Hey guys and welcome to another episode of Stepping Up. I'm your host, Daniel Dubois, and we are here for another week to highlight some of the amazing things our people are doing amidst the ongoing pandemic. We have a very exciting show filled with laughter and vibes with a team from Food Hub 758 who will chat with us about their new app, which is bringing restaurants and customers together virtually. And for LinkUp, we head to Canada for an update with the Consul General, Cheryl Francis. Our first interview explores the world of online business, food, delivery, people and innovation, all available at our fingertips. Food Hub 758 is an online order and delivery platform which connects clients to restaurants through the use of an app on your cell phone. Let's meet the team behind the scenes. Food Hub 758, hello guys and welcome to Stepping Up and our first interview today. And I am here with David Francis and Jumanie Paul, and they represent a fraction of the managing directors of this new exciting app that is about to launch while they have launched Food Hub 758. Good afternoon guys. Good afternoon. How are you? Thank you for having us. Doing great. Thank you. It's my pleasure having you guys here. So, Food Hub 758, who, what, when, why, who's going to start? It's a group of young, technologically minded individuals who came together to create sort of a digital online platform which allows for e-commerce between restaurants and food providers and delivery, well, and the public. So what it does is that we engage restaurants and food providers and we also engage food couriers and delivery drivers. Everybody's working on the platform and able to transact commerce. Nice. And what we're trying to push forward now is e-commerce, whereas everything is cashless. Wow. And it's going with the theme of everything COVID right now is, no, it's in the sky or in the clouds. Yes. And it's, you know, no touch, no contact. Yes. Right? So, David, let us know, what do you think is the most exciting thing if you have to sum it up in one phrase about Food Hub 758? Make your own money. Food Hub is a site that empowers people in St. Lucia, so it gives you the potential to create your own business and basically feed yourself for want of a better term.  They have to pay rent, pay a light bill. That's not the case with Food Hub. You could actually start your business from your phone using the data that you're already paying for a weekly to go on Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram. All of those things, Food Hub is available right there too. So a young, tech-minded person can basically start their own kitchen, from their own phone, start their own business from their own phone, at their own house with basically no overheads. And you know that your product will be fulfilled and delivered to your customer via our delivery drivers using our system in a manner that you would be able to capture your client's data, get feedback, have order reports, order managers. You get a lot of feedback from our process, you know. So it's a way that you can build your business from nothing to something. If I can use that term on TV, if I would be able to use it. Yes. Nothing to something? Nothing to something. I think that's something everybody can identify with. So let's break it down, because you know the technical stuff is not my forte. Let's talk about who is the first person in your app to probably benefit. Because in getting all that background information from you guys, I realize along the chain of, I guess, is it production or the value supply chain, from where it starts to the end goal, there are a lot of people along the lines who could work and who can benefit from being a part of Food Hub 758. So let us know. Let's guess, I guess. So who's the first person to benefit? Well, the first thing I would say about our platform is that first of all, it's available on Android. So it's in the Play Store and in the App Store. So you're Android on your iPhone, you can use it. We're also available online at FoodHub758.com. So the people we target are, again, restaurants and food providers. So you could be, you know, established restaurants, for instance, you know, businesses like Daniel's Soup Shop. There you go. So let's take it from there. Daniel's Soup Shop and I want to come on Food Hub. What is that process like and what is the benefit to me? Well, I think David, you could jump in there. It's a real simple process to become a business on Food Hub.  We get instant notification. Once we get that notification, we can put you on and you can be on and running, having a business running, working, collecting money within 24 hours. And it will allow direct payment via our integrated system, our integrated payment portal. So we allow any business person who has a PayPal, all you have to do is go on PayPal. Once you have a bank account, go on PayPal, sign up.  So if you did your own website, so your money goes directly to you. We don't touch your money and that's something that people could agree with. They don't want anybody touching their money. If you get your money directly as a business owner, it makes you feel more comfortable. You're not working through us, we are just the vehicle basically to get you where you want to go. Absolutely. And I think another important aspect to what you guys are talking about is the fact that it creates access in ways that have never probably been possible before. Exactly. So as you're saying, anyone could start their business. Anyone. Any restaurant and they have this direct access. So it could be a case where like and you know the daily struggle for a lot of people is like what is there to eat and you know sometimes you find yourself going to the same restaurant because you just don't have the time and you don't want to go through that. But it creates access, right? That's a great point you made because it's basically bringing the physical to the digital. So the same way a food store would go and get a shop front in the mall and decorate their shop front and lay it out in their own way. It's the same thing we offer on our platform. So you get into FoodUp758 and you put probably the pictures of the items you think that are the most popular items and then you can have as many items as you want in there. So we just create a digital platform again, it's like a digital shop front and from that people come in and then based on how you set up your shop, that's how you're going to get activity as well. And going back to your first question, so we have the restaurants and food providers and again you know established restaurants, you can have somebody making cupcakes at their home, look at it as well, sell to their friends, attract your friends. And on the other side of the spectrum we have delivery drivers and couriers, you know, independent as well. And they link up with the stores. You're looking through the gig economy as well. So people have some free time, they want to make some extra money. A lot of taxi drivers right now are coming to us, we know a lot of them as well, they're saying they want to be on board with the system because things are a bit depressed right now. And that offers people a way to make, you know, do buy, you know. Creating opportunities. Exactly, we want to create opportunities. Not only that everybody goes to NIC and you know, has to engage in that economically program, but there are other ways, other things that can be done as well to supplement that for the betterment of everybody. So can you give like a direct pitch to anybody who has a vehicle and probably they now know that they have the opportunity to jump on board with FoodHub and from what I understand, David, is that you could, you don't have to even meet you. The point is that you have an arrangement and the same thing is you get paid for your delivery and I guess the money it hits when it hits the account. That's all you need. So speak to how can, let anybody know as a driver how they can be part as in terms of the delivery part. So drivers, we're careful with who we want as drivers. And we're not saying that because we want to discriminate from anybody. It's a situation where we want our customers to feel comfortable with the persons who are one handling their food and other items and two who are coming to their homes because security is a very serious issue for us. And we take the security aspect very seriously. So we monitor our drivers, we monitor our orders. So what would you say is some of the things you do to, I guess, vet your drivers or the persons you choose to? Yeah, so a driver who wants to apply with our system must have a certificate of character, a police certificate of character, a valid driver's license and valid insurance. That's what we require right now. Okay, that's not bad. It's not bad, but it's a bare minimum to allow our customers to feel comfortable enough. But we have our own checks and balances in the background. Like we monitor our drivers. We monitor all the times we order delivery. So if anything is off, we would know. And I guess you might have a system where you have a zone. So if you have driver A and you're in just the cap estate area. And then if you have somebody more in the castries area, you monitor and you decide. So let's break it down now for the benefit and the opportunity for customers. What is it besides just the access? How can we enjoy Food Hub 758? Well, one of the first ads we launched and it was in the pilot phase as well was the ad with one of the local influencers. And it was talking about, it wasn't a funny way, but it was talking about trying to, you are home and you may not have money for food right now. And your mother's abroad, your sister's abroad, you know, they can come on to the website, login, order the food for you with the card while you're in St. Lucia.  Some people will abuse that. That's perfect, you know. And it gives an alternative to, you know, going to Western Union, signing a love line, you know. And even now, people who even give remittances to family, maybe they want to watch that all a bit more and make sure, you know, watch it, you're doing something progressive with it. And you could probably do a cool thing, like have a credit like, you know, somebody just sent $100. So you're like, your food's set for the week, my girl. You know what I'm saying? Something like that. That is actually part of the vision for it. Because people can go beyond just, okay, you're a restaurant, you could sell a plate of food. That's one thing. But we actually see it as going beyond that. Somebody who has, let's say, creativity in them. So you could mix and match products and sell it as something brand new. So you have a basket, you have a bottle of wine, and you have some goodies like chocolates, cakes and whatnot. Separately, you can sell them individually. Yes. But if you put them together, you add value to everything. And then you sell a package. It becomes an experience, you know. So you're creating opportunity. You create opportunity for everybody who has creativity. And I think it's really amazing what technology and, you know, it sounds like a well-thought-through application. And I guess, you know, I have to come back to, as young people, what is the difficulty? Or did you face any difficulties in bringing up this? And you spoke about it. Was this in the making before COVID or after COVID? Give us that story a little bit. Yeah. Funnily enough, it was something that came up organically. It was before COVID. And it's something we're developing with other partners. And obviously, with COVID, that sort of accelerated the whole process. So we kind of came on board and launched it. And we have it here right now. So, yeah. So that's how it came about, more or less. One of the major difficulties, I would say, that we experienced as young professionals, because Dwight, who is our CEO, our executive officer, he is basically a business mind. But he has a day job. Popey, who is our Popey, Jimani? He is basically our CFO. Yeah. He manages our money. But at the same time, he also has a day job. We all have day jobs. So time becomes the main issue. So you have to dedicate. You have to be dedicated at the end of the day. That was our main. That was our main difficulty right in the time. And I think that's the story of most entrepreneurs. You always have to find a way to balance the two, that you have this dream and you want to aspire to something. But then, you know, you have to pay the bills and you need that kind of security. Absolutely. So being able to move through that and, you know, gentlemen and young gentlemen working together and bringing all your different skills sets together.  And thank you so much for stepping up. We also don't want to forget the ladies of food. We have some very, very key ladies in the background. Our IT genius is a lady. So, and our marketing people are ladies and they're very brilliant young. We don't want to seem like food up is a male oriental. Pachiako come at all. Thumbs up. It's like that sometimes. We have a nice balance. So just to wrap up, let's go through the app. Let's go through the app. Briefly. So I have this on my phone or my laptop. Food helps 7, 5, 8. I'm very hungry. What are you feeling to eat right now? Right now, our customers seem to be gravitating towards Burns food truck. Oh yes. Bigger Burns all the time. What's the name of the place in Bosses? You again? Sugar City or something like that? Well, they have the food. Yeah. They have a name. They call it. Well, no. Sugar City is lower down. Okay. So the place where they sell in the food Bosses, you know. Yes. By a friend of my institution. So the way our app works. So Burns and I heard that he has really good burgers, right? Yeah, Burns has excellent burgers. It's Angus beef and it's really good. Nice. So we find it for burgers David. Okay. So the way our app works is that you go to our home page. Our home page is basically the welcome. It tells you you're at Food Hub. The first thing you'll see is our live chat will pop up on the right side. You can talk directly to us using our live chat if you have any questions whatsoever. But we've made it as simple as possible. So the home page has two bars.  And after that, you click the next bar, which is our location bar. Once you click that bar, it takes you directly using Google Maps to the address that you're at. Anywhere in St. Lucia. So the restaurant knows directly where the customer is. And so does the driver. Oh, that's cool. So the customer also have an idea of the distance that the driver will be traveling to deliver his food. Now, as soon as that happens and you actually log in to the website, then once you get that, it'll show you our restaurant. So right now Burns Food Truck pops up. So we pick our favorite orders from Burns Food Truck, which for Popey is the Angus Beef. All right. So once you get the Angus Beef in your cart, Burns Food Truck gives you several options. You can put bacon, blue cheese, cheddar, and all these kind of things. And once you get them into your cart, it's a simple process from there. You just select from these options. And then you also pick your payment method. So although we're trying to move away from the cash system because of COVID and social distancing and whatnot, we want our customers to be very safe. We encourage our drivers to use masks and those kind of things. But we have several payment options. So you encourage them to pay even though it's pickup or delivery online. Online. That's the first point of call. But knowing how things are these days, not everybody has a card. And we don't want restaurants to lose business based on somebody not having a card. So we'll allow the drivers also to accept cash in certain circumstances. Our app actually takes cognizance of that. So once you get into the app, it'll save your location. So the driver will have a very good idea of where the customer is. And they'll also have certain information about the customer that we put in. The customer, their address, their mobile phone number. And if they have discount coupons, we also integrated discounts into our restaurants. And I'm sure you'll have a place where you'll have like my personal, I guess, order history so I could probably frequent that, et cetera. Yes, yes, yes. So once you log in on the app. So once you log in on the app. Exactly. So once you know just about Amazon and all of these apps. It's the same thing. Yeah, it's the same thing. And one thing to say about the cash aspect of it. We know cash is still a bit of a dicey issue. So one thing we want to say as well as at restaurants, we give you full flexibility of accepting the drivers you want to work with. You don't have to work with all our drivers. And then pretty soon they could say, well, you know, these are our designated drivers. Exactly. So we want some opportunities. Those you want to come and work and be on the platform. So that integrates everybody and everybody feels safe. So if you want to do cash deliveries, at least the drivers you work with will do these deliveries for you. And otherwise, like I said, it's like Amazon. So you should be doing everything cashless. You want to ship the culture. So that's why we want to be part of the process going towards e-commerce. Nice.  And like many people say, we have to find the opportunities and crises and make the best of them. And that's what we're trying to do right now with FoodUp75. So put it in the context of Daniel's soup shop. Daniel has a cousin who owns a scooter. Yes. He doesn't have a job right now. Yes. But he could be making $20 a delivery, $12.50 a delivery. And it could add up over time. He could deliver several things at once and make, let's say, $100 for his day. Whereas his bike could have sat down there. He'd have done nothing for the day otherwise. And you can work on your own time. So you switch on as a driver when you're ready.  It's up to you with your own hours. Like you're done for today. Yeah, you're done for today. You want it as a little squander pile for the day. You want $40. You want to take out your little bird. That's really cool. But once again, guys, thank you so much. And I want to applaud you guys for stepping up during the whole COVID-19. And as we all say, in some places, it's really horrible for everybody. But there's opportunity out there. There's opportunity out there. And it's just to find it. I just want to give one big up to our CEO. Our CEO out there, Dwight Liskairis. He's in the TV room out there. Big up to Dwight. Big up to Dwight. You know, behind the scenes. But thank you so much. So probably next time, we know you'll have drinks seven, five weeks. Well, how are you? I think you're reading out mine now. So drinks. Thank you very much for having us. Thank you very much. We encourage everybody to go to www.foodhub758.com and see how the platform works. Get the apps on the Play Store and the App Store available right now. We're also on IG and Facebook. There you go. There you have it, guys. We'll be right back. Because of COVID-19, I don't know when I'll be able to work again. Because of the coronavirus, we've lost 80% of our revenue. How can the government stop the economy? Because it's unexpected. So we're not like we can blame the government, but we're just uncertain of the future. As a bus driver, how do that stimulus package help you? Since the coronavirus, things have not been the same. I just want to know what would the government do to help single mothers take care of their children? On sending the stimulus package, I would like to know how it would be implemented. Tune in on Sunday as we present the Salusha Economic and Recovery Resilience Plan. There's something there for everyone. Together, we will continue to build a new and stronger Salusha. Welcome back. We just heard from the guys at Food Hub 758, and they wanted me to tell you that you can get the app for free. So go on and download it now. And now it's time for our link-up segment. Today, we will be linking up with Cheryl Francis, Consul General for St. Lucia in Canada. Let us know how the office has continued to work during the pandemic and how they are assisting persons who are interested in coming home. Hello, guys, and welcome to our link-up segment. And for this link-up, we head to Canada, and we're going to have a chat with the Consul General for St. Lucia in Canada. And her name is Miss Cheryl Francis. Hello, Miss Francis. How are you? Hello. Hello, Daniel. I am doing great. Thank you. How's the weather in Canada today? Absolutely beautiful. Not missing anything in St. Lucia. It's always the breeze. The sun is shining, and it's absolutely beautiful. Nice. I'm happy to hear that. So once again, thank you for joining us for our link-up segment. And you know, if link-up, we just try to reach out to anybody doing anything amazing in the whole COVID-19 season. And today we want to talk about what exactly are you up to in your office in Canada and how are you helping St. Lucia and the DAS for at this time? Okay. Thank you, Daniel. First of all, thanks for having me on. I'm more than delighted to say what's going on in my neck of the woods in Canada.  We suddenly had to just rejig the way that we do our operations in the office. And our nationals can say that we have not once stopped on what we had to provide our nationals with. So we changed the way we do things, apart from the fact that we had to shut down our offices. What we did is we transferred all our calls to our mobile phones. All mail come to my home. So it's dealt with in a good fashion. And we also, we have been able to take calls one-on-one with our nationals following up, checking up on them, seeing how they're doing. And you know, it has been good thus far. Nice. You mentioned that basically your office had to kick into gear or different gear when it was, you know, when the whole COVID thing started. Can you just know some of the things that you used to do before COVID and let us know how the pandemic has changed basically your daily operations? Well, the main thing is the face-to-face interactions. Of course, the social distancing and being careful, we have not been able to see our usual nationals come into the office on a daily basis. However, we get to talk to them on a regular basis. But honestly, I must say to you I'm pleased about coming out of all of this. We've been able to streamline our processes a lot better. We've been able to do things a lot more efficiently. You know, for example, even payment structures that, you know, we otherwise had very outdated methods of payment. We had been able to now provide our nationals with different forms of payment because now they can't come into the office to do it. So, you know, the debit, the credit, you know, email, email transfers sometimes. And, you know, all of that has made us realize that, you know, there's a different way to operate. And another thing that has made us very efficient, I would say, is the fact that we no longer have to drive or travel those long distances to get to the office. You know, most of us now we work from home and you find that we wake up earlier so we get into gear earlier. We don't have that time wasted.  But we have become a lot more efficient in managing those operations. And that has really, you know, shone a light basically on the way we do operations. Nice. So, we know that this week St. Lucia is receiving or is set to receive their first set of commercial flights. And, you know, it has been up in arms and it's something that I think internationally and everybody who's interested in coming home or to St. Lucia is monitoring the situation very closely. So, let us know in Canada how do you assist persons at this point who are interested in coming home and what is the situation right now that obtains in Canada, sorry, that other borders still open or closed? Well, not still open but closed. So, you know, everywhere has their own, you know, I would say intricacies and, you know, what they're doing right now and so how are you assisting St. Lucia in coming home right now? The good thing about Canada, Canada has really managed the pandemic very well, just as St. Lucia has. Our borders are still closed in Canada. There's still a travel ban for citizens of Canada. They basically say non-essential travel and so citizens of Canada have not been travelling as much. And so the airlines especially Air Canada who was slated to start its first commercial flights on July 18th has now cancelled all flights for July. So, we're now looking at the first of August. But we have been encouraging all of our nationals to register with the consulate and so we have a list of all of our nationals, I would hope who have been stranded in Canada and we've been liaising with them very frequently. Up until yesterday I was calling up everyone because I know that most of them would have been concerned that the flights again have been cancelled. And I think more or less for the airlines it's that yes St. Lucia is open and we are ready to receive them but it's coming back with the aircraft being empty and citizens of Canada not travelling because they still have to do a 14-day quarantine when they return from their holiday. So that has not been helping of getting persons from Canada to travel to St. Lucia. So we're looking to see something different happen in August but for us at the consulate we have been contacting our nationals just to update them our websites frequent calls, Facebook we update them on what's going on. So as soon as the cancellations happened yesterday I was on the phone speaking to nationals as to what their possibilities were who was affected who has issues and just basically helping them to go through it. And we're just looking forward to getting somewhere in August. That's sad news because my best friend is in Canada and we were gearing up for the 18th because we were monitoring and stuff like that but maybe that's the thing with this whole pandemic you just never knew and you have to be careful but you still have to try to do what you have to do and you just have to be ready to just to move when the time is ready. So Right now some persons are actually looking at the option of going through the US once you have a US visa I have made several calls to various American Airlines and US Airlines trying out if there's any restrictions for Saint Lucia traveling through the US with a visa to Saint Lucia Yes it's a roundabout we would have preferred a direct flight but they have said to me that there are no restrictions so there are some Saint Lucia now looking at the possibility of going via the US to come home because flights are available from the US to Saint Lucia so I've been getting persons to register to go on. As you say register though can you just speak to the importance of registering because anybody I guess might just ask like why must you have to register to get home and stuff like that so let us know how does the office support kick into gear and why is it important to register Yes so we have asked our nationals once they get in touch with our office we take down all of their particulars so once anything comes up we are able to call them very quickly because sometimes even when you have a repatriation flight it happens within days the last repatriation flight that I was successful in pulling together May 24th went very smoothly for those who had already called into the office so it was easy for me to call them to say can you get ready for May 24th and most of them will overjoy to be able to register so you know they were able to get on and that is the importance once we know you are there we can contact you very easily so update you on anything that is happening you know and you know so most importantly now yesterday I was calling to just urge persons to go on to St Lucia.org the pre arrival form must be done before they can travel before they can even book their flights they need to get approval the reason for that is because of course our government offices in St Lucia have to ensure that they are quarantine space for those nationals coming home either the home quarantine your home has to be inspected so all of these pre checks have to be done so I urge them to go on to register get approval and in Canada as well I have provided a list of covid of centres that they can go to do their covid test so that as well has been provided so they can go get a test within 7 days of travel but first and foremost they need to register then get the test and then they can head home. Wow and I think it is important to remember that it is absolutely not business as usual you cannot, before you could have just book your flight tonight and then the next day or the next a few days you could just hop on a flight and you never had to worry about these things but there are so many besides this red tape all of what you mentioned so all of that prevents people from doing exactly what they wish they could and how they want to. Like our Prime Minister even mentioned a couple nights ago on his update we sort of went through that with 9-11 all of these things had to change because of a situation and it takes all of us to have that buy in, all of us to take our precautions. This is a we thing, this is something that we all have to do together to make it work and it's the same thing so if you register, if you do all of the things that the officials are asking to do, I think it will all help us especially those on the front line, you know we always have to remember them. Thanks Francis, we just want to say thank you so much for joining us today. I mean I was very much so enlightened about the whole process and how St. Lucian's need to register and if they want to come home, this is the process because any of the government of St. Lucia at the same time is ensuring the safety of everybody while trying to make everybody happy at the same time so we need to register as you say so that we could see when the opportunity pops up it could just get to go. All of the information that we have to share you know and just knowing that they have the support in Canada from our office you know some of them you know they're very frustrated you know and we understand that so somebody to share that with as well I know it doesn't help much but you know the support is there. So Miss Francis thanks again so much any final words from you and your office as we come to the end of the link up segment. Yes I mean I just want to assure our nationals who are stranded in Canada and those living in Canada that we are functional our office is open even 24-7 some persons call me after hours so we want to assure you that we are there for you and you know to continue to liaise the office we will continue to provide you with updates we are here to support you and we hope that it all works out well for all of us in the end and let us all just do this together and support each other. Thank you. Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen the consul general has spoken Thank you so much and you enjoy the rest of your day. You too. Thank you Bye bye. I had a lot of fun doing this week's instalment of stepping up getting to chat with the guys from food hub 758 for stepping up to Miss Francis and the office in Canada. Thank you. If you know anyone in your community or anyone who has an amazing idea feel free to send me an email at steppingup758 at gmail.com I'm Daniel Dubois. Join us next time and don't forget to keep stepping up.


This beautiful galaxy is tilted on an oblique angle, giving us a bird's eye view of this grand design spiral galaxy. It is similar to our Milky Way, but this favorable view provides a better picture of the typical architecture of spiral galaxies. The spiral arms, which wind all the way down into the nucleus, are made up of young, blueish, hot stars formed in the past few million years. A number of sinuous dust lanes also wind all the way into the nucleus of M81.  This is about 15 times the mass of the Milky Way's black hole. Elbow research shows that the size of the central black hole in a galaxy is proportional to the mass of the galaxy's bulge.


I just recently had a nightmare. This nightmare gave me memories of a tape. This one tape I remember my mother told me never to touch. One time I actually did, and I really regretted it. I can't begin to detail the weird obscurities that were on that tape. I remember that it was blank for about 5 minutes until a chilling face appeared and said something in a nearly calm voice. Since I was so young, it is pretty hard to remember exactly what it was saying. I can't assume it was something scary because I remember running out of the room and away from the television afterwards. I continuously had nightmares 4 days afterwards, depicting the face saying those words over and over again. As I have previously mentioned, I have had that same dream very recently. It wasn't as scary as it was then, but it still brought back bad memories. With my memory more developed, I know now the words of this face Rewind. Based on what I remember, I kept doing this, but the voice only got less light, and more aggressive. I did it again, the voice became angry. Again the voice became demanding. Once more the voice stopped. He just stared for ages and ages. He wouldn't stop staring. I recall trying to eject the tape, only to have the machine break down. I threw the video player across the room in an attempt to destroy it. After smashing the thing into pieces, I looked back at the television to see something completely impossible for that time. The face now blared out of the television in a stereoscopic manner. I was completely terrified. 3D view was new around at that time, but you had to wear those two color glasses for it to work.  Staring into the face of the television, I leapt at the television to get it and the screen just imploded into a gaping hole. This would only make things worse. The face was still there, and it was smiling at me. What a smile it was, so mischievous. I ran out of the room and closed the door. I stayed outside the door for a few seconds, I looked back inside. The face was gone.  That night, I had those nightmares of the face. It just said the words rewind over and over. To this day, my mind is still tarnished with the horrors of the past. Whatever the case, if your parent ever tells you never to touch a tape, don't ignore them. Or you will be pursed with memories that would keep you up at night until you faint. That's where the face will be waiting, in your sleep.


Yeah, it's like people tend to see the outside world as external from themselves and they don't see how just by being what they are, they are creating the outside world. Or it's all just connected. It's all one thing. And their sense of self is just an evolutionary process that is meant to, you know, protect this little fleshy monkey. Right. Yeah, that's it. You know, it's like, who are you? I mean, that's one of the deepest threads of the story. Who are you? The old story says that you are a separate self in a world of other. That you're this, this mode of consciousness floating around, locked in a flesh robot, floating through unconscious materiality. If you believe that, then, of course, like the goal of life is to maximize the well-being, the interest of that separate self. If you see the self as fundamentally relational, then you cannot separate the skin-encapsulated ego from anything else in the world. And self-interest then transforms into collective interest, into other interest. And this is something that we experience when we, like I call it living in the gift, you know, when we give, whether it's material gifts or gifts of time or gifts of money, gifts of energy, gifts of our life force, our creativity in service to something, then we feel happy. Then we feel connected. We feel on purpose. We feel like, like, yeah, I'm here doing what I'm supposed to be doing. So, and likewise, if you, even if you've taken care of the separate self and you've got 50 million dollars in investments and everything, and security systems, bodyguards, all of the accoutrement of power and privilege, if you're not doing something that you care about, you are going to be miserable. We have a primal need to be of service, and it comes down to, to who, yeah, who we are and who we want to be. Do we want to be a separate self? If so, then the trajectory of human domination must continue and personal domination. If you understand and have experiences that show you your, your connection with all things, then that kind of self-interest becomes boring, unappealing and useless. And so what kinds of experiences open up our perception of a larger self? It can be things like, it can be ayahuasca, or it could just simply be to experience forgiveness or generosity or kindness, unconditional love that affirms, yeah, we're not separate. It's not everybody for themselves. There's love in the world. There's caring in the world. We're in this together. We're not separate. That those experiences change the scaffolding of the mind so that new belief structures can be built upon it.  Our, yeah. So, you know, if you change society, like one thing I've been vocal about is universal basic income. Like if we had a system of universal basic income, that would be this relief of the omnipresent scarcity that tells us every day that it's everyone for themselves. Everyone's trying to get the best deal. Everyone's trying to out-compete everybody else. Like that is baked into the cake right now. So, if you change that, then people are going to have a very different experience of life and spiritual teachings such as what you do for your neighbor, you do for yourself, they become much more intuitive. It would be incredible to see the explosion of art that would come with the universal basic income.  They go, music, art, paint, you know, that kind of stuff. Not a lot would, not a lot of people would say, would say accounting or tax law. Yeah, exactly. Lawyer, no.


So, now we are ready to discuss the details of multi-cycle implementation of micro MIPS that means the details of the data path and details of the controller. Details of the data path would mean we have already identified the main data path components that is certain registers like program counter and instruction register, memory data register, register file, memory blocks, ALU plus some more registers that we identified so far. But we are in the data path we also have this router components like multiplexers and the enable signals sorry the multiplexers and some blue logic would be there that those kind of details we will try to get right now. So, so far we have got a crude idea picture of the finite state machine that would control this data path how the data would be processed by which data path component the direction of the data the routing of the data which source will be used for on a multiplex connection signal. So, we are ready for that now. So, the topic is multi-cycle MIPS the details so there is an FSM whose details not all details not very but just the main details we will try to work upon plus the details of the data path. So, recall the FSM the FSM we drew it as rough in a very natural way it evolved there was a phase state doing the phase kind of sub operation related to instruction fetching from the memory and also putting the instruction into the instruction register that is the kind of activity that would happen during the phase state of the system. So, controller will have phase state and it will creates control signals so that the data path would do necessary would do necessary operations on the memory and like you know large decant instruction coming out of memory into the instruction register and so on so forth there is more to it. After fetch in the next clock cycle every instruction would go into the decode stage then if it were a jump instruction after decode jumps we could arrange things so that the jump instruction cycle would be over and would go to the phase state of the next instruction cycle. So, this is if during the decode we find out that it is a jump instruction then we finish the work and in the next clock cycle we would be in the phase state for the next instruction cycle. If it were not a jump instruction then every instruction would go into the every instruction cycle would be in the E X state execute that is where the ALU is involved address computations take place arithmetic computations take place you know and so on so forth. Now again like what next after the E X state if it were the branch instruction branch equal to let us say then we could arrange that E X state itself computes the like you know finishes the work of the execution of the branch instruction branch if equal to because in this state it would find it would be able to check whether the two operands are equal or not and in the previous clock cycle that is in the decode stage it would have found the target address with the help of ALU again and now it would be ready to commit whether the new target address has to be loaded in the program counter or not. So, the work of the branch equal to instruction instruction cycle of branch equal to could be arranged to be over finished in this clock cycle in this after this state. So, we could go to the phase state of the next instruction alright if for other instructions let us say if the instruction is of arithmetic type add or add immediate in that case we do not have any role of memory there is there are two more states not every instruction cycle goes to all the five states, but there is a write back state that an instruction like add or add immediate would go to after execution this is where the data path should be configured so that the result of the ALU would be registered into appropriate register of the register file and after double write back stage this instruction any instruction that arrives in this state would then go to the would be at the end of the instruction cycle and the next state would be the phase state of the next instruction cycle. So, that is by this ALU for the other remaining situation if the instruction where either load or store then the execute state would have computed the addresses of the locations in the memory from where to load or to which to store that would have happened in the execute stage for instruction like load and store, but now yeah so it would be in the next clock cycle it would be in the stage of doing the memory access with the help of the address that it has computed in the previous state ex state, but now if it were a store instruction then there would not be any further work remaining with the memory access the store instruction cycle would have archived or stored the result would not result whatever it wanted to store that was from the one of the registers that would be stored into the memory location whose address has been found so far is available and then it would go it would be at the end of the instruction cycle and the next state would be the phase state of the next instruction cycle that would be in case of the store instruction. If it were a load instruction then after the memory access the load instruction would have the data which is to be written back into the register file so it would go to this state. So, this is how like a state diagram would look like for in case we are supporting only this a few instructions like j m p and one conditional jump branch equal to add immediate load store and so on. So, in fact you know what was limited choice of instruction that we are describing here is purely for the sake of simplicity of the presentation the data path would be capable of supporting many more instructions the FSM can be easily modified using the same templates for many more instructions. In fact for the later discussion we will be even removing this jump instruction support for our toy example toy CPU and that can be left as that can be considered as an exercise for you to work upon. So, we will not see hence forth see the jump picture in the next few like you know slides on next part of the discussion for a while. So, that was the so this is an FSM yes I mean you will see a slightly different version of this FSM in different textbooks or like you know even next I would be describing a small variation of it for the sake of convenience or simplicity simplifying the logic implementation logic, but the essence is essential FSM is this. So, these are only the states what more do we require on FSM. In fact the main purpose of FSM from the perspective of the outside world is that FSM should generate control signals based on the inputs that it receives what are the inputs to this FSM clock input. So, many of the transitions are being made independent of any like when the clock triggers the transition is made like you know f 2 d is a transition that always happens at the triggering age of the clock, but d 2 e x may or may not happen depending on whether the instruction jump or not and so on. For example, other example is WP to F this will trigger at every triggering age of the clock it will not depend on any other input, but many other transitions you see that they depend on what the instruction the type of the instruction. So, this can be regarded as input to this FSM what about the outputs the output of the FSM that is the main thing that is the main thing from the data path point of view and the CPU implementation point of view. The control signals are going to be generated by this FSM to guide the data path to control the data path differently in different clock cycles in different instruction sub cycles. So, that those are the details which we need to work out and for that we might need to we will need we might need to I mean we might choose to simplify this state machine not by reducing the number of states that would complicated log combinational logic that one has to implement, but by you know refining the states into sub states. So, that the combinational logic that is as you know it is a heart of FSM implementation the combinational logic that generates the next state as well as the combinational logic that generates the output that would be simpler and easier to kind of you know analyze or make efficient and so on. So, then so that is what we will be seeing. So, the refinement is as follows. So, I call it refined FSM the refined FSM would have F state as it is as I told you we will be dropping jump out of the picture FD always this transition is always there at every triggering gauge provided you are in any instruction cycle that is in the phase state would go into the decode state at the next triggering gauge of the clock and then we are not considering jump, but after D we will go to EX. Now, here we make a separation we go to different kind of EX states because the behavior inside the EX execute state how the ALU is to be configured how the data path is to be configured would be different for different instructions. So, now we make the bifurcation here. So, if it were the instruction where BQ then I said I create a refined version of a state EX called EX for BQ and Q arbitrary name name is not important. So, it is clear from the what I chosen it is a EX state of the BQ instruction after this. So, the instruction cycle for BQ would be in F state then D state and then EX BQ state and then it would go here where I just mentioned why are we like in refining the state EX into several such states is because that would make our task of describing the control output signal control signal outputs more streamline easier to implement easier to describe analyze many. Then if they from the decode state if the instruction where jump so not jumps add then we would go to the EX state substrate corresponding to add instruction. Most of behavior in this states will be same or much of the behavior, but there will be difference which is just specific to exactly which instruction. So, how the arithmetic is being done by the ALU how the ALU is being controlled and so on. So, that is why I am going to have different there was nothing wrong with the previous FSN that was probably the most compact in terms of number of states, but it when you when you try to minimize number of states there would be trade off in terms of the complicated nature of the combination logic that you would be using for generating next generating control outputs and so on. So, here that is why we are chosen this approach and several textbooks will also suggest that, but they might be something intermediate between this extreme and something else and the other extreme. So, similarly if it were add immediate then I have a state called X add I then if it were load then EX load if it were store then EX store this is routinely I am creating states these are these refined substrates of this is the refinement this phi states are the refinement of the original EX state. Now, from if it we are in the EX state of the add instructions so cycle then the next state would be write back state I call it WB write back for add. Similarly, from here I would be in write back for add immediate now if it were a store instruction or load instruction the next states would be memory access memory access for load and memory access for store. In fact, it will turn out that this two states memory access for load and store are absolutely identical because what we do or other EX load and EX store would have been identical because there precisely what is happening is not this but the EX load and EX store which we have shown separate states here they would be identical because what would be happening in this state is just simply the ALU would be configured to generate the memory address which is the addition of the contents of these source first source register that is A and the immediate field of the instruction which is assigned extended and multiplied by 4 or shifted by 2 bits. So, these two states could have been like merged into one that is the kind of FSA minimization that can always be attempted but that is not the main focus of this. So, I am like you know taking the easy way out just so I have created so far F2, 7 and 11 states. So, then most of the states are the terminal states of the instruction cycles like after dub dub right back of adding immediate will go to the F state of the next instruction cycle after memory access of the store where something is going to be stored in the memory that is the end of the store instruction. So, we will be at the end of the instruction cycle. So, we go here for the lower case one more state is required that is dub and then will go here. So, there are 12 states that we have created out as a refinement of that FSM it just it will mean longer larger details but slightly simpler to read out or like analyze. So, still these are not we have to work out the details of what the control signals would be in this individual states but we have got a more clearer picture of what should be happening inside each other. Otherwise in the older FSM what would be happening in say EX state would depend on would naturally depend on whether the instruction is branch equal to other whether it is add immediate add load store and so on so forth. So, now things have been separated out. Now, let us go to data path again. So, far we have we have noticed that we could do away with instead of 2 memory blocks we could have just 1 memory block and we instead of 3 ALU or adders we are just you could do with only a single adder single ALU. So, we could see some resource optimization but there was a bit of price to pay it and that was in terms of some extra registers that we required. So, that at this the results of the sub operations like fetch, decode, execute those sub of results would be archived in some registers like A register, B register, IR instruction register that is memory data register then like ALU result. So, few registers had to be brought into the picture and we had more or less evolved at data path.  So, you do not bother about not being able to exactly see the details of the wire signals and where they are leading to where the signals are coming from, but I will just read out otherwise there will be just too much clutter if I put in too many details which are not really essential for understanding. So, let us recognize what is over here this is this must be our program counter right and what is being shown as the input of program counter there is a signal coming in, but that signal there are two possibilities either that signal comes from output of the ALU that could go into that could be ready to go into to be registered into the program counter or there is something that comes from here which is also a kind of the result of ALU, but a deferred result of ALU right the ALU result which has been put in the register. So, what will be coming out of here is the ALU result of the previous clock cycle what is coming out of here is ALU result of the current clock cycle that is a difference that is a subtle difference will realize why we need that. So, these are the interesting subtleties that we is we come across when we design such data pass multi cycle and FSM controller and so on so forth. So, this is our program counter I could I could start writing on this. So, now this is this clearly is the memory block rate and this must be the address input of memory and this must be the add the data output of memory which can go into either instruction register or the so called memory data register MDR memory data register it is not clear here, but it has memory data register. So, this is the data rate from the memory. So, this is the address put and this must be the like data input of memory where could come from I am showing here that it could come from this B register only from here no other there would not be any other source to from where data arrives which is to be loaded into the which is to be stored into the memory. So, this must be on behalf of the memory access store sub cycle or state see that the contents of B register are being brought on brought in over here added data input port of memory and it will be loaded into it would be stored into the appropriate that particular appropriate memory location in the memory block recall what is in A and B this is A and this is B. So, in A we have the data register rate from the register of the register file whose index is specified by the R S R S field of instruction register and in B register in the decode stage we would have read out the contents of the register in the register file which is which is given by the index coming on this 5 bit lines at this that means R T and so on. So, we know A and B what the purpose was. So, yeah we will come to the details of individual sub cycles few typical ones and then we will leave a couple of few of them as exercise for you they are just 12 states. So, we need to do this exercise that we will be doing about understanding each sub cycle separately at most 12 times we will do it a few times and then we will leave the rest to you I will do it. So, far I am not yet started that, but I am just trying to help you recognize what is there on this data path. So, the PC this memory block there is instruction register there is a memory data register who fills it up when does it get filled up it gets filled up in the memory access state of I mean it is to be like you know it is to be filled up at the end of the memory access state of load instruction. And then this is register file all right A and B registers this is the ALU which you can and this is the register called ALU result name is not too important it is it is something maybe I should call it really ALU result deferred. So, this is going to store the ALU result not of the current ALU operation, but the ALU operation that happened in the previous clock cycle. So, this is a registered result of ALU please note that I am not showing clock inputs to all these registers there will be register clock inputs to A B this register I R M D R all of them are clock registers right. So, they are registering the loading of data into the registers is happening at a triggering age of the clock provided the registers are enabled by the enable inputs. So, more details have to be seen plus we also identified the role of multiplexes you can see that like over here there are two possible sources to be signals to be loaded into program counter and depending on the state of computation or state of instruction cycle some instruction sub cycle appropriate with either this or this will go into it. And so, there must be a router multiplexer over here there must be a similarly a multiplexer over here at the address input of the memory here when this the ALU result is also possible signal that can be used as an address of the memory input you can recognize why when and all the contents of PC itself could be sometimes used as input to the address port of the memory block when instruction has to be fetched right. So, there are some more multiplexers like over here there is a small multiplexer here that would decide what should be the index of the destination register where the data is to be written into in the right back state of any those a few instruction cycles. So, what whether the destination at register address should it come from the RD field or should come from the RD field. So, this is this line corresponds to RD the 5 bit RD field of instruction register and this 5 bits correspond to RT field of them. So, the destination can sometimes be provided by the RD field or sometimes can be provided by RT field again you can quickly think about like you know when this different things will happen will come to those examples again there is a one more multiplexer over here. So, we had already evolved most of this previously when we are discussing kind of get a evolve a crude picture of FSM and data path in the earlier portion of this lecture module clear I hope. Now, let us let us try and work towards the details some more details of this data path and those details will be will make us visualize where this control signals control in the data path are arriving or where are they like arriving at in the data path for that we will have to like you know enhance the picture a bit get more clear picture of the multiplexers where the multiplexers are. So, here in this diagram which is same as the previous diagram accepting that like over here we had not shown the multiplexers explicitly say for example, over here and big multiplexer over here you see that there are four possible sources to this particular second B port of A D U either it comes from the B register or a constant 4 or a pair of signals you know there are four options over here there will be four to one multiplexer required over here. So, I have not drawn that in this abstract diagram. So, the next diagram will kind of make that clearer, but with bit more clutter like here same PC mem you recognize all of that instruction register file R F A B A U A U result do not worry about the name so much there like you will get used to that. So, now you see that there is a four way multiplexer over here as I told you about that the in one of the inputs to this multiplexer is the directly coming from the B register other input is coming feeding constant 4 and 2 other 2 inputs are coming out of as you see that IR instruction register and these are the 16 bit immediate fields. We will tell you the details about it with some bit of operation on that. So, there are two possibilities here in one go we will not be able to it would not be easy to describe why this four, but as you see like different instruction cycles sub cycles different states took together we like you know we superimpose them then we get this picture, but individually in pieces will be have much cleaner view of the different parts of the sub of this data path. So, we will work with such pictures next so in my notation this oval this oval this oval this narrow oval and so on are multiplexers again from I know drawn the directions, but it is fairly clear from the context of the figure what the inputs are and what the outputs are I am also not showing the control select signals on this multiplexers as well as other control signals, but now the need of the control signals will become clear which control signals are to be generated and accelerated deaccelerated in which clock cycle that will become clear. So, let us take the example of let us take this again just an outline here this some small insignificant thing relatively insignificant do not worry about it this outline we just have it as a background and now we show how the data path is configured for different sub cycles. Let us take the first sub cycle that is fetch which is common for all all instruction cycles all instructions. So, what happens in fetch sub cycles? So, this is for fetch sub cycle what happens which registers are involved which signals are have some meaning in this fetch cycle sub cycle is the added involved in during fetch sub cycle. Obviously, program counter is involved obviously, memory is involved because that is where the instruction is stored and instruction is to be brought out from there. So, clearly like you know program counter will be used and the program counter value will be fed as input to address input to the memory memory will be involved in the fetch sub cycle because memory contains both instruction as well as data we want an appropriate instruction at location quantity 2 by this then the output of this data output of this memory is arrives over here and this I R instruction register is this instruction register is enabled to load into itself or register into itself the contents of memory that are coming out over here and that would be the instruction. So, that in the next state the instruction is stable available here and that can be decoded analyze for future rest of the sub cycles for that instruction cycle. What else is supposed to be happening in this fetch sub cycle this there is instruction fetch, but there is a little bit more than that in this in this sub cycle or clock cycle itself will be using the ALU to generate PC plus 4 then the tentative or typical next address of the to be loaded into program counter and that for that we will make use of the only ALU available will configure it to do a simple addition of what addition of the program counter value which we sent and with the help of this multiplexer will routed to this first port of this and what else what is to be added to PC 4 because the next instruction 32 bit instruction will be at 4 bytes away from the current program counter address current instruction address that will be this 4 getting routed over here and the output of this ALU in the same clock cycle we are not taking the registered value of it is to be arranged to be brought here. So, there is this role of this multiplexer there is a role of this multiplexer there is a role of this and this multiplexer involved in this fetch sub cycle.  So, that appropriate routing of data occurs we get a point this ALU PC plus 4 all this is required because in the fetch sub cycle we are also loading program counter updating program counter with the with the next typical address of the next instruction PC plus 4. Of course, we know if it is a jump instruction or a branch equal to that kind of instruction then there will be there will be possibility of this value with being over written with appropriate value, but that is at a later time in the fetch sub cycle this is what exactly happens is it clear it is just for to disambigate between this two we will call this ALU result and this ALU out or you might use suffix like ALU result registered and ALU result or unregistered whatever like. So, now we will just identify some of this multiplexers and give them some names. So, that we can refer to them bit more conveniently. So, there is this multiplexer which I call whose which is about selecting the this multiplexer will be for the purpose of selecting the source to program counter PC SRC that is the name I give it. So, then this multiplexer I call it all many text books will also call it I R data. So, that is how we will refer to it means it is select signal will be called I R D instruction or data because the job of this multiplexer is to send either the address of the instruction or the address of the data that we will see later is address of the data and when will it arrive over this line over this line. So, we are giving this names will be used as the names of the select signals on the multiplexer there will be a one bit select signal there will be a one bit select signal here and our convention another convention that I am adopting is that all this multiplexers the upper one is 0 and 0 port 1 port number 1 port number 0 port number 1 here interest more interesting port number 0 1 2 3. So, this multiplexer being 4 input multiplexer would require 2 bit select signal this is a 2 bit multiplexer 2 input multiplexer the 2 ports are 0 and 1. So, I have avoiding the clutter by like not putting this like you know names and whatever symbols inside, but they we are having some uniform convention of like you know reading out what this what this ports are like upper one is 0 later ones are 1 2 3 whatever. So, some more multiplexers this multiplexer a big multiplexer I call it A L U S R C B this is I regard this as the B port of the A L U and what is the source to that B port of A L U is determined by the 2 input or the 4 input multiplexer we see select signal is going to be a 2 bit select signal 1 down to 0 in very long notation 1 dot colon 0 in V H D L 1 down to 0 whatever. So, I am not showing that do select signals they are implicit and they will be referred to by the names that I am choose over here. Similarly, this will be this I will call A L U S R C A like it is to be read out as the multiplexer select signal which will decide what is the source to the A port of this A L U whether it is something coming from PC or it is something coming from A register here do not confuse this A with A, but yes there is a correlation and then this 2 will come to them a bit later when we like talk about them this is something more that you see over here this is the left shift by 2 bits which we require when because when doing the address arithmetic the offset is given as a word offset and that offset has to be like you know sign extended by this block and then left shifted by 2 bits. So, that it becomes the byte offset and 32 bit byte offset 16 bit contents of IR immediate field are to be sign extended and then left shifted by 2 when it is to be interpreted as the byte offset in case of some address calculation. So, we will come to that later. So, please make a note of this names that we have chosen for this multiplications multiplexers and we just finish showing the phase sub cycle the portion of the data path that is active what is happening. So, what we need to notice is that this in this PC S R C will be will have value 0 because it should allow the upper input to go to PC I already should have value again 0 because that is upper one that is going through this multiplexer at it is output. What about this A L U S R C B you see that constant 4 which is on the second port that is port number 1 of input number 1 of this multiplexer that should go through to the output and hence to the B port of A L U. So, this should be this should be 0 1 or 0 1 binary rather in very log notation to take B 0 1 that in decimal it is just 1 and what about this value of the A L U source A should be 0 again because that is a 0th input that is which is the which is coming from program counter is being rooted over here. So, that is what we mean by the details of the control signals inside the fetch state f state of the F S M controller F S M. So, inside fetch sub cycle we will just document or we will make a note of where one was PC S R C PC S R C would be set to the values 0 comment is that like A L U out which is PC plus 4 is to be loaded into is to be brought in at the input of program counter to be loaded into it. And we use the enable signal called PC enable program counter enable we assert it. So, this is the program counter slightly expanded this is the clock and there is a enable input this is clock this enable input and this enable input is going to decide whether the 32 bit data that is coming at the D input these are D flip flops typically are this this is coming out of that multiplexer which is controlled by PC S R C and this is a signal called PC enable. So, this is also coming out of out of the controller controller F S M this says that we should let this A L U out which on which PC plus 4 is computed on with that value is stabilized that should all be allowed to go through and this one should not be this is the select input sorry and this is the enable input to the register program counter for letting whether this is to be loaded letting this value to be loaded into this or not. So, this is going to be loaded. So, but that is not already fetch sub cycle some more control signals are also playing a role what are those this is related to update of program counter which is a kind of auxiliary task of fetch important, but auxiliary the main task of fetch is to get the instruction from the memory for that there is a memory beyond that PC this we have seen, but now there is a role of this multiplexer which we call I R D. So, it is a job in this cycle is to root the content of PC to go as a address of the mem block this is the address input and this is the data input that we do not need to bother about we are not writing in the memory on the other hand we are reading data out from the memory and that would be there are two places where this thing information can go either I R or there is an M D R, but we will enable this register using this control signal called I R enable this is I R. So, we will assert this to one. So, that the contents of memory are to be loaded latched into or registered into I R we will set this PC SRC to 0. So, that area out is is which contains PC plus 4 is to be loaded into this PC which is controlled by setting this to 1. This should be to allow the this to go through as the address this should be set to 0 this should be enable what else ALU that also remains exactly what is happening at ALU how the ALU as environment is to be controlled data part of the data part. So, recall at ALU again we are still talking about fetch sub cycle what is happening at ALU. This is the A port of ALU can be called port 1 port 2, but let us call it A port B port. There is a multiplexer here there are two possibilities here where this is coming from this is coming from PC remember that and this is coming from 4 different sources. For example, this was coming from A register this was coming from B register this is from some other places not important right now, but we have to let this pass we have to let this pass. So, for that we have to set it to 0 and this ALU SRC B we have to set it to 0 1 that is 1. We already remarked on that right. So, that this PC and this 4 could go to ALU we also have to configure the ALU control to say add function that is auxiliary detail that you can work out and so on. So, because of which we will have PC plus 4 available at the ALU out and this ALU out goes is arranged to be routed to program counter and so that it gets loaded. So, this is what is happening in different parts of the data path inside fetch sub cycle it is not complicated, but there are one has to get a clear picture of what is happening in different parts should not miss out on something if you miss out on any one of them then the controller is not going to control the data path correctly, but it is careful analysis is always is quite easy and like HDL description allows us to kind of simulate and test things and debug. So, it is not any black magic or black art of doing things. So, this is this completes our discussion of fetch sub cycle similarly let us do one more couple of more cases after the study of fetch sub cycle and what happens on the data path during that will study naturally the next one that is decode sub cycle there are 10 more states to be considered, but we will do a few of the 3 or 4 of this and leave the rest to you. So, again this is the outline which will start filling up this one small thing that is missing here this is that left shift by 2 yeah I think hopefully now it will be in the picture. So, in the decode sub cycle what is happening the instruction is being decoded that is a major thing. So, I R is going to be playing a role this is instruction register. So, and also the register operands are being read out. So, this is the register file so that is also involved in this. So, the decode stage the appropriate registers of this register file are going to be read out and the contents of those registers are going to be stored in A and B registers this is A and this is. So, and how is H which register chosen to output to A that will be based on 5 bit signals coming from here which are the R S field will give the details later on it is like same as the single cycle data path details the contents of B are chosen the register for B is chosen by this RT field. So, this influence which register is loaded into A which register contents are loaded into B R S. So, this is the register read out part of the decode sub cycle what else must be happening looks like this is looks like on the face of it since we already have now IR like in the previous clock cycle IR instruction register has been updated at the end of previous clock cycle. Now, we have the whole instruction over here some most of the instructions of code and relevant control information is sent to the controller from here. And that is what that is these are the inputs the FSM note that note now input non-trivial input to FSM FSM are now available in IR. Then clock is always an input to the FSM because like you know that is on when the transitions are triggered, but the non-trivial inputs are now available in instruction register and that would be used in this and the future states sub cycles. There is something more that we do in decode sub cycle for example, if it were a branch instruction or jump instruction we will we have the opportunity we will see that the ALU is not being used like you know for the like you know arithmetic operations which are part of this add instruction or the ALU is also not is free because load or store instruction would be using the ALU in the EX state that is the next clock cycle. So, right now ALU is free. So, it is in a good opportunity to make use of ALU for doing something which it which can be done right now that is calculated tentative branch target address. The branch target address is addition of the contents of PC the branch target address can be calculated now please make note please note that because PC has been updated to PC plus 4. This is a peculiar thing about MIPS the target address will be old original program counter plus 4 plus whatever is available specified in the immediate field of the instruction registers sign extended shifted left by 2 bits. So, that it looks like a word it reflects the byte address of that instruction word and then this so we have to configure this multiplexer to let this go through and configure this multiplexer as in the fetch cycle to let this go through. So, this will be ALU SRC will be 0 and this will be 2 ALU SRC a will be 0 and ALU SRC b will be 1 0 and then this do we feed it back immediately to this no we do not want to now program counter because we are in the decode cycle program counter contains original the instruction current instructions address that was earlier there plus 4 remember that in fetch cycle we updated this, but now we have calculated at the output of ALU the tentative branch target address, but do we have do we bring it back here no we simply we are because we are not going to take a decision on updating the program counter right now in this decode because it is too early if we are jump instruction because it is unconditional we could update this right now, but now we are talking about we have left out from consideration the jump instruction we assume the jump we are not supporting in our current exercise. So, the only so the only instruction which would require this branch target address to be loaded in PC is are those conditional branch like instructions, but whether to load the PC with branch target address would be decided only in the ex state when the operands are compared whether they have found to be equal to or not whether something is found to be negative depending on the condition of the operands or arithmetic on the operands. So, since we want to defer the decision of like whether the branch target address is to be loaded here to the next clock cycle what we will do is that the information about a target address that we have calculated we will put it in the register this is the ALU out register ALU sorry result register this this one will load. So, it is enable signal to this will be asserted so that the branch target address is going to be stored here that is part of the decode sub cycle ALU is used it is not just reading out the registers pair of operands from the registers it is not just sending the instruction bits to the controller, but also tentatively calculating the calculating tentative branch target address and archiving it storing it in the ALU result register. So, that it can be used possibly in the next clock cycle otherwise we will just forget about it, but it is a safe place to keep it cannot be used immediately like in the case of PC plus 4 was used in the fetch sub cycle immediately in the same clock cycle the program counter was enable to be updated. Now, there is no such need it where it if jump where to be handled jump instruction then we would have seen that kind of you, but now we do not need any enabling of PC and so on and that is why this yeah so then we can similarly like you know list out which multiplexers are involved which other control signals are just set to what values. So, control signals for decode sub cycle so as you see here this multiplexer this multiplexer I have to yeah they are involved this multiplexers are not involved this multiplexer is to decide which value goes it gets written into the register that is not needed right now this like enabling of this register is involved these two registers they are perpetually enabled they are enabled all the time because you know we would not really bother about what is inside them only when we like you know we need them will it will be made sure that we have some sense like you know correct value there otherwise what is going into it this you would not be necessarily worried. So, we always let this registers be all the time enabled to be loaded you can verify that that is safe and fine. So, we do not need additional like you know control logic we just hard wire this enable signal to this A and B registers to be 1, but here this is we have to be more selective. So, let us make a list of things control signals to ALU SRCA that is that is ALU SRCA 0 1 we have to let PC which is now PC plus 4 you know that go through here and this other big one we have to let the constant 4 go here. So, this should be set to 0 this should be set to sorry not this right it I am sorry that was in the phase sub cycle it will be this which is basically 16 bit immediate field of instruction is sign extended to make it a 32 bit number is left shifted by 2 that is multiplied by 4 that is fed to the second input of this multiplexer and. So, that is 2 tick B 1 0 that is equivalent to the second. So, this is being connected. So, ALU source is 0 ALU SRC B is 2 and ALU result that registers enable signal the flip-flops enable signal is to be asserted high or 1 whatever right anything else I think that is that is more or less other ones other things take the default value that is their asserted or whatever like you know and yeah when we only when we need to start writing the very log code or HDL VHDL code then we have to be like you know we have to be exhaustive about all these values and so on, but this is more about getting an idea how do we go about it I think the picture should be fairly clear. Next we will let us take a look at the execute cycle execute sub cycle of the BQ instruction because this is we know something interesting will happen here this will this is the end of the instruction cycle this is at the end of the instruction cycle for BQ branch if equal to instruction. So, should be interesting. So, let us now again take one outline of the data path and see what is going to happen in execute sub cycle of BQ ALU is involved right. What will be happening in the branch if equal to the A and B which now hold the values of appropriate registers selected by the instruction so A and B are involved this values contents of A and B are compared for equality for that we have to arrange this multiplexers to root this to the ALU and ALU will may be do subtraction or check for equality by some comparator and put a status flag say 0 flag put it out 0 flag it is an output of the ALU status output of ALU this will go to the controller or some other control circuitry. So, that is what will be happening in this more interestingly like you know we also realize that we need the branch target address that was computed during the decodes sub cycle which is the previous clock cycle where is that available that is available inside the ALU result we just remarked on that right that we are using ALU in the decode clock cycle for something which could be possibly used right now and that is the case that we are at this is ALU result register. So, what about this this could possibly be conditionally be what that should get loaded into program counter PC, but it is not necessary right it would depend on whether the 0 flag says yes or not. So, depending on this 0 flag the enable input of this program counter is going to be asserted or not, but the point is that the multiplexers have to be configured to allow the comparison of A and B the two operands and ALU result which stores what branch target address stores branch target address that branch target address is we have to be ready to load it into the PC in case the conditions have been found to be correct or whatever like you know consist you want. So, this router this multiplexer also has to be configured appropriately. So, this multiplexer this multiplexer and this multiplexers are going to and note that ALU out is not of any interest status flag of ALU is of interest this is interest. So, this is how the portion of the data path that is which is relevant to this sub cycle. So, let us start like you know exercising our memory like what those names which multiplexers and what are the names multiplexer ALU SRC A that is involved is ALU SRC B that is involved we have to ALU controller ALU control should say compare or subtract. Subtract the two operands and if the subtraction gives a 0 then the 0 flag will be asserted and that is what we are using ALU source A says that A should be allowed to go through that is the port number 1 of that multiplexer here it is a port number 0 of that multiplexer the if it calls node this diagram this is. So, here I will be putting 0 because this is 0 and here in the select signal I will be putting 1 these are the think of these are select signals this basically 2 bits 0 0 2 bits. So, this selects this particular input port to go through that is the contents of B. So, I will write here ALU source B as 0 0 and this as 1 what else PC enable and also that multiplexer before PC SRC that should say 1 because this is from ALU out and this is from ALU result. So, branch target address is in the ALU result. So, that is why we should select this to go through, but what about PC enable that would depend on a combination of appropriate combination of 0 flag it would depend on it would depend on 0 flag right because sorry I could as well say 0 flag if 0 flag is asserted that means we have to kind of load this branch target address which is available in ALU result into the PC. So, the logic of PC enable logic driving PC enable will be just whether the ALU status says 0 flag is true or not this will mean some combination logic here. So, are we missing anything the execute P Q sub cycle more or less if something is missing to it as an exist think of it as an exercise for you to get more practice with this I think you have got mostly the idea I will just take let us just do a memory access memory access of store. Let us just draw the data path portion and leave the control signal exact definitions as an exercise for you is a store is in fact the terminal state last state at it is at the end of the instruction cycle of store instruction. So, what must be happening of course memory is involved. So, where does the address of the memory should come from where should it come from it should come from what is happened before memory store memory access of store it was execute stage of memory access of execute stage of. So, what happened before this instruction sub cycle in store instructions cycle it would have been the execute state sub cycle of store instruction in which the effective address of the memory location would have been computed by the ALU and stored into the ALU result for future use. So, ALU result would contains contains the memory address which was computed in the EX stores sub cycle execute stores sub cycle. So, this is now to be used over here. So, this multiplexer called I R D is going to play a role and is going to use the select signal value as 1. So, that this is allowed to go through address input of memory this is the store instruction. So, what also have should happen in this committing phase stage of store instruction cycle is at a data input port of memory this is the data input port of memory at this data input port of memory where should the information come from information should to be stored into the memory would be available in the B register. So, this is playing a role verify that from the semantics of the store instruction R T field of I R is going to indicate the register in which from which the data is to be taken and stored into memory location which is whose address is given by R S index register and the immediate field. So, that address has been computed previously B register has been loaded previously and that has to be used as data input over here. So, this is the B it is not clear it is a B thing remember that in the previous clock cycle this R T specified field of I R like you know indicated which register has to be contents of which register have to be loaded into B. So, that has already been done now there to be put into the appropriate location in the data memory data portion of the memory note that there is no role of register multiplexer there is no role of ALU here there is no role of register file and program counter and so on. So, this is the terminal state or sub cycle of stores store instruction similar just to end things I mean there are still more, but to get an idea of like what happens with register file that if some interesting cases remain which will take them as exercises later on. So, let us look at ex state of memory access or write back let us consider write back stage for say add instruction. So, here we assume that in the ALU result previously at the end of the previous clock cycle the result of the addition has been stored alright. So, now ALU is not involved now it just a matter of putting this in appropriate place where should this go to this should go to this should arrive finally, at the write data write data port of the register file. So, register file is going to be involved this multiplexer is going to be involved because that decides what should arrive here and what it should allow is this ALU result should be allowed to go through the 0 port of write data of this multiplexer. So, this multiplexer will give it a name. So, it is we can call it meme to rage this is meme to rage multiplexer is selected with 0 input and. So, that this ALU result is archived in the into the register file which register is it archived into that would be decided by this input of the register file and that is why this mux will play a role and it is the R D field R D field of of this instruction register. So, instruction register is also going to be involved in this picture. So, note that this was R S which is not playing a role here R T is also not playing a role, but R D got cluttered here. So, so again call it D 0 1 maybe we can do more justice to it by drawing some the part of this separately this is R R has some portions R S R T R D immediate and something else this is not really proper to the scale and whatever. So, R D is input to this multiplexers R T is also input to this multiplexer R T and R S goes separately to register file this is source 1 this is the index of source 2 this is the index of destination data 1 that goes to a data read out from the register specified here that goes to b that we are not concerned about in this case, but just having a complete picture of this is the data input to the register and where which register that is decided by this, but in this current instruction it is going to be and this normally it would have been from the M D R sorry this is not to be worried about the green lines are indicating our data path now, where is this coming from this is coming from the A U result A U result. So, I should technically draw this in green. So, indicating that register file is in picture of in this sub cycle it is getting updated because of this information this is not A and B we do not care A U also we do not care, but we care about the result of A U that we obtained in the previous clock cycle which is stored over here instruction I R is involved M D R is not involved A and B are not involved in this so called what piece is this, this is the write back of I R before that the A X of I R a execute stage of I R instruction had taken place and A U result is has the like the result of the addition operation the destination field of I R has the information about destination register and this this multiplexer allows this to go through this this multiplexer I call it M M 2 Rage. So, M M 2 Rage should be set to 0 indicating that it is a register that should go not the M D R in some other case in fact it will be in the load write back stage of load instruction cycle it the data flow will be like this while doing that exercise you will be able to use this will see the use of M D R and the other value for M 2 Rage. So, this should become 0 this should be this I call it Rage D S destination. So, what is it give it arbitrary name that should be 1 this control signal so that this goes through so, this will be this together gives some picture of a good enough picture of I guess the different sub cycles and how control signals are output by the finite state machine in this in those individual clock cycles.


Hi, my name is Alex, I'm a librarian at the University of Alabama, and today I'm going to talk about how to create a systematic review protocol and why you should create one. If you're watching this video, you probably have some idea of what a systematic review is. But what is a systematic review protocol? According to Prisma, a systematic review protocol describes the rationale, hypothesis, and planned methods of the review. It should be prepared before a review is started and used as a guide to carry out the review. As the National Institutes of Health note, a systematic review can act as a roadmap for your review and your review team. It's especially helpful with keeping the entire review team on track, especially when working remotely. It also promotes transparency of methods, which is crucial to a systematic review. This is especially the case when you register your protocol with a systematic review protocol registry. More on that later. There are plenty of freely available systematic review templates available on the web, but this is one that I use. We'll provide a link to it below. Here you'll explicitly document all major aspects of your upcoming review. Your background, objective, and review question should be all clearly stated so that your review team stays focused on the original research question. You'll also need to spell out your search strategy. We recommend either consulting with a research librarian or bringing one on to the review team. You may want to also document your search terms and subject headings here. You'll also provide inclusion and exclusion criteria. That your inclusion and exclusion criteria stays consistent throughout the whole process is especially important in terms of transparency and reproducibility. You'll document data extraction strategies, timetables, and research roles in the rest of the protocol. In order to ensure transparency and let other researchers know what you're working on, you'll probably want to register your protocol in a systematic review protocol registry. You may want to contact a librarian to determine which registry is best for you. They largely differ in terms of discipline slash content. Prospero is primarily for public health, health education, and biomedical reviews, while the open science framework is multidisciplinary in nature. We'll take a quick look at Prospero. Here you can find instructions on registering your review, and you can also search their collection of registered protocols. This will allow you to see what other researchers are working on, which could reduce duplication of efforts. And that's all for this video, hopefully you now have a better idea of what a systematic review protocol is, why you should create one, and how you can register your protocol. And remember, if you have a question, just ask a librarian.


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