Thank you very much everyone. Oh, there we go. Cian Cian says it's four minutes past 12 in the morning. Thank you so much. You're joining us in the middle of the night. Have a good sleep after this. Well, welcome and thank you very much for coming here to this webinar, which is about a program in the anthropology department, the anthropology of global futures and sustainability. You know that if you're here, so welcome. And this is lovely to have you. I'm going to keep my bit of the conversation rather short actually because I want to hear from you if you are happy to share about a little bit about your experience, why you're here and any questions that you have about the program or about SOAS in general. So I'm going to talk for probably about 15 minutes and I've got a really short PowerPoint to share with you, which gives some of the kind of core sense of what the program is and its structure and why we're excited about it. But then after that, we're going to have mainly time and we don't even need to use all of our time until five, it depends on how many questions you have to talk through your questions and let us know a bit about you and why you're interested in this program of all programs. My name is Ben Bowles and I'm a lecturer in social anthropology here at SOAS. I say here at SOAS, that is SOAS behind me as my backdrop, that's what the front of it looks like in Leafy Bloomsbury in London. But I'm actually, as quite a few of us are working from home at the moment, I am in my study in Leighton-Buzzard in Bedfordshire. So go north from London upwards up with the train line for about 50 minutes and you find where I am now. Yeah, I am going to run you through the specifics for the program, give you a little bit of information about it, but then we're going to have plenty of time for questions afterwards. I'm about to do a screen share. If anybody has any difficulty seeing what I do with the screen share, please do let me know. I will make sure that I am in the right bit of file first, which is the most important bit. Here we are, all right. And I am going to screen share with you this PowerPoint. Let me know if that looks wrong, if something doesn't look right there, fantastic. Okay, so welcome to this webinar. As I say, I'm gonna be talking you through the MA in the Anthropology of Global Futures and Sustainability. That's a new program here in the Anthropology Department and we're really excited about it. We've been thinking for a while about how the Anthropology Department can really properly engage with the biggest issues of the moment with climate change, with carbon responsibility, with sustainability and with a critical perspective on development. And this is really a flagship program. This is something that we really hope is going to be right at the forefront of what the Department does for a while to come. And I will, on this slide, share with you some of the things that we think makes it really special. You will, if you've done your homework and been looking around at different programs in the UK, realize that this is a unique program. There's nothing quite like this. There are degree programs which are about sustainability and conservation, but none of them have this kind of anthropological perspective right at the core of them and the same kind of focus on political communication. Nothing takes these questions, sustainability, climate change and how to imagine better and more equitable futures and does so from an engaged anthropology perspective that looks at how anthropology can really change the world. That's why we're excited about this. And so here are just some key features of why we think that this is a particularly brilliant program. Firstly, SOAS is the part of the University of London that has the greatest regional focus that has a load of expertise in Africa and Asia in particular. And the departments of the university are all incredibly good at a really specific deep dive into what's going on in these particular regions. So if you have a regional specialism in a part of Asia or Africa, then it really is. And then SOAS really is the place for you. You don't have to and we do have people who've studied in various other parts of the world, but this is a real strength, especially if you have an interest in languages or politics or culture of particular parts of Africa and Asia. Within our department, and we have a really lovely mixed faculty with a lot of different skills, we have people who are very used to working with development organizations, government departments, NGOs, activist organizations, the media. We have a lot of very engaged anthropologists who are used to not just being academics, but putting their skills to work. So that's the first thing to say is this is an engaged department and this is a program that we hope is going to lead our engaged practice. Secondly, one of the real features of this master's program is the fact that it includes a dissertation, a major piece of research, a research project that you can undertake in whatever region or thematic specialism you happen to have. So whatever your interest is, you'll be able to explore that anthropologically with some expert supervision from one of our faculty. And if you're curious about who those faculty are and where they work and you're thinking, oh, do they have expertise in the particular part of China or East Africa that I'm interested in, have a look at our faculty staff page and see who we've got, because we've got a really good set of staff with these interests across the places and ideas that you may be interested in. We want to, as I've already said a little bit about, focus on skills and political communication. We don't want you to be coming out of a master's degree only able to write a university essay. We want to make sure that you have a practice in writing for different kinds of audiences and thinking about how anthropology can really make change. So that means policy briefings, it means writing things for the media, writing journalistic type articles, lobbying governments. We want to really emphasize skills and anthropology's place in making, as I say, engage political change. And the last two are slightly more general but I think really important. Firstly, there isn't another opportunity. We think this is a genuinely unique opportunity in the UK to explore the big pressing issues facing humanity with a practical focus on communication and change through this anthropological lens. If you are thinking to yourself, I'm not quite sure what that anthropological lens is or means, then that's absolutely fine. Some people come and take our programs and they don't really know what anthropology is. Anthropology is focusing maybe on a slightly different level to if you are previously working in, say, politics or international relations. It's looking at these big topics, but through the social, through people, what are people's experience of these things? Now, those aren't necessarily maybe, say, the people affected by climate change, those might be the people who are doing the policy, right? It might be focusing on a level, focusing on the people who get together and decide upon climate policy in the UN. They might be your participants, but wherever and whatever scale we're looking at, we're looking at the social, the people who together have ideas and how those ideas go and change the world. It's a focus on culture and that can be institutional culture, the indigenous cultures against processes that are coming in and trying to change them, but it's a focus on culture, fundamentally at the heart of the study. And then just in numbers, we are a very well-ranked department, fifth in the UK and 13th in the world at the last set of rankings. So you really are in a great place to come and study anthropology if that is what you choose to do. Now, some of, and this is by no means an exhaustive list, the topics that we cover over this MA are the following, environmental movements and how to engage with them. Humanitarianism, disaster and reconstruction, capitalism and consumption, including new economic alternatives and other forms of labor. Refugee crises and migration is another focus. Nationalism and populism in national politics, these are all things that we'll touch on this course. As I say, it really is the biggest and greatest issues facing us at the moment. Specifically, what does that look like? Well, when you come to study this, you'll take a number of smaller units of study called modules that may or may not be similar to what you've done before with your undergraduate degrees, but they look like this.  All of that information is available on the webpage if you're interested, where you can go and have a look at that and see what the actual requirements are in the sample reading list for each of these things. But this is the kind of stuff that you're going to study. I'll just run you through it nice and quickly. Theoretical approaches to social anthropology is there for you if you haven't studied anthropology before. If you have, you can opt out of that module. But what it is, is the history and grounding of anthropology as a discipline. What is anthropology? What is an ethnographic or an anthropological way of looking at culture? What is special to anthropology? It's really good grounding and that module is taken by everyone who does an MA in our department. So you'll be with people taking the anthropology of food, anthropology of medicine, the medical anthropology, and the rest of them. Similarly, ethnographic research methods is also across all of our MAs. Ethnography is what anthropologists do in order to construct their views of the world, in order to gather their data. It's what I do as a professional anthropologist. And it involves a very specific method of data collection where you live with people or spend at least a lot of time with people over a prolonged period of time in order to really get into their life world, what it is to be them, what it is to see the world the way that they do. And we teach you about that in ethnographic research methods, which involves doing a very small research project as part of that module. You do a much larger research project, the dissertation that I've already mentioned with the expert guidance of a supervisor that is done over the summer. I'm gonna talk about the structure on the next slide. But you have plenty of time to arrange field work to with a supervisor, work out what you're interested in and then go and undertake that research. You've then got two really important thematic modules that teach you the themes, anthropology and how it engages with these big issues, the ones from the last slide. The first of those is the Anthropology of Sustainability, Global Sustainability and Alternative Futures, which talks about sustainability and development from an anthropological perspective, really, really interesting module. And the other is issues in the Anthropology of Climate Change, which is a very popular module. It's been run to great success this year, which looks at something like climate change may seem big and scientific and really hard to get a handle on, but it involves people. It involves experts and communities and bodies and experiences and emotions. Anthropologists are really good at getting at those and adding those into the debate around climate change. And it really does focus on those things. And then there is the bit that I am personally the most excited about, how to change things. A brand new piece of study, which I think is particularly innovative, which takes the expertise in the department around political engagement and political communication and takes a lot of our colleagues who are used to, for example, in the case of Professor Emma Crew and her parliament's project, lobbying parliaments, working out how people can engage with parliaments around the world. Takes that and you'll get an expert workshop from Emma Crew and her team about how anthropologists can lobby parliaments or Ruba Salla, who works for organizations representing the needs of migrant communities can come and talk about how anthropologists can engage politically in migration. What we've got around the department are these members of faculty who are very good engaged anthropologists making change in the world. Nowhere before have we brought them all together to give workshops on how to change things. That's what we do here. And that's where we practice different kinds of writing as well, not just your standard essays, but how to write a policy briefing, how to write for the media. We'll also have outside speakers there as well from some of the organizations with which our faculty have existing partnerships. So that's the suite of modules you'll have to take on the program. You also have some options. You have a couple of optional modules that you can take from anywhere in the school, the school of politics or history or learn a language that you've always wanted to learn or do something to do with cinema, something regional. There's plenty out there or elsewhere from anthropology. So medical anthropology, anthropology of food, that really is completely open and you'll find some wonderful options, I think on the website. I'm only gonna talk to you for another few minutes. I want to leave lots of time for questions, but I do wanna give you a few more course specifics. First is assessment, which is gonna be really varied on this program. We don't want you just writing essays, as I say. It is all coursework based, there are no exams, but that coursework is a really varied thing. There will be research projects, both the large one and the small one, the ethnographic research methods, small one and the dissertation large one. As I say, there's outs, external facing writing, essays, presentations, book reviews, literature reviews. These will be the ways in which you're assessed. The teaching is again gonna be mixed. It's seminars, tutorials, workshops and lectures. Lots of opportunities in small groups for you to have small group interactions with particular experts in anthropology. In terms of entry requirements, please do whatever you have as an undergraduate degree, write a personal statement and apply. Typically, the entry requirement is a 2-2 or international equivalent, but please feel free to talk to me and to apply whatever your experience and whatever your undergraduate degree might be. We read all the personal statements and if you can make a case for your enthusiasm for being part of this project, then we'll absolutely consider your application. And in terms of how long the program lasts and what the pattern of study is, is one year full-time is one of the main ways we do it. I was about to say the main way, but we probably have as many part-time students in anthropology as we have full-time. So it can be one year full-time or it can be two or even three years part-time. So it's worth thinking around your work commitments, around your personal commitments, what might be a good pattern for you. If you were full-time, then what you would have is two teaching terms, one between October and December and one between January and March, where you will complete all of this coursework we've talked about and then the opportunity to do this extended piece of research and writing over the summer, the dissertation. So it's a very packed year. There's an awful lot going on and we will keep you very, very busy, but at the end of it you will have had, I'm sure, a fantastic experience. Now, I know that there's a lot of text on this slide, but what you have here are a couple of testimonials. These are also available on the website. So I said that this is the first year that we are running this particular master's program, but it builds on a really successful history in the department of us having a very good, strong anthropology of development, MA, that some of the foundations of this have built from. And also, some of us in the past have had students who have had a sustainability or a climate interest and have supervised those students. And these are just a couple of examples there of the kind of things that those students have done with their studies afterwards. If you're thinking, well, how do I get a job with my MA in Global Futures and Sustainability? For example, Charlotte at the top there was one of my MA students who worked on a fantastic program about rewilding, about beaver reintroduction in Devon. She then worked for the Civil Service with that for a little while, used that piece of research as a calling card to work for the government and now she's back doing a PhD, a fully funded PhD. So that's what she did. And if you look at the bottom, Catherine Dolan, who's my co-convener on this program, says that graduates from the program, from her Anthropology of Development as it was, have found work in non-profit organizations, international aid organizations, consultancies, research institutions, corporations and the media. Really, it's incredibly variable. Our graduates who are incredibly employable and the skills that you learn are gonna be really useful. And really there are a lot of things that you can turn this sort of MA into. Now, the most important slide, I know that it's mainly blank, but down in the bottom left, you've got bb37 at saras.ac.uk. And as I exit this screen, I'm gonna put that in the chat as well. That's my personal email. Please use it. Please do pop in for a quick zoom with me at your convenience. If you just want to tell me a little bit more about yourself and why you're interested or ask me any further questions. Really happy to do that. I will talk to you until the end of time about this program because I'm incredibly passionate about it. And I should be able to help you out with any problems that you have. So I'm about to put that in the chat. Use it at any point for anything. All right, I'm stopping the share. And what I'm going to do then, having done that, is pop my email to you in the chat, bb37 at saras.ac.uk. We have another quite a long time, 35 minutes now for questions. Those can be general questions about Saras. If you like, I would obviously prefer questions about the program. And if you just wanna tell us in the chat or unmuting and letting us hear you, why you're interested, what your background is, that's absolutely fine as well. Let's use as much of this time as you want to use. And then after that, we don't have to use the full hour. We'll take all of the questions and then you can be on your way. But yeah, hopefully that has answered a few of your emerging questions and I will have the rest of them now. Thank you. Oh, okay. I wonder what's the difference between this new MA and the MA social anthropology? Yeah, there's a structural difference in that the MA in social anthropology has the, I mean, obviously the title is different. You're going to graduate with a degree called something different, aren't you? Whether you're taking MA social anthropology or the MA global futures and sustainability. And you're gonna wanna think, what do I want my certificate to say at the end of it? What am I going to want to put on a CV to employers? But in terms of structure, the MA social anthropology, you have to take those parts that I mentioned in my structure, TASA, the theoretical purchase, the ethnographic research methods. Beyond that, it's more open in that you will be able to choose different things from the department and from outside. But you will not be able to take exactly the set of modules that this program has unless you were on this program. What I mean by that is you wouldn't be able to take both sustainability and climate change because we want that to be available to people who've committed to this program so that you can really feel like a proper cohort. But you'd be able to, if you just took the MA in social anthropology, you'd be able to choose some of the specific content modules from this program or from elsewhere. I would say that the thing that would help me make the choice is who do I want my cohort to be? Who do I want my classmates to be? Do I want them to be people who have a slightly more general interest in social anthropology or people who are really, really interested in climate and sustainability? And those are the people that I'll be taking all of my courses with and I'll get to know really, really well. So that would be one of the factors that would go into making my choice. It also affects who your academic advisor is. So the person who convenes, who is in charge of your program is your academic advisor. So for example, in this program it might be myself. It would be somebody different on the MA in social anthropology. Hopefully that answers your question. No worries, thank you very much. And we've got a hand up from Emile. Yeah, thank you very much for the presentation. I just wanted to ask you also regarding to the previous question asked, is this MA in social anthropology a bit more, I don't know, like the pathway into further PhD studies a bit more clear. I mean, the way I see this program is that he could sort of say, you have this put into practice idea. And I just wanted to have this balance of ideas because I'm really interested in anthropology in general. But at the same time, I feel like there's this political active part of this new study which is really appealing I think to all the people here. So... Thank you very much, Emile. And that's what we hope. We hope that it's attractive. I would not want to mischaracterize anthropology and say, oh, it's all theoretical. It's all ivory tower. Anthropologists don't engage or anything like that. They just write for other anthropologists. That's not the case. But it's very rare I think that you have a directed suite of modules, a kind of a direction of study that puts the engagement right at the start that says this is politically engaged. Who wants to study the way in which anthropology can be politically engaged and puts that right and right at the center. So, yeah, I'd agree with you there. Does it give a clearer route into PhD? I would say that whatever MA you did, it's not a bad way of converting from whatever your undergraduate is into a PhD in anthropology. I like, though, personally with this new program, the fact that it has such a clear sense of what the topic is. Within the broader social anthropology MA, you could be studying a bit of anything. You could be studying kinship or religion or economics or political anthropology or some group anywhere, right? It's very, very generic and general. Here, I think that you have this much more guided sense of the kinds of things that you're studying. And if you wanted to do a PhD in that sort of area, it would be a really strong choice. I hope that answers your question. Obviously, within the department, we have quite a few PhD students. We have a good MREZ program, which is a master through research. We have a good MFIL PhD program for students who want to come in and take, for students who are at that stage of their career and are gonna start doing their PhDs. So it really isn't a bad place to convert into anthropology and then stay in anthropology and become a researcher. Thank you. Sorry, was there a follow-up before I look at whoever H Evans, I don't know what the H stands for. Maybe it doesn't stand for anything. But before I address that question, Emil, anything else? No, I think that pretty much answers it. I just wanted to, cause I, again, I see this as being a bit more actively engaged into the topics, which I guess anthropology touches upon any way in more of a theoretical framework, maybe. So yeah, I just wanted to see the link between, I guess, further academic pathways. And you're absolutely right. And yeah, and this program, it is, it puts the engaged stuff right at the forefront of it, but ultimately it is a social anthropology program. It is a program through which, if you've never studied anthropology before, you will get the grounding. You'll get the same grounding as in terms of our big theory module and our big ethnography module that everybody else gets as a master student at SOAS. You'll just here get, as I say, this excited, and I would say exciting cohort of students to study with who are all engaging with the same kind of big issues. And you'll get a much more sort of guided set of modules all looking at these big issues in an engaged way. That's what you'll get that's different. Both, I would say, are a route into PhD. That is not a guaranteed route. It's not like, okay, I've done my master's, I'll do, I'm straight into a PhD. You still have to have a good project, apply for it. If funding is thin that you need, that is still competitive. But yeah, I would say that both are a great route into ending up doing further research in anthropology. Thank you. No worries. H Evans, would funding be available for the research projects? Yeah, that's small amounts. Oh, so in terms of funding, just whilst I'm on it and just whilst the questions come up, if you check out, oh, lovely, another brilliant question from Shreya, I'm gonna get on that in a minute. I'm just gonna do this one at a time though. Yeah, question from H Evans, would funding be available for the research projects? If you go on the website, and this is just on the side, but I think it's important and look under fees, you'll see the fee structure. And underneath that, you'll see a tab for funding and scholarships. There is funding available through various different scholarships. Some of them are time limited, some of them you have to get on it and apply for them before they disappear. Some of them are only available if you've come from particular parts of the world or are doing research in particular parts of the world, but have a look at what's there. Some of them are much more open. Have a look at what's available. In terms of doing the dissertation over the summer, that piece of research, small bits of travel money can be applied for. There is a limited amount of funding, but people apply for it and people do get it. Travel grants basically in order to complete the research over the summer. Obviously, if you've got a completely funded masters, anyway, then that's not so much an issue. But yeah, whatever you are on, whether you're funded or not, there is a pot of money that you can apply for in order to do the dissertation work over the summer. Not everybody gets it, it is competitive, all right? But it is there and you have to make a case for why you want it for your particular project. In terms of what people do for dissertation, it's whatever is in their means. So some people do go and do a kind of field work abroad somewhere where they're not from. Some do something completely library based based upon literature. Some people do field work at home, which may mean literally in the town that they're from or just more generally in the country that they're from. There are a lot of different ways of doing good research in anthropology. I personally do my research as an anthropologist in the UK and I'm from the UK. And I always wave a little flag for its benefits, for why it can be an exciting and good thing. I find that there are anthropological topics that are really interesting in communities and societies doing interesting stuff. Wherever you go, right? You can always find a site for research. So Shreya's got a brilliant question. Thank you, she thanks me, which is nice. Does this program cover cultural linguistic topics like gender studies? Yes, it does. Not just does our department have some really interesting optional modules that you can take, which are specifically about the anthropology of gender. We've got the body race, the body and desire, is that what it's called? It's a fantastic module, which is about the anthropology of gender and the gender and bodies. But also you could take modules from the gender studies department as some of your optionals, but also some of the key topics in these core modules as part of the program do cover aspects of gender. For example, in sustainability, things like affective labor, gendered working relationships, development and gender, our core topics. In climate change, we look at the way in which gender and the climate intersect, right? It comes up in our core theory module. It comes up in ethnographic research methods. It's really inseparable. Anthropology has contributed a lot to gender studies over the years and gender studies has contributed a lot to anthropology. So yeah, I don't think you'll find a gap there. And also you can take optional stuff from outside of directly the department. Cultural and linguistic topics. Yeah, and anthropology has again a long engagement with linguistics. This isn't sort of the American style anthropological system where you have the fourfold approach. Cultural anthropology, biological, linguistic archeology. This is just social anthropology, but we do talk about linguistic topics. It does come up and come in. And again, your optional modules could be used to study a language or study linguistics. And yeah, in terms of cultural studies, that's absolutely an allied discipline alongside anthropology. We borrow a lot of theory from cultural and critical studies. Yeah, the answer to your question is there is a lot of that, I would say, and hope. Maggie has given HFNs a link. Will they be face-to-face slash on campus teaching when the program starts later in the year? That was a question that I was looking forward to, but not because it's not 100% certain. But I would say that the likelihood is, and I'm not going to over-commit myself, that there will be both online and on-campus teaching available with new teaching year for students, right? So that should offer a degree of flexibility. I say that because not just with the pandemic, but also with how we envision the university being accessible into the future, we have a real commitment to allowing students to access what we're doing, sort of whatever their situation. That I can't be a promise. I don't want to get quoted on it because a lot can change between them then. But considering lockdowns, travel bans, and the rest of it, we need to make the university accessible and we are going to be running our programs whatever happens, we can commit that much. And so I would say that the likelihood is that there will be a combined online and on-campus offer. That is me being as honest with you about it as I can be without completely committing. I hope that's a satisfactory answer. All right, thank you. Now, ooh, that was a bit of a rush, wasn't it? That was a bit of a rush of questions, mainly in the chat, but which is fine, but perfectly happy for you to unmute yourself and shout at me. This is how I run my seminars. I'm like, unmute yourself and shout at me. But please, if there is anybody else with anything to ask, we will take your questions. Oh yeah, now of course, you absolutely may. We've got one more in the chat. Oh, and it will be after I talk to Eishman. No, I think I was told it was coming. Who are you who heard about this through Lottie? I think I know who you are.  Could you give an example of what the job prospects would be within the climate sector with this program? Yeah, I could. Yeah, it did obviously no program, no MA comes with a guarantee of a job at the end of it and the ones that tell you that they are aligned. But I can tell you a little bit more about what anthropologists would do coming out with anthropology graduates with an MA would do in that particular sector. Quite often, and this is, incidentally, if it sounds like things have been torn down in the background, my cat is a very naughty cat and is running around the living room currently batting something. It's probably a cork, to be honest with you. She likes wine bottle corks. She's so sorry about the slight disruption. Maddie. Yeah, anthropologists, people with an MA in this would quite often end up working for, say, an advocacy organization in climate, quite possibly. But also potentially, as I say, a government, a NGO, as I say, I've had students to go to work in the civil service. We have students who would potentially work for, as I say, charities who are trying to roll out particular sustainable technologies, advocacy groups, lobbying groups, that kind of thing. Or, for that matter, journalism, communication, these kinds of things. Anywhere where there's an interface between people and the technology or the money and the governance, are places where anthropologists tend to be really popular. Increasingly, employers like the fact that anthropology-trained graduates are trained in ethnography. They see ethnography as a really good solution to problems. And there are quite a lot of companies out there who do research, be that user experience research or things like that, who want people who are trained in ethnography. Because they realize that it gives you a real set of skills for looking at and sort of diagnosing the relationship between people. How does the social fit together? And so that can be very much corporate, as in go and look at the user relationship between this particular app and a particular group of people. Or it can be more in sort of, as I say, advocacy and cultural translation, if that makes any sense to you. Organizations that try to mediate between power and people. So, have a look at the kind of, in fact, maybe grab a few minutes with Ed Simpson, the head of department, who works as a consultant with engineers and with governments around sustainability and infrastructure. He's a really good person to ask those sorts of questions because that's the kind of work that he does, personally. Will there be personal tutors who provide one-on-one support? Yeah, several, actually.  They're usually the same person. So, this will be the person who's setting up and running your course. They will also be there to give you academic advice whenever you need it, right? Yes, you did go and get to know things from, all right. So, yeah, that academic advisor is there whenever you need them. I see my academic advisors at least four times a year, but some of them come and see me about every week, and that's okay. I've got a few, but I make time for all of them. And they will, those academic advisors are professionals in their field. And if they aren't giving you exactly what you're looking for and aren't an expert in exactly the stuff you're interested in, look through the faculty as in the staff list on the website. Everybody's got office hours. Everybody in the department has at least two or three hours a week that set aside for seeing students. So, I have two hours on a Monday, but actually I end up seeing students for more like five or six hours a week by appointment. And we're very happy to talk you through the things that you're interested in, right? And so, you may see that one of our faculty has a, in the case of Jacob, a relationship, it looks at food sustainability in China, and you think, well, that's the kind of thing I'm interested in, food pathways and China specifically. I'll talk to Jacob.  The other important resource, I guess is your dissertation supervisor, somebody that you get assigned in term two because their research broadly, and sometimes it's not particularly specific, reflects the things that you're interested in. And you're gonna meet with them at least four times, but sometimes a lot more as you develop a project together with them. So, yeah, you get a lot of one-on-one time with academics, so I think we're quite proud of that, of our relatively good staff-student ratio, and the fact that we are able to give you quite a bit of our time. Yeah, hopefully that answers your question. Okay, okay, okay. That's good to know, good. I'm very glad. Yeah, the questions keep on coming, which is lovely. I'm really glad that there's a nice flow of things, so keep them coming. And if we're exhausted with it, because I know that everybody's had the chance to ask something now just about, which is great, then we'll call it a day. Yeah, great, thank you very much. Okay, I'm just gonna give you a few more minutes, not minutes, because that would be us just getting bored with my voice for another five minutes. I'll give you two minutes to write down any emerging questions or else we'll call it in the case of a couple of you a nice early morning and allow you to go and get some sleep. I am very happy, by the way. I know that I'm here to particularly advocate for my program here, for my baby, for the Global Futures and Sustainability, which I do think is an exciting development in the department, but if you do feel like I'd be a good person to talk to or just run things across about any of the other programs you're considering, okay, I'm not an expert in the anthropology of food or in medical anthropology, but use my email, set up a meeting, come talk to me. Really happy to. But whatever you come and do, make sure it's anthropology. I'm joking, I'm joking. I'm not really joking. All right, fantastic. Thank you very much, everybody. Show it, actually, laugh to me, yay, amazing. I'm actually occasionally funny. All right, okay, thank you very much, everybody. It's been very, very nice to get to meet you.  So hopefully at least a few of you are gonna come and be part of this exciting project and projects in the anthropology department. I really, really hope so. All right, good luck with whatever you're all doing. Goodbye.


Hello everyone, nice to have you here.我下班了。How many people prefer presenting English, please raise your hand.那有多少人希望我是用英文来讲语书?请问有多少位希望有中文语书?I'm going to ask you to prefer me to present a Chinese.Please raise your hand.所以我就用中文讲语书,你觉得翻译如果听得不太懂,我们还可以举手。So I will present this in Chinese.今天我要跟大家分享的东西叫做一个新的开放的冰冰.冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰冰最后找到所有的安覆,比较作口 在这政策 daddy所以这是一个 bake我本人呢是first I'd like to introduce myselfI'm the enterprise architect on my armI'm also the coach herefirst I will talk about the LF edgea formationthen Y edgewhat are the killer edgeto define the edgeand also we will summarize that edgeand I have some detailed LF edge projectsI can talk for a whole daybut today I only have 35 minutesSo now this LF edgeI want to talk about this open source edgeit's a links foundationit's launchedthe new LF edge is 19so the links foundation launchedthe new LF edgeto establish a unified open source frameworkthis yearfor example acrenoand eveand home edgeand glossarywhich is working on the terminologyit integrates all this in the foundation edgethat is LF edgeso they want to integrate all thisyou can see the definitionand their blueprint as well as use casesand the LF edge momentum continueswe have this project eveseed codeand project demonstration at LOT wordwhy do we need edgeand how to define the edgepreviously Jiashan from China Mobilealso mentioned edge computingI will talk about how to solvethe five challenges Jiashan has mentionedyou can see the emergent edgeapplicationsand convergence of technologiesand you can see different categoriesfor examplewhen it comes to the LF edgeit hasautonomous deviceUCPand api enterpriseservicesthey belong to telcocategoryand then you haveautonomous deviceautonomous vehicleindustry robotsand medical industryand you have some immersive experiencesincluding your cloudVR, AR360 degree videoas well as IOT and analyticssensors, home devicesretail, healthcareit might require some technologieslike on-demandand they are freewe are accelerationmicrosoft services as well as 5G那我們就來想問讲到的Edgewhen it comes to edgepeople will askwhat are the key like appsit might be non-traditional videoplus connected things that moveyou can see the top fivethe first is a 360 degree videothe second isautonomous vehicleand then ARVRIOT for industry purposeand gamingyou can see the source of this datathat are the areas thatneed edge computinglet's look at the market opportunitiesfor LF edgeindustry enterpriseconsumer use casesin complex environmentsand they might spanmultiple ages and domainsfor example, industry manufacturingfox carsor private LTEcan do someautomation by robotsenergy, oil, gasand utilitiesthat are the market opportunitiesfor LF edgeand then people will askwhere are the edgesand what is itit's like onionand you can knowthe deeper insideyou haveIOT gatewayyou see Pand then you haveindcdcand then you havedata centerand then you havedata centerdata centersideand thenwill have edge cloudyou first servicelocal service IOT devicesall this belong to edge computingthen i would like to introduce LF edgeI think you have heard about thisif like the operating system of LFHan age function has some industry and IOT functions and servicesan Aquino Edge Stackthat's the project I'm working onit has some enterprise IOT casesit builds a blueprintwhere software configurationand lifecycle managementas long as you have blueprintthen you will use Aquino to do itso we need to validate the blueprintto reach our purposelet's look at the scope of LFHfrom the bottom to upfrom the bottom you have the infrastructureand then you have the application and your abilitythat E for home edgeand then you have Aquinois in the roughit spans Aquino will provide portalto do some IOT servicesand then on the top you will do some terminologyfor example when you ask aboutwhat is age computingwhat is local servicepeople have different understandingso we have this live glossaryor unified terminologyfor example when you buygoogle age computinglike different organizationsor companiesmight have different definitionswe need to make surethese definitions are unifiedand then we have theedgeedge expoundedge expoundedge expoundor Aquinothey need to coordinatelet's look atLFH card statuslet's seeyou have AWS Microsoftvital cloudali cloudit's one is like a chimneywithegis eve and Aquinoyou can have some OPAPIto provide the center visibilityso that they can haveunified age stackbut that's not standardorganizationit's open sourceand you don't need towrite a script manuallyit's automatedand we thinkLFH is like a new umbrellafor age projectshome edge is relatively newfocuses on home networkAcrino age stackis the foundationto provide age stationslook at this pageif we put LFHand other key itemsinto one graphthen how could wevisualize itso on the edgeyou have mobileand residentialand SMBand enterpriseand then you have home edgeEVEas operating systemand then HXFoundrytogether with other IoT servicesand then you have heard aboutown appCoboneticsAcrinothat is doing AIand then to the leftto the rightwe'll have some cooperationbut mostly they are open sourcedso it spendscross open access and open ageautomating cloud, networkand IoT age serviceswe cover cloudrestatial servicesenterpriseand IoT ageso cloudand telecomnetworkwe will do some automationand also open stackand for LFyou have own appfidlethey might provide someautomationand LF deep learningbased on AIto provideautomation toolsand then in infrastructurewe have cloud, carrierand data centeryou can see multi-segmentsand multi-use caseslet's look at the premium membersthis is open sourcedit's open to everyoneyou can download its codeyou can joinand to become a memberthe only difference is that members can votecan make some decisionscan support the decisionscan see whether you have foundyour company logobut i rememberthere should be 65 or 69primary memberslinx foundationis talking about alieabout this premium membershipbut it's free for everybodyit's open sourcedeveryone can joinit has some general memberswho pay less membership feebut it's freeto all of you actuallyso let's summarizethere are three kick takeawaysof LFHfirst is harmonizingthe broader communityacross ioc enterprisecloud and telecomit will also help LFHto open and interoperableinvolve wherecynicon, cloud, osprotocol vendorsso involveThe upstream downstreamstakeholdersof the whole industry是把这些客户都放到了同一个个项目然后它进入了同一个项目的项目然后它就能看到线索和其他项目它是由线索来称赞的是称赞的是由线索来称赞的它同时也非常像这个线索也很像线索好 那我们具体介绍一下它好 所以好 那这个我就我就给你一个证据给你提供一些内容好 现在说大部分是这整个图我刚才有问过很有趣,你觉得我没说过这个颜色吗这是一个用机的第一个自己的图片之一你看到可以看到一个ニーナ internal是从通通的属于线索和其他线索和其他线索它这些线索和其他线索再上去的话就是冲的一个HOST等然后它就进行接触然后它就进行接触所以它大概是5.5Mbps或者是3.5Mbps再往上走的话大概是1.2.3Mbps大概5.20Mbps然后它就进行接触所以说它的节点的数目是从多到少所以数目的数目是从小到大而时间是从5.5Mbps到60Mbps为什么呢因为我们的项目是在右边很多的应用是需要想要的所以很多的项目是需要想要的所以我们需要剩下的20Mbps好 最后可以看下刚才能够调个程度这个是IoT的一个程度所以这是IoT的一个程度这个是IoT的一个程度shapshapshapshapshapshapshapshapshapshap我們會 focus on optrin, first, if your company raised a blueprint, then we'll need to first go to another department我們會專業API,我們有一些API的API,我們是有做Driver Facing的API我們有做Driver Facing的API,我們有做Driver Facing的API,我們有做Driver Facing的API和我們有做Driver Facing的API,我們有做Driver Facing的API,我們有做Driver Facing的APISo each group has a user, you don't have to tell us when you will be deploying, but you need to give us a validation, such as scientific projects are excluded from this scenario, it's a very user oriented.我們看一下 release1, release1上we released about 10 proofings就是我們delivered對面的工作所以就要搜尋原本所以它是要求擁有進行過測試的提供了幾個測試檢查的設計檢查的設計檢查的設計檢查的設計我們會討論Y8的AT&T組員們來幫助我們因為他們想他們會遇見他們的期望他們想做一個很大的投資讓他們做得真正的這裡有三個題目我想你們要記得PROJECTS, PROJECTS, PROJECTS, PROJECTS同時他們推動各種產品包括OEM Vendor他們在推動各種產品我們就像客戶的時候我們會把這些產品給我們的客戶我們會給他們提供這是一個我們來看一下我們會把這些產品看看為什麼有這麼多的產品我們有四個我們看到下面有A hardware softwareA hardware software最重要的是這個是internet testing所以 from upstream community, you can get it all, but for lower stream community, it is harder.So from edge to edge core, there are five levels.So you might ask, what's the difference between blueprint 1 and blueprint 10?For example, the blueprint 1 include all the same types of decos and the other blueprint and might include another type of all the cars.And now we have some tested and validated deployment ready blueprint.I think I have know some of the technical details.Congratulations, the first one is cart network cloud.So unicycle with SRROV and OBSPTK.In the same program, there are about 6 to 7 servers controlling the nodes.Route 5 data nodes.So the primary user case are close 3 to 5G.Tocco Appliance is the radio edge cloud.It's going to control on your rake.So why is it going to have all appliances?It's guided by AT&T.So when in future they want to do a large scale deployment, they want to integrate all set of software and hardware to deploy according to the standard.For example, if they want to build some dot images,they can integrate these all together and make it large scale.And for IEC,several companies who are close in a lot.So the release one partnership was for type 1 and type 2.Small edge and medium edge.So it can be run on edge server.Providing some good versions.So starting edge is really close.So starting edge is really close.So that is Kubernetes.Providing some good things.Providing some good things.And the interface edge.And edge line way and IoT gateway.AND IoT gateway and IoT gateway.Is there anyone from ACRCNPTL?We might come for the next session.So there are some ads.The Network Cloud Family is in this picture, as I mentioned in the cycle, so racks, including all of the servers, although the primary parts are from upstream, including one team,Presented by Acronome R1 Unicycle and Scrover.CNCity,我們做CNCity,我們在InternauerCNCity, we're working to make this group work.So our clients will provide their validation of the cloud.It can be connected with our community lab through CNCity.This is mainly for 5G.This Unicycle OVS-DPK, it's in the middle of the OVS-DPK cycle.It's similar to the previous picture, where the scenarios are the same.Let's check out this Reggae Edge Cloud.This is a technical appliance.It's a very small and agile device, integrating O-Rack.It's a rake customized tailored app with zero touch.It can establish automated CD pipeline, test teams, and full software stack.And another one, the Fibar Edge Cloud.Using API from Edge Foundry,integreating the starting edge.IEC, as I said, is on a small board,so it's more advanced.Just as I mentioned, it's very compact,it's very concise and small.Fibar Edge Cloud can also be run on Type-2,so you can display them,which are run by a connected vehicle,and then can gain another AI video analytics.And if people are interested in AI,so AI Public Cloud can use it directly.If you're interested,have a try,and it provides.Many clients with the Porto.Thank you.Next one is a R1.And it's heavily depends on Kubernetes.If you're quoting Edge,a soft still problem,one is Paris Edge,the other is industry Edge.So in the dotted frame,you can see the Kubeflow and Kubeverthow could be applied and integrated.This is a demo graph,it's not complete.It can be used in some gateway.For Radio-Edge,you can deploy itor you can deploy it at mini-data centeror in the famous DC-Edgeor TacoEdge.It has different layers,one layer after another.So to summarize,you take awayAlphage Projects has gainedsome community support.Here,I also want to thankthe developers and contributors.And the biggest feature isthe deployment ready.It provides a unified frameworkfor Edge collaboration.R1 has released10 plus blueprintsfor IoT Enterpriseand TacoEdge Cloud.And for the new blueprintsthere on the track,it might involve gaming,connected vehicles.We already have the existing blueprints.We're going to releasethe next versionin November.And we'll also have sometool developmentand also toolsfor automated blueprintvalidation.And the new community labit's just established.You can also work withour lab to do your own blueprint.Because of limited timeI will notelaborate on other projects.Do you have any questions?If there are no other questions,I will not talk aboutthe HX Spongebob.I have uploadedand Powerpoint.Thank you.


What's up everybody, Jason here for jaspyscasebrakes.com. Last one guys, our last and only filler we needed to sell for a MACLIT NBA Picker team number four, random number block filler. This is a 2021 Mosaic, serial box breaker number 55, and again guys, do the break first, round of my skills for names, teams should have the hits out. And again, we're gonna randomize the original 30 and top three, get in. So here we go, roll. Five out of five, 10 times, good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10 times, Bradley at the top, down two, Qing, and then we got 10 times, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, trying to wrap this out of the Brooklyn Nets. All right guys, thanks for what you got of course, cause it's just a quick little serial box. Tosh Hart, Oladipo, Kawhi Leonard, nice Anthony Edwards, Pashaw, Lamellable, Blue Chips, and men of mastery Kevin Durant.  Switch scenes, and let's do the break again, or do the giveaways, so guys, it's only three guys, unfortunately only three. Roll, three times, top three, get in after three. One, two, and three. Boom, three, three, 27 sad people guys. Sorry, Runko, I know you had multiple spots, so you could be in the top three, but sorry about that buddy. Ching, oohah, with that one. Brian Wofford, and Bradley, congratulations guys, you guys are now in the R&B, and that was three times, top three. So coming up next is the R&B, and then we'll do the Mackley break.


Hello, I'm Master Chief Dino Medler, the Senior Listed Leader to the Chief of Navy Chaplains for the Religious Program Specialist Rating, and I'm here with MechPon Stevens to discuss chaplain support for our sailors and our families. MechPon, thank you so much for joining us this morning and taking time out of your busy schedule and your continued support of our chaplains and our RPs for what they're doing with our sailors and our families in the fleet. I appreciate your willingness to share your experience with us and maybe help us debunk some myths out there that might get in the way of why sailors would not come seek the support of a chaplain. Master Chief Medler, thank you very much for the opportunity to be with you today and have a conversation with our sailors and their families. Thank you very much. You know at the end of the day it's really all about controlling what you own which includes knowing who you can turn to to help when you or a shipmate may need it. MechPon, what comes to mind when you think of a chaplain? Master Chief Medler when I think of a chaplain, I think of somebody who is a spiritual leader, a pastoral counselor, and a person that you can go to and complete and total confidence and trust that what you share with them will be kept private. Thank you very much. You know there really are a lot of myths out there of what might discourage a sailor from seeking out the chaplain support. Some of those myths might include intimidation by their rank or possibly that the only real goal of a chaplain is to convert them to their denomination or perhaps that you can only go see the chaplain if it's a spiritual nature. What would you tell that sailor if you were engaged in the fleet? What I've learned that you have to be the co-CEA chaplain is a person.  The chaplain is there to listen to you, to hear what your issues, your thoughts, your concerns are to provide professional recommendations on how to best deal whatever challenges that you may be facing. You certainly don't have to worry about their rank because they never throw that out there. They see themselves as I mentioned pastoral counselors, spiritual leaders, and someone that wants to help you through whatever your challenges may be. Thank you. Can you speak to the value of 100% absolute confidentiality that our sailors and our family members have with their chaplain? And I've tried to make that clear in our discussion so far is that our chaplains understand. It's part of their conduct of ethics, their code, that what you share with them is between you and them only. So please for our sailors and our families, feel free to discuss with our chaplains whatever is on your mind and understand that it will be kept in utter and complete confidentiality. Thank you, Mech Pond, for spending time with us this morning. Is there anything else you would like to tell our chaplains and RRPs? Well, my good friend, Matthew Medler, I just wanted to say thank you for the opportunity to address our sailors today and their families and to specifically call out and thank our religious program specialists, our chaplains and RRPs. What you do matters. And I just truly appreciate it from the very depths of my heart. Thank you very much.


Now we're going to start out with the exact same cells when we're looking at meiosis and mitosis I'm actually going to draw this out for you And that seems a little tedious because we're going to have to draw all these chromosomes over and over But I want you to remember what I've drawn here is essentially a cell a Diploid cell where the haploid number is two. I don't know if you remember that that We can describe the haploid number with by saying n a haploid cell is 1n a Diploid cell is 2n. So the haploid number is significant. Our haploid number is 23 so I'll tell you right now Even though it might feel a little overwhelming to draw four chromosomes in each one of these stages of meiosis and mitosis We could be drawing 23 of them and You don't have to so we'll just do two Just so we can visualize all the things that are happening in these processes and where they're really similar I threw my ptosis on the right side of this diagram and again It should be familiar the first thing I want to draw and have a feeling I'm going to run out of room here I want to acknowledge. I want to draw what is going to happen to that cell what that cell is going to look like If it goes through the s stage of interface My ptosis does it and guess what? So does my osis and I'm making my cells Sausage like in order to fit them on this screen So Percolate remind yourself. What do you think this the chromosomes in? My mitosis cell, what are they going to look like? After they go through the s phase Well, we know in s of interface. We've gotten the message to replicate Happens in meiosis and mitosis and the task is Replicate your DNA the cell says got you dog DNA polymerase.  I like that one. I didn't like gotta make it big It's got to be big. Why? Because the big ones are homologues and if you look on our agenda We're gonna spend an entire section Next up talking about homologues because I would argue that everything weird that happens in meiosis That's different from mitosis takes place with the homologous chromosomes and They're all about generating genetic diversity Okay, so let's focus That's it. I'm not gonna do anything else you will go ahead and It's awesome practice to draw out all the stages of mitosis and I'm just going to tell you that the stages of mitosis are prophase Metaphase Anaphase and telophase awesome and at the end result We have two Daughter cells that are identical to my original cell and Look, I'm not convincing you that this is true. I'm not drawing out all those stages I'm just drawing the end result and saying hey it happened. Look. They're identical I'm not gonna draw out all the stages in meiosis either and if you again look at our list our to-do list We're gonna go through the significant stages that are different What I'm going to tell you is that mitosis my osis happens twice So we actually have I'm just gonna do it like this and I'm gonna say prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase one takes place and We end up with two cells and I bet if I draw out What happened in these two cells? you Would be able to fill in some of the details some of the processes some of the Miosis one events that take place Notice that Miosis happens twice Each one of those cells that results from meiosis one is haploid look at that we have one copy of each homologue in The daughter cells at the end of meiosis one, but what else do you notice? Shouldn't be hard to observe we have too much DNA We have two copies of chromosome big red chromosome Connected at the centromere that's not how we want our cells our daughter cells to look That's too much DNA. We don't want two copies of the identical Chromosome we don't want sisters. Oh Sisters sisters got a hug, but they got to say bye-bye So what's gonna happen? We got to have PMAT 2 meiosis 2 takes place and in fact each one of these guys goes through meiosis 2 and Let's see here. I know I can do it. I'm gonna just go ahead and draw all of these for you. What are they? Unique haploid gametes if you look at this guy We're gonna end up with Do you agree with this? one copy of the big red one and one copy of the little red one in each of my gametes and These gametes result in One big copy and one little copy. Okay differences Well shoot We have four Resulting daughter cells. We have four unique haploid daughter cells If you look at what happened in meiosis 1 our homolog split apart and the processes of meiosis will illustrate how that takes place meiosis 2 is almost identical to mitosis because look sisters split Not homologs sisters split I'm gonna show you this is our visual.  We go meiosis 1 happens and meiosis 2 happens I like the way that they depicted this because they show Meiosis 1 is the weird one. It's the one that isn't similar to mitosis mitosis is Really similar to meiosis 2 do you see how? Having a solid understanding of mitosis will help you with this whole process alright I'm gonna make a broad statement. It's a statement that I think I've already made Everything unique that happens in meiosis everything Different that happens in meiosis happens because of homologous chromosomes So we have to spend a little chunk talking about those clowns


Hello and welcome to a screencast about computing left, right, and midpoint estimates. Today we're going to be looking at estimating the definite integral from 0 to 2 of sine of x squared dx with l4, r4, and m4. So first of all you notice the word estimate. It does not say compute. And that is because we cannot compute this integral using the fundamental theorem of calculus. We cannot do an antiderivative. This problem is kind of set up for a u substitution because I see an inside function here with this x squared. But remember with u substitution you also need the matching derivative in the integral as well, or at least some constant variation thereof. Well the derivative of x squared is 2x. I don't see any other x's in this integral. dx doesn't count because that's what our differential is. So that just doesn't work. So that's why with this one we have to estimate it. Because you can actually put this integral into your calculator or a computer operating system or something and it'll spit out an answer. Where does an answer come from? So that's what we're going to be looking at today on a much smaller scale of course. We're only going to be doing four subintervals, so that's what this little subscript 4 means. But trust me, your calculator is way more than that. But anyway, so what I've done then is I've taken the endpoints on my integral, so that was 0 to 2, and I've cut it into four subintervals. So here we've got 0 to 0.5, 0.5 to 1, 1 to 1.5, and 1.5 to 2. Okay, so I'm going to go and make some left rectangles, and I always like to draw these out first. So it hits my function at 0 right here at 0. It hits my function at 0.5 up here. It's my function at 1 about right here. It hits my function at 1.5 about right here. Okay, and then down here it's also going to hit my function at 2, because we'll need that one later. Oopsie, go away. Alright, so I draw in my rectangles, so this one's going to go over here. So that's going to be nothing. Then I'm going to pop up here. That's going to be my second rectangle. I'm going to pop up here. That's going to be my third rectangle. And then I'm going to pop over here. That's going to be my fourth rectangle. Now I could just eyeball these, but we actually have a function. So we can use our endpoints here, plug them into this function, and actually get out of value. Okay, so L4. I need to do my delta x. Let me put that up here. So remember that's b minus a over n, which in our case is 2 minus 0 over 4, so that's going to give us a half. And delta x is going to be the same for every single one that we do here, because we're not going to be doing any different intervals or notations or anything like that. Okay, so I'm going to factor that one half out. And then now I need to start figuring out where am I evaluating my function at. Well, I'm going to be evaluating it at 0. I'm going to be evaluating it at 0.5 or 1.5. I'm going to be evaluating it at 1. And then I'm going to be evaluating at 1.5, which is the same as 3 halves. Okay, so that means I'm going to be taking these x values and I'm going to be plugging them into my function. So that gives me 1.5. Then I'm going to have the sine of 0 squared, which is 0, plus the sine of half squared, or 1 fourth, plus the sine of 1 squared, which is 1, plus the sine of 3 half squared, which is 9 fourths. Okay, chug all of this into your calculator or whatever other computing systems you've got. And then we come up with a number of 0.933474. Okay, looking at this I would definitely say, I think that's probably an overestimate, if I had to guess. Because this rectangle especially goes way over and then we're missing out on the negative part. So yeah, this isn't a very good estimate, but that's okay. It's about as good as we're going to get for right now. Okay, let me switch colors on us. Let's go to R4. So we're still going to be using the same points, but now we're going to be going from the right-hand side instead of the left-hand side. So this time I'm going to start at 0.5. I'm going to pop up and hit my function. So that's going to come over this way. Trying to make these darker so you guys can see them.  So there's my rectangle here. I'm going to go to 1.5. So that's like here. Interesting. So that one's almost the same as this one. Almost. And then I'm going to pop down here to 2. So that's going to look like that. Okay. Fantastic. So now let me write out what these are going to look like then. So we've got R4. That's going to be the same 1.5 because that's my delta x times. Now what function values am I going to want to use this time? I'm going to want to use f of a half. I'm going to want to use f of 1. I'm going to want to use f of 3 halves. And then this time I'm going to want to use f of 2. Okay. Because again I'm going from the right. So you can always start over here at the right-hand part of your integral or your interval and then work your way backwards. Okay. Do just like we did up above. And when you crunch this in your calculator then you should end up getting an approximation of 0.555073. Okay. So I got that number by taking these four x values and plugging them into my function to figure out then what the y values are. Okay. Now we've got a big mess here. So let me do some erasing. Oh and the right. Well that one obviously was under. Sorry. Got rid of those. That would be an underestimate just because of how the function worked out. Okay. Now midpoints. So I've still got my 0 to 0.5, 0.5 to 1, et cetera, et cetera. But now I'm going to want to use the midpoint of this interval. So that's going to be like about right in there. Then my midpoint here is going to be about right here. Okay. You can make tick marks on your axis if you want to. My midpoint here is about at my height of my function there. And then my midpoint here is about right in here. Okay. Let me go ahead and draw in my rectangles now. So I go up and hit about right here. This is why we don't use just a drawing because my drawings are not very good. There's my second one. There's my third one. And there's my fourth one. Okay. So I think this one's definitely going to be the best approximation because these go a little bit over, a little bit under, but they kind of, you know, I guess, make it even. So let's write out what this is going to look like. So M4 is a half, again, because even though these rectangles look different than the ones before, they're with the still a half. Okay. Now what about our heights? Well, they're still going to be our function values, but I'm not going to be using 0.5, 1 anymore because I use the midpoints of these intervals. So the midpoint between 0 and 1.5 is 1 fourth. The midpoint between 1.5 and 1 is 3 fourths. The midpoint between 1 and 1.5, that's 5 fourths. And hopefully by now you see the pattern then these are odd fourths. So my next one's going to be 7 fourths. And that makes sense because 7 fourths is halfway between 3 halves and 2. Okay, again, plug these values into your function, in here for your x, and then when you crank that value out, that gives you 0.837369, which definitely by far is our best estimation. If you were to plug this integral into a computer system, operating system, or, you know, anything like that, I bet this would be the best one. Okay. How do I know that? Well, I've been doing this a while. But yes, you can tell just by the picture it's going to be good. Also, another interesting thing to point out is a lot of students typically think that the midpoint is the average of the left and the right. But that's definitely not the case here, right? If you were to average 0.55 and 0.93, I bet that's closer to like 0.7. Okay, this is actually 0.8. So don't just rely on the left end point and the right end point to find your midpoint. You actually want to go through and do the computations by hand. All right. Good luck with these. Thanks for watching.


Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this course so far we have studied the overall topics that we are going to study in the course. We also studied the process of speech production which is the basis for the Sandhi phenomenon. We also took some examples in which Sandhi is done. These were taken primarily from the Shreemad Bhagavad Gita and today in this lecture we shall be approaching the topic of this course by asking a question what is a Sandhi and we shall try to answer this question and thereby explain what is a Sandhi. The previous discussion in this course should be viewed as a background for understanding better what is a Sandhi. The previous discussion which consisted of the discussion of the process of speech production in which the cognitive stage acts as the cause and the audible speech which appears at the external most end is the result or the effect. It is this audible speech which is made a topic of study which is subjected to scrutiny and there are also other branches which go deeper inside and study the internal processes which generate the audible speech. Paninian grammar has its own way of describing this internal process and also the external processes. The concept of prasanga is very much relevant over here where the meaning and its cognition provide for the Sandhi to take place. So let us see how the word Sandhi is derived in the Paninian grammar. This is the derivation. You have the verbal root dha dharana poshana yoho to hold preceded by the preverb sam which generally indicates togetherness followed by the suffix ki in the sense of bhava by the sutra upasarge ghokki 3 392. Now this ker which appears at the initial position of the suffix. This ker becomes ith and then is deleted by 138 and 139. So we have some plus dha plus e. Now because this e is kith has ker as a marker. So the sutra 6464 atholopa ithichar ajat deor aarth dhaatu kayohok niditok parayohok atholopas yaath. So this a is deleted because this is kith and then we have some dha e. Then this ma becomes an anasvara by the application of 8324 and then this becomes na by 8459 and so you get the form Sandhi. What is the meaning of Sandhi? The state of being holding something together. That state is called Sandhi. Holding something together. The question is what do you hold together? What does Sandhi hold together? You hold together the words. The Sandhi holds together the words. The words that are uttered in close combination, one after the other in the form of a sentence and in this sentence the word boundaries get erased and the sentential effects take place. It is extremely important to note this fact that the Sandhi holds the sentential effects. Now what are these sentential effects? Once again we revisit the example from the Bhagavad Gita in which sentential effects are clearly demarcated. So on the right hand side you have karmani after that there is a dhanda indicating the full stop. So you take a long pause then you have the word eva, another long pause then you have the word adhikara, another long pause and so on and so forth. Up to you reach the end of the verse a karmani. Each and every element separated by this vertical bar also known as dhanda is to be pronounced separately in isolation without having any effect of the combination of any other element, karmani. Karmani is not linked, not associated with eva. Although eva is the next word there is a huge gap in between and so they are not linked. So there is no effect of eva coming immediately after this karmani. Now these are the padha boundaries which are stated over here. These are the padha boundaries. Now when these boundaries are erased, so karmani and eva when they come together what happens is this knee gets transformed into knee. So this knee we get, knee, v. Now this eva and adhikara, when these two come in contact, close contact then there is this eva, karmani eva. This is what is the result. Once again this can be called a sentential effect. This is what primarily the sandhi is. Similarly adhikara te and it becomes adhikaras te. ma phaleshu kadachana, ma karma phala hetur bhur. So once again hetuhu and bhuhu. Bhuhu and ma. So bhur ma, sangah astu and akarmani becomes sangostvakarmani. So these are the sentential effects that we were talking about. So sandhi holds together the sentence as one unit because the sandhi brings about or sandhi is about these erasures of the padha boundaries and coming of the sentential effects. This is what sandhi is all about. This is how the sandhi, the word sandhi is apt to describe this process which holds together the elements. So this knee and a, they both are brought together and this knee is the effect of the combination. So this sentential effect knee eva holds together two words karmani and eva. Similarly eva and adhikaraha. This a which is a sentential effect, this holds together, this a holds together, this eva and adhikaraha and so on and so forth. Adhikaraha and te, adhikaras te, this sir which is an additional effect, this holds together these two words. In this way sandhi holds together different words in the form of the sentence and the words they get merged. Their boundaries are erased and they get merged in the form of a sentence. This is the significance of the meaning of the word sandhi as well. Now in order to study the term sandhi, we must take a quick look at the use of the term sandhi in various shastras available to us. We select the two prominent ones in which the term sandhi is prominently used. The term sandhi is used in texts like Natya Shastra and also Artha Shastra. Natya Shastra composed by Bharatamuni and Artha Shastra composed by Chanakya or Kautilya. Natya Shastra as we all know is a text that deals with dramaturgy and Artha Shastra deals with political science. So in these two texts, the word sandhi is used in the technical sense and this technical sense applies to a restricted domain. Even if the meaning of the term sandhi is different to different restricted domains, the common thread remains, holding something together. That remains even in these. So if we look at sandhi in Natya Shastra, it is described as the segment of the plot or iti vritta and various types of plays or dramas have different kinds of different numbers of sandhis. So on this slide, we have quoted a verse from the Natya Shastra which says that So in the Natya Shastra which is a part of the drama or rupaka, there are five sandhis, five segments of the plot. They are mukha or pratimukha, then garbha, then vimarsha, and finally nirvahana. This is how the plot gets developed. This is very important and it is these segments which hold the entire content of the play together. So the construction of all these five sandhis, segments, joints is extremely important and is paid serious attention to by professionals. Then we come to the term sandhi which is used in the Artha Shastra. In the Kautilya Artha Shastra, we have a concept Shardgunya in which sandhi occupies the first place. Sandhi means peace, that is the first of the six gunas. Stated like this According to the previous teachers, sandhi, vigraha, asana, yana, samshraya and dvahidhi bhaava, these are the six gunas, shardgunya. And the sandhi is described and defined there as agreement with pledges is peace. This is how sandhi is described in the Artha Shastra. Then there are various types of sandhis also described in Artha Shastra, which I request you all to go through through the original sources as well as the secondary material that is available in the form of several articles written on this particular topic, sandhi in Artha Shastra. So the term sandhi is popular in various Shastras and is in fact actively used in order to explain the structure and nature of various phenomena related to these different fields. Artha Shastra deals with the field of political science and Natya Shastra deals with the concepts of dramaturgy, namely the art. But still in both these fields, in both these texts the word sandhi and the concept of sandhi is very effectively used. For the present purpose, we will restrain ourselves to the study of sandhi in the Vyakaran Shastra only. We leave the study of the concept of sandhi in the Artha Shastra as well as Natya Shastra. We leave that to the competent authorities. We also request you to study these concepts in detail. We will focus in this lecture and in this course on Sandhi in the Vyakaran Shastra, which also assumes quite an important status as far as the overall Vyakaran Shastra is concerned, its arrangement is concerned. In Paninian grammar, sandhi is generally considered a substitute. This is very important. Now how is sandhi treated as a substitute? In order to understand this, we need to have some background of the Paninian grammar. So, Paninian grammar describes Sanskrit language in an exhaustive manner, wherein it covers my newest details of Sanskrit language prevalent at Panini's times. The details consist of variations of forms which express the same meanings. The forms which are prevalent in most of the cases become the by default forms and are stated in the same fashion as by default forms. Now the forms which vary in some cases are explained using the technique of substitution where the same meaning background acts as the base for this substitution to take place, in which the concept of prasanga plays a crucial role and it is these meaning elements which in this case act as prasanga. Paninian grammar describes the Sanskrit language using the methodology of substitution. What does substitution mean? It means that in a given environment, a particular element gets substituted by another particular closer element in a given environment. Now this environment could be on the left hand side or the environment could be on the right hand side of the element to be substituted. Also the meaning acts as as I said earlier, the meaning acts as a very important base for this substitution to take place. So, meaning works as the prasanga in this particular case. So, if we want to show this using this particular notation, we can say that if we have a situation like x plus y plus z and all x and y and z are put in square brackets, what it means is that x is the left hand side environment and z is the right hand side environment. In these environments x on the left hand side and z on the right hand side, y the substituent is to be substituted by say a in this case. So, the output of this particular process would be x plus a plus z and sometimes it so happens that you have x plus a as the output. Sometimes it also happens that you get the output in the form of a plus z. So, a replaces two elements in this particular case and then this a will be called the sandhi. If you have x plus y plus z where y is replaced by a and you get the output x plus a plus z, a is called sandhi in this particular environment. In some cases the combination would be x plus y and so the output of the process would be a plus y. So, in place of x we have a. In some cases the combination would be x plus y which means that there is no left hand side environment. There is only right hand side environment. In both these cases, y is acting as the right hand side environment. But in case of the first case x got replaced by a. Now in this particular case a is getting substituted in place of both x and y. So, then input is x plus y and the output of this particular process would be just a. a being replacing x and also y. So, in this case a will be called the sandhi in both these cases. Whether the substitute is 1 and the substitute is 1 or whether the substitutes are 2 and the substitute is 1, this 1 in this case a is called sandhi. Let us take the concrete examples once again from the verse in the Bhagavad Gita which was cited earlier. And we have Karmani followed by Aver. Now what it eventually means is that there is e followed by a and in this case where you have x where you have y followed by z e gets substituted by a.  What it means is that you have y plus z where y is substituted by a and you get a plus z as the substitute. So, this a in this case is e and so e is called a sandhi. Karmani Aver we have here sandhi. It is called yansandhi in the Paninian terminology. Similarly, if we look at sangha and astu, now here we have a at the end of sangha followed by a visarga and followed by a which is part of astu. So, we have a plus visarga plus a which generally follows the pattern namely x plus y plus z and then this visarga gets substituted by u both the environments remaining unchanged.   Now, we say that this u is called sandhi. This u which comes in place of the visarga is indeed the sandhi. Then this sangha astu, this becomes an input and this is of the following kind. You have sangha which has a at the end followed by u and now you have y plus z and in place of both of them comes a. So, a plus u and in place of both these sounds comes the closer one namely o. So, we get sangha u astu transformed into sangha astu and then once again we apply the rules and we have the output in the form sangha astu.  So, we have y plus z and we have y. So, we get sangha astu as the output from sangha astu. So, now we say here that o is a sandhi. This is the purvarupa sandhi. Thus it is clear to us that sandhi is nothing but an al-vidhi. Al-vidhi is a vidhi based on al. Al stands for all the sounds. Al is a pratyahara and it covers sounds from a to l, l is in the 14th sutra. So, al stands for all the sounds any sound. So, al-vidhi is a sound that is related to any sound. So, sandhi is described as an al-vidhi an operation based on the combination of the sounds also an operation based on the properties of the sounds. This is very important. It must be noted here that the sandhi is programmed at the cognitive level and hence is dependent on it. It can be also explained by physical processes involved in the oral cavity and also by the position of the tongue. So, what are the basic preconditions of sandhi? The basic preconditions are that the words are used in a combination such that they are uttered in close proximity reducing the gap between the utterance of the two sounds to a bare minimum and this close proximity is also known as samhita as we shall study it in the next lecture. And the second basic condition is that the desire to speak in the samhita mode. This desire to speak we have studied corresponds with the notion of vivakasha. In fact, vivakasha means desire to speak. So, this desire to speak namely desire to speak in the samhita mode is extremely important basic condition of the sandhi. To summarize the term sandhi is used in many domains and many disciplines. In the paninyan grammar it is used in the sense of a substitute that comes in place of one sound or sometimes two sounds in a given environment of sounds. One sandhi can become input to generate the output in the form of the other sandhi as we have seen in case of and so on. We shall deal with some of these basic conditions in the next lecture to come. Thank you.