Hey, it's ANFA and you're watching ANFA vlog today I want to do a video about a technique for creating interesting distorted bass sounds with two tools Alpes filtering and distortion Now distortion, you probably know what it is. However, Alpes filtering not everyone knows what that is and I'm gonna tell you specifically what it does in the end of this video because I want to hook you up But I'm gonna tell you that like Alpes filters play on the artifacts Rather than on the other things that normal filters do Let's leave it at that and I'm gonna unwrap the secret later. So Let's make a sound shall we? All right, so here is my Ardor session. I'm going to add a MIDI track using Zinna SubFX I'm gonna call this ZIN and I'm going to connect my MIDI keyboard and enable record so I can play All right, so For this to work. We need a harmonically rich sound. So I'm going to open up Zinna SubFX interface and change the basic waveform to a song wave At first it looks like a triangle, but if you move this all the way left, it's a song wave One thing we are missing some higher frequency content because by default the filter is kind of it closed As the difference and now we can also disable velocity sensing so playing gentle notes won't turn down the filter if I leave this You can see not playing at full velocity makes it dimmer. Anyway, that's not important Okay, we have our saw Let's now add an alpase filter now There's only one plugin that actually does this On Linux and it's called 4x4 pole alpase. I believe it's by Steve Harris. Yes, it is by Steve Harris So now if I play Nothing change, right? Something changes when I'm moving the faders, but It still sounds exactly the same right alright, so now Let's leave it at that. I'm going to add distortion and I want to use a Wolf Shaper plugin so-called wolf shaper. This is a plugin that is under development currently and I've been Conducted by the developer. Yeah by Patrick this only yeah So this plug-in is a distortion that allows you to create your own function so we can make I'm gonna reduce the post gain and increase the pre-gain You can hear we are driving the waveform deeper into our function However, it's still pretty quiet. So I'm going to do something. I'm going to turn down the whole track and I'm going to turn up Zenitsu FX is a voice Yeah, we can hear now much more distortion you can see Oh Okay, now our peak peak indicator is right at the top so we are actually saturating the whole function Which is cool because now we can right-click to add some weird things You can also play with some warping functions Yeah Let's play a lower note. I think I will actually oh, I can just transpose my keyboard. All right, so we have a saw wave We have it filtered with an alphas filter and distorted, but what happens when I disable The alphas filter. It doesn't sound the same, right? Let's keep this one on top So now I'm not gonna enable our alphas filter. I'm going to maybe reset this to a simple very very simple distortion function So You see it sounds very different. Well, let's open up the alphas filter. Let's make it keep on top stay on top too And now I'm gonna play around with these faders That sounds really cool, but what is happening why why doesn't it I disable distortion The same thing nothing really happens instead apart from when I move the fader So what is going on? Well, here's the secret of how an alphas filter is doing its thing or what is doing Let's drop in another plug-in and that is going to be simple Simple scope No, and now. Oh, yeah. Oh Give me mono. Alrighty. Here is a Fantastic oscilloscope plug-in Let's make it stay on top so it doesn't disappear and now let's disable our wolf shaper and alphas filter What we have is of course a salt if wave I'm gonna give this sugar Nice and sweet right now if I enable the alphas filter We can see it sounds the same, but it looks completely different The key to understand this is the phase of frequencies in relation to their amplitude So this waveform you can see right now here has the same frequency content in Amplitude as a regular sort of wave. That is why it sounds exactly the same Because it has all the harmonics that a sort of wave has and in the same amounts What is different is that the harmonics are delayed slightly In relation to each other which makes them build up in a different way Creating this waveform So let's reset the alphas filter I think that's something which is not very not making too much difference, right? We have just a little thing You can see that actually what it does is it shifts the energy that is being Originally on this waveform on the top here in this sharp corner and it transfers that energy here lower So this is high frequency energy. It was Like shifted in time so that it is in a different place on the waveform What if I It's kind of reduced At some times we can create something that doesn't really sound Sounds kind of a bit different And I think it's because this Opus filter has four poles and each pole can be tuned to a different frequency Correct me if I'm wrong because I'm not super savvy with the electronic side of things So this filter has four sections each one has a frequency and the feedback amount I'm not touching the feedback because I don't want to emphasize any frequency bands, but I could If I want on bypass So another useful thing is using the feedback to actually change the frequency content But that can easily create some very harsh sound, so I'm going to reset this to zero I'm actually changing the placement of the poles on the frequency spectrum, so we can go from zero Hertz from one Hertz The Most The scale is not logarithmic It sounds almost exactly the same Until we distort it What happens when we The frequency content is the same in Coming into distortion, but the face is different so the shape of the waveform is different and Distortion operates on the shape of the waveform not on the frequency content so it cuts off it clips the waveform and Because the waveform is distorted even so it sounded the same the result of distortion is different and you can automate this stuff Let's make a baseline right I'm gonna call this base I'm gonna close all these For now, and I'm gonna make a base Riff I think it's too fast. Let's change the tempo to 90 BPM Could be let's now Maybe right click on this thing and Transpose it one octave down We don't actually want a whole bunch of very complicated melodies here We just want something simple to showcase what we can do with automation of this so I'm gonna add an automation lane for the frequency of the first pole and I am going to change it to play mode so the automation is being played out Now I'm gonna draw some ramps so Our distortion could be more harsh We could make this harder Let's insert a new point. Oh, yeah much more crunchy. Let's take a look at our scope now I'm gonna make it smaller so it doesn't Secure the view. I'm gonna okay if I disable the automation It's way more boring if I disable alphas filter all together It's just a square wave Really and if you distort any periodic waveform extremely high What you get is usually Kind of something like a square wave If it's a simple waveform like a sine wave a triangle wave or a sawtooth wave You can see that it's kind of stays a little bit saw-toothy Here and not really. However, the alphas filter makes it all different And if we make it move Now this is just one pole we could automate more of these so let's go and add frequency of the second pole and Let's make this one move in maybe higher frequencies a bit Maybe softer Faster I meant softer That's gonna be weird. You see going into two low frequencies makes it sound a little bit wonky Okay, let's disable automation of this first pole and listen to what this motion does Not much I reckon it's a bit too high Yeah, I think it's a bit too high in the frequency range and it affects only harmonics that are very minute in amplitude So they don't affect the shape of the waveform that much. So they don't and and They don't affect the output of the distortion that much. So if I move this to lower frequencies It has much more effect Let's of course exaggerated and bit not super cool, but I Bet it's gonna sound better if I add a kick to this. So Give me a second Okay, we have a kick much better now, huh? Alrighty, that's all for today. Thanks for watching. I hope you've learned something This Ardor project will be available for download so you can go to the description and there is a link You can download this session and play around with it I highly encourage you to check out Ardor and Zenitsu FX or Zenfusion if you haven't This is all open source software. Thank you for watching if you have any questions For this or the open source software for music production in general Please leave them in the comments if you have any suggestions for future videos Which is sometimes the same thing as the questions also, please leave them in the comments I want to say big thanks to all the patreon supporters who are helping me have more time to dedicate to making videos and less time to Do other work. I will see you in the next video. Bye


Hello everybody in the video today I want to talk to you guys about different teeth whitening products more specifically ones that you can use at home which ones are better than others which ones just don't work and why and why you really want to look for a built in desensitizer in the products that you use so I do try not to use company names for the most part but in order for me to tell you which ones I use and which ones I like I am going to mention some company names but those products that I don't really like and that don't work. I'm not going to mention names but you guys will probably have a pretty good idea of what I'm talking about. So first of all do toothpaste work. So toothpaste do and they don't but the thing about toothpaste are you need to keep in mind that whitening toothpaste will only work to remove surface stains and only if they haven't really been there for very long so for teeth whitening toothpaste to truly work. You need to get your teeth professionally whitened first to lighten that overall shade of enamel and then any stain that comes after that your teeth whitening toothpaste don't have to work too hard to remove that stain and that's fine. But if you have stain that's been there for 1020 years, a simple toothpaste isn't going to make it any better. It will make things appear lighter for sure, but it's not really going to take away those surface stains and teeth whitening toothpaste you have to be careful because if you have thin enamel or cold sensitive teeth to begin with teeth whitening toothpaste might make the teeth a little more sensitive because they're working harder to take away that stain. So ask your dental hygienist if you are a good candidate for teeth whitening toothpaste. There are certain toothpaste that I don't like and I'll tell you the ones that I do like so my two favorite ones are actually Black is white by oral science and I love the AP 24 toothpaste so I actually use both them. This one I actually use every single day, because I find it really helps to keep my teeth as white as possible I drink a lot of tea and a lot of coffee. I used to have to have my teeth cleaned every three months just to get stain off because I like to have nice teeth. I'm a dental hygienist makes sense. Since using this toothpaste for about two years now I have not had to go as often to get that stain taken away. But I also really like a charcoal toothpaste because what it does is it just basically gives a quick boost to make the teeth look lighter because it does the toothpaste is black. It will make the teeth look so much wider plus give that overall super clean feeling so both of them basically do that. But what I tell people is this one is just kind of a maintenance thing. I find the charcoal toothpaste just helps to give it the extra boost so I use both. I will use this one every day. And I'll use this one probably three times a week, but I'm also one of those people where I don't like to use the same thing all the time so that's why I kind of mix it up. You could use either or it's totally up to you they both work amazing. So those are the two toothpaste that I really, really like but what I do also suggest I say the same thing to my patients, get a take home whitening kit so I like this one by Wicked White Pro and for the holidays it comes wrapped in this nice little bow which is very, very easy. But I love this one because it's reusable and it works it has a built in desensitizer. So what's the difference between this one and the other take home products you see out there well this one has two different types of peroxides you need two different types for the whitening to work. So this has hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide hydrogen peroxide basically does get the overall teeth whiter takes away stain changes the actual shade of your teeth hydrogen peroxide we should all know using that will make things whiter cleaner specifically right, but carbamide peroxide is also needed to keep that whitening effect. A lot of the take home products actually all of them, all of the take home products on the market that you can buy in store only have hydrogen peroxide in it so your teeth might look whiter, but we all eat all drink it won't stay white without that carbamide peroxide layer protecting everything so you need both. I love this one because like I said it's reusable. This one has a reusable tray with the led light built in, you do not need the led light for your teeth whitening but the led light helps to speed up the chemical reaction means that it makes a difference of whitening your teeth for two hours for the same result or using this one for 30 minutes for the same result you want a light to speed up the chemical reaction okay it just makes things better, and it's reusable I can't say that enough. A lot of take home products out there are not reusable so sure you might be spending $60. This one's about 115 right now sometimes 120 depending if there's a sale. Yes this one's more expensive but it's going to last you forever because it's reusable. The other ones that you buy from stores are not you use it once for a week two weeks and then you have to buy another one and without the carbamide peroxide in those ones it's not going to last anyway. This one comes with two whitening syringes as well can last one to two weeks depending on how many you are using how I use mine is I will wait and every day for about four days for 30 minutes. My teeth look amazing but I do suggest get your teeth professionally white and first because we can kind of determine what shade you need to be at okay this will only get you so light so far. If you are to wait and every day for a month you will get very very white but that can make the tea sensitive so we do suggest to wait and once a day for three days four days maybe even two weeks sometimes but not more than that. If you're a heavy smoker. If you drink a lot of coffee a lot of tea it's a better idea to get your teeth professionally teeth wind by your dental hygienist first and then use this kit to take home to boost your results every month you save a fortune that way. And this is reusable I say the same thing to all of my patients they come to me to get their teeth professionally one in first I charge about $200 you can go very very light very very white no sensitivity in one hours time it works right away. And then I give them this to take home to boost their results so let's say they have a special occasion coming up. They don't have to come to me pay $200 to get one in again they get this kit they can keep reusing it and use it whenever they want for a couple days and go back to that whiteness that they had when they first had their teeth whiten with me it's amazing. And the refill syringes are about $10 to $15 depending on which one you want and depending on the strength of the peroxides that you need so it's pretty awesome. So there's different things you can use let me know you guys if you have any questions. I hope this helped it's always good to have your teeth looked at by your dental hygienist first because you might have thin enamel. You might have stain that just won't lighten depending on how your stain is there in the first place. If your teeth came through and developed that way, then chances are the shade won't lighten it's more for surface stains. If you have multiple cavities it's not a good idea to use a teeth whitening product, because those peroxides can get into that cavity and out that would really hurt. So it's a good idea to check with your dental hygienist first so let me know you guys if you have any questions and I'll see you in the next video. Thank you for watching click like if you guys like this.


Legendary rock performers such as Peter Frampton and newer bands like Cold Kingdom are just some of the names that'll grace the stage at the 26th annual Moondance Jam in Walker. Hedy Clotter shows us how fans are still flocking to the city for the ultimate rock experience. From the beat of the bass drums to the blistering sounds of the guitar, those are some of the things that capture the essence of Moondance Jam in Walker. This is one of the best places to go. This is something I look forward to every year. It's Christmas in the summer. This is the 26th year for the four day festival where nearly 25,000 people pack the house and camp out to have a good time and watch some of the best rock artists and bands play their tunes. Moondance is all about making memories and making friends and all about being a Moondance family when it's all said and done. You can expect to see Melissa Ethrich and Vince Neal on the stage. Some bands are making their Moondance Jam debut like Minneapolis born Cold Kingdom. You could feel their excitement to put on a show during soundcheck. We need sort of one-off festivals. We get an opportunity to play more music, which is what we love to do. And I'm really excited to see Hail Storm later. Thursday marks the beginning of the main acts that go on through Saturday. Moondance Jam also turns into a rock and roll campground. There's no need to leave the fun when you're in the midst of it. Everywhere you look, you see people in door themselves. There's even a mo... It's never too late to get in on the action. First time jammers are always welcome. You know what? I'm just embracing the whole concert. I'm not like a major concert goer, but I'm thinking it's just gonna be fun, just the whole environment. Moondance Jam has worldwide appeal and jammers come from all over for the experience, just like Cheryl Vacher, who made the trip from Canada. We have a blues fest, which is the weekend of music, but we don't get to camp there. So this is a very unique experience. Dan Z. Bart is a Moondance Jam veteran and has been front and center at all 26 shows.  The people, more so than anything else. I mean, it's just a very fun crew of people. They're relaxed, it's not a crazy event. I just love listening to the music and meeting people here. Until next year, here's to Rocking Out in Walker, Haiti Quarter, Lakeland News. From now until Saturday, Campgrounds open at 10 a.m. and concert gates at noon. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


copper is an essential micronutrient that plays a critical role in many biological processes. It is also a pro-oxidant and can cause damage if not properly controlled. Recently, researchers have discovered a new type of cell death called cuproptosis which is caused by copper binding to lipolylated enzymes in the TCA cycle. This causes protein abrogation, proteotoxicity and eventually cell death. Cuproptosis has been linked to several diseases such as Wilson's disease, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Tardating cuproptosis may be beneficial in treating these diseases. This article was authored by Lee and Chen, due in share minute and foodie wang.


Thank you very much for the introduction. Yeah, it's all correct. I'm a PhD student with Hildegard Oeke here in Ploon and I'm very glad for the opportunity and I would like to thank the organizers for this very nice workshop. So let me start. Okay, I hope you see my slide. So as it was already mentioned a few times in the workshop, I think I do not have to say that there is many plasmids with multiple copies. So experimental studies from the recent years have shown that multi-copy plasmids potentially the evolution of antibiotic resistance. So so Averro Semilan and colleagues, for example, showed in a paper from 2016 for E. coli with a plasmid that has a plasmid copy number of 19 that it evolves resistance against high antibiotic concentrations. So he is shown on the right side where this is more likely if the resistance gene that is involved is on the multi-copy plasmid here shown in black, then if the involved resistance gene is on the chromosome where no antibiotic resistance could be seen for those large concentrations in this antibiotic ramp experiment where the population was transferred to increasing concentrations. So there are many reasons why this should be the case. So first, there is an increased mutation target for genes on the multi-copy plasmid. Second, there are gene dosage effects that can lead to a higher degree of resistance if the resistance gene is on the plasmid. And more general speaking, that's why I also put this other reference here, there's advantages of possible coexistence of several plasmid variants within a single cell to, for example, escape fitness trade-offs as shown in this paper by Rodriguez Beltran and others. So before I start, let me just give you a quick outline of my talk. So in the first part, I will show you some results of a mathematical study that we did that exactly deals with this scenario I just depicted on the evolution of antibiotic resistance on multi-copy plasmids. And in the second part of my talk, I'm going to elaborate a little bit on the fixation dynamics on multi-copy plasmids. So the question that interested me most when I read this paper by Ivor Samilan was, how does the probability of evolution of antibiotic resistance actually depend on the plasmid copy number? And to answer this, we built a mathematical model where we assumed that there is a susceptible population of bacteria declined due to an antibiotic stress. And by some chance, a de novo mutation, so here depicted by this plasmid copy that has a different color, arises just on a single copy. And in the model, plasmids replicate. And at the same time, the plasmid copies replicate. So before cell division, plasmid copies are distributed to the daughter cells. And for this case, there's two outcomes. So either there's an equal distribution of the plasmids with the two variants, or there's a segregation of the mutant plasmid, the mutant resistant plasmid. So basically, all our analysis came back to the one question. And that was like, can a single cell or what is the probability that a single cell can rescue the population? And we found that there is two factors that I want to kind of have as a general picture. So the first factor is due to a large copy number, the cell will likely or more likely produce progeny that has resistance mutations. And the other factor is stochastic loss, which means that mutations arising on a multi copy plasmid, so a plasmid with a greater number is more likely. So the establishment probability, so this is P, the establishment probability is actually exactly the inverse of the probability of stochastic loss. And this has a certain dependence on the plasmid copy number and it often decreases. While the other factors, so what I call the mutational supply in the following, is increasing. And with this, we use the framework of evolutionary rescue and formulate this basically as a single equation that has a dependence on the copy number n. So let me show you two examples. So in the first example, the resistant mutant allele is dominant. And what does this mean? So I have here on the x-axis also depicted by those small bacteria. In the example of copy number three, the number of mutant plasmids within the cell. And for the case of what I call a dominant mutation, the cell fitness increases with the first mutant copy. And no matter how many mutant copies there are within one cell, the reproductive fitness is the same. So as I already said, mutational supply is increasing with a copy number. But as our analysis show that we do with a multi-type branching process, the establishment probability, so the inverse of the stochastic loss, the establishment probability that a cell leaves a lineage that rescues the population in the end declines with a plasmid copy number. But in total, so the probability of rescue of antibiotic resistance evolving is an increasing function, no matter of how large the effect of this resistance mutation is. In the second example, I'm going to show you the same result for recessive mutation. What means that only a cell that has only mutant copies is resistant and has a positive Malthusian fitness. So for this we see here shown the establishment probability over the plasmid copy number, a strong decline. And this leads basically to a general trend of decreasing rescue probability with the plasmid copy number. So I hope that this kind of convinces, of course, with many assumptions that we make in our medical model that is only boils down to the single equation that the dominance relationship is actually the size of factor for resistance evolution on multi-copy plasmid. And the follow-up question we asked was how does the dominance of resistant alleles on a multi-copy plasmid is actually shaped? And I'm not going too much into detail here, we have built a small model of antibiotic degradation and we look here on two scenarios. In the first scenario, the production of antibiotic degrading enzymes is costly and we model this by a degradation rate that depends on the relative number of mutant compared to wild-type plasmid copies. And for this here show rescue probability over the antibiotic concentration, we see that greater copy numbers here shown in red are optimal only for the low concentrations. So in the other scenario we looked at plasmids are costly where the plasmid cost decreasing reproductive fitness is an increasing function with the plasmid copy number. And here the exact opposite shows where the greater copy numbers again shown in red are optimal only for the higher concentrations. And this is although we cannot really compare exactly with the data I've shown in the beginning, a similar trend to what we see here where for the medium concentrations we see that actually the high copy number plasmid is not optimal compared to the chromosome and only for the high concentrations we see the optimality of the high copy number or the multi-copy plasmid. Okay, so this brings me directly to the second part of my talk and here we have the question how long does it take until a beneficial mutation reaches fixation? And this is interesting like in face of the maintenance of wild-type plasmid as we will see in the following. So let's jump right into the model. So we consider population that has a small fraction of cells with a single beneficial mutant plasmid copy for example due to a transfer event. And cells with a mutant replicant copy here have an increased fitness 1 plus s. So this is the analog to a dominant mutation. And in this scenario where there's multiple copies within a cell it is possible that there is a time point where all cells in the population have the beneficial phenotype but the wild type is still in the population. So whereas what we call allele fixation there is a time when the homozygous mutant is fixed and the wild type is lost from the population and we call this difference in the time the heterosegosity window. So let me show you just one example of how we analyze this. So if we have a copy number of one so there is only one plasmid copy in the cell we only have homozygous mutant cells no heterosegosity. And we see here that after a very short time mutant cells and those are homozygous cells they will rise to fixation. So phenotype fixation and allele fixation they coincide but if we look at the same result of this deterministic model where we basically have a proxy here for fixation for copy number 32 we see that fixation of the mutant cells is way earlier compared to the homozygous mutant cells due to also rise of the heterosegous cells in the meantime. And we can show that for a certain degree of selection that is s with an arbitrary unit this heterosegosity window rises if s is greater than the inverse of the copy number n. And for this we can show that this heterosegosity window is approximately scaling with n times the natural logarithm of n. So what one should definitely keep in mind and I have mentioned this in the first part of my talk we assume here some random segregation of the plasmid copies to its daughter cells. And the fixation dynamic is is depending strongly on the plasmid segregation mode. So we for example look at in our model at some clustering of sister replicons where the plasmid does not resolve before it goes to the daughter cells and here it shows that this for example reduces both fixation times at the two levels of phenotype and of the genotype but also the heterosegosity window whereas if we have a separation of sister replicons as for example often assumed for for low copy plasmids where plasmid copies are pushed to the daughter cells we only see a rise of heterosegous cells up to fixation. So let me come to a summary. So for the first part I have shown you that the dominance relationship plays a crucial role in the evolution of antibiotic resistance of multi-copy plasmids and we have seen that the optimal copy number is actually often depending on the antibiotic concentration which shapes the dominance relationship. So for the second part where we look at the fixation dynamics I've shown you that we see a rise of heterosegous cells causing a heterosegosity window as we term it and of course there should be always mentioned that the segregation mode of the plasmid is crucial for the fixation dynamics. So with this I would like to thank my supervisor Hildegard and Tal, Anna, Anna and for the plasmid illustrations I would like to thank Fenerstuka. Thank you. Okay thank you it was really interesting so let's see if I can see if there are questions. Yeah there is Olivia please Olivia gone. Hi yeah thanks Alice really great talk Mario really like the work it's very interesting. Thank you. I have a few questions so in your first vignette when you looked at dominance and recessive relationships did you all investigate the in-between architecture where it scales potentially your phenotype of your cell with number? Because that's more similar to the beta-lactamase work of alvaro where gene dosage is happening. So there was two relationships that are I would say mainly important that we call those intermediate where it's something between dominant and recessive and for this it actually gets messy if you go to copy numbers greater than two where you see also an optimal copy number for the intermediate so not for the high but not for the low copy numbers where rescue gets most likely if you if you choose an intermediate intermediate copy number. And the second is gene dosage effects that people often assume also when it comes to beta-lactamases as I also mentioned at the beginning where you see establishment probabilities that can also rise with a copy number. So in the two examples I've shown dominant and recessive we only see the establishment probability falling but for the gene dosage effects where for example you need two out of two copies that have the mutation to get a cell population growing of course it can be a benefit to have a greater copy number because then you can actually increase the reproductive fitness with greater copy number. Does this answer your question? That was my first question but I'll hold off for my second just in case other people there's no other hands raised. Okay well then I selfishly I'm gonna ask um so beta-lactamase is a interesting gene dosage slash kind of more dominant genetic architecture but that's a type of like specific resistance mechanism so do you know of any genetic architecture for plasmid genes that have shown to be recessive when it comes to mutations? So um there are genes but I um so I cannot um I do not have any examples for the plasmids basically um or or where it was shown for the plasmid that the dominant is that case but uh let me quickly look if I can okay um maybe maybe I can um send you just references um because that'd be great I should I should not name any genes because that's um really um where can like start making mistakes here. Yeah thanks Oliver I was just I'm just selfishly interested in how genetic architecture of mutations might be related to the function of the gene itself um and beta-lactamase being like a free floating monomeric enzyme if you increase the activity of it and had some you know wild type enzyme around and some enzyme that is like better that obviously like leads to kind of like the intuition of dominance anyway so it's just curious about what. Yeah thanks for the question. Yeah thank you really great. Thanks. Okay so I had a question but I will send you an email because it's uh too complicated and I think I need to write it um and we should be on break until uh what's the time until 4 p.m so you have seven minutes well we will wait it's italy


Hey guys, welcome back to Comic-Con TV. Thanks for watching. I'm Shannon and today we'll be taking a look back at Venom along came A spider number one from January of 1996. So stay tuned All right guys, so as I said, this is a review on the 1996 issue of Venom along came a spider number one Written by Larry Hama and Evans Gulnick with art by Joe St. Pierre and Patrick searcher This story takes place shortly after the Planet of the Symbiotes miniseries and almost immediately after Peter Parker Turned over the mantle of Spider-Man to Ben Reilly Ben who at the time was thought to be the original Peter Parker with the Peter Who we had been following for so long being the clone Ben Reilly has been cruising as spider-man So of course it was only a matter of time before he faced down one of the wall crawlers greatest foes Venom busts Ann out of prison and Ben is the only one that can stop him Venom has returned from the symbiote planet and has been hiding out Lurking in the deepest regions of the earth biting his time to return to New York The first thing he does after making his way back home is try and contact his ex-wife Who had also recently become host to the Venom symbiote for a short time However, she's in protective custody and the cops are using her to try and draw Venom out when she answers the phone and calls Venom Edward he knows something's up and sends part of his symbiote through the phone line to find out what's going on The symbiote while still connected to Eddie Brock also bonds temporarily with his ex-wife Ann This however has an unintentional effect that to become linked mentally due to their joint bond with the symbiote Both Ann and Eddie discover that they now know everything the other does every thought and it's pure euphoria Shortly after Venom manages to gain access to his ex-wife and leave with her They come into conflict with spider-man who's convinced he can finish what his predecessor wasn't able to and that's bringing Venom to an end The backup story in this issue is hybrid phase one Which tells about the origins of the symbiots who would later go on to become hybrid But that's not what I'm reviewing today Today, I'm only giving my review on Venom along came a spider number one Honestly, I feel this story is very much a product of its time. Don't get me wrong I'm a huge fan of the spider-man clone saga as well as the Ben Riley spider-man and Eddie Brock Venom lethal protector But the art style in this issue is very subpar and almost cartoony in my opinion Eddie Brock is portrayed almost as being very stupid at least when it comes to his personal life But when it comes to infiltration and battle, he's very capable The fact that Ben spends most of this issue thinking to himself Explaining to the reader about the clone saga and how he would deal with Venom is very bland that type of commentary I think should be left to the description boxes rather than coming from thought cloud as is portrayed in this story Eddie's ex-wife Ann is also depicted very naive legally speaking Even though she's a lawyer and the police force seems very incapable I mean, it's no wonder New York City needed multiple superheroes through the 90s It's police department were as oblivious as Kelly Bundy the cover art for this issue is incredibly deceiving as it portrays the two characters Very epically artistically speaking. It's just a really nice eye-catching cover But then when you look inside the artwork is extremely cartoonish and the story is very disappointing I really wanted to like this story guys since I'm such a big fan of the clone saga Ben Riley Spider-Man and Venom lethal protector But sadly, I just can't recommend this issue for anything other than to see what happened to Venom After playing into the symbiotes and the origin of hybrid I think I'll probably rank this issue three out of ten stars as I feel it didn't really capture the truth of the characters and Pay to them all in a very bad light. I hope you enjoyed this review guys. I'm Shannon for Comic-Ed and TV Thanks for watching Hey guys, if you liked this video make sure you smash that subscribe button and click on the little bell to receive notifications on all our upcoming videos Hit the like button make sure and leave us a comment so we know how you felt about this video And don't forget to share with your family and friends until next time. I'm Shannon from Comic-Ed. We're all geek culture collides


I'm Lawrence, I apologize for my coughing, it's hard to control, I'll do my best. I want to talk about BPF signing, what it means and what we might be doing about it. Most of you in the room will know that eBPF is powerful, we use it to build things like BPF trace. Still incomplete, yes, we're always adding. With that power comes potential for abuse. You can build, unfortunately, great excitation tools, key logging, so on, I think actually somebody has gone and done it and built a root kit that uses BPF in some fashion. And I think this, as a community, has always brought us up and said, there's something that we do not want, right, this is bad for us because it creates negative view by outsiders and I think it's also a shame that the work that we do would be abused for such purposes. And of course, the problem is that to prevent abuse by necessity, we somehow have to limit what BPF can do. And obviously that's a big problem and so we've kind of been going around this topic in various incarnations, I think, in some way, shape or form, like every conference there's like one talk that has this as a topic, so this time around it's my turn. And I want to summarize a little bit the things that we've talked about in the past. So I think way back when BPF started out, like any application could actually load a BPF socket filter, it could attach it to a socket it owned and kind of do useful stuff with that and then Spectre happened and the whole thing became a maintenance nightmare. And the solution to that was turn it off, which is I think in a way it's pleasing when we can do that more often. So today, there's a syscirtle that says, you know, is unprivileged BPF enabled and as far as I know, most distributions today actually disable it. The next thing we discussed was, well, BPF is guarded by Capsis admin that seems kind of like a pretty big hammer, can we do better, Andre gave a really nice overview of the discussion that was going on and we came up with CAP BPF. But now it turns out that CAP BPF is not enough, we want to kind of solve this for username space is what we're going to do. Here we go BPF token, seems like a nice solution. We've also had kind of, I'm paraphrasing what I think KP's intentions are. KP, if you're here, please correct me if I'm wrong.  So KP has given a talk or kind of, I think even published an RFC patch set, which is like, let's sign the bytecode. And kind of going even further, there are some companies that have requirements that say, well, anything that executes on the system should have some source of authorization. And I think they've given a really good overview of this as well. I think Microsoft is kind of further along the curve on this than most companies, but I think that there are security conscious companies that are kind of coming to that conclusion as well. Let's, because this is about signing my talk, what is the idea behind sign the bytecode? This is like very crude. Let's take the instructions that make up your program, hash it, sign that, done. This is not crypto advice, I want to tell you. And of course, there's like many, many details here that I'm skipping that make this actually difficult to work out. What I want to leave you with is kind of the reaction that I as a Scylium developer have to this proposal. It would actually make our lives extremely hard, I think. And the reason for this is this, which you might have seen. I want to thank Anton for making this great slide. This is a diagram of the programs we have in Scylium and how they kind of call into each other. You notice that to kind of angle it, to fit it on the slide, which I think is very pleasing. So what I want to say is like signing BPF, if that was the only thing that was allowed, that was like the answer to saying, well, BPF can be abused and like we need to somehow protect against that. That would be really bad for projects like Scylium, but also other things that are really useful like BPF trace. Okay. So in like the discussions we had, kind of Dave also gave the summary is let's instead of signing the BPF program, let's establish that the program that is trying to do the BPF Syscall is somehow trustworthy. And the goal that I had kind of with this talk is to show or to try out how difficult that is, how far away are we from doing this essentially. And I think this is orthogonal to signed byte code. If we really wanted to, we could do both. We could say, if the byte code is signed or your program is trusted, then we allow this. So it doesn't have to be exclusive. I wrote a little shopping list of the things that I'm going to need to build this. The first thing is to identify a binary. That's typically a hash of some sort. You need to prevent that file from being modified on disk. There's somehow a way to express trust. That's usually a signature. And then somehow I need to write a policy. Number one, I think I've heard it mentioned a couple times already. There's a system called FS Verity. It's a fast per file integrity mechanism that's really easy to enable, which is nice. And that gives you a hash and it also essentially turns the file read only. Signatures. And I went looking around in the kernel and tried to see what was there. And it actually turns out that IMA has a lot of the things that I wanted. One of them is like a signature format and a way to attach it to a file that's on disk, like in an extended attribute. It's like incremental infrastructure for caching of stuff. Very important. There's also like user space tooling that you can run to fill with stuff. And there's also like, they have some idea of key management, which I'll maybe we can talk about later. And there's some interesting integrations. Apparently, RPM supports this, which is new to me. And there's a project called Key Lime. They kind of, the idea is they take all of this info that comes out of it and tell you what is your system running, kind of different take on Tetragram, I guess, something we can integrate as well. Finally, I think this is the least surprising part. What's the policy going to look like? It's a BPF LSM hook and some new K-Punks. I'm going to attempt demo as well. Let's see how it goes. It shows up, yeah.  It has like a, runs a patched kernel. And that's that, do a little bit of setup. Some of it, this has to do with like how FS variety works. And some of this has to do with how I kind of built the proof concept slash the hack. So you need like an IMA policy to make it work, but something to discuss. And then I can show you what are the kind of the parts that we need. There's like a certificate, a key that you can read. There's this create map thing, which is just as boring as it sounds. Creates a map, maybe I should have made it print something more interesting. I don't know. And then we kind of have the gatekeeper program. And what I'm going to do is I'm going to first sign the gatekeeper. Yeah, like, does it just create a map or actually pins it? It just creates a map. So it's like, basically it's a placeholder for can I do a BPFS call, essentially. So first I sign the gatekeeper. And then the second stage is to put the gatekeeper into the background. And you can see, okay, it's attached to the LSM program. You can already, there's like some debug output that says, okay, I'm actually allowing the gatekeeper access to the BPFS. So this call is a great way to shoot yourself in the foot. In the beginning I had a gatekeeper that didn't allow itself to execute the BPFS call, so that's kind of problematic. But yeah, I guess it's the future that we might live in. I can try creating a map again. You can see like there's multiple things because it tries to do some magic. So there's multiple BPFS calls behind the back. But you can see that it's denying access in the number four. There's just some enum that I'm printing out for debug. How can we fix this? We can now assign the create map binary. I can try again and voila, success. We can actually execute BPFS. What does it take to write this policy? That's what it looks like. I had to do, I had to export two things, which is like two functions that exist. It's the get task, xe file and fput. And I wrote a new little kfunk, which is like this ima file appraised thing. You might be thinking, okay, that new kfunk is kind of going to be 200 lines, but I think it's actually like 20 lines. And the experience of actually doing this was incredible, like using kfunks to add a new helper is really fantastic. So thank you everybody who's been working on that. Kind of my takeaways are that it basically works. Why do you need fput? Sorry? Fput. Why do you need fput? From BPF program, yeah. Because why did I add it? I mean, is it a new kfunk or what is IC? Okay. I mean, I just exported the helper. This is probably never going to fly, but this is a proof of concept, so I can do what I want basically, which is nice. You can cut corners. I mean, you could rewrite this somehow to say, you know, appraise the current task executable, or I don't know, there's ways around it. My takeaways are it works. It works with not too much changes. I think the, what, this identity, this hash thing, I used fsverity, but I guess if this were ever to become a thing, we would have other things that kind of could provide this, the hash and the integrity. It could be de-embarity, something completely else. I don't know. I think it's nice that the signatures are compatible with existing tooling, because it's kind of a pain to come up with these systems and writing the tooling. And finally, I think it's kind of the obvious one, but that trust should be flexible. I think that's also the kind of the biggest question I have, if this ever became a thing, like the way that keychains are managed is fairly strict for IMA, we would probably want to be able to say, well, kind of either we have our own keychains or have a way of saying, like, that's kind of the second point that I have here, right now it's like an all-or-nothing thing. If IMA trusts you, you can execute the BPFS call, but we probably need a much more granular way of saying, well, I only want a subset of signed programs or programs that have been signed by the specific key to be able to access it. I don't exactly know how we would do that, like one idea that I had when I was listening to Andrew's talk is that we could tie something like a keychain to a BPF token. So we could say, if you have this token, then also the process has to be signed by this key, something like that. I think there's many interesting avenues. And the second thing is like for the proof of concept, I had to write like a little bit of IMA policy, which is not bad, but I guess it kind of begs the question of like how much integration would there be if ever we did this? Would we be allowed to just reuse the bits? There we go, almost made it. Would it be allowed to just reuse the bits from the IMA infrastructure that we find useful or is there like a bigger discussion to be had? And that's really all I have. And if anybody has questions, then please go ahead. I think like one piece that's missing and like it probably would require working like tooling and libraries is some way to identify the specific workload, right? So like in your case, it's simple, you create the map, but like let's say you're running, like you're loading some BPF object file, right? It's not even one program, it's like each program is part of like the bigger whole. So we probably need to have some way like to instruct the BPF, like go BPF library to either do the digest from like the original L file and like provide that as part of the BPF program load, or even allow applications to override this with whatever custom identifier they want to provide. And just provide this like a buffer of bytes, stuff like this. So for BPF trace, it will be different, but the similar concept, right? BPF trace might like normalize the script itself, like maybe strip out like the white spaces or whatever and then collect the hash of that, or like maybe take the IR3, you know, stuff like this. So like equivalent programs probably should have the same checksum, but... So the way that this works is actually doesn't look at what the program is that you're loading, right? It's completely oblivious to you could be loading... Exactly, that's my point. Like you can sign the BPF trace, but like you don't know what it is running. Exactly. And I think that is kind of one that I'm proposing this from the model of this is probably what we would need for a CDM to work, because it's so dynamic. But that's too permissive, right? So like BPF trace can run like any malicious script. So you probably want to make sure that BPF trace is trusted. And also like whatever script it's trying to run is like validated. I mean, if you can figure out how to do that, I think that would be great. I'm... I don't know how I would do it basically. Yeah, but that's one thing, like we can extend, like it was a very simple property, like on the proc load where like loader, which supposedly is trusted, can provide some opaque string, right? And then like whatever BPF LSM policy you have, like they can like check whether it's known in workload. Yeah, I think that maybe that's kind of the point I was making at the beginning, where this could, you could do this plus other stuff on top. Like you'd say, oh, it has to be signed. Or you could say both have to be true, or you could say either has to be true. So just maybe a question. I am maybe not the best person to know, but at least the folks that I've talked to, I'm not sure you want the key on the node to sign, right? Like BPF tool would have to have the key to sign, but nobody wants to have those keys on the nodes. Like they want those keys as far away as possible and like a box on some, you know, that's doing the, building the image. So that would, I think has always been the trouble, the hard part for this, right? Like it's because BPF tool wants to generate a program. It doesn't, nobody's, as far as I can tell, nobody wants to give that thing the key, because it's going to be running on the node. So like, you're worried about the malicious code loading, but it has the key. Like, right? Yeah. That's what I was saying. That, thanks, Don. And this is the point I was trying to ask as well. BPF, the key cannot be on the machine, right? It should be on the, somewhere on the trusted builds. So this is what establishes provenance of the signature. Unless you give somebody rights to like two dynamic loading. So the gatekeeper needs to write a policy that these binaries can load unsigned BPF programs of the following type. That was, that was sort of the thing I was, I thought it's still doable with this design, no? I think so. So maybe I'm missing something. I'm not like security guy, right? But this is about identify workload. Like it's not about like signing or anything, right? Like I trust BPF trace to use like a blast algorithm, which could be just like a simple hash sum, right? And like I trust BPF trace to provide that identifier as is like kind of identifier of like, what is the origin of the workload I'm running? And then like you can have like pre-calculate the same hash on like 10 trusted BPF trace scripts and nothing else, right? So if someone is trying to run like ad hoc script, that will fail. But if you run like the pre-sign, it's not even signing, right? It's like pre-calculated, pre-blast scripts, then like it will let it through by combining trust in the BPF trace and then like knowing the workload ID. I think maybe this is a case of different, slightly different use cases. I would say that the model, I'm like this, what the proof concept is, right? Then maybe we need a different one, I don't know. But it's more like trusting in a, probably it's like saying I trust a group of people to do a good job and give me a binary that is as secure as it might be, right? So this might be for BPF trace, this is kind of applicable to Cilium, et cetera. And then you might have more, you might be saying, well, actually that's not enough for me. I want to be able to vet the exact programs that go in. And you could have LibBPF tools, you could statically combine your thing, turn it into a single binary that doesn't have any external dependencies and you can still use this process to kind of say, well, these are the 10 LibBPF tools, scripts that I would like to be able to run on my infrastructure, right? You could still do that if you wanted to. Sorry, Dave. Yeah, so there's maybe two types of programs, right? One's that may be pre-authored and could be sent off to a signing server to get signed by a key that's not online and whatever. BPF trace is generally not in that category. And there's one that are dynamically constructed in BPF traces in that category. Since you can't put the key on the machine in any secure fashion, you can't give that to BPF trace, then as we're saying, then you'd have to say, BPF trace can do unsigned programs. You can have a gatekeeper that says, for BPF trace, only allow programs that attach to the following hooks and call the following k-funcs and so on. So you can constrain it that way, but you can't constrain it to say which programs they are, but you can constrain maybe what operations, whether it's program types or k-funcs or whatever else it has access to. You could write a gatekeeper program to do that to process the input if you care about that. The other point that I was going to raise is not on an under-race point, but that was my response to that, right? You say it works, but in great stuff, by the way, please continue. I didn't realize that Cilium was in the category of dynamic generation of code, more like BPF trace. You said it was really complex, right? Oh, yes. And so that means that the parts of it that work like BPF trace in the talk that you're referencing that I gave, there's a policy that says, if you want to do hypervisor protected code integrity, then you're disallowing the dynamic code and only allowing kind of the static code category, right? The one that you could actually sign in the data center, whatever, which means by policy, you're saying BPF trace will fail, but that's because I've set a policy that is enforced by the hypervisor. When you set that policy, it means that there is a security distinction between code running in the kernel and what root can get, okay? Meaning root can't get code running in the kernel because root can't get the code signed by the key that the hypervisor needs to list. So then there's a security distinction. All of this that you talked about, even FS Verity and so on, I believe still relies on the assumption that there's no security distinction between those, and that's because root can poke into the process that's been signed after it's been loaded and modify it or whatever, and if it can do that, then it can subvert and get code injected in the kernel even though it's been signed, right? So this still relies on an assumption that it actually will fail in a hypervisor protected code integrity. So you say, it works. It works as long as you don't flip that switch and turn on such a security policy in your hypervisor. Yes, so I'm sure there's like, you're much more versed in this stuff than I am, so I'm sure there's like tons of holes in there, but I think for like the mental model that I usually operate to say, okay. Like, you know, execution the gatekeeper needs root. If you can do that, then okay. You can modify the policy basically, right? You could switch on or off. I mean, there's like, in a way like the way that IMA is designed is I guess more of a thing where you set a policy and you can never undo it. And maybe that's for the reasons that you mentioned. It works great. Please continue. It's great stuff. It won't solve the problem if you have like the HVCI style of stuff turned on, but for all the other cases, I think it's a great approach. Cool. Thank you. Mr. Lawrence, just a quick question regarding the signing key here, like where do you just to clarify, this use case where we want to sign binaries on a trusted build server, this would still work in this scenario, right? I don't need to have the private key on the host. No, you don't need it. It's just for the sake of the demo. Like basically, I just wanted to show it. The way it works is maybe you can scroll up. So in the setup here, you can see this. It says one key in key ring. Like it's kind of a little bit difficult to understand, but basically what this does is runs. It's like a binary called key cuttle or something. And that loads the public key into a kernel key ring. And then that's what's used by IMA to do its checks. So if I had shipped this IMA sign thing, that just ends up taking the hash and calculating, doing a signature basically, but you could ship that out of that. You don't have to have that on your machine. You could imagine that it's, like I said, as part of RPMs or bake it into the container image somehow, I don't know. Does it answer the question? Yeah, it does. And it's really cool. And it also gives the flexibility. If I want to use IMA or the implementation I had at some point where you could have the helper that was at the K-Pung that is already existing with the pkcs or pcks number seven style stuff, you can do that. Yeah, this is cool. Are we going to provide a reference implementation? Like based on IMA or... Sorry, can you say that again? Are we going to provide a reference implementation? Is there going to be like something that BPF tool is going to generate signed programs by default and the signature can be identified with a particular header and the kernel most like given reference implementation for distros or some things to build on, right? That's that sort of stuff. Good question. I don't know. That's basically what I'm here to ask about. Okay, so I know this is kind of work in progress, but the signature seems kind of primitive. Like you just signed the main binary because you can easily like LD preload something or have a library that pens on that as something that gets replaced with something or... Yeah, you need to basically take additional precaution. You would have to kind of do things on top that say you can't actually execute other stuff, etc, etc. So you're like a statically linked binary... Yes, yeah, all right. So it's like I'm not saying like by doing this everything is magically going to turn out super secure. Like even full disclosure, Cilium ships clang, right? Because we need to compile stuff. But I think if we have a system like this, we could work towards a future where we reduce the amount of kind of stuff we're taking from the outside of this is something that actually people care about where customers come to us and say we want to be able to have a version of Cilium that kind of has these properties, right? What do you think what did it take to be able to ship a Cilium container image where you then can lock down to say, okay, I went just to Cilium agent. I want this to be trusted and trust the compute base. But all the other potential applications that could be malicious or not, they would not have the access. Like what would it take for us to be able to ship this with the image in this setup that you have? I think for me, I can go to the shopping list. Okay, so I think this number for like Cilium being like a cloud native Kubernetes thing most of the time like would be distributed as a container I guess and that's just a glorified tar ball I think. So I think the like step number one would have to be find a way to add signatures that we can make the kernel understand to the star ball. Like right now there is a way, I think we already do this for Tetragon, please correct me if I'm wrong, John. Like there's a thing called Cosign where you can take a container, you sign that somehow. But it's not clear to me how to make the kernel understand that and I think it's, I guess we could say, well, let's not involve the kernel as much. Like the proof of concept that build is like basically all of the logic for like deciding is this trusted or not, is this signature ballad is kind of in the kernel. We could say like let's take it out and be a bit more lenient with that then we could adopt something like Cosign more easily. But I think if we wanted to go with this approach where actually the kernel has like the final say, we would have to figure out how to add these like fs-varity-compatible or dm-varity-compatible or something else compatible hashes to container images. I think that's for me like the biggest question mark. And then the number two is kind of the bit, this trust and identity. And that's what I meant with this trust model thing. Like it's not clear to me how tightly we would want to integrate with kind of IMA and the system key ring that exists. Like there's all of these concepts that I'm not well versed with, with we would have to answer I think. Like if you want to say like what does it actually look like if you want to say I trust the Scylian maintainers to produce a good binary, like how do you actually go about configuring that? Maybe on the side. Since you're talking about trust of building the binary, I know folks have started to use Tetragon in their build process to get a S-bomb kind of thing from it, basically a trace of the build process. And then they hash that and use that as input to the thing. People have tried to do this with S-trace before, but S-trace was usually too noisy. I mean, it's usually not consistent enough. I mean, maybe people that, maybe somebody might disagree with that statement, I'm not sure. But that would, we could do that. I mean, we could use Tetragon to monitor this is calls and the connection and the things for the build process. And then today we sign it with Cosign, which has a secret key. I mean, we could sign it with something else, I suppose. Can I take a stab at answering Daniel's question in a slightly, because it was more particular towards having one trusted process that is Scylium in that container that wants to load BPF programs. What you could do then is have a policy that says that a binary, only a binary that is signed with this particular private key is allowed to load BPF programs, right? You could, and load any BPF program effectively because that binary is then in your trusted compute base. Then you have what you start off is you build Scylium in like a new container and sign the Scylium binary on the system. You have the verification key preloaded into the container kernel key chain, right? You ship the BPF program that like enforces this policy, have it loaded as a part of system D when the container starts.  Then at the BPF says call time you check that blob and you reject anything that doesn't. So in this use case, it is the opposite side where you have just one part that is a part of the trusted compute base and is allowed to load signed programs. So you don't need to sign the programs in this case, you just need to sign the binary that loads the programs because that's the thing you trust and then you don't trust anybody else effectively there. Yeah, you could do that. I mean, I guess we're kind of bad for us if only Scylium was allowed to run. There's other stuff we do as well. So I think it's probably not like a future we want where we use this to lock out, but I think it's a realistic ask that at some point people are going to say we want to be able to control what, you know, who provides us a software that runs in our system. Then you can also think about a loader spec as well, right? Like this is the way you interact with the BPF control, like the control plane that is allowed, that can do the BPF Syscall that is the weighted binary.  Yeah, I mean, you could use this to have this, yeah, like a set of trusted programs that you can load in. You can talk to that daemon that's been signed by IPC and then do that way, I guess. Okay, I think I'm out of time anyways. Thank you very much. Yeah, thank you.


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All right, sky kind of get some not rain long enough to fiberglass these two suckers All right, that's about two and a half layers wrapped around there probably want to double that I'm not sticking them together yet Because I want to have a bearing here and a bearing there So I want to put the bearings on there and then attach this to that And the bearings on the ends they just go on any time. Yeah still loads of space For fiberglass layers. I Want to make sure these are really strong Because I never want to have to repair them and I want to be able to pedal like hard as I want So it looks like the pedals are gonna go right across here. I'm gonna cut this part out And there'll be pedals here and there and right in the middle will be where the paddle wheel is I'm gonna make it so people can sit facing forward for the pedals and facing backwards so you can have one two three four people pedaling I'm also thinking about Well, I want to have bearings on where you put your feet so I can put some kind of flat thing So it's more comfortable for your feet because I get bruised feet driving one of these for hours So put a bearing there and then I could put a stick way up to the front of the boat and have some Other pedal things So then people at the front could pedal too. So I better make sure these are super strong can handle any craziness I might do. Oh That looks like rain coming I only got the second layer on one of them Hmm, I don't think I'm gonna get the second layer on the other one today I don't know the sky's clear right there. Maybe it'll just keep going by like that Here getting closer. All right. I'm out of here. Oh Just heard thunder Not a good time to be out in the boat. Luckily, I don't want very far to go rain yet today It just keeps looking like it's threatening to No I'm gonna try doing some fiberglass Hopefully it doesn't rain They just like that like that's fine I've got roughly eight layers of fiberglass on those now. They should be strong Like really strong. I think Pretty nice in the boat Put this in there so it'll be all lined up straight then fiberglass this connection Double checker. That means I'm gonna have to cut this floor out now and then flip the boat over smack it up flip it Think before I want to do that though I want to wax the bottoms of the pontoons so the dirt doesn't stick to the resin All right, we'll cut this out right now. Ah good thing. I brought my angle grinder Where do I cut I guess up here? I mean, it's pretty obvious straight across Back here though You know the bottom part I'll cut straight across this part. I think I'll try to keep as close to this as I can Yeah Hold on a second I could keep these sidewalls Because they're attached in the right spot here and if I disconnected them all along there Straighten them out so they went straight back instead of at an angle Then that could be where the the middle bearing goes through and then I can attach the you know the housing for the paddle wheel to that hmm All right, maybe I'll cut along here around there And cut the bottom off and then see see if this will just bend in a little bit Unsatisfactory unsatisfactory I only brought one wheel because like that never happens Okay, everything just stay right here. I'll be right back All right, and one of those for any corner. I pedal boated to town and back yesterday Some my legs are all wobbly the heads, you know spinning a little bit not really spinning a little dizzy Just kind of wiped out. I think that's why I Broke that disc because my coordination was off. So I need that need to focus Focus on coordination Might have to score that a little bit right there. So this isn't curving But yeah, it looks like they're pretty good Should be able to put a hole in there hole in there and then put a bearing on top of here here there there Everything that goes straight through And they're pretty close to matching up with this piece back here. So that'll be easy to connect Well, it was kind of hard to flip over by myself Although I think it's because this tube and those tubes back there have drain holes at the bottom and out of the top So they were full of water Yep Maybe not full and that is a cool boat. Why'd I ever stop using it as a boat? I mean, I know why I made a different boat. That was bigger Yeah, this one's gonna get some good use again There was another reason that I stopped using this as a boat because I got all these bubbles in the fiberglass along the bottom. I Don't remember what it's called, but it's a fairly common thing It's not gonna happen now partly because I did a better job on the bottom But also I'm gonna keep it out of the water when it's not driving Moving on Well, I decided to take those things right off I'm gonna put this nice rounded edge along the bottom Because the top edge of this is probably just gonna get a continuation to the Paddle cover And that bottom edge will be nice to have near the bearing to keep it from moving Ah, these things aren't even straight. Ah, forget it. I've been staring at this for 20 minutes Trying to figure out what to do next I think I need to go think somewhere else Yeah Well, I think the main issue right now is I need to make Like some kind of pieces to go across here that are flat sheets. I don't have anything flat on this island