Trout and water scarcity Faktas contributing to drought include global warming, El Nino, psychos, and random meteorological variability. Faktas contributing to water shortages include increased water demand, drying up of surface water, reduced yield of wells and springs, water pollution, restricted access to water sources, dysfunctional water distribution and poor water conservation. Consequences of drought include desertification, famine, and drought is closely associated with political disruption, especially in Africa. Possible public health hazards include health hazards like insufficient water for consumption and insufficient water for hygiene purposes. The threat to agriculture and the economy, malnutrition, may be caused by lack of water for food preparation, loss of electrical power from hydroelectric generation. There are also a number of environmental hazards that may result from drought and desertification. The general aims for the public health response in water emergencies are to save life and preserve health by making at least the minimum quantities of reasonably safe water available for household use, for institutions, and for community services. To provide supplies where possible for livestock and irrigation purposes. To restore or enhance existing sources, pumping and distribution systems where possible to develop alternative arrangements where necessary. Water priorities for public health include protection of existing water sources from contamination, maintenance of water systems, conservation measures, and seeking alternative sources. Conservation measures may include storage tanks, recycling waste water for sanitation and irrigation if this is possible, and rationing of water, choosing alternative water sources. Rain and deep closed wells are usually unsafe. Surface water and shallow or open wells are unlikely to be safe. Criteria for choosing between alternative water sources. Speed with which it can be made operational. How fast can we set up this water source? Potential yields from this water source. Reliability of supply. Water purity. Simplicity of technology and ease of maintenance as well as the appropriateness of this technology to the affected communities. Costs, rights and welfare of affected population. Transportation. Truak water should only be a strictly short term stock gap emergency measure to ensure immediate survival of the affected population. Quantity is preferable to quality, although quality is also important. Involve the community in finding solutions. Involve the national and local water authorities, equipment and infrastructure that are normally responsible. Pay special attention to the needs of hospitals, schools, health centers and feeding centers, as well as other important institutions. Individuals need at least 15 to 30 liters per person per day. The absolute minimum for survival is 3 to 5 liters per day. Health centers need 40 to 60 liters per patient per day. Feeding centers need 20 to 30 liters per person per day. Needs increase with air temperature and exhaustion. Minimize work invested in interim solutions. Try and look for permanent solutions. Provide safe water as close as possible to homes. Minimize the risk of water contamination points, delivery and households. Provide safe storage at community and household levels. Mobilize appropriate technical expertise, water engineers to exploit available resources, sanitarians to test and organize water treatment, hydrogeologists to assess groundwater potential, hydrologists to assess surface water potential.


Moving on to other parts of Africa, a convoy of 50 trucks have arrived in McKelley, the Tigray capital on Monday, with 900 metric tons of food as well as other emergency supplies curtsy of the World Food Program. Foran Haak, deputy spokesman for UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, announced this at the UN headquarters in New York on Monday. Foran said that almost 4 million people are in need of emergency food assistance in Tigray. He added that they need at least 100 trucks for food to meet daily humanitarian needs in the region. The food truck is the first humanitarian convoy to reach Tigray since the World Food Program resided operations in the northwest on July 2nd.


Hello. My name is Greg Endress. I work as an extension agronomist at the Carrington Research Extension Center. At the center we have a living weed exhibit and so within the exhibit we have grassy weeds in one line and I like to talk about some identification features of a half a dozen of our common grassy weeds. Before I get to the weeds I have a barley plant that I'm holding because I want to talk about some of the basic characteristics on grassy weed identification. So with barley it has what's known as oracles. There are little extensions of the base of the leaf that go around the stem and so that's one thing to look for in the collar area of grasses. Also the wild oats has a membranous ligule. It's sometimes called a rain catcher and it's a little extension that's at the base of the leaf. In addition we'll look at other things such as hairiness or lack of hairs on the leaves or on the stem and we also look at the the roundness or flatness of the stem and that can give us some clues on identifying our grassy weeds. With the grassy weeds I'll start with wild oats. Wild oats is an annual weed. It emerges early in the season because it likes the cool weather and also likes very good soil moisture. In comparing the wild oats to the barley they both will have a membranous ligule. However, wild oats will lack the oracles that we saw with the barley. Most of the time there will be some sparse hairs on the edge of the leaf closest to the base of the leaf closest to where it's attached to the stem. So if you see long hairs on the edge of the leaf at the base that would be a clue as well. Otherwise that's it for hairs on wild oats. Another secondary feature is looking at the way that the leaves twist. Oftentimes they'll have a counterclockwise twist and that can be a secondary way to confirm that it is wild oats and not some of the other grassy weeds that we'll talk about. Next I'd like to talk about the pigeon grass or with more detail they're actually referred to as foxtail. We have two species of foxtail yellow and green. There's a couple of similar characteristics between the two. They both lack oracles and they both have hairy ligules instead of the the wild old to the barley which have the membranous ligule. But there are some characteristics that we can use to distinguish the two foxtails. And so we'll start with yellow foxtail. Yellow foxtail will have very long hairs at the base of the leaf where it's connected to the stem. So that's one difference because green foxtail will lack long hairs on the the leaves as well as the stem. Sometimes are some very sparse short hairs in the collar area but typically they're not visible. And then another characteristic with yellow foxtail is that it has a flattened stem as compared to green foxtail that has a rounded stem. So those two features the long hairs at the base of the leaf on yellow foxtail and having a flattened stem would be the two best ways to distinguish yellow from green foxtail. The next pair of grass weeds I like to talk about are winter annuals and they are donny brome and Japanese brome. Both of these weeds are very difficult to control in our our cereal crops in particular in winter wheat because winter wheat has the same biology as as these two weeds because they they also are winter annuals. So when we look at ways to distinguish the two especially from other other grassy weeds then it's pretty easy. With both of these they lack oracles and they have membranous ligules and we can actually differ between the two based on the ligules but in the field it's probably not very practical. But as a point of information the the donny brome will have a little bit longer or more jagged ligule as compared to the Japanese brome. But in the field there's two very easy ways to distinguish the two of them and number one is based on the the type of hair that's present on the on the leaves and on the stems. With donny brome it'll have very short dense hairs in particular on the leaves and sometimes it's referred to as having a crew cut appearance. And so it is different compared to Japanese brome which typically will have more denser hairs and you can actually see that on these plants on the stems as well as on the leaves. So that the hairs are more dense and actually longer as compared to donny brome. And then at this point of the season the plants are heading because they are winter annuals and then when we see the the seed production you can clearly see differences between the the two brome grass species. With the donny brome it has much more of an open panicle and so very easy to distinguish as compared to the Japanese brome that has what we call more of a closed panicle. In fact the individual seed heads will have a bit of a cigar shape to them a rounded tubular shape. So again when they get to this point it's easy to identify but the plants will be very difficult to control at this stage. The last grass weed that I like to talk about is barnyard grass. Sometimes it's referred to as water grass because it likes wetter conditions compared to some of our other grasses that we've talked about. On identifying barnyard grass is lacking things that some of the other grasses earlier discussed have. So with barnyard grass it lacks the oracles, it also lacks the ligule and it lacks hairs. What it does have is a flattened stem so this could be confused with yellow fox tail. However it does not have the long hairs like yellow fox tail at the base of the leaves. Sometimes and actually oftentimes we'll have a reddish color at the base especially as it gains a little more growth but don't use that as your primary characteristic because some of the other grasses will have a reddish color as well especially if they're stressed. In addition with barnyard grass as it gains some growth it will have oftentimes a prostrate growth to it or quite flattened and that is another secondary cue that it's not fox tail or wild oats or other grassy weeds.


Hello and welcome back to the channel. I hope you had a lovely weekend before I begin as per usual Don't forget to like and subscribe to the channel for all of the videos We'll be putting out been working on a new Academy series of some more Explainers about market topics, which I'll be dropping later on this week and then one every week there after so do check that out But just taking a look at the week ahead What can we expect and very much a continuation of where we finish things at the end of last week? So actually a return of a bit of risk appetite after US equities closed out one of their first up weeks in quite a while We are seeing further dollar weakness in extension of those moves this morning And that's helping assist then the dollar major pairs a euro dollar cable Aussie dollar all trading firmer this morning And it comes amid further hawkish commentary as well from ECB officials One of the main things we're looking out for of course this week is going to be US CPI data That is coming out on Tuesday and the headline as we'll discuss in a moment is expected to further decline in reflection to gasoline prices But look let's jump straight in and talk about some of the key things to be aware of starting off with the UK And that's because we've already had some UK GDP data come out this morning And the GDP estimate month or month for July came in at point two percent That was lower than expected zero point four percent and it comes of course after a zero point six percent decline We saw in June when GDP was curtailed by that extra bank holiday for the Queen's Platinum Jubilee if you remember And the death of the Queen of course and another holiday for her funeral on September 19th So next Monday will be enough to tip the economy into a recession in the current quarter That's according to analysts at both Deutsche Bank and Nomura have said this morning Despite the slowdown though of the the British economy the Bank of England still remains far from done with tightening with their policy in terms of a bit of perspective investors are expecting a Half-point increase and potentially more the BOE meeting is happening on the 22nd of September With the benchmark right now hitting almost as far as market pricing is concerned around four and a half percent By the middle of next year compared with the current of course six rate hikes that we've seen But rates are only at one point seven five percent given the more incremental start that they had to the right hiking cycle Of course one of the main things that investors will be very keen to see is the UK CPI data Which will be coming out later on this week The year-on-year figures expected to rise again to ten point four percent You can see here the prior reading we had at the 40 year high in July was at ten point one The energy package announced by the new Prime Minister Liz trust Last week should put a peak or a cap I should say not just on energy prices, but also on the expected peak of inflation That though being over the medium term because given what's likely to happen is prices are going to go up at least In the period ahead i.e. the coming months so further rate Increases are anticipated from the Bank of England and inflation is expected to go up very short term But the energy price cap should help by multiple percentage points to alleviate some of those pressures beyond that point Otherwise a few other things to be aware of the ECB as I said continued hawkish rhetoric This time coming out of the Bundesbank president Nagel who said the ECB is required to continue raising interest rates If the current trend of inflation is set to continue, which is like to be the case The ECB is prepared to deliver another 75 basis point rate increase at their October meeting If the outlook warrants an additional big step according to sources familiar with the debate internal at the central bank at the moment This morning as I said the euro continues to climb We've actually tested back to 102 handle amid as well some of the dollar Weakness Cable as well finding a bit of a light reprieve from otherwise What has been a lot of bearish commentary of late and that's trading back to 117 handle having traded down to 114 last week Few other things to be aware of this probably less a market moving for right now But something just to be aware on us and China relations And that is that the Biden administration plans next month to broaden curbs on US shipments to China Semiconductors used for AI and chipmaking tools This is citing several sources middle of the matter in a Reuters article this weekend And you can imagine then that that rhetoric is going to remain pretty sharp as we go into the final run to the midterms In regards to the US stance on China, so I don't think it's too surprising Looking at the week ahead, of course as I mentioned US CPI is really a main focal point In fact, this is the last four week of economic data ahead of the September FMC meeting And it's really going to take some surprising numbers to really deviate the market's expectation away from what is as you can see here a 90% probability that markets are expecting a 75 basis point rate hike from the Fed for a third consecutive meeting at this point in time in In terms of the inflation reading the actual headline is expected to come down a little bit actually the consensus estimate is for 8.1 if you think about it That's from 8.5 and the prior June reading of 9.1 So US CPI is expected to be trending lower at this point of time as lower gasoline prices And actually from a month-a-month perspective, we was flat last time We're actually expecting a minus 0.2 percent reading it if we do get a negative print That would be the first time in a month-a-month US inflation gauge for CPI at least for two years of a negative reading However, one thing to be aware of is that the core inflation figure is still likely to rise Again just showing how broad-based inflation has been and thus the fact that it's likely to not Detract from the Fed's course of action of 75 at least in this upcoming meeting But it could well shape some of the future decisions in subsequent meetings if this inflationary trend continues and core prices start So also dampen a little bit as far as the week is concerned The other things to be aware of on the on the docket would be US business inventories empire manufacturing Retail sales in the US initial jobless claims and industrial production are all coming out later on in the week on Thursday Now at the end of the week, you've got Chinese Home sales retail sales industrial production fixed assets and jobs data. That's all from China on Friday We also get the eurozone CPI reading and the UK retail sales report with UK jobs data Also, it's you on Tuesday kind of bookending either side of the CPI data in the UK midweek And then you've got the preliminary University of Michigan sentiment reading for September always makes for interesting reading just given how Low that figure had been in reflection of the state of US consumer confidence But with gasoline prices having pulled quite dramatically lower in recent weeks being said to see whether or not that's fed through Into US psyche on the street All right, that is it. I'll leave it there any questions at all Feel free to drop me a comment Don't forget to like and subscribe to the channel as I said some new videos We've been working on becoming out soon excited to share them and I wish you a great week ahead. Take care


This is the Nike missile site, the launch area, Air 1959, with four Hercules missiles. I'm going to talk a little bit about, there were two generations of Nike missiles. First was called the Nike Ajax, deployed in 53, it had a range of 25 miles. It could hit aircraft up to 50,000 feet, its speed was about 1,700 miles an hour, and its warhead had about 300 pounds of high explosives. So it was 25 miles. There were 12 Nike missile sites clustered in the Bay Area. Because you had a range of 25 miles, they had to be close. It's like trying to guard your house with a pistol versus a rifle. They all had to be here. 25 miles, 313 pounds of high explosive. Well the US Army knew, hey, we need to improve this. Ajax, range of 25 miles. Hercules had a range of 100 miles. Ajax could hit aircraft up to 50,000 feet. Hercules could hit aircraft in excess of 100,000 feet. Ajax, 1,700 miles an hour, speed. Hercules, Mach 3.6, over three times the speed is around 2,700 miles an hour. Increase speed, altitude, but one of the most significant things is Ajax, 313 pounds of high explosives. The Nike Ajax was designed to carry a nuclear warhead. Designed to carry a nuclear warhead. How powerful? The most powerful warhead on a Nike Hercules was two and a half times what was dropped on Hiroshima Nagasaki. Hiroshima Nagasaki, something like 15 kiloton. Kiloton is the 1,000 pounds of TNT. The biggest warhead on a Nike Hercules was 40 kiloton. Think about that on a single missile. Vacuum tube technology. Okay, hang on to your hats. I'm going to give you a quick history lesson. Fort Point started construction in 1853, completed in 1861. It's a relic of the Gold Rush. It's the same architect as Fort Sumpner. It's the only brick and mortar fort west of the Mississippi. It's the only brick and mortar fort on the whole Pacific coast. That told you that U.S. government said this area is going to be the linchpin of their defensive system, so they built Fort Point. Brick and mortar. Fort Point became obsolete. Why? Well, during the time of Fort Point Civil War, smooth bore cannons. I don't know what that means to you, but the cannons did not have rifling. It's like pushing cannonballs. Smooth bore cannons, and ships were still wooden ships. Well, as the years came by, they developed breach-loaded cannons with rifling. Okay, it would tear down those brick walls. Okay, so what the U.S. Army did, 1885 into 1905, they had what's called the end-of-cut system of fortifications. Fort Point, three stories of brick and mortar. End-of-cut systems, they were a series of batteries that were landscaped with the hills, made of reinforced concrete, and disappearing cannons. How does that work? This is at Battery Chamberlain near Baker's Beach. It's open on a third Saturday of the month or something like that. This is how it would work. This is a disappearing cannon. They would have two outputs that would triangulate your target. This cannon would be, you're not visible from the ocean. It would get loaded, pop up, shoot at shell, come back down. It's a disappearing cannon. Well, guess what? All these fortifications were completed by 1910. History buffs, World War I, 1914 to 1918. Introduction of combat aircraft made all those batteries obsolete. Combat aircraft, obsolete. Okay, this is called Battery Wallace. It was completed in 1917, but it was upgraded in 1943 in the middle of the war with this overhang to protect against aerial bombardment or naval shelling. So you can see the difference, encased in the hill, but it had overhead. Fast forward, we're going fast, 1940, a year before the war began. So what kind of defensive systems do we have here? If you go to Redale Beach and you take a hike half a mile, there's something called Battery Townsley. Completed in 1940, armed with two 16-inch guns, the biggest guns in the U.S. arsenal. Two 16-inch guns, it can shoot a 2,000-pound shell 25 miles, hit the Feralon Islands. Can you see it? North of Redale Beach, Battery Townsley, two 16-inch guns, okay. Over to Fort Funston, where they have the hand gliders and all that. Battery Davis, two 16-inch guns there. So you can see the defensive strategy during World War II against Imperial Japanese Navy. You had these two 16-inch guns that bracketed the mouth of the Golden Gate. This is a picture of the Nike site. They still have these original signs on the gate. It scares some people that visit. They see this gun. Where am I supposed to be in here? U.S. Army restricted area, patrol by sentry dogs. At the Nike site, there were four canines there that guard the site, and that sign is still there and people get worried. Okay. Let's say, what is a Nike missile site and how did it come to being? Okay. World War II buffs, Germans were flying jet aircraft. Measure Schmidt, M8262. Get this. The Germans were flying this in prototype in 1942. Loose your mind, 1942, Germans were flying jet aircraft, okay. This fighter in 1944 and 1945 was flying combat missions against B-17s over the skies of Europe. Jet aircraft. Significance. This jet aircraft went 100 miles faster than the best U.S. fighter plane. P-51 Mustang, 440 miles an hour. Measure Schmidt, M8262, 540 miles an hour. 100 miles faster than the fastest U.S. fighter plane. 1944, 45. U.S. Army goes, hmm, we need to do something about this. So in 1945, U.S. Army signed a contract with Bell Laboratories, which is now AT&T. They said, develop for us a radar-controlled surface-to-air missile system, and that's how it began because of German jet aircraft. The first missile was deployed in 1953. So think back, early 50s, what kind of technology did we have? No internet, for sure. No solid state, no transistor. How many of you here have had a black and white TV? You did two things. I had a black and white TV, show my age.  You think this is the day of Ed Sullivan and the honeymooners know that, black and white TV? Well, vacuum tube technology is what drove the Nike missile system. Vacuum tube technology, late 40s, early 50s.  Vacuum tube technology. Okay. Well, what was the role of the Nike missile base? Okay. What was the role of the Nike missile base? The Nike missile system was the last line of defense of the Bay Area. What do I mean by that? Again, it's a surface to air-guided missile. If this base had this fire missile, that means Soviet man bombers armed with thermonuclear bombs, like the Bayer bomber, would have gotten by Air Force interceptors. They would have gotten by naval interceptors. There was nothing but the Nike missile system in place of a Soviet thermonuclear bomb dropped in the middle of the Bay. Last line of defense, that was the Nike missile system. Nike missile system, there were 12 in the Bay Area. Okay. And this is what the U.S. government did. They clustered them around defense zones.  Seeing that the U.S. government thought was valuable industrially or militarily, they ringed it with missiles. Okay. So here, if you're local, where are they? Rinhead lands was a Nike missile site. The Marine Mammal Center, a Nike missile site. Fort Funston, Nike missile site. Fort Scotton and Presidio, Nike missile site. Pacifica Ridge up there, there was one there. Lake Chippewa over there. So there were 12 in the Bay Area. In LA, there were 16. Chicago, there were 22. So you can see each red dot represents a defense zone and there were clusters of Nike missile sites there. When they opened, like SF-88 opened in 54, Ajax missiles, range of 25 miles. Remember, they only had 25 miles. Well, in 1958, they converted to Hercules missiles, which had a range of 100 miles. So what happens was the U.S. started closing the Ajax sites because he didn't need them as many. So what you ended up with in the 70s was out of the 12 Nike missile sites, only five of them had nuclear warheads and were open. It would be Chabot, San Rafael, and two Numeran headlands. And is that five? That's five, right? So the U.S. Army would close the Ajax and just have the Nike sites. Now, there were 288 in the continental U.S. And you know why this is so significant is when the U.S. Army closed the Nike missile base SF-88 in 1974, and we'll talk about why they closed it, the U.S. Army took the initiative, they asked the Park Service, would you like to keep this base retained intact as a historical center? And the Park Service in their wisdom said, yeah. So out of 288 Nike missile sites, this is the only one that you're going to see what you're going to see later on. Go-to-gate National Recreational Area became a National Recreational in 1972. The U.S. Army closed this Nike base in 1974. This National Recreation Area had nuclear weapons for two years. How about that?  That's the age we grew up in during the Cold War. No one said anything. I'll tell you why there was a nuclear warhead on these. What was the threat were man-Soviet bombers armed with thermonuclear bombs? Nike missile system, the last line of defense of the Bay Area. So this is a guided system and we'll talk about how it works. But you would launch it at a range of 100 miles. You would guide it and we'll talk about how it works to a place that is above and in front of a formation of bombers and you would detonate that warhead and bring down as many bombers as you can. Last line of defense. Ah, missile assembly building. Well, when a Nike missile, this is a Hercules missile by the way, when it came to the site, it did not come fully constructed. They came in components, in packing containers. So the first thing they do is they bring the, they roll the missiles on these trailers. It's called something called the missile assembly building. They begin the elementary parts of testing and assembling the missile. This is a guided system and this is a sustainer motor, but don't worry about that. You'll see a whole thing later on, it'll make much more sense. Ah, well, here's a guided system. Backing tubes and circuit boards there. Here you have four fins, they're antennas and we'll talk more about how they work. But that's a guided system. See, that's a circuit board that you see slipped in there and resistors. Okay, again, late 40s, early 50s technology. You can only imagine what a chip would do to replace that. This is a launch control panel. Now, this would belong in a trailer about 100 yards from the launch site. And remember that black and white picture where there were four launchers? Well, here you see a selector switch with four lines of lights. The operator can select what missile they want to launch. The lights will give you various states of readiness. And on the bottom here, that's your launch button. Okay, imagine a 19-year-old soldier with that launch button. That's what it was. The average age here was 1920 and you didn't have to be an officer. On the side of this panel, there are four keyholes. And you need at least three keys from the right people to operate this panel. You didn't want any kind of rogue action. But this is the launch control panel. After the missile assembly building, they roll the missile to the warhead building. Okay, and guess what they do there? They do further testing, a lot of electrical parts here, and do further construction in the warhead building. This is a remote control target aircraft. You would call it a drone today. But think 1960s, you've seen pictures of boys with transmitter flying aircraft. This is what they use. This is what they use for target practice. Okay, so they happen to have one here. And you can see the test equipment. This is an Ajax missile that we have a cutaway. You can see it. And what's interesting about it is the Ajax missile, remember how to range at 25 miles with 313 pounds of high explosives? The US Army chose to put high explosives and divide it up between the front, the middle, and the rear of the missile. And they encased it in quarter inch of metal. Do you know why the US Army would do that? Think shotgun. If you fire a shotgun, what you want is as many high speed pellets as possible. That's how a shotgun works. Bam. Okay, what the US Army found out was with explosives in three parts of the missile encased in metal, you get more fragmentation. Remember, you have to hit something with this. It's not like a nuclear warhead. You have to be within 50, 60 yards to make it effective. So there's more fragmentation in that missile. But that's an Ajax missile. Nike missile base, 12 in the barrier. Every Nike missile base had three components. One was an administrative area. I said each Nike site had between 120 and 130 men. Well, they needed an administrative site. Barracks, mess hall, supply room, so on and so forth. This one was about a quarter mile away from the launch area. It is now the point beneath it, YMCA. But this was the administrative area for the Nike site. Ah, so you're in the base.   You're standing in the base, but I want you to see that blue building on top of the ridge. You see that? It's called a wolf ridge. That's where the integrated fire control was. And in there, there were a series of radars and vans. They were up on that hill. You've got a lot of energy. You can hike there, but the park service brought down the integrated fire control to the actual base so that you can see it. So all this is on top of the hill a quarter mile away.  And then you had the launch area. Okay, and we're still touring the launch area. Nike AJAX, the world's first operational surface to air missile, okay? How does it work? How does it work? First, there's something called an acquisition radar. This would be rotating, acquisition radar. You can just see it circulating. Those two things. You could see aircraft out to 100 miles. Speed and direction out to 100 miles. And it also has what's called an IFF function. Identify friend or foe. Every US and allied aircraft had electronic transponder. It would emit a signal. This radar would interrogate that signal and say, are you friend or foe? Acquisition radar sees out to 100 miles, identifies friend or foe. What happens if it's a foe? There were two of these round radars. I only have a picture of one, but bear with me. First one is called a target tracking radar. This base SF-88 will get an assignment of saying, lock on to that bomber. It would get an assignment. Lock on, so this target tracking radar will lock on to that man bomber and no matter what kind of evasive action this baby is locked on to him, okay? There's another radar that is just like that. Remember we're on top of the hill. It's locked on to the missile that I'm about to launch. It's called a missile tracking radar. At launch, you have a missile tracking radar locked on to that missile that you can guide. Can you see where we're going here? You have your target tracking radar locked on to the target. You have a missile tracking radar locked on to the missile. That information goes to these two vans. The far one is called a radar control van and they make sure there are five crewmen and they make sure that you are locked on to either the missile or the bomber, okay? From the radar control van, there's a data feed to the battery control van which is the heart and soul of the system. In the battery control van, the information goes to an analog computer and it will track the missile and it will guide the missile and it would determine the optimum intercept point and when it reaches there, it would issue the burst command. And this is inside the radar control van just to show you what it looks like. But you see these tracking, when they get together, that means that that's the intercept point and they would issue the burst command. So that's how it would work. Acquisition radar, target tracking radar, missile tracking radar. Later on, we're gonna visit the missile magazine area. This base had 12 missiles, multiple missiles, all the Nike missile sites had multiple missiles, but you can only shoot one at a time, you tell me why. Got it, you can only track one at a time. Remember the target tracking and missile tracking? Having said that, once the burst command is issued, 11 seconds you can recalibrate for your next shot. Radar can recalibrate in 11 seconds. You can shoot one at a time, okay? Like I said, there was an assignment. What happens if there are multiple squadrons of Soviet bear bombers? How does it work? Well, on top of Mount Ham, there's a regional Air Force Army radar center. They do the assignments for the bay area. So they'll tell Angel Island, target this. Ford Funston, target this. So that regional radar center in Mount Ham coordinates the firing of the Nike missile sites. Nike Hercules had a nuclear warhead. Well, because of that, the army had increased security. There's a sentry here, man 24 hours a day. There were four canines that protrude the site. And if you can see behind there's a fence there. It's called an exclusion area. Just like the launch control panel, you need three of the correct keys to give you authority. There was a two-man rule at Nike Hercules sites. You could not go in the launch site by yourself. It was a two-man rule. You had to go in someone with equal rank and authority. No rogue action. So part of being a Hercules site, you need to have a wired exclusion area. This is the east launch area. Over here is a west launch area. I'll show you what's underneath later on. But this one, this Nike site had two launch areas. Some had three, okay. Magazine doors. These doors are new, by the way. I don't know where they get the money, but they had to custom-made these doors because the other ones were rotten away. Remember, this thing closed in 1974. Do the math. It's almost 50 years old. So a lot of things are always in the constant state of repair. And this is the missile magazine area. It's not a silo. It's a missile magazine area. This is with the doors open. And you can see Hercules missiles there. If you could take a step back, you would see six Hercules missiles there, okay. And we open the doors and do all kinds of good stuff. This one has a nuclear warhead, a red tip, okay. And I already told you that was against multiple formations of man bombers. There are also conventional warheads of 600 pounds. They had some of those. Can you tell me why you would have, when you would fire Hercules missiles with a conventional warhead? What happens if the Soviet sent over to the US a U-2 equivalent? Do you know what a U-2 is? U-2 was a high altitude spy plane. Gary Powers 1960 got shot down. High altitude spy plane, about 80,000 to 100,000 feet. So what happens if the Soviet sent one over to the US? Well, you wouldn't go after it with a nuclear warhead. You'd go after it with a conventional warhead. So they would have conventional warheads as well as nuclear. The majority were nuclear warheads in the US because it was the last night of defense. By the way, doesn't this area look neat? When I said that this area was neglected for a period of time, they had drainage problems. And the sub pump didn't work. There was water at what point up to the black line. Can you imagine that? There was waters to the black line. So I told you the volunteers were very hard to restore this missile magazine area. This is the only one you're gonna see in the country. See these rails? Everything's pushed from the missile assembly area to the warhead building to the magazine area. It's all pushed on trailers. Nike Hercules is a 10,000 pound missile, five tons. Five tons, 10,000 pounds. What I like to do on a tour is if there are kids, I would get two kids and say, come here, put your hands on the fins and push. Two kids could push that 10,000 pound missile because it's so finely balanced on that rail. This is how they did it. Nothing was motorized. They pushed it, okay? So this is it above ground. Let me explain a little bit about the missile. This is the guidance system. Here to here, guidance system. Remember I said there were four antennas on the fins? Two, to communicate with the missile tracking radar. Where have I been? Two, to communicate with the missile tracking radar. Where should I go? Remember I'm guided and to receive the burst command. So the guidance system, the brain's right here. Here, to here where it says US Army. It's where your warhead was. Either 600 pounds of high explosive or up to a 40 kiloton nuclear warhead right there. Here, to here is your stage two, it's a two-stage rocket, solid field sustainer motor. And then four boosters. You noticed when they developed the Hercules, they tried to use as many components as possible. What they did was they coupled four Hercules boosters. There you go, okay? How's it work? At launch, the boosters will burn for 3.4 seconds. At which the missile is 2,000 miles an hour, a mile up. 3.4 seconds, that booster drops down. Then the sustainer motor burns for 29 seconds. At which point you had better be where you wanna intercept, okay? Okay, let me give you a scenario. Soviet bombers are coming over the Polar route. Okay, they're coming down the Central Valley. You're here at the Nike missile site. You have a range of 100 miles. What's your intercept point? They're coming down the Central Valley.  I'm ashamed I know you, Ellen. Sacramento, Davis. Sacramento's 190 miles, 100 miles away. So under that scenario, this is what it would be. You'd launch a Nike missile and it would detonate above Sacramento and Davis with a 40 kiloton nuclear warhead. What would that do to their property values? That's not good. You know what it's called? It's called collateral damage. That's ugly. What happens if the bombers are coming off from the ocean and you launch and you detonate your warhead? Where's that radioactivity blast gonna go? It's called collateral damage. So there is no good news about that. By the way, this Nike missile site was active from 1954 into 1974. Remember I said it's a relic of the Cold War? Never launched a single missile. Practice or otherwise. Never launched a single missile. You go, hmm, how can that be? 288 Nike missile sites in the continental US, 99% never launched a single missile. How can that be? US Army on a periodic basis rotate all the Nike missile crews to Fort Bliss, Texas for eight weeks of training. And they have a McGregor range. So did all the firing and missile assembling and launching Fort Bliss, Texas. SF-88 never launched a single missile. Having said that, if they did had to launch a missile in real life and they were on alert plenty of times, that would mean we would knee deep into World War III. That's what it would mean. You knee deep into World War III if they had to launch a missile. Nike missile system was a very expensive system. Production costs, I think, the Hercules missile was 19,000 in 1950 dollars and Hercules was 55,000 in 50 dollars. But this expensive system, which is the prime anti-aircraft system for the US Army, never shot down a single hostile aircraft. So you think about that. Deployed in 53, 54, the Korean war's over. During the 50s and 60s, the Soviets never sent bombers over to the US. Now I got thinking, what about Israel? Israel is a US military partner. They're flying F-16s, F-15s and all that kind of stuff. Multiple wars. And what I found out was the US government did not give Israel Nike Hercules missiles. They had the Hawk missile, which was a shorter range, low altitude conventional warhead missile. So Israel never had the Hercules missile. My point is, for 20 years of development, I mean deployment in the heart of the Cold War and never shot down a single hostile aircraft. That's probably good news. That's probably good news. Well, this is a picture of our Hercules at launch. And it looks like it's almost 90 degrees, but it's actually 87 and a half degrees. Can you tell me why? It wouldn't be 90 degrees. What happens after 3.4 seconds? That hot metal is coming down. So the army figured out there had to be a booster disposal area where it was unpopulated over water, something like that. With the booster, it would come down after 3.0 and it would not destroy the base. Okay? So by the way, when they did launch a missile, no one would be on the surface. Underneath the missile magazine area, there is a crew safety room where they all gathered and it was encased in concrete and all that kind of stuff, so. Ah, 1974, they closed SF-88 and they closed the majority of the Nike missile sites in the US. Can you think of a reason why? What was salt? Strategic arms limitation signed in 1972 did two things. It limited the number of offensive nuclear warheads. That's good, right? It limited the number of offensive nuclear warheads. Severely limited anything they considered anti-ballistic missile. What's the theory on that? Cold war, have you heard of the word mad? Mutual assured destruction. What does it mean? You launch, I launch all over. Mutual assured destruction. Think about this. What if I had a finger to launch offensive nuclear weapons and I had a plausible anti-ballistic missile system that I thought might protect me? Would I be more inclined to launch? I might. So the SALT agreement says they were allowed two anti-ballistic sites. So in other words, you take away that. Mutual assured destruction. So that was a part of the Cold War. So SALT, by treaty, they had to close these missile bases. But there were other reasons. Can you think of any other reasons? Cost. Remember, we're going into the 60s and the 70s, there was something called the Vietnam War going. Okay, so cost, but there's one other factor. Opposite technology? What was the intended target for Nike missiles? Russian man bombers. What happened in the 60s with the Soviet Union? Think Cuba. The Soviets shifted their offensive strategy from man bombers to intercontinental ballistic missiles. Okay, and the Nike system was not effective against, was not an anti-missile system. So the Nike missile system, they shut down the majority in the US, 74 or 75. Guess what? Continue to serve in NATO until the 1980s. Okay, guess what? This is a Korean War Memorial in Seoul. So last year I had a Korean War gentleman come up to me and says, oh, I served on the Nike missile base in Korea. Oh, I go, that's interesting. What year was that? He goes, 1993, 1993, vacuum tube technology. I go, what'd you guys use the system for? Because well, we didn't use it for a guided surface to air, they used it for guided surface to surface for 100 miles, so artillery. So if you had 100 miles away, you had troop formation, command and control or some bridge you wanted to take out, they had Nike missiles. Nike missiles served in Korea, past the year 2000. Vacuum tube technology, isn't it crazy? So this is a memorial that they had for it. So when I said there was a lot of volunteers, Al Bank, the Ranger, he's probably, he's the chief Ranger and in the Marine Headlands. He does all kinds of stuff with Alcatraz, I don't know if it's from here, but I think the Nike missile site's his baby. And these gentlemen here, these guys are all veterans, and they're all Nike veterans except for one Jerry, he's an Air Force ICBM, but these guys come and they do the maintenance on the base. I wanna show one other thing. When we bring people down to the missile magazineery and we talk about the various components of the missile and all that kind of stuff, and then we hit BUNS and bring up the missile. Now, hang on, I'm lost, oh. And that's how we end the tour, we bring up the missile to launch height. Now, that pretty much ends our talk here, so I don't know, do you have any questions or anything interesting? Okay, that's a quite a while. No, well, this is a scenario. Let's just say the early warning system detects bombers coming over the Polaroid over Canada. That means this missile will have four or five hours. Wait a minute, four or five hours, okay? So how would they react? Well, you see there are six Hercules in the magazine area. The one on the elevator goes up and they shove it to it, satellite launcher. Elevator comes down, satellite launcher. Elevator comes down until you have four on the surface. When they fire, they'll fire the one on the elevator first, okay? And remember what I said, the tracking radar, once the burst command is given, that radar can recalibrate in 11 seconds. In less than 40 seconds, that elevator comes down, goes back up with another missile. It goes straight here because we're using a different power system. So what would happen? They would fire the one in the elevator, come down, get another one, fire the one in the elevator. They'd exhaust all the ones below the surface and then they would fire the ones on top last. That's six missiles. Six missiles in your other launch area and you have 12 sites. You've got a heck of a war going on. Yeah, wherever. I mean, it's, you know, part of the value of this site is, like I said, it's unique because it's only a restored site but you get to talk about cold war history. You get to talk about living five miles away from a nuclear weapon in your house when you're growing and you don't know, okay? Five miles talking about collateral damage if there was a war. These guys were on alert plenty of times and they didn't know what was going on during the Israeli wars. They were on full alert. By the way, this is a US Army installation. So you're asking, hmm, how come it's not an Air Force? Well, during World War II was the US Army Air Corps, B-17s, all that kind of good stuff. It wasn't until an act of Congress in 1947 the Air Force became its own independent service. The US Air Force, plenty of rivalry but what they decided was the Air Force would be in charge of offensive weapons, ICBMs, B-52, blah, blah, blah, blah. US Army would be your defensive system, okay? So another question is, what kind of authorization would you need to fire your missile if something was happening? Well, they had a, you didn't have to, the president didn't have to call you. Because it was a defensive system they would have the protocol set up that if you were threatened you could fire the missile. If the Air Force could tell them. If the Air Force could tell them. Oh yeah, well, the reason I said about that inner service rivalry here, the Nike missile system, while the Army was developing this, the Air Force was developing their own anti-missile system and they would argue, blah, blah, blah, blah, and all that kind of stuff and drain money and all that kind of stuff, so. Anyway, I'm done unless you have any questions. So hopefully you found this interesting and you'd go visit the headlands and visit the site among all the other treasures there are. So go to Gate National Recreation, it's an urban treasure and something to be valued, okay? Thanks.


Alright guys, this one's gonna be an awesome piece because we're bringing back the minis, so let's get into it Alright peeps, look at this. Look at this little mini guy right here. Perfect Got some blue. Got some fuchsia! Got some of this nice looking purple Ba-ra-ba Ba-ra-ba Got some of this black. Ooh, ooh, ooh. Yes, sir! It's gonna look so good. Alright, now let this droop.  Hold on. A little more purple. Hold on. Fuchsia Let's get some blue in there. Alright peeps, here we go. Let's get it. Ooh, baby, it's a little mini guy. I love it. Alright, ready? Ready? Ready? Here we go. Oh! Look at that right there. Little mini Johnny Q galaxy for you


Hello, I'm Martin Weller and I'm going to talk to you today about metaphors of EdTech. So first of all about metaphors. They play a very key part in our conceptual system and I think we can thank the work of Lackoff and Johnson who wrote the book Metaphors Relivable. They're really helping us reframe how we think about metaphors. They're not just for poets, for literature. They're kind of a very fundamental part of how we think and interact with the world. Metaphors have real power, so they help us understand something new. So if there's a domain we don't understand, we often take a domain we do understand and map certain elements across to help us understand that new domain. There's also the idea of generative metaphor where we have two different domains. There's this kind of dialogue between them that helps us understand both of them in better detail. And there's also this really interesting idea that metaphors help us shape the solution. So in psychology they gave two different groups of subjects, an account where in one crime was presented in terms of metaphor of a disease in a community, and in another way crime was presented as a metaphor of a monster, sort of as a community. Then they asked those two different groups to come up with solutions for how to deal with the crime. And depending on which metaphor they've been exposed to they came up with different solutions. And so I think turning to education technology I think there's kind of three ways I'm interested in that metaphors can help us. The first is this idea of just understanding something. You know education technology is still quite new and you feel first or exploring it. We're not quite sure how different technologies impact what they can mean for learning, what they can mean for institutions, what they can mean for education or generally. And so metaphors allow us to sort of take something we do understand and apply to this new domain. There's also this idea of what I call defense. I think going back to the idea that metaphors help us shape a solution. So often you'll see accounts often from companies are trying to sell you something or commentators in certain fields and they'll present it to you in a very powerful metaphor which then makes their solution seem like the obvious solution. I think just being aware that you'll be presented with a metaphor and how to react against that is very useful. And lastly but certainly at least the idea of fun. Or metaphors allow us to reason in a very kind of creative manner about technology. Often it's a very kind of dry theme for education technology. I think just having some playfulness there can be very helpful.  So if you don't like it just click a button and get that one. And thanks to Alan Naveen for helping me develop that. So I've developed and I've written a book called Metaphors of EdTech published by the Basque University Press. It's openly licensed free to download coming later this month in September. So you can get that look and download it there. And thanks to Brian Mathers for the fantastic artwork on the cover. I'm a big Jaws fan. There's a Jaws metaphor. Part of the reason I wanted to write the book was as well as this kind of just fun thing of exploring the ideas. Because we went through the online period following the pandemic when all education shifted online and education technology moved to center stage. But then there's also been a kind of backlash against that. Thanks for that work during the pandemic. But now everybody get back onto campus. And there's this kind of feeling that only the lecturers the real way of education or what we might call a lecture deficit model for everything else. It was never as good as the lecture. So you see quotes like this one here from an article I read. So the main reason why the distance learning education didn't replace traditional model is that online learning just isn't as good. And I think what's revealed to me is a kind of real lack of alternative models that people have for thinking about education, what online education can be. But they only have the lecture. And it's never as good as the lecture. So that's why I want to think that metaphors provide a new way to think about it. So in the book there's a wide range of metaphors. Lots of things to choose from. This history of Welsh castles, music, anthropology. So there'll be some in there you like and there'll be some you want. There's a pick and mix. So an example of one is, I don't have time to go through these much detail, but video assisted refereeing and learning analytics. So video assisted refereeing came into playing football as you may know. I think it's interesting because although it seemed inevitable that it would be used, everyone wanted it to be used. It also led to certain problems we didn't foresee. For example, the kind of really minute measurements of the computers allow to what is essentially a very human enterprise. So you get these kind of decisions where someone is ruled to be offside by like a toenail or something. And really the game is ever meant to be played on that. And similarly I think for learning analytics in education, you can think about shifting students' performance by point one over here and doing something over there, tweaking this kind of stuff. And that's not really how education works. And I think it kind of helps and it undermines the human in the system. And so I'd like video assisted refereeing and I'm not saying that it's not going to be implemented. Learning analytics I think just is again seemed inevitable, but it needs to be implemented very kind of sympathetically. The VLEs, an area that's rich for metaphors and a paper here by Farrell, Costello and Donlon looked at the different types of metaphors. They analyzed different papers and kind of underlined metaphors that people use to talk about VLEs. I think that's interesting because depending on your kind of subconscious metaphor about a VLE, it will affect how you interact with it. Another kind of common metaphor we have is whatever the latest technology is, the latest Silicon Valley business model, people say let's apply that to education. We've had Uber for education, Netflix for learning, Airbnb, all these kind of things. And it's tied up this idea of unbundling often by taking the different elements of education apart. It's the idea will be oh just like you can bring a taxi or order a taxi by your mobile phone, you can just get some learning as you need it and get people out there. These metaphors usually very conveniently ignore all the quite dodgy labour practices and business models of these organisations. But more importantly, they also ignore why this model is not like education. So if we take Uber, it's essentially getting a taxi ride. That's a very short term thing compared to education, which is often a very long time frame interaction. Education is very diverse geographically and by disciplining ways, getting a taxi is pretty similar wherever you go. Being licensed off of formal credit is a very complex process. So anyone with a driving license can become an Uber driver. The idea of Mina's paradox where as a learner you don't know what it is that you need to know or as you know what it is you want from a taxi driver. Learning is often a social activity where you get the taxis off to a solitary one. And education is already engaging with online learning mobile delivery. So it's not clear what they're trying to solve here. So I think just it's worth questioning when you're presented with these kind of quite powerful metaphors. And that leads me to think about the dangers of metaphors. They are very powerful and that's part of their attractingness, but also at least think that they can be manipulated in certain ways with them. And often go unnoticed. So they're kind of presented in a metaphor with a very obvious solution and you don't realize it before you've signed up to whatever that solution is. It can also exclude certain groups. I mean, one of the power of them is that if you'll get what the metaphor is, then it helps you understand the new domain. But if you don't know that initial metaphor, it can make you feel even more confused. So far as to use a metaphor for a children's TV program in the UK in the 80s, certain people would get that, but other people would feel completely excluded by the use of that metaphor. They're imperfect. They're not the same as the target domain. Otherwise, they would be that target domain. So you need to always be careful of which bits don't map across. And I think almost for any metaphor, you could find one that says it's a bit the opposite thing for what you're trying to claim. So always just be aware of that. But what they do allow, I think, is kind of an element of creativity and playfulness. So often we've been interacting with educators, technologists, band up and spreadsheets and roadmaps and implementation and all those kind of things. But I think there's going to room for creative thinking in those. And I think just thinking about a metaphor and how it makes us relate to a different technology, kind of makes us think in a kind of more critical manner. What is this technology doing for us? What can it do for our learners? Why is it like this thing? Why is it not like this thing? And I think that also helps humanize their relationship with technology by using metaphors that are meaningful to us or to our groups. And it makes us think about this technology in a different way. And it also just encourages discussion. If everyone has discussion about technology, just propose a metaphor and someone will come along and tell you why your metaphor is completely rubbish or extend it in kind of ways that you hadn't anticipated. So you might want to think in your institution, alongside all those very formal things you do, stakeholder engagements, rollout plans, those kind of things, why not run some metaphor workshops? Why is the thing we're developing like this or not like this? So thank you for listening. Enjoy the conference. I can't be there, I'm afraid, but I'm sure you have a great time. And you might just want to think for yourself what role of metaphor, those three that I mentioned, understanding defence, creativity is most meaningful for you. And how might you use metaphor in your practice? And I hope you enjoy the book and feel free to download it or play with a metaphor generator later on. Thanks.


I just saw, so as you think about it, just a question from from Guy, Booneen, on his talk this morning, I misinterpreted perhaps the structure of these core species interacting by themselves and then that kind of structure as indicating a modular structure, then I ask you about mutualistic networks and the structure of nestedness that is often pointed out in the network and maybe you can comment about this? Yes, so right, so usually nestedness as you're saying is something that's between two different groups, so you even, you know, could be resources in species or different species or species in, you know, on the bite pyre type graph like pollinators and flowers and so on, and but in terms of structure, if you put it in a matrix there's sort of an anti-diagonal or the I can even draw it somehow. Anyway, so there's sort of this triangular structure where you have most of the let's say large numbers in same interaction or whatever it is you're drawing, so that's nestedness, right, there's a, right, if you've seen these structures then there's this top diagonal thing, so we're seeing something similar that if you order the matrix by the what we call success which is the abundance relative to growing alone, then the stronger interactions are or the weakest interactions are at the low bottom, bottom right of the matrix, and there's a gradual change of the of the interaction strength, so there's a bias running throughout the system throughout the, throughout the matrix. In many cases nestedness is drawn for binary variables and so then there's a very clear thing, here it's more hiding under something that's very disordered, there's a lot of quote-unquote noise in this matrix, so it's hard to see, but the shift is there, okay, so it's a shift of decreasing competition along the towards the bottom left corner of this matrix, and modularity is usually as described or if you have block structure then it's, you know, these clear, clear blocks and we have none of that here, it really gradually changes across the system. Okay, thank you, thank you for the clarification. Do we have any comments or questions? I'm sorry if I missed this, but is there something we can say about in terms of initial conditions go, the range of distributions that have that core structure, I mean is there a range of distributions that will recreate the same equilibrium? Sorry, distributions of what? The initial interactions that you start with. Right. Is there something we can say about those in a more general fashion? Well for any, I think the idea is that the assembly is a filter, right, so for any initial inputs of distribution of interaction strings, you would sort of bias that distribution, and you bias it overall if you're just, if you just look at the distribution and you don't care about the structure within this matrix, you just, you know, just pull all the numbers from that matrix, you see that the distribution is shifted perhaps not surprisingly towards lower competition, okay, and I can even tell you exactly analytically how it's done, I mean what's the shift? The idea is that, you know, naturally things that receive less competition are more likely to survive and coexist and that's what you see enhanced in your matrix, lower competition values. Wait, so you're speaking of like the ones that's equilibrated, correct? I guess what I'm alluding to is more so what are the set of initial conditions that will allow us to reach the same equilibrium? So we're fixing the interactions now and we're looking at dynamics, is that what you're talking about, or are we, are you somehow looking at some ensemble of interactions? Some ensemble of interactions, so the dynamics are the same, but the question is within which range of this species space, space of abundances, can we initialize our system such that we arrive to the same equilibrium? So if you're talking about dynamics and whether you're reaching the same equilibrium, that depends on the properties of this matrix of interactions, right? Exactly. Right, so in that matrix of interactions, the important, there's a parameter which I call the variability, which is some rescaled combination of the variants divided by something that has to do with the mean. And once that variability crosses some critical threshold, then you start getting multiple alternative stable states in your dynamics and then you have historical contingency and so on. Thank you. Any other general comment or question? Okay, maybe if I don't see anybody otherwise just unmute yourself and protest then I'm going to, in the name of all co-organizers, thank you all for participating, sticking around, presenting some wonderful sets of talks and I would emphasize that most of our speakers are young, at least much younger than some organizers and that is really exciting. I think this is a very exciting area that is making tremendous theoretical and empirical progress and we saw some of that here. It also raises a lot of questions that we cannot pursue unfortunately on Zoom in the nice setting of the Adriatic at the ICTP and continue exploring perhaps how to formulate these questions but hopefully there can be a follow-up and I would say we heard about very interesting experiments, very interesting empirical analysis all the way from microbes to trees and very interesting theoretical approaches that involve limits and then sort of involve different representations, whether some with traits, some more generalized to avoid mechanisms and I think like the connection between those generalizations and those different results would be interesting. The question of of course specification and how we relate intra and inter, I was very fascinated by seeing some microbial systems in which the main interactions that matter seem to be at the strain level so perhaps that boundary on the species matters less. Again this brings us back to traits and then we had this wonderful discussion about the connection between the pool of species or pool of traits and a little bit of how do we connect eco-evolution to the question of the pool. I think ultimately that will be a very fruitful direction but then we heard about fascinating normals because in the end yes I mean this for example the random zoo gives us a much more interesting normal than where we were before so anyhow I learn a lot and I think there are a lot of connections between the talks that I hope some of you will take forward in the future. So thank you again Giacopo, Matteo and of course all the participants and also Silvia. Giacopo. Thank you. Thank you for saying this. Thanks a lot to everyone, to all the speakers and the participants I think was a great success and well I hope that the next one is going to be live and we're going to be able to enjoy Trieste and the physical presence of everyone. Okay thank you. Thank you. Thank you everyone. Thank you. Presenting and participating and interacting so nicely. Thank you. Goodbye. Bye.


What's up motherfuckers today. I shoot some film in the California Bay Area aka my homeland Today's episode is sponsored by Squarespace Well, I'm back on my usual bulls you already know the drill my photography amigo Caleb And I went up north to visit some family and friends, but believe me We really only had one goal in mind to shoot some downright filthy film photography So I packed my saddle full of cameras and film padded my little corn dog Baxter on the head and headed due north I I brought with me my glorious Mamiya 7 and a fresh-faced newcomer the Fuji TX1 Which I had to sell my prized Harambe shaped cheeto to afford it's a pricier camera because the TX1 is Specialized and discontinued which is so unlike Fuji to do its hustle blood brother is known as the X-Pan And it's special because well as Sage the Gemini once said about the X-Pan its panoramic The TX1 is virtually the same camera as the X-Pan sands the name and color it shoots panoramic photos And by panoramic I mean the good shit not the crop it shoots about double the width of a standard 35 millimeter frame This trip would be my first full outing with this camera aside from like a test roll that I shot So to say I was excited is an understatement We reached our first stop along the coast and met up with our film photography homie Andrew But enough about Andrew it was time to blast through some portrait 400 like Shrek blast through swamp farts This is a pretty cool location because of the unique rock formations and the orange tan rocks against the blue sea But I think I was just starting to warm up here I've noticed that in the past the first roll of a photography road trip is never the best of the bunch If you're wondering what gear Caleb brought along you can check out his video about the very same trip or I can Just tell you he brought his Fuji GW 693 his Pentax 6 7 and his game face Yet his game face on because he had just gotten his Pentax 6 7 back from repairs like the day before we left As the Sun started to go down the three of us cruised up along the coastline to a shipwreck where I shot some 8 by 10 large Format sheet film in fact you might have seen the video that I made about it And if you didn't you're dead to me Here are the two sheets of film I exposed And of course I had to get some Mamiya 7 shots while the light was that perfect shade of piss golden Anyway, we headed back to town where we promptly checked into our hotel room We got ready to go out on the town and make Pismo Beach regret ever letting us walk its streets Just kidding. We quietly grabbed some clam chatter and stayed out of the way I really dig this shot taken with a one-quarter Promised it makes the house seem kind of eerie like it's alive or something I finished off the roll of portrait 400 and loaded up some Cinestill 800t Because if you're a film photographer at night and you're not shooting Cinestill 800t people will start staring I was pretty hesitant about showing the shot because I think it sucks But hopefully you can learn a lesson from my mistakes I don't know what I was high on but it must have been pretty damn good if I thought that the car in the foreground here was a good idea Eventually we made our way out to the pier as some seafog was rolling in and I won't lie to you A lot of these shots are steaming hot garbage.  I took this shot and straight up.  I used Ektar 100 No further comment After Dutch ovening the entire hotel room we headed up the road to a quaint seaside town called Morrow Bay Morrow Bay was quite the site for Caleb and I to behold and hold each other We did the TX1 and I that is I really like this shot I think it's a very lucky case of layering with the foreground being the seagull the midground being the guy pissed off at The seagull in the background being this nice harbor. That's wrong. Actually Batman is the hero we need This shot has no business being as nice as it is I think it's quite ordinary, but the lighting really brings it home It made me finally understand what Edward Hopper meant when he said all he wanted to do was paint sunlight on the side of a house In case you forgot I still simp pretty hard for Edward Hopper This shot of Caleb is also pretty cool. We were just walking along and the backdrop caught my eye I think the panoramic format can actually work quite well for portraits in some cases So anyway, we still had a long drive ahead of us up to the yay area So we hit the road through central, California We decided it was definitely a good time to stop when the trap remix of cotton I Joe came on the radio So it was Mamiya 7 time and we hit the trail down to this beach where clothing was optional I actually had to CGI our clothes back on so that I could still adhere to the YouTube guidelines I thought these photos weren't too great if I'm being honest I think they probably would have been better served on black and white Next up I violently slapped some FPP wolf man into the Mamiya 7 This film was relatively new at the time. Well new old. It's not a new original stock It's actually just a duplication of FPP's Cine 16 film regardless of whatever hole it crawled out of I think that the rendering and contrast on these shots is actually pretty solid Just up the road of it was a lighthouse that we had to stop at I know you can't smell a video, but someone did some real work in those bathrooms before we got there I mean I can't help but think that someone was pushing their hardest trying to vanquish a huge Inner demon if you catch my drift and must have just died in the process Mamiya I threw in some Cat Labs 80 which is described to have sort of a panatomic X kind of vibe so vibe check it I did I love this shot if there was one thing I could change though It'd be having the flock of birds on the other side of the lighthouse to bounce the image out a bit more I mean all I had to do was wait like two seconds.  It'll be a good time Here's some of the best air chrome images that I shot that morning fun fact We actually went into this abandoned farmhouse and got attacked by a bat Literally a bat just flew at us Let's see is it up there still Can't tell if the floor is gonna break We stopped at one last spot afterwards for a battle of the rangefinders Caleb would be wielding his Fuji GW690 and I'd be wielding my usual bad posture and Compendium of George of the jungle facts that no one really gives a sh** about I think putting in ektar 100 was kind of a bad idea. This area wasn't particularly colorful In my opinion, I think black and white would have been better suited I'm learning that I really need to start finding a reason to shoot a scene in color Otherwise just go monochrome black and white really is starting to seem like it never disappoints Back at the house. I loaded up the tx1. This particular role of film was about to see some sh** If you're wondering what town this is because you'd like to visit it yourself Here's a little clue in this town. They erected a statue honoring local hero cap and crunch I really dig these shots as well I think the x-pan lens is truly one of a kind and it renders space Amazingly it's safe to say that the addiction has begun The next day we slept in took it easy and browsed ebay for film cameras knowing full well that we didn't have the stones to pull the trigger Eventually we left the house grabbed some lunch and turned down for grapes at a local winery Of course, I'm not drunk if I don't take mirror bathroom selfies while everyone else has fun without me Yearning for more cinematic panoramas. We headed out to the coast once again We got down to the shore as the sunset was lighting up the horizon and I took this shot Which I think is one of my best ever I'm starting to realize why they call this camera the sex pan. It just oozes raw sexuality Okay, maybe no one calls it that and I'm reading too much into it But I think that the panoramic format works really well for landscape shots because the horizontal frame kind of emphasizes the horizon line But anyway, speaking of raw sexuality, here's a picture of Caleb The whole time I was shooting I remember thinking I really hope that these shots turn out because after all with film you never really know But it'd be a shame if all this incredible light went to waste Which is frankly my second biggest fear in life right behind getting attacked while in the toilet That night we loaded up our cameras and shot some medium format out on the town. Caleb was just as excited as always I was using the usual one quarter promised and cinestill 800t This is by far the best shot that I took all night. So it's all downhill from here folks I think night photography is actually a pretty good time most nights Something about getting the meter reading just right and composing high contrast scenes is just fun But it's more fun if you're a bad boy who doesn't play by society's rules We found a cool neon sign that just screamed cinestill 800t and high electricity bill The light from the sign also gave my chest hair a chance to glimmer softly in the fluorescent beams The next day the fun was over and we needed to head back down to la Where Caleb would board a flight and go to Morocco for half an eternity But I wasn't bitter about it In fact, I treated him to one of my favorite chinese food restaurants in the area Or the tables are sparkly clean and the people are always glad to see uh I wrapped up what was left of the portrait 400 in the tx1 here Before we move on to this video's post mortem I'd like to thank today's sponsor squarespace Do you need a spot to host all of your work that's accessible on the go? Then look no further Squarespace is an all-in-one website building platform with an easy and straightforward user interface That allows you to build the photography website of your dreams, but it doesn't have to be just photography It could be literally anything else like hamster shenanigans what that is exactly and what that entails is entirely up to you Squarespace offers hundreds of easy to use templates that are professionally designed and ready to be deconstructed at a moment's notice to accommodate your vision Plus squarespace offers 24 seven round the clock customer support So what are you waiting for if you're ready to build a website? You can start a free trial today at squarespace.com Slash grainy days and if you use the code grainy days at checkout You can get 10 off your first purchase. So anyway, that's about it for this one folks I think a lot of the work that I shot for this trip is actually not half bad But realistically, I think the x-pan format is the main reason It's just such a distinct look and frankly There's probably a pretty good reason that hollywood uses a similar format for a lot of its output I think this is probably my favorite photo from the trip. I mean come on I don't think i'll take a photo half this good ever again I'm looking forward to more tx1 crap moving forward and hopefully you are too I'm loving every second of this excellent camera and I wish real life was shown in this aspect ratio Although in that alternate universe, they probably have an x-pan that shoots standard 3-2 format and people pay top dogecoin to buy it So I guess that's that if I could leave you some parting words it would be Grab life by the crunchberries


Hello guys in this video we are going to see the dropdowns that is used for selecting country and With selection of country we will be getting list of states in a dropdown once we have selected a state We will be getting list of cities corresponding to the state and then final output. We can display Okay, so for that first of all I need to do a pay calls Let me just show you For this website is providing us list of country states as well as cities so for this reference I will be using this I will add the link in the description and Let's go back to the postman So I can show you here. I have added these two apis call and once you call this first one you will be getting the list of This data that contains countries and corresponding states, okay, just show you Okay, so for the second one We have to pass two things the country and the state and it will give us corresponding cities So we will be using these two apis So I will add the link in the description and if you want you can explore this as well I will add this link as well and In order to do a pay call I am using this STP package which I have already added in this pub spec You can see it over here Let's close it and apart from that I have created some orders like models pages and repositories so on Pages we will be designing and all repositories I just added these two URLs so that I can do the API call as well Okay, so I have created a couple of functions. The one is get country state that gonna call the country API which gonna give us countries and states and the second one is for getting cities Okay, so let's do what let's quickly create model for the same and we can start with that So let's go to this app.quicktype.io. So first of all, let's go here in the postman and we will call this and Whatever response we are getting we just copy it Go back here and paste it over here. So we can name it something like country state Model You can name it whatever you want. Let's select the language as start and Copy this code go back to VS code and under the models. I will be creating one new file. That is country underscore state underscore model dot dot and Paste my code over here fine and Same way for second AP. I will be just doing what hit this API copy this response Go back to quick type paste it over here and You can name this to whatever you want. So I will say It is model. Let's copy this code Go back VS code Create a new file. Give it a name cities underscore model dot dot and paste it over here You can save it. Let's close it close it. Now we will move to the repository part So first of all in order to do API call, we have to go inside this trial and Here we need to do what we need to create a URL. Let's say where URL is equal to URI dot pass and We need to pass this URI So this is going to give us the URL so that we can do API call. So let's do what? where response Is equal to we do a weight STTP dot Get and pass this URL Okay So once we are getting the response we can check for the response. So what we will say if response dot status code Equal to 200 Then do what then we need to pass that data into model and we have to return the future of Country state model, okay So this we need to return before that what we can do here is of final Country state model and I will say response model is equal to There is a function country state model from Jason which can accept string that would be response dot body and We will be getting the model back. So once we have received the model. We can simply do what return that Okay now If we are not getting this then we have to return something as well. So let's do what? simply return return blank model and for error, we will say no error and For message Error it should be we can say there is a error because the status code is not 200 So it would be error and the message we can say Whatever you want, you can say. So let's say something went wrong and say here Will say response dot status code You can display whatever kind of data you want to display and for data. We will make it black So now the error is resolved So this part is done same way. We can go ahead and complete the second function Let's go here. Let's save or you are L is equal to you are I Dot pass and we have to use that city URL Okay, so in city URL what we have taken is Equal to we have to use that. Okay, so let me show you so here we have to use this thing This part is not already yet. Okay, let me just paste it over here for the reference and We have to complete So what we can do is just use well caught and then dollar That city state URL is equal to and then we have to do what we have to Receive two things country and state that is already added as a argument. So let's use the same over here City URL and then country is already added over there. Yeah, so dollar country and percent state We can follow it over here and the state is equal to dollar state So this is how the URL will be completed Now we left with the API call. So these API calls are of get type So, okay, if it is post you have to change it accordingly So, let's do what simply use that same where response Let's change it to where is equal to await sttp.get And you have to pass this URL That's fine And again, you can check these things over there. We just reuse this and it will modify So check for the response if status code is okay. We have to do what city's model It is model response model and instead of using this we have to write here what city's model from json, okay And that's fine and again here city's model and That's fine. It will remain same So with this we have completed with the repository just one thing is missing like the way we have returned type specified same way we have to specify the here But this time the return type would be this City model Fine with this repository part is completed. Let's close it Now let's go back here to the home page And on home page, I have already defined a couple of variables like Countries is there states is there cities is there and For this default values we have to display Let me show you So here this would be modified select country select state select city And this we can make it empty because initially there should not be anything And let's do the api call first simply do what we have to get the name of countries only So what to do is Let's create one more variable on the top so that out of which we can iterate through and get the name of the countries as well as states Okay, so let's create a variable country state model and say country state model is equal to country state model And for error we will be saying false And the message empty And the data is also empty We are getting some error Okay, so the problem is state is already defined over here. So there is an ambiguity over here Okay, so what we can do here is wherever we are importing that state country state model we can import it as Let's say as country state model underscore model you can say And we can use it like this Yep Okay, so this will avoid the ambiguity problem Okay, all well tell this We have created this model and with this model We have to assign that values. So how do you get that? Is equal to await for what we have already created instance of that repository to use that dot get countries and states So this is going to give you a list of countries and states back So now we need to do what we need to add the states and countries So first of all, let's do what countries dot add So we have to add that select Selected country So this might be changed Let's do what let's add it Manually because I will be updating it at runtime Same way we have to do what states dot add And we have to add this Let's state Okay These two things are required And then we can do what we can just loop through that list of country states. So do what where let's say element in country state model And if we have what let's go check So for country state Let's go here and see we are getting the data part. So that means in data we have list of elements Let's go back. So we have to get it from data See first of all, we are assessing the list this list Now in this list, we have to get what name So name is for country Okay, let's go back and say countries dot add and we will say what element dot name So this is going to add a list of countries to this countries variable So once it is done We have to notify. So both that what we can do Let's create one variable over here Let's say bool is data loaded is equal to false And once this is done we can say And once it is done, you can set the state So with this we have done with this part And let's move to the design now so that we can see are we getting list of countries on ui So here what we are doing So first of all we can check here is data loaded If the data is loaded, then we have to do something. Otherwise not So let's say if data is not loaded Then we have to display that circular progress indicator Otherwise we will display this whatever we are displaying as of now And we have to display multiple things so for that I will not be using the text only to replace this child with cola And add the children property and here we can add these things That's save it Okay, now the thing is we have not done a bake all yet. So what to do is we have already done That's fine. Okay So let's just try to restart it Or might be the idea is taking more time. That's it. Okay. So now you can see this Loader is stopped working it is Removed because data has been loaded as we have added the logic over here So but we are not displaying it on ui site. Let's do what let's try to display it over here So for that we have to use drop down button And here we have to pass a couple of things The one is items So items we are getting from that country's variable. So countries dot So we have to just pass this items Okay, so we can do what we can let's try to map it So whatever this we are getting we will be getting let's say the country Bring This is country. So whatever country we are getting we have to do what? We have to return the drop down item Yeah, so drop down my new item and as a child We have to return text Where we have to return this Contra and let me just format it And now we are missing what? So we are giving this drop down back And child is this And we have to give the value as well that would be your country Let me just do what so this everything is done. We have to convert it back to list as well Sorry, not here. So after this country, we have to add this and here we have to do what to list So this is done And let's try to use on change as well So on change if we will be getting the selected value And here we can do whatever you want on the change of Thus country selection So let's do what save it first and check Okay, so we have a problem with this So what to do is let's add a couple of things over here So first of all, we have to give the value that is initial value over here to the drop down That is our selected country Which is we have defined on the top that's for select control. Okay One thing is done Let's try to save this and see if it works It works. We have to add more things Okay, we are getting the list of fine Okay, what else we are missing? There is one property is expanded Let's give it true and check if it works Okay, so that will work now Let's restart it quickly So you can see the loader. So once data is loaded You are able to see list of countries coming over here Okay So that is fine And once we are changing this list of countries what we have to do is We have to specify the selected country So let's do what set state and simply say selected Country is equal to selected value Fine And what's wrong over here? So we have to do what we have to just write exclamation in order to make sure we are getting that selected value Okay, so once it is done, we are getting it into this Now we have to do what we have to get the states So since we are getting countries and states together So what we can do let's create a method over here and say Get states I think we already have it Yep So we already have it. So what we have to do over here We already have a list of countries and states. So we can do what we can just use a loop over the variable that is where element in country state model Dot data as we have done earlier Now this time instead of using this we have to use what? This state We will check for the country if country is matched then we will do what we will get list of states Okay, let's go back And here we will say if The selected country Whatever the selected is equal to is equal to what? element Dot name Element dot name is giving us the country name. We will checking the selected country same with this Then we will do what then we will get these things Okay, so let's do what? If it is matched Okay, then do what? We have to say for Where state in This element Dot Oops not element value element dot We have states. Let me just close check We have the states, okay So once we got the state one by one you can simply say states dot Add and The state Okay, again here we have state Dot name, okay So name going to give us name of states dot name So that's fine. Let's save this Let me just quickly restart So one more thing we are missing now. We have to add this drop down over here as well Okay, so what to do is let's copy this board And paste it over here before that bounced Priced box just add some space and height of let's say 20 And here we will add it Okay, and here instead of saying selected country we will be saying selected state And here instead of countries we will be saying states And here instead of country we have state and state and state and Instead of selected country we will say selected state is equal to That's fine so once this is done we have to call that get cities to get cities And we need to remember that thing as well We let's add a condition if the selected state Is not equal to select State that is the default value Then we have to do this ap equal. Otherwise not Okay So let's save this and check Let's use a country for example, I will go for India Since I know the states out of it And you can see corresponding states are coming Now on selection of this we have to call get cities Okay Let's go back to get cities and here we will write the code So on get cities we have to do ap equal So for that first of all we will say is data loaded is equal to false Then we have to do what? We have to do ap equal Let's do what it is Okay, again, we will be getting list of cities. Let me just cross So we have to get it from the data Okay to do what We will be getting the model back Let's say underscore country state city rapport or get cities And you have to pass the country and state So country is available in selected country And the state is available in selected state And once you will do this you will be getting back one city model So what to do is let's create one more variable for city model as well Like this error is false message. We will not do anything And then data just make it empty and go here and here We will do what? We will assign this response back to this variable Okay So once we got the response We can do what? We can simply loop through this cities So let's say where city And we have this cities model dot data Let me just cross up So we have the state So we have to loop through this and just add the cities So let's say cities dot add and simply say city So this gonna add the list of cities And once everything is done simply say is data loaded through And do what simply set the state Yep To save this And let's go back here down And we need to add one more drop-down Let's Copy this And paste it over here This time it would be selected city And here it would be city and city city and yep city and That's fine and Let me just change it later on Selected value instead of selected city We will be saying So if the selected city Is not select city Then we can display the output that is final Output to be displayed So here you can display whatever you want to display So I will say what? country and then dollar selected country and in new line I will say state colon dollar selected state And in new line I will say city colon space dollar selected city So we do like this you can do whatever you want you can design it more as well So let's do what format this document And just save this Okay, so we are missing something Here instead of doing states we have to do what? cities That was the mistake So let's quickly reload it Okay So what is Happening here We are not getting the default value of selected city Okay, so because we have not added that selected city What we can do we can just do it on the beginning as well So once we have done this We can add it here as well Just say cities.add select City Okay, so otherwise We may miss it. So at the same time we can do it. Let's quickly restart And you can see now let's select for any any Let's say Afghanistan And we get this bulk And then you get list of cities And you can see the final output Okay So let's change it to lobster And in case I change this let's say to fora Then This will not be updated this For that what we can do We can do what? We can add a couple of more methods over here, which we can call Let's say we can reset the cities And what to do is simply say city's list Is equal to empty So if the city list is empty, we have to do what it is dot add Select city fine And That's we have to do what one more thing selected city is equal to Select City as well and Yep, we can clear this text as well. That is final text to be displayed is equal to empty So this is what we can do With the city same way we may need to specify for states So reset states And simply say states And simply say let's copy this And selected state And simply say state state Save this So now we can call these reset things Inside the function. So once The state is changed. We have to do what? Once the state is changed, let's say if this is fine And we have to do what just before this Adding the elements we can call the reset over here. Simply say what? Let's state and say reset There's states as well as reset cities Fine Save this So let's quickly restart Let's try to do what? Select the country go on stone And let's say bulk and let's say It is cool And if I change my city that will work fine. But if I change my state to something else And you can see We are getting Different one or the same one We are getting the same one. I think so what to do is one more thing we can do Let me just add one more thing here So Four cities once we are adding the cities You can reset the cities as well Okay, so just before this Let's do what set the state and say reset cities Save this And let's quickly reload and check it again Okay, let's try this time with india and so that I can cross check everything Let's say india So select the state. Let's say I just go for Punjab And then I select four. Let's say any any of the city. Let's say banga And if I change from Punjab to something else, let's say Rajasthan So I should be able to see list of cities in Rajasthan You can see now it is reset Okay, again change it back to something. Let's say Punjab And you should be able to see and let's select that any of this let's say Figure out And you can see it is coming over here and let's try to change the last one that is from india to any other country Let's say italy And we will get the list of Delhi states Let's use this And now you will be getting the corresponding It is for the same So let's find and one more thing is there. I just added Extra import for console log. Let's remove this So that is all for this video if you have any doubt to comment in the comment section Otherwise like share and subscribe. Thank you