Okay, welcome to Handling Power Well Night with Patch, and in a way also with Pantheon and Fastly. And tonight we're gonna be talking about an extreme traffic spike that happened for Patch.com, which is one of the largest Drupal sites in the world, and how we worked to build infrastructure over the course of a couple days. That would be able to handle the next spike, despite not knowing exactly how big it would be. So today we can introduce the two presenters. I'll go ahead and start. I'm David Strauss. I'm a CTO and co-founder at Pantheon. We run Drupal infrastructure for development, testing, and deployment of projects, including Patch.com. And this is a Brewster who is the CTO at Patch. Would you mind introducing yourself? Sure. Those microphones work as well. I'm gonna use those. I'm just, this is my first Drupal con ever. I've been working in Drupal for about six or eight years, but under the radar. And it may well be my last, if this talk goes poorly, but anyway, let me know when you want me to just start talking. Yeah, we should actually, we should just bring you up here. Right. To kick things off. So I have actually paper notes. So yeah. So you don't know me, and if you do know Patch, you probably know Patch is one of the more colossal failures on the internet. And I wanna take one moment to say, rumors of our death are exaggerated.  I'm under no illusions as to who you want to hear from. It's this guy over here. So I'm gonna keep my remarks as quick as possible and then hand it back to David. But so, Patch is a hyper-local news platform serving about 1,000 towns across the country. It was originally owned by AOL, spun off under shareholder pressure in 2014 and has been running on its own steam since it was moved to very quickly move through the architecture change. It was moved off of AOL's infrastructure at $300,000 a month. Infrastructure spend of $30,000 on AWS. Partially thanks to Matt right there, who worked on it in Calgary with the Hale Global Team and then we moved it over onto Pantheon. And we walked straight into the hyper-local paradox is what we call it at Patch. And I just have to hit a button. So these are typical stories you might see on Patch which illustrate this paradox, which is that if I were to smell smoke in this room right now and I yelled fire, right? That would be extremely valuable information to everybody in this room, right? And then probably pretty invaluable to people down the hall and not too valuable for people down the street, right? And that's the problem with Patch. We have information like this, you know, you return a Chihuahua to their owner, that is extremely valuable information to that group of people, right? Whether the schools are closed in Ridgefield is irrelevant to the people in Westboard. But so we have with decreasing traffic, Ridgefield, Westboard, people who own this Chihuahua, right? We have increasing value of our information. So what that means that we have to do is serve an enormous histogram of content daily across our network. So we serve on the order of, I think I have a next one. I have to define how big we are, but I just hit the wrong button. I'm hitting buttons, David. There. That's today. So we're running 7,600 concurrence, but on chart feed there are about 200 pages of URL being served at any given moment on patch.com. It's got an enormous footprint that has to serve at very high availability. And our database is big as Matt knows and as David knows all too well. We have about 15 million stories, articles, nodes in our database, 6 million users, 44 million images, something like that, that we are keeping track of and serving at any given time. And at very high availability. And so we built this architecture, the sort of what Jesse at Pantheon called decapitated Drupal architecture, which means we have Drupal on the front and Drupal on the back and the sort of service layer separating them. But it allows our front end to do a lot of the sort of processing and minimally sentient stuff that we needed to do while serving stuff that is cashed in large scale across the varnish infrastructure in between the front and the back. So what this is allowed patch to do is if I get the right button, start jumping the fence in certain cases to serve stories of national import. And this is not just the only one. We do really well on election nights. We do all sorts of things. I mean, last two nights ago, Listeria shot us to 13 or 14,000 concurrence. We had no idea that was coming. And we have the hardest working editorial group in show business, really. Deploying all these articles across and hyperlocalizing them across our entire network of sites. But, excuse me, in picking up these national news stories that comes with a price, which is that you start running into scale problems pretty quickly. And so this is the January 13th story. But on January 9th, it was a Saturday night like any other Saturday night. I was sort of hanging out, having dinner, whatever. And I got a ping from one of our QA people saying, you know, by the way, we're running a little hot. And I said, why the heck are we running hot? He said, well, we're running at 10,000 concurrence on a Saturday night. That doesn't make any sense to us. And I said, okay, that's so we are. And I watched, and I watched, and suddenly it was 15,000. And then it was 20,000. And it was 30,000. It was surreal. It was going up like mad. And at 40,000, this is over the course of like 15 minutes. And at 50,000 concurrence, we're all like giving each other high fives, excellent. And then Batch went dark. And David was the recipient. And I think Ari, one of those arms-length bug reports from me, which no one really likes to get. But we recovered 20 minutes later. That's the last surviving screenshot from that night. You may notice that the meter has gone around. Which was, yeah, we didn't know. There were certain points, and then I actually, when Chartbeat's going like this, and all of a sudden it just rocks. Yeah, so thank you. What? Chartbeat would just vanish. And then it would come back, because it didn't know it had to reallocate servers to us. And so we started dealing with, I didn't know how to, this was New Relic. I would like to point out that our transaction has 150 milliseconds normally. And so we're coming out of there at normal speed. We bootstrapped into our content at 150 milliseconds. Our servers are fine, everything's fine, except for our throughput goes to nowhere. Right? And so we didn't know quite how to interpret this. We had our, we had two clues. Huh? Thank you. We had two clues. One was that. And the other is that in our infrastructure, in this decapitated structure, we have our main service box, and it talks to our front end to help it clear its own varnish cache very programmatically. And very granularly, because we can't just blow the entire cache for Connecticut when a new Connecticut story comes up. We have to be very careful about where we do it. And so it was having no trouble talking to a sale through and other providers, but it couldn't reach the front end at all. And all the timeouts were at 499 milliseconds, which is our time to connect. So we got some sense that, guess what? We couldn't get to the front end. Couldn't even get there. It wasn't that the front end couldn't serve it. And that was basically the one fact that I managed to get into my bug report to David. The other fact, or two, was that no one won Powerball. And it was happening to a surety the next Wednesday or Thursday night, right? So we were basically on the clock. And I think this is probably where I end and the person you want to hear starts talking. So anyway, to David. So when you build out a site, you typically start by having a basic architecture where you have browsers connecting to the application server. And then when you're ready to scale out for bigger amounts of traffic, you add in a load balancer that then balances your requests between multiple application servers, multiple backends. This is now allowing you to evenly distribute the traffic to those bottlenecked boxes. And you do it with something that has a very light touch, like a load balancer, where it doesn't have to do much with the traffic other than send it to the right backend. The problem is that this can be a bottleneck in itself.  And indeed, when we started looking at the actual logs of where things had actually peaked out, it wasn't the application servers that had gotten, that were falling over. We saw network traffic basically spike up and then sort of hover around this jittery edge that you start seeing when you're working with TCP traffic and you've maxed out the connection. And even if you have a gigabit or two gigabit connections for stuff, eventually it maxes out. And that's sort of the story of that night, that once you start having that kind of national news story, you really can max out that sort of connection. And then a load balancer's not enough. So this is what happened as we were working on that. Abe already told you about the downtime once they reached about 50,000 concurrence, which is about 10, or not 10, about five times of sort of baseline traffic that would be typically expected to reach. And then around Sunday is when he filed the report with us. And when he says arm's length, he doesn't mean like a separation. He means like the text was that long. And then once we actually got back to the office, I think, I don't know if it was a holiday Monday or whatever reason, but we started really diving into the technical issue on Tuesday, finding out that it was a load balancer bottleneck and looking at our options. And then we knew that we actually had to implement something by Wednesday because Thursday was the next Powerwall drawing. So, and also I wanna emphasize here that we had an unknown expected number of concurrence because just because the infrastructure died at 50,000, doesn't mean that you actually can say, well, if I do double that, it's gonna be fine. So, eventually you have to take paths to even more scale, web scale. I don't know, how many people have seen this cartoon? Okay, great. For those who haven't seen it, it's a cartoon mocking the term web scale because of how a lot of people put it in place when it's premature or they're using not very reliable technologies that just run really fast. But this is actually an incident of actually requiring web scale for delivering this sort of infrastructure.  The first option we considered that we could graft on top of our existing infrastructure was something like round robin DNS where we deploy a few more load balancers, we put all of those things into DNS, upstream our DNS will send out a fresh IP and the rotation each time a new request comes in. But there's a problem with this approach because you don't have any guaranteed balance. Even if you have all those IPs rotating, a service provider like Comcast could very well get one result from you, cache it and not necessarily follow the same structure for rotating it, causing everyone from a major ISP or origin to be accessing the same load balancer all at the same time. And given that DNS caching is often provider by provider, that lumping can be really, really un-uniform. So we decided against hacking this approach into place. It's not an approach that we even really support on the platform anyway, we would have had to kind of go on the side to implement it. The next option would be try to pick up the red phone to our service provider and say, let's buy a gigantic load balancer. Do you have any 10 gigabit F5s lying around? And the answer is usually no, by the way, because 10 gigabit F5s start at $30,000 a piece and if you wanna implement them redundantly, you need at least two. So they don't typically just sit on the shelves too much and often, I mean, red phone not withstanding, they often take weeks to deploy if you wanted to call up a service provider, have them put together a proposal and then you end up with it in a rack of hardware. And then there's the whole time for configuring it and questions about how well it'll handle other load profiles like HTTPS termination. And ultimately it still concentrates the traffic all into one data center, which has its own kind of issues with being able to scale out the traffic and performance. The third option we looked at was skipping the load balancer and going right to Pantheon's Edge because we deploy varnish nodes on Pantheon where on the Pantheon Edge for every site, it comes with a set of three nodes that both handle varnish and then route back to backend containers. And then what we do is unless someone's implemented HTTPS, we typically send the traffic directly there. Each of those boxes has a multi-gigabit capacity but at the same time it could be lumpy with the distribution. And ultimately this wasn't going to get us through more than just power ball night because while patch.com currently is HTTP based, they've been deploying more HTTPS things and eventually we'll need to go more and more HTTPS. So a solution here that doesn't actually account for the next few months of roadmap and can only be used in this sort of emergency circumstance is not a very appealing option. And it would have even been a regression for even that night because even today patch.com can be accessed over HTTPS, it just redirects you and we wouldn't have been able to even handle the redirects with this sort of use case. So we sort of ruled that out too. So now we're heading to CDN territory. The initial CDN architecture that we looked at was the standard one which is where user agents get routed to a point of presence that is geographically local to them and if that point of presence misses its cache then it hits back to the Pantheon origin. This would meet the use case and it would have been perfectly happy implementing this but it isn't as good as you can get because you can also add in an origin shield. And this is supported by many major CDNs including Cloudflare and Fastly. And what this basically does is now we have a few layers of caching. We have the local point of presence which stores it geographically local to a user who's accessing the content. Then you have an origin shield which basically forms as a backstop right before the CDN actually connects to the origin systems. And what this does is it aggregates all the misses from all the different points of presence around the world into this origin shield and then if the origin shield has it according to the rules for the CDN that means that it doesn't have to reach the origin at all. And the great thing about this is that you typically can configure the caching lifetimes and other configuration consistently across the whole CDN including the origin shield and points of presence without a lot of extra effort. So you almost get this additional cache hit for free. It would have been probably fine to send all the points of presence to the origin but with a national news story you're working with quite a few points of presence that are going to be getting traffic coming in. And so each one would have to miss on each piece of content before they would be locally cached. I'd like to add just one thing to this too is that at 11 o'clock the numbers are announced. So you have to be able to purge these kinds of things as well. It's not that they're just gonna sit out there. And the other 4,000 stories on patch or 3,000 stories on patch of the day you get about 1,500 new ones in a day are all being updated at the same time as well. So everything is volatile in this situation. Yeah, and so this, we needed to accommodate that particular thing into the architecture as well. So we went into sort of looking at CDN selection and our priorities for this sort of implementation. Now if you have much more lead time your priorities might be a little different but in our case, we needed to find a CDN that's ready to handle top 100 levels of traffic. There are some really interesting CDNs out there that are kind of newer on the scene like key CDN that have a nice feature set but I don't know if I would wanna throw a top 100 website at them overnight. They probably wouldn't be, that would probably blow their capacity planning. We needed Drupal compatibility in the sense that we needed to be able to specify the rules that Drupal needs to operate properly across the CDN. We needed to be able to do this in a reasonable amount of time. And this, and I say reasonable amount of time because when you work with a provider like say Akamai, which has a very fast CDN and great coverage, their rule sets basically require that you work through them to implement updated rules. And that makes it very hard to implement something like Drupal that has complicated cash management rules because the round trip through their sort of professional services team to implementing rules and then refining the rules means the minimum implementation for that sort of thing would be weeks and we didn't have weeks. We needed to have HTTPS support all the way for running on the Apex domain. And Apex domains means something like example.com, whereas a third level domain would be www.example.com. And some CDNs only offer HTTPS for the third level domains because you can do things with C names with them. And then different CDNs have different approaches for supporting the Apex domain. And because patch.com literally runs as patch.com not www.patch.com, this was something that we wanted to have going forward so that we could not only select a CDN for the next couple of weeks, but ideally for the next few years. The 24 hour turnaround is a big deal. So I mentioned a bit on how that impacts things like Drupal compatibility or capacity planning, but we didn't wanna be the biggest customer of the CDN we were taking on. We wanted to be another customer. And we also wanted to have an eye toward the future for cache tagging and invalidation. How many of you are building sites on Drupal 8 at this point? That's like 20%. I mean, that'll continue to grow, but Drupal 8 can now tag content where rather than invalidating by URL patterns, you can send surrogate keys down to your edge cache and then generally an edge cache supports the ability to invoke clearing a specific key. And what that means is that every time, say, a node appears as the node view or in a block on a page or on a listing on a page, you can do something like tag it with that node ID, and then whenever you update the node, you can invalidate every page that has anything that was derived from that node. And it allows very precise cache invalidation and it doesn't mean you put one tag on a page. If you include five nodes on a page, you would put five tags on the page so that if any of those nodes are invalidated, you can invalidate the edge content. And also we wanted as additional insurance in terms of I've talked about security from defense in depth and I think there's such a thing from a reliability perspective of engineering in depth. And what that means is don't just have a plan A for your engineering in terms of your customer experience, have a plan B as well. And so on CDNs, including Fastly and Cloudflare, they have options for fallback to their stale or cached content if the origin or backbone is non-responsive. And what that means is that you can retain a copy of it on the CDN for a considerably longer amount of time than you would have it served normally. And then rather than giving your users an error or a blank page or something worse, you end up serving them at worst stale content. And that's a much, much better thing for your traffic, ad revenue and brand. So what we ended up doing was kind of a sort of clever approach to minimize the amount of integration we would have to do deeply with the CDN initially. So what we did is rather than try and move all kind of cash and validation logic today to the CDN, by today I mean when we were implementing this in this short period of time, what we did is we kept the long TTLs and invalidation on Pantheon's edge with its varnish cluster. And then what we did on Fastly is we implemented a 15 second TTL for the content, but we told it to retain it for a full day just in case. So what this meant is that if we invalidated something at Pantheon's edge, then it would be fresh to CDN users within 15 seconds.  And then the one day retention meant that even if there were say an hour or two of inability to access the origin or a backbone connection, it would be able to use its extra copy of the content and then serve that up so that the users would still see something. Fortunately we didn't have to fall back on that, but it's nice to have that there. So how do you move to a CDN, especially when you have a really limited amount of time? So in our case, one of the first things I did is worked to get the CDN to terminate HTTPS because we wanted to make sure we could handle the redirect and would be ready for that future traffic later. It tends to be kind of hard to throw HTTPS into the mix if you don't account for it a little early in the process because sometimes you end up with aliased pages for the HTTP versus HTTPS versions and it's really just better to kind of get the handling in there even if the only purpose of that handling is to redirect to the non-encrypted copy. The reverse is true if you go HTTPS only. It makes sense to handle both cases and make sure the right things are in place early. And then we made rules to properly handle Drupal. This typically handled things like pass-through for active sessions. If you've ever looked at a varnished VCL file, you see things like if there's a session cookie, then do pass rather than try to hit the cache. That's pretty much required for any sort of content management system. And keying on HTTP versus HTTPS, which means that when we return a different response for one versus the other, that it doesn't aliased. Like you can get into a redirect loop if you don't distinguish when you cache because if you're redirecting from one to the other or back, you definitely don't want to do something where you load the HTTP page and then you send a redirect to the HTTP page that's cached from the last time you handled an HTTPS response. So those were sort of table stakes for just getting it to work and not be broken. And then we created a test domain that routes through the CDN. Like on a service like Pantheon, you sort of just kind of add an extra domain on the dashboard and then if it's a subdomain, you just tell us your CDN about it. And what that does is it now allows you to inform other people from the organization, hey, here's something to hammer on. And this should work for you. And they can do things like log in, log out, view pages, make sure they cache. You can make sure that retention times are working properly. And you can also make sure that all of the kind of interactive things for once you're logged in and say editing content and then viewing it, that all the pass through happens right. Also, if you're doing redirects between HTTP and HTTPS, making sure that all works correctly and that you don't get cache aliasing. And that's sort of what I just mentioned in terms of validating all of that through your test domain. In Patch's case, there's a lot of custom infrastructure in terms of the headless Drupal, various other services implemented through Drupal, and those all interact even through Varnish themselves, although not through the CDN. So we wanted to validate that all of that was still working too. And then really it's cut over time once everything looks great. And the best way to cut over, because DNS can be finicky, especially with long cache times, is you want to drive that TTL way, way down. I know that a lot of DNS systems charge by the number of requests, and when the TTLs drop, you pay a proportional amount more, but for the transition time, it's totally worth it. So you reduce it, like maybe you had a 15 minute TTL before, really reduce it to like 15 seconds, something where the cut over can be pretty reliable, pretty quick. Not everyone running a recursive resolver downstream is going to totally honor your cache times, but they tend to be close. And then you want to wait out the old TTL. In fact, you can start this process well before you're ready to actually cut over, because this doesn't actually cut over. It may reduce performance a tiny, tiny bit for hit rates to DNS caches, but so if you have a 15 minute TTL, you do this change at least 15 minutes before you're ready to actually cut over, because you want all the downstream caches to be flushed, everyone to have those little short copies of that DNS. And then once it's a super short time, you can actually retarget to the CDN or alternative infrastructure, and that should implement, that should roll out really quickly, because if you have say a 15 second timeout or TTL on your DNS records, then it should only take 15 to 30 seconds after making the change before you start seeing the traffic really flow into the new IPs. And then once you're actually happy with all of that, then you can actually validate the production functionality and return DNS to the original TTL. The other purpose to the short TTL is that it also makes a mistake less costly, that let's say you get the configuration wrong or something was not set up properly in the CDN and you need to go back to your original origin, then you can just toggle it back and there's just as little time to toggle things back. You really don't want to be having a high traffic site and then get the configuration wrong and have to wait 15 minutes before you can possibly fix it. But then once it's validated, you can bump the TTL back up in this sort of structure. You've only spent an hour or two at the low TTL and then your performance and cost return to exactly where they were before but you've mitigated the risk of the transition. So I will hand this back to Abe to talk about what it was like after we did all of this and then we were in the next Powerball drawing night. I'd be remiss not to thank again the Pantheon crew for everything they did on those two days. I mean, my bug risk board's not withstanding. We all put in some long hours of days to get this right because patch in a hyper-local sense is edge cases upon edge cases upon edge cases because if we're in Jolie at Illinois and we're in Greenwich, Connecticut, those things are about as similar as chalk and cheese. And so we just try to keep, we have everything can't be a one size fits all solution. So we have these things that Pantheon helped us out with. So at 1045, we were running about 19,000 concurrence which was warm but we were sort of saying well, what happened? Maybe, you know, what if they had a war and nobody came? What if we had a Powerball night and nobody came to patch, right? Or maybe the Google Jesus week that night. Exactly, exactly. So we were sort of sitting there, this is at 1045, watching, watching, watching. And that's at 11. So that jumped to 51. So we broke the previous one and you can see that now we broke the needles off the scale at 1101. That's 1104, that's three minutes later that we jumped another 20,000 concurrence. And by the way, we're invalidating stories all over the place still. I mean, people are invalidating, we're sending out breaking news alerts which when a breaking news alert goes out of patch, say we send one to Ridgefield, Connecticut, it puts a breaking news story on the front page of Ridgefield, Connecticut. So it invalidates that page. So every single time we're doing this, we're invalidating across 1,000 different domain sites or sort of URLs all through this period. That's 1105, that's one minute later we've jumped another 20,000 concurrence. There's 1106, which is 110,000 concurrence. This is what we saw on Fastly, by the way, which is that Fastly was taking 81% of our traffic. And that still means that we were seeing five or 6,000 hits coming right through Fastly through the Pantheon Edge. And that's what our throughput is at the time, about 5,000, that's right to the metal on the front end. This actually understates the Fastly hit rate a bit because the way that the origin shield works is that if you miss the point of presence and then you hit the origin shield, then it counts as one hit and one miss. Because each hit and miss on each area is accumulated independently and then all rolled up. So I think we were probably in excess of 90% of traffic really actually being absorbed by Fastly. Right, that would make sense though. And that's the screenshot of record that we have which is GA saying we had 250,000 and chart feet saying we had 117,000. It went higher but we didn't catch it. And I think that's, is that our, I don't know if that's our last slide or not, David, but I'm gonna just check. That's our last slide, so we made it. Thanks to these guys and thanks to the engineers at Patch too, all six of them. And the Fastly team for like turning this out in 24 hours. Yes, and Fastly, and Fastly. Yes. And so it also shows why it matters not necessarily assuming that hey, this is where we maxed out before. Let's implement double the infrastructure and hope things work out. Because we would have had to implement triple the infrastructure and had good balancing between it in order to sustain this traffic with the architectures we were using before. I agree. Yeah, we can open it for questions. Questions and there may be one more slide there. It's just the, oh, this one. So yeah, questions please. So this is for Patch. How did you guys get ranked number one? Is that just happenstance? Google blesses you and would it give it that take us away. And for some reason, one of the nice things is that Patch is local. We are hyper local in a thousand towns across the country. And when the winner's in a Patch town, we're gonna have the story probably first anyway. And Google's gonna privilege that story over a lot of these things. We do have a pretty decent SEO on the site. We are still doing spectacular numbers of things wrong. And which gives us a lot of room to improve. But we get blessed here and there. We've got blessed on a couple of the primaries. And you just never know why it happens sometimes. But a lot of it has to do with being out of the gate early with a story that's a good story. And one of the nice things about Patch stories is that they are generally, if they're really a local story, they're really a good story. And they're unique. So that gives us a bit of an edge there. All right, thanks. Sure, sure. And this question is for Pantheon. First, that's an impressive piece of engineering and an incredibly short timeframe. My site is slightly different in that I don't know when that massive traffic spike is coming. What would you do differently? Would the same applications, architectures do work? Well, if you're worried about the traffic spike, then you need to be thinking about exactly how far up that could go. Part of what we do at Pantheon is by putting a cluster of varnished boxes in front of every single site, we can actually handle top 100 site style traffic on a typical day without any issues. And top 100 style site traffic on a typical day is an enormous amount of traffic for a normal site. And I would also recommend looking at your options at throwing a CD in front. You wanna look at the costs, the implementation times. Some CDNs like Cloudflare start free and you can actually get a lot of their benefits without having to even spend anything. Fastly starts at paid rates but offers some more customization of the cash in there. Okay. I would also add we never know when we're gonna get a spike either. Last night I had to roll out code, I had a window of about an hour to roll out some code and suddenly the northern lights were visible in Connecticut and I was rolled out code on Pantheon with 8,000 concurrence on our site. Just had no choice. Okay, thank you. But oh, to that point, I opened in the fast, what helped there was having Fastly in play because I could then open up their TTL for another minute or two just to give myself the breathing room I needed to get the code out the door and then close it again. Yeah, I think that's sort of the other benefits that CDNs will give you are like, if you've got 500s on your site that it'll be serving traffic, you could pull that traffic so you're not serving those 500s. But another thing I wanna mention really quick was the, we saw at Sony where we had a lot of hyper local, sort of hyper local on the global stage was that these CDNs really helped serve traffic much faster because they're pulling from Germany or Austria or Japan. We saw a big boost actually even in organic search because our site was delivering a lot faster just by having content coming from closer points of presence.  Hi, I think on one of the slides, you said you have a very long TTL at origin. Or sort of. It's not that long. Okay, so. Five minutes. Five minutes, okay. And then he said you're invalidating all the time. We blow the five minutes. Our editors are very impatient. Right. So if they make a change, they want to see it immediately. So. I'm very familiar with this wrong thing. It's only a long TTL compared to the 15 seconds in Fastly. And we also do, we stagger our TTLs too. So we don't just set a global TTL. We start in Drupal speak, we start with a global TTL and then anybody who's dealing with content anywhere down the execution chain can change that TTL as it's running out the door. So if we get a 404, we set that TTL to something very long because we don't want to serve that 404 again. Or if we see certain cases, if you go to patch.com and go to patch.com, Connecticut, Greenwich or whatever, there are 300 pages of content on patch.com slash Connecticut slash Greenwich, page two, page three, page 300. But we put a much longer TTL on pages three through X. Things like that. Sorry, is that within Drupal? Do you have some kind of module where you're setting custom TTLs by path or are you doing this? It's generally procedural and yes, we set the global TTL and then on hook exit, we set that into the headers. The other thing I wanted to mention here is that these short TTLs can be amazing for vacuuming up traffic. Because even a one second TTL on say a varnish box if you're able to handle the traffic through there is the difference between capping it at 60 requests per second versus a completely unlimited cap. And so at 15 seconds, we were getting at most four requests for any given thing from the origin shield for a specific URL that could hit the cache. And that makes all the difference in the world. And even that tiny amount of caching, just, I think at the peak, it was hitting something like a 96% hit rate in Fastly, maybe even 98%. And that's even including the caveat that I said before about if it misses the local point of presence and then hits the origin shield that it counts as a hit NMS. It was hitting points of presence at that rate just because everyone was viewing the same thing. So if your traffic spikes happen to be laser focused on particular assets on the site, a short cache time can do wonders. I think also we found a patch that if you really need to get traffic to your site, what you do is you bury a billion dollars somewhere in the country. And then you tell everyone that they wasted their time trying to get it.  There's integration between Drupal and Pantheon's Varnish Edge. We have an API on the platform for doing invalidations. There isn't any integration with Fastly right now. And that's part of the story of why we chose a super short cache lifetime because even a really impatient editor can generally wait 15 seconds for something to actually get fresh. And the actual work to do in integration to Fastly should happen eventually. And I've certainly recommended it to Patch, especially because of the cache keys support. But as a stop gap, especially if you're in a rush, a really short cache lifetime deployed in a very robust way can do wonders for a site without you having to worry too much about stale items and explicit invalidation. Not that I prefer one over other, but what were your reasons to choose Fastly over Cloudflare just a few days? Well, there was definitely a difference between how it could handle the case of any issue connecting to origin or over a backbone because when Fastly goes into grace mode, it's very transparent to end users, even though it shows up in the aggregate results in Fastly's dashboard and logs. So we can know it's happening even if site visitors don't, which is really nice from a brand perspective. Cloudflare can keep the site online, but they put branding on the page that says that basically Cloudflare is keeping the site online, which was a little less desirable. And also in terms of really granular cache invalidation and cache key management, Fastly has been in that game for a long time. There are some newer cache invalidation features on Cloudflare that have launched, I think in the last six months, we actually have a Cloudflare person here in the audience. But the, oh, okay. And ex-pantheore too. And so there's starting to be more parity between the two services. Like Fastly's gaining the things that Cloudflare once had as fairly unique attributes and Cloudflare is gaining the thing, the distinctions that Fastly had. Sometimes it comes down to exactly how much granularity you need because you certainly can't inject VCL into Cloudflare. Second question. We're currently using Akamai. Can we achieve the same results with the low TTL on Akamai that you got from, say, Fastly?  There's nothing you really can't do with Akamai if you throw enough money and time at them. Thank you. But the one thing that I would caution is that I see some people aspirationally use Akamai when they're sort of a middle tier customer. And you just get the dredges of the resources from Akamai. Like you will work with their worst engineers and their worst implementation people. Because unless you're throwing a lot of money at Akamai, you don't really matter to them very much. How do you really feel about that? How do you really feel about that? So like I think they're a great product at the very high end, I think that choosing them at the middle tier gives you less value.  Okay, but thank you. So assuming the Fastly integration and Drupal work together, is there any reason to keep the varnish at the infrastructure end? That's a good question. Well, the answer right now is that only a handful of sites on Pantheon are going through Fastly, or any other CDN. And most sites are relying on the Pantheon edge for their scaling. And most sites can rely on that actually, and it's fine for them. It patches actually the first case and to date the only case of someone actually saturating the bandwidth and edge resources of Pantheon. Yeah, we didn't mention that Powerball went down during that time and we figured it out. I would also say that we are actually already doing that in certain cases. We are invalidating, we have a lot of internal sort of microservice architecture now, so we have three or four sites sitting behind our front. And some of them are using Pantheon's edge, and some of them, and then the same thing as using Fastly's edge, and invalidating Fastly and invalidating Pantheon in two different cases. So we do some sort of tricky stuff there. Do you have, this is the question to Pantheon, do you have this option available that customers can turn off Warnish? Do you have such customers? You can always send headers to Pantheon's edge that cause it to not cache, and then rely exclusively. That will go upstream to the CDNs more. Yes, and then generally you can configure CDNs in various ways where you configure how they choose their caching decisions and choose a way where you can indicate to the CDN that you wanna cache, even though you don't tell Pantheon it can cache. We actually have one huge website that I don't wanna name that is doing that exact model on Pantheon where they basically tell Pantheon's edge just pass it through, and then they use a CDN for their real caching, and then they do deep integration with the CDN for invalidation. And why is the reason that they chose it this way, like to completely skip? I think if you could, so I think if you're willing to do all the deep integration with the CDN to handle your invalidation there, and you're willing to pay for a CDN, and you have access to that, and people qualify to configure it, then it's technically a more scalable solution. And if you're, I wouldn't recommend trying to deeply integrate with both Pantheon's cache and a CDN cache, you should probably pick one or the other. You should either do what Hatch does right now, which is like CDN only for very short periods of time, or do what that other site does, and Pantheon's edge either for very short periods of time or nothing, and then control the cache in the CDN. And one last question. Do you guys offer custom orange configurations? We don't. Our typical approach is actually very similar to the direction that Fastly's been moving with configuration, which is putting more of it as standardized in-band headers, where basically you specify as much as possible using standard HTTP spec, and then from there with some extensions to what standard HTTP spec specifies, and then on the page you can inform the cache how to behave. So for example, in Pantheon, you can tell the edge cache to key versus various cookies for that content, and then the cache will know that you will deliver different pieces of content depending on the cookie that the person comes in with. But that's all handled in-band. And then for people who come to us and ask, how can I handle this custom VCL case? We sort of roll back and say, well, what are you trying to actually accomplish in terms of your caching strategy? And we will see if we can map that to what we have already. And if not, we will consider, is there a way we can allow customers to configure this in-band to satisfy this use case without introducing custom VCL? Then again, if you need custom VCL, that's something that Fastly provides. So that would be the other kind of extended advice that we would have is you can always disable any caching at Pantheon's edge and then implement something like Fastly and then throw whatever VCL you want in. I would add to that too, that this is a good example of what you talked about with the engineering in-depth too, because even if you put a five-second TTL on Pantheon's edge, you'd have a fallback if something went askew on the outside end. So. I might have missed part of this, but so you were talking about how it might take a long time to get your configuration up to the CDN to allow a certain pass, un-cached, or to configure SSL, if you're going through SSL, Akamai, how are you able to do this in two days, if that's the case? So you could do it self-service with Cloudflare in two days, and then with Fastly, you basically just email or call them and say, I have to turn this out really quickly, and they have people ready to do things like deploying certificates, and readying their infrastructure. Okay, and then how would the solution change if you were doing most of the work in e-commerce, but the content's always been helping with it, you know, you're doing most checkout processes on Black Friday? Well, for most e-commerce sites, with a checkout process, it's very, I'll hit one unique thing for e-commerce in a moment, but mostly it's the same as the logged-in user case, where you still want to be caching all of the static assets like JavaScript, CSS, images, et cetera, and then only generating the actual page content on demand. The Drupal 8.1 has introduced some things like BigPipe that allow you to progressively render and deliver the page to the browser to speed up rendering for authenticated user cases, which would be relevant to that. The other thing that I'll mention for e-commerce is when you implement a CDN, you're basically implementing a man in the middle, and you need to make sure that you don't miss any kind of compliance goals that you have, where let's say you need to meet PCI, if you're sending the credit card over that website and submitting it to your application, that will go in the clear over the CDN because they have to terminate the encryption to do their caching and then re-encrypt back to you, and you need to make sure they're re-encrypting back to you and that the CDN you're using is actually PCI compliant. Which both CloudFlare and Fastly are, by the way. My question was related to that as well. How does the HTTPS termination work? What does it happen? It happens at the CDN, at the point of presence. So the communication between the CDN and fountain is unencrypted? It is encrypted. Both CloudFlare and Fastly allow you to encrypt to the origin. It uses TLS. Anyone, any more? Microphone please, just for recording purposes. So this does handle very well the anonymous user case, but what percentage of your traffic is authenticated and what are your plans for scaling that? On the front end of patch, there is no authenticated traffic. We have an authoring box where we do deal with our authenticated traffic and then a completely different architecture. So that's the short answer to that question. So is it just like your editors that are authenticated? And about four... They connect to a different instance, don't they? Pardon? They connect to back-end rubble, right? Yes, they connect to the back-end services box never through the front. And there are about 40,000 active users currently authoring stuff, 400,000 that we consider unsuspicious out of our 6 million total user objects. The one thing I'll also say is even in cases that might seem to require authenticated users, you can certainly play games where as far as Drupal and the CDN are concerned, it's anonymous. Like, if you just want to offer commenting on your website and you implement something like Facebook comments, discus or something similar, that doesn't require them to be authenticated to Drupal. And so you can still hit all these edges while still providing some community interaction. Okay, I think we'll wrap it up. Thanks for coming. Oh, thank you. Just a last question. Would it be possible in an architecture like this, so this authenticated user cache case is driving me to this question. Would it be possible to configure a weight through the CDN and the pentane edge to another caching instance like, for example, off-cache or something like that for off-caching users? Sorry? What caching? Off-cache. Alt-cache or off-cache? Yeah. Yeah, that gets into some pretty complicated use cases. And you can do things with partners like edge-side includes where you can integrate some cached pieces of content into an overall uncached page. I haven't worked with off-cache in a while, and I'll say why because I haven't found that many cases where it's really solved the problem and it definitely complicates the architecture of the site. No question if it's complicated or not, but just if it's possible to configure a real separate way to cache authenticated traffic separated from the unauthenticated. I mean, you can set cache rules to cache whatever you want, but authenticated traffic would be distinguished by at least the session. And there's often not a lot of benefit in caching that is keyed by the session because you typically get low cache rates, cache hit rates. OK, thank you. Sure, any time. Just give me.


A former chairman of the Independent National Electoral Commission, Ainek Professor Atahiro Mohamed Jega, has urged Nigerians not to vote for the ruling All Progressive Congress, the APC, and the People's Democratic Party, PDP, henceforth. He cited their alleged failure to bring the desired growth and development in Nigeria within the past 20 years, arding that it was high time Nigerians look for a credible alternative. The University of Don also stated that he has joined the People's Redemption Party, PRP, to look for ways to help Nigeria. Well joining us to discuss this is Open Abo, Incotara, a former special advisor on media and publicity to the Governor of the River State, Gnasium Wike, and Tanko Yunusa, who is the national chairman of the National Consent, Consent Party, NCP. Thank you very much gentlemen for joining us. Great. I'm going to start with you, Mr. Yunusa, because you obviously are not a member of the PDP nor the APC. And Professor Atahiro Jega used to be the man that was in charge of our elections and today he's talking about steering the ship in a different direction. Is this a case of just like the APC has responded saying that he's trying to float a political party or trying to push his political ambitions? Is this a man who's trying to push his own personal political ambitions or is he stating facts? No, I don't think it's about personal promotion of his own factors as a person. Professor Jega as a person anywhere, any day, is a product to be used for any political purpose in this country. That one is not in doubt. So if you want to anywhere he can go to, he can become, he will be a very, very tool for the development of the country. But the truth about it is that the way in which Nigeria is being run by the existing political party has made everybody to start wondering if truly the democratic system that we want is in practice accordingly. Remember for a very long time a lot of us have been complaining about how whoever finds himself or herself in position of power use the apparatus of safe resources to emasculate all others. Truly speaking it's not about the PDP or APC but what we've seen so far is that any political party, except of course if it's actually ideologically entrenched on the ground, is much easier for those on board. Any other political party tries to emasculate every other person. I mean take a look at the recent most annoying situation that we find ourselves is when we are talking about transmission of electoral voting systems. To transmit these electoral voting systems very simple. The people in the house belonging to both political parties are planning down on it. The majority of them are only interested in their own political parties, how they take advantage of it against others. That makes it not serious into everybody. And so the leadership so far has left a lot of scene on answer for. And so it's not the guy that is only calling for this particular situation. A lot of Nandinians are disenchanted, they are dismayed, they are totally dissolutioned and the system has not provided enough room for all other political parties to triumph and then make their goals and achievements. Because if we have opportunities for all other political parties to have one election in this country, who would have had a robust electoral system, for rather one person will move from one political party this morning, the next evening is another political party and you will be allowed to run another political party platform. That is reasonable offense against the people that he runs election again. So really for us we think it is time for the electorate to start looking elsewhere so that we can have a more acceptable democratic system in our country. Okay. Let me come to you Opponabe. It's interesting to have this conversation because the PDP and the APC seem to be the biggest parties in Nigeria and the who's who all belong to these both sides of the divide. But then just like Unita has said, the smaller parties have the short end of the stick and sometimes don't even smell the cake, not to talk of eating it. And one would say if Professor Jega is going to a smaller political party, does it mean that the people who also are in those political parties are on the streets and narrow really why should they be an option for Nigerians if there's a particular saying that politics in Nigeria is a dirty game whether you belong to the big party or the small party. Is it about political parties or is it about us changing as human beings as Nigerians for the best? Well the truth is it has to do with the individuality because the party is populated by individuality. And unfortunately a lot of us, I say a lot of us because we're all politicians, a lot of us have this much understanding. We don't really appreciate what politics is all about. That politics is all about to say, but we'll go there for gastric reasons, we'll go there for selfish reasons or for central reasons. And that is why we are where we have to debate. Like Dr Edwin said, how can any sensible man talk of the advanced electronic transmission of resolve? And more so because they are angry, they are in the horrors to perpetuate themselves in office, they forgot to realize that they must talk of all our methods of 278 before you even talk, because whatever amendments you do, whatever electoral act you come up with will not lie unless that is amended because every other law is puny, is inferior to the provisions of the Constitution, to the extent of being consistent. So these are the kind of characters we have in office and so it has nothing really to do with the political parties it has to do with the individual. I will say that most political parties in the country don't have ideology. Most political parties are not formed out of quotas or are formed as string boards. Let me point out that I don't have the chance in this political party, therefore I can go ahead and form another political party where there is likelihood of bringing to my dreams to function. And this makes me always pop the question of, I mean really what are the ideologies of our political parties because the truth is none of our political parties have ideologies. I thought that I said most of them don't have ideologies. They form these parties, I will just give you the reason, they form these parties because there are a lot of challenges in the bigger parties, or they form these parties because they see that as a string board or as a negotiation body. That is why most people form this political party. Very few form political parties with the interest of the people like that. Very few. And in most cases, unfortunately in this country, they don't get on my journey. There is the kind of country we live in. They just, they found out, but the judge will do some more. So most of these political parties, these bigger political parties already have this money because they have been in office and they have stolen more than enough. So they have the money and they make it almost impossible for these other political parties to take over. That is why you have a lot of practices conflicting to form the APC because it is difficult for any party to house the PDP. The PDP are really in office, they are at much, much worse. They have their tentacles, they have a class. So the parties have to come, they have to now to form the APC. But the question is, is the APC different from the PDP? It's an old wine in the new YSC. There is no difference. Most APC members were PDP members. Some of the PDP members were APC members. Some CPC members. So there is actually no difference because you cannot decrease what you do not have. And most of that is, look at how do you defend a governor? Almost from a party, political party to another party, to another political party. How do you use a governor? So whatever dividend of democracy that is expected to trickle down is responsible. It is duty to ensure that it trickles down. Now he is glib with it because he has started the second term and he wants to go for presidential and future. Or you don't know, he wants to have a citizen and future. And he believes that the party in office is only in the party. If your party is going to be the easiest, it is very much for him to get it. So most of these are politicians and the rest of them, they are only in office, just for selfish reasons. Okay. Because we're almost out of time, Mr. Unicef, one last question, you just help me answer it quickly in a sentence. We saw, I don't know if you heard the reports, there's been serious voter apathy and we saw that in 2019. We saw a level of voter apathy.  It's the lowest of lows. And we're complaining about 2023 and what would happen. What's the guarantee that Nigerians are even interested in the politics of Nigeria anymore? I mean, we seem to have lost trust in the electoral process and the people that, you know, the system throws up. So even if Jai Guy is asking us to look elsewhere, where do we muster that trust from again, you know, as we head to 2023 quickly? Exactly. We need to get the fundamental right. Remember in 2019, we have registered voters according to our committer. We have 88 million people registered, only 30 million registered voters. So what you saw in Lagos and that of, it's a replica of the fact that people lost trust in the process. The only way we can get the trust of the people back is making sure that the laws show that they can get their votes credibly well, i.e., making sure that whenever they vote, that they are sure that their vote counts. Whenever they vote, they are sure that when it counts the vote, it is equal to the people's vote that they see, just like what we are talking about, the electronic transmission of voting. We also want, we all want to be sure that the person that they voted for is the right candidate that demands. That's when we start building trust in the system. All right. We have to go, gentlemen. I want to thank you very much. Thank you for being part of the conversation.  All right. Well, thank you all for being part of the conversation. We'll quickly take a look at what Nigerians have to say about their voting selections come 2023. And I want to thank you all for being part of the show. I'll see you tomorrow. I prefer PDP in the 2023 election. I don't really partake in any party by PDP or APC because the way I see in this country, but everything has turned upside down. It's not even all about the vote, the party and voting for whatever. I believe it's just human citizens. The way they are doing things is not really proper. But I'm tired of Nigeria. I've never done it. Even if any of my relations contest, I will not vote. I've never voted and I will not vote as far as the way politicians are being run in this country presently. So I'm not going to vote for anybody. See, the thing is, there's no need to waste your time in whether you want to vote for PDP or APC. See, it's just this party is just like one simple thing, like PDP first as an apple. And the individuals that ate that apple went back to APC because APC said we have a new apple. So they went to finish APC apple, now PDP has bought another new apple. So the APC guy is now going back to PDP to start the new apple that they have. See, the thing is, if the electoral, what do I call it? The electoral bill, if it's not being passed for them to send electoral results electronically, forget it. Voting is as useless as anything. Any youth that will be going out to vote is wasting its time. I'll prefer a neutral party if there is. I don't want either APC or PDP.


Did you know that up to 40% of the population is introverted? According to a study by a professor at McGill University, introversion has many features that are seen in depression, like a limited need for socialization, tendency to be alone, and an aversion to events. However, depression and introversion are two very different concepts that are often mixed together. People who are introverted may mistakenly be labeled as depressed, while someone who is depressed may be labeled as introverted. While it's true that many people are both, in this video we'll be looking at how you can tell the difference between the two. Definitions. Introversion is a trait involving your preferences with other people. As an introvert, you may find that you enjoy being by yourself more than being with other people. You may find that social situations, while at times fun, drain you, and that you need time alone to recharge. Depression is a type of disorder that affects your mood and ability to function. Depression is most commonly diagnosed as major depressive disorder, which this video will focus on, but can show itself in other conditions like persistent depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and bipolar disorder, among others. When dealing with depression, you may notice a lasting, sad feeling, feelings of numbness, the lack of interest in doing things you used to enjoy, feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness, and difficulties carrying out tasks. With that, here are some signs that you're depressed and not an introvert. You lack energy and motivation. One of the most common hallmarks of depression, according to the American Psychiatric Association, is a lack of energy and motivation. Having depression can make even small tasks feel impossible, and taking a nap feel much more desirable. Things that you normally would enjoy doing are just too hard, so you may find yourself sitting out of activities much of the time. This is not usually the case for introverts. Introverts may find social activities draining and need recharge time later. However, they will likely have the energy to go out beforehand. A person who is introverted and not depressed will likely not struggle with feeling overly exhausted and unmotivated all the time. You used to enjoy going out. Another big sign of depression is losing interest in activities that were previously enjoyed. According to Crystal Raepole, a psychology writer from Healthline, people with depression may find that going out with friends is not as fun as it used to be. This is different from introversion, as introverts generally do not undergo a sudden shift in their preference. If you're an introvert, you likely never really enjoyed going out, no matter your mood. Of course, it is natural to change preferences over time, and things that were interesting at one time may not be later. This becomes problematic, however, when you find that nothing gives you any enjoyment anymore. You have problems eating, sleeping, or working. Depression comes with a lot more than a low mood. You may find that with it, other areas of your life change. You may find yourself overeating or under eating, that you sleep too much or too little, and that work is impossible. As an introvert, you may find that this is not the case. Psychology writer Jen Grandman from Psychology Today in 2017 states that introversion is related to your personality, and you likely wouldn't experience a sudden shift in any of these areas because of it. You feel worthless. Depression comes with a lot of feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. That is not necessarily the case with introversion. As an introvert, you may find that you're optimistic and have a strong sense of self and hope for the future. Again, as introversion is your personality, it will not have such a drastic effect on your emotions. According to the American Psychiatric Association, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness are tell-tale signs of depression, and should not be taken lightly. While introverts may present as quiet, reserved or humble, they do not have a bleak outlook on life that is seen with depression. On the contrary, someone who is depressed can outwardly show extraversion and confidence, but deep down, feel gloomy. And finally, you isolate, but not to recharge. It's common with depression to self-isolate from the outside world. It's also common to do this as an introvert, while this is the same activity that are done for different reasons. Psychology writer Jen Grandman explains that with depression, you may isolate yourself because of feelings of unworthiness, hopelessness, or lack of energy and motivation. With introversion, you may keep to yourself just at a personal preference, and not because of emotional distress. So while introversion and depression are often lumped together, they're two very different things. Some people simply enjoy their own company, and there's nothing wrong with that. If you feel, however, that you're struggling with depression, please know that there are resources and there's help out there. Getting in touch with the right professional can be a great first step to getting your life back on track. Thank you for watching this video. If you enjoyed it, please give it a like and share with someone who you think will benefit from it. Let us know your thoughts on it in the comment section. Remember to subscribe to Psych2Go to keep up with our uploads, and take care.


President Betancourt, it's a pleasure to have you visit us here in Washington. I in particular am pleased to have had this opportunity to reciprocate the hospitality that you extended to me during my visit to Bogota in 1982. Your visit, Mr. President, gives us the opportunity to affirm once again the solid ties of friendship and goodwill between our two countries. As the leaders of free people, we share a commitment to the democratic ideals which are at the heart of our societies. Today we have renewed our mutual commitment to promoting democracy in this hemisphere, pursuing peace in Central America, and eliminating the scourge of narcotics trafficking from our societies. We have also explored areas of cooperation which can enhance the economic well-being. Colombia and El Salvador, for example, have invited talks with their opponents and encouraged them to be part of a truly democratic process. Those who seek democracy in Nicaragua have asked the Sandinistas to engage in talks as a step toward peace and democracy in Nicaragua. We hope that the Sandinistas will take that step toward reconciliation. Later today I will be talking to the American people in greater detail about this subject. I am glad that President Betancourt and I were able to discuss how the United States can best help the Contadora countries achieve all of the agreed-upon objectives for Central America, including national reconciliation in Nicaragua. Mr.  The citizens of Colombia are indeed lucky to have a leader of vision, courage and compassion. We wish you success and hope that those who have fought with weapons learn to work within the democratic process. It is appropriate that we praise your efforts to foster peace and brotherhood during this holy week. Mr. President, your personal courage and dedication are also evident in your government's all-out battle against narcotics traffickers. You have my unbounded respect for what you are doing. The production of illicit narcotics and the peddling of these drugs corrupt our societies, our children, and with them our future. The struggle against this unmitigated evil unites all good and decent people. We look forward to Mrs. Betancourt's return here later this month to join Nancy and other First Ladies in discussing the problem, especially as it affects our young people. In the United States, the fight against drug use has a top priority. We're trying to help those on drugs get off, to prevent those not involved from starting, and we're doing our best to smash the trade in illegal drugs. This matter is of vital concern to us both, and in finding solution to the problem, Colombia and the United States are full partners, as we affirm today in our joint statement on narcotics. The illegal drug trade, as we both agree, is a cancer. Commercial trade, on the other hand, serves the interest of both our peoples. While Americans enjoy Colombian products such as coffee, cut flowers, and tropical fruits, Colombians benefit from U.S. technology and goods such as heavy machinery, chemicals, and wheat. At a time when both our governments grapple with trade deficits in a world of many trading partners, let us build on our history of cooperation to develop trade policies which strengthen our economies, give incentive to enterprise, and encourage exchange between our people. I look forward, Mr. President, to working closely with you on these and other significant matters. On behalf of the United States, I extend warm wishes to both you, President Betancourt, and to the Colombian people. We bid you farewell. We wish you a safe and happy journey home, and a happy Easter. Mr. President, members of the Cabinet, my visit to the United States, which was planned some months ago, at the invitation of President Reagan, comes to an end today in the cordial climate of the White House. It has been a good opportunity to speak with President Reagan, with Vice President Bush, with Secretary Schultz, and with other members of this administration on several issues, some bilateral, other multilateral, which are of interest to the people of the Americas, and in particular to our two nations. The first is the Central American crisis, the process of democratization of Latin America, the problems derived from the external debt, the strengthening of the international coffee agreement and the multilateral credit organizations, and the international fight against drug trafficking. Among the second is the program of economic adjustment with self-discipline and development of Colombia and the commercial-columbian-American exchange. I have also taken this opportunity to exchange ideas with distinguished members of the Congress, with high dignitaries from the financial institutions and international, with outstanding personalities from the academic sector and prominent leaders from the private sector of North America. Today, at your invitation, we have met in Washington to examine a number of multilateral and bilateral issues. Among the first, the Central American crisis, the process of greater democracy in Latin America, the problems stemming from the foreign debt, the strengthening of the international coffee agreement, and of multilateral lending institutions, and the international fight against drugs, against the drug traffic. Among the latter, the macroeconomic adjustment program with self-discipline and economic growth, and the trade relations between Colombia and the United States. I have also taken advantage of this visit to exchange ideas with distinguished congressmen, with senior officials from the international financial institutions, with outstanding personalities from the academic world and important leaders from the U.S. private sector. Regarding the Central American issue, I was able to bring up my concern with the problems that affect that region. I insisted on the urgency of reactivating the negotiating process of Contadora and of exhausting all efforts of conviction to implement the principles, commitments, and recommendations which are part of the document of objectives of the act of Contadora. During a recent visit to the Central American region countries, I was able to see for myself the renewed desire on their part to provide new possibilities for a dialogue, and for the countries which are part of the Contadora Group, their determination to offer whatever possibilities there may be in this same respect. I am pleased to state that in my talks today with President Trump, I am pleased to state that in my talks today with President Trump, I am pleased to say that the government of the United States, in this crucial moment, is taking on the problems of the Central American community with an open mind, and I am confident that this same attitude prevails throughout the region. I am pleased to state that in my talks today with President Reagan, I have encountered the same constructive spirit, and his decision to provide propitious conditions to carry out reconciliation dialogues that will ultimately lead to the full participation of the political and social forces in the democratic process of the countries affected by violence and civil strife. I am pleased that the U.S. government at this critical moment is approaching the problems of Central America with an open mind, and I am certain that this attitude will prevail throughout the region. I am pleased to state that in my talks today with President Reagan, I am confident that in my talks today with President Reagan, I am confident that the U.S. government at this critical moment is taking on the problems of the Central American community with an open mind, and I am confident that this same attitude will prevail throughout the region. I am pleased to state that in my talks today with President Reagan, I am pleased to state that in my talks today with President Reagan, I am confident that in my talks today with President Reagan, I am confident that this same attitude will prevail throughout the region. President Reagan, I am pleased that in my talks today with President Reagan, We are carrying out a frontal assault in my country in this respect. I refer you to the communique that President Reagan and I have issued, which clearly and categorically expresses the will of both countries to work together to rescue humanity from this couch. During the conversations with the authorities of the United States, I underscored the link that there is, the existing link that there is between the external debt and democracy, and requested that a new round of negotiations, multilateral negotiations, be held to ease exports from developing countries. I have noted with interest that the United States looks upon the coming economic summit to be held at one as a good occasion to examine this important subject. In connection to Colombia's autonomous program of macroeconomic adjustment, I wish to place on record the positive support that we have received from the Inter-American Development Bank, from the World Bank, from the International Monetary Fund, as well as from the government of the United States, through its Federal Reserve, and from the Treasury Department. I have personally seen tangible proof of this support while on this visit. Mr. President, we believe that the time has come, as I had the opportunity to express it in the Congress, so that the United States and Latin America redefine the parameters of their mutual relationship. We need, Mr. President, a new deal, a new understanding, a common doctrine, an alliance for peace and development in Latin America. It is the desire to pass on the simple tolerance that most of the relationships in Latin America with the United States to the elaboration of a new scheme of frank, constructive, and fecundation cooperation. This new deal, this alliance for peace, does not only seek to improve economic relations in the hemisphere, but also the adoption of political proposals around the defense of democracy, which is the great spiritual value of American civilization. We believe that the time has come, as I said before, Congress, for the United States and Latin America to redefine the parameters of their mutual relations. We need what I would call a new treatment, a new understanding, a common doctrine, an alliance for peace with the determination to go from mere tolerance that has marked the relations between Latin America and the United States to the formulation of a new scheme of open, constructive, and fruitful cooperation. This new treatment, this alliance for peace, will not only improve economic relations in the hemisphere, but it will also mean the adoption of political objectives to defend democracy, which is the great spiritual value of American civilization. This consensus would allow us to strengthen the hemisphere's political institutions, would enhance the likelihood of peace, and the possibilities of an enduring economic growth. Finally, Mr. President and Mr. Ministers, it is not possible in these short words to collect in its integrity the achievements of this visit to the United States, accomplished through an intense program. I have transmitted to the authorities with frankness and without subterfuge the totality of my thoughts on the issues of common interest. I have been listened with attention and respect, as corresponds to the free and democratic tradition of this great nation. Finally, Mr. President, I trust that my opinions and comments serve for a better understanding in the United States about Latin America. This extensive, beautiful, and dynamic subcontinent that loves freedom and understands that to preserve it and strengthen it is fundamental to the essential and essential justice of development. Thank you very much, Mr. President. Finally, Mr. President and members of the Cabinet, it is not altogether possible in these brief remarks to bring out the significance that I assign to this historic visit to the United States, which has had a very tight schedule, as you know. I have made known to the authorities candidly and without subterfuges the totality of my ideas on issues which are of interest to us both. I have been heard with attention and respect as befits the tradition of freedom and democracy of this great nation. I am pleased to state that it has been so, and that I hope that my views and remarks will create a greater climate of understanding between the United States and Latin America. This vast, beautiful, and dynamic subcontinent that cherishes freedom and understands that to maintain and strengthen it, we need justice and we need development. Thank you very much, Mr. President.


I've been spoiled. Julian's here like every week to sit and laugh and make fun of me and he's not here this week And I just feel so low. I've been watching a lot of DIY videos lately And a long time ago someone sent me a link that was on Facebook And it was this this hot glue video where someone had made flip-flops out of hot glue and I got like Physically angry. I got like hot in the face and was like kind of mad But I know that these videos are all over Instagram and Facebook I've never really seen anybody talk about it about how absolutely God-awful these are with the exception of Drew Gooden who has made one video in the past and actually released another video today About Instagram like life hacks I'd say it by far the ones that sort of like baffle me the most are the hot glue ones The things that people will do with a hot glue gun and call it a hack is just beyond like I don't know who they are for Who are you helping like some of them are just like popsicle sticks and razor blades that you glued together and made yourself like a Prison weapon, but I really wanted to try some of these hot glue hacks And I'm not gonna do like the more ridiculous ones where they hot glue like a bottle cap onto an orange and squeeze it and make Orange juice like I cannot justify spending my time that way And this is coming from someone who put rhinestones all over their entire face But I am a little curious about some of the wearables if anyone's gonna actually sit down and do these crafts It's gonna be me because I really don't know anyone else that would watch this and be like I got some time to kill and some glue to waste the prerequisite for making this pair of hot glue shoes is To own a pair of shoes beforehand to trace. Why don't you just wear those perfectly good?  This is exhausting I honestly like I want to be wrong. I want to believe but so far This just seems like a tedious slightly dangerous task and a wasteful one at that like this takes a lot more glue than I had anticipated it'd be one two three four five six It's probably like six dollars unless you didn't have parchment paper then maybe ten dollars.   They don't protect your feet from anything What are they adding to your foot the idea of doing more hot glue crafts after this is like making me Hivey just sort of waiting for it to be over and these shoes obviously will just Inevitably fall apart and you'll have to hot glue them back together Like if you ever tried to hot glue part of your shoe back together, it doesn't work Let's make a whole shoe out of that Frustrating substance. I'm just settling for blobby blob mess at this point because I just don't care I know it's only been a couple of minutes for you, but for me it has not been okay It's like lifting the other side. Oh, no, this design is flawed. It pulls the shoe up This part's coming apart now, too. Yeah, let's just get back in here He's better be the dankest shoes in the world I mean the texture and just the general design of them remind me a lot of like jellies But I feel like you could find jellies cheaper than what I just did Maybe I didn't make the strap long enough, but then again, it's not like they showed you how to do it So see the problem is is that they don't really stick together because there's so many holes in them. Okay You know They're not structurally sound anywhere, but now that I have completed them I guess I am a little bit proud. It's kind of cool, but is it Is it though? I'll just go and jam these down my feet. Oh Okay, see it just sort of like let me get up and I'll show you at first when I put them on they felt kind of good I was like, oh, that's a little squishy after a couple seconds. It physically starts to hurt It feels like you're standing on some softish Legos. Look it if I take one step They sort of just flop all over. They are not shoes at all This is not okay. This doesn't feel good and they don't work Like if I were to actually walk, they just slip off my feet. You see that?  I will never get this part of my life back I knew they looked ridiculous on the internet because guess what? They are This doesn't work. These have been an exhausting failure But I am gonna move on to the next crap, which is slightly less involved But before I do that, let me just give you an idea of what else is on this channel First of all, this person just made a tiny little bikini for their iPhone Who's underwear slips over the whole button so you can no longer use it Sick, but this is probably one of my favorite craps. You just take a tip on Okay, and you glue it to the top of a jar and spray paint it. Oh What it's is for your rings?  I can't wait to do it. Lucky for me I can repurpose my shoe forms for what looks like he made a blob in here Like I'm just trying to understand like who some of these crafts are for someone that has nail adhesive stickers Hot glue gun and tons of glue, but like no fake nails. It's certainly not for a kid This is way too much hot glue gun activity for a child a grown woman like me apparently I see all these hack videos, and I've never seen anyone be like, oh my god. Thanks. This is so great I made that I think people just like like idea porn even if they're bad. Hopefully that's enough for five a beautiful Hot glue nail. Okay.  Give me a minute. I'll color them in too.  I'm doing it to try it I don't want them.  Why oh? It's a blood bath. Although the flat texture of the glue does feel nice and fun This is not the shape of a nail your nail isn't flat This is my life hack at all. This is again a waste of time and hot glue and lash glue Hate it.  Yeah, I love making stuff for the hot glue. I'm just no You can't do this. It's not okay. No, this is not right. It's wrong This is not a solution to any problem. This is a mess so far. I'm over tip I'm never gonna get this time back. Yeah, my this is what happens when we blindly watch videos and no one actually tries them This is a shame. Although this next hot glue hack is not necessarily a wearable I honestly could not help myself because I want to try it.  We all know that I just hope none of these just like break off and get into his fur It's kind of a blob glove. See if you like it some of his fur is coming out I mean he sheds a little but like not a ton. Does it feel good? What do you think? They're not hard to tell. Kermit, do you want the glove too? Do you want to try? You like that? You like that or you don't care. You can't tell if that's my hand or what? Oh, does that feel good? I will say that maybe you put some smaller dots on here It might work on like a cat But like some of them are already coming off and it's not half of the appeal of like a pet Club is like you could wash it or like get some of the hair out like if you put this in any kind of water All this hot glue is gonna come off girl And you know it if you need to brush your cat right now And all you have is a latex glove and a hot glue gun sure so far This is probably the most realistic craft. So this next one going back to our wearable crafts Looks like a lot of the other ones where it's like a bracelet or like some earrings where you basically just Diarrhea some hot glue onto Construction paper or like literate with rhinestones or something and make jewelry out of person needs a stencil to draw a heart Here's where I get a little lost because if this is really just like I'm at home with my glue gun And I want to make something would you really have like a necklace ring at your disposal? This is part of the reason why the cost of the materials although a lot of it was glue This isn't super duper cheap. It's not like 30 seconds and 30 cents like I don't have this so more just Melting glue see then she just pulls out a chain out of nowhere Like if you have all that and you've come that far like you could put anything on there But you chose to put hot glue on Construction paper. I want to try it. I want to see if it's cute This was a couple dollars I think are like a dollar thirty and then these two together to buy This is the smallest amount of these I could find along with a chain This is like a $10 necklace which you could just buy at the register of a craft store, but let's fucking do it Beautiful, and you can't really see that that well, but it's a heart right in the middle of the paper Just like theirs because I don't care about the rest of this paper.  I love my money. I love just taking it Dumping it in the toilet. Tell me what the results are ladies and gentlemen Is that beautiful? Smash your pass. There's no one here to smash your pass on me So I'm gonna need you to just tell me if it looks nice.  Is this worth $10? This isn't even worth $10.  I feel had by that YouTube channel Yeah, could I hot glue this back together? Sure. It's not even worth the glue at this point again Yeah pieces of glue are cool and fun to touch but like not for $10 man Not for $10. We've come to the very last thing that I have the patience to make right now And it is by far along with the shoes one of the like more popular hot glue hack crafts that I've seen I mean, I'm not looking forward to it after those but I feel like I have to do it So this is what I'm talking about. Oh man.  Okay, and I'm gonna try it. We're gonna make a hot glue hat I mean, I miss my boyfriend and everything but like this is kind of an extreme solo activity No, I'm supposed to know how big your head is I feel like the hat could be better because the shoes like need to function as shoes But like as long as the hat goes on top of your head, it's accomplished its existence as a hat Yeah, no, yeah, just go through all the parchment paper. It's fine. Put it on my tab Five mini crafts they said I'm not gonna give up Five mini crafts they did This is almost impossible. Plan B and I'm just gonna get full This should be fine, right? Don't even care anymore. It's all uneven.  I have no idea how I'm gonna get this off Like, you know, I did a hundred layers and like you start to lose your mind and you can tell that I'm losing my mind I'm like, I'm getting there. It's very pinchy y'all motherfuckers can't even bell elegant again In case you couldn't tell this is not a five-minute craft I feel like a good role with hot glue is like just because you can make it doesn't mean that you should That's basically what that whole channel is and yeah Here I am because I feel like everyone else knows that you shouldn't do it But for some reason I need to try it. I'm gonna try and get this off I don't ruin my hat cuz then I'm gonna be really pissed. I'm ripping apart a lot of it This doesn't work. This doesn't work. This doesn't work Okay, it's working. It's ripping and I don't want anyone in the comments to be like, you know, you should have covered in mass lean first Is that even worth it? It's a hot glue hat. You know what?  I got it. I got it.  I don't want to hear anyone judging me Okay, I'm trying my best here. Let's just make it a brim and call it a day You're never gonna be a hat. I swear to God too.  This is genuinely difficult. Just let's rip it off It is what it is. I knew this is gonna be terrible And you know what it came out even worse than I thought Does it look like tears and sadness? Wow, what a hat. Have you ever put glue on your hair? It doesn't feel good. I feel like my hair is breaking. Just being under it. Is it a hat? I don't know by definition. It's a hat. This was not worth the time and energy I spent doing it Not at all. Not even in the least. In fact, I'm mad at myself. I can't believe I've done this What do you think? Is this what you wanted? Five minute crabs? You wanted me to look like this It doesn't feel right. It doesn't look right This is a glue hat. This is time that I have genuinely wasted in my life Genuinely, genuinely wasted. Just like all the hours I spent watching these videos This is a waste of time. This is glue. No matter what you do with it. This is glue, okay? It's not a hat. It's not shoes. It's not a necklace This is glue. Glue is glue. I hope Julian never leaves me again. I Really can't handle another time like this.   This is a waste of time. I feel sad on the inside. I don't like it I literally just made these I can no longer wear my glue nails or my glue necklace They have broken and fallen apart. I can wear my glue shoes in my glue hat But like am I wearing them or are they wearing me? Could you make an entire shirt out of hot blue shirt?  Why don't you just make a car out of hot glue? I don't know like at what point are you like maybe I shouldn't make that Out of hot glue.  I feel worse than ever I should have just taken my actual physical dollar bills and thrown them in the trash because that's where I just Put them there's literally so many other terrible life hacks So let you know if you'd like me to test any of them because it's all fun and games when you see a little montage of them But you know what they don't work and it pisses me off. This is a lie. Maybe I'll go to the beach like this Yeah, there's a lady covered in glue at the beach, and she won't get out. That's it I hate everything. I'm like Elsa from Frozen, but I'm hot glue lady instead of like frozen power She gets hot glue powers and she built herself a glue castle and it's covered in glue outfit. That's me right now It's not funny anymore. Make sure you subscribe to my channel I put it in your service last Thursday, Julian.  I'll see you guys next week. Goodbye, lady.  It's taken not only my soul, but my hair. Does it look better like this? Oh Okay, no, that's worse. That's worse. All right. I'll see you next week. Bye


My fellow Americans, it's been a busy week here in Washington with the issue of international trade and the front burner. Legislation that would erect a new trade barrier voted on by the House of Representatives, and here at the White House I discuss trade issues at length with Prime Minister Nakasone of Japan, one of America's most important trading partners. These developments are important to all of us because one of the graver's threats to economic expansion and American jobs is protectionist legislation that sets up trade barriers and higher tariffs. By sparking retaliation from foreign governments, this approach ultimately ignites a trade war, shuts down foreign markets, and stymies economic growth at home. Unfortunately the House of Representatives decided to go down that track, but there's a positive twist to the vote. You see, in encouraging bipartisan showing, a good many Democrats joined with Republicans in opposition to an especially bad amendment. This week's vote in the House indicates we have a strong hand in keeping bad proposals like this from gaining final passage in Congress. Believe me, I would like to sign sound trade legislation, but I will not sign bills that close down markets and shut off expanded job opportunities. Now with regard to my discussions on the trade issue with Prime Minister Nakasone, the news was more positive. I've already stressed that we're against protectionism and in favor of free trade, but there's another side to this. Free trade is also fair trade, and that means not permitting other nations to take advantage of our trade policies by erecting barriers of their own. Now I recently ordered increased duties on certain Japanese products coming into this country in response to Japan's inability to enforce our agreement on semiconductor trade. This action and our entire trading relationship with Japan was one of the issues Prime Minister Nakasone and I discussed at length. We are of one mind about avoiding protectionist steps on either side of the Pacific. I made it clear that I hope our ongoing review of data related to the semiconductor agreement will provide evidence of compliance and allow us to remove the recently imposed restrictions on Japanese products as soon as possible. The Prime Minister reiterated his own government's commitment to honoring our trade agreements and working together for free trade in the Pacific and throughout the world. Prime Minister Nakasone also agreed to measures to stimulate the Japanese economy, which should increase demand for US products in Japan. Let me turn now to another issue on the docket this week, one that's related to trade, the budget and excessive spending. Our trade deficit reflects the fact that this nation is spending more than its income and the key to solving this problem is to get deficit spending by the federal government under control. Two years ago we took a major step in this direction when the Congress agreed to a bill called Graham Rudman Hollings that gradually reduces deficit spending and eventually leads to a balanced budget. But unlike the trade issue, the developments this week on this front were not encouraging. The Senate, for example, adopted certain procedures that make it far easier to exceed the Graham Rudman Hollings spending targets, targets they agreed to just 17 months ago. Maybe your reaction is the same as mine. Here we go again. Congress just keeps passing higher and higher spending bills, all the time ignoring its promises to the American people under Graham Rudman Hollings. A promise to stop enacting a hodgepodge of excessive spending bills and come up instead with a comprehensive budget that keeps deficit spending under control. As I've been saying right along, the problem is the congressional budget process itself. Congress just refuses to exercise any budget discipline. That's why it's essential that the president be given the power to step in and cut out the waste. I need what the governors of 43 states used, I should say to accomplish this, the line item veto, a way of reaching into these massive congressional spending bills and cutting out the wasteful items. And of course, Congress is also showing that we really need a constitutional amendment that would mandate a balanced budget. If Congress can't discipline itself, then the American people must say no. Believe me, the events of this week show again how important both these initiatives are. So that's the news on this week. Let me just take a moment now to look forward to next week and another important issue on our domestic agenda, illegal drug use. We'll be announcing a White House conference for a drug-free America. It's going to give us a chance to look at the progress we've already made in this crusade, and then map out a plan for the future. And that's good news. Until next week, thanks for listening. God bless you. Cut. One second, I don't want to be out. One second, I don't want to be out. All right, thanks. You got it. Thank you. All right.


Hi everyone, I'm Sam Cahane and you're watching The Cube from VMworld 2017. Excited to be here with Henning Volkmer, the American CEO of ThinPrint. Henning, thanks for coming on The Cube today. Sam, thanks for having me. So, can you tell us a little bit about your company? Sure, ThinPrint's a pretty well-known name in the virtualization space, I think. VM are actually licensed as a little bit of our technology for eyes and view. We've been working with Citrix for almost 20 years, Microsoft are on their thermal services offering, and really trying to build solutions that allow people to manage printing in the enterprise and make it as easy and performance oriented as possible. Right, so we're now at Wednesday. The event's been going on for a while and you've been talking to the community and customers. What have you been hearing? It's been pretty incredible. I think everyone's extremely excited about the announcements, about the new technologies that are coming out, the things moving to the cloud and we've had an announcement of our own. I think that was well received, so it's been a good week. So, that's part of the reason we wanted to bring you up here. Ami, you have an announcement, a big announcement. Could you share that with the community? Sure, we're announcing Easy Dash. It's a truly cloud-based serverless print management solution of the annoying things like assigning drivers to printers, assigning printers to users that all moves into the cloud. But the actual print process remains a local direct IP printing directly from the user to their printer so that they don't rely on any of the network connections outside of their office and also we never actually see any of their print data for anyone's concerned about privacy. What do you want the viewers to take away from this interview? One or two lines, what's the takeaway? Printing's important to their business. They may not recognize it as much as it actually is important. It probably is a little bit annoying at times. It really doesn't have to be. Just come talk to us and we'll have a solution for you. Thank you. You heard it here on theCUBE.


We have played four minutes of any time, the referee looks at the watch at Wembley Stadium. He has got the whistle in his mouth at Wembley Stadium. And it's all over, City have promoted to lead one. The season that has kept on giving, has given us a perfect finish at Wembley Stadium. A wonderful performance from the Vansons. And after six years in lead two, City are back in lead one. It's quite emotional to be fair because what we've achieved this season is quite incredible. But for these supporters as well, they're the reason why we're here. This club is so well supported, so that's the reason why we're here. I'm just delighted that we can give them something back.


Cell membrane coding technology is an approach to the biomimetic replication of cell membrane properties. Nanoparticles, N-piece, coated with cell membranes offer an opportunity to unite natural cell membranes' properties with those of the artificial inner-core material. The coated N-piece not only increased their biocompatibility, but also achieved effective and extended circulation in vivo. This article was authored by Yao Lu, Jing Shan Luo, Xiao Jia Chen, and others.