University of Oslo and the University of Western Cape, DHIS1 was actually created and used in South Africa. In 2006, DHIS2 was piloted. This was a shift over from an access-based system in which DHIS1 was using over to the web-based platform that we now know today. In 2012, a series of DHIS2 academies were launched, allowing for regional capacity building. By the end of 2014, 46 countries were using DHIS2. This has only grown since then. In 2016, there are 29 countries and 7 Indian states that use DHIS2 as its national standard. Various partner countries and other agencies are also using DHIS2 in various stages of implementation. The HISP collaboration has resulted in the creation of a global DHIS2 network of action. This includes open-source development through various HISP nodes, as well as HISP nodes being created in multiple countries. Lately, we also see collaborations between countries that are using DHIS2, resulting in regional level use cases. In these cases, we have countries sharing data together using DHIS2 and allowing individuals to analyze this data together. This includes building DHIS2 portals with shared data within the economic community of West African states, the East African community, and the Greater Mekong Sub-Region. These are just some examples of how DHIS2 is being used to share data regionally. The DHIS2 academies have also been evolving since their initial inception in 2012. These regional workshops allow for individuals to come together and learn more about DHIS2. We've recently introduced a new curriculum for the DHIS2 academies, and we will go over this in more detail in other sessions. The Level 1 Academy includes the information use, customization, and tracker academies. And the Level 2 academies now include specific advanced topics. Through these academies, we also encourage sharing experiences across countries. With the main goal ensuring that participants learn about new DHIS functionalities, customizations, and advanced use cases. One of the concepts that we will come back to in other sessions is that DHIS2 is a platform. It's a generic platform that therefore supports a wide range of different use cases, both within and outside of the health sector. This allows for distributed innovation in a wide network. Many different individuals and organizations from all over the globe can contribute to ongoing DHIS2 development. DHIS2 itself allows for flexible configuration and customization, allowing organizations to meet a wide variety of different use cases. New functionality can also be created through open APIs and app development. So some considerations do need to be made when adopting DHIS2. DHIS2 is a platform. It's not a one-off or off-the-shelf product. It's highly configurable, and each time DHIS2 is adopted, it needs to be configured to meet the appropriate use cases defined within that setting. DHIS2 is an organic part of the changing health system. You need to continually develop the system in order to meet different requirements as your health system changes. One of the key principles that we always advocate when adopting DHIS2 is that core team capacity development is crucial. As mentioned in the introduction, we will now discuss DHIS2 being used as a data warehouse. We will come back to this concept several times through our sessions. Within DHIS2, we want to place all of our different data sources. In this example, we are looking at a DHIS2 system which is storing health data. We can have our different data sources from our routine reporting. We can also store data from other systems, from surveys, any of our population data. And we can take that and bring it together. Users can then engage with the data in various ways. We can create predefined reports for these users to access, and also allow these users to create their own reports within DHIS2.  As users can engage directly with the data and make conclusions based on what they have found. In DHIS2, a variety of outputs can be made. These outputs can be shared with other users within the system, can be given descriptions in order for these outputs to be given appropriate context, and can be discussed between users in the system as well. In DHIS2, we have the ability to submit data using computers, Android devices, and feature phones as well. We will discuss and demonstrate some of these uses in other sessions. If you want to learn a bit more about DHIS2, including some of the concepts that we've discussed in this presentation, have a look at the website. We also have some other demonstrations of DHIS2 uses on the play.dhis2.org webpage. Let us know if you have any questions about anything that we've discussed in this session. In the next session, we will introduce Training Land, which is a training environment that has been created for use in this academy.


みなさんこんにちは。今日はご視聴いただきありがとうございます。私はタクヤフクシスターです。ITアーキテクトのNTTデータコープレーションです。このセッションは、マサルドバシーです。私は、データレイクアーキテクトの歴史と歴史を説明します。まずは、自分のアーキテクトです。私は、ITアーキテクトで、コンピューティング・ミッションクリティカーシステムを担当しています。NTTデータコープレーションは、マーチブルセクターで、パブリック・フィナッシュ・コープレートを作っています。マサルドバシーは、ITスピチュアリストをオーエッセスで、ディストリート・コンピューター、マシン・ラーニング・インフラ・エッセトラを作っています。彼は、アパッチ・カフカ・アパッチ・スパークについて、テクニカブックスを作っています。私たちは、プロジェクトで、オーエッセスで、データ・ユーティライト・インク・トラクチュアを作っています。このセッションは、2つの話をします。まず、マサルドバシーは、オーエッセスで、オーエッセスで、大きなデータを作っています。次に、新たなテクノロジーを作っています。前に、このセッションを、私たちは、このセッションを、主に説明します。データ・ユーティライト・プラットホームは、たくさんのテクノロジーを作っています。このセッションは、私たちは、ストアリング・プロセッシンで、大きなデータを作っています。とにかく、私たちは、エンジン・アクセス・イントフェースと、ディストリビュータを作っています。このセッションについてお伺いし、この辺りのストレージレイヤーについてお伺いします。今、マッサルのスピーカーについてお話しすることができます。こんにちは、みんな。私はマッサルトバシーのNTTデータです。まず、私たちの歴史についてお話しします。オープンソースソフトウェアのプロセッシングで、ビッグデータを使用しています。これは、私たちの歴史についてお伺いします。あなたが見ると、多くのエクスステムがあります。アパッチヘディブのために、私たちのエクスステムについてお伺いします。私たちは、このセッションについてお伺いします。まず、私はアパッチヘディブについてお話しします。これは、私たちのエクスステムについてお伺いします。まず、私たちのヘディブについてお伺いします。クラリーエンジンについてお伺いします。ヘディブは、エンタープライズを担当するために、プロセッシングでデータを使用しています。前に、ヘディブについてお伺いします。ヘディブは、アパッチヘディブについてお伺いします。私たちのイエスサーバーは、2GBの記憶を持つのが、CPUたちのコードを使用するために、2GBの記憶を使用するために、CPUのコードを使用するために、プロセッシングでデータを使用しています。例えば、私たちのオリジナルLDbMSを使用しています。後、ヘディブは、たくさんのマシンを使うことができます。それは大きなコンピューティングレソースです。コンピューティングファミリアーのために、コンピューティングレソースを追加することができます。このようなフィギュアルです。では、このようなフィギュアルを追加することができます。左側の情報はフィナーションアリアーの仕掛けです。そしてフィナーションアリアーの仕掛けは、広い時間を調整するための8時間までに行って、5時間までに行います。右側はまた1時間までの仕掛けです。この使い方は、名前のアイディンテリフィキューションプロセスを使用しました。プロセッシングタイムは、100が必要です。HDFは、オープンソースソフトウェアのデータをレベルしています。しかし、私のアプリデスアプリケーションを使用することが難しいです。 kills of techniques to increase productivity of applications were born.It abstractedooh map reduce based on distributed computing.HDF Map reduce transparently provided us with difficult features to realize,such as scalability,H attribute, Congratulations and comorry.この理由は何でしょうか。様々なソフトウェアに関しては、例えば、アパッチハイフを使ってスクリームのアプリケーションを使ってSQL-like 語りを使ってCascading is for frameworkor libraryto buildthe custom DSLbutHadoop also has a weak pointfor example, Hadoop, HDFScombined with MapReduceis not good at handlingsmall files.of course, like this figureHadoopHadoop is good at handlinglarge files sequentiallyhowever, it's difficult to handlelots of small filesor lots of small dataupgrade recordsin large datasetand partially delete recordsin large data filesthe more you store small filesthe more massive metadata will growthis results in the high loadto the master's hoverwhich manage the metadataof the file systemfor example, in left sidethere are manyand one gigabyte datathe number of filesis less than one millionon the other hand, the right sidethere are many one kilobyte filesbut the number of filesis one trillionthe total size of datais the samebut the master's hoverconstructs more memoryabout a metadatain right sideit might hit the performanceof the file systemand secondly, Hadoopis not good atdata processing with the low latencyHadoop is good at batch processingusing the large input fileand also the output fileon the other handit's difficult for Hadoopto handle small input output dataand respond to the requestin the online mannerok, then secondlyI talk about HBaseHBase has a featureto handle the small size of datainto Hadoop Exystemyou can insert a recordin a low latency, for examplein millisecond orderand you can use simple apito read datasuch as get and scanyou can read only a part of dataefficientlyusing HBasewe can use the apisimple apiget,put,scan,deleteand so onthe one of key strengthis the performancestupid of a put apiHBase is based on Hadoopto that it alsolevels the feature of Hadoopsuch as scalabilityfor exampleyou can expand the space ofstraight by adding nodesand also you can improvethe throughput of read and writeby adding nodesa famous use casewhen HBase first appearedas a background databaseof Facebook messengerthird oneis the distributed stream processingthe patch stonein the apache Kafkaprovided scalabilityto the stream processingthe patch stone has been bornto process the massive stream datain near real timethe patch Kafka is an open sourcesoftware for the messagingof massive stream datawhich was originally boning linked inusing apache Kafkawe can receive and transfermassive data frequentlyand also using stonewe can receive dataand process them in near real timeone of example of these kindsof use case is analyticsabout tweets to clarifywhat content is in buggythe first topic is writesof error of CQL on Hadoopand the columnar formatafter the distributed computingkind popularvarious CQL on Hadoop solutionsfor the ad hoc queryto improve usability for the endusers which were developedsince about2013 kinds of CQL on Hadoopfor the low latency query were bornthe difference between originalhive and such productis the dependency on Hadoopmapple useCQL on Hadoop in this contextdoes not depend on Hadoopmapple useCQL on Hadoop technologiessometimes performovervaluably betterthan Hadoopmapple usecombined with Hive approachin specific workloads which they are good atthis is because some of themwell leverage memoriesand networks as well as disksthis is an imageof hardware trendschanged since Hadoop was bornwhen Hadoopand Hive was bornHive was bornthe mainstreammachine hadonlyhow this drivesand the memorythe size of memorywas a few gigabytes per machineon the other handthis is a typical Hadoopspecwhen fresh storedand in parallel was bornwith often usedSSDinstead of how to describethe size of memoryincreasedto tens or hundreds of gigabytesper machineand also the column orientedformat was getting to be knownas a technology to assistalhoc queriesthis will help systemas well as Hadoop ecosystemuses these kinds of formatscompared to row orientedformat the column orientedformat achieves the following improvementsfirst isefficiency to encode andcompress datathe second is betteroptimization for read operationfor analytics queriessofirst i introduce aboutthe improvement about column pruningdata analystsoften only usepassure kinds of data for specific analyticsapplication can read onlytargeted columns using column orientedformat the secondsize is an exampleof row oriented casesapplicationsneed to read every columnnot required for analyticson the other handcolumn oriented caseapplications canread only targeted columnsfor analytics and skipnot requiredrequired onesthis omission reduces IOfor analyticsnextimprovement about predicated pushdowndata analysisoften only usea partial range of datafor a specific analysisapplication can use metadata to narrow rangeof actual read operationthis is an examplein this exampledata are data sortedby datein this caseif we want the searchingdata createdin a certain dateaccording to the metadatawe can skipdata one and data threethe left side data or right side dataand we canread the only targeted datathe second databut column oriented formatis not a single bullettransformationto the column oriented formatand update operationneeds high computation and resource usesthis is an imageof transformationfirst we createthe row orienteddata in memoryand with a statistical dataafter thatwe can convert such kind of row oriented datato the column oriented datathis conversion needs somecomputationor re-arrimentof datathis is why the data which is written onceand repeatedly readis fruitful for these kinds of technologieshoweveri don't recommend to use it forintimidated data of computationthis is becausethis transformation is notcost effective for theintimidated datait's not easy if we wantfree leverage the optimizationfor examplethe predicate pushdowni mentionedas usefulonly when the data is sortedenough bythe targeted search columnit's essential tounderstand the charactersof the dataand access patterns to themthis is an examplewhere the data is not sorted bythe targeted search columnin this data setthe datais sorted by the alphabeton the other handif you want to searchthe datacreated in a certain dateyou cannot use themetadatayou should read the fall data setin this datathe next topicis object storageas a data lakethe object storageis one of the architectureto store and manage dataon the granularity of objectit's recently also popularas an architecturefor a data lakea persistent data storefor the long termit has featurescommon between hdfsscalabilityand is also able to storepetabytes databut there are differences between hdfsfor exampleit's often good atstoring lots of small fileson the other handthere are charactersunfavorablefor the data processingthe movement of data within the storagenot lightweightand also a consistent levelof some operationsis often not highas it latelyAWSS3-S276is one of the popular solutionand has a long historyhdfs and other solutionssupport s3 protocolin the hdfs communitystarted to develop the object storage featureas an ecosystem of hdfs since hdfs3apache-hdfsbecame some feature of hdfsthennext I'll talk about writesinfoof open source of theorysome open source of theoryslowed down the maintenance comparedto the first release errorand some changed the main featuresapache-hivemanyabout apache-hive manycompetitors appearedand the development is still activeonly on the other handfor exampleapache-picks the final releasewas in2017and also aboutapache-mahautthe main feature is now the distributed linearLJVLA frameworkand a mathematically expressivescholar DSLjilafjilaf's release cycle slowed downsothe productswhich depend on a particular producttends to beaffected by a deteriorationof dependent productsfor examplethe above products seems to beaffected by the rights ofapache-park anddeterioration of hdfs mapreduce howevercq-like languagegot to be thedata processing enginecombined with data lakeas well as data frame apion the other handmany users did not useextremelycharacteristic languagesand the long termand also low-layer technologiessuch as hdfsand hbase are still activelydevelopedthe architecture is evolvingand the developers are addingambitious featuresfinally, I summarizethe part-warningthis is our view oftypical architecturescombined with some kinds of technologiesI'll talk about featureswhich the typical architecture wants to achievefirstwe often tend toachieve the batch processingof massive dataand storing the massive dataand secondthe writing, reading, recordsin high throughput and low latencyand alsowe'd like to acceptlots of small dataand also near viewer timelyprocess lots of small dataand finallywe tend to wanttoadahawk-curingfor analyticalprocesswe tend to desire the idealwith scalabilityHDRD supportlow latency, high throughputefficient ckl-channel accessefficient random accesschip, and so onhowever, it's not easy to realize itusing one technologyso we often integrate several kinds of productsto balance trade-offsand this isexample of trade-offswe oftenwe often metthese approachesoften forcesforced users to accept complexityand it's sometimes too trickyto use appropriatelyso there are new demandsfor the data lakerecentlywe can categorize recent demandsfor the data lakewe can define two categoriesof recent demands for the data lakeand the data platformfirst one is the left sideof handlingdataand the second is the right sideto provide features for the analyticssothe rest of the partis presentation byTakuyaan introduction of relatedrecent technologiesin the first halfwe mainly talk about the historyof OSS.hand big datain the second halfI'd like to talk about relatedrecent technologiesfirstlyI'll talk aboutrequirements for the recenttrade railsecondly I'll explainthe use case of these requirements thirdlyI'll talk about the challengesof the architecturethat realize the requirements furthermoreI'll introducethree OSS productsto solve the challengesfinallyI'll mention the considerationsand conclusionsand this slideI'll talk about the traditionalrequirements for the straight railwhich process big datathere are four mainrequirementsscarabilityusabilityaffordabilityas for scalabilityuser want to be ableto add resource easilyas for usabilityuser want to be ableto hand big data easilyasaffordabilityusers want to be ableto process big data by arrangingin expensive resourcesas scalabilityusers want to be ableto continue the servicewithout losing dataeven if one unitflags downwe believe thatuser dealing with big datawill continue to needthese demands in the futurenowI will mention recentrequirements of straight railprocessing big datathere are two mainrequirementsone is swing processinganalyze various analyticsas for strain processingthe straight rail need to keepreceiving large amount of smalldata that are constantlycomingfor exampleit is IoT dataas various analyticsexample fivefour requirementsfirstuse of realtime datausersmay want to analyzerealtime data thathas just arrivedsecondconsider historical datausers may wantto analyze data withlarge amount of historical datathird low latencyusers may want to get result quicklyfinallytrial and errorusers may want to try andwear some quality to a dead statefor examplemachine learningupcoming slidewe considerrealtime analyticsbased on these requirementsnextlet's consider an exampleof a use case thatrequires realtime analyticshere as a generalizeduse casewe will introduce an examplelinking information to storeand users in realtimelet's take a step by steplook at the data flowfirstwe accumulate thebehavioral historyand operation historyby batch andstream processing in advancenextwe execute machine learningand create a modelthat is easy to handlein processingthere is a contentto be finished in advancefrom now onit will be realtime analyticswhen a user with a smart phoneapproaches storea system gets this informationby streamthen the system analyzesusers historical dataandranks the customer service policyandrecommendation to the storeas a resultusers can receive a smooth servicebesidesthe system analyzesinquiry from usersand pushes useful informationto user in realtimeby repeating thisprocesswe will be able to continueto provide useful informationbased on fresh datato store and usersnextlet's consider the challengesof architecture for realizingsuch realtime analyticsI presenttwo typicalarchitecturesthe first is batchfocused architecturein batch architecturewe use the batch ETLpipeline to correctand processdatahoweverthere is a problem that we can't analyzerealtime databecause it takes a long timebetween correcting dataand using datathe second isstream-focused architecturein stream architecturewe usedata hub to correctdataand we use stream pipelinevisualize datanotify informationhoweverthere is a problem thatwe can't handle large amountof historical databecausestream architecturedoes not expect thequery to as muchdata as batchesand it isdifficult to execute an adhocanality queryto stream pipelinebecause the queryto the stream pipelineis predeterminednow I introduceramuda architectureto meet thesechallenges, ramuda architectureintegrates batch and streampipelinesRamuda architectureconsists of three layerto batch layeranalyze large amountof data in batch processingto service layerprovides a batch processing resultto speed layeranalyze what ishappened in realtimehoweverwhy the ramuda architecture looksperfectit has the following concernsfirstto analyze batch streamprocessing togetherit is necessary tointegrate the resultof two systemsbut it istoo difficult to make themconsistentsecondpipeline complexitycostincrease systemdating costshere is some of the essencethat have comeout so farwe think about the four essencefor the storage layer to realizerealtime analyticsfirstthe storage layer must be able toinput both batchand stream processingsecondthe storage layer must be able toaccamulateutilize bothrealtime dataand historical datathirdthe storage layer must be able toexecute various analytics queryfor examplemachine learning, ad hoc queriesand so onfinallythe storage layer must be able torealize a simple pipelineto optimize costnextI introduce the recent storageware open source softwarefor realtime analyticsas explained in the firsthalf batch the worldis full of old and newproductsthat can process bigdataof course there are manyproducts that are notcreated hereeven in these situationswe need to fix the properproductsthis time as a recentstorage layer OSSproducts for realtime analyticsI would like to brieflyintroduce a batchice bag, a batchhoodie, and delt lakefirstI'd like to introduce a batchice bagI think the main feature ofice bag are transactionalcapabilityand merge format supportthe transactionalfuture allow userto analyze theconsistent statebesidesuser can easilyreproduce the analysisand execute analysisusing past days seton the other handmult formatsupport allow userto choose the formatthat's it their requirementsnextI'd like to introduce a batchfoodieI think the main feature offoodie is multi viewsaccording to purposeusers can usereadoptimized viewwhen the userwant to reduce read latencyusers canuse the realtimeview when the userwant to analyze the mostrecent datauser canuse the incrementalview when the userwant to use the updatedifference.finallyI'd like to introduce delt lakeI think the mainfuture of delt lake aretransactional capabilityand rich dml commandsas same asicebag transactional functiongive users consistencyand reproductivityof analyticsin additionusers cancomplete gdpr by usingenough dml commandsfor example deltupdate and mergethenI'd like to show you the comparisonof internal approachof these three productsfirstI'd like to focusto the concept ofdead store layer and processall three productshave the same layerstructure and processconcepticebagfoodie delt lakeare all located inlayer betweenapplication anddead storewe tentatively call thissoftware storagelayer software. generallydead storeprovise simple functionto applicationswage layersoftware provideslogical dataset andtable to the applicationas useful futureapplicationtotransparentlyread and write to thedead store using convenientfunctionswhen applicationrequest to read and writedata to storage layersoftwareswage layer softwareread and write not onlyactual data but alsothe management informationin this waythe applicationusedead store with easein other handswage layer software has nodead store and nodemon processswage layer softwaredeligates scale related todead store such ashgfsobject storage in cloudin this waythese three productsand your scalabilitynext, I'd like tofocus the format ofit's producta patch-foodie anddelt-like mainly use theconformat for efficientreading drawing analysispatch-icebox-spotmultformatpocket-washyand avruso that the user can choosethe formatit's product keepsread efficiency by usingeffective format for analyticsfinallyI'd like to focusto the file structureand read-write mechanismof it's productthe file structureand read-write mechanism aredifferent between foodie andother products, I suspectI talk about the difference betweendelt-like and iceberg in thenext slidefirst, I'd like toexplain foodie's marginwrite. foodie holdstwo main type of filesthese are the files calledbase fileand append logwhen writing, the writerhas data to thelow-oriented append logthis file iscompacted intocalm-oriented base file atregular intervalsthe readerread only the base filewhen user want toread with low latencyother read-optimizedviewthe reader read both basefile and append logwhen user want to readreal-time data as real-timeviewin this way, foodierealized various analyticsin combination with multipleviewnext, I'd like toexplain iceberg and dealt-likeboth of thesecreates management informationfile and actualdate file at the same timewhen the writer writesthe versionetc. isdescribed in themanagement informationthe reader identifiesnecessary actual date filefrom link in the managementinformation and reads themlet's take a closerlook at each product innext slideI shall explain the differencein mechanism between icebergand dealt-likemanage date fileusing the file calledmanifest listand manifestthe reader traces the manifestfrom manifest listof snapshots to identifythe required files dealt-likemanage date filesusing the files calleddelta logsthe reader identifies therequires date filedelta logDelta log aggregatesall dealt logs intocheckpoint to prevent the growthof dealt logsboth of products havethe command to aggregatesmall dealt filesfinally, I'd liketo talk about considerationsand conclusionsfrom now on, I'd liketo carry out considerationbased on the internal approachesand firsthalf we mentionedthat products processingbaked letter are strongly awareof one in many trade-offsthe recentstraight layer softwareproducts take an approachthat strike a balancebetween these trade-offswhile resolving boththere are three pointsthe firstis write quicklythe second isto analyze efficientlythe third isto fill the gap betweenthose twofirst, in order to write quicklyfoody first write toa low-orienteddate formaticebag and dealt-likewrite version informationat the same timeas the datasecond, in order toread efficientlyeach productadds an efficient formatthird, in orderto fill the gap betweenthe trade-offseach product comesin a variety of formatsand viewsand alsohas background fileaggregationI'd like to talk a little moreabout the future focuswe haverealized the utilization pipelineby combiningspecializedsoftwarerecent OSS productsaboutbaked data processingevolved in directionof balanced trade-offthat existing in the pastthey have creatednew bodies such asreal-time analyticsas this evolution continueswe expectthat thoseinterface becamesimplerwhile the internal mechanismbecame more complexafter thatwe think thatsoftware for theable hardwarewill be born to solve thenextfinally, I'll give a summaryof this sessionOSS and architectureare ableto meet the needof the timesand the range of data utilizationis expandingrecent bigdata processing OSSevolved to balance trade-offsthat existed in the pastusing various approachesto meet variousrequirements such asreal-time analyticstherefore, the internal structureof the products hasbecame complicatedand it has become difficultto set the optimum architectureand optimum productas architectwe should continue todevelop our sense and powerto realize the architecturethat meet new requirementsif we have any problemsin this technical fieldwould you discuss them?thank you for your attention


In this topic we will be defining national culture and looking at the definition of culture as well as national culture from an academic and cultural point of view. So first of all we are going to discuss the definitions of culture. Culture is basically a very much woolly concept which has aroused controversy and confusion among scholars as its precise meaning and definition. So culture, it is something which is intangible, it is something which you cannot point out that well this is culture, it is not something which is physical, it is not something which is tangible. So it is a woolly concept, it's a cloudy concept. That is why it is very difficult to define what is culture and therefore there has been a lot of controversy and confusion on what is the exact definition of culture. So it can be assessed from this particular fact that Krober and Klockhorn cited 164 definitions of culture and that was in 1952, 50 years ago, more than 50 years ago. So now you can imagine how many definitions would be existing regarding culture. But nonetheless, although there are a number of very definitions, but there are basically two broad meanings of culture depending on the context in which it is discussed. Now what are those two broad meanings? One is the aspect of the anthropological and sociological aspect and it is from the academic aspect and from that aspect culture refers to values and attitudes that people belonging to a given society, they hold. The academic definition, academic aspects, the sociological and anthropological aspect that considers culture as the values and attitudes of people, collective values and attitudes of people. And the other aspect of culture which is outside the academic world and in day-to-day life, culture is usually identified with the arts and literature, for example poetry, theater, music, opera, painting, ballet and so forth. So usually the laymen who talk about the academic circle culture relate to fine arts. And the performing arts relate to them, they consider them to be culture.  So that is only a cultural representation. The philosophical background is that the academic definition guides you, it is because of the values and attitudes that people hold in a particular given society. So we will be concerned with the academic definition of culture and not with the laymen's definition of culture. So when we talk about culture, it's not the art, it's not the music. It is the values and attitudes held by people of a particular society. Now when we come to national culture, it has also been defined in a number of ways. First of all, we will discuss the definition of Hofstede. You must have heard of Hofstede in the context of culture. How did Hofstede define culture? He has defined it as the collective programming of the mind based on a broad tendency to prefer certain states of a fear over others.  On the basis of that, your mind is programmed. When you are born in this world, you have a blank slate. And then as you grow up, your mind is programmed with the things that you experience. And what you experience is based on the national and social cultural values. And because of that, you end up preferring certain things over others, whether you are materialistic, whether you are individualistic, whether you have a long-term tendency to plan things, or you have a short-term tendency to plan things. There could be a number of different preferences that you hold because of this programming, and that happens at the social and national level. It is a collective kind of programming. Then Tayyab has defined culture as historically evolved values, attitudes and meanings, which are learned and shared by the members of a given community and which influence their material and non-material way of life. So in this definition, there have been various different elements that have been identified. The first important thing is that your values and attitudes are historically evolved. It's not something which is evolved in a point of time, in a cross-section of time. It is something which is historically evolved. So for example, the stories that we listen about partitions, the stories that we listen about 1965 war, the stories that we listen about 9-11 event, and so many other things that happen in our historical background that defines the values, attitudes and meanings. Then it is something which is learned and shared by the members of a given community. So it is a shared meaning-making, a shared sense-making process. On the basis of that, it affects our material as well as non-material way of life. And you can very well imagine that material and non-material way of life may. There are a number of elements which are involved in that. So that is how Tayyab has defined culture and there are a number of elements that he has added to the first definition of half-state. Now then Hick and Poo have defined culture that it is the shared values that typify a society and lie beneath its characteristic arts and architecture, clothes, food, ways of greeting and meeting, ways of working together, ways of communicating and so on. So in this definition, the author has actually pointed out the thing that we had already discussed that culture is a shared meaning which is a shared meaning of the society and then it is manifested in your art and in your architecture and then in all the ways of life that are held by you. For example, if Japanese, like the author said, it also affects the ways of meeting and greeting. So the Japanese, they bow to greet somebody. So if someone would bow to someone in Pakistani culture, they would say that this person is trying to be a sycophant or trying to impress the other person too much. But in Japanese culture, bowing is a normal way of behaving and greeting other person. So all the values that you hold, so in Japanese culture, respect is highly valued. In American culture, that is totally on the opposite side. They do not value the open expression of respect. They consider that respect is something which is held within your implicit mind and does not need to be explicitly stated. So that is why you see that in American culture, parents are also called by their names. Whereas in Japanese culture, respect is highly valued. So if you value respect, in your behavior, in your attitude, in your ways of greeting, in communicating, all these things will reflect. Alright, then finally, Danny points out that it is clear that culture is different between nations. A nation's culture or national character is shaped by historical, geographical and philosophical factors as each country has a different view of history, geography and philosophy, so they have different culture. So in this definition, you have seen that definitions are evolving. You can see this definition in the literature in 2003. You have seen the first one in the earlier literature. So it is evolving. The author has highlighted historical, geographical and philosophical factors that define your national culture. Since different points of view are different, your historical points of view are different, your geographical points of view are different, your philosophical points of view are different, your national culture or values are different in different countries. Alright, so it is very important for the management students and the management practitioners to understand the cultural differences between different peoples because it is important and essential to understand the motives and behaviors of people why they are acting in a particular way. So if you do not know why someone is bowing his head, then you will not understand what is his motive, what is his behavior, but if you clearly know that he belongs to the Japanese culture which values respect very much and this is his way of bowing his head, then you will be clear that there is no other motive in it, there is no ulterior motive in it. So it is important for us to understand because as human resource management scholars as well as practitioners, we really need to understand the motives and behaviors of people so that we can manage them well. Another reason why we need to understand the national culture and differences is that the soft aspects of the organization like human resource management, they are more readily influenced by the culture. So the hard parts for example production facilities or financial aspects do not affect your culture as much as your human resource management soft aspects of organization are affected. So it is important for us that the scholars of human resource management try to understand the national culture.