Okay, hi everyone. If you don't know me, my name is Victoria Lim. I'm a PhD student in the Mobley lab at UC Irvine and Today I will be sharing about my benchmark assessment of molecular geometries and energies from various small molecule force fields Okay, so Given that this is a force field meeting. I don't need to really emphasize The importance of force field and specifically good force fields, but just to focus our attention a little bit this morning So let's say you have Small molecule in a protein binding site. You're trying to gain some insight out of this system so The way the insights that you will gain from looking at a ligand in a binding site will really be determined by how How good that force that ligand is represented in terms of this force field specifically We might wonder if you question such as what geometries can a certain molecule adopt and And secondly, what is the energy difference between two conformers? Which conformer is a more energetically stable one and being able to represent these small molecules accurately in just plain vacuum without a complicated protein environment is important in order to Really put these back into more complicated environments such as solution or protein or membrane to really draw insights and actually do chemistry and do science from these tools So just to present a high level view of my workflow so you can get an idea of what's going on So we extract the molecule set and prepare that from QC archive. This has over 26,000 Molecular structures and we group conformers together. So everything that has the same molecular connectivity So we're just looking at a toy example of methane here will be considered as the three different conformers of one parent molecule So let's say we have this cute little icon representing QM conformers Next we will perform energy minimizations with various force fields So each force field starts from the same initial structure as the QM optimized geometry So let's say, you know, these teal purple and yellow colors are three different force fields And we also we have the same starting geometry with the QM And then finally we compare the force field results against the QM reference So if we take if we want to analyze Conformer number two, we can compare that with conformer number two for each force field And we can look at energetic differences and sort of see how their geometries match up So let's say we have some structure here. This is the QM structure We are in this work. We're looking at the general amber force field gaffe and gaffe 2 We're looking at the Merck molecular force fields Merck 94 and 94 s which differ by slight changes in how nitrogens are represented And then finally we're looking at some force fields that came out of the open force field initiative Which are parsley and some are off 99 frost So just as an overview of my results, I'll be talking first about energies And then I'll be sharing about geometries and then we'll look at them together and then identify specific chemical moieties That can be used for future force field refinement Okay, so first we compete relative energies between the force fields and the QM results So the way we do that is by taking for some conformer I we take that its energy And then we subtract it from a reference conformer so the reference conformer is defined to be the same Conformer for all the different force fields and for the QM and The we choose a reference conformer by identifying which conformer Is that so for example if this blue In this blue rectangle here, let's say maybe the reference the lowest energy is this first one So we'll say this is the first the first conformer will be the lowest energy that will be reference zero And that will apply that reference for all force fields So with this we have histogram the relevant the change in conformer energies in this histogram plot here and so we see that There are a few different tiers around DDE equals zero. So the the change in conformer energy So ideally a perfect force field that completely reproduced the quantum Quantum conformer energy difference would have just a really high peak at zero and very low Histogram tails otherwise So we here we see that Generally gaff and gaff two are the highest around zero and then followed by And parsley is up in here too. It's sort of hidden among the blue And then we have Merck molecular force with 94 94 s and then we can see Smirnoff So you can see that parsley truly does improve upon Smirnoff and then Something that's pretty obvious in this graph is that there is asymmetry in terms of Force field over estimates, which would be on this side or underestimates The conformer energy especially with Smirnoff fine fine frost which has the highest difference between The left and right sides Okay, so We decided to extend our energetic analysis further thinking that So a certain force field like if you have a certain set of structures And they all start from the same structure. They will not always minimize to the same structure. So you might have some of some Redundant geometries in your conformer set. So we want to say Okay, given that we have matching conformers Then what are the relative energies of between different conformers? So we match all conformers with respect to a qm reference within one angstrom rmsd And then we compute the mean sign deviation of energy So just taking the force field energy minus the qm energies So this is very analogous to the histogram that I showed in the last side But this is just um one with match conformers and two now looking at the mean sign deviation. So you can See that in a little bit more clearly. So this is on log scale And if we're showing the different force fields here, you can see that they're all very similar It's hard to distinguish any differences. But we do see that there is The median of all these points is below zero also Reflecting that asymmetry that we see in the force field results So just to zoom in on this a little bit more If we overlay all the different force fields as in here and then we zoom in we can see that We see the blue orange and purple curves being on the outside. So these are normalized by area So each area is the same for For all the force fields Then we can see that these are slightly better because we would like ideally to see a much broader distribution at zero and then very Low amounts of data in the tail regions at high and low Compromar energy Okay, so we're going to change focus a little bit here to talk about geometries And then we'll take a look after that about how they relate to each other Okay, so in this work, we're looking at two different metrics to evaluate geometry and one is rmsd that It's generally more well known and more well used But another thing that we're looking at is called tfd which is torsion fingerprint deviation Now the reason that we want to look at tfd is that our rmsd has been known to correlate with molecular size And when we want to identify outliers and structures, we don't want You know artifacts and just okay. This is a large molecule. That's why it has a high high rmsd We want to identify the molecules that are Truly less consistent with the qm structure So torsion fingerprint deviation takes a Gaussian weighted difference of the torsion angles between two confirmations and it Ways it such that the internal torsion has a stronger contribution to the score than the external angles And it's all normalized from zero to one. So a high tfd is less Basically, it represents less agreement just with rmsd except rmsd is unbounded and the low rms Low rmsd is like a low tfd where that signifies more agreement So we hope that this is more independent of molecular size in order to basically compare two geometries So the results for the rmsd and tfd analysis are histogramed on the left side here And we see a couple of different things. So we see that once again parsley does improve Compared to smart knife 99 for us. We can see a reduction in this tail region here as well as an increase In the in the p and then we see this trend also between rmsd and tfd And that both rmsd and tfd plots are very similar But we see that once we control a little bit better for molecular size that The m m f f 94 and 94 s are a little bit more consistent with each other And they do a little bit better than the rest of the force fields in this work And we can take a look at specific parameters that are in these outlier regions to Focus our efforts on improving force fields moving forward. So the way we do that is by identifying If we take all the structures Like so here we have three different conformers that are represented in the in the tail region of the rmsd or tfd plot How we can ask ourselves how what is the fraction of this parameter in just that tail region? And then what is the fraction of parameter this parameter in the whole set? So if we have In this in the rmsd and tfd plots each conformer was considered separately So we're plotting each individual structure, but when we are actually doing this analysis We say okay if we see this conformer three times, but this molecule is only here once and if this molecule has a certain number of repetitions of that Particular parameter it just counts once with here, you know for these three conformers in this small in this all these Parameters b83 would count one time So we can get something just a series of bar plots that really show us. Okay if if Parameter is above one then that is over represented in terms of the tails of the rmsd or tfd And these might be the parameters that we want to focus on for example These ones are these van der waals parameters or these angles But so now we're going to Turn or a little or turn our focus to looking at relative energies versus geometries So here basically we we've looked at the geometries and energy separately now We're just looking at them together. Is there a relationship Between the energies and geometries and the short answer is not directly So we would you know if if there were a direct relationship, you might see sort of a linear Result where we see okay if we have you know better If we have worse geometries, which would be more on the right hand side We would have you know a higher spread of energies, but that is actually not the case when we're seeing that All the force fields have generally similar distributions. So and when we're looking at this dde versus tfd plot um Force field that has really good agreement to the quantum mechanical data will have a high density of points at 00 so here i'm using colors to represent the density of points since We have over 20 000 points in this plot. So it's hard to see individual ones. So we're using color as a way to denote the density So if we look at all the force fields together, we can see Just on linear scale on first glance. There's not a ton of difference. We can see that There's a concentration in m f f 94 Which is has a darker blue region around zero zero And then we can also clearly see that smart off 99 frost is much more spread out In terms of its energies, which is along the y-axis as well as the x-axis Which is the geometries which is consistent with what we are seeing in the previous 1d plus now We're just looking at it as individual points But just to get a better sense of what's going on in that central region that we care about We can look at this result on a log scale as well So we can see okay, let's say if we compare between gaffe and gaffe 2 We see that the high density region is Strongly negative as we're seeing that asymmetry and then it shifts a little bit more to be asymmetric on the dde axis And a similar observation is noted for m m f 94 Where there's a little bit more asymmetry which gets a little bit reduced in the 94 s force field And then parsley seems to be more symmetric than the others We can see it in this blue region here and then with smart off 99 frost things are just way more spread out So there's not really a there's a very strong concentration of points at the at the origin Okay, and then if we just take a closer look at this tfd plot So this is basically the same plot here, but now instead of looking at the density of points We're looking at specific chemical moieties So here I identified a few different structure Types that contribute to these outliers. So specifically we're going to start So if we look at this salmon color points here, these are mostly represented by this octahydro tetrasein compound so things along this has this like four-ring structure and lots of oxygen atoms substituted onto this scaffold We also have this azetidine Backbone. So basically this is looking at the four-membered ring with the nitrogen here And we see that these account for a lot of a lot of the the outliers in the tfd So for example these Purple points here as well as some of the high energies up here and down here And then finally we also identify um and then compounds as they're pretty systematic in some of the energies down here and a few up here as well and There are lots of other points that are not highlighted here, but these are less consistent They're more like individual structures that have maybe a just very unique composition of atoms or specific geometries like a seven-member ring that is not consistently Basically Represented poorly by the force field. So we do not really focus on these individual points Okay, so that brings me to the conclusion and I think this is about 15 minutes. So At this point, I'll take any questions if you have any Just I'm really sure whether it's a question but the these plots of differences in energy as a function of Deviation in structure They they don't seem intuitive. I mean I don't quite grasp them and um as you say one the expectation is that one one should get a linear kind of shift And so it's the energy deviation increases. So so should be the structural deviation Right. So yeah, so So what we're seeing here is and this is a little bit surprising is that um just because We have two structures that are so let me let's break this down into sort of quadrants, right? So um an upper quad so a high tfd And high relative energy that would be that's what we would expect because or and it would be actually either these two quadrants because With inconsistent geometries, we would expect more inconsistent energies Well, let's and then if we let's now turn our focus to this upper left quadrant That is saying we have pretty good agreement in geometries But the energies are still off and and then the lower left lower left quadrant would be saying that we have pretty good agreement in energy in Geometries for the energy. Well, I guess we would need to do like three So basically the high region the middle region and the lower region So we're seeing that it makes sense that if you have, you know, a simple Change in the in a in a portion that it can still represent the conformer energy well because um, There's not much changing other than maybe that portion angle um, but in fact, yeah, so when we have more Changes that are not just that that it's not always reproducing changes in the in the conformer energy and so that's That's something that's consistent among all the forces that we're looking at It seems to It seems to indicate that there's something fundamentally wrong with what we should have there is a force field which Which should there should be a penalty Every time it deviates from structure And and here we are getting a we're getting Large numbers in in changes in deviation in structure and yet the energy differences are Are the same so there's something do you see what I mean one? So so I'm not I'm not this is not a question of the data that you have the analysis you've done It's just something much broader than that that something's not being represented So really an ideal force field should be I mean a Mechanical force field should be something where the penalty is there to bring to cause alignment of the structures And that penalty doesn't seem to be there to bring that out ring ring ring them bring them together So we we are getting Structural deviation and yet the energies are same yeah, I think I mean that's a great point and I'm not sure if it's related to this but one thing that you know leaping has brought up in the past is that Well, I mean for one I think I think that um you know, mostly people have taken like qm optimized geometries and You know fit to those so I don't think Looking at relative conformer energies has been something that people do very much So you're you know when it's fitting to try to get the geometries Right to some extent but um, and then the you know the energetics for me variation around unoptim a single optimized geometry but the second they really only think is at the point that um You know what you'd probably like to do is to take Qm optimized geometries as we're doing here and make sure you get the mm energies of those right But you'd also like to take mm optimized geometries and see what the qm energies are of those And make sure you get those right because otherwise you're doing something that's a little bit asymmetric and saying Like I want to make sure my mm energies for these minima are right, but I'm not actually checking that In there is I find the qm minima and I see if I can capture those but I don't check to make sure I don't have lower mm minima somewhere else I understand. Yeah Mark I think you're muted I see your lips moving Apologies I'm just saying is there an issue trying to compare the qm and the mm energies in that especially for the larger molecules Your qm energies are entirely in vacuo But your mm energies are partially in vacuo because your charge model Is assuming a polarised medium Because the charge models a1 bcc which is a mimic for hs 61g star Which overpolarizes the molecule but everybody's happy with that because that's actually what happens in condensed phase So it's sort of In is it's a vacuum situation versus a partially vacuum but partially condensed phase And especially with larger molecules that could then fold up and have intramolecular electrostatic interactions That's going to introduce an error I have no idea how you'd correct that But um, that's a good point and I right now I don't correct for that and you know that could Explain some of the inconsistent energies that we see Yeah, that's certainly and that's certainly a challenging problem because yeah, as you said, I don't It's so hard to know what the right answer is to that I can't see any easier way of fixing it But yeah, it's always going to introduce an error. So there's going to be a limit to how good you can be over thought one one could of course Carry out qn calculations In some sort of in the same sort of dielectric that we expect to be in the reckon mechanics field That might be an approach. Yeah, yeah, yeah, some of these issues are issues where You know at some level it's easy to argue that we're the only real way to resolve some of them Is to have some kind of a polarizable force field because otherwise You just get kind of stuck with not knowing what the right way to compare it anything is but But yeah, that'll remain I think challenging when we're dealing with fixed charge force fields I wish I knew what the best thing to do is um, yeah part part of the answer I think is well, you know these issues should be bigger for larger and floppier molecules So we may want to separately look at like the smaller size size range Maybe we'll break some of these benchmarks out by size eventually And as any especially molecules can do things like form intramolecular hydrogen bonds and so on the likelihood of end up being big outliers on these sort of lots Yeah, I possibly ask one more You have time Victoria you mentioned that the RMST That comes out that's unbounded Is it not normal to normalize that with respect to a number of consequences? Uh, yeah, I meant that I meant to say that between if we're looking at a diverse set of molecules um The RMST will depend a little bit more molecular size So, you know a high RMST might signify that it's a very large and flexible molecule or might say that Oh, it's a it's a smaller molecule. It but has a high, you know, deviation in geometries So it's unbounded in the sense that it's not normalized between zero and one Hmm Okay, right. Yes, it is limited by the size of the molecule


ption one Hard and fast and that's it um They better be ready to meet every other week um And really rock and roll and expect those to be full meetings And in addition to that You know, make sure that the outreach piece is conducted So I yeah, I feel I'm in support of option one. I do think there's a lot of time I think when we were first discussing whether or not to move forward with november With the decision being that It was too soon to move forward with a november timeline I think that putting it off past march of 2019 Is an even bigger pull to swallow. Um, and I also think extending it out past that um a runs the risk of The work kind of languishing But b also runs the risk of the committee potentially scattering In that, you know, if you have a dedicated group of volunteers for my past as an organizer and volunteer manager The one thing you don't want to do is not, you know, not continue to push them or give them opportunities to engage So I could see if it continues on for a long time people falling off And then we've got to go back and revive the committee and so I just worry about that process I think there's ample time, but also in a way Right now this is something that a lot of committee member or a community members even are really in tune to and engaged with We all heard from people From different perspectives on the issue And I think for them this to just disappear off the map for a longer period of time past march and then pop back up But also be kind of jolting for the community I got I I follow that reasoning. Um I think using that date as a Timeline for work is okay as long as we are very clearly communicating that we have not committed To putting this on the town meeting day ballot that we are investigating the option to do so But we this is not a commitment to do that Yeah, well, I think that's with our You know similar to the last time we discussed it that we can say this is our goal We we would like for this to be on the march ballot But obviously there are a number of process steps that need to occur in order for that to happen Like that could be the goal But just like last time if we don't go to the votes on council actually move something forward that it can't happen Nicole expressed written uh interest in number four My perspective would be to Convey to them that we are open to having it on the march ballot have them look at the schedule and give us feed I My my thinking was that they would give us feedback as to whether that was feasible or not Based off of their first Maybe second meeting I do think that the reality is that That's going to be You know, that could be no mid november Before you get that response back Yeah, I think it could be valuable for the committee to really Come up with a work plan, you know, what's really feasible and See where it lands, but you know just to get the wisdom on the other committee members to weigh in So and ask the question for example if they want to know Well, what's the implication of us of it being a special vote versus Those are the questions I could see I would want to ask how much is it cost to hold a special vote Like what other votes are occurring next year that we could potentially piggyback on if that was the case I don't think there are any Yeah, and then I think to hear the political implications of going past march And watching I haven't paid attention to what I'm actually just doing but You know that I think the biggest thing though is We haven't we can bring this issue back again next time Because there's no pressure on that decision right now Sound okay. Yeah, and and to the point about getting feedback from committee members is being able to share with them These are the items that we need we want you to investigate This is the timeline to do so because of public hearing scheduling so that that's clear Right, so we're not saying we want you to have all of this ready by march. It's actually before that And then you know, whatever the You know if this means like meeting we clear So that that's clear to them I'm open with tabling the timeline discussion Okay Great really quick. Can I just so that we don't get hung up? Uh, you know for a timeline doesn't make sense now that I'm thinking about it in the council Liaisons to say if there are people willing to serve as backup For each of the two council liaisons if people have to decline That way we can just have that in the offer and we can appoint as backup in the case of declination Sure I'd be happy to be one I have deep concerns about my time Availability to do this. Oh, yeah, I can be backup I need one more meeting so So how how and uh, Nicole are the 18 I reckon I are the b team Great um Could I also recommend actually now that we're thinking about this that we also elect a alternate Um resident So we're talking about a body with a composition of seven I'd recommend that we do four residents and specify one of those individuals specifically as as an alternate Make sense Okay, so just so i'm clear what we're helping to move forward with Um how and cool being point on is Sometimes this week put out the posting for the commission members for the next council meeting bring back Sorry for the bureaucratic talk the charter for the charter commission I think we should do a traditional charter for that commission if it's going to be a publicly appointed charter is going to follow up in meeting laws or that Um and potentially appointments Yes, yes, and if we could just if if it's not too much trouble, you know, sometimes those are live streamed and looking for paul but He's usually the point person on those coming in, right? Yeah. Yeah. I think if they could just be shared with them You know periodically throughout the process. I don't know. Well, you know what you guys can work that out Do we want to establish a charter committee for the charter committees charter? I'm being a little tiny and cheeky No, but yeah, no the charter pieces to spill out that it's a public Entity, yeah I think my intent though I know you're kidding that would be to share the charter With howland and coal to make sure it's capturing what you guys intend before it goes right And so is it the intent Just so I know how to support you all is it the intent to actually interview candidates And if so we should really block off some time like next If we can get the posting out tomorrow for applications due on tuesday to schedule interviews on thursday of next week to get appointment names by friday for the agenda I guess that's up to the or Okay. Yeah, I mean I To be really blunt. I didn't involve staff in like the City manager I just had people send me the applications and I followed up with You know, I set with the applications with the other person selected We went through them and said who do we want to contact for a follow-up And didn't make it a you know Right didn't take it any further than that Okay, I think the important piece You know when it comes to public recognition of the fact is to say To and note that you know, this is the process that we're all adhering to I can guarantee you with a thousand percent certainty that there will be somebody who will submit an application Who will not get selected who will be Upset about that and we'll have preferred that there'd be some additional public process Of the section of committee. So I just want to bring that to council's attention. It happens each and every time we Do that At the end of the day, this body has to appoint some bodies to do things and having an open application process And then a calling by two council members You know in the past has been a good way of doing it You know, I and if you guys decide you want to consult with You know somebody else if it's just in there, you know, I get that but I don't think You guys have to take ownership of like the scheduling interviews or anything like that That would be I would think we would want to limit the impact of staff as much as possible on that Anything else? What do we miss? What's calling the call? I'll do that. We're gonna talk tomorrow morning anyway I wish she's watching somebody Um, okay, you need public comments questions concerns Okay So seeing and hearing none. I don't entertain that complete science regular jinn. I entertain a motion to adjourn Say I wish my eric seconded by christiney for the discussion Seeing and hearing none almost in favor, please say aye all right and those opposed Motion carries Well, you know, there's actually a thing


Hi, everyone. My name is Emily Schechter. I'm a product manager on the Chrome security team. And today, I would like to take you on a myth-busting journey about the protocol we use to send and receive data on the web over a secure connection. And that's HTTPS. And I think this is one of the most important topics for a web developer today. So our story begins on a dark, creepy night in 2010. Imagine that in 2010, you're sitting at your computer. You're surfing the web. You're getting sucked into a YouTube hole. You're watching the Twilight Saga trailer, or maybe that double rainbow video, or one of the other popular YouTube videos in 2010. And you fall into a deep sleep, so deep, that you don't wake up until today, until 2016. And you look around at the web today, and it looks pretty different from the way things were in 2010. Today, we have things like add to home screen, which lets sites behave more like apps. And we have push notifications, which help you keep engaged with your users, keep them coming back. And we have cool new APIs, like device orientation and geolocation. All these cool things around today that let you build progressive web applications, that let sites do all of the cool things today that they really couldn't have done in the past. So these things are very powerful features, but there are also a lot of responsibility, right? Take geolocation as an example. If a site knows where I am, it also knows where I work, where I live, where my friends live, maybe where my children go to school, where my doctor is. That's a lot of stuff for a site to know about me, right? So if you woke up in 2010 to find this very powerful web, you might be surprised to learn that there are still websites out there where you can make a purchase with your credit card or send a private message to a friend or research a sensitive medical condition in such a way that an attacker eavesdropping on the network can see all the data that you're sending back and forth. Or you might be surprised to learn that there are still websites out there that spend tons of money and time and energy crafting the perfect user experience only to deliver that perfect user experience and have some ISP or Wi-Fi provider or some other intermediary to inject really ugly, obnoxious ads like this. And this isn't a hypothetical. We actually see major ISPs doing this ad injection all the time. And if this was your site, you'd probably be pretty upset, right? Because this interferes with that perfect user experience.   So if you woke up in 2016, you might hope to wake up to a web where data is protected from this kind of snooping and tampering from the very beginning. And that's what we get with HTTPS. That's what this green lock signifies. And in 2016, we're hoping to move towards a web where this green lock is so ubiquitous that we might not even need to show it at all because it's just the bare minimum security that we've come to expect for any site on the web today. So this green lock signifies three main security properties. First, identity. When you type HTTPS Google.com into your browser, your browser receives a cryptographic proof of identity called a certificate from the server. And the browser uses that certificate to prove that it's talking to the real Google.com, not some other fake site who's pretending to be Google.com. So when you type a URL into your address bar, the browser gets a proof that that's the real domain you're talking to. Next, confidentiality. Once your browser knows that you're talking to the real Google.com, both those parties, the browser and the server, have a guarantee that only they can read the data that's being passed between them and not any other friendly person eavesdropping on the network. And finally, integrity. The browser and the server have a guarantee under HTTPS that when they send data from one to the other, the data they see is what the other party receives. So an intermediary in the network can't modify or tamper with the data that's being sent. Only the browser and the server can. And that's what we get from HTTPS. But you might also have some other associations in your mind with HTTPS. When you see this green lock, you may think that it represents a financial burden or a performance cost or a lot of maintenance, or it's really difficult to set up. And many of these associations actually were true 10 or 15 years ago, but many of them are no longer true today. And that's because people all over the world and all throughout the web ecosystem have been interested in promoting a safe future for the web where HTTPS is everywhere. So in this talk, what I'm going to do is tell you four stories about HTTPS, try to separate fact from fiction, show you what might used to have been true in the past, but is now becoming a bit of an HTTPS myth, and try to convince you that HTTPS is both possible and important for every site on the web today. So my first story is about a web developer named Alice. And Alice runs an online travel guide. You can see it here. It's a very cool, awesome travel guide. But it doesn't have any privacy or security-sensitive content. Like it doesn't have a login page. You can't make any payment transactions. And so Alice doesn't think of her site as something that would require HTTPS. But one day, Alice is talking to her friend. And her friend says that on her computer, Alice's travel guide is really slow and sluggish. And Alice is like, OK, that's weird, because on my computer, it's really fast and snappy, because that's the way I built it to be. So she goes to her friend's house, and she checks out what's going on. And you can probably guess what's happening.  So this is ruining the experience that Alice has built. It covers up her own lightweight unobtrusive ads. And Alice's friend trusts Alice's site, so she clicked on these ads. And when she did, she didn't expect to get the malware that she downloaded onto her computer. And this is natural, right?  So Alice is pretty sad about this, as you would be, I'm sure. And to console herself, she starts working on a new feature. And let's say this new feature is using the HTML geolocation API to suggest fun travel stuff to do based on this user's location. But as she goes to implement this feature, she goes to try it out in Chrome, and she sees that it doesn't work. And the reason that it doesn't work, as you can see in this error message in the developer console, is that Chrome and other browsers are starting to remove support for powerful features like geolocation when they can't be safely used over non-secure HTTP. So in order to use the geolocation API, your site needs to use HTTPS. And there's a good reason for this, right? If I'm going to trust Alice's site with my location, I need to know that I'm talking to the real Alice's site, not some other site pretending to be Alice's site. So we need that identity property of HTTPS to be sure that when I grant a site access to my location, I'm actually talking to the site that I trust with my location. So Chrome and other browsers, as I said, are not limiting this to geolocation. There's a list of features that have already been removed when accessed over non-secure HTTP. And there are a few more that are coming down the pipeline. I want to call out AppCache specifically, which is coming up next, and longer-term EME. We actually don't have specific public timelines for these yet, but they are coming up next. And we'll be sure to be responsible when announcing timelines. We'll add a notification in Chrome Dev Console. But if you are relying on AppCache or EME over non-secure HTTP, we encourage you to start thinking about HTTPS now before it becomes an emergency. So what about service workers? Service workers are amazing.  They're the secret superheroes behind progressive web apps that enable performance in the face of sketchy network conditions. Service workers sit between the browser and the network, so they actually manage every request that comes through. And as you can imagine, Alice, as a site owner, needs confidence that she is the one managing those requests. They're not being controlled by some other super-friendly person on the network trying to enhance your browsing experience. And this is why service workers require HTTPS. So Alice realizes, after all that, that in order to build a progressive web app with the features that she wants, and in order to guarantee that the user experience she builds is the one her users receive, she needs to use HTTPS. And this is why we think that it's important for every site on the web today to use HTTPS, even if the site doesn't seem immediately privacy or security-sensitive. So this story is fiction. So our next story is about performance and a data-driven guy named Bob, who's done some careful testing, some AB tests. And he has found that reducing latency, reducing the time it takes for a user to load a site, is crucial for optimizing conversions on his site. So the faster his page loads, the more money he makes. And Bob has heard some not-so-nice things about HTTPS and performance. Yell.com is an online business directory that recently made the switch to HTTPS. And they recently published a blog post describing their move to HTTPS. And what's interesting is that they did experience some negative performance results. And on the other hand, Google moved Gmail to HTTPS way back in 2010 with basically a negligible performance impact. So Bob is wondering what's going on here? What's the discrepancy between these two stories? So let's dig into some of the reasons for this discrepancy and try to figure out how you can move your site to HTTPS without a performance hit. So first, let's look at a simplified view of what it might take to send an HTTPS request. And here I'm highlighting some of the network latency imposed by the extra round trips between the browser and the server created by using HTTPS on your site. So first, there's an HTTPS redirect. If you follow a link to an HTTP page, the server says, actually, that's moved to the HTTPS version. Next, the browser and the server do what's called a TLS handshake, where the server presents that cryptographic proof of identity, which is called a certificate. And that sets up the HTTPS connection. And finally, the HTTP request is made. So it turns out that if you dig into what it takes to communicate over HTTPS, there are some technical optimizations that you can do to reduce latency. So let's step through this again and see what we can do to optimize at each step. So first, there's that initial HTTP redirect to the HTTPS site. Strict transport security, or HSTS, is an HTTP header that helps you avoid redirects from inbound HTTP links to your site by telling the browser, only access my site over HTTPS for some period of time. And you can set this period of time yourself and you're committing to supporting HTTPS for that period of time. And so HSTS helps improve performance by avoiding that redirect round trip. So the next two round trips are used to set up the secure connection over which the browser will send the HTTPS request. And this is known as a TLS handshake. So let me interject here for a moment to tell you that as a product manager and an all-around friendly person, I shake a lot of people's hands. And there are some really terrible handshakes out there. First, there's that bone crusher handshake, which just cuts off all circulation to your fingers. And then there's the sweaty palm, which is just brutal. There's the dead fish, which honestly just makes me depressed. But the worst kind of handshake is the person who grasps your hand and kind of shakes it and then just looks at you and continues shaking and keeps looking at you and keeps shaking and shaking because it's just incredibly awkward and it just takes such a long time. So the moral of this story is you have to make your handshake as short as possible to get onto the really interesting part of the conversation. So normally, the browser and the server are doing one of these long, terrible handshakes. And the browser is waiting for this TLS handshake to be completed before it sends the HTTP request. But this is actually not necessary. You can actually remove handshake latency by sending the HTTP request in the middle of the TLS handshake. So after the certificate is received from the server, but before the TLS handshake is completed. So it will look like this. And this is called TLS false start. And you can turn it on in your server software and it removes a round trip from the handshake latency. And if the browser and the server have spoken TLS before, the browser can remember a session ID. And the next time it goes to make a TLS connection, it sends that session ID, which allows the browser to shave off part of the TLS handshake. And this is called TLS session resumption. And it also allows you to shave off a round trip. And if your server supports it, you should turn it on. So now that we've talked about optimizing that first redirect and optimizing some of the round trips in the handshake, let's talk about sending the actual HTTP request. And this is where things really get cool because this is where HTTPS unlocks some pretty dramatic performance improvements in the form of HTTP2. This is the next version of HTTP, which is now supported in many browsers, including Chrome and Firefox. And using HTTP2, you can do really cool things like multiplexing and server pushing, which majorly optimize performance for HTTP requests. And Serma is actually going to give an awesome talk on HTTP2 that dives into these details right after this talk. So please stick around for it if you're interested in more details. So I mentioned that HTTPS unlocks the mouths of browser performance wins of HTTP2. And what I mean by that is that browsers have said they are only going to support HTTP2 over HTTPS. So if you want to use HTTP2, you have to use HTTPS. There's a practical reason for this, and it's compatibility. So there are some intermediaries, like proxies, that are likely to get confused or, in some cases, actually break things if they see HTTP2 traffic, because it just looks so different from normal HTTP1 traffic. So we need the confidentiality guarantees of HTTPS to be able to support HTTP2 without actually breaking anything. So if we go back to yell.com, that online business directory that Bob read about and was unhappy to see that they had negative performance impacts for moving to HTTPS, it turns out that most of their performance impacts were mostly due to outdated load balancers that they couldn't update at the time and they couldn't actually turn on HTTP2, but they're planning to upgrade to HTTP2 in the future. And we have hope for yell.com because of stories like weather.com, who saw a small performance impact from moving to HTTPS, but it was then majorly blown out of the water by the subsequent performance wins of moving to HTTP2. So in the end, since Bob is in a position where he can update his server software and turn on some of these optimizations, he shouldn't see any performance impact from HTTPS. And if he does, he should be able to far outweigh it by moving to HTTP2. So we have to update the way that we talk about HTTPS and performance. HTTPS is now necessary for achieving the best the web can offer. And HTTP is underperforming. So how many of you work at startups? All right, a few? Awesome. So my next story is about a startup that might be something like yours. So Charlie has an idea. It's about messaging with friends on the web. And she raises a bunch of venture capital funding for it. But these days, Charlie's startup is kind of running out of money. And the VC market has gotten a little bit tighter. So she needs to make sure that every dollar she's spending is going to a good cause. And she's heard that HTTPS costs money, maybe money that she can't afford. Now, money is sort of part of all of these stories in some way or another. I talked about performance, which kind of boils down to money. And next, I'll talk about ad networks, which is about money. But in this story, I'm going to focus on two aspects that Charlie is particularly concerned about. Those are certificates and search ranking. So first, these cryptographic proofs of identity certificates. When you need to get a certificate, traditionally, you buy it from an organization called a certificate authority. You prove your identification to the certificate authority, and it gives you a certificate that you use to prove your identity to browsers. You might wonder how much these certificates cost. Well, it's certainly possible to pay a lot of money for certificates. You certainly don't have to. A project called SSLMate has, for many years now, been offering standard SSL certificates at $16 a pop. And you can also get one of their more advanced options, multi-host SSL, or multiple certificates. And even if you need one of these, they really shouldn't break the bank. And there's a newer project called the Let's Encrypt, which actually offers free certificates. And both of these projects, SSLMate and Let's Encrypt, offer automated command line tools that help you buy and manage your certificates automatically so they don't expire, you can set up configurations, other tasks like that. So certificates are not going to be the reason that Charlie's startup runs out of money. The other thing that Charlie's worried about is search ranking. You can imagine that if you move your site to HTTPS, search engines might get kind of confused. And you might lose search ranking, because kind of a traditional nugget of wisdom is that having two different versions of your site can have a negative impact on search ranking. So Google, in particular, has a few best practices that you should follow when moving your site. And here I'm going to talk about the basics. So the first thing you should do is serve 301 redirects to show search engines that your site is at the HTTPS version. And once the search crawler gets to the HTTPS site, it's important to serve these canonical link elements to reinforce the idea that this is the canonical version of your site. And there are a few other best practices that you should follow. Three up here, and I encourage you to go check out these resources after the talk. So if you do your research and follow these best practices, you can expect a minor fluctuation in search ranking, which happens any time you make large changes to your site. But you'll then recover back to your normal levels that you had before the transition. In fact, Google even does have a search ranking boost for HTTPS sites. So it's actually considered a positive ranking signal. At present, it is pretty small, so you probably won't notice a large boost. But it's possible. We're hoping that might change in the future. And it is a small positive signal now. So in other words, if you follow best practices, take a little time to do research before moving your site over, the financial costs for certificates and search rankings should be negligible.  I'm sure that many of you have lots of third-party dependencies on your site. So let's say that Francisco runs the website for a major news corporation. And that means he has a large site with a lot of articles, a lot of legacy content, many different types of third-party content to worry about, like old images. And he's heard that if you move to HTTPS, all of your content, including the third-party content, also has to be served over HTTPS. So it's easy to see why this might freak Francisco out a little bit, because it's true that when you move to HTTPS, you're going to also have to start to think about whether all your third-party content is available over HTTPS. First and foremost, Francisco is worried about ads because he runs a publisher site, and ads is how he makes all of his money. So Francisco is wondering whether his ads will be available over HTTPS. Well, something that has changed in the last year or so is that for Google AdSense and AdExchange requests, they're always served over HTTPS for most users. So even before Francisco has served his site over HTTPS, his AdExchange or AdSense ads are already being served over HTTPS for most users. So he shouldn't have to worry about this. And the exception here, why I'm saying most users, is actually only for users located in countries that actually block or degrade HTTPS traffic. And this isn't just a Google thing. It's actually an industry-wide trend. In 2013, the IAB, the Interactive Advertising Bureau, published this blog post saying that nearly 80% of their member advertising systems support HTTPS, and they underscored their commitment to getting all the way there to 100%. So this is one of those things that I talked about, where five or 10 or 15 years ago, pretty much no ads were being served over HTTPS. So this was a major issue. But now the entire industry is changing. And in this day and age, serving ads over HTTPS really shouldn't be a blocker. And if you're using an ad system that doesn't support HTTPS yet, it's probably on the roadmap. And if it isn't, you should ask them why not. And you should tell them I said why not. So the next type of third-party content that Francisco is worried about is the partnerships that he has with other sites that depend on the HTTP refer header. And what this means is that other sites can tell that the traffic came from Francisco's site. In other words, Francisco's site has referred the traffic to those other sites. So Francisco might get some money for this. And the problem here is that if a user follows a link from an HTTPS site to an HTTP partner site, browsers will strip their refer header for privacy reasons. And that makes sense, because if you're doing something sensitive on an HTTPS site, the URL that you're on might be sensitive information. And the browser shouldn't just leak that in plain text over the network to an HTTP site. Fortunately, there's a web platform feature called refer policy that helps with this. And Francisco can set a refer policy to allow his partners to see that traffic is coming from his site, but they won't see the full URL that the user was visiting. So user privacy is still somewhat protected. Finally, Francisco is losing sleep over a kind of general problem called mixed content. And mixed content is the problem of loading non-secure HTTP content on an HTTPS site. And this is important because non-secure sub-resources can actually compromise the security of a secure HTTPS site. So if you try to load insecure scripts or iframes or other active content like that on an HTTPS site, browsers will actually block it, because that content is just too powerful and would completely wipe out all the security of that HTTPS site. So Francisco's site, it's a news publisher, so it has lots of old news articles that link to third-party images that aren't available over HTTPS. And we call these images passive content, and browsers will still allow them to load so the site won't be completely broken, but that green lock does go away. And Francisco's really not happy with this because he wants his green lock that he worked hard for. Fortunately, Francisco can serve what's called a content security policy to receive reports about mixed content. This header is basically a way for Francisco to assert to the browser that all content should be loaded over HTTPS, and he wants to receive reports about any content that isn't. And that allows him to go find and fix mixed content on all of his millions in pages, which means that he doesn't have to rely on users to report broken behavior. He'll be able to find and fix problems as soon as they arise. So in this case, the CSP says all content should be loaded with the HTTPS scheme, but inline and dynamically generated scripts are OK. And send a report to this URL whenever content violates this policy, but don't block content, only report it. And if you don't want to build infrastructure to collect reports yourself, I suggest this awesome service called ReportURI.io, which gives you some cool data visualizations. And for all of these issues, in Chrome, we recently launched the DevTool security panel to make it as easy as possible to find and fix problems with HTTPS configurations, such as these mixed content problems. So Francisco's story is true in that third party providers must support HTTPS in order for you to move your site over. But what's new, what's changed in the past few years, is all of these new tools and support in the ecosystem and in the web platform to help you upgrade your third party content. So when I look back at these four stories about HTTPS that I told you today, I think there's one kind of moral that emerges. And that moral is that five, 10, or 15 years ago, HTTPS used to be kind of slow, kind of expensive, kind of a pain set up. But these days, in 2016, browser vendors, web developers like yourselves, server software developers, security researchers, the whole wild, wild west of the online advertising ecosystem, all of these people have come together to make HTTPS a lot faster and easier and cheaper and all around better than it was in the past. And HTTPS is necessary for unlocking the best the web has to offer in terms of both capabilities and performance. And that's why we think it's both possible and really important for every site on the powerful web today to use HTTPS.


SCP-068 is a wire stick figure. The figure is composed of a single wire looping back to the center. The wire itself appears to have been bent numerous times in multiple places. When an electric current is introduced to SCP-068, it becomes animate, moving about on its own. Once activated, SCP-068 begins to search for any metallic material. Once metal has been found, SCP-068 will begin to need it and pull a thin strip of metal off. SCP-068 will then construct another figure similar to itself. The newly created figure will begin to need the remaining metal alongside the original, creating new figures, which in turn, produce more replicas.


This is stock number 7T262A, a 2014 Dodge Durango SXT. This vehicle has a 3.6 liter V6 Pentastar motor From this HD video, you'll be able to tell that this Durango is very clean all the way around. I didn't see any dents or dings on the hood. It has hand-cooked dyna-pro, HT tires. These are 265-60R18s, they are on the factory 18-inch alloy rims. No scuffs or scrapes on that rim. And these tires have roughly about half the tread left, maybe just a tick under. It has the projector headlamps, factory projector fog lamps. Didn't see any dents or dings or scuffs on the front bumper. Very very nice condition. Passenger side rim is in excellent condition as well. No scuffs or scrapes on that. And as we go down this side of the vehicle, you can see just how clean the body is, how reflective and glass-like the paint is. We take these HD videos, so if you are far away, or even if you're close by and you just can't make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can still see the vehicle, hear the vehicle, and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here. We want to make the buying process as simple as possible, and if you know exactly what you're getting before you get here, it'll make it that much easier. Back rim is in excellent condition as well. No scuffs or scrapes in the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. Rear bumper is in excellent condition. No scuffs, scrapes, dings, cracks. Absolutely perfect back here. The rear gate is in really nice condition as well. The back storage area is very clean as well. Those seats do fold down for extra storage, so you just lift that handle up like that, and it goes down like so.  To get these seats up, very easy you just grab this handle right there and pull it back. This is a manual closed gate. I did not see any dents or dings on the rear gate. You can see it has the racetrack tail lamp lighting. Down this side of the vehicle, just as clean as the passenger side. I didn't see any dents or dings on this side either. See just how nice that paint is, how clean the body is.  There are no rips or tears on these seats. They're in very nice condition. Power driver's seat with lumbar. You got factory floor mats throughout. Power windows, power locks, and power mirrors. As you can see it has the 7-inch TFT display, and this Durango has 65,961 miles. It has the auto headlamps, Bluetooth audio controls on the heated steering wheel. Steering wheel is an excellent condition. It has cruise controls. You get the 8.4 touchscreen radio. You could get nav on this radio. It's nav capable, so you just would have to go to the dealer and get that installed. I believe it's about 600 bucks. It has the Augs USB and SD jack. You also have dual climate control. And up here is where your heated seats and heated steering wheel buttons are. Of course, we have the 8-speed turn dial transmission. Passenger seat is very clean as well. No rips or tears on that. This vehicle has never been smoked in. Passenger floor mat and carpeting is very clean. You get the 911 and assist buttons. Those are features of the vehicle. You never have to pay a subscription. And the headliner is in really nice condition. We will take a quick look at the back seats, and then we will check under the hood. Just to go through the vehicle properly. I wanted to show you that it does have the capitalist fuel fill and is E85 compatible. Inside here, second-row tumble seats, or quad seats as some people call them, very clean. No rips or tears. We got factory floor mats throughout back here. You get your rear air controls up there. Latch child safety system for car seats, of course. These seats do fold up like so. And you got a floor mat back here, and these back seats are very clean too. Very clean vehicle inside and out. One owner, locally owned here, bought here and traded in on a brand new one. Take a quick look under the hood. 3.6 liter Pentastar V6 motor. Engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. The Pentastar has been on Ward's top 10 engine list four different times now, for reliability, horsepower, and just overall performance. This vehicle has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. Vehicle has been gone through mechanically 100% and is 100% ready to go. And to see more pictures of this Dodge Durango or one of our other 400 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, you name it, we got it.  Videos of every single used vehicle that we have all at summitauto.com. Thank you so much for checking out my video. If you want to make this Durango yours, give us a call right now,<PHONE_NUMBER>. Ask for one of our sales associates to make this one yours today. Once again, that number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Thanks for checking out my video. If you like it and want to check out more, go to youtube.com. Summit Auto, like, subscribe and share. In fact, in a second, you will see a subscribe button on your left. A link to more used inventory videos on your right. And like I said, if you haven't been to our website, go check us out. It's www.summitauto.com. Go check us out. We look forward to helping you with this super clean 2014 Dodge Durango SXT all wheel drive. Thanks again.


Here we go, NJRoot22.com supermarket roundup for May 18th, 2008. Real quick, you have a day or two left to use this $10 off $100 coupon from last week's flyer at Shoprite, so put that to good use if you can. We support bishops in White House for the local business aspect, and they have some good deals every now and then, they got bacon for four bucks a pound, that's always one of our go-to's. Good job on avocados again. I'm not a big fan of turkey bacon, it's just something's not right about it. It's so cheap, you know what I mean? It's that cheap, there's really something wrong with it. Good deal on Kellers with butter, we like that brand, and I think that's all we're mentioning this week at bishops. Good job on grape tomatoes as well.  Rip off on blueberries, get them at Aldi, really delicious ones for like a buck fifty, like a pint. Here you're getting $4 a pint, you got to buy two. This whole list of stuff I find it unpleasant to read. Organic breads, I think I got them for $1.50 a loaf, like ancient grains over at Aldi. It's so much more money to go to Kings, but they have quality stuff I guess. Last I said I wasn't gonna mention a stop and shop, but I'm gonna mention it anyway because there has to be some good things in here. Good job on the good price on chicken tenders this week, $2.48 a pound, throw them on the grill, nobody will know the difference, and they also have a good deal on this water, you know, it's three cases for nine bucks, always good to have a few cases on hand. It's cheaper than shop right this week because you're getting a free eight pack of sparkling water with this and no coupon required, you just need your stop and shop card. Here's a super coupon, it's the same price, and you have to buy three, so that goes to show you that stop and shop sometimes has better deals. And one thing I wanted to point out about this stop and shop flyer, I think it's probably the best laid out fly. There's not as much stuff in it, but it's easier to read, and I think that was their objective when they set out to design these things. It's easy to read, I didn't really look through it too much because most of the stuff they pedal at supermarkets these days are food we don't eat, junk food, breads and chips and stuff like that. And oh yeah, one thing I wanted to mention in stop and shop is that they have these things where you buy two, get the third one free. I don't like those those volume incentives, I'd rather choose how many I want to buy. So that's it for stop and shop this week. And our favorite shop right. Real quick to point out this week, they have a super deal on Svedka vodka, that's your drink of choice. You buy a case for 115 bucks, you get a $60 rebate, probably takes eight to 12 weeks to get the money back, but it comes out to really, it's probably one of the lowest buzz prices per gulp that you can possibly get these days unless you buy really cheap stuff and that's just gonna be a pain in your head later. London broil shop right is the best deal out of everybody this week. You need the coupon though, you can even get Angus beef for just 50 cents more a pound.  Another good deal on this non-organic ground beef buck 99 a pound, I think it's a family pack, probably get like three or four pounds, but great for meatloaf on the meatballs, burgers on the grill. I've never tried these bubba burgers, has anybody, you can see them very clearly in the freezer case bubba bubba bubba. They have a sale this week, it's 10 bucks for two pounds of meat so that's about five bucks a pound and they have all different flavors onion, jalapeno, bacon, cheddar and plain but I wanted to point out to you that this is a better deal. They have something in in the middle of the section here called family pack club size savings. You see they have bubba burgers here too and it's $22 for four pounds so that's actually more per pound than buying the smaller units. So buy the smaller units this week unless you just like the bigger package if you fetish for big package.  So let's see what else is worthwhile. Organic tomatoes on the vine I like that price it's good season for tomato I mean good time of the year for tomatoes I'm finding at least and also bacon again four bucks a pound never I should never pay more than 3.99 a pound and I'll buy them the off-brands like Smithfield or Hatfield they taste fine to me and some people worry about the nitrates and you can go pay $12 a pound or $15 a pound for that special fancy bacon. To me I don't think we eat enough for it to make any difference at all in our life lifespan it's not like I'll be at 73 years old on my deathbed if I only didn't eat that bacon why I don't think that's gonna be the case so what else does shop right have junk there's chips always chips I don't know why people buy them it's just not good for you it's just it's a chemical reaction in your body that makes you like those things that's my opinion but your mileage may vary more pharmaceutical stuff and cat food like I said not a good deal compared to the sale price this week for bubba's I'm gonna try them I bet you they're like not all that great but frozen burgers aren't really that good always anyway so I think that's it for shop right this week I just wanted to point out a few things that we like and that's it


Okay, as a second part of this module we look at the DOM, the document object model, and as a short recap, what happens whenever you get a response with an HTML body from the server, the browser loads this HTML. And this basically means that the browser goes through the code and interprets it and displays the result of that to the user, but you can always view the source. But if we go a little bit into details, what actually happens is that the browser parses the file, so looks at every line, and creates the DOM from it, the DOM. And this DOM is a key concept in JavaScript and in other client-side languages. And basically the document object model, that's what it stands for, is an application programming interface for valid HTML documents. So it's an API that you can use, and then we can look at the second definition by what a W3C here is that with the DOM programmers can build documents, navigate their structure, add, modify, delete elements and content. So basically it's an API that allows you to access the HTML file, the HTML source, if you wish, at the runtime while it's displayed to you and make changes to it. And what this is, this object model is basically a tree of objects, so parts of your website, and these objects represent HTML tags. So this is the object tree, this is the DOM, and then you have methods to manipulate it and to access different elements, read their attributes and so on. So this is the way for scripting languages to access the website. And examples for that are to read fields, for example, what kind of email you put into the input text field, change things during runtime, change the styling or insert, remove new tags. And if we look at this a little bit, this is also from the HTML lecture. You remember that the HTML file or every HTML file is essentially a tree. So you have the dock type on top, then you have the HTML. Within the HTML you have the head, within the head you have the title and so on. And the DOM is basically created to reflect this. So that would look roughly like that. You start with what in the document object model is called the document, that's always the root, and then you add the tags. So first you get to the HTML tag, of course, and then under that you have the head and the body. And then within the head you have the title, and the title has a text attribute that says my first website. So basically what is written between the start and the end tag here. The body, similarly in this example has two tags, an H1 and a P tag, and both of them have text. If you have any attributes, for example, let's say my H1 also has an ID, then you would also have a note that says attribute ID is whatever, my heading. So this is how you can imagine the DOM. And then you basically get methods to access those. For example, there is in JavaScript something that's called document.body that gives it a body element. And then you can do different things with that.


Are you with us? Are you with us? Are they with us? Are those who have left us with us here today? Do they want an end to this disease? Do they stand with you to end this disease? We are at the International AIDS Conference in Melbourne, Australia. The conference this year was overshadowed by the news that six delegates to the conference were killed in the plane crash of MA17. There are highly effective antiretroviral drugs that can prevent people from dying of AIDS and keep them healthy, but they do not eliminate the virus completely. Some people say that the cure for HIV might have been on the fight. Are we that close to end the HIV epidemic? We came to the conference to find out. When are the scientists finding a cure for HIV? How close or how far are we? A cure which is actually applicable to everybody around the world. Many very smart people don't think it's possible or will ever be possible. And my personal opinion is that if it is possible and we can do it, it's going to take many, many years. At the moment there is no chance to develop a medicine or cure for HIV, but what can we do to reverse the epidemic? Prevention of course, prevention, but prevention doesn't mean only condoms or syringes. Prevention should mean also reducing the stigma and discrimination that are facing people living with HIV and the key population. This is the global data here. The relative risk of HIV compared to the general population is of course higher among the key effective populations. Sex workers, MSM and people who inject drugs. Right now we have more than 50 sex workers here with red umbrellas. A symbol to fight horphobia and to recognition in our fight against stigma and discrimination. We need decriminalisation of sex work and we need it now. What are the key problems and challenges in relation to women and HIV epidemic? Women are turning their backs on anti-retroviral medication because of the stigma and discrimination that women face. So they're afraid of going home and then telling their family that they've got HIV because they're blamed for being the first in the family to bring it into their community. Even though it's most likely that they contracted HIV from their long-term partner or their husband, as most women in the world do. Silence equals death. Silence equals death. Silence equals death. Silence equals death. Silence equals death. We are in a sitting window also. They put us into MSM. MSM means men having sex with men. I'm not a man. I'm a woman. People who sleep with men, they conduct themselves as heterosexual people. Where are they? What programme are targeting them? None. In India now recently we have the Supreme Court verdict recognising the third gender and the ethnic transgender group in the country which is known as the Hijras. The process is slow but change is happening thanks to the whole epidemic of HIV AIDS which gives the platform to at least voice out our issues. What are the key challenges for people with disabilities in terms of HIV epidemic? Healthcare providers attitude to people with disabilities. The fact that they don't realise that people with disabilities are sexually active like anyone else. Why TB and HIV is a special problem? Well it's the number one cause of death for people living with HIV globally is tuberculosis. Overcrowding and poverty that drive TB. We have a very shocking situation with our social worker. He was kidnapped by separatists and they took them in the basement. He was beaten only because he is HIV positive and drug addict person. Anti-LGBT laws that are starting to populate everywhere. They're destroying us. Nigeria, Uganda, Russia. We see our friends and family being killed, being locked away. Stop criminalising drug workers. Stop criminalising drug users. We're all human. It's criminalisation that is driving the HIV epidemic amongst people who inject drugs and it's not just criminalisation of drug use. It's also many countries criminalisation of harm reduction programmes. By that I mean the provision of clean needles and syringes and I think substitution programmes. What works is needle and syringe programmes. I feel it's substitution therapy and antiretroviral therapy. These are the key things that work. What I find country after country is that harm reduction is the most cost effective. It's more cost effective than other prevention programmes, more cost effective than treatment. Ukraine is one of the countries that has the most rapidly growing HIV epidemic among drug users so it had now things were changing. Can you explain us the situation? Yes, that's right. It used to be really the driver of HIV epidemic in the region. Now new cases are declining and we observed this tendency among drug user population over four years so far and we reached this decline due to large scale harm reduction programmes. How this current political crisis in Ukraine affected harm reduction services? Anxation of Crimea led to interruption of essential services. The discontinuation of harm reduction and opioid substantive therapy in Crimea following the annexation that is having disastrous consequences on the cohort of people who were on OST in Crimea, 800 people in that cohort. At least 20 people in that cohort have already died. The global coverage of these programmes are extremely low. Only 10% of people who inject drugs around the world access needle and syringe programmes. 8% OST, about 14% access intervention therapy. 75% of people who inject drugs live in middle income countries and over 40% of new HIV infections related to unsafe injecting are in many middle income countries. These middle income countries are totally overly reliant on international donors but those priorities are now changing. International donors are saying we should focus on the poorest countries. We need to focus on countries where the burden of need for aid really lies. If we keep looking at the total income of a country and saying you are a rich country, therefore miraculously most vulnerable people are supposed to get funding, we are never going to address this crisis. I think we have to move to a different model. We have to start talking about income inequality, including within countries. Right now the reality is that about 60% of people living with HIV live in middle income countries. Take them off the list and you are basically taking the majority of people in need out of the running for effective treatment or prevention. Pharmaceutical companies claim that they are working hard to reduce the prices of antiretroviral drugs but civil society activists disagree. It's my pleasure to announce the next speaker which will be Greg Helton. Greg Helton is the executive vice president of the corporate medical affairs at Ilias. Pills cost pennies, greed cost lies. Pills cost pennies, greed cost lies. I'm here to talk on behalf of my colleagues HIV and HCV treatment activists all over the world. On behalf of those who have died and who are dying right now because of the pricing policies of pharmaceutical companies and in particular Gilead, we are disgust with the policies when the pill costs $1,000. We are outraged with the deaths of our friends and colleagues and people living with hepatitis C all over the world. We demand immediate price reductions from Gilead and all the pharmaceutical companies because hepatitis C is the disease that can be treated and cured already and people should not die from it today. As a lobbyist, so strongly engaged in the work we do. Martin for 12 years, my colleague in section Europe and recently bridging the gaps.  The bridging the gaps alliance, that is the work that they were so much engaged in, that they so strongly believed in. Our mission is to achieve universal access to HIV and STI prevention, treatment, care and support for key populations. As Bill Clinton said yesterday, they gave their lives, but we will keep on the fight.


When you said that the the manosphere has moved from being like pick-up artistry to a situation where when Anthony was talking about the different vectors of the manosphere yesterday I was thinking one of them is going to have to be religion another one's going to have to be philosophy so in a sense the fastest way to bring people to religion is through pushing into the material world so if you push through pick-up artistry for example and you're successful and you fulfill every weird niche sexual fantasy with different shaped women from this place that place in the other and you actually win that game you then find yourself in a place of despair yeah and then you despair at when you go well I won what did I win I won a series of strange belittling humiliating and alienating experiences that left me feeling horrified really it's it's it's hellish as as distracting and as pleasurable as it might be in the moment it's awful afterwards so that really the despair was what brought me to thinking like this is when do I so I reversed it I would say from because my background is psychology when do you feel good when I'm in nature when I'm reading a book when I'm talking to my friends when I'm and I was like well what's what's the what's that the super experience and I'm like I think it's called connection I think it's called reverence for being you know I look at the stars I look at the trees now my body my physiology my mind goes into a different state and I'm like what is this this is maybe like a sort of a religious experience if I stayed in that space I felt good if I went into the other space I felt bad was that I kept it simple yeah but what's interesting about why I think 21 is becoming this forum that it is is women are don't deal with conflict way we do right men love to talk about politics because we because we like to talk about ultimate things we're concerned in rule and order and all that stuff but we can argue intensely right even scream sometimes and then afterwards feel closer yeah and that's not that's not how it works with a woman that they'll be they'll feel alienated for a long time yeah but it's actually a place where since we all want to be masculine we don't want to be effeminate we can have these hard conversations about about different forms of government and about religion and so it makes sense to me that that shows that 21 is maturing into manhood in a sense yeah part of manhood is being able to have hard conversations and go at each other and then afterwards have a drink right and that's exactly what happens here I do have a question though and I'll go back to you actually give a honest assessment so we have every part of the church here right we have the Romans we've got the Orthodox and the Protestants those are the three major wings of Christian but we're all Christians this year right up here except for you and the best Protestants do what's that the real like the real deal there's such thing as a protest I'm sorry that's what you're protesting um but but anyway salvation by works yeah but look um Christianity is dominated by women 60% is in most churches the of the membership as women it goes much higher people will say that well that's because religion is men aren't religious and that's just complete nonsense right but Islam is very masculine and it's at least in it's a people that subscribe to it Orthodox Jews but but Christianity is dominated by the feminine in a lot of ways as someone who is not in a Christian church right what why do you think it is what what's your honest assessment of it culturally why do men not like Christianity right now I will I'll I'll do my best okay and bearing in mind I'm nowhere near as educated as the men on this panel what it seems to me is that the way what the Christianity is presented unlike Orthodox Judaism or Islam is you kind of have a freedom of how you interpret it way more than other religions and if it's very easy to take certain Gospels that are very appealing to feminine coordinates like agreeability agreeable necessary cooperation and going along to get along feeding the poor and then everything sort of leans yin versus yang the feminine principle it becomes very about equality and socialism and then when I've when I've looked at it when I so there's a there's a sort of a flavor of Christianity that you can have and then I look again and I go but I've seen other flavors I was raised in a different way and the interpretations that I was given in other places and for example I used to train martial arts with Russians and they were extraordinarily religion that their religion was part of the mystical process of learning the martial art and they they weren't feminine there was nothing feminine about what they were doing and so I realized you know it seems to be open to interpretation it can be hijacked and it can be used to fulfill an ideological agenda and I don't mean that in some grand conspiracy your ideological agenda might be I feel better when everybody gets along and doesn't argue so I'm gonna present this as a religion of not arguing but as you just said that isn't what the religion is no guys will you say you get we're we're here I don't have this clearly we care about masculinity and femininity and we want men in our church why aren't they in our church so at least not in the numbers they should be I mean it was basically breaks down 50-50 in terms of male female in the higher population so 9 to 10 15 20% skewed one way or the other says something what do you think is going on why do men reject Christianity I do think that one one reason and I really like if you want a book length treatment of this I think Leon Podols that's how you pronounce it he wrote the church impotent I think is the title and he talks quite a bit about more historical roots and goes pretty deep in some of the movements and this is not just true today this has been true for some time and there are historic reasons why as well I think a lot of the the issue though is that when you when you filter Christian theology or a vision of Christ through a modern lens particularly in our culture you end up filtering out all of the parts of Christ that are absolutely present in the Gospels where he is being typically masculine I mean where he is cleansing the temple where he is absolutely scorched earth rebuking the the false the false shepherds of Israel as whited tombs full of dead men men's bones as hypocrites who heat heavy burdens on widows and orphans and don't lift them with their little finger I mean Jesus is a prophet Jesus is a king Jesus is a true priest meaning he does the work of working and keeping and protecting he kills the serpent Jesus is the the omnimascular man he is David his David's son he is the Goliath Slayer he hooks Leviathan through the nose Job 41 I mean you just go through and you look at this picture of Yahweh incarnate and Christ and what you find is this astonishingly masculine figure but then when you when you have an oversimplified version a plastic version of masculinity and femininity femininity that reduces each sex to their just polarities you have a vision of masculinity and femininity that's one-dimensional and then you end up just completely overemphasizing one of those polls so Jesus of course is meek he's meek he says the meek will inherit the earth and men look at that without understanding meekness holistically as strength under control and channeled towards the end of the good and the true and the beautiful and they think that meekness means that you are effeminate and then if that culturally is lived out in the church it creates an environment where churches then select as their ideal man pastors are supposed to be an ideal man in the congregation and they select men who are ruled by women they select men who are absolutely in the pocket of women and so you end up with a lot of churches that are run by you know functional matriarchies that then creates a culture that men are uncomfortable in especially blue-collar men who are and then you add to an act to that an academic culture in the training of pastors in masters and postgraduate level degrees where they're doing a lot of academic work which absolutely ought to be masculine but can tend towards the effeminate where you're rejecting practice from your theory and they become theoreticians so I think there are lots of different vectors that explain it but that that's kind of I think where I would I think a part of the reason why is because religion in its truest sense


Hey guys, it's Brandon, creator of Happily Dressed, a fashion blog dedicated to self-acceptance and confidence and self-sufficiency and welcome back to my channel. So as you can tell by the title of this video, today we're gonna be talking about spring trends. Now big disclaimer, I enjoy filming these type of videos but I also don't just because I believe you can wear whatever you wanna wear. You don't need someone to tell you what to wear. You don't even need to look to other people to see what they're wearing to wear what you want to wear. But I do film these type of videos just because I also get inspiration from other people besides myself. I get inspiration from people around me. When I see them on TV, movies, et cetera. So if anything, look at this as a big mood board. For spring 2020, they're all my opinions of what I think will be prominent and popular. And for the most part, they're gonna just be what I wanna wear during spring. Update aside, let's get into the video. So I put all these images from Pinterest.  Oh yeah, it's just spring 2020. So a big thing for me, I think for spring is gonna be color and the use of very bold colors and then also the use of subtle pastel colors as well. Like I have two images that I pulled. I think this is Hailey Baldwin Bieber. But anyway, she has on this bright yellow two piece. And I think two pieces are gonna be very hot right now. But yeah, she's wearing this bright yellow two piece. And one, I think sets are gonna be very popular. I actually made a set last night that I'm wearing right now. Now I'll probably show you guys just because whenever I make something, I love to show it off.  Dickey's inspired. I wanted to make it out of thrifted Dickey's pants, but they were all here. So I just used this like cotton fabric I had at home. Back to Miss Baldwin Bieber. This bold yellow, I think just like bold colors I'm wearing it in a bold way. I love this two piece. I love the oversized shirt. How it's like half tucked. Love the shorts or maybe it's even a skirt. But anyway, I think that that's gonna be major for spring. And then also there's another photo I saved of a girl wearing this like asymmetrical light blue or powdered blue maxi skirt. Like my skirt links are always wrong, but maxi skirt and one, I think this outfit is so cute. But I just think that using color in like your own unique way, I think will be very on trend for spring. One trend that I've been noticing myself because I've been doing it a lot more and like having the urge to want to do it is gonna be tie dye. I think tie dye is gonna be really big. And like not like elementary school field day tie dye, but like really cool like bleaching tie dye using alternative colors besides just like the normal, like I don't know light greens and light yellows, et cetera. But like maybe tie dyeing a black shirt somehow. And like tie dyeing and bleach dyeing weird objects like pants or jackets, sweatshirts. I think that's gonna be really cool. And it's something that I'm super interested in this spring. I know I've bleached the shirt already in the past. I wish I would have brought it to show you guys, but I really like it. I just think that that look, especially on unorthodox like material like bags, pants, even maybe shoes if you can make that happen. I think that will be really cool and very in for spring. This next one is something that I'm super excited for just because for some reason prints have been a staple for me recently. Like I used to wear, and like honestly, today I'm wearing more of the color palettes that I used to wear in the past. I'm just like one color, all black, all white, all green, or just some mix of neutral colors. But recently I've been really into plaids and prints and like really bold and like funky colors and patterns. And this next one is exciting because it's animal print, but in a big and bold way. It's more like cow print and I love, for some reason, I love a good cow print, whether it's cow print boots or an oversized jacket, a cow print skirt. I have this zebra print fabric actually that's over here. I thrifted this fabric. It's like a stretch fabric, but it's all zebra print. And I did a mock neck. Ooh, it smells so good because I watched it. I made a mock neck a little bit longer than this sleeve shirt and it looked really nice. And I can't wait to pair it with different things I almost wore under this, but I've worn that shirt a lot recently. Oh, and even like imitation fur prints I think will be really popular. Like it won't be fur or even imitation fur, but it's just a print that looks like imitation fur, or real fur, whatever you want to call it. But I think those would be really major as well. Especially in more spring gear clothing, like tank tops, lightweight jackets, skirts, even sandals. As for accessories, I think that this cross body bag, sling bag, fanny pack vibe is not going anywhere. It's just being elevated. And honestly, maybe even becoming more complex. So it's not just a bag around the shoulder, but the bag belts around the waist, but it also belts around the thigh. And there's a bag that sits right in the middle, or kind of how I want to do it this best. This is just like a sample of something that I'm working up. And I like it to have like a zipper here. So not only is it like an item of clothing, but it's functional as a bag to hold all my stuff and things like that. So I think that the sling bag cross body bag is just going to become like more complex and just complement the outfit even more.  But that trend is not going anywhere. And I actually like it. I really do enjoy it. I think fashion and function is the best of both worlds. I'd love something or I love something that looks nice, but it's also functional and can carry all my stuff when I don't have pockets at the time. So yeah, that's just another trend I see being big in spring. Another trend that's not going anywhere anytime soon is denim. I think that denim is going to be really hot as well. I mean, yes, one, you're going to be really hot, but we choose to wear it anyway. But I think denim and like different washes than your basic light wash denim. I feel like light wash denim now is kind of like boring and played out and like, yeah, everyone has like a light wash denim jacket. I feel like during the spring and maybe even into fall, we're going to get more dark denims, whether it be like navies, blacks, even some grays, we're going to get contrast stitching on denim, pockets galore. I feel like whatever can just elevate your basic jeans silhouette, we're going to see. But I think bleach denim will also be coming back too to kind of tie in the like tie dye bleach vibe. I think dark denim that's like bleached and contrast stitching, that's really hot pockets, kind of in unorthodox places. I think that's really cool. And I see denim coming back too, like as a set, like you have the denim jacket and the denim shorts or the denim tank, if that even exists, and the denim pants or whatever. Or even like denim pants that are intricate and like there's a bucket hat that's like the same wash and style as the pant. But I see denim as a pair, it's its own standout piece that it'll only be paired with like basics or a piece just like it, if that makes sense. I think silhouettes are going to be really big this spring and just like offering us different silhouettes, like maybe even bringing some fall silhouettes into spring fashion, like big, puffy sleeves, but instead of them being all the way to the wrist, it's just like short sleeve. I think a lot of like shapeless, and this is more leaning into fall as well, but I think spring transitioning into fall, there's going to be a lot of like shapeless outerwear and like shapeless topwear, like a big oversized sweater, or that same big oversized sweater, but like cropped shorter and then like it has ties, like around the arm or ties around the waist. So that way, any body type can wear and I really like that. And like whenever I'm making clothes for half a dress, I always think about what can make this one size. Because I personally enjoy when clothing fits different body types differently because then that makes that clothing item unique to that body, which I think is something that's really special. And when you're wearing something you want it to feel unique to you. So I think towards the end of spring moving into fall, we're going to get a lot of shapeless wear, or like just yeah, shapeless outerwear, shapeless pants, tops, and then you kind of get to make it your own through accessories like a belt bag or rings or necklaces or ties, ribbons, whatever you want, get creative. But that's a trend I'm actually very excited for because I think clothes should fit all body types, obviously. And then you get to add your own unique flair to it and make it yours. So the last trend I like predict or am excited for or want to happen for spring is this kind of like print matching color block situation of just like having a bunch of different patterns and prints kind of together. I did this with that zebra turtleneck I wore or the zebra mock neck that I made. I wore it with a bleached crop t-shirt over it. And it was kind of a nice mix of like two different patterns, but it felt really good. They were all like kind of the same color base of like blue and navies. And it just looked really nice. And like I'm always a fan of pattern mixing. There's some people who I know who do it so amazingly. And sometimes it's scary to mix patterns. I'm like, oh, should I stay in the same pattern family? Like should I mix two different plaids together? But I think the crazier the better. Like mix a plaid with like a cheetah print or some kind of bleach material with a strong like complimentary color block to something. I don't know. But I think that just playing around with the rules is gonna be really fun. And then you get to kind of be free. So you get to wear it with a short. It doesn't feel so constricted. You're showing some skin. The sun's out. It might be a deep V. Who knows? But I just think that playing with print blocking or I guess color blocking and print matching kind of all together is gonna be really fun. I'm just excited for what spring will bring in general. Like this outfit I'm wearing today was very inspired by the spring. I wanted a pair of shorts that were a contrast stitch and then I made this vest to kind of compliment it. We're just still a little work in progress because right now it feels like a bib if I'm being honest. But there's something there. I feel it. Anyway, I hope you guys enjoyed this video. I know that situations aren't still like we want them to be. And a lot of us have to be cooped up and away from others and it's not fun. Trust me, I was literally just in the house for like five days straight and I almost lost my mind. Today it was good to just drive. Especially some way where I knew no one else was gonna be. Get some sun and like talk to you guys even though I'm still talking to myself. You guys are hopefully listening. To keep up with what I'm just trying to make to fill the time during this quarantine time you can follow me on Instagram at happily dressed. There's also some new stuff in the works that hopefully will be done soon if I can stay productive. I'm very excited to share with you guys. But until then I'll see you guys in my next video. See you guys later.