Hello and welcome to the NewsClick studios in New Delhi. I am Siddhantaani and with me as always is Leslie Xavier. We're talking about sport and slightly serious but not surprising situation It seems that English cricket is institutionally racist Why Leslie are we not surprised by this little revelation that has come from actually quite an emotional sort of outpouring of sentiment of I guess experience. Yeah That this cricketer has gone through. I seem Rafiq we are talking about and Apparently one of the most talented cricketers of the generation in the English system had tremendous faith on him He was the under 19th skipper. He skippered a lot of star players who are now Joe Root included and then somehow his career With the club Yorkshire it it More or less bordered on I mean he was playing well, but it just didn't take off the way it was expected and then now we have come to know that he was suffering there on various levels and Racism being what he has alleged and Institutional racism that too. So it is a larger problem when you look at it because he's is blamed the club and the entire setup of the club of racism and See previous quite strong testimony actually made in front of a standing committee Parliament so and he has been outspoken in the media also. In fact, it first came out in 2020 In an interview and then over the course of the last two years. He has been speaking on various at various platforms and Presenting his case and presenting and fighting his case. He's fighting for a larger cause He says because it's it's very clear that is I mean when you look at his career is is not standing to gain anything in the cricket sense of it is fighting for a larger cause here is fighting for the future of Asian cricketers and black cricketers in in England and you mentioned that English cricket But I would probably refrain from putting a blanket blame on English cricket because England and Wales cricket board I have come forward and banned Yorkshire from staging any international matches. So it is very clear that they are trying to manage manage the manage the situation and Also, they are acting in tune with what is the general trend in which Administrative body should act in in case of such situations because the world has moved on from where Yorkshire is clearly stuck and Actually, not so much because like as our friend Weber Bevanandan was saying Across the road from Yorkshire County where this cricket is happening is Leeds United. Yeah, where Culture of inclusion and participation and Widening the scope. Yeah is very much in play. So It's not about us. I think a single place. Yeah, I think I Mean I you are saying that you will not give that blanket sort of Comment comment on English on English cricket But I think my take on this is pretty much that it is institutional and particularly because I'm coming from a background also of Football where South Asian people particularly Actually, no, not just South Asian people but where racism is deeply sort of entrenched in the system So back in 2018 when the World Cup was on the last World Cup I was having a conversation with some people including some former. I think Michael Chopra was one of the first South Asian origin players to play at a premier division club Premier League club and He had a different understanding of it But several others that I did speak to said that how coaches approach things is pretty clear-cut First they look at the black kids Because that's the stereotype, right physically, etc, etc then they look at the white kids and then comes everyone else and I think it's one of the consequences of this Idea of how people play a sport or approach a sport that has led to the fact that there are almost none No, South Asians despite the fact that they are large population I suppose a large minority in the United Kingdom They are not Represented they are represented in Parliament. They are represented in business. They are represented in film But they are not represented in sport and cricket was supposed to be an exception because where do you go when you need a spinner? Yeah So, yeah, so exactly so football's dynamic is Like you said, there are a certain level of stereotype and all stereotyping happening as far as races and kids and the potential of those kids to reach other I love the coaches are going by that but I'm also not 100% sure whether they are very Subjective about it because as far as a coach in an institution or a junior program in a club is concerned They would have their set parameters and they would measure the players by that you can't stop a talented player from going up And as far as I see and I have had discussions of of generally Asian or black players coming into various sport including motorsport and surprisingly and from from journalists from Africa and all that they In fact, I wrote a story about Luis Hamilton and how Formula one or generally motorsport in general is not open towards accepting black drivers or they just don't come up at all and They said that's maybe it's because simply we are not interested in motorsport And it's not their culturally we play basketball. We play football. We play Soccer football or pro football American football and many other game which which the black people are strong, but then they I'm sure many tennis players are there who just don't reach up and whether it's it's systemic or whether it's Genetic factor these are larger larger questions, but as far as cricket is concerned when Asian players are known to be great and when Discrimination or racism happen then it's a it's a it's a larger problem. It's it's beyond sport dynamics So in that way, this is more sinister than what happens in the football playing ground at a junior level and I didn't Try to negate the fact that it's institutional, but we are talking about a specific club here So I I was unsure whether we should blame the English and Wales cricket board or the cricket establishment in general in in England for racism Because I feel that there are many institutions like you mentioned leads across and Who have who have tried to get rid of that baggage and successfully so to so Changes happening, but Yorkshire is stuck somewhere and Yorkshire is stuck so much that they are Unwilling to make those changes. That's why a spate of resignations have happened in the last two weeks or so Club officials have resigned I mean protesting against the club stand Joe Root has come out in in with the statement And he feels that it has shaken English cricket as a whole and so because it's You are looking at a sport which is displaying solidarity towards Black Lives Matter movement at the IS stage possible and then you are looking at the sports the the games traditional home and And These things happen over there. So that's that's I mean, maybe in the in the in the coming days we will see ICC also stepping in and Looking at it into a as a very serious Matter that needs to be resolved and not just an internal problem of the club or of the country because this is a larger Problem which may shake the growth of cricket into newer markets into the US that that we are talking about Yeah, no fair enough and that I have to say that like it's Extremely important and valuable that these conversations are happening. Yeah that parliament has taken cognizance of it that he's Gone there and made a statement where he's unequivocally stating what he has been through and Of course, that's bound to result in some kind of change Hopefully, that's a state of the society in general in In England I'm a reckoning society and the political state of being of the country Whatever the shortcomings are These kind of discussions will never happen in India. It's not happening in India Which is which is unfortunate because India's problem is different. Yeah, and So we are talking about a state team where where there were allegations of two words a player of us in jaffas stature and We have MPs who are heading the board Politicians who are on top of all the I mean politicians across parties. Yeah, it's not like the ruling party Politicians are there at the helm. Yeah, it's not like one sort of It's like and they cover the ranks. It's not like that So Anybody could have stood up and said this and brought up brought this out as a topic of discussion at the parliament or at At a larger level on a larger scale never happened so So I would I'm happy in that sense that there are things that happen The happening measures have been taken and over the course of the next two I mean a couple of months. We'll see where it will head and as far as As seems Statements are concerned recently you feel that and already it has happened many players would come in many players who have suffered and they this would become a larger Issue where I mean things will cascade into a larger movement that would clean cricket England cricket to start with and Let's see if it's if it has its impacts on the rest of the world Huh rest of the world or not But at least I think it's bound to have some kind of positive impact on English cricket for sure and the other thing I would want to see is probably some positive change happening in South Africa. Yeah. Yeah, absolutely We've had we talked about I think on the show Yeah Quintin de Cork and that whole episode and and there is other things that are involved and hopefully we'll get into that So you was one. Yeah Yeah, all right So I think that pretty much Takes care of that part of the show for us today What are we moving on to next? Having his first assignment as officially as the main I mean the permanent captain of of the India T20 team and First assignment, so I believe that you are a big This Because this is at the helm of all three teams, so yeah, you would have a larger say for the hopefully for the next few years Yeah, I think in my mind Anil Kumble was the most underrated captain that we've ever had or maybe ever is a sort of strong word to use But all David fine cricketing brain reasonably well-regarded human being Respected I think across What do you think he's going to bring after the Ravi Shastri era, which has been quite Lots of talking points, but also quite successful for Indian Shastri was managing Because he when he got into the helm of of the Indian cricket team He didn't have a stake in the in the Future bunch But I will rabbit comes with that stake because he has been the junior team Coach for a while. He has worked in the NCAA for a while with these players So a lot of youngsters including ones in the team some of them in the team. They're all They're all at stints under Robert at various times and they all have come out and said Things in the media about how approachable he is about a lot of things. So Is a statesman So he comes in as a different personality you mentioned kumble so kumble stint as a coach is is Should be mentioned now because he was He took charge of as a as coach and then they wish Astri took over and Circumstances which which were not so great and there was a power struggle between him and the skipper So a different personality and kumble a great cricketing mind, but probably not as not a great statesman as as Raul rabbit So that is that is one major difference I see between these two and that is what probably David will bring into the table because he has to do a lot of Managing here because you are looking at I mean, I'm announcing it a little early But earlier but as as as it is in sport the transition has to be pre Planned for and in a couple of years the Indian team's transition to the next generation will be in full force and That's the main thing that I have a problem with Roe Sharma will get into that as skipper will get into that in a bit but sticking to draw it so his first press conference happened yesterday and And I'm glad that he's not just talking about the CDs ahead which is against New Zealand We have three different matches and then the two test matches, which is a good series to watch out for because test final, yeah, yeah, so there is I'm sure there will be a lot of advertisement Saying payback and all those things, but let's see how that that will plan out so David has said about players importance of players needing to be rested and Especially considering the situation of bubbles and how fatty So he's probably hinting at World Cup typical and maybe something of that was in play yes, also Categorically denied the fact that you will have three separate teams for the for the three formats That is that is again a logical thing because we have players overlapping in all three segments You can't for instance replace a boomer just because he's a great baller In the death hours in T20, but he's also a great baller test baller. He's India's best at this point So so that kind of overlap happens So it's pretty practical about that aspect, but at the same time he is also Mentioning a kind of a approach change a philosophy change as far as T20 format But I guess he would be looking at all three formats, right? Well, he doesn't want to follow a team's template any team for that matter He wants to create a strictly Indian template and he also understands the fact that Players who perform at IPL or side most accurately They needn't translate that into the international stage playing the same role because in the Indian team setup The roles might be defined differently. Yeah, so all these ideas he has in mind and Roy Sharma as I mean in that discussion in that press conference Roy Sharma has also Shown signs that he is on the same page on the same with Rahul Dravid. So I guess at the start like you Using cricketing cliche the partnership looks promising. They're middling the ball It's all I mean discussions and talk though So let's see so we can't judge them by by the series either We'll have to judge them over the course of the next next. That's why I'm keen that Dravid sticks to a larger Period so also larger plan larger plan and and then see so larger plan might include certain shaking up of Of the seniors as well. So but yeah, that's that's so that's that's what I'm looking at and yeah Getting into Rohit Sharma's captaincy again. I mean if it's I feel that it's it's a little too late for him to become the Indian skipper and BCCA and Rahul Dravid and him Obviously should sit around in I mean in the first place. He shouldn't have been appointed as keeper because if you are forward-looking then I would want a Younger talented talented as in talented leadership quality wise player to have that kind of a say But yeah, I believe you have a different take on that. Oh, yeah, I love it. Yeah Anyone who waits a double hundred like that. I mean like there's no even if it's for one game one series, whatever it is I think a chance at captaining India and also I have slightly different opinions on what Team captaincy means in this context maybe because I come from a football background And so I have no understanding of it and it may be an absolutely irrelevant perspective But I do wish him very well. I don't want to get more into it because like it's really quite a subjective issue It is a subject issue and I think that while I Take your point about transitioning from younger players to older players or older players to younger players and a generational shift and all of that But I think Rohit has this sort of innate It's not ability, but it's personality To relate to both sides Without being so in your face that it's all about him. Yeah So I think in terms of the dressing room. I think that will have some kind of positive impact, I hope at least and Yeah, I don't know how long it'll last and we'll see about all of those things I think it's time that like someone who is not a batting cricketer Assumes the captaincy and leadership role in the team. I Always been an advocate of this But across world cricket, it's it's a different trend So Again coming back to football You see many goalkeepers that are captains. You see many full backs that are captains or center backs You see Some midfielders that are captains. There's hardly ever striker except our captain leader legend Who is captain leader legend? Playing that role, right and there's a reason for it. Yeah If you were at that end of the pitch So very different sport so perhaps not pertinent to make so many comparisons But I do think that like the this batting heavy approach or batting centric approach needs to change and that's why I also said Kumbhle as captain and coach and all those things We'll see for much legendary captain of India. He was a wicketkeeper first and a batter second and wicketkeeper It's like the goalkeeper. You get the entire perspective. So that that advantage we saw on on the playing field But an intelligent wicketkeeper. That's key. So I believe it's David also Kept yeah kept yeah, so I believe in that that it should be the player and his ability as a leader That should be the criteria and not not what batting or bowling or whatever But yeah, they are missed out on like for instance, Australia missed out on their best ever Possibly their best ever skipper, which was Shane one because of disciplinary problems But yeah, so and he has shown time and again the game intelligence that he possesses While playing under various captains. So and I agree completely with your personality thing remark on Roe Sharma He asked that I mean I mean He Gets everybody to be at ease. Yeah, which was not the case all the time with Virat Kohli. Yeah, so so Again two different styles of captains is Yeah, things to also look forward to where for us at least as relative outsiders Yeah, in this whole game But okay, finally then we're talking about boxing boxing which we did on the last show as well But things have changed since I changed and things have changed. We can fast and I just Can't believe that we were expecting the boxing Federation of India to accommodate Maricom But it seems God himself boxing gods are involved in this is as well. So and cobit-19 so air BS the world championship that was supposed to happen in the first week of December in Turkey to By three months for now because Turkey the covid situation is a little worse 25,000 cases per day as we speak. So That has opened up the selection Dynamic scenario National championship happened last month.  Anything can happen injuries form So it's only fair that there should be a selection trial and that means Maricom would be fighting the trials for sure and Also the younger. Yeah, yeah, the young boxer who wanted to have a fight with Lavelina She may also get Get a shot at that because again Lavelina's Olympic medal would have become old by then though we tend to Celebrate Olympic medals for eternity, but but realistically speaking there should be a trial and and Yeah, and I agree with that, but there should be a trial no doubt and for me like Lavelina is one of the finest boxes I have seen coming out of the Indian Set up in a while. I mean and I'm including guys like Amit Vikas all of these guys who I don't want to go into vijinder and like back into the old stuff but but really fine-looking boxer with great footwork and perhaps She needs to do some work. Yeah She I think her body movement and and her head movement and things need to improve quite a bit So perhaps some of these trials and these competitions will also do good for her. Yeah, of course it does as The more the competition the better and also Lavelina. I mean she won a medal, but if you look at She becoming a world champion or Olympic champion. That should be the next target for her as well, right? So She lacked I mean she lost against it tremendously powerful Turkish boxer and she lost physically Yeah This she tried to fight. So that aspect has to be developed power in our in our game And otherwise she has shown science that she is an intelligent boxer. She can change tactically Mid-bought even so she has tried that she has tried as in the losing course also at the Olympic game so The more the fight happens the better and it the same thing with Mary come if at all and biased system is in Place for the trials then it's perfect for Indian boxing you need a senior pro Who is as widely as they come with all those experience and push the youngsters and if the youngster can't beat her? by boxing then So that's what I used to talk about Any of the senior pros that that that we're lingering on like if the youngster can challenge them then That's that's poor for the sport That's your problem as well. Yeah, but it has not always been unbiased as you know boxing's judging is pretty Subjective is the is a very diplomatic So but yeah, that's the scenario so it's an update so last time we discussed quite a bit about it And we had promised the viewers that we will give an update on this thing. So it's pretty clear cut now There's no games involved. Yeah, there'll be a selection trial whenever that is scheduled to happen depending on the world championship Did you all obviously go on for another couple of hours on just how? Boxing at least at the amateur level is ranked and who wins and who loses, but we won't If he's getting a pro boxing then that's a whole other game all together But I'll do it for us from Leslie and me. Thank you very much for watching you've been watching play things of alien forces This is news click you can check out all of our stories on news click in follow us on all the social media channels And we'll be back again. Hopefully at a appointed slot next time this week. Thank you for watching. Goodbye


One of the things I absolutely love about R is the wonderful community of developers who are out there who can identify a problem, find the solution, and then they make that solution generally available to the rest of the R community through the use of packages. That's all well and good. But now when you're a user like me and you're trying to find those tools, how do you do it? And how do you learn how to use those packages? Well, that's exactly what we're going to talk about in today's episode of Code Club. Hey folks, I'm Patchloss, and this is Code Club. If you've been following along recent episodes of Code Club, you know that I've been building out a figure from a paper that my lab published several years ago. We've been critiquing it and trying to improve it along the way, as well as learning about using R, as well as a variety of different packages that we can use with R. Anyway, in the last episode, I talked about how we could make a multi-panel figure to replicate what we had in Figure 1 of that paper that we published those years ago. We did that using a package called Calplot. Now, there's another package out there that I've heard of called Patchwork that should do the same thing. I've never used Patchwork. I've never, I don't know that I've ever installed it in R. I've always used Calplot and people in my lab have used Calplot. I think the reason we use Calplot is because, well, somebody used Calplot many years ago. And we've kind of replicated that in subsequent papers that we looked to see how did someone do it previously, and then we reuse that code over and over again. That's very much in line with the philosophy of these Code Club episodes where we find a good idea, and we just kind of build off of that and learn how to use that idea, use that function, or use that package. I thought this would be a great opportunity for me to learn Patchwork, this other package that allows us to make multi-panel figures, but also to show you how I go about learning a new package. So this issue of packages raises a number of interesting questions. First of all, should you be even using packages? Second of all, how do you find the package that will do what you need it to do? How do you trust that the package is good and that's something that you should be using? And then finally, how do you go about using the resources within that package? Well, first of all, should you use packages? Well, I would say it depends, right? I held out for the longest time against using ggplot, dplyr, and other packages from the tidyverse. Why? I don't know. I think I held out because I knew how to do things in what's called base R. But what I realized later after someone patiently showed me how to use packages from the tidyverse was that the tidyverse made things so much easier than what I had been doing. It was easier, they were safer, it just performed a lot better. And so that convinced me that I should go and learn the tidyverse. Now, a few episodes ago, I showed you how you could put lines over the tops of your comparisons with stars or an ns indicate significance. What I didn't tell you is that there's a package or there's probably several packages that will do exactly that for you. Now, do I want to go out and learn that package? Probably not. You know, I know how to make those lines and put those stars on there fairly easily without all the extra baggage of going out and learning that extra package, whether or not you want to go learn that package versus using the skills you already have to do the same thing. That's your call. And ultimately depends on kind of the tradeoff between how much you have to learn versus what benefit are you going to get from learning to do that? So the second question then is, well, how do you learn about packages? How do you know what's out there? Well, I think you've really got to embed yourself in the community of people that are using R. Figure out where people are who are using R and listen to what they're saying. So go on social media, live on Twitter, if you will, look at who are the developers who are developing our packages and see how they're using R. What packages are they using? This gets to another point. But you know, if I see that Hadley Wickham who kind of pioneered the tidyverse is using a certain package, or if he developed it, then I'm going to believe it's credible and something that I feel safe using, you know, around Hadley, there's our studio, there's, you'll find that there's a community of developers. And like I said, you'll see generally what they're doing. Another thing you can certainly do is Google, right? So if you Google your question, something like, you know, how do I create a figure with multiple panels using ggplot, you will, you'll no doubt get tutorials or demonstrations of how to do that. So the third point of how do you trust a package? I already kind of got into that is that you kind of know who's in the community, right? And you know who's using it. Other things you might do is to look and see, you know, how recently has it been updated? What does the documentation look like? You know, so if it's been recently updated, if it seems like they're actively working on it, that's a good thing. It can also be a bad thing, right? Because if they're constantly changing things, then that's not so great. But again, if there's great documentation, then then you'll see that they're really dedicated to other people learning it versus perhaps being a package that, you know, one or two people use, and it's really for their own personal use. And they have really no intention of anyone else using it. So those are a couple of things to really look at. I would say the prestige or the notoriety of the developer, how often are they updating it? Does it seem like they're actively working on it? And then also, is there a good documentation? Are there demos? Does there seem to be a lot of information around the internet, social media, wherever about that package? So finally, we want to learn how to use that package. And that's exactly what we're going to do today. I'm a little bit nervous about this, because again, I've never used patchwork before. And this will be new for me as well. But I wanted to take this opportunity to replicate something we've already done with Calplot, and to show you how I go about learning and a new package and the syntax that I need to implement that I will come over to my browser and if I do our patchwork, I see that this pulls up a number of great hits, I guess 48 million hits, they're probably not all things we want to look at. But I just want to highlight a few things here in these first three hits. So I'll start at the bottom here. So if you see CRAN, that is like the comprehensive archive network or something like that. But that is the official repository of all packages that are kind of approved for use with R. That means that the package has gone through some vetting to say that is a legit package that isn't super buggy. And that again, performs well and meets some kind of minimum threshold for quality. If you're doing things in bioinformatics, there's another repository called Bioconductor that has another level of quality threshold to it. So I guess I would revise my earlier comments about how do you know whether or not to trust a package and that if it's in CRAN, then that again increases what you should have as confidence in that package. So this CRAN link here will bring us to kind of the official documentation that comes with patchwork. It tells you the versions, what other packages it depends on, where you can go to file bugs or problems that you're experiencing with it. There's links to patchworkdataimagines.com, github.com, github as we'll see later is where the live code lives for this, as well as a variety of different materials like readme's and news. There is a reference manual here as well as some vignettes like getting started. I'm going to open those tabs and we'll come back to those in a moment. The other link, thomasp85 patchwork, this is a github repository, which if you're not familiar with github, oh my gosh, you totally should be because it is a great resource for enhancing the reproducibility and transparency of your projects. And as you can see in the about, this is a composer of ggplots. So this tells me that this works very well with figures generated from ggplot. Again, this gives you a readme instructions, information about how to install patchwork, how to use patchwork to make, in this case, a two panel figure. And the syntax that I'm noticing is that I could do p1 plus p2 and I get side by side figures, which is pretty slick. And similarly I could do, you know, there seems to be some formatting that I can do in my code to get different layouts of the plot. So this looks pretty cool. I see a variety of different guides down below in the Learn More, just going to different things that I can do to get started or assemble plots to define layouts and so forth. There's clearly a lot here with patchwork that I can do. These are all good signs that patchwork is a great package. Let me come back to my Google search. The top link, another source of documentation that again looks very much like the readme. So this is kind of redundant in a way with what we've seen from both CRAN as well as GitHub. I would say that if you're more of a power user, then going into GitHub and looking at the code and the documentation associated with the code is probably more your speed. In here there are instructions on how you can get the development version of patchwork. So they perhaps only post to CRAN every couple of months. Well, here you can get, you know, the version that was produced today. If you're more of a user, end user, and not so concerned about the coding aspect of things, then probably this site here that we see with patchwork is where you want to be. So what I do when I want to learn a new package is I'm looking for examples. I learn from examples. That's part of the reason I make these videos is to give other people examples of how to use code to do different things with the idea then that I can take this example and modify it for what I want to do. Generally, what they will give you in these examples is what we call a reproducible example or a minimal reproducible example. This is a very simple chunk of code to get what we want. If you look back at my code, I've got 157 lines to generate four figures. They've got two lines to build figures. So this is much simpler allowing it to have then a heightened emphasis on what's going on here with the patchwork code. So coming over to our studio, I'm here in my figure 1.R. If you would like to get a copy of this, I strongly encourage you to do that. You can get a copy down below in the description. There is a link to a blog post that will give you the code that I'm starting with. People that have gone about getting the code and running it in parallel with me, experimenting on their own have told me they get so much more out of these episodes rather than just watching me perform coding or whatever. Also, if you're not sure how to get things set up, then up above here, I'll put a link to a episode where I describe how to install our studio, how to get the tidy verse and how to get everything set up so that you're good to go whether you're on a Mac or on a Windows computer. And also know that I teach three-day workshops demonstrating how to use the tidy verse and helping you kind of get a really good foundation on using functions from the tidy verse to build plots that are important for things like the fields of microbiology and just general science. The first thing that I need to do so I can play around with patchwork a bit is to install the package.  That tells me it's not installed. I can then click on install. And then in this middle packages dialogue window, I can then type patchwork. And this then runs install packages with patchwork. And it'll go ahead and install patchwork for me. I see now that over on the right in my packages tab, I now have patchwork loaded. So to play with patchwork a bit, I'm going to go ahead and open up a new R script. And I'll go ahead and copy this code. I guess I could have just clicked on this handy dandy icon there. And then I can paste it into my untitled and I can then go ahead and run these lines of code. And what I see is that I get side by side my MPG in my gear, my P1 and P2, which is pretty slick. If I did P1, I think I should get a three panel figure, right? Again, it doesn't matter what I'm plotting. I want to see how the package performs. And this is really slick that it knows that the addition sign, if I'm adding together two plots or three plots, we'll array them side by side. Let's look at some other examples here. Again, we've got it's giving us a couple more figures. So we can do P1, P2, P3 divided by P4. I'm reading this text here, Patrick provides rich support for arbitrarily complex layouts with full alignment. As an example, check out this very readable code for nesting three plots on top of a third. So we've got three on top of a fourth, because that's a typo. And so this gets me thinking about, you know, I want to have two on top of two. So maybe I could take this code, I'm going to copy this again. And let's go ahead and run this code and see what it looks like. Yeah. And so we get our three on top of a fourth panel. And so this gets me thinking, well, what would happen if I removed this, and I put over parentheses, then P3 hyphen, or vertical bar P4, cool, I then get two on top of two. And that looks a lot like what I'm trying to do with my four figures that we did with cow plot. And this is, I would say much easier syntax than what I was doing before. If I come back down to my my plot grid, I've got these four plots, I've got to say the number of rows and columns, I guess by default, it knew I would put it into two rows and two columns. So some of this isn't necessary for plot grid, right? Like this, this is basically the same code, although I'm not getting the labels. So I want to come back and think about the labels. So let's go ahead and let me run what I had here from figure one dot r and see what that produces. And so we've seen this figure several times already, but this gets us our A, B, C, and D. I'm, I'm like really eager to use this. And I always want to experiment with things. So instead of cow plot, I'm going to put patchwork here and make sure I've got that library loaded. And then I'll come down here and I'm going to comment out this plot grid. I'm going to copy that. And it's going to be like the vertical line. And this is in parentheses. And then there was the division sign. And then this is in parentheses. And this is with the vertical line. Now one thing I'm wondering is, what's the difference between the vertical line and the plus sign? I'm not sure. But let's go ahead and run these and see where we get. And so that looks very similar to what we had before with cow plot, except now I don't have the four labels. So we'll want to come back and figure out how we get that back. Again, I think the syntax is pretty simple. I don't have to worry about was it grid plot or plot grid was our underscore not an underscore, what's the syntax, things like that. This is really nice. And as I said, one of the questions that came to my mind was, do I need that vertical line or could I use a plus sign? So if I do plus, I wonder what we get here. And so that looks basically the same. I don't see any difference. So again, something I'm going to hold in the back of my head is why would I use a plus versus a vertical line? Okay, so let's go back to the documentation and see what else we can learn about Patrick. But so far, it seems really simple and really easy to implement. But there are some questions that are kind of lingering in the back of my head, like, how do I put ABC and D, this vertical line, the pipe character versus plus sign, and then how do I maybe change the width or height of each individual panel? So let's go ahead and I'm going to just open up all of these links. And I would say this is excellent documentation. If you're looking for a model of what documentation should look like, this is it as somebody again, that really gets excited by running examples and modifying examples. This is my this is my speed. Okay, so this is getting started. This looks like stuff we've seen before, where again, they're generating four figures. So as it says, the simplest use is the extension of the addition operator to add plots together. That looks nice. When adding plots together, the last added plot will be the active one and receive any additions of the new ggplot objects, such as geomes and labels and so forth, right? So as I can see, I do P1 plus P2 and then labs, that's going to add the label to the last plot, not to the first plot. Again, it will try to keep the grid square and fill it out in row order. Okay, let's give that a shot, copy this down. And instead of putting things in parentheses and whatnot, use addition. Yeah, it looks pretty slick. It does default to plotting things as a square. And so now we see this can be controlled the layout with the addition of plot underscore layout function, we could say the number of rows, and whether we want to do things by rows or by columns first. So now it moves on to stacking and packing plots, you want to place plots on top of each other besides each other rather than filling out a grid. So it's as well as can be accomplished by adding a one row or one column layout. Patchwork also has two operators that does this directly. So a vertical line, like we also call that a pipe, places the plots besides each other, whereas the slash will stack them. Oh, that's cool. You could do P1. And then you could do P2 divided by P3. So P1 is in the first column, and then the second column is P divided by P3. I guess I would think of the vertical line then as defining my columns. Yeah. So let's see what we can do with that. So if we put the strip chart on the left side, and then what if we were to then stack our three other plots? And so we could do like that. So we have the three rock curves stacked on top of each other with those slashes, but in the second column. Very cool. So we have our strip chart in the left column, and then our three rock curves in the right column. I actually really like this, because again, these rock curves are designed off of my strip chart here. And this is a design I really hadn't thought about using before. I don't know why. But anyway, that's pretty slick. And something I might want to do is perhaps control the height of this strip chart. So it's perhaps not, you know, from bottom to top, but maybe represents maybe half of the space in that first column. Anyway, that's really cool. And I think really, really powerful. Okay, let's keep coming through here. And so we have annotation of the composition. So we can put a plot annotation for the title of the overall figure. We also have tag levels. And so the tagging can either be Arabic or Roman numerals or Latin numbers and separate tags may give in different different nesting levels. So let's try adding a title, like figure one, and then tag levels. So we can then do plot annotation, I'll do title equals say figure one. And then tag levels. And let's do capital A for add. So that doesn't seem to have done anything. Something I wonder about is I noticed that this has parentheses around the plotting algebra, so to speak. Let me go ahead and try that. There we go. So it seems that we did need parentheses around the formula for the assembly. And then adding plot annotation as well. And so we see ABCD, we've got figure one across the top. Maybe I don't want that figure one. So if I do tag levels equals a we get rid of that. Something I'm curious about is if I do lowercase a, yeah, then it's lowercase ABCD. So I learned a lot here, right? The vertical line indicates that we're creating different columns, whereas the slash means for different rows, and that we can nest rows within a column like we have here. If I use the plus sign, then that's kind of filling out a grid. I can annotate with plot annotation. And that's, that's really cool. So one thing that I'm still wondering about is sizing, you know, if I wanted to make my strip chart to not be the full span of the column, how would I do that? Or how would I make, you know, one column, perhaps more narrow than another column? So I talked about plot assembly. Just going to kind of quickly look through this, see if there's anything new that I want to add. It shows that I can add other non gg plot content, like a table or something like that. Or something from like base R. I'm not worried about that, like I said, but it's good to know this is here. This is something I'll file away in my head for later. Talked about stacking and packing like we've already seen. And then kind of putting stuff together. And as we talked about earlier, when you modify a patch, it's modifying the last plot that was added. If you want to modify a different part of the patch, you can access it with doubles bracket indexing. So this is a little bit more advanced than what I want to do. I think I'm really just going to stick to making my plots as I like them, and then adding them together later. But again, it's nice to know that I could come back and I can modify things as I like. And then if I want to modify everything, so it says that the ampersand will add the element to all of the subplots in the patchwork, and the star will add the element to all the subplots in the current nesting level. And so there's operator precedence that has to be kept in mind. So it's clear this can get really complicated really fast, right? So let's go ahead and see if we can add theme minimal. So we would do add theme minimal. So yeah, that's added theme minimal to everything. One thing I noticed is that my x ladle here get kind of screwed up because I did use element markdown in theme. Again, I don't think I would use this. I think I try to make individual plots look the way I want them, and then add them together. But again, your mileage may vary controlling layouts. What I'm looking for is there a way to control the width of the column. And so I can add different size spacers. So maybe that's something I could do, right? Like that. And I think I need parentheses here. So this would create, no, I need those to be forward slashes, because I'm going to put spacer, my strip chart, my spacer in the first column. See if this works. Yeah, that worked pretty well. I still have this theme minimal on here. Let me get rid of that. Yeah, that looks pretty good. I might make this a little bit taller, I think, but I'm not sure if we're going to be able to do that. We'll see. Aha. Here we go. Our plot layout widths, C two and one. And so I think the widths will control, yeah, the widths of the two columns that we have. When grid sizes are given as numeric, it will define the relative sizing of the panels. So I see that I can set the widths and the heights. I think what I might need to do to get the strip chart to be a little bit taller than the others is to build it in two parts. Save this with commenting it out. And so I'll do like column one. And I will say this, right? And for good measure, I'll wrap this in parentheses, and then do plot layout. And in here, I'll do then do heights equals C. And then I'll do quarter, half quarter. Okay. And then column two, I'll put this stuff, column two, and that will be that. And then I'll do plot layout, heights, equals C. And this is gonna be like one, one, one, right? So they'll all be equal size. And then let's do call one, pipe, call two, and let's see if this works. Yeah, that looks pretty slick. Okay, now we need to add on our labels, right? So let's go ahead and do that. And then we'll do plot layout. And what was that called? No, no, it's plot annotation, right? Tag, tag levels, yeah. And I'll put a awesome, we got it. That looks really good. So one thing I'm noticing in the composition of all this, of course, is my star here is a little bit truncated. And so I might want to go back and maybe raise the y axis limit here a little bit, or maybe drop my star down a little bit. But I think that looks really good. I'm also noticing that my text in my three rock curves is getting a little bit messed up. But again, I don't want to get into messing around with that too much today. I mainly want to just kind of highlight how we can use patchwork and learn how to use patchwork to get these different effects. One thing that kind of sticks out to me that annoys me a little bit, I generally like to have these ABC and D to be bold. So they pop a little bit more, these seem to be kind of in a plain font. So let me come back to the tutorial here, these vignettes and see if we can figure anything out. So adding annotation and style. So we can do titles, subtitles and captions. So our overall plot can have a title and subtitle. That's really cool. Individual plots, we know we can do that with the labs function from GG plot. That's cool. We talked about tagging. I'd like that tag to be bolded. And so we have theme plot tag size equals eight. And so that changes the size to make it smaller. I bet I could also make it bigger, bolder, right? And it's showing us all these different things that we can do here to add prefixes and suffix things I'm not super concerned about. But I would like to make that bold. Let's put these on a couple of different lines. And I'll do theme plot dot tag equals element text. And I'm going to add face equals bold. That didn't seem to change the font face of my tags, the ABC and D. Let me look back at the vignette and see if perhaps there was something I missed. You know what, there's an ampersand and I used a plus sign. And again, I think that ampersand applies it to all of the plots, whereas the plus maybe only applies it to the last one. Regardless, let's go ahead and try it with the ampersand. So that did it. These tags now are bolded and look really nice. And I'm pretty happy with that. So I'm really happy with how this figure turned out. I wasn't expecting to end at a place where I had the strip chart on the left side and then my three rock curves in a separate column. I think this looks really good and actually a lot better than the original layout. I'm really happy with it. I think everything we've done here, we could probably have also done with cow plot. Frankly, I like the syntax a lot better using patchwork than cow plot. This algebraic manipulation makes a lot of sense to me. It also works really well with kind of the mindset and framework that we used with ggplot. I hope you found this discussion of patchwork helpful. I hope it also was illuminating how I go about learning more about a package and figuring out how to implement it. Again, the keys are for me is, you know, finding good documentation that has really good examples. We didn't do it here, but know that in the help documentation for individual functions, there will also be examples at the bottom of those help pages that again, you could do the same thing where you kind of put it into an R script, run it, modify it, tweak it, and then apply it to your own thing. Again, this is the whole idea of Riffamonus, that we identify something like what we saw here in this vignette code that we borrowed, and we start playing with it, modifying it and say, hey, that looks a lot like what I want to do. Then we do that with our own code and we get the result that we're really excited about. Please be sure to share this with your friends and tell them about Code Club. I'd love it if you left a comment below telling me which you prefer, Cowplot or Patchwork. Give them both a shot and see what you think. As always, appreciate your feedback. Give me a thumbs up if you don't mind. Be sure you're subscribed. And of course, we'll see you next time for another episode of Code Club.


There was tension in Umuahia, Abia State, on Tuesday, as Nnamdi Kano's lawyer, Aloy Ajimako, heads to court over Kano's health. The entire access road to the court venue was blocked by truckloads of the military, police and other security agencies, thus creating fear among great users in Umuahia. In an application, Nnamdi Kano v. the federal government of Nigeria and seven others, Ajimako had brought an ex-party order asking the court to, among other things, make an interim order of release of Kano. This was so he could attend to his health in any medical facility of his choice in Nigeria, pending the hearing of the motion. Ajimako had also asked for the substitution service of the motion of notice of third and fourth respondents. However, the higher court had refused the application and asked the lawyer to put the respondents unnoticed.


The Johnson County Trailed Town Committee will be holding their third homeschool adventure hike on Wednesday, March 13th. There are definitely some stigmas and some misconceptions about homeschooling. And I'm sure I held those same beliefs, some of those same beliefs too before we decided to homeschool. But one of the beautiful things about it is these hikes do give our homeschool community a chance to come together and fosters really more of a sense of belonging and community within the homeschool. Do you worry about having enough money to last throughout retirement? Give Reed Potter at Raymond James a call. Reed has 26 years experience helping folks enjoy their best life in their retirement years. The hike is not only a good source of exercise but also doubles as a hands-on learning activity where children will get to participate in water sampling and water testing. It is also a good way for children who are homeschooled to connect with new friends in a fun and educational environment. Right around Paintsville Lake there's a stream that comes by there and there's several places to get some water from. So we'll get to do some hands-on environmental science and just with the water testing and in nature too. The hike will begin at Blanton Branch on Paintsville Lake at 12 p.m. on Wednesday, March 13th. For more information you can visit the Johnson County Trailed Town Committee Facebook page. For mountaintop news I'm Kelcey Fidell.


Hi friends, welcome back to my channel and a very special welcome if you're new here. My name is Jen. I'm a certified weight loss and nutrition coach who has lost and maintained a 140 pound weight loss and it is Friday, so it's weigh in day. We're gonna chat about my week and we're gonna talk about this week's Weight Watchers Workshop topic.  Make sure you're subscribed. Your bell notification is turned on so you never miss a Friday weigh in or any of the five videos I upload every single week. Down in the description box, I will link nutrition coaching. I do offer personalized to you macros and calories. Highly recommend. This is what I follow to lose and maintain my 140 pound weight loss as well as one-on-one coaching for questions, accountability or to chat with me directly. Links to discounts to my favorite things and come join our Facebook group. It's free and we would love to have you. So let's chat about my week, my interesting weigh in and this week's Weight Watchers Workshop topic. Happy Friday friends. I hope you had an amazing, amazing week. I hope you have an amazing weekend. I had a really good week. I had a very interesting weigh in, unexpected interesting weigh in, but I also had some really great things happen this week. But before I jump in to my week and my weigh in, I wanna share with you an amazing, amazing deal on Stelae. So you know that I have been taking Stelae sleep supplement every single night for well over a year. It has literally changed my sleep game even more so now that I'm in perimenopause. It was very effective prior to that, but as I've moved into perimenopause, I cannot get good quality sleep without my Stelae's. I have gotten multiple questions this week on Stelae's if I'm still taking it, what are my thoughts on it? So I wanted to give you an update that yes, yes, yes, I take it every night and they are actually having a huge promotion right now where you can get your first bottle of Stelae's for only $15. Normally it's about $36 a bottle, which is still really affordable for such an effective natural sleep supplement. But right now your first bottle is only $15. So it's a great time to try out Stelae's and like I said, it has changed my sleep game. What I love about it is it helps me fall asleep and stay asleep and even more importantly than that I wake up fully refreshed when I take Stelae's. I don't wake up groggy. So I used to take melatonin and magnesium and I would just wake up not feeling my best. I don't have that with Stelae's at all. And one of my biggest issues is staying asleep at night. I'll wake up and have to use the restroom especially in perimenopause and then I can't go back to sleep, not with Stelae's.  It's vegan and it has the most amazing ingredients. I'll pop up here also on the screen a little bit more about each of the ingredients included in Stelae's. Again, completely natural, valerian root and hops, ashwagandha root, alfionine, bakopa, passionflower and then of course melatonin. So you take two capsules 30 to 45 minutes before bed. Make sure that you do that. Make sure you're taking it about a half an hour to 45 minutes before you go to sleep. The lights turn your phone off and get the best sleep of your life. It did take about five days or so of me taking Stelae's to really notice the difference. And like I said, I've been taking it over a year and it still helps me sleep beautifully every single night. So I will link it down below with that special offer for $15 off of your first bottle. Check, definitely take advantage of that. It is a limited time offer. And if you fall in love with Stelae's just like I did, you can purchase it monthly or I am on auto-ship. So mine is delivered to my doorstep every single month and you actually get a little bit of a discount if you sign up for the auto-ship. So I will link it down below for you, but yes, I still take it and I absolutely love it. And now let's chat a little bit about my week. So I had a really good week. I actually did a 5K on Saturday with my bootcamp group. It was in my community. This area is known for pecan. So there's quite a few pecan fields. So the pecan fields are literally five minutes from my house and we did a 5K through the trees. It was so much fun. It was absolutely breathtakingly beautiful. I got a lot of questions, do I run, do I walk, do I do a little bit of both? I typically do a little bit of both. I do some walking and some running. I'm not a runner. Running is not something I enjoy. I prefer to walk. Walking for me is better on my joints overall and I'm a really fast walker. I have super long legs so I'm a fast walker and I can burn as many calories as someone running at a slower pace, but I do like to push myself and run a little bit. During my 5Ks, it was really, really, like I said, it was really beautiful, really fun. Some of my girls from bootcamp were there and then after the 5K, we actually got fed a pancake breakfast by the firefighters in our community. It was just a great way to support a local community event, move my body and another 5K I can check off my list. It's just a reminder truly of how far I've come and what my goals are moving forward and beating my best time at 5Ks, continuing to do 10Ks. I would eventually like to work myself up to a 15K. I may shift my focus to doing a little bit more running down the road. Who knows? But right now, that 5K was another one to add to the list. Do to start my cycle any day now, according to my cycle tracking app in just a couple of days. So this week, I was hungry. I was hungry all week, especially as I get closer to my cycle. I just can't get satisfied. I'm constantly hungry and I have to be really mindful of not always giving into that hunger and taking myself out of a deficit. And this is also the time where my weight is really weird. It goes up, it goes down, mostly up. And then once I start my cycle, it kind of levels out after a few days. Every body is different, but that's typically how my body reacts when it comes to the scale. I just was extra hungry this week. So I really focused on eating at maintenance this week rather than being in any type of deficit because I wanted to make sure that I listened to my body and if I was hungry that I ate, but I tried to choose the right foods, if that makes sense. So I did suffer with a little bit more hunger this week. I got in all my workouts, boot camp, still absolutely loving co-pilot. My work, Kayleen, my coach just changed my workouts. You should be changing your strength training workouts every four to six weeks. So she asked me what I wanted to work on body part wise. I focus on upper body for those workouts. We changed it. I'm loving it. I truly love co-pilot. Like I can't praise co-pilot enough. I still have a link for 14 free days. Definitely check it out. There's no obligation. If you don't like it, cancel. But check it out, get a workout, talk to a coach, see if they can help you reach your goals. It's changed my life. I pay for it every month myself and I absolutely love it. Love Kayleen, my coach. Love, love, love my workout. So I'll link co-pilot for you as well. So before we talk about this weird weigh-in, let's chat about this week's Weight Watchers workshop topic. And that is how to hack your points budget. And this can also, these tips and tricks can also work for those of us counting calories and macros. Picture this, it's Sunday night and you're focused on setting your week up for success. You're thinking about what meals you're going to have, how you're gonna track your food, how you're going to stay on track, only to realize that you have happy hour with your best friend, pizza night with your family and a birthday party. There's no way you can do everything and stay on track, right? Wrong. Let me share some tips with you on how to navigate life but also reach your weight loss goals. Think about which meals, foods or events matter most to you this week. Do you live for Sunday brunch or got a birthday or night out planned? Then visualize your plate. What do you want on it and how much? Pre-track those food and drinks. How many points did you use? How many dailies or weeklies are leftover or how many calories are leftover? Sketch out the rest of your week. Where and how will you allot your remaining points? And if you want even more flexibility and points to play with, lean on zero point foods and low point recipes, also lean on low calorie, high volume foods, add points by moving more, you can log activity manually or sync your fitness tracker or do it automatically. If you're following macros and calories, do not add back in your exercise but you can move your body a little bit more to compensate. Use your weeklies and rollovers. Up to four unused daily points are automatically deposited into your weekly bank. And again, if you follow calories and macros, make those days your high calorie days and make up for that the rest of the days of the week. There is a lot of ways that you can navigate social gatherings and just because we're on a weight loss journey doesn't mean we shouldn't enjoy life. I traveled throughout my weight loss journey. I go out with my husband every weekend. I have girls nights with my boot camp and I still was able to lose and maintain my weight loss. We want to live a balanced lifestyle because that's what's sustainable. And that includes birthdays, celebrations, pizza nights and night outs with your girlfriends. You just wanna learn how to navigate those a little bit more effectively. Maybe you eat a little bit lower point, lower calorie foods throughout the day so that you have calories or points left over for that meal out.  But there's no need to skip events and to skip out on life because we're trying to lose weight. Don't give up anything. Don't give up life or events to lose weight. Find a way to balance it all for sustainability. I promise you by doing this to lose weight and you'll be able to do this to maintain that weight loss long-term. Speaking of weight, weight loss, maintenance, long-term, let's talk about this week's weigh-in. So like I mentioned, I've been extra, extra hungry this week. My weight has been very weird this week. I do weigh myself daily. So I see weight fluctuations. That's part of what healed my relationship with the scale. And boy did I have some fluctuations this week. Post my 5K, my weight was up. And one of you commented actually on my video last week where I talked about my hike and how my weight went up, that's very common for me. My body is sore, my muscles are fatigued, they're retaining water, they're inflamed. So I typically see a spike on the scale and then it generally will level itself out. Not this week. Not this week. I did see a big spike on the scale. It leveled out a little bit but when I stepped on the scale today I'm actually up one full pound. Now, do I think I gained a pound of fat? No. Do I think it's a weight fluctuation? Yes. It's a weight fluctuation based on me eating more calories this week. I really said, like I said, I focused on maintenance. I definitely ate more carbs this week. I definitely ate more processed food this week because I was extra snacky. And number two, it has a lot to do with my cycle. It's a fluctuation based on life. And that's okay. Am I, do I anticipate that one pound going away? Possibly. If it doesn't, am I mad about it? No. I'm okay gaining a pound. That's what maintenance is. Maintenance is not a number. It's a range. I'm well within the range that I set for myself to stay in during maintenance. So I'm not upset about a pound gain. I know it's not a pound of fat. It's most likely a fluctuation. We'll see what happens over the next few weeks but as of today when I stepped on the scale I am up one full pound. And I'm not letting it get to me at all.  I'm actually going to a cookie decorating and painting class on Saturday. I'm picking up a little nothing bunk cakes for me and the girls going. I've actually had never had nothing bunk cakes till a birthday party I went to this weekend. So I'm gonna have a little cake this weekend.  I'm not restricting calories. I'm not going to exercise more. I'm not going to change anything. I'm just going to continue to live my life and we'll see what happens on the scale. So let me know down below how was your week? Did you gain? Did you lose? What do you think about weight fluctuations? Are you okay with them on the scale? And how do you navigate events and parties throughout the week and staying on track and continuing on your health journey? Let us know everything down below and don't forget I will link the lace with that special $15 deal. Definitely pick it up. Check out Co-Pilot. Take advantage of the two free weeks. Some really great resources for you down in that description box. Give this video a thumbs up if you enjoyed it. Comment, let me know how your week was and don't forget to come join my Facebook group. We'd love to have you. Thank you for watching friends. Happy Friday and I'll see you in tomorrow's grocery haul.


CNO joined the Washington Nationals in honoring the victims of the Washington Navy Yard shooting during a ceremony at Nationals Park April 4th. The Major League Baseball team unveiled a plaque in remembrance of lives lost and lives forever changed by the September 16th, 2013 shooting. It's an honor and a privilege to be out here to do this for the Navy families. We've been remembering this unfortunate day for a long time. But now we've got it outside the Navy Yard and this neighborhood in the form of the Washington Nationals have embraced the Washington Navy Yard and the families that work there. I don't see the families and the victims and this is magnificent. Nationals Park is less than a mile from the Navy Yard and CNO thanked them for being a good neighbor. From the Defense Media Activity, I'm Petty Officer Stuart Phillips.


This research develops a landslide susceptibility index, LSI, using a GIS-based interdisciplinary approach to map areas prone to trigger slope instability phenomena in the Sorrentina Peninsula, Italy. The LSI combines five weighted and ranked susceptibility parameters, including remote sensing, geolithology, and morphometry data. In SAR technique was used to obtain ground displacement time series and relative mean ground velocity maps, while airborne photo-interpretation identified geomorphological peculiarities connected to potential slope instability. The resulting LSI map classifies the two municipalities with high spatial resolution, 2M, according to five classes of instability, with 85% prediction accuracy for historical landslides. This article was authored by Claudia Spinetti, Marina Bissen, Cristiano Tolomey, and others.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss a question which says that a quantity is tops twice, what is the probability of getting at least one tail? Now before starting the solution of this question we should know a result and that is the probability of an event e that is p e is equal to number of outcomes favorable to e whole upon total number of possible outcomes. Now this result will work out as a key idea for solving out this question and now we will start with the solution. Now it is given that a coin is tossed twice. Now even experiment of tossing a coin twice the total number to the outcomes that is head-head, head-tail, tail-head and tail-tail. Now we have to find the probability of getting at least one tail. Now let of getting at least one tail. So number of outcomes favorable to e that is getting at least one tail. So here the number of outcomes favorable to e are that is tail-head and tail-tail where in all these three we are getting at least one tail. Now for finding out the probability we will use the formula which is given in the key idea. So probability of the event e that is probability of getting at least one tail is equal to number of outcomes favorable to e over total number of possible outcomes. So here the total number of possible outcomes are 4 and number of outcomes favorable to e are. So putting these values here this will be equal to 3 by 4. Therefore probability of getting at least one tail is equal to 3 by 4. So this is the solution of the given question and that's all for this session. Hope you all have enjoyed the session.