RCA Victor, world leader in radio, first in recorded music, first in television, proudly presents... Director's Playhouse stars Bert Lancaster, Corinne Calvay, production Rope of Sand, director William Dieterley. The Hollywood Screen Directors present an action in the desert. Tonight transcribed for the first time on the air the motion picture adventure drama Rope of Sand, with Bert Lancaster and Corinne Calvay and their original roles of Mike and Suzanne. You'd think I'd have known better. You'd think that after the unmerciful whipping I'd gotten in that very town, Diamondstatt, South Africa, two years before that I'd have known enough to stay in New York.  I'd paid for them when I was back to collect them. The minute I walked into the Pretoria Cafe in Diamondstatt, I saw Mottengale. I knew Mottengale all right, one of the more unscrupulous directors of the Diamond Syndicate there. But I didn't know the sultry brunette with him. I didn't know her. But anyone sitting with Mottengale was up to no charity. Mottengale saw me and he stood up to welcome me with that polished, bond-spread smirk on his face. Michael, how good to see you again. You look so well. Yeah. Now how would you like to look at my back? Not in present company. Mrs. Anne Renault, Mr. Michael Davis of New York. How do you do, Mr. Davis? Pretty well, if I watch my step. Mrs. Renault is here from Paris to see for herself the irresistible glamour of Africa at the Diamond Country. And the men who live in it. What about the men who die in it? Mr. Mottengale told me I'd find Diamondstatt quite durable. Why?  Michael is lightly jaundiced about women, Suzanne. Very common among professional hunters and guides. Oh, a hunter. Retired, looking for a game of poker. Not spin the bottle. Excuse me, please. If I may say something, Michael. Make it quick. I regard the unpleasant incident of two years ago as ancient history. I'm willing to give you back your guide in hunter's license. If you'll tell me where the Diamonds are. Mottengale, I didn't like what your company cop coming down Vogel did to me. After that beating he gave me, I forgot where the Diamonds were. Did you? You guess. I'll find that poker game if you don't mind. He has bad manners, hasn't he? If you're going to find out from him where the Diamonds are, you'll have to do better, my dear. Or go back to dancing, shall we call it, at Cape Town?  They hate each other robustly. And the commandant likes me. Davis is your business now, Suzanne. Men are my business. And playing one against the other is often good for business. Excuse me. I think I will watch Mr. Davis play cards. Good luck, Suzanne. Aren't you going to play poker, Mr. Davis, at advertised? I'm waiting to get into the game. I thought you might want company. I'm used to being alone.  I wasn't allowed to work out of thanks to Monningale. Mr. Davis, you need a friend. I do, huh? And where do you fit into that? I could be a friend to you. I like courage. What do you like, Mr. Davis? I think I'll call. Honesty, Miss Reno. Oh, you impetinent. Davis, well, commandant Vogel. Davis, you will apologize to Mademoiselle at once.  Are you contemptible? Oh, please. Just get out, Davis. Sorry, I have business at the poker table. In fact, I need money so badly that I'll even play with you. Ah, indeed. And if I break you, you must leave Africa. Maybe. Sit down, Davis. He was good, but not good enough. By midnight, I played and bluffed and then outluckied him out of 2,000 dollars. Then at midnight... More chips here. And I want a fresh stack of cards. By 2 a.m. it was all over. All right, Vogel, you win. I'm broke. Then join me in Champagne. Champagne, please, all around here. Not for me, Paul. But, Suzanne... The lady says no champagne. I mean, not here. Not here, Mocamada. My car is outside Mademoiselle. Thank you, Paul. Good night, Mr. Davis. I sat down again. For an hour, I nursed a peeve of cheap beer and a deck of cards. And I noticed something about those cards. It was a discouraged old Dr. Frenner, my Doc Willis still hanging around town. I got him to drive me out to Vogel's fancy villa in the desert. And sure enough, there was Vogel's Lagonda parked in front. I sent Doc home and I patted over to an open French window. Vogel was turning on that phony, central European charm of his. Using a valuable-looking vase as a sophisticated prop. Then he put the vase down. I saw it was going to be a pass, and that's when I decided it was time to discuss Mark Carr's with Commandant Vogel of the Diamond Fields Patrol. You'll excuse the interruption, Commandant. Davis, how dare you? Call the police, Paul. I wouldn't, Vogel. Put down that vase. Expensive, isn't it? There's only one other like it in the world. Put it down. I'm a coward, Vogel. Hit me, or call the cops, and I'll drop this vase. Is this how an American gentleman defend himself? This is how one resents Mark Carr. No, it's a lie, of course. I'll have that money you took from me with those cards. It's a lie, but under the circumstances, here. Here's the money. McEast, your car. I sent my chauffeur home. There. Now you, Red Riding Hood. I? You're coming with me. That there is a wolf wearing Grandma's bonnet. My vase, if you please. Oh, sure. Your vase. Here. Catch. No. Don't crowd me when I drive. I'm cold. Don't blow on your hands. I'm still cold. Now listen, just a minute. I get this straight. I didn't come after you. No. I came after my dough. You just happened to be there. Is that all? That's all. You like honesty. So do I. All right. You ask for it. Probably a mistake. Oh, no, Mike. Believe in me. Tell me what happened two years ago. You wouldn't be interested. I want to be your friend.  The diamond fields. I went in after them. In the heat. In the desert. In the killing sun. I found more. I did. Lying in half a bushel of dull pebbles that didn't even glisten in the sun. Diamonds. He'd scratched a fortune in diamonds out of the sand there. And died. I left them there because just then my horse keeled over dead and I figured that finished me too. Oh, I don't know how many days I wanted in the desert, but one of the things I hate Vogue for is finding me out there, taking me back in this patrol tractor. I must have battled about the diamonds because back here, Vogue went to work on me. The diamonds, Dave. Where are the diamonds? They whip again. The diamonds, Dave. Tell us where the diamonds are. We'll whip you to death. They whip again and again. Beating like that does something to some men and makes them stubborn. I wouldn't talk. You've come back for the diamonds. I paid for them. 100 lashes and then some. Now Fogol hits you more than ever. How long do you think Matt again can hold him back? Until he's sure I won't need him to the diamonds. Mike, you're alive. Be satisfied. Go away. I won't leave here until I get what I paid for. Oh, please, Mike. If not for yourself. Please. Then for me? I don't know if you mean that much to me, Suzette. Oh. Yet. I understand. Take me home, please. I was afraid I'd said too much to Suzette. I got busy. Doc Willis told me about one of Vogue's men. Patrol tractor driver named Thompson. Hating Vogue, liking liquor and interested in a thousand dollars and then making Vogue look bad. I found Thompson. Considered him reliable and gave him a few simple instructions. Well, that's it, Thompson. Have you got it straight? Got it. Let's hear it. At 10 tonight, I go out and patrol. 10-5, you stop me tractor and knock me cold and take me off track and drive away into the diamond fields. Yeah. That'll fix Vogue all right. And I'll get what I've already paid for. A big hatful of diamonds. Yeah. You are listening to the Screen Directors Playhouse production of Rope of Sand starring Bert Lancaster and Kareen Calvay and presented by RCA Victor. What Shakespeare is to writing, what Babe Ruth is to baseball, what the Alps are to mountains, that's what RCA Victor is to television. Right now, all the world and his wife are visiting their RCA Victor dealers to see the perfect television set for their homes and budgets among the 14 stunning new models for 1950. There are 10 inches, 12 and a half inches and 16 inches from table sets to complete home entertainment consoles in a wide variety of cabinets, dials and finishes. They all carry the privilege of buying the exclusive RCA Victor factory service contract for tailor-made installation and service. And of course, they all give you the greatest performance and dependability and lasting delight, synonymous with the name RCA Victor Eye Witness Television. America's first, America's finest, America's favorite. Now back to the Screen Directors Playhouse production of Rope of Sand starring Bert Lancaster and Kareen Calvay in their original roles of Mike and Suzanne. At exactly 10.05, the roar of Thompson's patrol tractor came over the dunes. Then his headlights swept the unbroken sand board where I was lying and stopped a few feet away. The headlights blink, all clear. I stepped into the road and I walked to the heifer. Good work, Thompson. I'll take over now. I didn't tell him. He caught on, Davis. I swear.  I was expecting something like this. I had you watched constantly. Now let Martin Gale try to restrain me from what I have every justification to do to you. Take him away for the time being. Recuperating nicely for the next beating? No, you mustn't. You'll kill him. I can restrain Vogel no longer, Suzanne. Make him stop beating Mike and... and I'll tell you where the diamonds are. You don't know? I'll get Mike to tell me. I promise it. You're in love with him. Stop, Vogel. And I'll find out what you want to know. I shall speak earnestly to the commandant and you, my dear, may go in and soothe your American. Thank you. Oh, don't move, darling. Lie still. Rest. Suzanne, tell me something. Why didn't Vogel finish me? He was going to... because he knew it's useless. They know you'll never tell them what the diamonds are. But they know I won't quit until I get them myself. Mike, darling, forget those miserable stones. I'd crawl out of my grave to get what I came back here for. Then... then let me do it for you. You? But how have they catch you there?  And if that happens, my life stops, too. Vogel loves me and Mountingale trusts me. I can get a passing to the diamond field. Just... just tell me where the diamonds are and let me do the rest.  All right, come in, change those dressings. Come in, Doc. You know Suzanne, Doc. I know Suzanne. Think about what I told you, Michael. I will. Take good care of him. Yeah. What's the matter? Suzanne's pretty friendly with Martin Galen Vogel. Or used to be. You haven't been talking a lot to her, have you? That's a funny tone. Suzanne is trying to help me. She's going to help me get the diamonds. Mike, Vogel and Martin Galen want those diamonds, but they know you'd never tell them. Would they have let you live if they hadn't thought you might tell somebody? Somebody? Suzanne? A Cape Town dancer to phrase it politely. A Cape Town dancer? Oh, she's from Paris. She... I see. Doc, how am I? How are you, or how are you if somebody should ask me? How am I if Vogel should ask you? He'll be laid up for two weeks. Thanks. Hand me my shirt. I got work to do tonight. Here's the map, Suzanne. When you come to the dry spring, they'll be the skeleton of my horse. And that's it. Believe me, Mike, this is the best way. I want it. Good luck, baby. Take care. That night, Doc well-estubbed the air out of his tires and took me as far out on the desert as the sand would let him. Then Doc went back, and I waited in the patrol lane, giving myself even money on who'd be in the half-track swaying across the dunes, coming toward me. The headlights swept over me, and I slipped the safe to catch on my automatic and waited. Ten seconds later, I had my answer. Vogel! David! Stop or I'll shoot! How did you get out here? Never trust a woman or a phony map. Get down. I refuse.  You'll suffer for this. You and your accomplice, Doc Willis. Oh, I know what goes on. I'll tell you. Get down, or I'll drag you down. Dark of an American. Stop! Stop! I pulled him down beside me, and I flung my gun into the dockless and the swirling sand. Then I shot my right towards the map. He went down, sprawled. He got up slowly on his hands and his knees, and I thought I had him. Suddenly he shot out both feet, and he caught me, pulling the stomach. I went down, gasping, and retching. Vogel on top, driving his fist into my face, and fell pretty soon. I didn't mind it anymore. I couldn't have been out very long. A few seconds later, I could have heard something. A half-crack. The headlights falling across me and moving. Vogel was going to run me over. I strained and I struggled to do something. At the last moment, I twisted lengthwise between the wheels of a catapult of treads and lay there petrified. Well, the four-ton machine roared six inches over my head. Then I jumped up and I ran after it. My brain shouting cursors at Vogel. My lips got dry with fear. I caught hold of the tailboard and I pulled myself up into the half-crack, and I picked up a shovel just as Vogel stuffed his machine and turned to face it. Davis, don't! Beg me.  Don't hit me with that shovel! Don't hit me! Please, wait a minute! Please, wait a minute!  I was standing there cursing and threatening. And somewhere, beyond the dawn, was what I'd come back here for. And there was more than enough gasoline to take me to a hut full of diamonds in the desert. And on to Angola. And to safety. Well, I had my diamonds and a bitter taste in my mouth. In Angola, I stayed drunk for a week to forget Suzanne and her treachery. I came out a bit slow. And something in the paper drew all the fumes out of my brain. The picture was Suzanne. And the lines read, Suzanne Renaud, Dancer, held for the murder of Dr. Francis Willis in Diamondstack. Suzanne murdered Doc Willis. She didn't have a motive, but Vogel did. And there I knew what I was going to do. I'd go back, too. Morning, Gail. Vogel. Oh, back in Diamondstack to stay, Michael?  Or even one of us. I've come to make you an offer. Very simple. The diamonds for the girl. It appeals to me, Vogel. Does it appeal to you? Possibly. Then sign this paper, I brought, Vogel. Let me see it.  Persistent, too. I will certainly not sign this outrageous paper. Why not, Commander? It says that Suzanne Renaud is innocent of the murder of Dr. Willis. I was questioning her and Willis in my office about your escape, Davis. Willis made an uncomplementary remark about her. She seized the paper, waiting... Sign the paper, Vogel. Or you will shoot, eh? Sign it. Now, Vogel, I urge you to sign the paper and allow me to deal with Michael later. Now. He's telling us about the diamond's commandant. Very well. Give me the pen. But wherever you go with her, I'll follow you. And now, let's all have a friendly smoke. Waringale got up and offered Vogel a walnut humidor, mockingly. Cigar, commandant? Vogel reached in. He came up with a gun, fired first. Too bad, commandant. As a matter of curiosity, who did murder Dr. Willis? I did. This wine. Helping Davis escape. Waringale, you thought I'd be killed? No, no, I...  It worked. Why did you do it? Who liked Vogel? Also, why divide the diamonds with him? Also, I'm sentimental about young people in love. I'll bet you are. You might care to know that Suzanne did what she did, even taking your map to Vogel, to save your life. There was nothing in it for her, except you. Let's go get her. It's goodbye to Africa, Mike. Irresistible Africa. You do love me, don't you? If you tried to get away from me, I'd follow you till I wore the earth's smooth, until I got what I came for. This is Jimmy Wallington speaking. You have just heard the last act of Rope of Sand, and our stars, Burt Lancaster and Corrine Calvay, with our guest screen director, William Dieterle, will be with us in just a moment. Next Friday on Screen Directors Playhouse, another great star brings you the words and music of a show from the heart of show business. Our story is, when my baby smiles at me, and recreating her original role will be Betty Grable, with screen director, Walter Lang. Now, here again is Burt Lancaster. Say, Burt, is it true that your name, Lancaster, indicates that you're descended from a branch of the royal family of England? Well, that's what the women in the Lancaster family like to think, Jimmy. I suppose they can just picture you ascending the throne. Yep, telling the kings where to get off. Why bring up this king stuff, anyway? Well, I'll tell you, Burt. I've been saying that RCA Victor's new 45 RPM automatic record changer and records are fit for a king. And you're the closest thing to a king I've been able to dig up. I don't like to dig up, Jimmy. I have admiration for the 45. Then tell me, Sire, you've been a collector of records all your life. How did you happen to shift from the conventional 78 RPM records to the 45? I didn't shift, Jimmy. I was shifted by the power behind the throne. Ah, your wife, my wife. I'll bet two bits she first fell in love with the 45 records because they're so tiny you can store 150 of them on one foot of ordinary bookshelf. Thus, leaving a little room in the house for the people. I can see that you have a power behind your throne too, King James. Yes, haven't we all? Say, what model 45 did your queen buy? The complete phonograph, the Victrola 45. For only $29.95? That's right. Well, you'll soon make that up by what you save on purchases of 45 records. You know, they cost from 25 to 50% less than conventional records. Soon? Well, I made it up in the first six weeks in two days. Hey, you're really interested in economy, aren't you, Burt? Well, I named my dog Cash. Then you'll appreciate a special 45 value even more amazing than the usual one. Right now, Burt, in celebration of the first birthday of the 45 system, RCA Victor Dealers are offering a special first anniversary album of 10 top records by artists like Perry Como, Freddie Martin, and Vaughn Monroe with each Victrola 45 purchased for the usual price of the Victrola 45 alone. Only $29.95. Now, Burt, wouldn't you call that a bargain fit for a king? Even better than that, Jimmy. It's fit for a queen. Don't miss this royal 45 birthday bargain at your RCA Victor Dealers now. And now, ladies and gentlemen, if Corinne Calvay will join me... Burt, you are now joined. We want to introduce a friend of ours. If you allow me the privilege of making the introduction, Burt, I would gladly give up my woman's spaghetti. What's that, Corinne? Let me have the first word and you can have the last one. The words are yours. Thank you. Then I would like you all to meet one of the world's outstanding directors. I was very proud to have been directed by him in Rope of Sin. And I am again very proud to introduce a director of such magnificent film as The Life of Louis Pasteur, All That Money Can Buy and Love Letters. Ladies and gentlemen, our director, William Diderley. Thank you, Corinne and Burt. As you both know so well, a motion picture is made in a kind of isolation. It's all cameras and lights and the actors and the theaters seem very far away. Then suddenly the film is finished and on the screen, but I think for the director at any rate the final satisfaction comes when the picture makes an appearance in an entirely different medium, the screen director's play house. Your splendid performance will steal that last word from both of you. Good night and good night everyone. And good night to you, Burt Lancaster, Corinne Calvay and William Diderley. Remember next Friday, Betty Grable in When My Baby Smiles at Me with screen director Walter Lang brought to you by RCA Victor, world leader in radio, first in recorded music, first in television. Rope of Sin was presented through the courtesy of Paramount Pictures, currently releasing Captain Carrie USA, starring Alan Ladd and Wanda Hendricks. Burt Lancaster is soon to be seen in The Flame and the Arrow, a Norma FR picture to be released by Warner Brothers. William Diderley's current picture is the Hal Wallace production for Paramount Paid in Full, starring Robert Cummings, Elizabeth Scott and Diana Lin. Corinne Calvay will soon be seen in the Hal Wallace production for Paramount, My Friend Irma Goes West, co-starring John Lund, Marie Wilson, Diana Lin and Martin and Lewis. Included in tonight's cast were Bill Johnstone, Stan Waxman, Norman Field, Don Morrison and Frank Barton. Rope of Sin, from the original screen story by Walter Doninger, was adapted for radio by Milton Geiger, and original music was composed and conducted by Robert Armbruster. Screen director's Playhouse is produced under the supervision of Howard Wiley and directed by Bill Karn. Portions of tonight's broadcast are transcribed. You are invited to listen again next Friday when RCA Victor presents star Betty Grable production When My Baby Smiles at Me director Walter Lang Stay tuned for Jimmy the Great Rupert Gerardi on NBC.


This is going to be a demonstration of the region of the wrist and the proximal part of the palm, the carpal tunnel and the space of Paravana. So let's take a look at the structures that are visible in front of us. We can see this tendon here. This is the flexor carpal radialis. Then we can see yet another tendon, a very small, very narrow tendon. In this particular cadaver it is especially narrow and that is this one here. This is palm raise longest tendon. So we have the flexor carpal radialis and the palm raise longest tendon and running exactly in the middle of these two we have this nerve here. This is the median nerve. So this is the important structure which is present in the proximal part of the wrist and this is the site where we keep a median nerve block. The median nerve is the most important structure as far as the nerve is concerned which goes through the carpal tunnel and we shall show the carpal tunnel just now. We have already slit open the flexor retiniculum and we will show the margins of the flexor retiniculum just now. This is one cut margin and we can see that it is quite thick and quite strong. It is almost a cartilaginous feel. So this is one cut margin of the flexor retiniculum. If you look very carefully you will see the other cut margin of the flexor retiniculum on this side and this is the other cut margin of the flexor retiniculum. And again when we feel it we feel that it is quite thick and strong. So this was bridging over in this space and that space is called the carpal tunnel. What are the boundaries of the carpal tunnel? On the median side we have pissiform bone. The pissiform bone is the one which gives attachment to this tendon. This is the flexor carpal ulnaris. Then we have the scaphoid on the radial side. Then we have the trapezium just distilled to that. And then again going back to the median side we have the hook of the hammet. So therefore we can imagine a triangular space and bridging across the triangular space it was the flexor retiniculum which we have cut and the space under that is the carpal tunnel. And now I am going to put my finger inside and my finger is now in the carpal tunnel. Having mentioned that now let us take a look at what are the tendons which are passing through the carpal tunnel. This tendon which I picked up here this is the flexor digitorum superficialis. There are four tendons. They were all enclosed in their sand away sheath. The next structure which passes through the carpal tunnel is this tendon which I have picked up here. This is the flexor digitorum profundus. This also has four tendons. So four plus four eight tendons and the there is a ninth structure which passes through the carpal tunnel and that is this tendon here. This is the flexor polisus longus. All these tendons are enclosed in their respective sand away sheath. So let me mention quickly about the sand away sheath. The flexor polisus longus has got its own individual sand away sheath and as it goes to the thumb and that sand away sheath is referred to as the radial purse. The flexor digitorum superficialis and the profundus they have a combined sand away sheath and that goes up to the other four fingers. There is of course a gap in this region. This combined sand away sheath is referred to as the ulnar bursa. If there is any thorn prick or an infected prick of the tips of the fingers especially the little finger then infection can travel to the ulnar bursa and that is known as tino sinobitis. Similarly if there is any infection or prick thorn prick of the thumb infection can travel to the radial bursa and that is known as radial tino sinobitis. So that is about the sand away sheath. Apart from the nine tendons what other structure passes through the carpal tunnel. As I mentioned a little while back this is the median nerve. The median nerve came from the forearm. It pierced through two muscles and we saw the median nerve between the flexor carpal radialis and the palm bursa longus. The median nerve then goes through the carpal tunnel and in this position if you put my finger in we find that the carpal tunnel is highly crowded and this is the place where the median nerve can get entrapped. It can produce this condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome where the patient will have weakness of the thinner muscles but there will be no loss of sensation on the palm because a palm or cutaneous branch goes outside the carpal tunnel. When a patient has got carpal tunnel syndrome the treatment is to slit open the flexor retiniculum and that is exactly what we have done here. We can see one cut margin of the flexor retiniculum here and the other cut margin of the flexor retiniculum is here. Nowadays it is not done by open surgery instead it is done by endoscopic surgery through the skin itself. The point to be remembered is when we are slitting the carpal tunnel by cutting the flexor retiniculum we have to safeguard the recurrent branch of the median nerve which supplies the thinner muscles. So, let us take a look at the recurrent branch of the median nerve and we can see that here. This is the median nerve and we can see it is giving a branch here. This is the recurrent branch of the median nerve which supplies the thinner muscles. This has to be safeguarded. Then there can be communication between the median and the other nerves that also has to be safeguarded during carpal tunnel surgery. So, these are some of the structures about the carpal tunnel. That is all for now. Thank you very much for watching. If you have any questions or comments please put them in the comment section below. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out. Have a nice day.


The paper examined the use of the random forest algorithm for the non-invasive assessment of excessively damp and salty historic brick walls. The algorithm was found to be highly accurate, with correlation coefficients of 0.801 and 0.803 for two different buildings. Additionally, the algorithm had low median absolute error and relative error rates of 1.79% and 13.75% respectively. These results suggest that the random forest algorithm can be used as a reliable tool for non-destructive assessments of historic brick walls. This article was authored by Anna Ola.


The study found that working under heat stress conditions is associated with both worse overall health and psychological distress in Thai workers, highlighting the need for more public health attention and further development on occupational health interventions as climate change increases Thailand's temperatures. This article was authored by Bin Jawan Tawit Super, Lynette L Y Lim, Taud Kjelström, and others.


This is the way to do it. This is the way to do it. This is the way to do it. Most young people perceive agriculture as not only a dirty job but an elderly person's job. However, today we have George Owala to give a different opinion. So George, welcome. A lot of young people shun agriculture. Is it what you trained for? No. I started my first training on electrical and electronics engineering. That was at Railway Training Institute. After graduation, I lived in Nairobi for some time and while I was on attachment I realized we purchase foodstuff which are agricultural produce at very high prices. So I thought of what if I do agriculture and produce for example onions and then we used to purchase onions at five shillings. So I thought to myself here I'm struggling here to look for a job and we have a farm down there. I can rent farms and produce the onions we buy here. We can now produce the onions at home and sell them to the market. That's when I thought to revert back home and start producing, start indulging in agriculture. Okay. You rented farms? Yes, I rented farms. Medially I rented farms because at the time when I was coming back the family land was occupied. We had a family dispute on the land so I couldn't operate it. So I went to rental farms for for peace. You know whenever this peace this progress. Yeah. So what were you producing? When I came in I started producing onions. I went from onions I moved to cabbages, Tsukumawiki and Capsicum. Nice. Yes and then I found out that we when I do products like cabbages and onions I harvest once. So for you to run the cabbages and the onions take up to two to three months or some four for them to mature for the market. So for you to run them well you need a continuous cash flow so as to maintain the farms. So that's when I came in with I came in with Tsukumawiki with gales because after a month they are mature. You can now start plucking them and taking them to the market. Capsicum too you can harvest continuously so that you get the amount to run the farm to buy pesticides to do cultivation and all that. Yeah now that is where I started from. So you said that is where you started from cabbage, Tsukumawiki. Where are you now? Right now I'm doing I'm specializing majorly on dairy production. Where I do dairy cows. When I talk of dairy I mean keeping cattle for milk. Yes majorly for milk. And so I do dairy production. I also do bee keeping. That's we keep bees for honey. Right now we do bees especially for honey. As much as the other bee products like wax and nectar and among others what I'm capable of harvesting at this point is just the honey. I also do poultry production that is for meat and eggs. I also do dairy production goat production and that is goat for meat. We do the indigenous goats they are they are hardy and they survive better in our environment. And if I may ask is this on a small scale or a large scale? I can talk of small scale right now because we are starting is just most of this stuff most of these programs we're just starting them they haven't been in action for long.  Yeah the first thought that hit me was the idea that when you have when you want to do agriculture you have to retire first. Oh yeah sure. So when I came right from college my parents had paid some amount there. My dad was happy because he used to do agriculture. I was when I was born he was already in yes he was a teacher but he was already in agriculture when he was teaching. So he kept on motivating me look after the cows look after the cows he had he had one indigenous cow he crossed it and then later brought in a pure breed that was a freshion a freshion is the the kind they can you see there that's a black and white it's a it's a fresh and cow. Yes so he welcomed me and he told me now this is the right way to go but my mom was like my son you need to get a job.  Yeah I was like I can now if his pension is what she wants me to earn I can rare the I can do the horticulture rare the cows make money build rentals so that when I get old now the rentals will pay me yes but the the kind of setting that I'm having is not the kind that will collapse when I get old because I'm working on incorporating other people training more people so that when the when I I now get old as it said the program will run meaning I don't die the program doesn't die when I die. Yes so the people that you're training are they young people like you young people especially I I train a majorly school going kids yes when they develop love because I like the idea when the young people are incorporated into this business yeah when they come when when they see what I do they come in when I am preparing animal feed and they like it so they grow with it it's easier to train them than to train adults but then the adults who come in like for example in the poultry sector have had a lot of visits from adults they come in they they they like what I do and then they pick the the the chicken from me we call it the seed we call it the seed they pick the seed those are the junior the young chicken and then they go the chicks they go and start the poultry and over and over again they will be calling for advice how do I do this how do we handle this disease how do how do we feed them what feed do we give now and then you find that on a larger scale you get more people getting into agriculture even those who were previously not interested I would love to congratulate you for incorporating other young people about what you're doing so if I want to join your enterprise about the dairy the poultry what do I need how do I need to prepare now for starters for a startup it depends now if you want to do the animals the first the first thing that you must consider is the housing okay yes once you get the housing depending on what you want to do if you want to do the the dairy you get your housing and then if you want to do the poultry or even the goats there's a specialized housing for them and then you consider they will consider the feeds where will I get the feed will I purchase commercial feeds or will I have to grow my own depending on the amount of capital you have and the resources available you'll choose I want you'll choose to start it's always good to start with a reasonable number and then grow as you learn yeah you don't have to start with 10 or maybe a large number you can start with a few be it poultry be it be it dairy or even the goats whichever enterprise you start on a lower scale and then you grow with with time and then before any and the one factor that you always have to consider before starting up the enterprise is what is mine goal is my goal to produce for consumption or for the market if it is for the market what is my market where is my market who will buy this produce because it will be pointless to produce without the market before I produce I first think of the market if I've seen the gap the scarcity in for example goat meat in the market I look I look around when I when I walk around I want to buy a goat or find goat meat at the market for example in my local area here you'll never find a goat a goat which are so when I saw that that that goal I now came in with the the goat production idea but I now realize again that you cannot I cannot produce goats sufficient for the whole market that we have so I encourage others as I encourage them you'll find when they want to to start up the project they'll come to my farm you know you have good breeds give me one so you also find your your your market from encouraging others to join you yes that is so impressive and I love the idea that and that is so good that is so good so you talked about having a goal what goals did you have when you started and have you achieved them yes when I when I started I used to watch on youtube the big farms that are abroad you find them producing milk and then they process their milk so my goal was that I was and still is that I reached to a level where I can produce milk sufficient to run a processing plant and not me alone in cooperating other farmers who are the interested party so that we can produce because when you start the processing when you start to process milk it will need a lot of milk for example to process yogurt needs a lot of a lot of milk yeah input that a single farmer cannot but you see anytime you you go you go alone you don't go too far you might move fast but you wouldn't go too far so I had the goal of being in a position where I can produce milk add value to it package it and now put it out to the market and this involves I producing dairy cows that will produce for my my farm and then also the best part of dairy is when you start selling hay fuzz when I talk of hay fuzz these are dairy cows that female cows that are between birth between maturity and giving birth okay yes yeah after after it's it reaches puberty up to the point it gives birth it's called a hay fuzz they are the seed that we sell to other farms to produce so once you my breeding stock is full now I'll start selling out the hay fuzz to other farms so that you incorporate more and more people into dairy production then you become a dairy zone well it's easier to attack the market where when you move collectively than when you move alone this will bring about consistency in the market such that they know when we go to that milk center or milk plant we'll always get good quality milk we also have to look at the quality of our produce what are we producing and it should be of of a high grade about the quality what causes the difference in the milk quality is it the cows or what what really causes that the milk quality or composition as we call it is determined by factors such as one the breed of the cow if it's a freshener for example a freshener has a lot of milk it has a lot of milk it can produce up to 50 liters a day wow yes but the butterfly content is raw compared to other breeds like the asha and the jasi for example the asha produces up to 30 liters a day but it has a it's me the milk from the asha cow has higher butterfly content than the the freshener so that is on the breed if it is an asha it will have not so much milk compared to freshener but lower butterfly but higher butterfly content and then for the freshener high amounts of milk lower butterfly content so and the other factor that also affects the quality of the milk is the feed you feed to your animals and also the environment what do you mean by environment when I talk of environment is where are you producing the milk the environmental conditions such as the weather is it warm enough is it cold that is one the the weather will determine the the feed quality if you are growing for your farm will determine the feed quality the environment also entails the milk handlers how hygienic oh yeah how hygienic are the milk handlers are they clean are they do they handle milk correctly because you'll find others will want to make money so fast one thing I didn't tell you about agriculture is not a get rich fast business you have to be patient when you you can start once you start you have to wait and you trust the process so you grow with experience you grow with the time so you'll find those who come in into the enterprise they want to get rich fast they come with them these are want more money fast you'll find the temper with the milk composition some will add water yeah some will add the we call it the wheat flour some will add the starch the starch is the ingredient we use in in the preparation of yogurt yeah so it's not supposed to be added to fresh milk but because they want to add water and maintain the thickness of the milk they add water and also mix with with with the starch so that when they go to the market they'll have milk that looks like this quality milk but it's tampered with and how can I know the difference as a buyer as a buyer it's the the market is so smart you'll realize it when you use the milk one but then if you leave the milk to settle for some time all the additives will settle to the yeah the residue will settle to the bottom and then when you when you observe it in a clear glass you can notice not quality milk but just by mere observation if you have quality milk and milk that is is not of good quality you'll you'll notice yes even when you're on test yes so what is the feeding process of your poultry of your cows how do you feed them when I talk of poultry I do feed formulation there are two ways once the the the animals ovary the animals need two kind of feeds they need refuges and concentrates for poultry I do once I keep them indoors the systems of running poultry so I keep poultry indoors for the first two months that after the two months they'll be they'll be big enough so that they would they would escape predators yeah when on top of the eagle and the right and the likes so I release them to free range after after the second after two months so when they are in the first two months I feed them on commasional feed I buy a chick mash at the right stage I buy grower mash I also you you also must supply water because water is the major part of their nutrition you supply them with water continuously but there's no time that you should they should exist without water so you have to supply them with drinking water clean drinking water all the all the time and feed after the two months now I start producing my own feed I do formulation I buy ingredients from their vendors the market from factories like maize milling factories I go there for maize and wheat bran I bring them in I take in maize and there are a lot more ingredients that are involved in the process of feed formulation that's what I formulate for my adult chicken yeah so so as to reduce on production cost and I do the vaccinations and always I have to ensure that I always have to ensure that their premise is hygienic enough and you'll realize when they're walking outside they also get the grasses and some other ants so they get the supplements yeah yeah but whenever you're making we're making feeds for the chicken we have to consider the the formulation process so that your feed is all inclusive it's balanced so that they get the proteins they want they get the carbohydrates and all the the fats they need yes and then for the for the cows they also feed they feed majorly on refuges that involves napier grass and we have a lot of other grasses we have bacharia we have rods grasses we have legumes such as the loosan those are what we feed to the goats and the and the and the cows we will the best way to prepare your feed is to harvest it at the right stage of course these all this fodder they have different stages of harvest of harvesting when they are mature for harvesting we will harvest the feed and then you choose whether you want to feed directly or store we call it food feed preservation you can feed to them directly and some if there's a during plenty during plenty that is during the rainy seasons that there's a lot of feed animals for feed you feed some directly but some you dry and store for for future use because there'll be scarcity during sea dry season so in most cases when I harvest I don't feed I don't take it directly to the animal I sun dry it for 24 hours that is about two days and then I first sit through the chaff cutter so that it can be ground to a form that is easily taken by that can be easily taken by the animal the best practice is now to incorporate the the feed with the sweetener to improve its palatability I have noticed from your explanation there is a lot of technical agricultural stuff so come on me me I'm a new farmer who wants to get into agriculture do I go for training to learn the poultry names the fresh air ashayas do I get to have training on that it's not almost okay yes so how do I get to know that well once you start they are farmers who already exist and a good example is me okay yes we mentor others so if you start just a little mentorship like you be if you ask if you you come for example you want to buy cow from me or you want to buy seed stock that is chicks from me you'll take them from me and you'll be continuing I'll continually follow up and you'll also be following up on but you don't have to buy from me for me to advise you we offer information there's only in agriculture that we offer information for free yes once you visit me I just tell you this what we do this how to do it and apart from that the government has extension officers as much as they're not as many as required they're not as many to to offer the services required in all the places but there are some we can access them at the office a few of them visit yes but we can always get the information from them and the veterinary officers also they come in when they come to treat they they advise you on what to what to do yes so information is also available online so if you can access the internet some of the information about how to wear your animals or even do your cropping you you can access the information online that is if you cannot access one on one service yes yeah and since you are knee-deep into agriculture if someone want to offer you another IT job would you jump for it the factors that will determine whether I go for it or not okay and the major factor is where is the job located if the job is located in my county meaning I can operate from home I'm okay because I need extra money to develop my farm I need a better shed than the one I'm having now so the amounts I'm getting as profit I pump them back into the farm and I use them to pay my fee and sustain just like I said I stay here with mom yeah we work together when I'm in school she takes care of the animals we need to sustain our livelihood we need to run the farm we need to pay bills so the profits I'm making from the farm yes they're not as sufficient as I may require so if someone wants to offer me another job in my line of profession I would take it to support my family it will really work good but it depends on the location what I know is not possible is for me to now go to the urban centers and stay there because I have to attend to the animals like on a daily basis whenever I go to school I have to report back home every weekend to ensure them they're sprayed yes because another thing I didn't talk about is when you have all this livestock one thing you have to take good consideration of is control of parasites most of the people doing poultry they do not they do not deworm the poultry they do not control the external we have entered internal and external parasites the major one for the cows is ticks you'll find that uh there's a tick a tick that once it it it stings your cow it will cause disease that's very difficult to treat but prevention is better than cure just as always so I have to always be here during the weekends to ensure all the parasites are controlled correctly we're using the correct procedure because a wrong procedure will also cause harm to the animal so most of the the technical stuff I do them myself yes and there's so many young people out there hanging on to their qualifications and with them unemployment frustrations what can you tell them the best approach when you are frustrated maybe in your job or or whatever it is that you're practicing or you don't have the job you you you have qualifications you have your papers is first where you are interest what is my interest then you follow your interest friends come in commentership but the first thing I asked us a question what can you do if it is in the agricultural sector what do you like you'll find some they studied for example a different course uh and then their interest maybe is some technical job they want to do some wiring it's very difficult to to convert this particular person who wants to do electric electrically electrical stuff to now come and start wearing goats but if you're interested in agriculture which part of agriculture because agriculture is very large and it's interesting if you love it if you got love for it you create you'll always create time when I used if I when once when I'm doing my cropping I would just take my time and go sit at the farm and see how the wind blows to the to the plants you spend some one hour just watching the and when we're handling the cows and and even the chicken you give them feed and then you start watching it's lovely it's a best the best way to to spend your time so that you don't have a lot of free time to waste or indulge in in practices that affect your life negatively yes nice actually from hearing your story I have been forced to reflect and I would love to thank you and congratulate you from the march you've come and keeping on the legacy that your dad left you and you've not given up I would love to congratulate you on that I would love to ask you too have you felt that reflective impulse to do what you need to do despite the unemployment frustration despite the not knowing where to go after campus or after having a qualification what else do you have as he has said what can you do reflect on that what can you do aside from the paper what can you do if you do not have that employment what do you have do you have people that you can go ask do you have mentors that you can sit down with and learn about it think about that this has been youth in action I am young this is the way to do it this is the way to do it


Hello everyone, I'll get started in just a moment. Hello everyone, welcome to Options with Doug, streaming live daily on Bookmap Discord and the Bookmap YouTube channel at 1.30pm Eastern Time. Before I get started, I need to go through the Disclosures. General Disclosure, all Bookmap limitant materials, information, and presentations are for educational purposes only and should not be considered specific, investment advice, nor recommendations. Risk Disclosure, trading futures, equities, and options involve substantial risk of loss and is not suitable for all investors. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. The focus of my presentation, the focus of the Options-Doug chat channel and Discord is options, order flow, the impact of options markets on stocks and futures, and the influence of Market Maker hedging flow on price action. I have a two-step process for trading and the first is planning, and I use positional analysis. And the second step in my process is execution. And I look at real-time order flow in Bookmap and real-time Market Maker hedging flow in Spot Gamma Hero for setups and to confirm my thesis and positional analysis. I'm looking at how traders and market makers are positioned in the options market and how those positions change today from day-to-day to develop a thesis regarding the expected trading range for the day as well as a directional bias. And then again, I'm looking at real-time order flow in Bookmap and real-time Market Maker hedging flow in Spot Gamma Hero to confirm my thesis and for setups. And for setups, I will be talking about underlying assets, whether that is futures or stocks, and those setups can be taken any number of ways. For example, with the S&P 500, you can trade futures or spy shares or SPX or spy or actually ES options. And questions and comments are welcome, and I will be watching the options-dog chat channel on Discord and the chat and YouTube for your questions and comments. And please post your questions and comments. It will make the presentation more interesting for me as well as hopefully everyone else. All right, let's get started. My agenda for today, the things that I want to talk about, I'll first of all go over news items for this morning today and the rest of the week. Then I'll go over my positional analysis. And then if I have any time before the 2 p.m. FOMC announcement, I'll go over a few setups. Otherwise, we will stop at about 1.59 and start looking at the S&P 500 futures. As the announcement comes out, the FOMC announcement at 2 p.m. All right, so the news items. First of all today, there were a couple of data releases this morning. The services, PMI, came out. There were two different versions. One came out at 9.45 a.m. Eastern time. That was less than expected or lower than expected. And then another version of the services PMI came out at 10 a.m. and that was better than expected. And then the market did have, seemed to have a negative reaction after that. And then of course tomorrow, this afternoon, the big event for the day is the FOMC rate announcement at 2 p.m. and then the press conference begins at 2.30 p.m. So again, we will stop whatever we're doing right before and start watching the futures. And just to kind of set the stage for the announcement, here's the FedWatch tool showing the current target rate at 475 to 500 basis points. And the expectation for a 25 basis point increase right now is showing at 83.6%. And there's a 16.4% chance, according to this FedWatch tool, for no increase. All right, so that's what the FedWatch tool is showing now. And then for the rest of the week, tomorrow, Apple reports earnings after the market closes. And then on Friday, the big employment report at 8.30 a.m. Eastern Time, that is the employment report that comes out on the first Friday of the month, every month. All right, so that is the news, economic data, and events for the week. And again, the big event is the FOMC announcement at 2.00 p.m. And we will be watching that live. All right, let's take a look at charts now and get started with positional analysis. And this should set the stage for the announcement at 2.00 p.m. All right, so first of all, this is the SMP. I'm sorry, I just realized my mic was on mute. So again, we're going to watch the FOMC announcement at 2.00 p.m. And we'll start with the positional analysis to get prepared for that. So first of all, this is the SMP 500 futures, ES, and Bookmap. And before I take a closer look at this chart, let's take a look at a larger time frame. I'm going to start with a, here it is. Start with a larger time frame. This is a thinkorswim chart showing price and key levels. For about a 20-day look-back period, actually this goes all the way back to the beginning of April, showing that the SPX is traded in a very narrow range for most of the month of April, deviated below that a little bit last week, and then deviated above it last week as the megacap tech stock earnings came out. And then now is back within that range of about a narrow range of $4,100 to $4,150. All right, so that's the price action for the last month. Now let's take a look at some key levels. These are Spot Gamma levels provided to Spot Gamma subscribers for a variety of platforms. This is, again, thinkorswim. And this is showing the put wall. And that is the strike with the largest net, negative gamma. And that can be expected to act as support. And note this level did drop from $4,000 yesterday. And that is somewhat bearish. And then here's the $4,000 key gamma strike. That's the strike with the largest absolute gamma. Here's the volatility trigger at $4,110. And that is Spot Gamma's proprietary gamma flip level. Below that level, market makers position on the gamma curve is negative, and they have to trade with price to hedge their delta exposure. And then above that level, like the SPX is right now, market makers position on the gamma curve is positive. And in a positive gamma environment, they have to trade against price to hedge their delta exposure. So that tends to subdue volatility in a positive gamma environment and increase or enhance volatility in a negative gamma environment. And right now, again, SPX is trading above its volatility trigger. And then the last key daily level that I track is the call wall. And that is at $4,200. And that's the strike with the largest net, positive gamma. And that can be expected to act as resistance. So there's the range of the key daily levels. I'm also showing the daily expected move. There's the lower bound in the upper bound of the daily expected move for SPX. Then that's the dash blue line. The dash purple line is showing the range of the weekly expected move. And these are based on the options market. So note so far today, SPX is trading well within its daily expected range, which is about 40 points, plus or minus 40 points, around the open today, which is higher than it has been in the last few days. And that's, of course, based on the heightened volatility due to the FOMC announcement. All right, so that's the expected range for the day and the week, as well as the key daily levels in a chart looking back to the beginning of April. Let's take a look at another thinkorswim chart. And this is a one day, one minute chart showing the levels that are in play for today. And again, this is showing the lower and upper edge, the daily expected move. And then the levels that are in play, the spot gamma levels, here is the 4100 level below, the 4110 volatility trigger, and then the 4150 level. All right, so that's SPX. Now we'll take a look at Bookmam. And I'll talk about setups in a few minutes. And so far today, the S&P 500 is traded in a very narrow range. And I'm showing the same levels on my chart. First of all, this is the spot gamma cloud notes. This spot gamma provides these levels for a variety of platforms to spot gamma subscribers. And it looks like my levels today are in sync with what spot gamma is showing. So I have my own cloud notes here. And I'm using a point difference between ES and SPX of 17 points. And that looks like that's the same as what spot gamma is using. This is the SPX 4150 level noted as resistance in the spot gamma AM founders note. And that is at an ES level of 4167. And also I'm showing key SPI levels. There's the 412 key gamma strike for SPI and the 411 volatility trigger for SPI. And then here's the 4110 volatility trigger for SPX. So those are the SPX and SPI levels that are in play for today. All right, let's take a look at the NASDAQ now. And I'm going to start with a thinkorswim chart for QQQ showing this is a one-day one-minute chart showing the spot gamma levels for QQQ. Here's the volatility trigger at 319. And then price has basically been chopping up and down around this 320 large gamma 2 level. And note how flat VWAP is. That is this light blue dotted line. All right, so that is QQQ. Now let's take a look at the NASDAQ and pretty choppy session there in NASDAQ. Again, price moving up and down around this 320 large gamma 2 level. That is the QQQ level. All right, we'll take a look at setups in a minute. Let's continue with the positional analysis now. There were quite a few shifts in levels, all down, all negative, all bearish. First of all, as I mentioned before, the SPX put wall dropped from 4,000 yesterday to 3,900. And then SPY, the volatility trigger, dropped from 414 yesterday to 411. And the key gamma strike dropped from 415 to 412. So far, that is just take a loan, that is bearish. And then QQQ, the volatility trigger, dropped lower from 323 to 319. The put wall dropped lower from 315 yesterday to 310. And then the key gamma strike dropped lower from 320 yesterday to 315. All right, let's take a look at the gamma levels. Now the absolute gamma levels. And just see where these levels come from. And we'll start with SPX. What this is showing is market makers position of each different gamma strikes. These different strikes showing absolute gamma. And above the zero line, positive gamma, or called gamma, is shown with the orange bars. And below the zero line, negative gamma or a put gamma is shown with the blue bars. So here's the absolute gamma strike at 4,000. That's pretty obvious, the strike with the largest absolute gamma. The put wall at 3,900. The strike with the largest net negative gamma can be expected to act as support. And then here's the call wall at 4,200. The strike with the largest net positive gamma. And note there is significant amount of gamma at 4,150 and 4,100. And so far, those levels seem to be containing price, at least for the time being. That price could potentially break out of that range with the FOMC announcement. All right, so that is the SPX. Let's take a look at SPI. Zoom in. All right, so for SPI, again, orange bars are showing positive gamma or a called gamma. Blue bars are showing negative gamma or put gamma. So for SPI now, 412 is the key gamma strike. There's the put wall at 400. And that's pretty obvious. Strike with the largest net negative gamma. And then the call wall remains at 4,20. So that is the ceiling for SPI at 4,20. And the floor at 400. Let's take a look at NDX. And I'm going to have to do a refresh. Go to NDX. So for NDX, here's the 12,975 absolute gamma strike as well as the call wall. And the call wall and the key gamma strike have been at that level for quite some time. And then the put wall is at 11,000, and that's not shown on this chart. Then let's take a look at QQQ. And we'll zoom in here. So for QQQ, 315 is the key gamma strike. And then the put wall is at 310. And then the call wall remains at 325. So there's the ceiling and the floor for QQQ. Right, well I'm on this page. I want to take a look at one other thing. Go back to SPX. I'm going to take a look at the Vana model. And what this is showing, for SPX is how market makers delta notional shown on the vertical axis will change with changes in price shown on the vertical axis. There are two curves. First of all, this light gray line is showing how market makers delta notional changes with changes in price only. So what this is showing is as price increases, market makers delta notional will increase and they will have to sell futures to hedge their delta exposure. And just the same, so that is a positive gamma environment to the right. Then in a negative gamma environment, market makers delta notional will increase and they'll have to sell futures. So they're trading with price in a negative gamma environment and trading against price in a positive gamma environment. All right, the pink or purple curve here is really the one that we need to look at and that adds implied volatility. So that is showing how market makers position how their delta notional changes with changes in price and with changes in implied volatility. So on the upside here, what this is showing is when you account for changes in implied volatility, market makers will not have as much delta notional to hedge as this delta only line, the gray line predicts. So when you add in implied volatility to the equation, again, they're not going to have as much delta notional to hedge on the upside. Then on the other hand, as price decreases and implied volatility increases, the addition of implied volatility is indicating that market makers will have more delta notional. Oh, RJ says I'm broadcasting just voice and discord. Oh, I'm sorry. Okay, how's that? Can you see my screen down on discord? Okay, great. I'm sorry about that. I'm talking about the Vana model here, and again, this pink curve is showing the Vana effect, the change in delta with the change in price. All right, so that is, just we'll take a quick look at how this has shifted over time, and this is showing from the last two days to today more of a less positive gamma environment for market makers. And let's just take a quick look at SPI for today. So a little bit more or less positive gamma environment for SPI as well as QQQ. Okay, so let's take a look at some setups now. Actually, let's take one last look at data, and I'm going to take a look at the spot gamma index, and this is a proprietary indication of the market maker's gamma position, and these numbers have all shifted negative in the last couple of days, and this is confirmed by the Vana models that we just looked at. So this is showing gamma notional, gamma index. It's a proprietary measurement of the total amount of market gamma, and it has shifted from very positive to less positive today for the SPX, for example. All right, let's take a look at the setups. We'll start with the S&P 500, and this is the total signal for the S&P 500, and there were a couple of really good setups with HERO today. First of all, there was a divergent short. Note that HERO starts making, starts moving lower, and then price follows. That's somewhat of a divergent, somewhat of a confirmation setup, and then this divergence long, HERO starts rising, and the price follows. So that is the, this is the total signal for the S&P 500. It's combining SPX by XSP and ESF, ES, ES Futures, into one signal, and again, setting up a both, kind of a confirmation divergent short in the morning, and then a divergence long around 11.15, 11.30. And let's take a look at the individual components of that signal. We'll start with SPX, and SPX looks pretty close to the total signal. Let's take a look at SPY, and pretty similar to SPX, and then here's ES Futures. And today the ES Futures are really not in sync with the other signals, which is just the opposite of the last couple of days. All right, let's take a look at book map now, and we'll see those setups. Let's go back to ES, we've got about two minutes, so I'm not going to dwell on this, but here's the short setup just around the time the 10 a.m. data came out. And note the reversal and order flow. Green volume dots, shift to pink volume dots, price moves lower to the lower edge of the expected move, where traders were starting to take positive delta positions, options positions, and price move back up so far to the ES 4150 level. All right, let's take a quick look at NASDAQ. More of a choppy session in NASDAQ, but the NASDAQ signal provided good confirmation of a short, actually a long first thing in the morning, up until about 10, then a short, then a long again. All right, let's go back to book map now. So those were good setups both in the S&P 500 and NASDAQ. There were a few in stocks. Well, if we have time, if nothing is happening in the futures, we'll take a look at those, particularly Nvidia and Tesla. All right, so we've got about 15 seconds. I'm going to zoom in a bit here and there it is. All right, so it looks like a quarter basis point, as expected. 25 basis points, a quarter point. So far, the algos like what they've heard, and now they're parsing the statement. Actually, the algos have probably already read it and done their thing. So far, a bullish reaction. Let's take a look at what options traders are doing. How's my audio? Can everyone hear me okay? Okay, good. Just sound a little strange. All right, let's take a look at hero and see what options traders are doing. We'll go to the S&P 500. That's the... Here we go, S&P 500. Zoom in on this. Go to a shorter look back period. So it looks like options traders are so far fading the move. They're taking negative delta positions. Actually, they're buying calls and buying puts. The put buyers are winning. And now price is moving lower. All right, so there's a question in you, too. What are your hero indicators now showing? Do they add puts or calls after the rate decision? So this is showing... Let's go back to hero. So what hero is showing, this is from Spot Gamma. The white line is price. This purple line is combining puts and calls for SPX, SPI, and ES futures into one signal. This is showing market maker... traders are buying and selling puts and calls in those three instruments. And this is showing how market makers are hedging. And it's kind of a proprietary calculation. So the net thing to take away from this is that traders right now, and I just have a 30 minute look back period, traders are taking negative delta positions and actually it's somewhat chopping around right now. Let's take a look at a shorter look back period. We'll go to 10 minutes. So now it's just like a 10 period moving average. It's just looking back on the hero signal for the last 10 minutes. And there's a very strong correlation between options trades, hedging, flow and price action when I shift down to this very short time frame here. So Mobi, I hope that answered your question. If you have more questions about hero, I suggest you go to spotgamma.com and go to the free resources and look at the again, go to the free resources and look up hero. And there should be plenty of information there. Let's go back to price. Interesting that price is making a series of lower highs, following that trendline down. Now it's broken and it looks like larger traders are baiting this move with iceberg orders. And that's shown here, here, here. Right, so it's only been about seven minutes. Let's go back and take a look at hero. So now there's divergence and options trades and price could be potentially setting up a short. Let's go back and take a look at hero. Now the hero signal has shifted higher. Following price looks like large traders are still fading this with iceberg orders, but not any significant size and this jump up was fueled somewhat by stop orders. So looking at that hero divergence this would have been a good short setup right here. This trend break at $41.50. Let's take a look at the Nasdaq and let's go, we'll take a look at hero for Nasdaq. And again remember we're on a a 10 minute look back period. So a very short timeframe. So that little pop up, the Wall Street Journal saying signals a potential pause. Looks like that would have been bullish. Let's go back to the S&P 500. So again that short at the $41.50 level would have been a good setup. Let's go back and take a look at hero. There's Nasdaq. Let's go back to the S&P 500. And again a reminder we're on a 10 minute look back period. So very short very short timeframe. So far trending lower. Options traders are fading the move. And they're buying puts. And also they're buying calls but there's like a 10 times difference between the put buyers and the call buyers. So just a moment ago that was about minus 426 million versus minus 24 million or positive 24 million for calls. I'm looking at the notional values right here. For calls the orange line and puts shown with the purple line. And now that's shifting higher. The total signal let's go back to the bookmap chart. S&P 500. Alright does anybody have any questions or is there anything in particular you want me to take a look at should we stay on the S&P 500 here. We'll take a quick look at Nasdaq. Pretty similar price pattern to S&P 500. Alright so in YouTube Ben asked would you please explain how hero notional value affects price again. So the one of the key tenets is that options trades and market maker hedging flow are a key driver a price action in futures and some stocks. So when traders let's just take a look at SPX for example so when traders take positive delta positions let's say they are buying calls in SPX market makers sell the calls and they have to buy futures yes futures to hedge their delta exposure. And when they buy puts market makers sell the puts that is a so market makers position is positive delta and they have to sell futures to hedge their delta exposure they want to remain delta neutral. So really the easiest thing to do is to look at the total signal and see what the net net value is and that's what I'm looking at now. So now it has shifted to net positive again I'm just have a ten minute look back period and this is a positive number indicating that when you combine the signal for puts and calls for SPX, SPY and ES this is all slightly positive in this ten minute look back period. Alright so RJ asked he wants to look at the total S&P 500 signal over the last five days so we can do that so I'm going to change first of all I'm going to go to the one day signal and then I'm going to go back on the calendar here to well actually I'm not sure how to get in this case would be the change in month it's not showing April so I can go back three days so now I'm showing from May 1st to May 3rd in this total signal here so what this is showing this is back on May 1st showing overall the hero signal what's negative on that day this is the overnight and then this is positive for yesterday traders were buying calls yesterday and then so far today it has been negative up until just a few minutes ago when it has shifted positive again so RJ I hope that answers your question this is as far back as it's letting me go so let's go back to today I'm going to change this date rate back to today so I'm just looking at today let's zoom in on the RTH session so now I have a one-day look back period so this is a cumulative signal for the entire day for all of the components of the SAP 500 SPX, SPY and ES and this is the total notional value it is positive let's go back to a shorter time frame again this time I'm going to go to 30 minutes now let's go back to book map we'll go back to hero so this set up a nice long here as hero was continuing higher either take it at the bottom there at the reversal or there is a second entry here this pullback and then the move higher as hero continued straight up and that would have been the reversal of the SPY 412 keygamma strike and let's just take a look at that on the SPY chart we'll have to zoom in so there is the reversal at the SPY 412 the move higher good entry point for pullback long let's just see what VIX is doing so this is VIX one day I'm just going to change to the VIX so now VIX is dropping as expected the data is out no more uncertainty let's go take a look at NASDAQ now nice 50 point move higher at about 211 order flow is generally bullish and here it looks like larger traders are actually going long here with buy iceberg orders to hide their size let's take a look at hero for NASDAQ and again we're on a 30 minute look back period go to the NASDAQ signal and this is not providing as much of a lead effect as the S&P 500 signal right so on YouTube Mopi seems very complicated and subjective I agree if this is the first time you're seeing this and no I don't have any back test of this indicator and hero going does hero going up have any predictive power for future index returns and I'm talking about day trading and yes I think it does and I anything that I see in my either my planning or with hero here in this hedging flow I confirm with price action and order flow in book map so just because hero is going up doesn't necessarily mean that I'm going to go long if I see something that conflicts with that or contradicts that in book map for example then I would wait or it's not perfect nothing is perfect and yes it can be complicated but I'm looking at a number of things at any one time again primarily order flow in book map hedging flow with hero and then also the levels and how price reacts at certain levels and often what hero will show is options traders reacting as price approach at certain levels especially for an index and that can be a great leading indicator so when I see a hero divergence here like NASDAQ is showing where hero this purple line is dropping lower and then I would go look at book map for a potential reversal and confirm that in book map that was that divergence short with NASDAQ was a potential short scalp and you can see the change in order flow green volume dots market buy orders to market sell orders and no price is trending up there's no discernable level for a reversal so I would assume this is just a pullback as price moves higher until it makes a lower high let's go take a look at the S&P 500 and we'll go take a look at hero for the S&P 500 again we're on a 30 minute look back period and also mobby keep in mind this is kind of a special circumstance right now with the FOMC announcement and the press conference starting in about 5 minutes 4 minutes so this is a special circumstance I showed a couple of excellent 2 or 3 excellent setups on NASDAQ and the S&P 500 this morning using hero so in the SPX the setups that I showed this morning where there was a divergence short and a divergence long and the NASDAQ signal gave more of a confirmation signal for a long a short and then a long so the reason I use this I want to be on the same side that market makers are I want to trade in the direction they're trading and that's what hero shows me alright let's go back to book map there's the S&P 500 and so far now it looks like the price action order flow after the announcement and before the press conference has resolved to bullish let's just go take a look at the price action for the day and so far bullish for the day so I hope that answers your question so yeah this was just a pullback that I showed before and now another pullback and the NASDAQ is also bullish for the day alright any final questions maybe it looks like a more significant pullback here let's just see if that was signaled by hero for the NASDAQ and it was for the S&P 500 so here hero acted as a leading indicator for a short setup and this is the S&P 500 so let's just go back and look at that and see if that was confirmed with order flow and it was somewhat there's no significant level there could potentially be just another another pullback but again the press conference is beginning now let's take a look at NASDAQ and then we're going to take a look at the hero signal for NASDAQ and then we'll wrap it up so a divergent short both in the S&P 500 and NASDAQ and just a reminder I mention this just about every day I'm only presenting on one screen so I'm jumping back and forth between hero and book map and I have actually several computers for my main computer I have two monitors and I'm looking at book map on one computer on one screen and hero on the other screen so I can see this simultaneously alright I'm going to wrap it up here the press conference beginning now I can see Jay Powell starting to speak on YouTube so I'm going to wrap it up here I want to apologize for the technical difficulties the voice in the screen looks like we got it all resolved I think I've answered all your questions and I want to thank everyone for watching thanks for your questions and comments and tomorrow we'll go over the aftermath of the F1C announcement and press conference so thanks again thanks for your questions and comments and I will see you tomorrow


Olsen and colleagues have found that the heart plays a key role in controlling the metabolism of other organs such as the liver and white fat. They discovered that the heart releases certain molecules called cardiokines into the bloodstream, which then travel to these other organs and affect how they use energy. This process helps maintain proper energy balance throughout the body, leading to better health outcomes. This article was authored by Mithinari Nakamura and Junichi Sadashima.


The Appalachian Advantage plan is the simpler, better way to get the phone you actually want instead of paying hundreds of dollars up front.  It's called the Appalachian Advantage and is available at Appalachian Wireless. Tug Valley Runners Club will be hosting the Run EBD 5K and 8-Hour Endurance Race this month. Tuesday Mountain Top spoke with organizers Selena Ferguson and Alexis Patauza about the race. The Ultra Marathon gives you an 8-hour window to get as many miles as you want. You can stop, take a break, use the restroom, get a bite to eat and then just go back out. It's really just an endurance thing to show what you can do. But we added the 5K into it as well for those that are kind of scared off of the word ultra running and still give them that 3-mile loop. So what it is, this is initially a 5K loop course that we will just keep going and running until you're tired and don't want to run anymore. With a view from the Mingo County Airport Authority, runners can decide which race best suits their interests or skill level. Patauza and Ferguson mentioned awards that the race offers. Yeah, I think we're going to be awarding just like our top miles. So at that end of that 8-hour period, we'll award the top male and top female with the most miles. We also will do that too for the 5K, just for the completers. I'm not sure how we're going to do the format with the age awards and stuff like that, but we'll just have finisher medals, of course, and then we have belt buckles as well. And Alex has pointed out the belt buckles. That's where we differentiate the difference between an actual time marathon, 5K, 10K, and an ultra. An ultra marathon world, we give out belt buckles, which are really cool because it's different than your actual hanging the neck medals. To sign up, you can visit the Tug Valley Roadrunners Club Facebook page. The race is May 14th. For Mountain Top News, I'm Joel Chorjol.


right around or just a little bit past the jawline.  I don't want just a face frame, otherwise I would just slide it all in. I want to now use this as a guide and I want to elevate the hair to lighten it up. When you cut a face frame and you slide in, it makes it the heaviest that it's going to be because there's no elevation in it. If you elevate the hair, you're going to get a lighter result. So now how do I section through the top and go about this cut? So what we're going to do is we start in the center parting and I'm going to find the high point of the head, which is right here, and I'm going to pivot from there. So I'll go from here, pie shape section. So that's section one, section two, section three. All of those will swing around the head and come up to me. Same thing here, section one, section two, section three. All of those sections will swing, come to the center and be cut up top. High point, right, down, pie shape section. This is going to swing up. I've got my guide line that I cut from before and now I'm just going to come in and I'm going to point cut that line. I come up above the parting. There's my guide, the point cut, my line. I want this to be shattered. I don't want it to be a blunt line because blunt lines fall heavy. So I soften the line and I want my finger angle to be parallel with the round of the head right here. That's going to allow the hair to fall nice and soft back. If you elevate it higher than that and you go here, now you're going to have a more balanced layer that might not fall so much short to long. So it might rest with kind of a little bit of a shelf. Now I pivot, I grab another section all the way down to the hairline and I bring that up and around to my guide which is right here. Barely see that new hair because we're not grabbing too much. And then I take my last section which is right behind the ear and I comb all that up and around to the center of the head up here. Tiniest bit to cut at that point. Now what's happening when I'm pulling hair from further and further back on the head? As I go section to section, I'm stretching hair further away from my cutting point. What is it doing? It's getting longer. If it's getting longer, we're building length towards the back. So when I go to comb this face frame out, see the little layers in there? They pop through but you don't see steps in layers because of the elevation that we held it at.


The urgent need for new antimicrobial therapies has led to the development and review of antimicrobial peptides, amps, natural and synthetic peptides with a wide range of targets, modes of action, and resistance mechanisms. Amps have potential in controlling biofilms and persister cells. This article was authored by Ali Adam Mahar in Dochingren.


Ahead of the 2023 general elections, some supporters of the People's Democratic Party, the PDP in Akwaibam State are throwing their weight on the presidential candidate of the All Progressive Congress, the APC. They have now been received into the APC formally. Our correspondent, Jesse Aceh completes the report. And the faculty is the inauguration of Akwaibam State chapters of the Ruben Initiative for Good Leadership and Accountability and their Shihwaji group. They are to lead the Tinibu Shetima campaign in the state. Now they have new members who have come from the PDP to pitch their tents with the APC. They must see what you've been and also in the country, and in particular Akwaibam State has made the job even more easier. That's why you see the campaigns from other parties to get started from the PDP into the phone that we just received today. It's another advantage to what we have already, this kind of popularization going on in the state. And a couple of other ones that have gone out already have been the new show of victory in the forthcoming election for Asimba Dunebola, and the Tinibu is a show of victory. I'm happy that they've reached the end to take over the state and also to win the power of the Central. Don't you see their face? You can see the smile on their faces. They are happy. See the real structure of the country and they have been put on the local members who have it. I believe in them. If I assess them in half, I'm going to use some of us to bring the party together. And that's the difference we say in Akwaibam. They are sure the APC has their support in Akwaibam State. I'm going to be sure that in 2023 the combination of the Asimba Dunebola and the representatives in the presidency as the leaders of this country will support them and all of us will be, you know, will enjoy that system. We are also involved in we do keep the AIS with the properties to God as a strategy, to God as a strategic plan, in order to work possibly through for the benefit of our people. So far, Akwaibam has stuck out the time has been progressive and we want to keep the ground running with more proactive positions to approach the Asimba Dunebola. Akwaibam is a special force. We feel on the streets. We believe it's a remarkable position. We hope that in a few months time we'll be getting back to you. From here the team visits the traditional ruler of Uyo and the leadership of the Aruwa community in Akwaibam ahead of the campaigns. JCC plus TV News.


to another episode of In the Studio. My name is Lynn Weaver, and our guests today are Kelsey Gaylor, they are here, welcome. They're here to talk about the interfaith rotating winter shelter of Davis.  So the interfaith rotating winter shelter is a homeless shelter that is entirely run by volunteers in Davis. It operates with the help of local congregations, 10 local congregations, well many more local congregations, but 10 specific ones in Davis, all of them in Davis, that host 25 to 40 homeless individuals each night and they all take a week and then we rotate every week through them and for 15 weeks out of the year we're able to have a homeless shelter. Tell me a little bit about you, what do you do and how did you come to be involved with this wonderful initiative? Yeah, so like I mentioned, we're an all-volunteer shelter, so I'm a volunteer, I'm the chair of the board of directors and I came to be involved through my church. I did a lot of the driving for the shelter, driving homeless guests around, and then I was so good at that that they promoted me to be in charge of the driving and I was so good at that that they promoted me to being on the board of directors and I guess I was really good at that so they made me chair of the board of directors. How much of your time do you spend dealing with the... So it varies greatly depending on the time of year. When this shelter is open from late November to mid-March, it's probably 20 to 20 hours a week. During the rest of the year, when it's just kind of board meetings and policy decisions, it's maybe 10 to 20 hours a month. Oh, that's very, very nice. And I would say, how many people do you serve, roughly? Yeah, so we house 25 to 40 individuals per night. It depends on how many people come and then also what shelter site we're at. Some are bigger than others. Each year we house our help about 120, 140 individuals and unique individuals every season. How do the homeless people come to you or how do you find them? So we don't find them, they find us. But we have one central site that never changes where we're doing intake processing every night. Yes, sort of like a triage. Yeah, kind of like a triage and we also... So we try not to turn anyone away, but we want to make sure that anybody that comes in is capable of being safe and being part of a community because when you're in a big room sleeping with people, you know, you have to be... You can't be off your... Yes, of course. You can't be disrupted. You can't be disrupted. You have to be able to obey and that sort of thing. Yes. So it's kind of a triage and it's just to make sure that everything that happens actually in the shelter is okay. Is okay, yes. But we try not to turn people away for being drunk or being under the influence. We're the only shelter in Yolo County that will take people that are on alcohol or on drugs. Well, that's very interesting because that's later I'm going to ask you a little bit about what kind of support there is at the level of the county and also the state in a way. But now I'm going to, Kelsey, how did you learn about the shelter? And I understand you were a student now or a graduate student. I'm not currently a student. I learned about the shelter in my last year at UC Davis in 2014. I was at a meeting for a future career in healthcare and I stumbled across a flyer and I was lucky enough to meet one of the people who helps is very involved in the shelter, Linda Scott. And so we chatted about the shelter and I applied and was accepted into the program to be an intern. So very fortunate. And how long did you serve as a volunteer for the center? I've been in different positions but this will be my fourth year volunteering for IRWS. That's a wonderful thing. I want to go back to Eric. Where do the guests come from, the homeless population? What type of population group are they? So there are, in Davis there are kind of two subsets of homeless individuals. The first are people that have been in Davis for years long term, if you will. Some of them grew up in Davis. Some of them moved to Davis to start careers and then ended up on the streets somehow. But they've been here for a long time. The other ones are kind of transient people and they're just moving around some of them perpetually a lot of times for, and they just come through Davis for a couple of days, maybe a week, and then they move on to somewhere else. That's interesting. I came across a diagram or a picture of a statistics and perhaps we can have it up on the screen that shows it's a cross cut of homeless on the night of the 23rd of January, 2017. And it shows a breakdown of Davis and homeless sheltered, homeless semi-sheltered and homeless unsheltered. The blue one being sheltered, the hybrid is the red and the other one is the unsheltered. And there's a comparison between Davis, Woodland and Yolo County. So it is a little difficult to see, but hopefully when you stream it on our website, you'll be able to view it in a Zoom form. So Eric, do you approximately, how many homeless do we have in Davis particularly? So it's difficult to say. It's approximately 120 to 130. It's quite a lot then. Yeah, it is quite a lot of people. And the goal of the center is of course to be helpful to people who are not fortunate, but also specifically is to, well, tell me about the goals are. So our goal is to provide shelter. That's the sole purpose of IRWS. Especially during the winter. And then especially during the winter months because it's cold and wet and rainy and nobody wants to be out. Yes, that's right. And the physical location of these rooms, where are they? So there are different congregations around Davis. You said about 10. About 10. You can probably see them if you look at a map of churches in Davis, but it's anywhere from Davis Community Church in downtown Davis, the University Covenant Church all the way on a mace or First Baptist Church. That's three. I'm not sure I'm gonna be able to list the others. No, no, but the whole spectrum. The whole spectrum, yeah. Yes, yes. So any church that doesn't have a nursery school attached to it is probably a part of IRWS. Yes, and of course, you also provide food for the night, yes. And that is provided by volunteers. And maybe I come to Kelsley again to ask her what do the volunteers do? There are various roles and you've been in several of them. Can you list them what the volunteers do? Yeah, and feel free, Eric, to jump in because he has a holistic understanding of the entire operation. Yes. So volunteers are anywhere from actually serving it intake, which was the triage center to driving the homeless guest from triage to the different congregations. And then in the congregation, we have volunteers serving meals. We also have the interns helping pass out sleeping bags and helping guests with generally whatever they need, giving them toothpaste, socks, things of that nature. And so we also have overnight volunteers, which are volunteers that will come and stay with the guests overnight just to monitor. To monitor, but also to provide extra support and help the guests with whatever they need. And so we pretty much have volunteers in every possible role. And so I have served as an intern passing out sleeping bags, but I've also served in the senior intern position, which is educating other interns on the operations of the shelter. It's wonderful. And the question that comes to mind, Kelsey, and also Eric, what is the response of these homeless people? How, Kelsey, what was your impression? What did they say to you that was either positive or negative? I've had many positive interactions with the homeless community, sharing stories about their lives and learning about different cultures that they come from and how they've grown up. Generally, I would say they are very warm and positive towards the volunteers, and I've had many positive experiences with them. Well, while I'm asking Eric of the same question, perhaps you can think of one particular case that moved you or angered you or whatever. So Eric, what do you think the homeless think about this? So, they're very, I mean, I think they're very grateful for it. You know, they appreciate having a place to sleep that's warm and dry and having a hot meal. They don't get very many of them. The thing that stands out, Kelsey kind of mentioned that they come from a variety of backgrounds. And the thing that really, when I started this, he's kind of, I was driving, right? So you have like four or five minutes when you can talk with them in a car. And I would ask them about their backgrounds. And a lot of them, you know, had careers, had things going for them and then, you know, something happened and they ended up on the street. And you always, it will always surprise me, the variety of backgrounds that people would come from and end up as homeless individuals. That's very nice, a very interesting response. And if you can't think of any particular anecdote, it doesn't matter. No, no, I can think of one.  And one of the evenings, he had come up to me and he was at UC Davis graduation for some reason and he had bought like a T-shirt and it had all of our names that were listed that were graduating and he gave it to me and he just said that I just wanted to let you know how much I appreciate what IRWS provides and how grateful all of us are as a community for this shelter. And so I think that that interaction has really stuck with me because I think that it shows that as an intern, you can learn a lot about the people that come to the shelter as Eric had said and also that they appreciate what we're doing for them. It's a very good story and very nice and that brings up my other question is, how did this experience serving as a volunteer for the interfaith rotating winter shelter changed your outlook on life? So it's changed my outlook on life in having a better understanding of the variety of ways that people can wind up homeless. Like Eric said, it's surprising at times to see people with masters, people with very strong professional careers finding themselves in this situation. So I think that it was a good experience in learning about the fact that we are not so different from each other, the homeless and people that are sheltered that there's more similarities than differences. Very good, very good. Now, I mentioned earlier that yeah, do you have the Yolo County or the City of Davis provide a lot of support for homeless? Yeah, so we're very fortunate to count with the city's support. They've given, they've given us financial support and this year we're actually going to use one of their facilities as our intake site. Good. And they're starting to see the need and have more resources available for homeless outreach, really. Well, I'm afraid our time is up. It went very quickly. I know, Eric, you're always looking for volunteers and your website will be on display. And so if you'd like to consider having an experience with the shelter, please contact Eric and through the website. And Kelsey, the best of luck for your life and thank you both for coming, giving us the time and telling us about the shelter. So as I said, I'm afraid our time is up. Thank you all for watching. And if you'd like to see this program again, you can stream it at dctv.davismedia.org. And also while you're there, you can check out some of our other programs. We have wonderful topics and outstanding guests. So thank you, Kelsey and Eric and from all of us here at Davis Media, thank you so much for watching and see you next time.


Hi and how are you all today? I am Priyanka and let us discuss the following question. It says the longest side of a triangle is 3 times the shortest side and the third side is 2 centimeters shorter than the longest side. If the perimeter of the triangle is at least 61 centimeters, find the minimum length of the shortest side. So let us start with our solution. We need to find the shortest side. So let the shortest side be x. Now the longest side is given to us as it is 3 times the shortest side. So it would be 3 times the shortest side that is 3x. Whereas the third side is 2 centimeters shorter than the longest side. The longest side is 3x and it is 2 centimeters shorter than it. Therefore it will be 3x minus 2 centimeters. Now the perimeter of the triangle has to be at least 61 so it can be greater than equal to 61 centimeters. Perimeter means adding all these sides. So it will be x plus 3x plus 3x minus 2 has to be greater than equal to 61 centimeters. On solving it we have 7x minus 2 is greater than equal to 61. Adding 2 on both the sides we have 7x minus 2 plus 2 is greater than equal to 61 plus 2 that is 7x is greater than equal to 63. Dividing both the sides by 7 we have 7x divided by 7 is greater than equal to 63 divided by 7. On simplifying we have the value of x that is the shortest side is greater than equal to 9. Hence the minimum length of the shortest side is 9 centimeters. So this completes the question that was given to us. I hope you enjoyed. Take care.