The first talk of today we're going to visualize electromagnetic radiation in the range of the Wi-Fi frequencies. We have Friedmann Reinhardt from the Munich Technical Institute. He has this junior research project and with one of his students he pursued this project. The student is Philip Hall and the stage is yours. Thanks. So good morning and thanks for having me here on this congress, which I enjoyed very much so far. So in the talk that I would like to give, I would like to look at wireless signals from a very different perspective. When we think of wireless signals, we usually think of data packets, messages, runtimes, protocols and so on. But we can look at them from a very different point of view, from the point of view that it's actually just light. This is kind of a bold statement, but it's actually a fairly exact statement. From a physicist's perspective, a wireless signal is virtually the same as the beam of a laser or the light coming from the sun. It's electromagnetic radiation, which is described by Maxwell's equations and so on. So it's an oscillating electric and magnetic field. The only difference to visible light that we can see with our eyes is that the wavelength of these signals is much longer. So while the visible light that makes up the visible world has a wavelength in the range of a micrometer, the wireless signals that we typically employ in our devices have a wavelength in the range of few centimeters to a few tens of centimeters, and as a second very important difference, we cannot see them. But from a physicist's perspective, this is very interesting because that has a somewhat surprising implication. It has the implication that our modern world is actually brightly lit by all the wireless devices that we use every day. So this whole room as we sit here, it's actually glowing in various colors. Only we can't see it because it's glowing somewhere in the microwave radio domain. And this also implies that there is kind of a potential big security leak associated with these wireless devices in the sense that any device that you use, no matter how well you encrypt your data, is going to transmit a full three-dimensional picture of the world to your environment, no matter what you do. And so when we realized that we got intrigued and we wondered whether there would be a way to actually record that radiation and to reveal that picture to, in a way, build a camera that would be sensitive to this kind of radiation and that would enable us to see the world in the way that we would see it if our eyes were sensitive in this frequency domain. And so to cut a long story short, we managed to do that and this is the result that we got. This is a picture of our lab and the colorful thing that you see is wireless radiation coming from a router on the backside of the room that we visualize with our method and we can actually see it propagate in space and we can even see that objects that we place in the lab cast a shadow in that beam. And in what follows, I would like to walk you through how we did that and what it might be used for and I also would like to discuss whether it's actually a serious security concern. But before I do that, I would like to start from a somewhat broader overview and tell you a bit more about what has happened in the past few years in this field. So it turns out that hacking wireless signals in the sense of thinking about other ways, other useful data that we can extract from that signals that are omnipresent in our modern world, it has become quite a vibrant area of research in the past five years. And we haven't been the only ones that realized that this is actually a very interesting thing to look at. So there have been many other labs that have pursued many different directions to look at Wi-Fi radiation from a different point of view and maybe the most famous result is this. This is a result from a group at MIT in Boston, Massachusetts and they actually hack Wi-Fi routers in the way that they exploit the fact that modern routers have an array of antennas and they use that to actually send beams in different directions and to focus the beams on the devices that they want to interact with. So modern routers, they can actually send two different signals to cell phones on the right and on the left end of the room. And you can hack that, you can use that to scan a beam in two dimensions and look at the reflections. So in a way to build a phased array radar, if you wish, and this is the kind of picture that you get with that.  You can even vaguely resolve human beings. You can also just pursue a simpler approach, you can only map attenuation. So you take a Wi-Fi router and a Wi-Fi receiver and you map the attenuation of the signal between the two of them and you can then mount them on a movable platform. So as a fancy example, for instance, a drone. So you can fly these two emitter and receiver drones around a building, map the attenuation on every line of sight that you covered during that flight, do tomography on that data and by doing that you can actually extract three-dimensional views of what has been in between these drones. So there has been a lot of activity in that field, but still this previous work did not yet fully well answer this question that we got interested in, like what would the world look with Wi-Fi eyes? And if you look at that question, the state of the art had been pretty much that we had something like the compound eye of an insect. There have been many ways to tamper with wireless radiations in the sense that we look at different directions either by directing a beam into some direction or by looking at attenuation in a certain direction and do that for multiple angles to get a coarse picture of the world. And so we got interested in whether we could actually get a full three-dimensional view of the full wave front and all the light propagating in space pretty much in the same way as we can do it with visible light. So we thought about that and it turned out that you can do it and you can do it in a surprisingly simple way. So there is a technique that essentially solves this problem and it's holography. So holography, holograms is something that you probably all have seen. It's these amazing pictures that appear three-dimensional. If you look at them and that you can tilt and you can actually look at objects from different angles, they do not look like a photograph. They look much more like a window into a virtual world that has been frozen by taking this hologram. And you can make them actually in a fairly simple way. So you don't even need a lens. All you need to do to record such a hologram is illuminate your object with what we call coherent light. I'll get to that in a second and record it on a face-sensitive camera. So these are very technical terms. Let me try to explain that in a more visual way. So in a way, a hologram is a photograph to zero. It captures more information than a two-dimensional photograph, which we usually take, where information is restricted in the sense that a usual photograph only captures intensity of light. So it can record in a two-dimensional plane where there was much light and where there was very little light and the resulting photo will be very bright and very dark, but it's going to be restricted to a two-dimensional plane. It will appear as a flat piece of paper if you look at it. A hologram can do more. So a hologram is a face-coherent recording, and that in a visual way means that it not only records brightness of the light, it also records the direction of the light beams hitting this hologram during exposure. So in a hologram, in a way, you freeze all the light rays that enter this specific plane, and if you develop that hologram, you in a way revive all these light beams again, and so when we look at the hologram, we really look at the very same light rays, at the very same light field that came from the object during exposure, and that in particular implies that we can look at it from various angles and we can have a three-dimensional view of it. So how is that done? So this is done by a face-coherent recording, and this technical term essentially captures this idea of recording direction along with intensity, and to see how that works, I have to get back to the point that light actually is electromagnetic waves, and waves pretty much like waves on a lake have valleys and hills, so areas where electric field is very strong and areas where electric field is very weak, and these valleys and peaks propagate in space. So if you throw a stone into a lake and you watch the resulting waves, you will notice that these waves always move perpendicular to both the peaks and the valleys. So the direction of the wave is in a way encoded in the difference between these peak and valleys. So if you can take a photograph where you also register whether the peak came first or the valley came first, you also register direction, and that's what it takes. So it takes a light source where these peaks and valleys are very well defined. This is what we call a coherent light source, and it takes a face-sensitive camera, a camera that can record whether the peaks or the valleys came first. Now it turns out that this is a fairly difficult thing to do in the optical domain. People managed to do it, but it was such a big breakthrough that it actually got awarded a Nobel Prize 40 years ago. Fortunately, it's actually much simpler in the radio frequency domain because the frequency here is much lower than for visible light, and so we can actually record every peak and every valley simply by registering the wave with a good oscilloscope. And that in particular means that it should be possible to do holography of this wireless radiation. So come up with an experimental setup where we take a picture in some two-dimensional plane of space, we register the brightness and phase of the microwave light at every point in space, and we can then later on use that to reconstruct a virtual view of the world. And this is pretty much how we did it. So this is our experimental setup. We explicitly wanted to capture light from arbitrary devices, so the light sources that we used always were commercial off-the-shelf Wi-Fi routers that we asked to download a big video from YouTube to generate a lot of traffic and data that we could image, but we make no assumption whatsoever on the signal that they actually emit. It could be anything, it could even be encrypted. We sometimes place some objects in the beam to get a more interesting picture and we finally record this beam of microwave light in a scanning aperture approach. So unfortunately it's very expensive to build microwave cameras. You would need a huge array of antennas, so in the first step it's easier to just take one antenna and scan it across every pixel that you want to image. This is what we did. So we have an antenna that we mounted on a scanning platform and we referenced that signal to the signal of a stationary antenna. This is what it looked like in real life. So you see it's not very fancy, it's probably the cheapest experiment I've ever been involved in and we used plywood and fissure technique and tools like that to do it, essentially to solve this problem of scanning the antenna through our lab, but at some point we made it work quite well and so we could record these pictures. So the signal that we get from this setup is a wave, a wave that we can record with an oscilloscope and that we actually record twice. Once coming from the scanning antenna, this is what is going to make up the image data later on and once from this reference antenna. So we make no assumption whatsoever on the signal that is transmitted, so we cannot rely on knowing what kind of bits and bytes are transmitted here, but it turns out that if you Fourier transform these signals and you divide them by each other, you can in a way normalize that signal to that reference and get a virtual second wave where the bit pattern actually cancels and you only record the phase delay and the attenuation of that wave as it travels to the scanning antenna. So for every pixel we record a set of data like on the upper left, we do some processing to remove the bit pattern and only get the coherent wave and then we end up with something like on the lower part of this plot. So we do that for every pixel, we get the brightness, the amplitude and the phase, the direction of the beam. We actually get that for a wide range of frequencies because Wi-Fi is a multi-frequency scheme so you can have different channels and we end up with a data set like below. So this is a hologram. It's unfortunately not something that you would easily be able to make sense of just by looking at it. So since we don't have eyes for this radiation, we cannot see the radiation by itself and even if we record it like that, the information is not very meaningful. But fortunately there exists a number of reconstruction algorithms. So this problem has been solved in coherent optics where people actually can render three-dimensional views of what a hologram would look like simply by knowing the pattern that you produce on a photographic plate. So by scanning a photographic plate and feeding that in the right algorithm you can get a three-dimensional view of the hologram without ever looking at it in real light. And this you can also do with microwave radiation. So from that hologram we can reconstruct three-dimensional views. We did that and this is the test setup that in the end worked best. So we have a commercial wiper router sitting on the back of the lab. It's labeled emitter in the upper picture. We place some absorbing objects in the beam that we made from aluminum tin foil and then we record a hologram in a plane that you cannot see here that is essentially the front plane of that image. We feed the daytime to a reconstruction algorithm and in that way we can now render a three-dimensional view as it would appear if we had eyes for wiper radiation and we looked through that plane of the above picture. So we can actually, since it's a three-dimensional approach we can actually not only reconstruct this view we can actually focus on different planes. And so this is what we do here. So obviously a first interesting thing to do is to focus back into the emitter plane. If you focus into the plane of the wiper router you actually nicely see a bright spot at one point in the image which is the image of this glowing light bulb in the microwave domain. It turns out interestingly that the picture is not very pretty if you just do it like that because if you only do it with one frequency, with one wavelength of light you become very sensitive to something that is known as speckles. So this microwave light bounces back and forth between all the walls in the lab and these waves interfere with each other in a very erratic way so we end up with something that looks like clouds. And we can interestingly enhance that quite a bit if we repeat the experiment for different frequencies so for different frequency bands within a Wi-Fi channel and we superimpose the images we get a much clearer picture where it is very clear that the router is the brightest spot. This is actually something that is very difficult to do with real light people struggle to make that work for microwave light it's essentially straightforward. And we can then go on and focus in different planes so for instance in the plane of this absorbing object in the beam and if we do that we nicely see that this so as we move from the emitter to the object we nicely see how the beam expands and that once we get to the object plane there is a big shadow appearing in the light wave. Nicely you can actually see that if you focus slightly below or slightly above that plane the image blurs so it really is a three-dimensional image it's like focusing with a photo camera you can blur it if you defocus into the wrong plane. So that's essentially the data that we took. There is potential for a lot more data processing so it turns out that there are numerous very powerful imaging schemes that work with coherent visible light so in coherent visible light you can take just plane-dump photographs as we do that most of the time but you can also play clever tricks to enhance for instance absorbing objects in the light it's called dark field microscopy you usually do it with microscopy you can image polarization of light or you could enhance only weakly refractive objects and all these schemes we could actually emulate by just numerically post-processing the hologram data so there's a lot of things to be looked at like what does the world look like if we enhance absorbing objects or do chairs have an index of refraction that is different from air and questions like that so in a way to summarize that we managed to record pictures and we actually managed to establish kind of an analogy between wireless communication and coherent optics so I made up a little dictionary how terms translate into each other so wireless signals that we usually think of as packets of data it's actually light it can have different colors this is a degree of freedom that we haven't used yet but we could do it for instance by splitting signals according to their SSID that they transmit so in a way, once we look at the big bit pattern signals with different bit patterns in a way correspond to different colors so we could have multiple emitters in a picture we could actually tell them apart and would get a multi-colored picture where every router in our room illuminates the room with a different color this would be a very interesting thing to do in the future it turns out that the pictures can be a lot better if you do white light holography if you use more than one frequency band this is something that has an analogy in the wireless domain where increasing the band with usually improves performance of radar if you want to learn something about the environment rather than the signal itself you usually do time domain ranging in the classical wireless domain but in optics it's just imaging so you form an image and you look at it and what used to be the runtime delay of a signal is now phase and direction of a light field so that was the work that we did we were very happy that we made it work we actually got it accepted in this journal and that was kind of interesting it's a fairly prestigious journal in our field and so when you submit a paper you have to fill a questionnaire on why you believe this paper is worthy of being published there and there are categories like it's a big advance of an established technique it's an unexpected breakthrough it's this and that and we decided to opt for category number four which is it is of singular appeal to all physicists so by that argument we actually made it accepted there and it was met with a lot of interest not only in science but even more so in the real world of media and of companies and so that's what I would like to look at in the second part of my talk what can we actually do with that will it ever be useful so if you think about that question what could you use it for there is a very obvious answer if you don't have it right now then you can actually read it on Russia today they picked up our story and the headline was that this could be used to map your home so you may wonder whether I know some people say this is only fake news but I can tell you that at least for this story this is not fake news that's based on a real thing so it's this idea can we use it to spy on other people or in a more optimistic fashion can we use it for security enforcement and security applications and this is something that many media jumped on so many of the headlines that we got were related to that can we use that when neighbors see me in my bathroom when I have my cell phone lying there and things like that so it's a question to which we somehow need to respond would that be feasible and at least in principle it looks like that so if you have a Wi-Fi router in your room and you walk around then your body will scatter some reflections and you can pick up these reflections run them through our algorithm and get an image of the world I'm somewhat skeptical whether this is a really serious use case though because first of all remember what it looked like so it's a huge device and it's always going to remain a huge device because you need to have information on a very large area this is what the whole scheme is based on so even if you mounted that on a drone you still would need to fly around many points around a building which would probably not go unnoticed and maybe even more importantly it's something that actually is already being done right now so for many of these applications you actually don't need imaging imaging is kind of a bonus but it's a complicated and expensive bonus and you can learn a lot about the world just by looking at the signal at one point in space and this is something that is going commercial so there are companies that sell systems where you essentially plug something like a second router into your room this router is not emitting signals that are used for communication it's actually looking at signals that are scattered from the environment it's analyzing them in a very detailed way and by doing that you can actually get a fairly good idea of whether there are people moving in the room how many of them are there are they in the bathroom or in the kitchen or whatever else so it's something where our scheme probably is too complicated which is good news because it's not a security concern the bad news if you wish is that Wi-Fi is a very leaky thing and this general idea that we can use the stray radiation to spy on other people and that's a valid security concern okay if we wanted to do it if we wanted to sell that as a security application I think we would run into a second very important problem and the important problem here is that if you have an application where people actually are willing to buy expensive equipment to get a lot of information then it's going to be some kind of dedicated device and so it's not so much more expensive to actually combine that with a dedicated tailor-made emitter that is emitting a specific signal and once you can do that you can play a trick which is called ultra wideband and this is a very powerful trick that is spoiling the game for many of these applications for us so I'm going to explain it in a little bit more so the idea that you might want to use is that if you want to build something like an x-ray for rooms you emit some signal from a dedicated emitter you detect the reflection in a dedicated detector you measure the runtime delay and from that you infer whether there are people moving around and at which distance they are so if you do that the resolution that you get is related to the bit rate of your signal if you wish it's essentially the inverse of the bandwidth so if these data packets are very broad the resolution will drop and from the point of view of radar Wi-Fi actually is not a very good signal because it has a very narrow bandwidth so for 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi it's actually only 20 MHz and this corresponds to a resolution of 10 meters and if you build a dedicated emitter obviously you can drop that restriction you can build an emitter with a much higher bit rate and this is what people do so you can push that up to a bit rate of GHz to 10s of GHz an emitter that is sending some garbage signal that is spread across all the frequencies up to 10 GHz and by doing that you actually get down to centimeter resolution in radar so if you invest into a dedicated device this is a very powerful trick to play and this is actually being done so I did some research on the internet and there are devices for security forces that look a bit like these devices that you use to search for pipes before drilling into the wall you place them on a wall it takes a few seconds and it's going to tell you whether there are people in that room that you can't see and at which distance they are so it gives you an image on the display which looks pretty much like that so to sum that up security applications well are an interesting thing to think about but it's probably not a really realistic use case for this scheme let's look at something else let's look at civil engineering I already mentioned it there are these devices that you use before making a drill and these devices well they work but I did it myself it's not a very reliable thing to work with so there is room for improvement and it's interesting to ask whether we could fill a gap in that market so the way that would work would be that you rely on the radiation that is emitted from wireless devices in other rooms across the wall that you want to drill and that will illuminate this wall with microwave light so that pipes and power lines in the wall would cast a shadow and then you would record a hologram across the wall that you want to drill reconstruct that image and see every single pipe still we have this challenge of technical complexity but I think in this case it would be acceptable because we could actually scale up this system from a single antenna device that is scanning the plane to a one-dimensional array of antennas like a magic wand that would wave across the wall and that would give you a picture on your smartphone of what's inside so this is a fairly realistic thing unfortunately here too you have to compete with ultra-wideband so if you build a complicated magic wand it's not so much more expensive to include an ultra-wideband emitter and to do very precise radar and there are companies doing that you may have read about wall about it's a kind of a radar that you can plug on the back of your smartphone and you can x-ray your wall and it's going to do some signal processing and give you actually a picture of where the pipe is so there would be strong competition still our scheme would have some advantages so we could use radiation that is actually coming from things behind the wall that could be an advantage and so in principle that could be something to think about so could work there's one thing that we initially thought would be a good idea that is tracking emitters inside buildings so this is actually a very important thing that is becoming more and more important as we move towards internet of things to actually tell where in the building in three-dimensional space you have some RF tag and our scheme in principle could do that so we could think of installing a two-dimensional huge array of many many antennas in the ceiling of this building doing holography and then see actually the position of each and every smartphone and Wi-Fi router moving around in real time we didn't do the experiment but we did a numerical simulation to see whether this could work and this is what you see here so we built a 3D model of a virtual storage hall with steel bars in the floors and with some steel shelves in one of the floor and the image that we get is encouraging so with that scheme we probably would be able to track down emitters with centimeter scale precision at video rates and what is more we probably would even be able to get course information about the objects in that building so this is a movie of the simulation data it's essentially the hologram reconstruction as we focus onto successively lower planes moving all the way from the top of the building to the ground floor and so this is what we get and we nicely see these shelves and we nicely see these bars casting shadows in the beam before we converge on the emitter which is appearing as a spot with centimeter scale resolution so this could work but obviously it would be a very expensive thing to do so you would need a large array of antennas it's probably not something that you could do right away but when we talked to companies it turned out that there is a solution that is somewhere in between where it could get really interesting and it's in a way a reduced implementation of that scheme so rather than going to a full two-dimensional array of antennas we could actually go to a one-dimensional array like this magic wand that still would speed up acquisition by a factor of 100 to 1000 compared to our single antenna proof-of-principle implementation so you could actually take pictures of large scale, 10 meter scale structures probably on a minute to our scale if you scanned this device around the structure by say a drone or a car and once you have that data you could actually look into the building with Wi-Fi eyes and understand how radiation propagates in there and this could actually be relevant for this whole field of indoor tracking so maybe to be a bit more specific on that this is actually a very important unsolved challenge at the moment so many companies get more and more interested in locating RF tags with a centimeter scale precision to track inventories or devices and it's a market that is actually predicted to grow to a billion dollar size in a few years however at the press... so one very straightforward application where we could enter here is that we could do site survey for existing solutions so if you bought some system for indoor tracking and you found that it for some reason didn't work in your factory hall then you could come with this one-dimensional array of antennas get this full picture and you could see that there is actually a nasty reflection on this metallic wall and if you replace that by some concrete coating it will make things much better, this kind of thing so this could be actually interesting to get the full picture only for that reason but it could also be interesting as an R&D tool to actually understand better what these signals look like and how they propagate to make these schemes better and there's work to do because at the moment these schemes are very successful but still not fully satisfactory so people have tried many things you can move around with a camera and scan barcodes you can use RFIDs but then you can only read them from a very close distance so it's not very convenient for large-scale factories you can use all kinds of beacons you can tag labels with ultrasound, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, whatever but with that you run into this bandwidth issue and you only get meter-scale resolution here again you can play the ultra-wide band trick so you can have dedicated emitters with a very wide frequency band and that will give you centimeter-scale resolution and this already is incredibly successful today but it comes at a large price and it's a physical price these chips are expensive so the tags will cost you something like 10 euros or more and it's very hungry in terms of power so you need to ship it with a battery and you need to replace that battery every few months or years and this is not very convenient so there is a quest out there to make these schemes work with passive tags where we actually, rather than having an active emitter on a label we just have some absorbing little thing and we illuminate it by some other source and we image the shadow that it casts in the beam at the moment this is not doable you in principle could solve that problem by many ways you could buy more receivers you could do more signal processing whatever but it's not clear which route would be the most successful and so rather than trying them by trial and error one by one one interesting idea could be to actually record this entire wavefront look at the picture understand how radiation propagates in typical buildings and what part of the signal you actually need to see this shadow best and here our scheme I believe could come in we could record this full wavefront and we could simulate any kind of reduced scheme like a scheme with only few antennas or looking at only part of the frequency band with our algorithms so summing that up it's an interesting technique I don't think it's a serious security concern but reduced implementations actually might be one civil engineering might be an application where we could move into indoor tracking probably is too difficult but R&D for simpler indoor tracking schemes could be a very viable way to go with that I'm at the end I would like to acknowledge the person that did all the work Philip Hall he actually was brave enough to start this project as a bachelor thesis at the time when everyone else was frowning upon the idea and he was very successful in making all this work so that's the end of my talk I would like to draw your attention to the fact that you can look at wireless signal from a very different perspective it's just light and you can hack them by just using this stray radiation that you get and if you do it right you can actually take real pictures this could be useful for maybe tracking maybe civil engineering probably most as an R&D tool to implement to develop future wireless applications so thank you very much we have 15 minutes for Q&A go go hello thank you for your talk it was really interesting I was wondering if you could build Wi-Fi lenses that's a good question so it probably would be difficult if it should be a physical lens so you not only would need to find the right material which you probably could you also would need to make it large because the wave fronts are large but again, somewhat paradoxically there are actually much simpler schemes to do that if you take a train somewhere in the country you may see that nowadays these satellite receivers they are no longer like a parabolic mirror sometimes they tend to be flat like just a flat plate and this is in a way due to a virtual lens for this radiation in that frequency band so it's a phased array where you have many receivers and you delay the phase electronically which is essentially what a lens does in the optical domain and by doing that you can simulate any kind of lens including a parabolic reflector looking at the antenna so for our scheme it's actually even better we don't need a lens because we can simulate any kind of lens in the computer and this is something that we actually thought about doing trying different, building different kinds of virtual objective lenses to look at different parts of the radiation but I think electronic solutions will probably be the easier way to go than a physical lens We have one question from the internet What is your prognosis? When can we expect a practical camera for different spectral ranges like TV or radio? So technically I don't see an obstacle for transferring this technique to other frequency domains like radio or so I don't think we will see it in the near future as a commercial device because applications are so limited but maybe some lab will pick up the idea and do it so it might be something that we might read about in a few years Microphone 1 Thank you for the talk Do you know how much of the technology is present in a typical router so could a hacked router gain some physical information about its surroundings? This is an interesting question so obviously you couldn't use it for our scheme because you would need to scan it You could probably to some extent use it for these other schemes of the other groups by using this MIMO capability of scanning the beam I don't know how technically easy it is to do that You probably could do it in some way but the other groups actually use development kits for routers so it doesn't seem to be very straightforward to do at least or at least if you think about coming up with some project to do it it's probably easier to buy a development kit for a router which has a somewhat more dedicated hardware than the router itself Microphone 4 Yes, the technology that you showed looks a bit like a bi-static radar system but the power levels are much lower here what's about the ratio between a commercial radar system and actually a ratio of power between a commercial radar system and just Wi-Fi Oh, I probably should be frank in saying that I don't know so my lame intake on it is that at least military radar is employing huge powers like kilowatt maybe and we are definitely way below that because we work with commercial devices that are in the watt range at most so that would be a factor of 1000 but there might be advanced radars which actually use much less power Microphone 3 So how long did it take to take one of the hologram pictures and how large is the picture? So it took us a night so we typically programmed the device when we left the lab and when we came in the morning if we were lucky the picture was there so it took something like seconds of acquisition time per pixel and the pixels were something like few hundred by few hundred pixels in size so that took a night and this of course is a big drawback as it stands right now but as I said I think it would be very easy to get better in that respect so even if we only scale it in one dimension you take an array of antennas in one dimension like a magic wand with many many antennas and you scan it only in the second one and potentially the third one then you could speed up acquisition by a factor of 100 to 1000 so it would be in something like a minute to hour range to get a full picture of a building Microphone 1 So in that case wouldn't be forming help because well it works both ways and this way you could also scan the signal you eliminate the space with wouldn't that decrease the critical dimensions you need on the acquisition antenna array a bit Yeah this is a very good point and we actually thought about that so you could come up with kind of a hybrid scheme where you do scanning to cover some space but you take more than one antenna say you take a set of antennas that is like the inverse of the MIMO array in a commercial router so it could record where the light is coming from along a whole two dimensional set of directions and then you might be able to actually accelerate that scheme quite a bit and I think that if we wanted to go for passive localization and all these things probably the solution in the end would look like that having a set of some enhanced antennas with a good direction sensitivity and having a discrete set of them at strategically placed points in a room that might be sufficient to get all the information you need to at least see the emitters Having a smaller array with a lot of antennas like 8x8 but this would basically end up being a space array radar button steroids Right, right, so this is a very realistic thing to do I believe so still if you ran holographic processing on that data it would be a very coarse resolution image because it's only 8x8 pixels but if you combine that with scanning it to only some strategic points then that might be sufficient to actually get good pictures even without scanning a whole two dimensional plane We have another question from the internet Aside from the paper, did you publish source code or hardware schematics to make it easier for others to reproduce your results? We didn't publish it, but we wrote a very extensive supplementary material where we describe every detail of how we actually did the acquisition including references to all the hardware components and plans but we already got requests from hackers and students that wanted to recreate that and of course if people just write us an email we would be very willing to give away all this software and information Microphone 3 Hello, you had the simulation of the antenna array in the ceiling of a building but you said it would be too expensive to actually refurbish a building that way What happens if you construct a new building and plan to build this in from the get-go? Would that be more reasonable? Yeah, so probably not so much refurbishing the building which would be so expensive it's just the physical array of antennas itself Unfortunately, if things grow with the square of pixels it quickly gets very expensive so we did some estimates of it even if each of these antennas would cost you only 10 cents and you wanted to have a thousand by thousand pixel array then you would end up with 100,000 euros of investment only for the electronics to acquire the signals so it would be a very high barrier I think to practical implementation Microphone 4 Yeah, given that it's relatively easy to put a wireless file into continuous wave mode do you think this would improve the signal quality and is it something you've tried? So setting the router to some continuous mode rather than downloading a video we tried both and for our scheme it doesn't matter because we throw away all this bit pattern information anyway so we started with that then we bought a model where we couldn't do it for some reason and then we switched to downloading a big file but it actually does for us doesn't matter for future experiments probably one very very powerful thing would be to move to dedicated emitters obviously so if we could have an ultra-wideband emitter these pictures would look way better right from the start and this follow-up project would definitely be a thing to do Hi, sorry one quick follow-up question couldn't you just maybe print antennas in a cable and then just lie cables on the top of like a big warehouse or something like this? Yeah, you might be able to find some way to make that work but as soon as you need to at least switch the antennas to select a particular one you end up with a switch and that will be a semiconductor device and that will be expensive so I'm not an electrical engineer I don't see a straightforward way to do it in a completely passive scheme where you only have antennas and nothing else it might be doable and then that array could be a viable thing to do but as soon as you need only a little switch at every point it's probably too expensive Microphone 3 Yes, what do you think it's feasible to turn this around and use a transmitter array like I built a wand with a hundred ESPs which send rapidly in succession a frame and receive it with one receiver to get the hologram from there so to invert that to have something like a holographic array that could create any wireless waveform that you want transmitter array like transmitter array okay and then have one receiver and look at it well yes I think that in principle should be doable since as you say it's just the inverse of our approach yes if you could switch them one by one probably I think that should work but of course it would be way more expensive because emitters are more expensive than receivers I don't know at least in principle I think it should be feasible an HD you get for three euros put a hundred percent on the wand and you have one array with a hundred pixels right yeah that's true I mean this is maybe maybe in a way this is what our colleagues did in the other schemes where they actually had arrays of emitters and they could face them in a way that you they could scan the beam they looked at reflection for rather than receiving the signal at one point but this is something that you probably could do the other way to okay to modify your setup for a different Wi-Fi standards like IEEE 802.11 AC or N or any of the others no we wouldn't and we actually did these experiments both with 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi and 5 GHz Wi-Fi the 5 GHz Wi-Fi looks a bit nicer in the resulting images because the wavelength is smaller so you can see more details but the scheme doesn't make any assumption on the standard employed and we can transfer to any standard we like and this is actually an interesting prospect for the future so both the bandwidth and the frequency of these wireless communication systems is probably going to be increased in future implementations so people talk about even moving up to 60 GHz or so and that would with that you would be able to see pictures of nearly optical quality with millimeter scale resolution and if the bandwidth grows along with that with much less speckles than we had so then the whole security thing might be worth another thought too could you for example place a small array of antennas at every corner of a building and then record different frequencies or waves which enter this array and calculate the position of a source in the building from the different signal strength of different array receivers so without arrays this is actually being done this is how many of these indoor positioning systems work that you measure signal strength to specific routers in the building so we could do that but I think that actually blowing up these antennas to antenna arrays is a very interesting thing to do so as I said kind of a hybrid scheme where you have some strategically placed points but on each of them you have a small antenna array that could be the way to go to make it a really viable scheme for commercial applications still a microphone one this is going to be the last one sorry just one quick question what you do sounds very similar to what radio telescopes do so did you actually talk to people from Lofar or SKA or something like that not with respect to that project it's true so it's very similar they essentially do the same thing they actually do it on a global scale they link together telescopes on different continents to get a very sharp picture and they think about building kilometers scale arrays of little antennas to do that we haven't been talking with these people yet because they probably will be doing precisely that so they in a way will use it in very much the same way maybe in a slightly more restricted way because they look at very focused sources and they in a way end up with beam scanning but it's indeed a similar approach we're now with SKA moving into tomography and 21cm signals and so on and it sounds very similar to what you were trying and I guess they have very advanced algorithms because their signal to noise ratio is abysmal and so you might be actually taking advantage this is definitely a good idea there is one important difference though that they only look at signals that are infinitely far from the receiver so it's a good idea and probably we should look at that a second time so when we did it it looked like looking at the coherent optics papers would be more useful once it gets to reconstructing three-dimensional things that are very close to the receiver but they are probably very good in terms of sparse sampling and estimation schemes if you have very noisy data so yes definitely alright so the next talk we'll be here in 15 minutes it's about machine-checked proofs in everyday software and hardware development please give him a hand


Don't worry, don't worry, it's very tight. In SNOP and SNOE Cycle, we are collaborating with a lot of internal organizations to build the short-term and long-term supply chain design. As we know, we are in a supply chain transformation, so everything is new, so we are striving forward with a lot of new things, new way of working, and then for sure we will be out of our comfort zone, so I think that's the latest challenge we have. Analytical skill is one of the main important points because we will need to understand what will be the supply chain design, but for sure we can't manage the whole thing ourselves, so we need to be in a very close contact with a lot of people, so the collaboration and teamwork is a very good skill to have as well. The value I share most with ST is people because I believe for us to reach a goal, we need to work together. We are following the cycle the company has, so it's quite different from one day to another depending on where we are at in the cycle, but in the GIST we are reviewing the supply and the demand, and in the end trying to maximize whatever supply that we have and maximize our answer to the demand. I love most the team cohesiveness because we are now in a big change, so a lot of people in our organization are open minded and they are willing to share and work together through the common goal. If I'd like to grow my job, I'm thinking about fun goals starting night where we have a lot of lines inside the picture, a lot of people are doing the job to go into the same direction, so just like the picture, a lot of lines going together into the same direction and eventually we are going into the common goal which is the big picture for the company and it should be a good one.


The research aimed to evaluate the use of nanosilver particles for plant material disinfection, estimate a medium penicidum alopecuroids, and assess the influence of growth regulators on regeneration in vitro. The results showed that nanosilver particles reduced contamination levels and that the best results were obtained, when used at concentrations of 100-250 mgdm, 3 alone or as a supplementation of the media, at concentrations of 4 mgdm, 3 for nodes and 16 mgdm, 3 for adventitious buds. Nodal-explants resulted in less contamination, and the most regenerated shoots were obtained on MS media supplemented with 1 mgdm, 3 ba and 0.1 mgdm, 3 iba. This article was authored by Marzena Parsimis, Christina Pudelska, and Monica Ponywasik.


This is stock number 6J252C, a 2013 Honda Fit. This vehicle has the 1.5 liter four cylinder motor, which pumps out 117 horsepower. From this HD video you'll be able to tell that this Honda Fit is extremely clean all the way around. We take all of our videos in 1080p, so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smart device turn them on right now so you can see just how clean this vehicle is. It's like you're right here next to the car with me. You can see it as the general Ultimax tires and these tires look like they have close to 80 to 90 percent of the tread left, lots of tread left on those tires I'd say they're almost new. It's a nice bright red color, front bumper is absolutely perfect, no dents, stings, scuffs or cracks on it. You can see that the headlights are nice and clear and the hood is absolutely perfect condition. It does have the steel rims with the wheel covers. All the wheel covers are in okay condition and this tire is just as new as the driver's side. As you go down this side of the car you can see just how clean the body is, how reflective and glass like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down at the moment but you're still interested in purchasing the car you can still see the car, hear the car inside and out and have a really good idea of the overall quality of the vehicle before you even get here. Down this side all the panels look really really nice on the doors, no dents, no dings, lower rockers look really good, no signs of corrosion or anything like that and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. Rear bumpers in just as nice a shape as the rest of the car, no dents or dings on that. Very very clean, the rear gate is in excellent condition as well. It is locked right now so I'll have to unlock it and then we'll check out back there. But down this side of the car just as clean as the other side. I didn't see any dents or dings down this side or the other side or the hood so everything's in really nice condition on this car body wise. We'll take a quick look at the trunk area. These fits are deceptively big back here, no rips or tears in the carpeting, got just a little bit of dirt that I will vacuum up in just a second here. The head does have a spare tire but very clean back here these seats do fold down for extra storage and what I like is that you can fold them down while you're in the back so you don't have to go to the second row seats to put those down. But they both go down and you can see they go down really flat for a lot of extra room. Rear glass is an excellent condition. You can see that these back seats they do fold down almost completely flat and you can see the back seats themselves are in really nice clean condition, no rips or tears. It does have the latch child safety system and we do have factory all weather formats throughout on this car. Power windows, power locks and power mirrors. Inside you can see that this car does have 92,660 miles. Pretty amazing the miles on it and how nice of condition the car is in.  This is a front wheel drive vehicle, passenger seat is very clean as well, no rips or tears on that. Don't think this car has ever been smoked in, has the factory all weather format on that side. Steering wheel is an excellent condition and you got cruise control right there. Stability control as well. You can see the driver's seat is in really nice condition as well, no rips or tears on that. Side curtain airbags, very very clean. Take a quick look under the hood, power mirrors. 1.5 liter, four cylinder motor, engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. This car has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this car is 100% ready to go. And to see more pictures of this one or one of our other 400 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, you name it, we got it.  Videos of every single used vehicle that we have all at SummitAuto.com. Thanks for checking out my video. If you like it, want to make this car yours, give us a call right now<PHONE_NUMBER>. Ask for one of our sales associates to make this car yours today. Once again, that number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Thanks for checking out my vid. If you like it, want to check out more, go to youtube.com slash Summit Auto. Like, subscribe and share. In fact, in a second you'll see a subscribe button on your left. A link to more used inventory videos on your right. And if you haven't checked this out, go to our website. It's www.SummitAuto.com. See what we're all about. We'll look forward to helping you with the Super Clean 2013 on the fit. Thanks again.


Hello, good morning. Happy Saturday Or maybe it's Sunday for you. I don't know but Same time same last week. We didn't have this normal because it was a source of thon But you saw us You saw mags a lot. I was kind of I was kind of scarce last weekend Scared or scarce scarce Really saw me a couple times But here we are again, we are back. We actually didn't leave we were here. We were just doing this Okay, again whoa We have Thomas Kathy Lynette Donna Charles John Kay a lash lash Tommy Nancy and Flow from Oregon and a flow if you're And if that's your name, which is another name, but hello flow Whenever I think of flow, I think of the flow from that one commercial. Oh, I oh, yeah Oh, is that the one with the palm olive? Is that flow? No, the insurance commercial thing. It's oh Progressive. Yes progressive. There we go. There's flow from from Moe's diner Hmm Yes And flow from black forest Florian Florian flows No, we have June and Jeanine New Hampshire Tori and flow the Norwegian striker Hello, but not the same flow says Individual she is herself. Yes, I said oh Patricia from Kentucky. We have a Lexus. Hi Lexus. We always love looking at your stuff that you upload. Yes, we do So we have a pretty interesting Hello My kitty cat We have a pretty come to say hello She gets jealous, I think it's hilarious I mean Sarah and I've been sitting here. We've been chat a little bit and Kiki's been on the windows still behind her and as soon as We the music comes on Kiki jumps down runs around and gets up and Sarah's lap because she doesn't like She's jealous. She is yeah. She knows me the rest of the time Live she wants to be part of it We should add Kiki to the list of our hosts Kiki hostess Kiki A mango pineapple smoothie while watching ooh, I have my coffee with cats on it Happy Canadian Thanksgiving Greg Clark. Yes. Well, that is Today or it's actually officially Monday, but today tomorrow on Monday I'm eating at my sister-in-law's house on Sunday and my best friend's house on Monday Look, it's my mom. Hey Joe And we also had Leslie from Arizona Greg Kirk Kirsten from Brighton, you know kingdom piggy Dallas Hello flow for mill diner says Charles Woo-hoo K-night can drink coffee again We're excited for you K because coffee is important You know what? We have a really crazy cool question of the week and I'm just gonna get right to it And please and I also if any of you have anything to add, please put them chat Throw it in the chat and Sarah. I'll throw it up on screen while we're going Um, I'll start with a wiki tree Facebook page if you have the time you can go over there and read these So what unusual jobs have you found in your research? A lot of people? Just talked about some ordinary jobs that today would be unordinary like blacksmiths are kind of unordinary today But they weren't unordinary back in the day So that kind of thing went on but we're gonna talk about as many of them as we can Um My third grandfather was a competitor of Ulysses S. Grant in the saddle making business for a couple of years That's from Travis Henderson from Sharon. All right mo moller Not unusual but found many artists and have original work from an uncle a great Aunt put tents on black and white photos to give them that little bit of color. I love that kind of colorizing the photos I don't like this new colorizing Thing but I love it when there's like the artistic tinting. That's pretty cool from Sue and Carter Laurie Mandragan says that I have several a third great-grand Parent who immigrated from Prussia to New York City gave his occupation as a possibly Don't know how to pronounce that John tiner's got coach builders Cat a case mentoring a fringe weaver Nancy Wilson's got lots of day labors in June says my great-grandfather was the last shoe maker or that last shoe Laster in Manchester, New Hampshire before the mills took over how cool is that? Husband's answer sester was a whip maker from Donna Dawson Richard Mason Williams says dining room or dining room turned out to be boarding house that house Men that's pretty cool and fed people from surrounding houses Canine says I didn't answer but remember finding a pig killer who work at the slaughterhouse in the Midwest Yeah, case case from a long line of pig killers That's crazy One of my great-grandfathers was a cigar maker in Chicago. That's from Don Wolfman Ron Wyatt farmer many many many times over Uh Pave pavoire Hadn't heard of it. Anyway, it means someone who lays pavers. That's cool a hand chairman In the hand chairman is we don't know John tiner says that his ancestors built the Queen's Irish state coach. That's pretty cool Let's see Laurie for us says I was helping a friend with his family history and found one article in his relatives He called the person a yeg a yeg is a cinnamon for a cinnamon them for burglar Huh, and then Cheryl Plunk now. I read this wrong. I thought it said my grandmother pickled worms, but she picked worms Imagine eating pickled worms. No pickled worms. No. No, I was just talking to somebody about pickled garlic Okay onto the G to G feed there's a lots of really fun stuff a few comments here Blacksmith was a tootin from Luke's get to stall Norm brand a tootin were traveling copper pot peddlers Members was a doffer one that retrieved empty bobbins from textile mills now As as a fun show and tell I have brought a bobbin from my grandfather's He was a plant engineer at Lawrence mill in Lawrence, South Carolina, and I brought one of the bobbins from his mill how cool is that and the Thread would wind around the cotton thread There's even cotton dust in this one and this this one actually has a crack in it So I'm sure that is why it was pulled from Production and why my grandfather had it but it's just so cool And it's worn down from years and years and years of use in that cotton mill Anyway, the cotton mill had a really interesting smell and I have his chest From his office at the cotton mill and every time I open the drawers of that chest. It smells like the cotton mill uh, let's see Uh thomas kerlan answered the g to g but the kerlan family were from numerous generations all icemen Owned one of the first artificial ice companies in the midwest and shipped all over the region That is cool um Seventeen-year-old girl in the census occupation works out now. This is funny She said sadly she had zero followers on her instagram account Sarah's doing her curls right now um Here's one i've looked across run across recently, but it's come up more than once a color man uh And a color man is the guy who mixed paint and back then the paint was full of toxin stuff. So surely we're appreciative of your Sacrifice of your family not my relatives, but two neighbors were bundlers and bone fat trees And I think that speaks for itself Joyce vander bogart. That's pretty interesting Eater laurence. There's your comment um And he says that he has ancestors of his mother who were null and mocker His last name was schmaltz or schmaltz lean I've not been able to find out his first name yet. He was buried in schmalt called them of course um And when I read his profession, I could not do anything with the word and thought schnallen marker buckle maker or novel marker Nail maker interesting But what he made was teddy bears That's that's so cute. Nancy wilson's grandfather was a type setter Uh, my finger stinger. This is from barry smith ancestors started the first glassworks in the usa. That's pretty cool Uh mechanic in 1835, which baffled me for quite a while Um, he kept wagons in shape. That's from kathy forbes from thomas kernel. I'm we've already seen yours. That's great David Preston foley listed in 1870 census as working on a steamboat And um, he lists these listed as a vile cleaner at furnace That's pretty cool. That's janine isleman I wish I could take credit for finding them But there are some unusual occupations listed in the various censuses And I pulled that up if you go to legacy tree. They have a couple um whorehouse pimp is one of them Uh, and oliver butt's worked at a pettit fogger Uh, presumed what is that? What's that? What is the pity? William is a pettit fogger is a lawyer whose methods are petty underhanded and disreputable So that's interesting if you guys want to run over there and look at that The link is in this g to g post here From roger strong George farnsworth moody was a scene painter, uh, mainly in masonic temple temples, and he wanted to be a Um camouflage painter during world war one. That's interesting Third time great grandfather's occupation was listed as maker of dugout war canoes That's fascinating alex atkins langen Those those canoes were massive and could fit over a hundred people were built to withstand ocean travel Uh, Mary Ann memma Albert tear hoon from the another lens his family was Wealth had been lost and he wished to recoup their ruin fortune and once more ownerage estate He became a ribbon weaver Now i don't know how he was planning on getting back the family fortune doing that but There you go z tyler and volunteer research job So it was not my own family the person's ancestor in question was a golf club maker He even made golf clubs for the emperor of japan. That's crazy And z tyler also found a palm reader uh My two times great great grandfather was an underhand puddler He worked in staffordshire in england in the iron industry peddling was done in reverberatory Reverberatory furnaces in which the iron came into contact with the flame alone these furnaces processed two doors Through the larger of which the furnace was charged with while the smaller was used By the puddler when he stirred or worked the iron That's crazy That's I would that was from m ross. I I can't imagine how hot that would be Uh 1865 broken new york occupation night scavenger Uh one who cleans cesspools latrines and privy privies night soil refers to human waste Night scavenger reminds me of a vampire Yeah Laurie dunahue, uh, that's pretty cool adrian hazelton while doing research on my friend my ancestor massachusetts was a fresco painter Tommy buck says his father was a cold typesetter in 1986 when the first mac was purchased Boy, that's kind of like ironic, isn't it? That's very ironic Newspapers found a great uncle who raised skunks A female ancestor who was a rag picker, which I found very sad when I found out that it's a person Who picks up rags and other waste material from the streets refuse heaps for a lively fluidity? Uh, a great grandmother was a teenage lion tamer monica edmunds. That's craziness I wonder if they used a whip that the other ancestor made. Yeah. Yeah, okay uh Sorry scrolling for you Uh maker of nets lay on fronts Uh worked for the railroad moved engines. So he was a hustler That's from john bristow. Olaf sorenson found somebody who was a magnetic healer in 1905 That was a big thing the spirit Yeah, uh wall paper hanger not an unusual job, but having a paper hanger for four generations might be from ludin Perry, uh See a goat dairy I've gotten what it was Allison that's a long one. I'm not going to read it. I just saw one phrase instead of wrote a wild Mushroom recipe book and that was long one That's crazy Uh translator and a teacher braille translator and a teacher of esperanto that kind of goes along with the 1905 time frame with that spiritualism uh grandfather charles william truman Um Was a jet worker Uh, he worked with black fast fossilized wood. It was fashionable by queen queen victoria. That's philip truman uh northwell straw maker and on del willy felch was a Clamor on the flats of seabrook jim bookum. My friend in new jersey was a motorcycle globe rider during the holocaust Oh my gosh, that is crazy. Have you ever seen those? They like put three or four people in a globe and they get that's crazy Uh linette jester my mama was a bomb girl poor pure Pure liquid tnt She poured liquid tnt in the warheads Uh, let's see D d d A fly proprietary a proprietor a fly is a light drawn public passenger vehicle or delivery wagon But it sounds good a fly proprietor A lamp lighter k. Harrison williams Was a cooper marion sorutie Uh a straw worker in milford Uh, that's from kathy carol A pipe smoking great aunt, Emmeline Swingler took over her late husband's junkyard in England. That's pretty cool. Malcolm McNamara, a French polisher, a polisher of French people, that's a process of applying many thin coats of shellac to furniture. That's from Janet Gunn. Elaine Fiveland, a friend of mine was a feather dyer in New York. Kathy Schutler was metal works, metal spinner at the time, making good money, so he's a metal spinner. Carol Koernick, a Scottish ancestor, was a Merrick maker. He took the princesses on and discovered that he was a maker of shoes of Moroccan leather, I believe it's supposed to be. Harry Hilbert, one census record, found that somebody was a bone-turner that made stabs that were shipped out to other companies, so they were making stabs for something. Like many others, some of my ancestors worked in the cotton mills, there we go, there's that bobbin again, joined jobs with several names, Gypsy of the Family, Show Folk, okay. Then onto the third page of these, I'm going to start at the bottom because the one at the very top is the one that's going to segue, so a tin maker and a Cornish mine from Jenny Johnston, Pig Inspector or Pig Warren from Donald Sylvan, while working the England orphan trail, Kathy Carroll found a family of needle makers, let's see, this one comes from, say it is, say it as it is, department, a distant relative of my wife was detained, I think, Hackney Workhouse in North London under occupation, it read quite clearly prostitute and the reason for detention, syphilis, Donna Baumann says my other grandmother was a matron in a female prison, she was about four foot ten, so it must have been, not have been dangerous or no, she probably was forced to reckon with, that's my call on that. And Alyssa Mayfield, my grandmother's tools of the trade was an acoustic martin guitar, she made a career of traveling the country, storytelling and singing folk music, I listened to her music every morning on my way to work, Sarah, how is that, you know, that's like perfect because our profiles of the week are folk singers, folk singers, folk singers, folk singers, look who just joined us, Chris, Chris just joined us, Chris has, oh, but before I do that, while you were reading the question of the week, somebody was asking about the final stats for the Soursathon, so I think we can talk about that real quick. It was not my guess, what was your guess again, 84,690, we got the final total of 56,972 with the Virginia Sorcerers number one, and then who had the most, Leandra Ford was number one with the most source profile, look, Pip's up there and Emma and Sandy and Maddie, so those were, that was the stats for the Soursathon, there should be AG2G post, kind of wrapping it up, but I haven't seen it yet, but usually happens within a week or so of the Soursathon, okay, now, oops, folk musicians, so our main connect, our main featured folk musician is Joe Hill and his birthday was, oh my goodness, on October 7th, so which was the one day when we featured all of them, and you are 30 degrees from Joe Hill through your dad, Joe, sorry. So, he changed his name to Hill, those formerly, formerly Hegelund, how would you pronounce that, I think Thomas, so he immigrated to North America 1902, he learned English while working various jobs, during that time his immigrant worker, he found himself frequently unemployed or underemployed and started writing songs and drawing cartoons to support labor unions, he also used the alias Joseph Philstrom, oh, he was accused of murder and though he was most likely innocent, he was convicted and found guilty, just prior to his execution, Joe had written to Bill Haywood, goodbye Bill, I died like a true blue rebel, don't waste any time in mourning, organized, and I actually died in Salt Lake City, Utah, so that's pretty interesting, looks, don't mourn, organize, this last thing he wrote to for his execution, well it's pretty interesting, we just learned some interesting things with these people, okay, so next we have Woody Guthrie or Woodrow Wilson Guthrie born in 1912 in Oklahoma, he was an American folk musician, believed to have written more than a thousand folk type songs, apparently Woody's younger sister Clara was killed in an oil stove explosion, and his mother Nora developed Huntington's, Corian later died in the state asylum, and he, Woody died from Huntington's disease, he's survived by his two daughters, he died in October 3rd, so also this month in 1930, 1967, you are 18 degrees from him again through your dad, ooh, usually through my dad, my closest connections through my dad, and I'm 17 degrees from Woody, probably through my mother, let me look, no actually through my dad, fun, so next we have Peter Seeger born in, Pete Seeger, or Peter, his middle initials V, but I guess we're uncertain what the V stands for, for 1919 in New York, his parents were Charles Seeger, a Harvard trained composer and musicologist and founder of the American Musicologist Society, as well as the academic discipline of ethno musicology, and a concert violinist in Juilliard School of Music Teachers, so he had his parents, he had lots of love too, Pete had deep Christian American roots, tracing his ancestry to Germany and the American Revolution, he's best remembered as an American folk singer and activist, regularly heard on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he was a member of the Weavers, most notably the recording of Leed Belly's Good Night Irene, and he died in 2014 on January 27th in New York as well, next on our list, Malvina Reynolds, born 1900 in California, she was an American Folk's Blues singer, songwriter, and political activist, best known for her songwriting, particularly the songs Little Boxes and what have they done to the rain, let's see, you are 26 degrees from Malvina through your father, so while she was doing graduate work she did some student teaching in which she used pop songs to teach her high school students about rhyme scheme and meter, as they were not poetry readers, so that's cool, I guess that's kind of what this, maybe not, 66 year old speaks language of younger generation, I know that's related, but Joe says that she's 25 degrees from Joan Baez on her mom's side, and apparently she was in 1977 an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press, non-profit publishing organization, next we have Paul Robison, born in 1898 in New Jersey, died in 1976 in Philadelphia, he was an American bass singer and actor, go ahead, 22 degrees from your mom's side, goodness, that's pretty cool, he was an American bass singer and actor who became involved with the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, his distinctive powerful deep bass voice was best known in showboat, and her rendition of All Man River became the benchmark for all future performances of the song, he was blacklisted in the 1950s because of his sympathies to Stalin and the Soviet Union, apparently his mother was from a prominent Quaker family of mixed ancestry, African, Anglo-American and Lenape, Lenape, and then he died in Philly at the age of 77 in complications of stroke, very cool, seems like an interesting guy, yeah it is, I can hear his Old Man River in my ears right now, I'm gonna have a brain, what is it, an earworm now, pickled worm, yeah, pickled worm earworm, Old Man River, a pickled worm seeing an Old Man River, next we have Paul Simon, who was the short, short little bio, born on October 13th, so just his anniversary, coming up, 1941 in New Jersey, and he was part of the Simon and Argar Funkle duo, so there you go, he was Simon and Simon and Argar Funkle, that's all we got on him, he's there, here, next we have Haydee, Haydee, Hedwig, Hedwig was like her West, born in 1930 in Georgia, she was an American folk singer and songwriter playing both guitar and banjo, best known for the song 500 Miles, she's my closest at my mom, is she, am I pretty close to her too? You are probably 20, 20 degrees from Hedy West through your dad, so West began performing at folk festivals in her teen years, winning a prize for ballad singing in Nashville, Tennessee in the mid, in the mid 1950s, and she studied first at West Carolina College and then later at Mann's College and Columbia University in New York, and she knew around where my family is from, she knew the other one, Pete's Cigar, there you go, Thomas Kernelon says he's currently teaching himself to play 500 Miles on the banjo, that's cool, did he tell me how to pronounce this one, this one, okay, apparently 1970 West, she moved to Germany, where she was wed a third time, and she moved back to New York, and she died in Philly in 2005, thank you Thomas Kernelon for putting that profile together last week, that's great, I love the community, collaborative nature of Wiki Tree, yes, I agree, we're all a big family like John says before, the sun is like beaming in my face right now, so next on our list we have Joan Baez, Biaz, born in, born on January 9th, 1941 in New York, American Folk singer, songwriter, musician, and activist, her folk music often includes songs of protest and social justice, she's fluent in Spanish and English, and has recorded songs in at least six other languages, now even though your mom was throwing up her connection to Joan Baez, the connection that Wiki Tree is showing for you is 26 degrees through your dad, yeah, because I'm probably closer to, closer to them through my dad and my mom, probably also, also connected through my mom, but closer to my dad, hey, how do you like being in the spotlight there Sarah, literally in the spotlight, somebody turn the sun off for a few minutes, okay, please, please, so next we have Lionel Long, Lionel Joaquin Paul Long, born in 1938 in Australia, he was an Australian country and folk singer, songwriter, guitarist, actor, and artist, he became one of Australia's most successful and popular country and folk artist in the 1960s, releasing over a dozen albums, he's also well known for his acting appearances on television programs such as Crawford, Productions, Homside, I know we had one or two people from Australia here, you guys familiar with Lionel Long, I have a list of all of his albums, this is the photo of his first album while saying Matilda, all his TV shows and films, and he got an award, he was awarded the Medal of Honor, Medal of the Order of Australia in 1993, service to the performing and visual arts, and he died on January 1st, 1998, wow that's a pretty medal, next we have Stan Rogers from Canada, born in 1949, was a Canadian folk musician and songwriter, he spent his childhood summers in Nova Scotia, main main his mother's hometown, mother's hometown of Canso, he was touring with his brother Garnet and bass player Jim Morrison, Roger Field's large halls on Canada's, wow Canada's East Coast and headline folk venues across Canada and the US, he died in a fire aboard Air Canada fight 797 on the ground at Greater Cincinnati Airport, and apparently there is a Stan Rogers folk festival held every year in Canso, Nova Scotia, they have one more, all these folk musicians, we have Emma Overd, born in England in 1838, she was barely literate, agriculture laborer, she lived in a small area around the parish of Currie Rival in Somerset for her entire life, she became well known in this area for her singing, the song she sang were those she heard and memorized, nice, let's see is anybody familiar with her, her singing, well look we have a YouTube link here, I'm not gonna, I'm just curious to see what, so this is I guess the song is Mary of the Wild Moor, song dates back to an 18th century broadside ballad, there's a lot of research history, so she didn't really song write, she just sang songs and was well known in the area to that, there's lots of discussions going on about particular songs that people have done like 500 miles, there's lots of conversation after the banjo comment, Thomas Carlin says yeah the Stanley Brothers, that's my area of the woods, did that and then Peter, Paul and Mary and everybody's done 500 miles, that's a good one, and that was our last one, now for our favorite, oh my, yeah my favorite segment of the, oh my goodness this is gonna be good one, silly is the theme, what is it, silly, silly, silly, let's see, retirement party caricature, I have to point out that Thomas Carlin just answered your question, have we heard of Overd, he knew her before the week and he wasn't the one who suggested her, she was one of the many old farmers that the folk revivalists discovered and recorded during doing the old British ballads and such, that's kind of cool, that's cute, trying to see what is it's a water pump, a well pump in the middle, right, looks like they're holding their hair, I don't know, what's in this one's lap, I think it's a dog, it's a dog, I wasn't sure that's why I was zooming in and I wanted to make sure you saw that, oh see you've got your pumpkin, dressed as children on a teeter totter, oh they're on a teeter totter, that's not a well, gotcha, a seesaw, I call it a seesaw, not a teeter totter, clowning around, that's cute, you know there are a lot of people who are scared of clowns, well with all of the scary stuff that's gone around, I don't know which started for people's fear of clowns, so then they create horror things of clowns or horror things of clowns that then led to people being afraid of them, that's a pretty funny one, he's gonna get pissed on, under the faucet, oh Janine uploaded this one, silly bullies, oh my no, he's doing some contortion, I don't know, that hurts me unless, I think there's two boys, yeah I think there's, yeah I don't think it's him filming it, yeah he looked way too comfortable, yeah that's a cute one, it's actually a pretty good quality photo too, it is and it's an old photograph too, 1916, yeah, oh my, definitely not a fascinator, it's like a bandana, it may be that she's going to church, is there anything on this, taken by family, yeah family photo archive, like Greek Orthodox or you know pig, pork with an attitude, hey whose ancestor was the pig killer, oh that's cute, that is cute, dancing in her tutu, looks like they're asleep over something, helping him stand, I don't know exactly what's going on this photo, they used to have a trunk on the back of the cars and so he's standing on the trunk, that literally was a trunk before they became trunks and that's where you put your stuff, he's standing on the little trunk that's holding the spare tire, I wonder what he's doing though, why he wants to stand up there, looks like he's looking at something, I'm not sure, is he got a camera on his hand, that's what I'm thinking, it almost looks like he's taking, so there's two photographers, he's taking a photo of something and then taking a photo of them, yeah that's cute, Brian Lawson, well that's a cute one, that little bag thing he's holding is almost too big for him, he's going fishing, I don't know what the name of this bag was, what did you say it was, it's a bag you put the fish on once you're done, I don't know if there was like a technical term for it, just fish bag, looks like he has a cigar in his mouth, a cigarette, something, or I don't know if it's just the photos conveniently messed up in that area, it's kind of what it looks like, oh my, mixing up his wife and his girlfriend, that's pretty funny, that just makes you laugh, playing poker, it looks like it's all her, it's all the same lady and she's like has mirrors, that's crazy, I wonder how that it was accomplished in 1915, I wonder if she's just like had mirrors or something, was that 1915 for real, well it's of her who was born in 1860, it died 1904, so wait a second, wait a second, yeah, yeah, wait a second, so it's a ghost, this last one, let's look at the V2Gs, see if there are any explanations for, a wicker kreel basket for fishing, there you go, June Butka coming in, okay, a kreel, a wicker basket, kreel, look, Captain Jack Sparrow, nice, and clown, we saw that one, we saw the faucet, no they were in Japan in this one, army buddies in Japan, there is station there for the reconstruction, recombobulation area, that's funny, that's one of my mom's favorite words, discombobulated, I'm discombobulated, yeah, so this is where you have to go to get undiscombobulated, to get discombobulated, I love it, oh and there's the fella, two of my father John Miller's students, 1937, I did a double take for a son, that is really a really really top quality photograph, this is my mom being silly, it was taking it, my family home, I'm not sure when it was taken, it was scanned in 2010, perhaps at a party for my dad's birthday, hmm, hmm, I have no idea who's convinced her to put a cloth napkin on her head, but she does look happy, she saw that one, it's kind of fun that we guess it stuff and then go to G2G to find out the real story, yeah, yeah, I like that, I like guessing first and then getting the real truth, mm-hmm, oh she's bowing after a performance, mm-hmm, that's adorable, mm-hmm, the retirement party won, oh they were doing a dog pile, a dog pile, puppy pile, puppy pile, oh that photo didn't load, oh I didn't see this one, two great uncles, Hildreth and Vincent on vacation in New Jersey, they told me silly, apparently the sister told a silly story about her brothers, which probably happened during the same decade, this photo was taken, when Vincent learned that Hildreth had a hot date one night, as a silly gesture, some may call it as a practical joke, Vincent slipped a slice of Limburger cheese into the pocket of Hildreth's jacket, people who like Limburger cheese describe the smell as a pungent aroma, those who don't like it describe the smell as a horde stench, a silly story about a silly act, that's funny, okay, this is my father standing on a trunk of a car intent on taking a photo of the landscape, this future brother-in-law is pretending to disrupt his photography by pinching him or something similar, so we were kind of right, him taking a photo, yep, me in the seventh grade, Brian Lawson, that's funny, oh another photo didn't load, uh-huh, around the turn of the 20th century, trick photography was the rage, this photo Serena at Squire Arwood in a matching photo of her husband illustrate the technique, the main thing I can't figure out is the variation in the part and her hair across various angles, maybe they flipped the pictures to get facing views and instead of taking separate views of each, pretty fascinating, that is cool, well those are all our photos guys, well we have breaking news from York that Hilary Gatsby is not in Wales today, she is in York breaking news and she wants to know how many people are using Rob's app now that I have been beta testing, Rob's app, yeah it's a new source and citation app, let's go look at it, let's go look at it, just really, we had a question way back at the very top and I didn't want to post it until after we were done, wanting to know what the the source of fun quick sourcing challenge that's going on right now is and I'm not familiar with that and I don't know if you've heard of that, that was a while you're working on that I'll go back up and see if I can find that specific question, so what so can you tell me exactly what Rob I'm trying to search the app, what is the sourceathon sprint that is going on now, oh so there is usually a weekend sprint every so often for sourcing, they have a sourcing sprint every weekend I believe, I can find the thing about Rob it's on the front page I believe, oh it should be on the app page okay find apps, is it called something source, source something, let me show my page so you guys can see, tell me tell me what it is, an extension, Weakie Tree Sorcerer, there we go, I found it, Rob Pavy, so Weakie Tree Sorcerer is a free browser extension developed by Rob that helps the user to search for sources and cite them thus saving a lot of time and manual typing, that's cool, that's good, so it's an extension, so it's an extension that you have to, is it for just Google the Chrome, okay so it works on Chrome and Firefox and currently you can I guess you can use it on Ancestry, Find My Past, Family Search, DRO and free BMD sites are supported, oh cool go check that out and Nancy Wilson answered the question about the sourcing sprint, it's just a monthly sourcing challenge for you, there you go is your answer, okay well here are a lot of great cards, sorry K Knight kind of wrapped up what what the source the app is, to use defined sources create source citations and create narrative with citations, K is one of our fun app developers and she knows, we have her on once to show her app that she does, yeah that's what you did, mm-hmm and a lot a lot of people are talking about what kind of platforms that they've used it on to do it, Ancestry, Ancestry reworked their source citations and it's kind of hard to pick your citation out of those so that that I may have to load it just be able to use it for Ancestry, I find Family Search's citations easy to grab and they have the links in them and stuff and it's easy to copy too like they always have like a thing where you can click and it copies it for you, yeah Ancestry that's why if I can't all use Family Search if it's there because then I don't have to think about me creating source, all right wait did you change most or is anything else, what's your mug? Show us your mug, I showed it, it was cats, where was I when you did that, obviously somewhere else, somebody should fire me, probably, probably, so unless anybody has anything else, we looked at some so check out the different apps, go read those profiles, learn something new, yes, has anyone experienced a slowdown on wiki tree, no, yes, yeah June says, June remember is I showing it, hey, hey, well at least I got to see it since I missed it, yeah cats, well, yes, well yes, until next time, the challenge this month or this week, the purse, okay, hold on my brain, my brain, get your brain to work and I know my time moves so quickly that I don't even remember, okay this week we're going Shelly Murphy, yes, so check out on Wednesday where we wrap it up, we wrap her up and nice little bow and then I think next we have, I'm not sure who exactly is next, but we will be wrapping up Shelly Murphy and kicking off our next guest star and I'm sure things are going really well, Shelly Murphy is a cool genealogist, I guess I can see, let's see if we have any, do we have any bounty points left yet, let's see, I'm going to check real quick, we do have some bounty points, so check in on Wednesday to see what bounty points we have gotten, Chris Ferriero says that it's Roberta Astus next, oh yes that is right, she was coming up soon, she's after Shelly, all right cool, so check out Wednesday, wrap up, I'm not sure, I lose track of when Friday day night is, I don't think it was yesterday, no I think it's next Friday, so Friday day next Friday and then next Saturday, same time, same place, I don't know how to point, there we go, Sarah, no I mean I thought I guessed right, yeah I know, you can never, it's like, bye Jim, bye Chris, bye John, bye Tommy, bye Hilary,


Not washing your reusable grocery bags after each use can lead to dangerous cross-contamination and make you sick. Over 99% of bags randomly swabbed tested positive for large amounts of bacteria. Some even had coliform or E. coli. Bacteria from shopping carts, conveyor belts, your car, and other foods can transfer to the groceries you're about to eat, putting you at risk of getting sick. To avoid that, try using specific bags for certain products and always wash and store them properly.


With physical readiness so important in today's Navy, one command abandoned traditional pizza sales in favor of a healthier option. People think cardio, working out, and all that's great. But if you're not doing that in conjunction with a good diet, then you're kind of working against yourself. Draper says sailors can prepare for the physical fitness assessment by making healthier choices.  It is boiling down to they're not making the weight, which with today's instruction, you don't make the weight, you never get to the starting line. For more information, visit the physical readiness webpage on www.npc.navy.mil. From NPC, I'm Petty Officer Andrea Perez.


Ukraine created five fighter jets brigades consisting of Su-27 and MiG-29. Yuri Ignat, advisor to the command of the Air Force of the Ukrainian troops, told how many MiG-29 fighter jets the country currently has. He spoke about this on the air of the Kiev TV channel. Ignat revealed the number of received MiG-29 fighter jets and announced the presence of three fighter brigades, about 72 aircraft, in the armed forces of Ukraine. He called the transfer of such weapons to Ukraine a historic step. In addition, Kiev has five fighter jets brigades. Giving combat aircraft to Ukraine is a historic step. Today, we have five fighter brigades of such aircraft. Two Su-27 and three MiG-29 brigades, Ignat said. But these are old Soviet fighters of the fourth generation, which are morally and physically obsolete, Ignat emphasized. The advisor to the Ukrainian armed forces added that the transfer of fighter jets by Poland is a sign for others that we need to take the second and third steps. What are the next steps? Transfer of modern advanced aviation platforms, he concluded. Earlier it was reported that Slovakia and Poland will transfer a total of 33 MiG-29 fighter jets to Ukraine. At the same time, the first Slovak mid-29 fighter jets have already arrived in Ukraine and are protecting the sky over Karkov. However, the MiG-29 fighter jets are not an effective weapon against cruise missiles and drones, as the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine said.


The reason why the narcissist downgrades. The reason why they leave you for someone of a lower status, grade or level of importance. The reason why they leave you for someone who is less attractive. When the narcissist met you, they got lucky. It happened by chance rather than through their actions. They instantly recognised you and wanted to be involved with you because they recognise your qualities and abilities. You were above their usual standard. You were above what they were used to and above what they knew they deserved. So of course they wanted to be involved with you. I've talked to many of you in my coaching sessions and I can see that you are all physically attractive people. You are all very intelligent. You have ambitions and these are all qualities that the narcissist looks for. They want the best that they can find and that was you. But deep down they knew that they didn't deserve you. They knew that someone like them did not belong with someone like you and that is why all they could do was sabotage it. They don't know how to treat someone of high value and even if they did it wouldn't matter because narcissists only care about themselves. They are self absorbed and lack empathy but they always knew that you were something great. That's why they targeted you. That's why they chose to pursue you over everyone else. They knew that they didn't deserve to be in your presence and that is why they had to put you beneath them.  Which is the only reason why they got involved with you. They wanted to partake in all of the great things that you had to offer but they knew it was only ever going to be temporary. They knew that someone like them does not belong with someone like you and they knew that it was only a matter of time until you figured that out. In the beginning you were naive. You saw someone who showed an interest in you. Someone who wanted to be with you and you looked past everything else. You didn't consider what you deserved. You were very modest and you saw a person who appeared to be kind and caring. Someone who appeared to want to share something with you but as time went by they began to devalue you.  They kept you looking at yourself in a negative way. What you didn't realise is that they only did that because they felt inferior to you. They were fully aware that you were better but they just couldn't acknowledge it. They had to trick themselves into believing that you were beneath them to make themselves feel more comfortable and because you were already experiencing self doubt you agreed with them. You accepted what they said about you or what they led you to believe rather than choosing to contest their opinion or argument. You accepted that maybe they're right. Maybe they are superior to you. Maybe you do need to prove your worth to them. Maybe you are the one who was lucky to be with them. When really it's the other way around and that is why they had this obsessive desire and motive to put you beneath them. To make you believe that you're not as great as you are. Once the narcissist has got as much as they can out of you or once you figured them out they will leave and move on with someone else but you may often notice that the person they move on with is so much less than what they claimed they deserved while you were with the narcissist. They made you believe that they had this fixed standard of what they expect from a relationship partner. Maybe someone who is very attractive, rich, successful, someone who has their life together but you will often see that the person they end up with after you're gone is nothing like what they said they were interested in. You may even feel disgusted that they left you for this new person and that is why I decided to make this video.  Please do not compare yourself to their new source of supply. Please do not think that you are on their level. It is very common for the narcissist to downgrade after the discard. The reason for this is because they got lucky with you and after you're gone all they can do is return to the standard that they're used to. People who are average, people who live a simple life because that's all a narcissist really deserves anyway. They never took the time to work themselves. They never took the time to improve their qualities and abilities. They were only focused on improving their false image and when they downgrade they project parts of this false image onto the new source. I don't know if any of you have seen the movie Shadow Hell but it's the same thing. They end up with someone who is more at their level or standard but not only do they have this delusional distorted view of themselves but they also see the new source in the same way. They really believe that there's something special.  They're going to remain in their false reality until the end but they will downgrade after they've left you. It's the only thing they can do. They're not going to be able to find someone at your level or standard again. They know that most people like that wouldn't give them the time of day but you did. You gave them a chance. You looked past their flaws and all of their problems and you invited them into your life and there was a price to pay for that.  They would have their own purpose or motivations that they are focused on outside of you and they just wouldn't have the time to chase you but when it's all said and done they end up with someone just like them. They go back to the hole where they belong and we need to return to people just like us. People who value honesty and respect, love and compassion because when it all comes down to it that's what separates us. That's what makes us different. Thank you for watching. I hope this video was it with you. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. Click the bell icon to receive notifications for my future videos. If you would like to donate my PayPal link is in the video description. Coaching Inquiries, you can email me at narksofaracoaching at gmail.com. Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon.