Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this lecture we are going to be talking about astronomy and science a little bit in general, and looking at some of the things that we will be studying. So this serves as an introduction to our very first chapter in the textbook, and we'll start looking at, again, some of the things that we will study in astronomy, and just some things about science in general. Well let's go ahead and get started, and we find, first of all, what is astronomy? So this is a good question. Astronomy is the study pretty much of everything, the universe, and everything in it. So you will see that we will be looking at a lot of different things in this class, and I give you some here that we can look at, and we'll be looking at things like planets and moons, such as the planet Mars seen here, and many of the moons, hundreds of moons within the solar system, so we will talk about those. We will look at asteroids and comets. Here is an image of a comet as it stretches back across the sky. Those are some of the smaller debris within our own solar system. We will look at stars in some classes, and here's an example of a star cluster known as the Pleiades, and the individual stars often don't really look like much because they're just points of light, but we'll often study things like star clusters in some of the classes. We'll look at galaxies, such as the spiral galaxy seen here, perhaps somewhat similar to our own galaxy, the Milky Way, if we could look at it from outside. We will look at nebulae. Here's an example of a nebula, and a nebula is often, depending on the type of nebula, can be a star-forming region, and there are also nebulae that are present that are the end-states of stars, so the debris left behind when a star dies. We look at black holes, and here we see an artist's conception of material swirling into a black hole, and of course much more, so lots of things that we will be looking at over the course of the semester. What you study depends on what class you're taking, so some of my classes will focus just on the planets, and we'll focus on these first two. We'll look at things outside the solar system and look at the other areas, stars and galaxies. So really what we study depends on the specific class that you are taking. So why do we study astronomy? Well, one of the reasons is that astronomy is a very general science. It's nice in that you get a little bit of a taste of everything. So we will see some chemistry, biology, geology. We will look at all of the other sciences, physics as well as astronomy. So in order to study astronomy, even at the introductory level, you will see a little bit of all of these other sciences as well. The other idea is that studying any other science or astronomy teaches a way of thinking and a way to critically analyze information and apply that to everyday situations. So a way to analyze things that we see and think about them. It also gives us a better understanding of our universe and where we fit into the universe, and we will look at that coming up in a future lecture. So let's take a look at what we mean by scientific thinking here, and what we have is, what do we mean by scientific thinking? Well, some of the terms that we look at are terms like hypothesis, which is a proposal. So if you've ever done a science fair, science project, you often come up with your hypothesis, which is something to explain. What are you going to either verify or prove false? So for example, you could do something like it was done in ancient times when the sun was observed to rise in the east every day, and then set in the west, that meant that the sun must orbit the earth. That is a perfectly reasonable hypothesis, because it is something that can be tested. We can keep testing it, and does the sun keep rising in the east every day? Now the idea is that you have to continually test it, and eventually you may find some condition that would be predicted by your idea that the sun rises in the east, and some other prediction that would make that the sun orbits the earth, that would find that this would not be true. And that's why I say that it must be testable. So an example, if we want to say that the moon is made of green cheese, that is a valid hypothesis in that it is something that can be tested. So you can take samples of the moon and find out what it is made up of. But it is something that is testable. Now a hypothesis differs from a theory in that a theory is a hypothesis that has been tested many, many times, and has stood the test of times. So when we start calling something a theory, it is been very well tested. So a hypothesis is generally the beginning, and then a theory would be the next step. So when you say something is just a theory, you sometimes hear that, that's really not a good way to think about it. Theory is based on years of observation and study that kind of demonstrate that this seems to work in most situations or all situations. It's been continually tested. The other thing that we look at sometimes is the scientific models. So it's a simplified representation. When we study atoms, we simplify the way we look at them in order to be able to easily understand and easily try to determine what is happening with them. So an example of this is that if we're studying the sun, we might assume that the sun is spherical. Now in reality, the sun is not quite spherical. It's a squashed sphere. However, when you're doing detailed calculations, it's far easier to do them with a sphere than with an ellipsoid, which would be the actual shape of our sun and of some of the planets. So it makes it easier to do this, and we do these models that do make simplifying assumptions simply to be able to understand and explain things better and to better be able to test various hypotheses as we're looking at those. Now, we also want to look at the scientific method. The scientific method is an ongoing process, so it never ends. It continues onward, and that's why we show it in a circle here. So you might start with making observations, which lead to questions that will come up, and then those questions might lead you to a hypothesis which makes different predictions, and then you can do an experiment to continue those and make more observations. And it's a continuing cycle, because the whole idea behind the scientific method is that it continues onward. Now, there's a couple things that can happen. You can make your predictions, and you can test them, and they might be correct. That's great. So if you find that your prediction is correct, then you find that you want to make more predictions. You want to continue this. So a theory is really never proven correct, although it can be proven wrong. So when we look at a theory, we consider what might be done there and what other things, how we can continue to test it and push that theory to its limits. Now, if you find things to be incorrect, well, that's a little bit of a problem. You may be able to modify your hypothesis. Maybe you can make some adjustments that will fit this data. And we'll look at some examples of that over the course of the semester.  So you may be able to adjust your hypothesis here, or you may have to completely change it to move on, depending on the observations that you make. But the whole key is that things are continually tested. So even things like relativity. Relativity is constantly being pushed to its limits, even though it's been around for over a hundred years now to be able to see where the limits of it are, and that allows us then to better understand things in the universe. So let's go ahead and finish up here, our first lecture with our summary. First of all, we talked about astronomy and how that is the study of the universe and everything in it, and we looked at a few examples of that. We study astronomy to learn a specific way of thinking, the scientific way of thinking, and we looked at the scientific method as a never-ending process that allows the theories and models to be continually refined and improved. So that concludes this lecture on astronomy and science. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then, have a great day, everyone, and I will see you in class.


My name is Gillard Sokaman. I am professor of linguistics and chair of endangered languages at the University of Adelaide in Australia. I have been involved with language reclamation for several years, with linguistics for many, many years, and it's a great pleasure to live in Australia. Okay cool, so Esperanus, we generally, obviously we love languages type of thing, and you work within the whole area of reviving languages, especially Aboriginal languages. So what's the biggest challenge with that? The first important challenge is to ensure that all the community of Aboriginal people would like to reclaim their language. The more people the better, and of course I'm not interested in laboratorial reclamation, so I'm not interested in reclaiming language in a laboratory. I'm interested to work together with the community. After that, we have the challenge that for reclamation you have to give up some other activities. For example, say every Sunday, instead of playing football or a footy or soccer, you need to go to study the language of your ancestors. And of course, some children might prefer football, might prefer soccer. However, I have to say that the more I speak to Aboriginal Australians, the more I see how important they consider language as. They agree with me that language is the loss of language, is the loss of cultural autonomy, the loss of language is the loss of intellectual sovereignty. They feel that it's a loss of their soul, a loss of heritage. Now, the next difficulty is how do we, for example, teach the grammar of the language? You know, you need to teach people who are not linguists, they might not know IPA, International Phonetic Alphabet. I believe that we need to use a very user-friendly accessible spelling. It's true that Shakespeare spelled his surname in five different ways. None of which was S-H-A-K-E-S-P-E-A-R-E, none of which, so spelling was not important. But nowadays it is sometimes important because you have this kind of tendency towards unity. Everybody wants, oh, a Bangalai is written, B-A-R-N-G-A-R-L-A, rather than Bangala, which is how, for example, Glamour Wilhelm Schumann wrote down his dictionary with B rather than B. As you know, in Aboriginal languages there is no difference between P and B, no differences between D and T, no difference between G and K, by and large. So it doesn't really matter whether it's Ghana or Ghana or Camilo or Camilo. You mentioned grammar previously. What is the biggest difference between, say, English grammar and Aboriginal, obviously all Aboriginal languages are different, but just in general? In general, whereas the phonetics and phonology are relatively easy, the cases are much harder. You have ergative case, for example, as opposed to accusative case. So, for example, when you say the dog sleeps, the dog will be similar to I see the dog, but if you want to say the dog eats the apple, the dog will actually be different because this is the dog which is the subject or the agent of a transitive verb. So this is an ergative system, which is very different from English. In Aboriginal languages we have many, many pronouns, many, many pronouns to learn. You have dual, sometimes you have hyperplural. In Bangala, mina means eye, minalbili means two eyes, minary means eyes, plural.  So you have mina, minalbili, minary, minaliarana. In English you only have eye and eyes, so you only have two options. In Bangala, which is a Torayura, Aboriginal language of Air Peninsula, you have four different options. So this is just an example of the wealth, of the richness of Aboriginal languages. Okay, cool. And my final question is, because I run an Esperanto channel, what do you think about Esperanto? I think it's a wonderful idea. It's a very Jewish idea. And even if I didn't know, I would have guessed that the inventor was Jewish. You can see it in Esperanto very clearly. There is a Yiddish component there, of course, along with the German, with the Slavonic, with the Italian component. I think that to have a language that unifies the world is beautiful. I personally believe that every person should have at least four mother tongues.  Then you can have your heritage mother tongue, and for example, Bangala, in the case of an Aboriginal Australian, and then you can have a fourth mother tongue, which is another language. So absolutely, I do not think that Esperanto contradicts the reclamation or revitalization or reinvigoration of endangered languages. On the contrary, most of the Esperantists I know are actually language lovers, and they love languages, including minority languages and languages that are very much to be empowered. Awesome, thanks for that. It's a pleasure.


This is Brett with Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Jeep and Jeep Wrangler headquarters. Today we are checking out this brand new 2020 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara in Ocean Blue Metallic. This one has a 3.6L V6 Pentastar motor. The 8-speed automatic transmission has the premium or the 8.4 and premium audio group, the LED lighting group, the trailer tow and heavy-duty electrical group and the leather trim seats, cold weather package and just a lot of really great stuff, the color match hard top. We're going to go around it, just do a quick walk around here and then we're going to get up close and check out all the exact options on this Jeep. Get inside and honestly this would be the one that I would buy if I was going to get a Wrangler today just from the styling and options on it. Bridgestone Dualer 25570R18 tires, they're painted in polished aluminum alloy rims. You get an all terrain tread on there. The painted pockets are granite crystal and you do get the little Jeep logo on the back. We'll take a little bit closer look on the spare tire that's in the light more. Get the LED running lights in the fenders. The LED running lights around the main lights and these are LEDs as well and LED fog lamps. You get the silver seven-slotted grille inserts. This one has the plastic bumpers with the silver inserts around the bezels there, the fog light bezels. Get the chrome trimmed Sahara and Jeep logos, the black Wrangler Unlimited sticker there. You get the Torx 50 stamping on the door hinge bolts which tells you which Torx wrench to use. You get the little flip flops, kind of hard to see but they are there. You get the flip flops on the plastic piece there. You get the little Wrangler climbing up the side as well. The factory step bars become standard on the Sahara. We'll take a look at the original window sticker here. Feel free to pause this at any second to take a look at all the options here but you can see the V6. Down here are the optional equipment, the ocean blue, the leather trim seats, cold weather group, trailer tone, heavy-duty electrical group, the LED lighting group, 8.4 and premium audio group, 8-speed automatic, 3.6 liter V6 and the three-piece color match hardtop is also an option for a total of 51805 MSRP, 22 highway 19 city for an average of 20 and four stars front and rollovers three. The others are not rated but we're going to continue on the walk around here. Just from the last video I did on one of these it kind of ran long so I'm going to make this one a little quicker. LED tail lamps, the toe package with the four pin and seven pin wiring. That's a really nice polished aluminum, the granite painted pockets, the little Jeep logo on there and it does have the HD backup camera. Wait till we get inside and you can see just how HD and nice that backup camera is. Definitely one of the best things about the new Wranglers is that backup camera. You have the case for your hardtop pieces, the alpine subwoofer back here. You do get a storage area, holders for all your bolts. It does come with the hardtop removal kit and your hitch cover. There's also jack tools in there. You get a spot to put your electrical and windshield washer fluid hose that stores right there and there's three bolts on each side, one on the top of each side so a total of four to get that hardtop off. Color match bars back here. They made these rear gates a lot lighter. You also get this badge back here for the JL wheel base overall length, water folding and all that good stuff. Now watch how nice and smooth that door swings. It's so nice and smooth now compared to what they used to be. You get the LED license plate lighting as well. The metal fuel doors on here that color match hardtop is color matched on all three pieces, the two in the front and then the big one in the back. Really really a good looking Jeep. It does come with the heated mirrors.  The cold weather group gives you the black leather interior. Well the leather group gives you the black leather interior.  Both these seats are heated. Side curtain airbags are now standard on the Wranglers. Factory floor mats, auto headlamps, tilt and telescopic steering wheel which is new for the JL. Power locks, power mirrors. Inside the seven inch LCD display gives you the digital spinometer. Compass outside temp. Yes it is only seven degrees here today. Little chilly. Heated steering wheel, cruise controls on the right, Bluetooth and information center controls on the left and audio controls on the back. It has like the nice chrome finish around there and the Jeep logo in the center. So this is the 8.4 touchscreen radio. This is the 4C radio. I got it up on the off-road pages. There's a lot to go through on this radio so I'm going to make it pretty quick but because you got the navigation system and the 8.4 here you get the off-road pages which has a lot of really cool stuff. My favorite is the pitch and the roll so if you're going down a hill it'll tell you how at what angle you're at or if you're on the side of a mountain or a hill it'll tell you what your roll is so that you know exactly where you're at. You got your latitude and longitude, your altitude there as well.  So as I turn the wheels left you can see now I'm at a 23 degree angle. Just a lot of really neat information if you like that sort of thing on this radio. Has your transfer case whether you're in too high, too high, too high or too low. Really cool stuff. So it also has being a radio, AM, FM and Serious XM radio capabilities. The Alpine Premium sound system with the subwoofer in the back sounds great. You get your climate control here. You got dual climate controls. You can do where it's blowing up there and you also can do your heated seats and heated steering wheel buttons here. If you don't like the controls up here you can do them down here as well. The more tactile buttons and the knobs and now they started putting where you can do the mode. They never had that button so you always had to go to the radio to change where it was blowing on the old 8.4s but not on this radio. Very cool stuff there and then of course you get your navigation system and that shows up there. This one also has Android Auto and Apple CarPlay where you can project to the screen from your cell phone and then it also has Serious XM traffic and Serious XM travel link. You also get Serious Guardian for a year on this radio. The travel link and traffic are for five years. Then you also get Serious Traffic Plus on this radio. The Guardian service is for one year and that's where you can like start your car from your cell phone which is pretty cool stuff once you get into that. So that's the entire radio. Now the best thing about this vehicle like I said is the backup camera and if you have your HD capabilities turn them on because then you can see that this radio is HD on that backup camera and it has the dynamic grid lines as well as the center grid line which shows you right where you're going to be hooking up to a trailer with your receiver hitch and your tow group. Down here you have your window controls also your AUX, USB and USB-C. The four auxiliary switches for your electrical or heavy-duty electrical group. You get the little Jeep logo on the eight speed automatic shifter and the four by four shifter right there. Always like showing the key fobs on these. They're really big. They're really chunky. You've got the remote start on here. It's a flip-out key and it says Jeep on the back. You're always going to know which key fob you're grabbing when you're reaching your pocket just because it's a very unique shaped key and it's heavy and it's yeah it's just big and bulky and and really tough. You have the leather wrapped dash on the Sahara package unlike the Rubicons. They come in either gray or red and it's metal and then the sports I think are gray metal as well but these are leather wrapped on the Saharas. Just a little bit of a refinement which I guess you would get from the Sahara and then you got the crushed eggshell finish hard top pieces. They come off like they always did except the bolts aren't in there. You get SOS and assist up here and then your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lane systems which is new for the JL as well. I'm going to go through the back seats real quick here because we're running out of time. You do get two USBs two USB-C's and a 115 volt 150 watt plug-in. You get latch child safety system. These seats do fall down for extra storage. They go down nice and flat and easy and those headrests do stay down even though no one's back there or that they're up and then you get factory floor mats. Lots more room. Child safety locks on the back doors and we're going to do one more quick walk around here. I'd personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video I've been able to check out the Sahara package and everything that goes with it and to see more videos like this one you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto. In fact you see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left and you link to more Wrangler videos like this one on your right. If you haven't been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website click those check us out. Thanks for checking out the video.


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Dancing outside the concentration camp, rave music pounding through our bones like bombs. A disco at the genocide, baby. A disco at the genocide. Twerking outside the open-air prison, raving while Gaza asphyxiates. Twirling glowsticks while a final solution is planned. Just an innocent bit of fun. Chill out and dance outside the concentration camp. What could possibly go wrong? We've got the IDF looking after us. They never let anything bad happen. So dance while the Palestinians are squeezed to death. Dance while the polar ice caps melt. Dance while the oceans fill with plastic. Dance while the rainforests disappear. Dance while nuclear warheads are primed. Dance while mothers scream impossible screams. Dance while the arms industry reaps record profits. Dance while fathers pick up pieces of their kids. Dance while AI helps exterminate families. Dance while Gazans dehydrate under rubble. Dance while limbs are amputated without anesthesia. Dance while death machines patrol the sky. Dance while the newsman fills our heads with lies. Dance while the podium man denies everything he sees. Dance while the sharp-tooth manipulators scheme. Dance while our minds are turned into machines. Dance to the beat of imperial citrants. Dance to the beat of the Pentagon polka. What could possibly go wrong? Dance outside the concentration camp. A disco at the genocide, baby. A disco at the genocide.


How many pairs of shoes do you have in your collection? Um, well, I kind of just started. I'd probably say like six or seven. Okay, that's a set, that's a set. That's a hot start. How many pairs of shoes do you have in your collection? I'd say 20. About 20. Okay, okay. How many pairs of shoes do you have in your sneaker collection? Personally, I got like 30, 40. Okay. I think around there. I got a couple like I sell like on the side, you know.


of course it is, it's the Toxapex team with their Riolo, which looks a lot of fun, okay and it's got a Snorlax, and it's got a Ferrothorn, and a Confable, okay this looks cool, can you remind me heavily of a singles team, but we'll see what we can do, well what do you mean Toxapex team, well it's got Toxapex on it hasn't it, that's I'm sure that's what it's called, I could be a, and yeah Toxapex look, what do we got on it, I think this is a singles team, no it might not, no it definitely not, it could be, I don't know it might not be, nah, what have we got on here, is that a new thingy, okay what have we got on you, so we've got, it's a copycat trick room team, of course, of course this reminds me, where's that trick room then, Shandy, okay this is perfect, hmmm, right she complicates things with the fake out, I do want to get Shandy in though, if we can get a trick room that would be good, but we might need to stall out a few things first, okay let's bring a fable, and let's bring Rilu, no, no, no, yeah let's bring Rilu, Shandy, and Snow, and Toxapex, let's do that, okay let's go for that, been such a long time since I've seen Toxapex, like I always see Toxapex when I play like singles or like OU singles, and never outside of that, ever, but I always think of it in doubles, I always think it could probably do some work, it's a cool, it's such a tank of a Pokemon, but yeah, Sawtooth how you doing, I'm doing good dude, I hope you're having a great day, thanks for hoping to join us tonight, is this the water or the dark, let me see I didn't see your fist, the dark one, okay, okay we'll try and get a calm mind up, oh you can quick guard, okay that's pretty nice, that's actually really nice, okay I really like this, okay this is good, okay we'll do this, we're gonna take a wicked blow for our troubles into, or a close combat into Rilu, but it's got close, it's got the sash so we're fine, we'll deal with this, bake out from Raichi, that's ideal, I love that, okay, look at Blah, it's fine, I mean we resist with both, but Rilu gonna do that and we'll get a calm mind up, which is perfect, I'm just having this really bad thought of being like I want to, I want to max Clefable right now after the calm mind boost, because I think we can like really stomp on like so many things here, let me just see what options we've got on the Rory, quick guard, worth, Janna Claw, we'll double in too, let's go Starfall and go for that as well, let's try this, skipper you know by the pauses that what type is this, yeah dude I'm kind of trying to look after at the, I try and look at the fists, because one's got open fist, one's got closed fist, chat I've done a good job of educating me on the Oshifu, I always appreciate the educational talks I get on which type Oshifu is, now you can tell, getting there though, I'm learning, I'm learning, but thank you so much, right Doraladon hitting the field, I'm gonna see a cheeky old nuzzle, just a vault switch, gonna try and get rid of our Rilu, rude, rude, but Rilu done a good job, have Rilu on my sharp healer team for both copycat and coaching, it's nice, it's a nice option for sure, you could have copycat, we could blow or we could have, oh damn, I forget that you see copycat such a cool move and I always forget about how it works and some of the things that it can actually do, some nice damaging to Doraladon for sure and we get our terrain up, I think Doraladon's probably gonna max, but we can get Shandy in I think, we can probably get a trick room up as well, I think trick room here's really good, if we can get it up, you gotta hope that the Doraladon goes, we must speed away with Shandala, that makes a big, big, big decision here for us, I mean they're probably gonna, okay, yeah, we need to trick room, we need to trick room, yeah, let's go after Doraladon again and yeah, let's go for the trick room, let's try and get it up, okay, this looks, this looks promising, this looks very promising, right, you're gonna come in, unless they taunt Shandala, they're going for the BB, okay, perfect, it's ideal, they can't fake us out or anything this next turn, right, you going down and we're nice, we're in a perfect position now, oh, this is, this is beautiful, when you can max a Clefable, they love Clefable as well, such a cool Pokemon, he doesn't love Clefable though, I mean max Clefable, max Wiggly tough, all the good stuff, hmm, maybe just Heatwave and probably Starfall's enough to even get Talonflame, I mean Heatwave will definitely be enough to get, well it'll be enough Chip I think, that's right, right, you go for that, you go for that Helping Hand, Heatwave, and we hit, perfect, that's all we needed and I think Starfall will definitely be enough, we are plus one, so Cameron's like why is this team working, it's just, it just is dude, it's just that good, just, it's so legit, we couldn't actually, it was too good for us to see, honestly it's really good, I love it, I love it, we're gonna have two, two straight victories with it, I promise you, is she coming in, we've got to contend with Sucker Punch of course, which is not great, but what are we on the back, we've got Toxapex in the back, it's fine, we just go after Deraladon, have we got like anything like, I mean we got Protect, which isn't bad, and we could protect, because they're definitely gonna Sucker Punch, or is it worth just attacking, because I think we probably get Deraladon, even if it maxes anyway, or could we switch to Toxapex, what's Toxcott, not really got the options we need, I think we'll just protect here, because they're gonna Sucker Punch, I think they have to Sucker Punch to be honest, unless they max Urshifu, are they maxing Urshifu, if Pex is just so close to it, it's gonna win dude, you can feel it, it's gonna work, okay Deraladon we need to get, we are plus one, it's gonna be close, Deraladon depends if it's AV or not, I don't know if it is by the damage we did earlier, we just need this Urshifu to be Sucker Punch, which we would imagine, yeah there we go, okay, so can we get plus one, oh it's so close, it is so close, can we take this, I don't think we can, clippable, coming through, and we got the berry so we're gonna be able to do this, this is magical, okay this is perfect, there we go, if that's banded Urshifu as well that's beautiful, how many turns of trick room have we got left, to more than enough, they can only max guard so many times, let's switch into Toxapex, let's see if they've got that Sucker Punch, protect doesn't work against Urshifu, might as well go for the heat, now yeah you're right it doesn't work against Urshifu but Sucker Punch relies on you attacking and so with Chandler not attacking that turn it means that the Sucker Punch will always fail so that's why we kind of went for it, we get rid of the Deraladon which is ideal, we've got one turn of trick room left and we're in a magical, magical, beautiful Disney Pokemon Wonderland with Clippable Toxapex, okay well we'll go for a moonlight here because that is what we do and we'll go for a Toxic, here we go friends and they have a full health Urshifu but Frankie doesn't want to play on, Toxapex, Clefable getting the win, okay we just need one more and it's a clean sweep, undefeated Clefable Toxapex team, there we go, imagine if Toxapex Clefable gets us the Masterbolt here, will he saw Toxapex in step 4 phase like I'm not playing this anymore, team's great, team is great, I love it, I love it, we're gonna win again now, watch, watch, we'll do it with Clefable again, okay we go to Oconine, Dugtrio, Hogdogs on a Hill, Primerina, Gothatel, Lapras and Amugus and Pacero95, thank you so much for the follow, thanks for joining us tonight, Masterbolt here in sight, Dugtrio is here, we've got to be careful because there's double trap here, this is a parish trap team for sure, Primerina and Lapras gonna try and perish everything and trap us and kick our big butts that way, okay, Shandy's quite good to get around the trap and aspects, the only issue is there's two water types there that don't give us the best of times and what's our best route gonna be dealing with this, okay, let's go Shandy, it's a sassy situations first, maybe, we need just big hit as that's the way to do it against these sort of teams, let's go Toxapex, big hit as he says, let's go Ferrothorn, I think we'll have to bench Clefable for this one, I think we need a bit more firepower here and I think I need that combination between Shandy and Ferrothorn to get around the Oconine and the water types and that way it gives us a bit of good synergy there and try and get rid of the Gothatel first because then the trap's gone, I don't think the Dugtrio is gonna be too much of an issue but we'll see, gonna have Sash though, 100%, well there is a trap on the field, it does threaten Toxapex as well, okay, well we can switch, I think it's awkward switching Ferrothorn because then as soon as we do that we kind of open ourselves up to an Oconine switching in which is never good but I mean with Toxapex on the field kind of not in the worst spot, I mean is it gonna be better to get Snorlax in and then we can max and just start going for some max strikes, keep Shandy for the end, let's go for Snorlax here, let's do that, yeah we've got one more month of series six and then series seven starts with all the crown tundra stuff, well we didn't time out did we? No, I did time out, what am I doing? I'm gonna pair a song, I don't know what I've went for, okay well this it doesn't matter, have we, oh my god if we get the burn as well, there you go that's what you get for ally switching, let's go, oh my god, I can't believe we just did that, that's actually nuts, alright this is what Toxapex I'm telling you, you don't even need to, you don't even need to select the move of Toxapex and it knows what to do, knows what to do, I mean what we're gonna do is go for the body slam there and we'll go for a bin for Bunker because we haven't seen the parish just yet, the tree are gonna protect, that's fine, the car is just with the ways we'd be ally switched yet, 100%, now this is where things get very tricky because we just haven't got the fire power to cut through the team, now they max and get their overall avail up and we don't have a way to switch out, what have we got in the back, okay Shana left there, it's not the worst, especially if they haven't brought the arcanine, I'm not gonna max, I don't think we max at all here, we just body slam, I mean we could toxic but it's not really gonna do us any good, we may as well just scald I think, let's cover the ally switch just in case they go for it again, okay they're not gonna, they're just gonna protect Lapras which is fine so we should get the Dugtria, it's gonna, oh god, oh god, it's gonna dig, dig, the thing is Dugtria goes down this next turn, I mean then they have to bring in Gotha Tel, okay I mean Toxapex is gonna just go down anyway, we may as well get the toxic onto the Lapras, okay Lapras switching out, we're setting the yeah Gotha Tel coming in, okay I mean if we can get rid of both of their, I would have thought I would have went into the Toxapex to be honest, if we can get rid of both of their trappers that makes things a lot easier to get around the parish team, see how much this does, not quite enough and I think, I don't think we've got enough turns to get rid of all of these Pokemon, as Lapras probably comes back in now and just protect, we've got to protect fake out, yeah and then that's both Snorlax and Toxapex gone, the dig stall, the dig stall is real and low, low tech, I can't even read the rod, low tech rod, how you doing? This is your first stream, thanks so much for coming by dude, it's great to have you here tonight and I'm really sorry for butchering your name but I hope you enjoy this stream, I'm just in the middle of like, it's probably the worst time to come in, I'm like mind-brained dead from this parish team trying to think of a way to get around it but like they're just gonna double protect now, there's not really too much I can do to get around it, unless, it's always worth doing this, see if we can switch out but I don't think yeah we can't switch out, you never know the goth tell might not always be shadow tag, we'll go for the goth, I mean they're both gonna protect or we could see a fake out protect, I don't think we'll probably just double protect here, I mean if we can get rid of the goth tell that's a huge bonus for us, I doubt we will be able to though, no no, you never know sometimes I've played games before where you just assume that it's always shadow tag, you know it's mainly on ladder where you get trolled but it's always worth it, you know in these situations they try and you be like oh my god, we just did it for no reason, okay so we're gonna lose Snorlax and we're gonna lose Toxapex now, it all really comes down to, I mean Shandler will be able to get the goth tell this next turn and just whether or not they actually go for, it's the parish that we need to stop okay and I think we need to read an ally switch this next turn, so I think we need to double, yeah they've got to go for the parish and I think they have to, yeah I think we've got to double the Lapras slot but not double the Lapras slot, double the goth tell slot, if that makes sense because I think they're gonna ally switch and we need to remove the Lapras from the field, I mean Shandler is probably not gonna be able to remove it anyway but because it's gonna get his parish up before Farathon can move but if not we'll get rid of the goth tell and then we got three turns to potentially take down, maybe a primarina, I don't know if we'll be able to do that, we'll see, okay well we get the ally switch call right so there we go, yeah okay well it out speeds everything we just need to hope that the power, the power up should get the Lapras, it's just about trying to power through these last few Pokemon because if we can get rid of whatever the partner is to goth tell it means that we win the game because Farathon, okay that's not ideal, unless we do, oh my god it's so close, okay Max Phantasm will get it and the Poison's actually gonna take the goth tell down before the parish ends anyway so they may need to switch that out, okay Phantasm again, I'm gonna go Gyro and I'll go power it because they may want to switch the goth tell out into like primarina or something and if we can catch that potentially that would be good, okay well we're gonna get a Lapras here, I don't think we've got enough turns to like actually get rid of the partner and Pokemon to goth tell, oh that's the problem I think, I think we just still lose, yeah and they still got their Dynamax which is the worst, let's say decide not to Dynamax, it depends what this last Pokemon is, right but goth, it's got, I think goth tell's got like two turns left with the toxic tick we'll see what that does, right yeah we'll go down the following turn, we've got two turns, two turns to get rid of one Pokemon, depends what it is, it's gonna be primarina isn't it, yeah okay, I mean if we can get the Phantasm into it, drop its defense, maybe Power Whip would be enough to get it, now it's whether or not we call the ally switch here, goth tell just protected, I don't think they go for the ally switch because we kind of called it last time you know, I'm not gonna go for it this time, I think we just go for the primarina here, okay it's gonna max, let's hope they don't ally switch, you could need a hit parish song teams, they're nasty when you haven't got like the offense to kind of break through them, it's very difficult like you need big big hitters Charizard PZ, like primarina is good as well, you know you need like you need to be doing a lot, when for the ally switch are you kidding, okay well I guess it's got nothing else to go for, max overgrow, okay this is actually nuts because now they're setting up the terrain, the grassy terrain, they're gonna have minus one defense, can pherathon pick up a knockout into primarina, because we've got one more turn after this, potentially, they just max guard and win, unless we can take, I don't think we take down a primarina from full health max, even in grassy terrain, we do come on, come on, we do it fam, we do it, we do it, that's what you get, Clefable Toxpex comes through again, oh my god, yes, that was epic, good game to my opponent, come on, okay didn't expect that to take it down, Pherathon is the king, okay that was amazing, that was amazing, okay that was like a hypest moment, okay


All right, everyone, next up in our handstand prep progression, we're doing hanging. We're trying to increase mobility of the upper body without loading the wrists so much just to kind of keep your body healthy while you're training through all this stuff. Next one, we previously did a knee raise to straight leg lowering and now we're going to just try to keep the legs straight the whole time. So same setup as like our plank, we've got a little hip tuck. We turn our outer lower abs on and then I keep my legs straight and pick them up as high as I can. Just like that. Try to get them up pretty high. Your quad here might cramp. That quad gets really, really short when you pick your legs up. So you might not be able to clear your hip level, kind of like how your knee clears knee level or hip level. But it's kind of like it's worth shooting for and it's worth trying to maybe not pause because it's a really hard position to stay in. You could if you want to demonstrate how alpha you are to everyone, but that would be kind of a progression. What I at least want to see is you staying controlled. Even if you don't pause here before you come down, I just want you to kind of keep the tempo on the way up and on the way down.  That is the hanging straight leg raise.


Supermarkets matter for South Africa and the Southern African region. From the perspective of shoppers, you and I, a one-stop shopping experience, but importantly from the perspective of suppliers and developing capabilities of suppliers in the region, supermarkets offer a pathway through which suppliers can supply their products not just in their local respective countries, but throughout the Southern African region. A handful of supermarkets in South Africa tend to dominate the sector, so your top four supermarkets tend to hold more than 70% of the South African market. Given that South African supermarkets have a network in Southern Africa, most of the investment in supermarket industry is by South African players in the rest of the region. So having access to that network is extremely important for suppliers located in the different countries in Southern Africa. It is the way in which they can get their products not just in their own country, but into neighboring countries. We look at what are some of the challenges and the bottlenecks present that make it very difficult for suppliers to get their product onto supermarket shelves and how some of these challenges can be overcome. Our research is conducted primarily through in-depth interviews with players along the supermarket value chain. So starting from your suppliers of supermarkets, your in-between wholesalers, your independent retailers, as well as the large supermarkets chains themselves. This is supplemented with trade data from publicly available data sources. Supermarkets can take active policies to open up shelf space for locally produced products, regionally produced products, and to some extent displace imports of these products. They can do this by reducing the costs associated with getting a product on a supermarket shelf. They can take active and active stance in making sure that it's affordable for small and medium suppliers in the region to get their product onto supermarkets shelves. One win-win solution would be promoting alternative routes to market. So not your traditional supermarkets, but alternative routes such as municipal markets, wholesalers, buying groups, etc., in order to get suppliers linked to consumers. And this is something that policymakers can do in the region to ensure that capabilities are built in municipal markets, for example.


Welcome to this episode of Door Hardware Nerds. I'm your host, Mia Merrill. For April, we're gonna be focusing on sustainability. Now, I know this is the March 30th episode, but I'm really excited about this, so we're gonna spill over a little bit. Today, we're gonna talk about the Global Sustainability Report. And to do this, I'm joined by Amy Massanti. Amy, please introduce yourself and tell us about your role here. Hey, everyone, thanks, Mia. It's good to see you all today. I'm Amy Massanti. I'm the Director of Sustainability at Assa Ablai Door Security Solutions. I've been with Assa Ablai for over 15 years at this point. And in my role with sustainability, I work very closely with our product teams, our innovation teams, our manufacturing teams to help green our products and processes. And then I work very closely with our sales and specification teams to be face-to-face with our customers and teach them about how sustainability is important to doors and hardware in a progressive built environment. All right, great. So let's get into it. What is a sustainability report? Sustainability report is very much like the report cards that we used to get in school.  And so that's pretty much what a sustainability report is like, it's giving us a grade on our performance. So each year we measure our impacts from around the world all over Assa Ablai. And we share the results with our employees, our customers and our investors. And it's a good way to be transparent about how we address climate change. And this is how we're more responsible with our product development, our operations and our sourcing. And every five years, we also set new ambitious targets. And even more recently, we signed on to science-based targets to be aligned with the Paris Agreement. So we do our best also to make sure that we're aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. And all of that information is within our Global Sustainability Report. Okay, so why would a door and hardware manufacturer publish one of these? That's a really great question. There's a lot that we do as a door and hardware manufacturer that makes us unique, that we have the same Assa Ablai, especially within our sustainability team, and that is with global reach comes global responsibility. And we are a manufacturer with over 50,000 employees and operations in around 70 countries. And we have a very large footprint because of this. So a very important theme for us in the industry is to be transparent. And that means to be very open about our performance and acknowledge areas for improvement or optimization, while at the same time, also talking about the areas in which we've done well. So what makes this important for our customers? A large portion of our customers have sustainability goals, just like we do as a manufacturer. And it's important that we can provide this information to them so that they can be confident that they're working alongside a like-minded partner. And then why would this be important for our employees? Many of our colleagues practice sustainability at their home with their families. They focus on recycling, composting and just overall consuming less or consuming differently. And so it's imperative that they know that their employer is also focused on similar efforts and improvements. And through the sustainability report, we want to show that it's really important to set goals and work hard to reach them. And this aligns with one of our core values and beliefs of empowerment. So what would somebody be surprised to find in the sustainability report? Well, besides our report out on waste, water and energy usage, you can also read about product innovation, supply chain management, injury rate at our manufacturing sites and something that's really near and dear to my heart is our efforts with diversity and inclusion. All right, so where can I get a copy for myself? You can find a copy of the sustainability report on the Assa Abloy website under the sustainability tab or you're welcome to reach out to me at any time and I'll send you a copy. All right, thank you Amy for coming on today. I will put a link below for where you can find your own copy of the sustainability report. If you have any questions or comments you can leave them below. Make sure you like this video and hit subscribe to stay updated on when our new videos come out. Thanks for watching.


Alright guys in this video tutorial series what we're going to do is a ball bounce animation in Maya Featuring a bit of squash and stretch. So to give you an idea of what we're going to be building Here's one I prepared earlier. So if I just hit play you can see that the ball starts up in the air And then it's moving across it hits the wall bounces back losing momentum all the time And it's got a bit of squashing and stretching us to it to add a bit of exaggeration to it amazing So now that you know what we're doing you're going to need to know what we need. So I'm using ultimate ball rig Ball rig which sounds like a Piece of torture equipment, but it's not it's actually a really good rig available from CGI meet-up I will put a link to this rig in the description below So you'll need that before moving on to the next video So make sure you get that rig so that you're ready for video number two I'll be releasing a new part in this tutorial series every week So make sure you are subscribed to make sure you don't miss anything. Okay, that's this video done So I'll see you in the next one where we'll start to get this animation made


See, there's no shortage of proof that women in the world that we live in right now are facing barbaric conditions. Everyday women and young girls are racked with fear about the man walking behind us in the dark about how to tell our partners that we're not in the mood. Women everywhere are facing violence, sexual assault and often times murder. A news during the first covid lockdown was filled with the stories of women facing domestic violence. The French police reported a 30% increase in domestic violence reports during this time. In Spain, a domestic abuse hotline reported an 18% increase in calls in the first two weeks of lockdown. And in 2020, 10 women a day were killed in Mexico. And this was not a product of COVID, but an ongoing problem which well predated this. And since the murder of Sarah Everard back in March, there have been 81 femisides in Britain alone, with Sabina Nessa representing number 78. And this statistic is actually already out of date, this is from October 2nd, so we can assume this number has risen. Essentially in 28 weeks, 81 women were killed. This is nearly three women a week just in Britain. Girls in schools and universities have exposed their male counterparts disgusting attitudes towards them with groups like Everyone's Invited, a website which aims to expose the disgusting attitudes of men towards these women and young girls. It's showing this horrendous talk of sexual violence against not just women, but really, really young women. Those who can remember back to 2018 will likely remember the hashtag shame on you Warwick, where a year and a half's worth of rape threats towards female students supposedly their best friends were exposed. And similar stories were revealed at Durham University, with male students discussing a Freshers Week competition on how to have sex with the most working class girl on campus, mainly by spiking their drinks, I might add. Women in countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan face up horrent conditions as part and parcel of their life. One of the main things that is done here is women have their noses cut off if they're suspected of having an affair, suspected of having an affair as well. Across the world, there are 12 million child brides every single year.   And of course the whole ruling strata of society was caught up in the Jeffrey Epstein revelations. Our very own Prince Andrew was found to have engaged in sexual activity with a 17-year-old, and Bill Clinton was implicated in this as well, not that either came as particular surprises. Trump spoke of grabbing women by the pussy, and Boris Johnson suggested that men should be responsible for controlling their wives. End Violence Against Women, a campaign to carry out its name, says that one-fifth of women have faced some kind of sexual violence since they were 16. And I would even question this statistic as seeming low, as more and more women report these crimes and report that every woman that they speak to has been through these things as well. Social media has been awash with women discussing the best practices to keep safe, the best way to hold our keys as a weapon, to always have a man with us in the dark, but this isn't enough. It seems that whatever women do, however many precautions we take, there is no surefire way to stay safe. Sexual assault hashtags on all social media platforms have millions of hits to them. One thing is very clear. Women, and rightly so, women do not feel safe. So it is clear that this violence against women is an endemic problem. Across the world, women fear for their safety. But why is this the case? Why does this violence against women exist? This is an important question because it is only through understanding where this is rooted that we can ever truly find a solution. And in having the wrong analysis of where this violence comes from, there is no possible way to find a solution. If you look at a large sweth of academics, either from feminist or misogynist persuasions, you could be convinced that violence against women exists because men are naturally stronger, naturally more brutish, naturally violent. Depending on which side of the debate your author is on, they might argue that this is legitimate or illegitimate. The debate in these circles is not whether it is genetically inescapable for men to beat rape and murder women, but whether it is morally correct or not. The radical feminists of the 1960s and 70s are where these ideas take their highest form. So Shulameth Firestone, for example, author of Dialectic of Sex, made the argument that because of our bodies, women have always been a lower caste to men and that men are genetically just erotic creatures. Betty Friedman, for example, said men weren't really the enemy, they were fellow victims suffering from an outdated masculine mystique that made them feel unnecessarily inadequate when there were no more bears to kill. But what does this argument amount to in reality? That men have always wanted to kill and beat something and that if it can't be bears it must be women? That men are genetically strong and genetically violent and this is what leads to rape, assault and murder of women. Christophe Domenjeu from the University of Paris, who actually considers himself a Marxist, argues the male monopoly over hunting and weapons has everywhere given men a position of strength relative to women, meaning that women everywhere were placed in such a situation that they could be reduced to mere instruments in men's strategies. So men are strong with big weapons and women are small and weak with no weapons and therefore we are raped and murdered. But in reality of course these are the same arguments used by someone like Jordan Peterson. Take for example his idea of enforced monogamy. The idea that monogamy should be a hardline cultural norm because if it isn't then only a small number of men will be able to find women to mate with them and this will lead to more violent men.  But as Marxist we would disagree with the entire premise of this. It is not part of some unmovable nature of men to commit these violent heinous acts. This argument takes what is happening now and it places it unthinkingly on the rest of history. In fact the past was not just a less developed version of today, it was not just a more primitive version of today. It was fundamentally different in many many ways. The truth is if this system of women being treated as sexual objects to men, if this is in the biology of men and women then it must have existed in every single society where both men and women have existed, so every single society. If women being second class citizens is rooted in our biology, rooted in our bodies then it must be that this has always been the case in every society we could come across. But importantly that isn't true. So one study from 1989 found the traditional nomadic or semi-nomadic Sam people were one of only six societies in the world where domestic violence was almost unheard of. And what's different about this society? Well it's a tribal society, it doesn't have a ruling class, it's based on a more egalitarian premise mainly due to lack of surplus.  This is one example and there are many many more but this one example alone disproves the entire premise of what these biological determinists say. Because if men are genetically determined to be violent towards women then why weren't the Sandmen violent? Another example of this is the Bisonhorn Marrier tribe in central India. So vice reported that there were no sex crimes in this tribe.   And this is in stark difference to the absolute crisis for women in the rest of India. So if it isn't the case that this violence against women has always existed, if it hasn't existed in every single society and therefore if it isn't rooted in the biology of men and women then what is it? Why for thousands of years have we been able to trace this back, trace examples of this rape and violence? Why were books like Tess of the Durbarville written for example and why are there examples in ancient Greek and Roman society of this kind of violence? Well, in order for this violence to exist two things have to be true.  And I will come on to the second, sorry I'll come on to the first part of this thank you, in a second but basically it seems from our anthropological understanding that neither of these two things existed. So to talk briefly about the ability and the means to commit this violence, this violence in many of these pre-class societies the general trend existed where partners and children lived in the women's families. In fact many men had to ask for the approval of the mothers and the women in the societies and this meant that they were surrounded day and night by the women's families and this of course increasingly lowers the chances of women being victims of this domestic violence.  Actually these acts did not exist en masse in these societies. So the question then becomes where did this change? Why now is it such a deeply embedded thing in society that women are the sexual objects of men and that men should display their power over women through this violence?  Zeus is a well-known sexual predator and for example he pretends to be al-Khamini's husband which results in the birth of Hercules and in many situations rape actually resulted in the payment to the father or the husband possibly in the form of another unraped woman. In Mesopotamia this exact situation occurred with a famous rape trial resulting in the trading of wives between the rapist and the husband of the raped. The crime was not against the woman but against the man who had had his property damaged in this situation. So what this example shows from Mesopotamia is what we've seen to more or less of an extent ever since that women are considered objects of the sexual exploitation of men but why is this the case? Why do women hold this position in Greece, in Sumer, in Mesopotamia but not in the tribal societies which predated? Well what I think is clear from these situations is that women were considered this property and this is especially true of their sexuality. So having had this property damaged men received a repayment to make up for it and from Engels study of history we can begin to understand the development of this position for women. So Engels referred to the world historic defeat of the female sex which is still to this day being seen. Engels in the origins of the family private property in the state drawn on the work from anthropologist Morgan he says the position of the woman changes fundamentally in the development of private property and as private property began to develop in the hands of men suddenly there was a need to pass down this property to your children. When society is developing where society is developing where those who have private property will not have to suffer this brutal exploitation and oppression those developing private property will work to pass down their property to their own children to their lineage and in this change women became tied to men women became tied to the home and more than this Engels says the domestic labour of the woman no longer counted beside the acquisitions of necessity of life by the man the latter was everything and the former an unimportant extra. So women were tied to men in this cultural and economic sense and in fact the word family itself comes from the Latin word familiar which means domestic slave women are suddenly the domestic slaves of the men in their life but why does this matter you might ask why does a new form of how labourers divided a new form of how things work why does this mean the world historic defeat of the female sex and how does this lead to what we see today how does this lead to women having to know the best way to hold their keys to fight off an attack or being afraid to walk home in the dark well it was within this change that people became property when one class can own another class through slavery surf to more wage slavery it is in this transition that means women become the greater property of men they are considered sexual and child-bearing slaves to the men in their life and this is a product of class society and this is a product of a system where one class can own another this is a product of women becoming this the sexual object and existing for the pleasure and survival of men all of this is a conclusion of this material change in the mode of production and the truth is that the defeat of women in this time it did not stop with the economic and the material overthrow of their liberty but a battle of ideas took place in order to embed in the consciousness of both men and women that this lower status of women was genetic and this comrades this is what we mean when we talk about the material basis of violence against women and women's oppression and of course we can still see the product of this property relationship today under capitalism although it has eased so in the Sopranos for example if anyone's watched it Richie April sums up the situation when he says if you want to raise your hand to a woman you give her your last name first then it's not a my fucking business essentially once you're married to a woman it's your right to hit her because she's your property and in fact marital rape has only been a crime in Britain since the 1980s and despite this rape being technically illegal it is only a tiny minority of sexual assault cases which are ever prosecuted rape that happens in relationships and marriages it flies into the radar even more and many people don't even consider this rape but a fundamental right of marriage in 2018 a study was done in Britain which said that 24% of the 4,000 people questioned said that non-consensual sex in a marriage or in a long-term relationship wasn't rape and this statistic actually only slightly changed when you look at it between men and women so that means that that women as well as men see a long-term relationship or a marriage as constant consent for sex but this isn't the case and the last few years have been awash with women telling stories about raping marriage and long-term relationships it's not a fundamental product of love or of shared living that means that rape is likely to happen it is the relationship of women to men as one of property that means that this happens the creation of class society a private ownership and a private property in any sense that led to women being seen as part of that property and as the crisis of capitalism worsens so too does the situation for women who get pushed into more more brutish lifestyles get pushed into more crisis poverty breeds this violence in Myanmar for example during the COVID lockdowns prostitution rose exponentially women were forced to put themselves in harm's way to feed their families i read a story of one woman who previously worked in a garment factory who said that she had to stop breastfeeding her baby in order to become a prostitute and that she now feeds her baby cold rice and milk and it was a choice for this woman between continuing to breastfeed her baby until she was no until she could no longer get any more milk until she was so malnourished that she couldn't produce any milk or spending all of her time walking the streets putting herself in vulnerable situations with violent men and in India as well there is a strata of people who sit on the highways with nowhere else to go they beg for food and for money and they're in a situation where they will do anything to keep themselves fed and these people have absolutely no status in society when they go missing when they're kidnapped when they're taken by truckers driving past there's no search party no police report filed many of these people are children are really really young girls and their poverty means they can be taken without any recourse and as this poverty gets worse the people with power abuse it more so the role of the police in women's safety really points towards this obviously Wayne Cousins has been in the news lately but he is not the only person who has been implicated the murder of Sarah Everard was a vile and really disgusting example of this endemic problem in the police so since 2009 15 police officers are known to have killed women in the UK spy cops of course had relationships with women under false pretenses Mark Kennedy if anyone is following this case Mark Kennedy has been in the news for the relationship that he had with a political activist whilst being a spy cop and most importantly rather than this just being one bad apple Mark Kennedy's senior officers were aware of this relationship and turned a blind eye to it and another example of this is a recent testimony from Sue Fish a female police officer who reported that when she was in her 20s she was left in the car by a senior officer who went to have sex with a woman who he had come across whilst on duty the power imbalance of an on duty cop and a vulnerable woman does not leave much romance in this situation and in fact Sue Fish reported that sex on duty was seen as a perk of the job and there were 750 allegations of sexual misconduct made against the police between 2016 and 2021 and who is surprised by this the armed bodies of men that defend capitalism that are given a monopoly on violence they're committing violent acts the police are trained to hold a disdainful attitude towards the great unwashed and not to keep us safe but to violently hold us down when we look at the ruling class in and of itself the position that women hold especially working women is is that they are treated as an extreme object of sexual gratification for men so I'm not sure if anyone can remember a situation with the president's club charity dinner a few years ago where the all female weight staff were told to wear skimpy black outfits matching underwear and high heels and they had to put up they had to put up with holding hands with the guests with the guests pulling them onto their lats and putting their hands up their skirts and there is also a report from a student at St Paul's boy's school in London a very well off private school and he gave this report and he said you would be entirely correct in saying St Paul's boy's school is intricately built upon the unadulterated wish for boys to show their sexual prowess through rape and assault I recall that age old theme tune sung at rugby games including the lyrics I'm St Paul's till I die fuck her sleeping fuck her dying if she had wings I'd fuck her flying and when I looked up this school I found out that boys as young as seven attended so they hear this chant at the rugby they hear what the older boys are saying and this is what they look up to and what did the me too movement show if not exactly this that rich and wealthy men will use their power and their status in society in order to commit these acts of violence against women marks in the manifesto says the bourgeois sees in his wife a mere instrument of production he hears the instruments of production are to be exploited and common and naturally can come to no other conclusion than that the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the woman and what's changed in 173 years under capitalism the issue is the same there may be more liberal views around women's sexuality than in Marx's time but women still face these horrors daily and this is all the more prevalent from bourgeois men because when everyone is property to you and your class women can be broken down into their sexual organs and presented as a machine for your benefit and of course working class men are born and bred and educated in a society which surrounds them with these ideas the working class is not immune to the pressures of bourgeois society and for thousands of years working class men have lived in a society with not just a material war but a war of ideas against women this is no accident but a survival tactic of class society which aims to tell half the working class that they benefit from this system and that if there were a revolution they would lose this benefit but what is beneficial about this relationship what is beneficial about the turning on its head of how men and women relate to each other it is not beneficial to have the de facto right to rape somebody and in fact this aspect of the relationship between men and women it holds men hostage in the idea that class society is beneficial for men where it actually exploits and oppresses everyone who is not a part of the ruling class Connelly once said the working class woman is a slave of a slave and the idea that violence against women is natural that it is something embedded in our biology this is still used by the ruling class today so it may have its roots in the earliest forms of class society but an idea which has come from the necessity of a ruling class to a press it can become woven into various aspects of culture today so in the legal scripts in the stories of the gods and the actions of these men in the early days of class society we see the origins of things like the St Paul's rugby theme song and to go back to one of my earlier points for this violence to be committed against women men have to have the means and the will and what is this but not if not the means the complete acceptance and not just acceptance but de facto praise of this violence holds men completely unaccountable for these actions so as Mark said philosophers have only interpreted the world the point however is to change it and this runs through the core of everything that marxists do and in this discussion it is so easy to see the need to overthrow things violence against women must be abolished in all of its forms and Lenin understood how fundamental the overthrow of women's oppression was when he said we hate yes hate everything and will abolish everything which tortures and oppresses the woman so in the wake of Sarah Everard and Sabina Ness's murders ideas are being thrown around about how we can end this violence Keir Starmer for example in his conference speech said that he promises more police on the streets to stop this violence so given what's been exposed about the police attitudes and the complicity towards this violence what would more police on the streets do if not just commit more violent acts Sadiq Karn has come out saying that the government should make misogyny a hate crime as if hate crimes aren't committed every single day as if the technical illegality of rape stops it Boris Johnson who is not known for his respect of women has suggested that we need more female police officers to stop the problem but when the police are fundamentally sexist and violent when this is trained into them at every level how will this help Cressida Dick the current commissioner of the met police is of course a woman and yet these crimes still go under the radar they are still allowed and this argument is extended even more by those who say that more representation across the board would mean less violent acts we just have to look at mexico to see the failure of these ideas where in the parliament women make up over half of the of the seats there yet femicide runs right through the country there is no solution for the masses of women who do not hold this power and the truth is under capitalism there is no solution for this crisis capitalism is rotten to the core the barbaric acts of violence of sexual assault and of femicide are so widespread that we can see in this situation alone the truth in what Lenin said capitalism is horror without end and the truth is that if this violence is rooted in class society then it is only if class society is overthrown that we can ever get rid of it the ruling class of every epoch is not only allowed but actually encouraged and embedded this violence in order to keep stability men are seen as the sexual objects of men we can never see the situation of women that's violence free and if what we as it's what more one is created in the world more women are pushed into these situations so the conclusion of this is two things one is that as the crisis of capitalism worsens women will be forced into more violent situations it is not just prostitution but it is being forced to stay in abusive relationships because of lack of money it is having no resources or simply no professionals able to help you because your services have been cut to the bone in australia in 2018 half the women asking for rooms in domestic violence shelters were turned away and things have only gotten worse since then even in 2012 in the uk between 275 and 300 women a day were turned away from the first domestic violence shelter that they turned up at because of lack of beds the lack of resources is not a secondary question and the second conclusion here is that until every person has complete economic liberation women will never truly be free and this is what the bolsheviks tried to do in the wake of the russian revolution almost straight away they legalized divorce and they made it legally very simple and this might seem like a small act but to have the right to divorce an abusive partner this is not something small for those who don't have it abortion was legalized another key step in allowing women to be free of men women visited workplaces to check the working conditions for the women there including their treatment by the men in the workplace and these reforms were great leaps forward for the safety of women but violence against women was not overthrown with the russian revolution and we must be very clear on this brutal prostitution still existed women still face terrible conditions at home with abusive partners so why was that the case the reality of this situation is there was still this one tier there was still scarcity and because of that a lack of economic liberation and the more that this economic hardship exists as we can see today the more that women are forced into these unsafe situations as Karl Marx once said if a socialist society is not able to build up the productive forces all the old crap will reappear so what we learn here is that it is a material war which must be fought for the liberation of women from this violence it is not simply a matter of just changing ideas but ideas do have an important role to play the cultural idea of women being less than men of women being the sexual objects of men this is something which has taken on a life of its own so as marxist we must understand how the role of this idea has impacted the way we live from the very origins of class society from the emergence of this violence against women the idea that women are subordinate to men this has been pushed through society at every single level so from the stories told in these ancient societies and the myths created around a woman's role as a slave to the man all the way to video games and tv shows which which show this violence to be glamorous we can see this idea being woven into the fabric of society however if we take even a glimpse at class struggle throughout history it becomes clear how even the beginnings of working class action can start to overturn this and all the old ideas start to disappear and this really shows to me that it is not innate in men these these ideas of violence these ideas that women are lower than them because with the honest unification on a class basis of men and women these ideas can be overturned so in the 1984 minus strike the position of women in these communities and how they were viewed by the men in their lives was completely overturned Brenda Proctor for example founder of women against pick closures said that miners had a new found respect for women and this is not insignificant women in their own communities in communities which had previously been awashed with these backwards ideas were suddenly seen not just as subordinate to men but as of equal stature and deserving of equal respect and then let's get forward 30 years and halfway around the world to pakistan and the movement of the Pashtun people the pakistani state represents some of the most backwards and abhorrent ideas for women women are often trapped in their homes by their fathers their husbands and even their sons and they face immense violence attacks and sexual assault at the hands of both strangers and relatives however in 2018 there was a movement of the Pashtun people with the women taking leading roles and in this in these moments these women were protected in a huge way from this violence by the movement around them and let's go back in time again to 1871 on the paris commune which there's a talk on this afternoon mistakes were made on the question of women for example women were not given the right to vote in the commune and there was also a trend which pushed the push the idea that prostitution be part of the commune because they were unclean and immoral however the material facts of the commune the battles of the commune itself created the necessity for these prostitutes to be involved in revolutionary activities and this lifted the idea that these women were less than uh lesser and that there were only sexual objects so what all of these examples express and really the fundamental point of the marxist solution to violence is that ideas are rooted in material reality and they need a material solution facing this violence is not something natural to being a woman and the idea that this is acceptable on a normal part of human life this hasn't just appeared from nowhere yes we must challenge these ideas we must say that it is not acceptable what women go through that women should be able to walk down the street at night that they should be believed when they speak out about what's happening to them and that they should have the autonomy to say no to their partners and have that be respected but this alone however will not be enough there must be a complete turnover of all the old crap there must be a complete end to class society which it's built itself on holding women hostage there must be a complete end to the need of a ruling class to divide and conquer there must be a complete liberation of both women and men on an economic basis no woman should ever have to choose between her safety um or the ability to house and feed herself and her children in order to make this a reality however we must live in a society which can provide housing and food to all those who need it and this cannot come on the basis of the free hand of the market this can only come through economic planning of the working class when we raise the slogan women free for men both free from capital this is what we're talking about look at what the russian revolution achieved massive reforms passed overnight because there was no longer a need for this division between men and women and we can achieve this again in the snap of our fingers with workers power but where they fell short where they didn't manage to economically liberate people we can do better than this we can go further than this because far from russia a hundred years ago we live in a developed society a society of mass overproduction a society where there are enough homes in london to house all of the homeless people where we have enough food to feed 10 billion people where we have the means to rid ourselves of this women's oppression as a whole and overturn this violent relationship between men and women far from the struggle for resources that the ussr faced we can develop a real socialism on the basis of this surplus and ability to feed house and close everyone we can develop the forces of production and allow for more real freedom more real liberty than we have ever seen before and as we see the withering away of class society the basis of this tension between men and women will two wither away we can see relationships on the basis of love on the basis of attraction and choice rather than economic coercion and then and only then can a propaganda war really begin to take hold lennon took very seriously the need to educate everyone on women's liberation on an end to discrimination and on women holding the same respect as men in society but until the material basis of this oppression is overthrown until women are no longer in any way at the mercy of men economically until all the old relationships all the old realities of humans being property slaves wage slaves until all of these are overthrown until we can rid ourselves of all of these realities ideas cannot begin to change ultimately while an idea still represents something real while it will continue it will continue to be embedded in the minds of the masses so before these ideas can ever properly take hold we need this economic liberation for men we need for example a fully funded women's shelters housing for all fully funded mental health services which can give women who have faced this trauma the ability to actually heal childcare which is free at the point of access to allow women to be able to work and be economically free of abusive men we need jobs which provide a genuine living wage and we need a reduction in the work week these are not small extras to end violence against women but vital aspects in allowing women to be free of abusive partners they're not separate issues they tie completely together the truth is that this system is more abundant in so many ways it's sending us into extinction in the face of climate change it's stopping us from developing any art and culture it's causing disease death and rampant distrust amongst people and the fight back is beginning women all over the world are standing up against these conditions that they face and not just conditions they face because they are women but conditions they face because they are working class in mexico where the situation is horrific for women the women's day march back in 2020 showed real militancy and it led to a women's strike on march 9 bringing the country to a halt half a million public sector workers struck showing the disguster that people have at a system which keeps them in fear every single day and of course in the wake of the sarah everard murder masses of women came out into london to the vigils and over the week these huge vigils and protests were carried out under the hashtag reclaim the streets and back in 2018 we saw a massive women strike in spain this brought millions of women out onto the streets to show that anger at the situation and actually led to a similar phenomenon in switzerland the year after so millions of women from mexico to spain to britain and many more places they're fed up of feeling scared every day and they're fed up of living in this sick system and many women are drawing the conclusion that without an end to capitalism we can never feel safe violence against women it is only one dot in the picture of the horrors that class society creates and it is only through ending this system that we can ever truly liberate women so i'll say again women free from men and both free from capital thank you comers