We are officially live right now. Wait a sec. Before you start, I got to introduce you to the world. This is my daughter Brittany and today we're tie-dying and we got all these different cool colors and patterns and what we did we went online and we found out a bunch of different patterns and different ways to tie it up. This is what? Now that's the classic swirl spiral. Okay. This is the scrunch from corner to corner. Triangles, yeah, for a pattern. Okay, so rocket and that's the cerulean blue or turquoise. This is the turquoise. Okay. The beauty of tie-dye is it doesn't have to be perfect. Probably the less perfect it is the more cool it's going to look. So what are you just doing with those two colors? White and blue or are you going to? Okay. Yeah, I was looking online and we saw this one and it looks really cool. After they put the first color on it, it was just blue and the white and it looks really cool. Yeah, that's a good thing we have gloves. Hey Cam, this is my daughter Brittany and yeah, so can I see what you're saying? That would look cool though if you put pink in it too but yeah, that's fine. I think that's great. That's going to look cool. So what I did on these, you can imagine a t-shirt unfolded and you know just laid out like like pulling out and I laid a string down across and then just rolled the string all the way up and then pulled it together where it kind of scrunches right here and then tied it on the bottom. So we'll give that one a shot. So what we do with these tie-dyes is we end up wrapping them up in a bag for at least 8 to 12 hours and then you take it in the sink and you rinse it out until basically all the tie tie-dye comes out of the water, you know. So when you're looking at the water, you know, if there's no more blue in this one for example, it's ready. Better what? Oh yeah, what you should do though, if you want to wrap it up though in a good bag, a bag without dye in it. So it's going to look awesome. I guarantee it's going to look perfect. So that's turquoise. The colors we're working with, this one is cerulean blue, this one we have brown and we have pink here. So turquoise cerulean blue, brown and pink. So yeah, the reason I got brown was one of the tie-dye shirts I had a while ago. It got so old that I can't wear it anymore. But uh, oops, fail. Oops, I just got pink on mine. I guess I'm doing pink on mine. Pink and, what do you think? Pink and what? Cerulean blue. Okay, let's do that. This is just a muscle shirt. So I'm just going to go like that and then where's the cerulean blue? Is that it? No. So Britt's working on hers over here. Yeah, I have no issues wearing pink.  I think that's going to look pretty cool. And that's looking marvelous. Let's flip it over. Oh, that looks great, hun. That looks fantastic. You're going to dig that. That's awesome. It's awesome. So I'll do a little bit more here, a little there. And yeah, the pink's pretty cool. A little like that. What do you guys think? Is that good to go? Yeah. All right, so Britt, what are you doing on this one? Oh, nice. Yeah. We got 46 people watching. While you're doing that, I'm going to try to put this one in a bag. Oops. Oh, God. So far, that's going to be my tank top, probably about the city camera. But you just put it inside of a bag or throw it on the grass while you're trying to put it in the bag. And you just fold it up real tight and let it sit. Yeah, it's going to look cool. So what other color are you going to use? Yep. Oops, I just got dye on my pants. You got it on your leg. Yep. Yes. I'm going to have to get more plastic bags. That's an N5D shirt. This one Brittney's making for Cameron. Okay. Cool. It'll be perfect. I don't think you can mess up tie dye. Yeah, exactly. Exactly. The more imperfect it is, the better it probably looks. Yeah. So can it all up? Yeah. And that's important too when you're doing tie dye. You want to make sure you're using cotton and pre-wash them. Put the camera there on you and we're going to grab some more plastic bags. So I'm not sure how it'll come out over the screen printing, but we're hoping it'll come out very nice. I'm sure we'll update you all tomorrow. Saying I don't know how it will come out over the screen printing to the N5D logo. All right. Very earthy brown and blue. These colors, two colors together are just fantastic. Like I said, I think my last shirt that I really, really fell in love with was turquoise and brown. It was very earthy and I just loved the colors. It's two colors that you don't really see very often. Yeah. That's going to look really cool. Kim says Brittney's doing a great job. I agree. Yeah, sure. What I want you to do after this is hold the camera. I'm okay. So what I'm going to show you guys now is this looks pretty cool. It's a medium shirt. I don't think it's going to fit me anyway, but I'll probably end up cutting off the sleeves of the dust. It's a medium shirt and this is one of the things that they did online from one of the tutorials that he saw. So what you do is just lay it out like that. Like I said, it doesn't have to be perfect. None of this has to be perfect. And you start in the middle. You know, I should probably do it the other way around for the logo. We just kind of stretch it up from the center toward and bring it from the outside back into the center. This one's so simple and basic too. It's like one of the easiest ways to tie dye. So basically that's it and all you got to do is add the tie dye to it. So pink and cerulean blue, I think we're going to do the brown and blue like I think the brown and blue looks nice together. The brown and this is cerulean or I think I did cerulean on my brown and blue. I kind of like how the holes in the top kind of give it a splatter look too. Turquoise. Very earthy looking shirt. That turquoise is really nice. So I'll just show you real quick what this looks like so far. Kind of looks like a cow. A little bit. Add more blue to it. Looks nice. Rescrunch. Maybe add a little bit of pink in there.  I don't think I put enough dye down when I did that first one. So definitely add some more blue. The blue looks really nice. I definitely think the dye will expand as it goes on too. And then I guess I'll just do one more on the front. And call it good because I'm good with having a lot of white in it with the center. I think that rock one would have been fun, but that's so yeah, strenuous. My mother Brittany's grandmother was giving us tie dye advice yesterday. Tips on different kinds of ways we could do it. And one of the ways that we had already seen video was. Have you seen this? Rocks inside of rubber bands and doing it that way. So it's a brilliant pattern, but very time consuming. Bring the sun back to O-Town with you, Brittany. Who said that? Kelly Hohling. I heard it was pretty nice up there today. Almost a high of 70, a record high for this time of year. Okay, so I think this might be good to go. Let's take a peek at what we're looking at so far. Looks good. Yeah, and I should expand out somewhat. It's nice that it doesn't stain the screen printing on the front. So we'll put it in this bag for about 12 hours or so, eight to 12 hours, and we'll rinse it out all these until all the dye comes out of the shirt. Okay. It's a cold water rinse, right? Yes. All right, Brittany, what are we going to do next? We bought disposable gloves. Do you want to use these? Use those, huh? It's fine. So we saw a pattern like this on TV, and it came out really cool. It'll look perfect. Yeah, okay. Yeah. Yeah, okay. That's a good idea. Pretty in pink. Do you think you have enough dye in that? That's right. That's right. Awesome. You're now camera. I've got another one of these that I did. Like I said, I took a t-shirt, laid a string down like that across, and then just rolled it up tightly like that, and then brought it around like that. And then pulled them together, which scrunches it up like that. So that's what we're looking at right now. So the last one I did was pink and turquoise. Well, it was the, I think it was the cerulean, then brown was the last one you did. Oh, the scrunchy. It was brown and blue, I believe. Oh, no, it was pink. That's what I just did though. Yeah, but different styles, different tie-ups. You're asking a triple libra to make a decision. Rock, paper, scissors. Turquoise and brown. Like I said, doesn't have to be perfect. Perfectly imperfect. Perfectly imperfect. And I just love the earthy colors of these combinations. Brown, turquoise. I think like a seafoam green would be nice with the mix too. It's kind of a chocolate brown. You're getting a little sloppy here with the drippage, pretty sick, imperfectly perfect. Just carry over what I did on the other side. Some more turquoise, maybe up for 12 hours or so. 12 hours. That's good to go. So we've already got dye on this one. Let's give her this one. I think I have one that I already had a... Yep, I guess I'm just going to scrunch this one up again too. The beauty of tie dye is it doesn't show on their stains on it as well. No.  Maybe? Yeah, I definitely have dye on the bottom of my shoes. Remind me not to wear these in the house though. So. I think I have pink on the bottom. Remind me not to wear those inside. It's a try out. So I'm going to do a little one. Okay, last time. So if you're just turning in, Brittany and I are tie dyeing No emergency though going on here. We haven't burned the place down. We've got a bunch of different t-shirts and different tie dye colors that we're working with. Just really cool colors that seem to go well together. I think the pink looks really good. I'm excited to see how my triangular one comes out. It's going to be a full on pink dyed shirt or... You're not tie dye experts by any means. Yeah, I don't think I don't think you can mess it up at all. The sign, I think we're good to go. I think it looks good. Happy that the screen printing didn't get tie dyed as well. You know, the color stayed true for the screen printing in it. Well, I think that's going to have to be perfect just in the way it is. Let's invert the bag. So what we're going to do is... So I much rather see you than me. We're going to... What time is it right now, hun? So tomorrow morning. Because I don't think we're going to wait. Well, we could do it at one o'clock, but I don't think that's going to work. What we've got to do first is we run them under the sink until the water runs clear. And then we wash them in cold water, I believe. But I'm going to make sure. Yeah, that's a good idea. Yeah, yes, this is what we're looking at right now. I've got quite a mess going on right here. I got a little sunburn today. But that's what we're looking at right now. We're going to check in tomorrow when we... Get an update about how it all turned out. Yeah, after we rinse them out and stuff. So I'll let you guys see what it looks like tomorrow. Until then, send you all instant love and light. This is Greg from N5D.com. And Brittany, my daughter. Peace. Now I must say good morning, good afternoon, good evening, wherever you might be across the planet around the world. My name is Greg Prescott. And you're looking at my daughter, Brittany, right now. And today is day two of tie-dye. So what we did yesterday, we made these incredible tie-dye shirts. That came out fantastic. The spiral. Good job. Yes. And what you do is now that they've been sitting for at least eight to 12 hours, you just got to squeeze out the dye in there until the water runs clear. So here it is. I don't know, like 9.30 or so. I got up early and I did mine ahead of Britt. So these are the dyes that we use. That's the chocolate brown. And the hot pink, the turquoise, and the cerulean blue. Yeah. It takes a while to squeeze out the dye. Yes. Now, as we saw yesterday, Brittany used more dye than I did. So what, let me show you. I'll just turn it around real quick. This is what I made yesterday. And it came out really cool. It's kind of like lips on here, unintentional. But I like the colors on it. I like having a little white on there, but it's probably too much white. And I'll be going over things that I learned. One of the things I learned is use more dye. But let's go to Britt. No, it doesn't. You can see the difference. Definitely. And it'll lighten up too after you dry it. I think it looks great. So I see Candace Crow Goldman is on here with us. And just a reminder to everyone, we're kicking off International Regression Week tomorrow. And Candace and I will be kicking that off on the N5D YouTube channel. So be sure you join us. What's Candace saying? She loves subtle tight eyes. That's subtle. You got it all out? Okay, that looks pretty good. So I'll show you what I did yesterday. I love this one. Brittany called it Cotton Candy. I think that's the appropriate title for it. This was turquoise and the hot tank. And it looks like cotton candy. That's the front. I'll show you the back. So that's what that one came out looking like. I really like it. Now this one, the way I did this one, was just the scrunch method like this. I scrunched it up and brought it towards the center like that. And just sprayed the dye on it and flipped it over and did the same thing on the other side. And that's how that one came out. I did the same thing on this one. This was the turquoise. And the brown, very earthy. And I noticed that it almost gives the brown combined with the turquoise. It almost gave it like a little pinkish-purplish on there. But I still like that. And I did that, like I said, the same method. I did it, the scrunchy method. This one I had the string on the bottom. And I rolled it all up. And so you can see the pattern of how that goes across like that. And so that one came out pretty cool too. Okay, so Britt's working on number two. Oh, look at that one. I like it. You could make purple. Now, what pattern did you do on that one? This one, I was trying to make. This is my new one that I rolled out on there. Uh-huh. Okay. Cool. I love it. I love the colors. That one was probably easier to get the color out. Yeah, that's what I meant. That's the red apple one. Still there though, yeah. It's just got a couple other ones here. This is gonna be interesting, the ones you did with the triangle. And then this one. Is that this? Yeah. It felt like your spiral one. That came out good. I really, really like that one. Your first one. So you soaked them and that's what you get. There's like no white in that spiral one, but it still looks great. So another thing that I did that I learned is when we were watching the tutorials, they said that you're supposed to wash them individually in hot water. Well, what I ended up doing is, let me show you, I took this one that I have on and I washed it with this one because there's similar colors. They have the similar colors in them, so I figured what the heck. I washed them together. Didn't make a difference. So you can wash, you can wash them together. Yeah, likes with likes. And that's what we're looking at here with Brett. Let's see. Probably wash that with this and this with that. I don't know, we're gonna find out. Looking good. Brett's first two. She's a pro at this. Here's that pink one. Oh my. It was mainly pink. Yeah, but it still looks wonderful. I love that. That looks outstanding. Good job. Yeah, there's a lot of pink in that one. Can't wait to see what these look like dried because the colors come out a little bit lighter, like what Brett has here. Yeah, it's probably gonna end up a little lighter, like what you're looking at right here. Or, you know, something like that. So that's gonna look fantastic for little N5D. Yeah, that's got a lot of pink in it. Okay, it starts all the way through. I thought it was gonna kind of make me white. Yeah, that was really cool. All she did was made these little triangle cutouts, put one on top, one on the bottom, and there's a certain way that you can fold it up in triangle. It kind of just makes a little triangle or pattern in the back of it to see if it's not white. Yeah, I think it looks awesome. Yeah, so you can see the diamonds in the top. Diamonds. See, my shirts are bigger and I had to wring them out longer. I used more colors. I was really wringing it out longer. That's true. That is true. So another thing that we learned, and we kind of knew ahead of time, is that you really can't mess up tie dye. Just have fun and do it. Do your research online. There's all sorts of tutorials out there on different ways you can tie dye, different patterns and stuff like that. Candice says the pink one looks like alien eyes. You can't really mess up tie dye. Yeah, well, you definitely use a lot more. I think it'll look more like the cotton candy pink than I have over there. So as I mentioned, what I did was I washed them.  For only six minutes, that was long enough. I dried them on just regular normal. Yeah, that looks great. Okay, so Brittany did more experimenting on her patterns than I did. So I'm really curious about what this one will look like. I think they said you're supposed to leave the rubber bands on while you're... What? I know. I have to take all of them off. Okay, well, that's what they said. Like I said, you can't really mess up tie dye. That was one of the tips. Just to leave the rubber bands on, but... It's like unwrapping Christmas presents, you know? Everyone's loving them. Maybe we'll inspire other people to tie dye. Oh, that's great. You kidding me? That's fantastic. Looks like a giant blue stain. She made that one for Cameron. I wonder what that was. Yeah, got a lot of dye in that one. A lot of dye in that one. Yes. What does Brittany's t-shirt say on the back? It says, no rest for the wicked. And the front is Sunday Fun Day. Sunday Fun Day. It's a red pub job. Today's Sunday? It is Sunday. Sunday Fun Day. Sunday Fun Day. Lori's saying, you have inspired me. Nice. Wow, there's a lot of blue in that one. Yeah, but you can't really mess it up. Kendra says the pink one looks like pink lightning. Paul is saying it's... Yeah, Paul is saying it's the Milky Way on a t-shirt. And Selena is saying you leave the rubber band on when you rinse, so the dye doesn't color the area where the rubber band is. I guess it depends on how soaked they are, too, in dye. Yeah. In a pot. Yeah, in a pot of dye solution. That was the triangle one that we saw. So while you're doing that, I'm going to get these two together in the washer. We're going to do these two together here. So, like I said, just six minutes on hot. I have a little detergent. Let's take a look at them beforehand. Bear with me on this picture. And yeah, sorry about the shaky camera angle here. Just want to lay them out while I'm doing this. That's what we're looking at with the first two. How cool are they?  Oh yeah, Britt says don't look once for you. Your mom says very cool. That one's got a lot of work to it, huh? Yeah, but that do not really... That does look really cool. I want to rinse it out a little bit. It does look like a galaxy. Right, like a star. Constance says I'll buy one. Yeah. I guess I overdied you on your bag. I think they came out perfect. Exactly the way they should be. Like this blue one. I think it's fantastic.  That's the one. That's... Oops. Mom, don't look. Yes. Bella, don't look, but this one's yours. This one's yours. Yeah, that is so cool. I think it came out fantastic. Your mom's going to dig it. Kaley says the Nebula shirt is my favorite. My sister? Yeah. She's watching. Yep, your sister's watching. Don't tell Cameron about it. Don't tell Cameron that. This is his. You're not to be able to watch. That does look cool. Yeah. What's behind that shirt? Yeah, a lot of work on this one though. More fabric, a lot of dye. Your mom says I love it. Thank you. Yeah. Your mom says she'll buy the Bolt one too. I think she meant the one I can't... Candice was talking about the lightning. Yeah, the pink one. No, Britt says that's hers. Yeah, I probably should have waited to put the washer on. It's kind of loud. What? What? That one says they look fantastic. Good job, Brittney. Patrick Cologne from upstate New York. Watching. A lot of upstate New York representing today. I love how that yellow stood out in there. That's so cool. Debbie says great workout. It is on your forearms. You done? Yeah, I'm done. Okay, so hold that up. Unfold it. All right, so that's what we're looking at on the front. And that's the back. I think that came out fantastic. Yeah, and then yeah, you put the rubber bands around. And then hold the blue one up for your mom. That she's not supposed to see. This was the spiral one that Britt did. Yeah. Yeah, I think it's gorgeous. Yeah, it'll lighten up. So what we'll do, oh, one other thing I wanted to point out too, you know, things that I've learned. What you can do if you want more pastel colors, I saw there's a tutorial on there where you can actually use food coloring. And it doesn't come out as deep and as dark, but it comes out like very pastel colored. So you can use this kind of thing to dye. As I mentioned, like on my shirt, I didn't use enough dye, but I kind of did. You know, it came out exactly the way it was supposed to. I love the colors. I probably, you know, if I were to do it again, I'd probably do a little bit more color in there and use a little bit more dye. And the last thing I learned is that you don't have to wash them individually. Like with like is fine. Like these two together will be fine. We have her other two that are in the washer right now that are washing. Your mom says, I am in love with that, babe. Thank you so much. So that's what you have so far. And what we'll end up doing is in a couple hours after everything's washed and dried, we'll come back. It's cleaning up afterwards. But we'll come back with the final results of what they look like dry. So until we come back the next time. It's Greg and Brittany.  Up a little. That's better. So namaste. Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening wherever you may be. My name is Greg Prescott. And I'm joined by Brittany Prescott, who together we made these amazing tie dye shirts. So which one's your favorite, Brett? The cotton candy. So this one and that one. Okay. I kind of like the cotton candy one too. And that pink one's cute. I like this one. And I think the one you made for your mom came out great. But they're all fantastic. So I think we did a killer job on this. So what were you saying about things that you might do differently or what you might have learned? And the things that I learned were that I probably could have used more dye on this one. But it still came out pretty cool. I like it. And that you can wash like colored together for the first wash. And it's not going to affect. Once not going to affect the other. What else? What's about it? So that's it for now. We did a killer job here, I think. And you really can't mess up a tie dye, can you, Brett? No, no, no. No. It comes out how it's supposed to. Exactly. So that's our final product. I hope you guys enjoyed it and the whole process. And I might do this again here another week or two. Get a few more t-shirts and give it a shot. Find some new stuff. So I'll just go through one by one. Here's that pink one. Came out great. That was the one that Brett put the triangles on. It's a tank top that kind of kind of looks like lips up here. This one looks like cotton candy. Came out really cool. We got this one, the earthy colors on both of these with two different patterns. That was the scrunch pattern. And that was the it was rolled up from the bottom. And then the blue tank top that Brittany made for her mom. And this one's for Brittany's boyfriend, Cameron. And this one came out really cool too. I like that. So that's what we got. So until the next time, this is Greg in Brittany, sending you all infinite love and light. Peace.


We are discussing an issue in the context of a meeting held at Chennai in the presence of the finance minister, Madam Nirmala Sitaraman, Mr. S. Guru Murthy, editor of a magazine called Tuklaq, who is also nominated by the Government of India in the Board of Reserve Bank of India, making a scathing attack on the bankers. Public sector bank. He went on to say in a speech, in a question raised by one of the audience, it must have been a prepared question about the performance of the public sector bank.  And he went on to say that the people are leaving because of the low salary and no freedom to take decision. The fact is, public sector banks today employed crores of employees, lakhs of employees and they have the best talent. The last examination conducted for 2000 probationary officers in State Bank of India when the vacancy was 2000, 20 lakh youth applied for it. And I have seen practically that the youth who are joining the banks like State Bank of India they leave private sector, including private sector banks because they find job security here and here they don't have to behave like babus and say yes sir, yes sir, they have certain level of freedom. And the salary is not that bad. When we compare with the central government or the Reserve Bank of India or LIC the cost to company salary is almost equal or even better. Of course there are issues like the basic pay structure in the central government as well as the Reserve Bank and LIC is a little better. And they all have a regular updation of pension whenever the salary is revised for the existing employees. In the banking sector that updation of pension is not taking place for three decades. But that does not mean that banks are left with only some bugs. We have the best talents. Practically when the S Bank which was lauded as a very progressing private sector bank went into a crisis. State Bank of India was asked to send its DMD Mr. Prashant Kumar overnight and he has saved the bank. Now it is time to profit. We have seen, so Ramesh Kumar who was a DMD in State Bank of India after retirement has been taken as managing director of Paroot Visya Bank. Arundhati Bhattacharya who was chairman of the State Bank of India is sitting in the board of reliance. The private sector is actually looking for talents even after retirement from the public sector. So whatever Mr. Guru Murti said was not true and he has no right to criticize bankers like Stumbaks and Filth. What audacity he has, who has given him that right to speak. He should immediately resign from the Reserve Bank Board and he should publicly apologize. He has apologized in the past for his nonsensical statements. So today the entire banking industry is so angry. All the unions have demanded that he should resign and he should ask for apology and they are right because you are criticizing the bankers in the public sector when all the public sector banks have recently announced very good profit. Already eight bank results have come including the State Bank of India which Mr. Santikmar was talking about at 1700 and all crores in one year profit. Banks are doing excellently well. They are performing excellently well in distributing government schemes and in that time Mr. Guru Murti is making this attack his aim and including probably Mrs. Nirmala Sitaraman who did not object to his speech. She did not condemn the statement but he appreciated the bank employees during their performance during Covid. But the truth is that these people are opposed to this reservation being implemented in the public sector bank. That's why they are demanding that the banks be privatized. The shareholding we brought down to 49% so that it will become private and the reservation policy will go. In any parameter today the public sector banks are performing much better than the private sector banks. The per employee customers, the number of branches serving in the rural areas, the number of Jantan accounts opened out of 44 crore accounts, 97% of the accounts for the common man under the Jantan Yojana was opened only by the public sector bank. The Mudra loan scheme which is being lauded by the finance minister, the PM swanidhi scheme for the street vendors, lending to the agriculture borrowers, the Kisan credit card, all this is being implemented only by the public sector bank and they have some of the best talents. I have seen people choosing state bank PO instead of an IAS election and that this moment to this man making this kind of a scathing attack is not at all warranted and he should apologize and the Reserve Bank Governor himself should ask for explanation from him and ask him to say he knows the meaning of the word. He is from Tamil Nadu Kada. So the ultimate aim of the people who were attending this meeting, it was supposed to be a conference on the 52 years of 2 o'clock weekly. But instead of that they were talking only all kind of politics attacking the Dravidian parties, attacking the DMK government, attacking the public sector bank and demanding privatization that is not at all correct. It is not warranted and it has to be objected. Unions have been fighting privatization. The unions have also announced that immediately if Mr. Gurumothi's statement is not withdrawn and apologized and he is not removed from the Reserve Bank Board, they will be going into agitation and that is likely to happen. Already one positive reaction has come. The 2 o'clock digital channel in which this entire proceeding of that meeting was broadcasted. This particular portion where he was attacking the bankers has been cut off, deleted and now they are broadcasting without that attack in it. But that is not enough. When he made a public statement he has to apologize. But more than that already the United Forum of Banked Unions has gone on strike even recently when the Parliament Finance Minister announced that 2 banks are going to be privatized and that has been put on hold. So they have to continuously mobilize people, take the campaign to the public. They alone cannot fight and win. They have to go to the public. Like we had seen during the FRDI bill campaign, Financial Resolution and the Post-Insurance Bill. It was introduced with news click which published the first interview on that and the campaign which picked up, made the government withdraw that proposal. The bill itself was withdrawn. The same way if this privatization agenda has to be put on hold the unions have to work with the people, the civil society, people's movement and also with the common man. That is going to solve the problem.


The study aimed to develop a software tool to analyze the efficiency of detection methods used in the production of castings. The tool was designed to integrate all detection methods into one system, allowing for the comparison of different methods of effectiveness, time efficiency, cost efficiency, and energy intensity. The results showed that X-ray testing was the most efficient method, followed by eddy current and ultrasonic testing. This article was authored by Andrei Pakana, Keralina Chawinska, and J. Gors Ostas.


I think I'm going to change my color again, because at this point, the cladogram becomes all vertebrates. And what is the character that defines vertebrae? I mean vertebrates. Yeah, a spinal cord. So vertebrates have vertebrae. They have this vertebral column. And our first most basal group of vertebrates are lampreys. And they look like eels, but I'm going to show you a picture of them. Those guys are crazy cool. They're a parasitic fish-ish thing. That's not a fish, because it's a lamprey.  And you can see that it has this mouth. That isn't a jaw, right? It's like a sucker thing, but it has these teeth things that basically dig a hole in a fish. And if you catch a fish and you see these raw spots, you'll know that there was actually a lamprey attached to that little guy. So they're really interesting, but there's a character that everybody else beyond this point has that they do not have, and that is the jaw. So you notice that, no, they don't have jaws, do they? Nope. So everybody beyond this point has jaws. Now think about who are you going to include in jaw land? What kind of critters have jaws? They're fish.  That is a group that doesn't tell us a whole lot. There's a lot of different kinds of fish out there, and so I'm grouping them all together. You know what I'm talking about. The fish do not have the next characteristic, which is four limbs. We had a little bit of a conversation. Oh, I'm not going to say that because that will date this video. So fish had fins, and most fish do not have bones in their fins, right? Like they're just like, if you flap a fish's flapper fins, like they're just flappy. It's not bony, it's not a bony structure. There is a group of fish, they're called lobe finned fish, and they do have sort of these bony structures that are kind of jutting out into the finned structure, and that's the precursor for these four limbs. The critters that the most basal group that has four limbs are the amphibians. The amphibians are frogs, salamanders, frogs and salamanders. I feel like there's some more of those things. Why am I not thinking of them? The next group has a thing called the amniotic egg, and what this means is that everybody beyond this point has an amniotic egg. Have we talked about mammals yet? If the answer is no, just in case you just got here. What does that tell you? Mammals have an amniotic egg, do you lay an egg? I didn't lay an egg. However, I have eggs, and when my eggs got fertilized twice, those eggs posted up in my uterus, and I had an amniotic sac, the amniotic fluid, and some little membranes that actually... I basically took my amniotic egg, which is what birds and reptiles have, and I put it inside me. That's what mammals did. And the advantage of an amniotic egg, like how awesome is this? You don't have to lay your egg and then stand around and protect it. You can actually just, it's like posted up inside you, and you can take it wherever you need to go, and it makes you feel massive and awesome. So, yes, mammals do have an amniotic egg. Oops, I want to undo that, because this next one, these guys have an amniotic egg, but I'm going to have to do two branches, because one of my branches is the... I'm going to have to write it all down, non-avian reptile, which means everybody here is a reptile, uh-huh, and the other one is birds. And I know we talked about this briefly, that somewhere, birds are the only living dinosaurs left. So, birds are actually reptiles. They're avian reptiles, and dinosaurs were reptiles that were closely related to birds. They are birds, reptiles, mammals, whatever. Mammals are not birds or dinosaurs. Did you understand anything I just said? Because I don't know if I did. All right, last thing. Throw some mammaries on that clown. Mammary glands. And if you throw some mammaries on there, you've got yourselves a mammal. And I think I have to tell you some mammal stories, because, dude, man, all these critters are so cool. The mammals, platypuses are mammals, and they have mammary glands, but they don't have nipples, because their babies have beaks.  And mammary glands, milk glands. Dude, they're modified sweat glands. So when you make mama milk, which my kids totally yumptialized for a long period of time, it was a long time, that is actually modified sweat.  Oh, my gosh, it's so crazy. Okay, are we finished? Are you finished? We'll do a quick overview and look at some of these critters to just kind of marvel at the diversity on the planet. But other than that, we're finished. Yes, you need to know this cladogram. Yes, you need to know the characters that define the points. If you think about it globally, if you think about it from an evolutionary perspective, I think it makes it easier. Like, what do they need? What is the characteristic that will give them an advantage that everybody beyond this shares? I don't think it'll be quite as overwhelming as perhaps it looks. I did put my whole cladogram on one piece of paper and I've tried to show it on here, and it doesn't show up very well. But I recommend it. And then maybe share it out with your classmates. That would be awesome, too. All right, let's do a quick overview of life on Earth.