Check and see if you're still alive, if you are, just do this much for your sake. This is the end of suffering. Once there is no fear of suffering, only then you will explore the full depth and dimension of this life. Outside challenges are many, there are many things in the world.  But am I functioning for myself or am I functioning against myself within this? Is my life little more exuberant, little more better, little more joyful, little more peaceful? You just measure this every day. So you must maintain an account book. Yes, if you're doing business, how do you know whether you're progressing? Only one who keeps accounts knows whether he is making money or going down, isn't it so? Similarly, you must maintain an account. You just see, let's say yesterday you were joyful five times in the day. Today if you're six, you're better. Tomorrow if you're seven, you're better. But day after tomorrow if you're three, you're worse. How many moments of joy do you have? Why I'm talking about joys, we are not using joy as a goal. Joy is a measure, joy means you're at ease.  Joy does not mean that you attained to something. Joy simply means life has come to ease, you're not messing yourself up. Spend five minutes, have I been better today than yesterday? Has my day been better?  Here I'm not trying to tell you what to eat and what not to eat.  Whatever you do must happen consciously. Your selection of food and consumption of food also must happen consciously.  When I say how you eat it, these are all life substances. Every one of them had a life of their own, whether it's a plant, animal, vegetable, every one of them had a life of their own. If you approach it with a certain sense of gratitude and reverence towards the food that you eat, when I say reverence, it may feel like too much for you, but I'm asking you. Let's say we put you in a room and you had nothing to eat for five days. If God appears in front of you, what will you ask for? Food? So that's how important it is. You must understand the food on your plate is not just a substance, it is not a material, it is not a commodity, it is life. It is the life-making material for you. So you must treat it as such. Right now, when it's on the plate, when it's out there, it has no value, but the moment you consume it and it becomes your flesh and blood, now suddenly it's of immense value. Why do we live like this? It's very important when it comes on your plate itself, you must treat it as a part of yourself. With great reverence, you must consume. Just the way you consume it, if you change that, food will behave very differently within you. The soil that you walk upon has a certain sense of intelligence and memory. So even if you happen to live in a concrete jungle, it is important to keep in touch with the earth upon which you live. Create ways for yourself to somehow remain in touch with the soil or the earth upon which you live, that part of the earth. With your bare hands and bare feet, see particularly the palms and the soles if they come in touch with the earth on a daily basis at least for a few minutes. A certain harmonizing of the physiological process will happen, just being in contact with the earth.  Stay in touch with it and harmonize your system.  Two minutes, just see, suppose you're going to die right now in two minutes time, how it'll be and then sleep.   Suppose you wake up tomorrow. No, no, no. No, that's not... See, you think it's... you think it's a joke, that's a problem. Every day, nearly three hundred thousand people don't wake up tomorrow. So in case you wake up tomorrow, check and see if you're still alive. If you are, just do this much for your sake, not my sake.  Hello? Is your... Is your life worth this much? See, do not think every day you will wake up, one day you will not wake up. Yes or no?  Check if you're still alive. If you're dead, I will pardon you. If you're alive, one big smile. Then if three hundred thousand people die on the planet, maybe three to five million people would have lost somebody who's dear to them. So just check those four or five people who matter to you in your life. All of them still alive. One more smile. Hello? And you looked at the watch, it's seven o'clock and you're still alive. One more smile, hello? From now on you must do this every time you look at the time. If you're alive, you must smile. Because this is the greatest thing happening to you. Not your money, not your profession, not your family, you're alive right now. This is the thing. Very brief. Let's make it happen. Your ability to live well on this planet is essentially how well you can harness this body and this mind. Yes or no? So if you have to harness this the way you want it, it's very important there is a little space between you and the body. There is a little space between you and the mind. Whatever suffering, any kind of suffering that you have known in your life has entered you either through the body or through the mind. Do you know any other kind of suffering? Do you know any other kind of suffering? Physical suffering, mental suffering, there's only two things you know, isn't it? If a little distance arises between you and the body, between you and the mind, this is the end of suffering. Once there is no fear of suffering, only then you will explore the full depth and dimension of this life. So one thing we want to do is we are bringing this what's called as Isha Kriya which gives you a distance between you and your thought, between you and your body. If people experience this for two minutes a day, their lives will change. Definitely.  You will not like any drink or drug or whatever because it is a much big high than that. Much much big high than anything that you have seen. So one of the resolutions that you take for the new year is, I meditate.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's case breaks.com coming at you with a 2022 Panini VIP national exclusive Gold and silver pack break. This is a random team break number nine one spot gets you four teams We're doing 25 gold packs 20 silver packs We're gonna go by our college rules for any of the college uniforms there It'll basically go to the team they're currently on unless they're retired.  Let's quadruple you up. There's one already There's two three and four there should be 84 items on each list And there's all the teams right there one dice roll for both lists. It's gonna be three and a six nine times each one two three four five six seven eight and ninth and final time After nine we got Robert on the pole Nick in the 84 spot Three and a six nine times for the teams one two three four five six seven eight and ninth and final time After nine we got you they you Ventus the Italian soccer club down to the Detroit Lions I'm not gonna got to preserve my voice is I'm not gonna read all these names off right here And teams but I'm gonna show you the list as is we'll slowly scroll through it And then I'll re-randomize I'll organize these by your first name so you'll see all of your teams grouped together But Nick I would love to see a one-on-one out of here for sure So we just want to get all this on the recording You can go through it again if you'd like now Let's go back to the top sort by your first name. So glow bug Alex. They're your teams right there Anthony Jason Lucas Nick has a lot of teams there.  They are in Los Angeles I think there's some pregame happening here. Yeah, I think they'll be starting in about 10 minutes or so All right, we're gonna pause the video when we come back We're gonna see if there's any trades then we will have the pack breaks. So stick around BRB Hi, welcome back everybody. So there was a deal done Niko is out of the Eagles spot. It's a bird trade here Niko is out of the Eagles spotted into the Ravens spot He's looking to try to add some Justin Tucker for his PC Nick is out of the Ravens spot and now into the Eagles spot So a bird for birds will put tea next to there for for trade so we know they're from We'll see who draws first blood if any now. Let's trade on those clothes It's alphabetized by team It'll be easier for me to take a look at who gets what and Let's do the break. So let's do the silver packs first. We're doing 20 silver packs one two three four five six seven It's a thicker pack eight nine ten one two three four five six seven eight nine and ten Good luck ladies and gentlemen So as you've noticed by now the silver packs are on a paper stock Whereas the gold packs will be in that prism stock Gold packs are a little more valuable But there could be some surprises in silver packs as well I think we alternate from base card to a numbered card Obviously all card shit autographs are a fewer and far between but I think those are mainly in the gold packs There might be in silver packs that might be a little more rare and We can run this back a number of times So if you want to if you want to run this back tonight, we can't jaspysteakstrakes.com I think we can do at least another At least on their hands for the breaks so we can do as many as as people want to until People grow weary of these All right, sir. I'll see you I've got a Bryce Harper to the 199 and we got a wander Franco rookie card Nice who's got the rays People find some Nick Nick end with that one. That's to 499 Acunha junior red to 99 for the Braves another wander Franco this time orange Nick That is to 199 With LeBron James to 50 nice John Marant to 199. It's Joey Logano Malik Willis. It's 99 Bobby Whit jr. Say a Suzuki to 199 It's got the Royals Nick Stover has the Royals Titans I'll be Nick N with the Titans We've got Nick's Nikos other Nick's a lot of lot of Nicholas's in this break LeBron James Lakers, that's Robert Robert on the board. There's Mike trout to 25 Jalen Suggs to 199 The Christian Pulisic one of one Nice, I don't think we have a soccer spot and I don't think we have a team USA spot So this goes into the all other All other not on the list. That's for Nick Nappy There you go, Nick Will will will Christian Pulisic Lead the US men's national team lead us to glory Don't know we'll find out this winter Nick All aboard the Big Hit Express He called it to he called the shot he said he said I'm gonna be pulling him one of ones I was like, maybe I'd like to under promise and over deliver But but Nick was confident. Here's another train whistle Two out of five Jordan a luller That is for the diamond backs and that's Nick nap Nick again another train whistle He's got the D-back spot out of fives and under get the train whistle All of it Got more of this in the store folks jasky's case breaks.com. There's Peyton Manning in 199 and a rally 17 out of 25 Ken Kings Allen at Fannica for the Steelers And that will be that's Nick again with the Steelers. He's heating up. He's on fire There's Steph Curry to 199 MVP Nikola Yovitch 99 Lamello ball to 199 To tease junior to 50 Jameson willing to the Lions to 199 Here's another Jordan Lawler to 99 Spencer Torkelson to 199 and for the Pirates Henry Davis Now Mike trout was to 25. That's nice low number two has the angels Nick Stover this time with the halos and Yeah, Nick Nick end With that Steph Curry to numbered car will all shipping team will make sure they're all sleeved and top-loaded Before they are sorted out. All right now gold packs Think we've got at least a handful of more if not a bit bit more than that just One two three four five six seven eight nine ten One two three four five six seven eight nine ten That's twenty one two three four and five twenty five gold packs All right. Good luck. And you'll notice already that these will be in there in a in that prism of stock Nick end calling another one-of-one. That'd be nice Like I said, we've got another one of these in the store. We can probably run these these golden silver packed rakes back a few times Maybe five times maybe more I haven't done a an official count. I'm gonna have Maybe have one of our Get one of our team members to do that for me Yeah, these are great. It's a multi sport. There's You know, these are exclusive Most of these I think we'll say VIP on the back if not all of them so you know that they're specifically from the national Yeah, just reach out to our shipping team Hit the support button on jaskies case breaks calm and let them know What you'd like and then we'll we'll work with you. All right There's Jerry Rice That's that must be a shorter print though that parallel whatever that is animal some sort of a beast Luca Donchich George Brett to 15 nice low number for the Royals that's gonna be That's gonna be for Nick Stover maybe an alligator print. Yeah, it could be a little alligator skin Reptile Charles Barkley sixers addition to 50 Zach Wilson rookie hyper and behind Tom Brady an autograph Wow a one-of-one Lamar Jackson Peacock parallel and auto And that was part of the trade Niko Peacock print autograph and a one-of-one Ravens drawing first blood in that trade. There you go Niko. Hey Nicholas is happy for you. I like that There you go Niko All aboard the Big Head Express That's real nice really sharp Zach Wilson's not too shabby either that hyper parallel not numbered but going to the Jets jets jets jets and that will be for Nick And I'll be topping cracked ice to 99 Joe Namath to 25 for the Jets And this is college Cade Cunningham, of course will go to Detroit and a Mickey Mantle for the Yankees tiger stripe Just say it is listed as alligator on the checklist. All right. I guess I'll have to go with alligator. All right, um Yankees Nick Nick N with the tiger stripe Mick Nick with Mick and Joe Namath once again will go to the Jets That's also for Nick N 25 Theo Maladon Kevin Durant Emmett Smith to 99 Quickly and here is what do they call it? Is this a giraffe print? I gotta I gotta look at the checklist Kind of like kind of like my name for it better than Braves Nick N with the bravos There's a Mack Jones for the Patriots Robert with the Pats John L. Wade in 99 that's a Lamello ball rookie card For the Hornets that'll be for Nick N. Wow and another Lamello for the Hornets With the the laser parallel there you go Nick Nick Nappy rookie Lamello Fernando to tease junior cracked ice to 99 another Cade Cunningham Justin Herbert hyper Casey my poor Casey my has never really got a season off the ground But the foreign number one overall pick hopefully he bounces back for the Tigers and for Nick Nick N Got a Zion got a tealaw rookie card and an OB topping who's got the Jaguars That will be that'll be for Nick N nice break everybody Another great break in the books more silver and gold packs in the store get him while supplies last lays dumbin Only a finite amount and then this month This has got to be the highlight of the break right a couple other train whistles in here, too Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us I'm Joe for jazzy's case breaks calm and I'll see you next time for the next gold and silver pack break


We owned them. How many congressional offices did you actually own? Jack Abramoff may be the most notorious and crooked lobbyist of our time.  I had two people on my staff whose virtual full-time job was booking tickets. The best tickets to all the areas sporting events and junkets to the world's great golf destinations, food and drinks on the house, access to private jets. And the congressman or senator could take his favorite people from his district. The congressman or senator could take two dozen of his favorite people. Was all that legal? At times we didn't care. Abramoff targeted Volce and offered him a job.  We were guilty of engaging in corrupt relationships so there were several corrupting moments. There isn't just one moment. There were many. You could own the office by offering a job to the chief of staff say, I'm having two reactions. One is brilliant and the other is I'm sick to my stomach. Right, evil. Everything that we want, they're going to do. And not only that, they're going to think of things we can't think of to do. Subverting the essence of our system. Absolutely right. But our system is flawed and has to be fixed. There are lots of things in Washington that would seem to be illegal, but really aren't if you know your way through the loopholes. When Congress passed the Ethics Reform Act of 1989, it plainly stated a member shall convert no campaign funds to personal use. But soon afterwards congressional leaders quietly invented something called leadership packs, political action committees that were not technically campaign funds and thus exempt from the personal use prohibition. This is a loophole. Right. Today, nearly every congressman and senator has a leadership pack, not just the leaders. Like a political slush fund. That's exactly what it is. It's a political slush fund. Over time, we've had them, they've been outlawed, they spring back in new guises. This is the latest guise. Senator John Edwards used his leadership pack to pay his mistress, Rielle Hunter, $114,000 to make a campaign video. And Republican Congressman Andrew Crenshaw of Florida spent $32,000 hosting a tour of California wineries for a group of contributors from the defense industry, which he has some oversight of. The Federal Election Commission is called the level of abuse substantial. When folks are asked for campaign donations, and when they make campaign donations, I don't think they have any idea that some of that money is actually going into the member's personal bank account. Another example, unfortunately, where the rules that apply to the rest of us don't really apply to members of Congress.


Now, I don't know if it works in Poland, you see. How many of you have read Harry Potter? Harry Potter? Oh, okay. Once you translate it to Polish, everybody's read it, right? Harry Potter, great. I love Harry Potter, but Harry Potter, the problem with Harry Potter is it's made me poor. I spent well over $2,000 in Harry Potter. Think of it. I have two boys, I have two sons. They were about the same age as Harry when the books came out, right? So every single book that came out, I had to buy two copies. The night it came out, because they both wanted to read it all night, right? So I had to buy two copies. And then I wanted to read it. So I bought the audio tapes, right?  That was a family thing we did. So I had to buy three copies of Harry Potter's books every time they came out. But then there were the movies. And I don't think there were just seven movies, right? So seven times three is 21 books I had to buy. And then the movies, but there were like nine or 10 movies because they wanted to maximize the amount of money they made on them, so they cut them up into lots of different pieces, right? So then another 10 movies I had to go to. And then there's all the like the Disneyland rides and all the stuff. I spent over $2,000 in Harry Potter. And according to Thomas Piketty, I'm $2,000 poorer because of it. And J.K. Rollins, the woman who wrote Harry Potter, is a billionaire. I mean, how disgusting is that? Like, it's horrible. Like, inequalities just exploded. I got poorer by $2,000 and she got super rich. Because what can't he measure? Ever. Economists cannot measure this. What is it? The value I get and my children get from reading Harry Potter. And the value I get from my children enjoying something. You can't measure that. There's no dollar sign next to enjoyment. There's no dollar sign next to spiritual values. There's no dollar sign next to happiness or fun or however you want to define it. We can only put dollar signs next to money. So the whole debate about these pies assumes a fixed pie. It's all material. There's no actual value there. Just material value. Anything you get in exchange. And it's not even material value. Because even though the iPhone, in some ways, is a material value, in other ways, it's spiritual value. Because I can listen to music on it. I can watch TV on it. I can do all these other things on it. I don't even measure this material value. The pie is only dollars. It's only money. And life's not about money. Shocking from a capitalist, I know. But life's not about money. Life's about happiness and fulfillment and success and flourishing, which you need money for. And a lot of money helps. But the measure of one's happiness or the measure of one's fulfillment and flourishing is not how many dollars you have in a bank. And if anything, people who hold money instead of actually spending on things that they enjoy, are probably not having as much fun. So there's no pie because the pie grows and the pie's not just money. The pie's also these spiritual values. And we can't measure those things. So we can't even analyze a pie. So that's one of the problems with pie. It just doesn't work. It doesn't reflect anything about reality. It doesn't tell us anything we didn't know before we used the analogy. This is why analogies and metaphors are very, very dangerous because they usually don't mean anything. But people like to simplify. But when we simplify, we usually lose what's interesting. And in this case, we lose everything that's interesting. But there's another problem with the pie. What assumption do we make when we talk about pies and pizzas? The assumption is that somehow this pie belongs to us. Poland has a pie. But the fact is that Poland doesn't own anything. Poland doesn't create any wealth. Poland doesn't pursue any values. You do. And you do.  But Poland doesn't exist for all meaningful purposes. What exists are individuals. So yes, as an economist, I can take your pie and your pie and your pie and squish them all together and pretend it's a Polish pie. But it isn't. It's your pie and your pie and your pie. And I have no right to take your pies. What right do I have to your pies? The fact is that each one of us creates his own pie. And how do you get to decide how much of it you get to take? It's my pie. And if I get to keep it, there is no national income. There is no GDP. There is no national wealth. Those abstractions from the fact that you have wealth and you have wealth and you make income and you make income and you make income. These are bad, bad abstractions. Not to be useful for economics. But they're also very confusing because suddenly we think, oh, I'm an American. My GDP is trillions of dollars, 15 trillion dollars. Isn't that cool? And then I get to vote on how much of the trillion dollars, 15 trillion dollars I get to keep? No, you don't. It's not your 15 trillion. If you only make 50,000 a year, that's yours. That's it. If I make a million dollars a year, that's mine. That's it. And you don't get any of mine and I shouldn't be able to get any of yours. And you don't get to squish pies together and pretend that they're your pie. So the whole pie analogy is conditioned on collectivism. What is collectivism? Collectivism is the idea that the group is more important than the individual. However you define the group, the nation is more important than the individual, or the tribe is more important than the individual, or the proletarian is more important than the individual, or the race is more important than the individual, or fill in the bank is is more important individual. And that my friends is anti-liberty, anti-freedom, anti-everything that we should stand for. And that's why I reject all those isms including the way we use nationalism. Because at the end of the day nationalism is the idea that the nation is above the individual. And I say no nothing is above the individual. There's a nation, alright? Who cares? It's either a rights-protecting nation or a rights-violating nation.  I want to live in a place where it's violated a little, not a lot. That's it. I don't care where that is on the planet Earth. I don't care what the color of the skin of the people around me is. I don't care where they come from. I don't even care what language they talk, but they better speak English. Because that's it for me. I want my rights to be violated the least, ideally zero. But that not happening in my lifetime. So the least is best. That's an individualistic perspective on the world. That is a rights-respecting perspective on the world. The group has no priority over the individual. And what happens when we place the group above the individual? What do we always demand of the individual to do? To sacrifice for the group. You have a big piece of the pie. You've got to sacrifice a piece of it for us. No. I don't believe in coercion. I don't believe in force. I don't believe in sacrifice. But note that the whole debate about inequality is contingent on sacrifice, contingent on force, contingent on coercion. The whole idea is you don't deserve the piece of pie that you make, and we're going to steal some of it in the name of what? Never in the name of me getting powerful or me getting rich at your expense. It's always in the name of the group, the collective, the states, the nation, the race, the tribe, fill in the blank, right? Whatever it happens to be. Some higher cause than merely you individual. And I say there is no higher cause than you individual. And that is the great discovery that is the West. When we talk about Western civilization. Western civilization is not about countries. It's not about nations. It's not about tribes. It's not about collectives. The innovation that is Western civilization is the respect for the first time in history we attribute to the individual. We have elevated the individual above all those other groups. We have made the priority of the state only to protect that individual and do nothing else. That is the real achievement of the West. It comes from the recognition that each one of us as individuals has a mind. And in our mind and our reason and our rationality are able to know reality, understand it, integrate it. And therefore we can all take care of ourselves. We don't need mother government to take care of us. We don't need somebody else deciding how much pie I get. You get as much as you produce.


High-quality optical ring resonators can confine light in a small volume and store it for millions of round trips, enabling the development of integrated photonic components in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. However, the mid-infrared spectral region lags behind in development. This study demonstrates the integration of mid-infrared ring resonators and directional couplers with a quantum cascade active region in the waveguide core, allowing electrical control of the resonant frequency, quality factor, coupling regime, and coupling coefficient. The device can act as a tunable filter, non-linear frequency converter, or frequency comb generator depending on its operating point. The integration of multiple active resonators and waveguides allows for the implementation of purpose-specific mid-infrared active photonic integrated circuits for spectroscopy, communication, and microwave generation. This article was authored by Dmitry Kozakov, Theodore P. Lettsu, Maximilian Baser, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


People connecting is not just a simple one or two words. In my experience, we've managed to do it in a way that builds an honest and a sincere politics. We've managed to do it in a way that has combated hundreds of millions of dollars in negative advertising. And we've done it in a way that has, in even a small way, continued America's journey towards a more perfect union. So I take these things very seriously. By way of just a tiny bit of biography, in 1989 I interned for Senator John Kerry and actually started to work on something very basic which was casework for veterans, men and women who had served in the armed services and helping them with housing and education and getting their families through college on the GI Bill and things like that. I also worked on the 20th anniversary of Earth Day in 1990 and the casework became policy work and the work I did on Earth Day which was 250,000 people in Boston celebrating environmental protection set me on the road of events and events for me like this are congregations. One of the interesting things is that we started with very little and I'm going to give you a couple examples. There are presidential elections involving a total of 600 million people and $4 billion. Being discounted and being marginalized and being underestimated is actually something that's quite empowering. And when I googled the campaign, when I was thinking about joining and they were asking me to join, I loved the idea that the three words that came up were improbable and unlikely and long shot. And if this were a college audience I would spend a lot more time telling people that they shouldn't ever let anyone be at the chattering class or anyone really define what is probable and what is likely because clearly in this situation the consensus was 100% wrong. American presidential politics sink or swim in the two early states of Iowa and New Hampshire. They're intensely local and kind of organic exercises. The joke in both states is one person says to another who are you going to vote and they say I don't know I've only met them all three times. So there's a sense of ownership over the process and people expect to see these folks quite frequently. So if you went to Max Apples on a Tuesday at 10.30 not only could you buy your apples and pumpkins but you could spend an hour and a half with Barack Obama talking about any number of issues and your hopes and aspirations for the future of America. We would spend long days and go buy something as simple as this, something that is so organic and it's honesty that it would just give us the energy to get up the next day. One of the things that we did and I'm going to talk about our main online tool, we looked at each individual not only just a supporter but as an organizer which is a much different way of looking at people. Not just a single persuasion exercise but someone that we could actually give the tools to and let them come in and be the campaign. And the main way we did that was through My Barack Obama.com but here on the right was the first time ever where we were inviting people to come in and giving them the tools personalized the campaign the people already in their lives with the Obama campaign. And the way it worked is just like when you sign up for a free email address and you could start to organize the people that you already had in your lives. We created much more of a two-way street with our supporters. So that's one way of connecting with people. Another thing that we did is through what's called earned and free media which is putting on events that get news in the television and on newspapers that reflect what they would have cost had you done them as an ad by. So once a quarter in those early states this is New Hampshire we would do what we call television ready events. And here you can kind of just see the very embryonic first steps of the larger Obama rally brand. And we also had to connect with people outside of the early states drain the oxygen out of that narrative that we were improbable that we were unlikely and that we were long shot. So this is Florida. This is Minnesota. Three in four and five thousand people getting the free media signing people up on mybarackobama.com looking at them as potential organizers and not just supporters. Now another tool that we used is surrogates and validators people other than the candidate. Mrs. Obama was tremendously effective especially when you look at how so many of swing voters in the United States of America are women. Senator Biden was extremely helpful. One of the things I love saying when I go around the world because I'm really proud of this is that the most powerful political force in American presidential politics is a home owning mother of two. That is where everything is decided. And so when you look at reaching out to that demographic with someone that has a relationship there that is already connected with those people Oprah was a perfect way to connect with those people by way of a validator or a surrogate. It's no secret that we were weak with older white voters and so no surrogate was better than President Kennedy's younger brother Senator Kennedy from my home state of Massachusetts. So those are kind of traditional outreach techniques in a way because we started with nothing and because we started with so little we were either forced to be very creative or we were allowed to be creative. You can think about that two different ways but no one had ever done this before because we needed to connect with young people we started to buy ad space on video games. Now you can think of we did that because we were creative or you can think that we did that because we started with so little. The answer is actually somewhere in between. Hockey games. Now towards the end of the first campaign this is taking earned and free media and pushing it into light speed. This is 100,000 people in St. Louis. We're ringing that event with 7 or 8,000 volunteers getting all the contact information we can from these folks looking at building a relationship with them rather than just a single persuasion exercise. And then on the earned and free media side there was about 30 or 40 camera crews there in St. Louis so that's a couple million viewers and then the fact that we created such a compelling and sexy and energetic image this went all around the world so this in one way or another touched about a half billion people in the 48 hours after we did this event and that is back on that idea of free media and we won. The second campaign I believe that campaigns are the courtship but governing is the marriage. All of a sudden it's not just aspirations what are we going to do as a team in the future and build a house and have a family and all that other stuff. Now it's time to actually deliver. Now it's time for responsibilities. Now it's time for tangible deliverables to one another. As soon as you start governing you automatically start disappointing people. As soon as you start to focus on health care reform then the people who want you to work on global climate change are going to say I thought you were concerned about our thing and as soon as you focus on early childhood education the people that are going through the foreclosure crisis are going to say and I thought you were going to focus on the foreclosure crisis. So there's a built in disappointment factor the day you take office. Now to focus on the second campaign we back on these very core original principles of connecting with people and giving them the tools to connect with one another. We decided a year out our goal was one million conversations and that's not one million faceless volunteers calling an endless list of people that's one million conversations people truly connecting. 95,000 conversations we got done in the state of Florida one year before election day. 87,000 in Virginia. 85,000 in Nevada. Back on that idea of individual to individual self-organization. I should also say by virtue of a Supreme Court decision that we knew unregulated corporate spending in elections was rendered legal and we knew we were going to be up against at least 100 million dollars in unregulated corporate spending attacking President Obama. Separate in addition to what our opponent could legally spend. So if you want to take what 5 million dollars spent trying to tarnish your brand and multiply that by 100 and then you throw in the legal expenditures of our opponent you're talking about negative adds to the tune of almost a billion dollars and we knew that our one card to play was maintaining this foundation of people connecting, one person connecting with another. But one of the main things that changed between 2000 and 2008 and the second campaign is that the world had gone mobile. And for example we found that people under the age 30 didn't even have a landline. They weren't tethered to any one address in terms of how you could you know get mail to them or get phone calls to them. So we turned to one of the main portals through which people under the age 30 were conducting their online lives. So we created a targeted sharing app and the idea of this is that if you're an Obama supporter you would give the campaign permission to come in and run analytics on your friends and then we would say hey you have 17 friends in Ohio, 13 friends in Florida and 27 friends in Virginia. And we're going to give you some tools that we think might be effective as you reach out to them. So it was based on that one to one contact, based on that self organizing and personalization but using a tool that had really come to the fore between the first campaign and the second. The other thing back on that kind of mobile online life is we had to adapt to texting and SMS's. So we built this quick donate tool and once a supporter put in their credit card information we could you know say for example on the night of a debate or some important milestone in the campaign we could send them a text and if they just responded with five it would be a five dollar donation. Back on those early low dollar donors, ten, ten dollars that kind of thing. And this is what it would look like when you received it. We updated mybarackobama.com into what we finally called dashboard but you can see here the same thing, a strong focus on creating political activity rather than the 20th century model of just reading about it and absorbing information. This is really tools where people can go out set up these events, call tool very simple idea but instead of just having volunteers call endless lists of people we would have veterans call veterans teachers call teachers. Very simple but back on that idea of personalization and giving people the tools to really personalize their involvement. Our quick donate donors that SMS tool I just mentioned generated a hundred and fifteen million dollars and our internals analytics told us that 75 million of those dollars wouldn't have come to us if we did not have that culturally appropriate tool for the mobile online young people. Our targeted sharing app on Facebook was downloaded by 600,000 people and through that they reached out to and were able to persuade five million people and that was our margin of victory. And then this is the thing that I'm most proud of because it gets back all the way not only to the core principles of the very earliest days of the Obama effort but it gets back to why I do what I do and my belief and why all these events are like congregations which is through dashboard 358,000 offline events were organized and that is what allowed us to beat back against 500 million dollars in negative ads and that's what allowed us to win. Thank you very much.


It's a Longhorn engineer and did a lot of progress on the pinball machine. The multi-ball is working now. The floppy drive which blocks the ramp right here is done. What that's going to do is when you're between modes it pops up and it makes you enter a new program basically into the computer. Also when you switch modes you have to reload the floppy drive to swap it out. Let's see what else have I gotten done. Oh I rewrote a couple of sound drivers to make it more efficient and use less RAM. One of the things I need to implement is this spinner that's not wired in yet. It should be soon. Let's see. I think that's about it because I'm just running the demo and see if I can get multi-ball.


In this video I'm going to tell you how you can easily download any email from any email account that you have access to, doesn't matter if it's your own email server, doesn't matter if it's Google or Yahoo or anything. You can use this program iSync to download and sync any kind of mail repository. Maybe you want to download all your mail just to have a backup of everything. Maybe you want to download your mail because you don't want Google to have direct access to it all the time. Or maybe as I talked about a couple videos ago you want to use MUT or another offline client for accessing your email offline. For any of those use cases iSync is a great program. You can use it once to download all your mail and you can run it again and it will download new mail, sync everything. You can make changes in the way you want and there are a lot of different ways you can set it up to get the exact kind of setup you want. I'm going to talk about iSync in this video. It's easy to download. It's pretty much in every Linux repository. It's nothing too special. To be clear, iSync is the name of the project, mbsync is the name of the executable. The program you actually run is called mbsync and we're going to be making really one config that that program uses and it's going to have all the info in it. Anyway, let's just do it. I'm going to set up... Well, I should say there is some information you need to know. You probably already know it. You need, of course, an account. Here is a junk email account I made and here is its password. You might not know your email server's IMAP address so you need to get your server address and your port. Your port number is nearly certainly 993 but your server might be... I think it's mail.gmail.com if you have a Gmail. Just look it up. They always provide them but you just need your IMAP server and your IMAP port and additionally you need to know where your CA certificate is. You probably have one of these installed. You just need to know where on your system it is. You don't even need to know what it is. You just need to know where it is on your system. For most Linux distributions, I think it's here. At least it is. I'm using Arch Linux and I have it there and for Mac OS people tell me that that's where it is but you might want to double check. But once you know that, you should be pretty good. I should say for Gmail users, I make a little note here, you're going to want to allow what they call less secure applications to access your Google account. That really means third party applications. They're just trying to scare you but allow that and then you'll be able to log in with your credentials and download your email. But anyway, most people don't have to do that unless you have Gmail. It's actually pretty easy to set this up so let's do it really quickly. I am going to, the relevant config file I should say is mbsyncrc. So I'm going to open this up. It's blank so I'm going to start adding some stuff. And the first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to give it the information for the remote IMAP or really the email server and the username and password we log in and then I'm going to give it the information of where I want the mail stored on my computer and then the settings for how they sync. That's basically what we're going to do. So let's give it, first off we're going to say IMAP store and we're going to name. This is going to be all the information for the remote repository that we're logging into. So my junk email account is mutt at cock.ly.  So you can name it pretty much anything you want as long as it syncs with how you call it. So the host, you're going to want to give it a host and that is going to be your IMAP server. In my case it's mail.cock.ly. I'm going to give it a port and that's 993. It's nearly always 993 but yours could be different. You might want to look it up. And I'm going to have user. User is going to be my email address.  I'm going to put in my password. Now when it comes to passwords, there are multiple things you can do. One, you don't actually need to include your password here. And if you do not include it, if you run mbsync, it's just going to ask you for your password each time. But I'm going to put it in here. You can also say pass command and then give it some kind of command to run to get your password. If you have something like, you know, pass or something to or some kind of password manager, you can use that. But I'm going to be lazy. I'm just going to put the password here, you know. We'll talk about that in another video. So you include that and you'll also want to say the SSL type and we want to log in with, you know, IMAP secure. And we're going to, because of that, I think we need to put a certificate, certificate file. And the certificate file is going to be that little, this file down here that I mentioned just a second ago. So I'm going to copy this in here. So there's where my certificate file is going to be. Okay, so that should be all the things that we need to log into the server. Now we want to set where we want this mail to be kept on our computer. Okay, so I'm now going to say mail dear store.  Okay, because this is going to be our local repository of the cock.ly account. Okay, now it's pretty simple enough to do. So for the path, the path is basically just going to be the location of the mail. I'm going to put it in let's say mail cock. And importantly, you want to include a trailing slash here. That's important because it'll do really weird stuff if you don't include a trailing slash here. Now you also have to put an inbox. I actually don't know if you actually have to put this, but I'm going to put it anyway.  I don't think you need a trailing slash here, but the last thing you want to do is say sub folders and you want to say verbatim. Now what this means here is that so mail servers will sometimes, well by default, I'll just say isync will look at mail server file folders and they will rename them or do weird things for them. Basically the setting here says, okay, when you see sub folders in this mail repository, just create folders on the local machine. That's what we want, okay? So that's all that does. Now once we have that, so we have the information for the both the remote and local accounts, we want to put those together and provide settings for how they sync, okay? And that's all we have to do.   I'm actually going to move this or maybe, oh yeah, going to move this thing.  Now additionally, I'm going to put a couple other settings and I'm going to explain what they do and I think they're all pretty important, okay? So one is create and I'm going to put both. I'm going to put expunge both. I'm going to put patterns star and I'm going to put sync state star, okay? So what do all these means? Create an expunge, basically create both means if I create a folder or a new box on one repository, the next time I run mbsync, I want you to create that folder on the other repository. If you don't include this, new folders will not be created or stuff like that. Expunge is sort of similar but with deletion. So if I am on my own machine, say I download my mail with isync and I'm using a client on my computer where I delete some emails. Now if you don't have expunge both, once you sync it, the emails in your remote repository, they will be marked as deleted. They'll have like a line through them on Gmail or something but they won't actually be deleted. And usually if you delete them, you actually want them deleted. So I put expunge both. But you know, you can play around with the settings. The other two things that are important are patterns. Patterns determines which mailboxes to sync and if we give it the star, that means all the mailboxes, inbox, synth, whatever, sync them all regardless of what they look like. And importantly, sync state, it's important to explain what this is or you could just copy it, sync state star. Basically, how MBSync works is that it keeps little files that detail what kind of, you know, when the last time you did a download and what kind of files have changed remotely or whatever. Basically, by default, those files are kept elsewhere but if you give it a star, those files are kept within the mailbox. Now why this is important, basically, if you delete, let's say hypothetically, I download all my mail and I move the folder that, you know, my mail was downloaded to. And then I inadvertently run the program again or something like that. In that case, it's going to assume that I meant to delete everything. So it's gonna delete everything locally. But if you have sync state and it's keeping its sync files with the same folder, it's gonna say, oh, I don't see the sync file. So I'm just going to assume that you meant to redownload this or something, which is a less disastrous error. Anyway, so that's a lot of talking, but we're actually to the point where we have everything. Okay, so again, it pretty simple settings. Let's go ahead and run this. And we'll hope it works because I'm sort of ad-libbing this. Now how you run it is just in B sync and you can give it the A option and that is gonna run all channels.  So I'm gonna run it. Let's hope it works, okay. Oh yeah, okay, silly. One other thing. So it says, cannot open store mail cock. You do actually need to manually create the directories they belong in.  Now I'm gonna run it. Hope that works. Yeah, so now it's working. You see that these little errors here, this is it creating the sync information. It's not an error. It's just it notifying you that it's working basically. The second time you run it, it's not gonna do that. And I will say you can also run it with the V option and it will show you specifically what it's doing. So it's saying, okay, I'm going through all this. I see all this mail, whatever. Okay, so what that now has done is we can go to mail cock and we can see that it's now actually downloaded all this stuff. In fact, it has all our mailboxes here and if I run some kind of command you'll see that all of these mail files are now in here. Okay, so that is very nice. So how do you open these? There are different ways to do it. Different mail clients can do it. Just know that if you don't know, this is already useful because you've already backed up your mail. I don't have very much in this junk mailbox, but so let's say you watched my video a couple of days ago on mutt and you want to get this, you want mutt to look at this kind of mail. How do you do it? It's actually pretty simple. So I'm going to go, I actually have set the settings that I set in that video and I'm just going to show you how it works. Now by default, mutt is looking, well, let's see, how we set it up last time is if I open mutt, it is looking to this remote folder, which is an IMAP server. It's actually the same IMAP server we just synced with. So if I run mutt, it is actually connecting to the server. You see connecting, blah, blah, blah. It's waiting a little bit. It's actually running a little slow today. And here we've logged into the server and we're looking at this mail, not the mail on our computer, but the mail that's on the server. But what we can do, I'm going to exit out of here, what we can do instead of having this as a IMAP or some kind of remote folder, we can actually just say, let's say mail cock. That's the directory our mail is in. So now if I open this up, notice it opened instantaneously. Now it's not loading the internet. It's actually loading these files that are on your computer.  But you can open these up pretty easily and see that, oh, look at all this. We got all this mail. Isn't that fantastic? So that's pretty much how you do it. So anyway, you can set up, there are a lot of other settings in MBSync and of course mutt. I'll probably do more mutt videos relatively soon. But if you want to check the MBSync manual, I highly recommend you do that. There are a lot of different settings for the kind of things, kind of defaults you might want or the kind of just read the manual. That's all I can recommend. But so hopefully that helps you guys out. If you have any questions, read the manual first, but then ask in the comments or something and I will see you guys next time.


Well hello friends as many of you know I recently moved and this is a very different backdrop if you will. The camera is right here so I'm filming this kind of funny today. So I actually need to organize my planning supplies like nobody's business. So I figured to make myself a little bit more accountable I would do a video on it. So this is the dining table at the place I am staying cleaned it all off and I am ready to organize all my planning junk. So if you guys like organizing videos then follow along. I'm not going to get too in depth on this video I will probably link up some videos down below showing a little bit like different like organizational systems I have and things like that but I need to dump it literally all out on here and then just get it organized. So without further ado let's do this thing. I'm sorry about the shift in shot you guys my canon battery just stopped so I had to reload so the shot might look a little bit different but I am thankfully almost done. Still working on putting some of these into here and making some stacks of some binders I want to make. Washi is 99% of the way done and then I've got my Chrissy and binders over there that I gotta work on. So let's keep going with this thing. All done these are all organized these extra loose ones are mostly holiday themed so I'm gonna find a special place for those maybe in like a little satchel or sack or something and then I also have all of my washi samples on this little ring and I have multiple rings available too in case I want to organize those. All of my stickers are organized there is like my Chrissy and emergency sticker stash and then all of these I want to end up putting in a binder at some point so I want to keep them loose. I didn't want to trim them down to fit into my organizers. Also all my Chrissy and designs binders are now ready to go which is awesome. There's a couple of little ones that I did not actually put in like a little strip like I use these hold it things from Cardinal. I will link them below for you guys if you're interested in checking them out. The only reason I didn't do that is because they're so tiny and they're just little samplers I'll end up using them at some point. But yeah thank you guys so much for coming along on my organizational journey. This took me probably about three hours to do total even though I know this video won't be three hours long total that's why my battery died earlier you guys. So anyway my battery is flashing again now so it's gonna be really fun to download all of this stuff and use all the memory in my computer but I will condense it down for you guys so it's not a three hour video because that would be really freaking boring. So I hope you guys are having a fabulous day make sure to give the video a thumbs up if you liked it. I will be linking some videos down below showing how I organize different things. I have done videos in the past so kind of gives you more of like an in-depth look at my organization because I didn't really talk about it or go through it with you guys on this video this is just kind of a reorganization after moving situation. Make sure to subscribe if you haven't already I am here every Monday Wednesday and Friday with new content for you all and I will catch you all in my next video bye guys


My beloved sisters, I am blessed to speak during this wonderful time in the history of the world. Every day we are approaching closer to the glorious moment when the Savior, Jesus Christ, will come to earth again. We know something of the terrible events that will precede His coming, yet our hearts swell with joy and confidence, also knowing of the glorious promises that will be fulfilled before He returns. As the beloved daughters of Heavenly Father and as the daughters of the Lord Jesus Christ in His kingdom, you will play a crucial part in the grand times ahead. We know that the Savior will come to a people who have been gathered and prepared to live as the people did in the city of Enoch. The people there were united in faith in Jesus Christ and had become so completely pure that they were taken up to heaven. Here is the Lord's revealed description of what would happen to Enoch's people and what will happen in this last dispensation of the fullness of times. Open quote, and the day shall come that the earth shall rest. But before that day, the heavens shall be darkened, and a veil of darkness shall cover the earth, and the heavens shall shake, and also the earth, and great tribulations shall be among the children of men, but my people will I preserve. And righteousness will I send down out of heaven, and truth will I send forth out of the earth to bear testimony of mine only begotten, his resurrection from the dead, yea, and also the resurrection of all men. And righteousness and truth will I cause to sweep the earth as with a flood to gather out mine elect from the four corners of the earth unto a place which I shall prepare, and holy city, that my people may gird up their loins and be looking forth for the time of my coming, and there shall be my tabernacle, and it shall be called Zion and New Jerusalem. And the Lord said unto Enoch, then shall thou and all thy city meet them there, and we will receive them into our bosom and they shall see us, and we will fall upon their necks, and they shall fall upon our necks, and we will kiss each other, and there shall be mine abode, and it shall be Zion, which shall come forth out of all the creations which I have made, and for the space of a thousand years the earth shall rest. Close quote. You sisters, your daughters, your granddaughters, and the women you have nurtured will be at the heart of creating that society of people who will join in glorious association with the Savior. You will be an essential force in the gathering of Israel and in the creation of a Zion people who will dwell in peace in the New Jerusalem. The Lord has, through His prophets, made a promise to you. In the early days of the Israeli society, the prophet Joseph Smith said to the sisters, open quote, if you live up to your privileges, the angels cannot be restrained from being your associates, close quote. That marvelous potential lies within you, and you are being prepared for it. President Gordon B. Hinckley said, open quote, you sisters do not hold a second place in our Father's plan for the eternal happiness and well-being of His children.  Without you, the plan could not function. Without you, the entire program would be frustrated. Each of you is a daughter of God, endowed with a divine birthright, close quote. Our current prophet, President Russell M. Nelson, has given this description of the part you play in preparation for the Savior's coming, open quote. It would be impossible to measure the influence that women have, not only on families, but also on the Lord's Church, as wives, mothers, and grandmothers, as sisters and aunts, as teachers and leaders, and especially as exemplars and devout defenders of the faith. This has been true in every dispensation since the days of Adam and Eve. Yet the women of this dispensation are distinct from the women of any other because this dispensation is distinct from any other. This distinction brings both privileges and responsibilities, close quote. This dispensation is distinct in that the Lord will lead us to become prepared to be like the city of Enoch. He has described through his apostles and prophets what that transformation to a Zion people will entail. Elder Bruce R. McConkey said it so well, open quote, Enoch's was a day of wickedness and evil, a day of darkness and rebellion, a day of war and desolation, a day leading up to the cleansing of the earth by water. Enoch, however, was faithful. He saw the Lord and talked with him face to face as one man speaks with another. The Lord sent him to cry repentance to the world and commissioned him to baptize in the name of the Father and of the Son, which is full of grace and truth and of the Holy Ghost, which beareth record of the Father and the Son. Enoch made covenants and assembled a congregation of true believers, all of whom became so faithful that the Lord came and dwelt with his people and they dwelt in righteousness and were blessed from on high and the Lord called his people Zion because they were of one heart and one mind and dwelt in righteousness and there was no poor among them. After the Lord called his people Zion, the scripture says that Enoch built a city that was called the city of holiness, even Zion. And that Zion was taken up into heaven where God received it into his own bosom and that from thence went forth to saying, Zion is fled. This same Zion, which was taken up into heaven, shall return when the Lord brings again Zion and its inhabitants shall join with the new Jerusalem which shall then be established, close quote. Now, if the past is prologue, at the time of the Savior's coming, the daughters who are deeply committed to their covenants with God will be more than half of those who are prepared to welcome them when he comes. But whatever the numbers, your contribution in creating unity among the people prepared for that Zion will be far greater than half. I would tell you why I believe that will be so. The Book of Mormon gives an account of a Zion people. You remember that it was after they had been taught, loved and blessed by the resurrected Savior. There was no contention in the land because of the love of God, which did dwell in the hearts of the people. My experience has taught me that Heavenly Father's daughters have a gift to allay contention and to promote righteousness with their love of God and with the love of God they engender in those they serve. I saw it in my youth when our tiny branch met in my childhood home, a very small home. My brother and I were the only ironic priesthood holders and my father, the only Melchizedek priesthood holder in the branch. The branch relief society president was a convert whose husband was unhappy with our church service. The members were all older sisters without a priesthood holder in their homes. I watched my mother and those sisters love, lift and care for each other unfailingly. I realize now that I was given an early glimpse of Zion. My tutorial in the influence of faithful women continued in a small branch of the church in Albuquerque, New Mexico. I watched the branch president's wife, the district president's wife, and the relief society president warmed the heart of every newcomer in convert. Two years after I arrived, the Sunday I left Albuquerque after observing the influence of sisters there. The first stake was created and the Lord has placed a temple there. I moved next to Boston, where I served in the district presidency that presided over little branches spread across two states. There were contentions that more than once were resolved by loving and forgiving women who helped soften hearts. The Sunday I left Boston, a member of the first presidency organized the first stake in Massachusetts. There is a temple there. Now, close to where the district presidents once lived, he had been brought into church activity and was later called to serve as a state president and then a mission president, all influenced by a faithful and loving wife. Sisters, you were given the blessing of being daughters of God with special gifts. You brought with you into mortal life a spiritual capacity to nurture others and to lift them higher toward the love and purity that will quantify him to live together in a Zion society. It is not accident that the Relief Society, the first church organization specifically for Heavenly Father's daughters has its motto, charity never faileth. Charity is the pure love of Christ and it is faith in him and the full effects of his infinite atonement that will qualify you and those you love and serve those for the superl gift to live in that sociality of a long look for and promised Zion. There you will be sisters in Zion, loved in person by the Lord and those you have blessed. I testify that you are citizens of the Lord's kingdom on the earth. You are daughters of a loving Heavenly Father who sent you into the world with unique gifts that you promise to use to bless others. I promise you that the Lord will lead you by the hand through the Holy Ghost. He will go before your face as you help him prepare his people to become his promised Zion. I so testify in the sacred name of Jesus Christ, amen.


Throws terminology, it's super, super critical. It's often overlooked.  And in this video, we're gonna take a clip from our recent virtual camp, where we have a long video on Throws terminology, where we clipped out about four minutes for you guys to check it out, some really fundamentals that are gonna be critical for you to understand, so you get better faster. So, check it out. Hey, everybody, it's Eric Johnson, and we are back. We're about to dive into all of our pre-training, and that is gonna be talking about terminology. Now, the very first thing that we like to talk about is we're gonna be communicating direction. And a lot of times we say, okay, we're gonna talk about three o'clock, 12 o'clock, six o'clock. So, because we are now living in the digital age, when I say something like three o'clock, what you're gonna see is most kids think three, zero, zero. Jesus Christ. And what we are going to actually be referring to is the analog clock. So, we're gonna look at our old-school clock. 12 o'clock is the beginning of the throw. Six o'clock is directly the dead center of the sector. Therefore, this is three o'clock and this is nine o'clock. We tend to like the clock analogy because I can keep the clock consistent, whether it's a left-handed thrower or a right-handed thrower, because I'll tell a lefty to turn their... If they're coming out of the back of the ring, we'll turn to three o'clock. Or the right-handed thrower, we turn to nine o'clock, that kind of thing. So, the clock is gonna be real simple. So, when you hear me refer to 12, six, nine, three, eight, whatever, that's the clock we're referring to. Now, let's dive into terms. So, one of the first things we're gonna do is we're gonna start with separation. Separation is the one term that's really the key. Separation, if you do... We do this slingshot analogy or a bow and arrow. We pull that back. That's that stretch and we let it go and that energy. And that's what we're doing in separation. So, it's simply separation refers to the shoulder and the hips separating. Notice my hips are gonna stay forward here at six o'clock and my shoulders right now are trying to turn over here to nine o'clock without my hips moving. And then in the discus, so if I was in the shot, I'd be separated. In the discus, we have two types of separation. Shoulders, hips, arm, shoulders. So, you're gonna notice how my arm kind of disappears. And a good way to illustrate that is when I show you with the use of a band. So, you're gonna see when I separate, right? And then I separate again. And if I was throwing the shot, I would see separation and that would be pretty much it. Because I don't have double separation in the shot. Separation is gonna be something we do at two places in the ring. We do it at the start of the throw. And then as we throw, we get separation here in the power position. We're gonna talk about that too in case you don't know. So, the next term, stretch reflex. And stretch reflex is when I separate and you see my body kind of sling back. So, basically what that means is it's the longest point of when a muscle stretches and it reflexively contracts. And that's a very fast motion. So, one of the examples we like to do when we're teaching people is push your hand against your chest like this. And then just push hard down, pick up your finger and how fast can you snap your finger down, okay? So now, push down again, push against your hand, peel your finger up and snap it. That's stretch reflex and we're trying to teach you how to move to create stretch reflex in your body. So, the next term we're gonna be discussing is the radius. The radius refers to the length of the implement or especially in the discus. How far is your arm, right? The big radius. You gotta have a big radius. Want the arm as far away from possible. So, the distance from my hand to my thigh is shorter. The distance from my hand to my thigh is longer. The longer the radius, the further you throw. So, that's gonna be important. Now, the radius ties into what we refer to as the orbit. And the orbit is where the path of the discus is moving. You see how it's kind of moving across. So, this is what we would refer to the high point. As we would come around the throw, the discus would kind of come down. And then as we turn, it hits, this is the high point of the throw. But notice the orbit. So, we're gonna have high, low, high and then out around in delivery. So, that angle and so when that orbit gets off and or the orbit gets off and affects the radius, these are negative things and these are basic terms. And we will again, as we start talking and we talk through the pillars and the six pillars of the throwing chain reaction, we're gonna be referring to separation, stretch, reflex, radius orbit, these sorts of things. And sometimes people are like, what exactly does he mean? And that's why we're making this video.


welcome to module 21 of Chemical Kinetics and Transition State Theory. And today is the day we will finally derive the rate expression for transition state. We have looked at we have done all of our prerequisites now, we have went through the statistical mechanics of partition functions. And in the last module we derived an important expression for how we calculate rates in a more general sense. We were thinking of a problem in some example of cars, but it is the same idea we hold for molecules as we will show today. So, what we are following is the Laidler's book chapter 4 third edition. The proof that I am providing you today was originally derived in 1935 in two papers almost simultaneously. One was by Eyring and the other one was by Evans and Poliani. So, the credit for this proof is given to these three authors. So, just a quick recap of several modules the essence of several modules. First what is a transition state that we described two modules ago? Transition state is the maximum energy structure along the reaction coordinate. Reaction coordinate is the minimum energy path joining reactants and products. So, go from reactant to product in the minimum energy fashion and the maximum energy point along this path is called the transition state. The major confusion that I have seen with many people transition state is not the global maxima of the potential energy along every coordinate perpendicular to the transition state. Transition state is a minima ok. So, I have given you a sample potential energy surface here. This is reactant, this is product. If I go from reactant to product the maxima that will occur here will be the transition state. But if I you think of drawing a line which is perpendicular here you see there are other points on the energy surface which are more than transition state. We derived another very important expression a few modules ago which told us how we calculate equilibrium constant given here ok. And qp0 and qr0 are partition functions per unit volume and divided by Avogadro number if you are interested in moles units. And in the last module we derived the expression that rate is integral over speeds d which is the density overall density rho is the probability of having at speed u into u and u is basically the flux ok. So, what is the basic idea behind transition state theory what are we doing? What are we doing essentially is you have a reactant and you have a product and in between we postulate that a transition state exists. And we postulate that this reactant and transition state are at equilibrium and from transition to product is one way ok. So, we think of it in this language that you have a surface like this you have this as the reactants this is essentially just the reaction coordinate this is product and in between at the maximum energy sits the transition state. We have an equilibrium between transition state and product and the transition state is falling to products. What I usually think at least in my head is the following imagine reactants is one big jar of water ok. So, I have some water here filled here and transition state is just another beaker which is raised in height and it is connected with my reactant states very strongly because we have a big gap here that connects it. So, basically transition state is in equilibrium with your reactants, but with lesser water because it is its height is higher and we have a small hole in my transition state here so that water is slowly trickling out drop by drop and this is only one way the well of products does not affect my equilibrium of reactants and transition state at all. Of course, it is an assumption, but this is the assumption under which transition state theory is derived. We will over time think about these assumptions very carefully, but for now let us make these assumptions. Let us assume that the flow from transition state to products is very slow. So, we essentially use the rate as we had discussed in the last module. So, the rate is nothing but if I sit at the transition state then the rate is nothing but the speed at which I am crossing the transition state that multiplied by the density of the transition state and the density of the transition state is nothing but the total density of particles at a transition state multiplied by the fraction of particles having speed u. So, you can go back one module and look at it again that was a very important module in which how we discuss how we calculate this rate expression. So, today we will make things a little bit more mathematical, a little bit more concrete. In writing this rate expression, I have actually made 3 assumptions. So, let us be very clear on what are assumptions of a theory are. The first assumption that we make is that transition state exists. Nobody tells it that it has exists. Actually, there are reactions for which transition state does not exist, but we are only considering those problems where a transition state exists. Second, we are thinking of a classical treatment. We are thinking of particles moving at speed u which is a very Newtonian notion and the third thing is we are looking at only positive speeds. The integral if you see here is from 0 to infinity. We are not, we are imagining this picture where you start with the transition state and if you cross the transition state to product, you do not come back. So, these are 3 important assumptions we have already made while writing this expression. So, we will move forward and we have to now calculate these 2 quantities d and rho.  We will start with these density of particles per unit length. And for that, I will be using this relation that we had derived earlier of equilibrium constant relating with partition functions. So, our basic idea of transition state is that reactant is in equilibrium with transition state. So, that is our assumption number 4, that the transition state is in thermal equilibrium with the reactants. If this is true, then the k equilibrium of this transition between R and T s can then be written as Q R0 and this so again my 1D picture, this is your E0. I will skip this delta from now on just to make my own life easy. I will just write it as E0 as the activation energy. So, remember this expression I am using between transition state and reactant, not between product and reactant. Product and reactant are not at equilibrium. Transition state and reactant are in equilibrium. So, this E0 is the energy difference between transition state and reactant, which is called the activation energy. So, we have something, we are making some progress and k equilibrium is given by transition state divided by reactant concentrations. That is the definition of equilibrium constant. What we are going to do is for now at least limit ourselves to a biomolecular theory. So, we have only A plus B going to transition state, going to products. So, what we get is transition state divided by concentration of reactants becomes concentration of A into concentration of B. This is equal to Q transition state not divided by QA into QB. So, that is how we find partition function of several molecules. We multiply them together into e to the power of minus E0 over AB. So, I am doing a simple thing. I am just translating reactants to A and B, nothing more, nothing complex. So, I have taken A and B and I have put it on the other side. Now, we will make our final assumption of our theory. The final assumption in our theory is at the transition state geometry, Hamiltonian is separable. What I mean by that? So, you have this reaction coordinate going like this. So, this is a zoomed in picture close to transition state.  And you have many, many coordinates that are perpendicular. In drawing, I can draw only one, but you can imagine I have N number of coordinates, 3N number of coordinates actually, out of which only one coordinate is reaction coordinate and 3N minus one of them are perpendicular coordinates. So, the final assumption I am going to make is that Hamiltonian at the transition state is Hamiltonian along Q plus Hamiltonian along perpendicular coordinates. So, my QTS0, which is nothing but 1 over volume, the partition function which is sum over let us say states i. So, we play the same trick as we have done a few times. We divide these states into Q and perpendicular coordinates, Q states and perpendicular states.  So, I am going to call this QTS dagger, actually this divided by volume. So, I take this volume and I put the volume here. So, my Q r is just sum over Q states and QTS dagger is sum over all other coordinates, all other states. But this is an assumption that I can separate it, but it is a reasonable assumption to make that at the transition state you can separate things out. So, I make this and I have divided my partition function of transition state into two terms. So, I get the following expression here. What about it? Now, we estimate what is our Q r. So, again think of this transition state, you have this transition state sitting here, it is zoomed in picture. And Q r is the transition partition function corresponding to motion along the reaction coordinate. So, Q r is partition function along 1 d partition function along reaction coordinate. So, we estimate that as a 1 d translational partition function. So, this is nothing, but we are just going to use the classical version of it d u e to the power of minus beta half m u square. So, I am supposed to write e to the power of minus beta Hamiltonian, but my Hamiltonian along speed is simply half m u square and integrate over all speeds. This is your partition function along r. But if you remember sorry and I also have along x some length. So, if you remember we have already derived this expression before. So, you can go back a few modules and we had derived the classical partition function for translation. And so, this is equal to nothing, but L x over h into root of 2 pi k B T into m. And so, the m here is m of transition state. So, let me make that very clear. This is the mass of transition state. What we estimate my d as nothing, but the concentration of transition state per unit length. So, remember what was d? d was the density of particles per unit length. Here we need concentration because that is the language in which rate of reactions work in. It is rate of change of concentration. So, that is why we just have a concentration per unit length, but fundamentally nothing different. So, this becomes equal to I will substitute this q r here and divide by L x 2 pi k B T m transition state divided by h q transition state or q A naught q B naught e to the power of minus e A over k B T into concentration of A into concentration of B. So, I have made the first thing now. I have got the density of particles per unit length. To be more accurate, it is density of concentration because rate works in the language of concentration. So, just a minor change of language essentially per unit mole per unit volume that is all. So, let us do the final thing and calculate our density as well and rho u du again is the density of particles at speed u fraction of particles at speed u, but we know how to do that. That is the Boltzmann distribution. So, we have been looking at it in great detail and this is again one dimensional density. So, let me emphasize that by writing one D very very clearly. This is nothing but e to the power of minus beta half mu square into normalization constant and once more in doing so, we are making the assumption the transition state is at thermal equilibrium. It may not be in reality, but it is an assumption. So, that is we can calculate this n very easily. How do I calculate n? Well, we integrate over all possible speeds. This should be equal to 1. We have done these kind of integrals a few times. So, this is equal to root of 2 pi m over kBT. So, we get n is equal to. So, this integral is again a Gaussian integral Gaussian integral is provided here. If I substitute the value of a, I can calculate the integral. So, finally, rho of u du is equal to root kT over 2 pi m e to the power of minus beta half m. So, now, we have the two expressions of D that I calculated couple of slides ago and we have for rho and once more I think I had in the slide I had forgotten to write m as MTS. So, let me get back and correct there. All the masses here are at the transition state. So, that we have to be careful about in labeling. So, now we had a value of D and we have a value of rho and we just put it in this integral. That is all. So, D does not depend on u at all. So, I can take it out to set the integral. I have some normalization constant into rho of u e to the power of minus beta half MTS u square into u. I think I have made a little mistake in calculating transition state in the normalization constant. So, let us be careful. I have read along. So, A here is beta M over 2. So, I should have pi over A which should have been, yes, I am sorry. So, let us just correct this thing is equal to n into the integral is 2 pi k B T divided by m. This is 1. So, n is root of m transition state divided by 2 pi k B T. It just shows that you can do this integral million times and in practice one still make mistake.  So, that is a tiny mistake of factors. But I have got this right here. This is right. So, again I have got the factors here right. So, I have to do this kind of an integral. So, I have some pre-factors. Let me just look at this integral then, but this integral value I have also provided you here. And let me be careful this time. A here is beta MTS divided by 2. A is the factor behind u square. So, I should get this integral as 1 over 2 into beta MTS divided by 2. So, this integral is nothing but k B T divided by MTS. And I have the factor of D into root MTS divided by 2 pi k B T. So, I multiply by D into root MTS divided by k B T. So, this becomes equal to D into root k B T divided by MTS. You see that I have this expression and the root of this expression. So, I can simplify it like this. Okay, great. I think I have forgotten some pi. I had a 2 pi k B T. I am sorry. I am missing my all my factors today. I have a 2 pi here. So, 2 pi retains here. So, let me write this very clearly D k B T over 2 pi M. So, I have just simplified the expression from the last slide. The rate was given to be this. D comes out. The remaining thing I integrated in the last slide to get this. D I have calculated to be equal to this. So, I take this and multiply by k B T over 2 pi M. And when I do that, I notice that some factors happily cancel. Okay, factors do not cancel. You must have do something wrong. So, this is equal to root k T into root k T k B T over H, Q transition state, Q A naught, Q B naught. So, if you compare it to the expression that rate equal to phenomenologically if I write k A into B, then the rate constant is equal to this is very famous expression, the transition state rate expression. And now you have know the proof of this. So, this expression is very popular. You can pick up almost any journal in physical chemistry these days. There will be at least one article that will be using this formula. In fact, whenever a new study is started and you have to think about rates for that reaction, whatever you are studying, this is a formula you use to make your first estimate. Of course, we have made a number of assumptions in getting here, but this is still our first estimate. And we can think about how to improve upon our assumptions later on. So, in summary, we have made five assumptions in deriving transition state theory. First transition state exists without that is theory is not applicable. That is the crux, that is the basis of our theory. Second, we think of treating nuclei classically. Third, we assume that there is no recrossing. Once you go from transition state to product, you do not come back. That is actually one of the most serious assumptions. And in coming modules, we will think on what we can do about them, what we can do about this assumption. Fourth is that the transition state is at thermal equilibrium. This is usually a very good assumption. And fifth assumption is that the transition state at the transition state geometry, I can separate the Hamiltonian along the reaction coordinate and every other coordinate. Under these five assumptions, we have shown that the transition state rate is given by this expression, where these partition functions are partition functions per unit volume. So, with that, we end this module today. And in the next module, we will look at how do we calculate these rate constants. Thank you very much.