Live from Washington D.C., it's theCUBE. Covering Inforum DC 2018, brought to you by Infor. We are back here at Inforum 2018 in Washington D.C., John Walls of Dave Vellante. We are in the nation's capital and joined right now by Massimo Capocha, who's SVP of InfoOS and Rick Ryder, product director for Coleman at Inforum. Gentlemen, thanks for joining us. Good to see you both. Thank you. Let's talk first off, good job, by the way. Rick, on the keynote stage this morning, you had some time to shine out there. Your thoughts about the show in general so far, we've been a couple of days in now. How's it going for you? Yeah, very, very well. The customers have received the Inforum OS and the technology innovation and what we do with AI. Very, very well. Lot of people in the hub, lots of sessions, so lots of interest on the technology innovation for InforOS and for Infor as well. Rick, for you. Yeah, it's been great. It's been interesting. What we're finding out is getting a lot of this out in front of customers and partners is bringing up some interesting opportunities for us moving forward. So it's not every day we get the opportunity to get in front of these many people within our network, so it's been great. So what are you hearing from folks? When you start talking about AI, especially those who maybe don't know, haven't embraced it yet, what are the hesitations, reservations?  Yeah, to be honest, I think they've been hesitant in the past just because it hasn't really been clear. When we've talked about AI in the technology community, it's been hard to define. Some people might, in fact, define it incorrectly because we're making assumptions about what technology can and can't do. I think what we're uncovering, I feel we've got a pretty unique approach to what we're doing here with InforOS and Coleman connected to it. We're working directly with customers to identify use cases on how we can apply AI rather than just starting at the top and saying, hey, we should be doing all these great things and let's see how we can make it work for our customers. It's kind of, we're flipping the script and starting backwards and saying, hey, what are the issues, what are the opportunities that customers have? How can we build the technology using AI to make it meaningful? So we have business impact day one. And by doing that, I think it's a lot more understandable, it's a lot more relatable, it's a lot more trustable from our customers. We, certainly in theCUBE here, watched and observed the ascendancy of the hype around so-called big data, and which is sort of moderated now. But data is plentiful, insights aren't. And so we've sort of come to the conclusion that the innovation recipe, if you will, for the next decade or so is data, applying machine intelligence to that data and having cloud to be able to scale it, having cloud economics be able to track innovation. You guys seem to have all three of those pieces, right? But AI without the data is just, I don't know what it is, right? Data without the ability to extract insights. What good is it? And you got to have cloud to scale it. Your thoughts on, from a platform perspective, what that means. Yeah, absolutely. So I was seeing the interview that you were doing with Charles is we build out this platform from the beginning. And one of the big element is that we have made possible to synchronize in real time all this data that the applications generate into a single place called the Data Lake. So when you have the data in Data Lake, then you can do many, many things. And not only analytics and reporting, which is the classical use case, but now it allows you to do AI. And the difference is that we don't have one domain of the data. So some of the vendors have only CRM data or HCM data or financial data. With info, we have all different domains of data. So we can go from HCM, from financials, to asset management, to IoT readings of IoT devices, to ERP, and CRM also. So when you combine, when you can cross and combine the relationship with this data, then your AI is much smarter, intelligent. When you have only the AI focused on a domain, it's less intelligent. So that's actually the power that we do. And our Coleman will take advantage of that rich Data Lake. And we talked a lot to Soma earlier about the stack. And at the bottom layer is the OS. So everybody's familiar with what an operating system does in computer science. How is your OS similar and different? What's the function that it does, if we could double click on that? Yeah, so it's in for operating service and we call it as service, because it's actually not in the database and operating system level. So we believe we are more in the application technology. We are the layer that takes the bare technology and makes it usable for a business, for an enterprise, and we build applications on top of it. So what we believe at INFO, when you have an architecture with us, it is composite of a suite of application or even the new Microsoft architecture that developers built, you still have to deliver a uniform user experience, a uniform business process, uniform security and data management and even AI. So if you look at services like Facebook or Netflix, they have maybe entire microservice architecture, a thousand of that, but the experience is one. That's we want to bring it to the enterprise. The INFO OS brings that unified experience, both from the end user and business process to the enterprises. And we do it for all the cloud suites. The INFO OS is all the cloud suites, not just one, but all of them, the same services. So I love the Netflix example because if you think about digital, digital transformation, digital business, my experience with Netflix is just with Netflix. I don't have a, there's no marketing department, sales department, service department. I just have a problem. I go to Netflix, I go to my app. I interact with the app. Yeah, absolutely. So that's, I consider that, let's call it a product. So Rick, how does this capability get translated into product? Yeah, you know, one thing that you brought up a lot earlier is with all this interconnectivity and how we have to package things. So we've got all these different services that OS offers. So we've got the data lake. We've got the API gateway. We've got the integration platform and ION. All those pieces is what bring this together to where we can actually deliver something to our customers. In my case, it's an AI model or it's RPA because of all these things are packaged together. So they don't actually see what's happening because it's already packaged for them. Okay, so what I was saying to Charles, you probably, you might have seen it, is when we first discovered in for it, it was like, huh, what do you guys do? And it wasn't clear exactly what you guys were doing. But he said, and I believe him, it was always our vision to have a platform. Now that the, it's not opaque anymore. The platform is pretty clear. Now you've added the burst analytics. You've added Coleman AI on top of that. So, you know, Andy Jassy at AWS always talks about the flywheel effect. So I suspect that you're entering this flywheel phase. What is that phase? What does it kind of mean for you guys, for customers in terms of innovation? Yeah, it's a very good question. Actually, I worked for years with SOMA. We started with this platform, this journey, and with Charles. And we start really with, okay, what's the first issue? You know, we want to solve the integration problem. So we want to give it integration platform. Then we build that. Then we start to say, okay, we want to unify the experience. We build an unified portal with a single sign-on. Then we say, okay, we want to unify the data. We build a data lake. So we continue to build out the platform. We are now at a level, we have a platform. And it's a unique platform because you can say it fits in one magic quadrant because, yeah, it does the iPass and the pass. So all these magic quadrants, but it doesn't fit in one. It fits in all of them, right? So, and the analyst looks at that and say, okay, we have a platform. It doesn't fit in one. It fits in all of them, right? The magic quadrant is now becoming outdated because the cloud is, like you said, it can need 15 stovepipes. Exactly. The stovepipe thinking is the magic quadrant. Exactly. So with all due respect to my friends at Gartner. But the flywheel is, yeah, the platform is going to become more and more important, relevant. The customers that are in the cloud or not, are not in the cloud, they will use the platform to get to the cloud. It's going to be in a new enabler for those customers that are still on premises to go to the cloud. And the InfoOS is enabled for a hybrid process. So some application can be on premises or in the cloud. With the OS, they can take the journey and get to the cloud at their own place. Let me show you, I understand that. So architecturally, you don't care.  Okay, but you've certainly done a lot of work to optimize AWS. We're an AWS customer and we know it's not trivial. You have to, you know, you've got to work it. It's simple, developers love it, but to really take advantage of it, integrate it with your processes, it'll take some work. But architecturally, you don't care. But that's not an offering statement, is it? I mean, today, can I run that multi-cloud, run your software anywhere? Are people doing that? Well, today we have a mix of, we use open source library, but we do use, utilize AWS. The data lake is built on S3. On AI, we use Lex or SageMaker for the training of the models. So we do a lot of AWS because it gives you our computing power and it's out of the box solution for certain pieces. What we do, we build interfaces to our applications. So that our customers doesn't need to take care of all the plumbing, it's all interconnected and done. So that's one of the power of InfoRaisers, brings that application technology layer between the business application and the basic technologies. And the customer doesn't even want to think about the plumbing these days, right? To most customers, infrastructure is irrelevant.  I mean, it's interesting, Charles said in the keynote yesterday, when we were an on-prem software company, we didn't manage servers for our customers. Customers didn't care really about the server, any more than they care about the plumbing today, right? Right, yeah, and if I want to relate that to the AI space, all the training, all the science, all the highly computational things that we have to do, customers don't really want to know what that means or how to use that. So what we're actually doing is in conjunction with some of the AI services we're working with, with AWS, is we've built a modeling platform to where they're operating in one location. They've got no concept of where this is hosted, what's going on behind the scenes. And then when we connect it, we expose an API and they can do any sort of RPA that they want to. Yeah, so I mean, you're talking about, when you talk about your customers and they don't care about what's behind the curtain, they just want to handle maybe something up front. But yet, you have to understand what they can do, right? Or you have to understand their potential. So how do you do that when you're dealing with different companies, different sizes, different priorities, different challenges, they're in different technology stages. How do you all address them individually and help them get to that better place? You want to take that on the modeler? Yeah, I think it's never a one-size-fits-all, right? So we try to give them what we've called citizen developer tool sets in the past and I've even started to try to say citizen data science tool sets. So how can we make it more consumable by all types of users? So yes, we can provide templates, we can create these things that might work somewhat out of the box, but each one of these customers, their data is just slightly different, they need to make tweaks. So we really want to be able to provide all that flexibility and it gets back to we start with their use cases and then we build from there. So we get all that feedback and make sure we're hitting those key points. So I want to pick up on something you said about citizen data scientists. I've used that term before in front of data scientists. Some of them don't like it, right? Because I feel like it denigrates what they do.  And that's not every business person, clearly. However, when you think about things like RPA, I mean, you really want to enable business users. You don't want to repeat the same problem that we had for years with things like decision support where you had two people in the company that knew how to build a cube. And you had to have line up with and ask, please, can you build my cube? I have a deadline, well, everybody else does too. It just, it wasn't effective. So things like RPA and low code citizen data scientists spread that technology throughout. Now, part of that is having a platform that is, I vision a studio, whereas a user, I can actually create some kind of process and code that in software, you know, code it, something that's repetitive that I don't have to do every day. I do it every day, I do it the same way. Somebody gave the example, it might've been SOMA, I remember somebody else, expense report approval. Yeah, yeah. I've never not approved an expense report. And I don't crack them open, look at it, maybe every now and then somebody does, somebody does, by the way. So don't get any ideas here. I always push the approval button, right? Why couldn't, why can't a robot do that? And look for anomalies and say, oh, a $300 scotch, that's a lot of the ordinary. Yeah, yeah, absolutely. So is that a capability that you're working on, that you have today, that what I'm envisioning a studio, and then I imagine there's gotta be some orchestrator? Yeah, so if you look at throughout all of us, it's completely model driven. So either you build an integration or a workflow, or an AI model, or even we have a platform as a service, Mongo's where you build with low code applications. So you can take it to end to end where you train models in AI, you expose as an API, you can build your own app on top of it with low code, and then give it to your business users. Very, very simple and in the cloud, in the browser, and you can do, every customer can do it. So that's very important for us. We work from the beginning with this model to give the tools to everybody, not to only an elite of people that can do and then there is the rest of the people that cannot do it. Every new computer science engineer that comes out gets AI out of the box. When I did computer science, yeah, I got some AI, but it was not really like today. So everybody can program AI now, and we want to give these tools to every developer, and not just one to an elite. Yeah, and the workflow prediction model that you've been talking about, if you want to come join us down there, we've actually got a model that we're working on for that exact use case right now. Oh, cool. Yes. So yeah, giving the ability for those business users, as you say, to, it's almost like lowering the barrier to entry to a lot of this AI technology. It's not devaluing or anything data science because we've got those advanced tool sets to where if you want to do something in our studio, bring it over into the Coleman AI platform, you certainly can, we're not devaluing that. But, you know what, if we want to start and take little bites off and you want to give this in the hands of the business users, we've got a great solution for that. So this is all the cool stuff. This is the stuff that business users care about. I mean, do they, by itself, my question is, do people care about what's under the covers? I mean, are they asking you, well, what's in the database and how does this work? How does that work? Or do they just really want to focus on that functionality that they're getting in the business impact? Yeah, with the advent of the cloud, people just, those questions like, which are operating system database, which technology use, it just went away, right? So people just want to know the functionality and the value. You know, maybe there are companies that have more, you know, and IT architects and they want to know more. You know, that's what they want to go down into the details, then you go into the architecture of the OS, of the application, or we integrate with AWS. So we do that as well. We, you know, we talk to customers about that. But most of them, they just want to know, okay, how can I use this platform to make my business better, right? So it runs the cloud suite, but now I can connect to other cloud services. I can connect to the other application. I can build my own app and bring it in. So they want that business value immediately. And that's why we build this in for OS so that they can run the cloud suite and add business value. Yeah, you guys at last year's analyst meeting gave a little glimpse of some of the architecture and it was very useful. Actually, analysts love that kind of stuff. I didn't get the invite this year. Maybe it's some of the smarmy questions I asked. But I found that actually quite impressive in terms of the tech behind it and the R&D that you guys are doing there. But ultimately it comes down to what products you can build and what business impact it has, right? Yeah, absolutely. And I think where we're heading with this, we really don't have many limitations for what we're seeing right now. We're built in a way to where you can apply to every single industry, every single cloud suite. We have the unique possibility to where we can go through all these different industries and create these sort of values. So we've got a very unique future ahead of us. So how much better? Or can you give us an idea of the roadmap a little bit about where you think Coleman can go? Yeah, so we're starting to play in the image recognition space a little bit. Maybe looking at how we can utilize things like drone technology and do inspection reports, those sort of things. It's maybe, in at least my opinion, I think others kind of express the same. It's maybe the least developed area and we want to make sure we have something that works for customers the way that they're going to see value immediately. But also we're starting to look at edge AI. So how can, not necessarily just an IoT, but how can we build something in the cloud? How can we create a model? Then deploy that for our on-prem customers who aren't quite ready so that they can get that AI experience as well and that predictive insight. It's Dave Vellante at SiliconAngle.com. Is that right, your email? For the invitation. David Dot Vellante. David Dot Vellante, let's make sure. So we'll exchange information later. We'll invite you. I'm sure this is not your territory. All right, Joe. It's on me. Thanks for joining us. Thank you. It's been a pleasure. Thank you for the time, we appreciate that. Back with more here from Washington, DC. Right after this, you're watching theCUBE.


Mae'r ff metre agor, mae'r ffoel yn ddechrau. The next item of business is a statement by Shona Robison on the impact on and response by the NHS in Scotland to the global ransomware incident. The cabinet secretary will take questions at the end of her statement so that there should be no interventions or interruptions and I call on Shona Robison. Thank you, Presiding Officer, for the opportunity to make a statement on the impact and response of the NHS in Scotland to the recent global ransomware attack. Members will have seen news reports about the global impact of Friday's attack. In the UK, the main area affected has been the NHS. Across NHS England, 47 health organisations were infected with the malware, including 27 acute trusts, while in Scotland, 13 health boards have experienced some impact from this attack, although less severely than in England. I wanted to come to Parliament today to update members on the current situation. Members will be aware that a UK-wide criminal investigation is under way, led by the National Cyber Security Centre and supported by Police Scotland. Health boards will fully support those inquiries. My Cabinet colleague Michael Matheson, Cabinet Secretary for Justice, participated in a meeting of the Cobra Committee yesterday afternoon, which was chaired by the Home Secretary to consider the consequences of the cyber attack. Ensuring services recovery from the cyber attack as quickly as possible has been a priority for health boards. Since Friday, health board staff, as well as staff within GP practices, have been working extremely hard to ensure that the impact of this attack does not affect the quality and care provided by vital NHS services. I want to take the opportunity to thank them all for their efforts. Of the 13 boards affected, NHS Lanarkshire and NHS Borders have had the most significant impact. In response to that, as with other health boards, contingency arrangements were put in place, including manual standby systems, to ensure that appropriate patient information was still being captured and that patient services were being delivered across the NHS. I would like to take this opportunity today to reassure patients in Scotland that there has not been any reported breaches of patient data or personal details as a result of the attacks. Good progress has been made by all boards over the weekend in terms of recovery and mitigation. Most services, computer devices and systems are back online and operational on Monday morning. Many boards' IT staff are working on a 24-hour basis to ensure that appropriate fixes and the guidance issued by the National Cyber Security Centre are in place so that services are available to the public as quickly as possible. There will, however, still remain on-going work by boards to ensure that staff report any issues so that those can be investigated. I have written to health boards to record my thanks to all staff involved in responding to those attacks and thanking them for the additional work that they have carried out since Friday to ensure that the impact has been managed appropriately. While investigations and reviews are under way, initial assessment highlighted that across health boards, less than 1 per cent of devices have been affected. That is around 1500 devices in total. NHS Lanetshire and NHS Borders have now reported that they have made considerable progress in restoring systems and that patient services continue to be provided. NHS Lanetshire has reported that less than 20 patients waiting for routine appointments have had to be rescheduled. While the response from health boards and their staff is to be commended, I am sure that, like me, many members will want to understand why the impact from the cyber attack has affected the NHS. My officials are working closely with health boards to gain an understanding of why the situation arose in the first place. Issues that will be considered through this work will be to understand whether health boards had appropriate patching regimes in place. This is the process of applying fixes from software and hardware suppliers on to IT systems to improve security. With less than 1 per cent of devices infected, I think that we can draw some comfort from that position. However, we must not be complacent. I should also make clear that the adoption of any patch from a supplier requires a technical assessment to ensure that there are no unintended consequences on NHS systems. My cabinet colleagues are also seeking assurance across the wider public, private and voluntary sectors in relation to cyber preparedness. The Scottish Government has contacted more than 120 public bodies to seek assurance that they have appropriate resilience in place. The cabinet secretary for justice will today chair a meeting of the national cyber resilience leaders board, which draws together a range of partners, including industry. The board will consider the circumstances that led to the attack, the multiagency response and the steps that can be taken to enhance the future resilience across sectors. That is not a threat that Government can combat alone. That is about all of us across all sectors working, sharing and learning together to reduce the impacts that those criminal attacks have on our organisations and the public. There continues to be substantial investment in IT across NHS Scotland. The Scottish Government provides funding of around £100 million per annum to health boards for IT investment and for maintaining cyber security resilience. Health boards spend at least the same amount per annum, however, we know that in 2016-17 the total spend was around £257 million. Although the attack was unprecedented in its scope with hundreds of organisations affected across the globe, it was not an isolated incident. NHS Scotland, along with other organisations, faces similar attacks every day, most of which are thwarted by the controls and protections that are in place. All health boards have IT security frameworks and policies in place. The IT environment across health boards is complex with a mixture of legacy and new systems in technology. There is a continuing work programme in place to ensure that all systems are updated as soon as possible as developments in technology move on. I can assure Parliament that the NHS in Scotland remains at the forefront of using digital technology to support the quality of patient services that we provide. There will be a number of lessons arising from the ransomware attacks that we must learn from. Reviews are already under way to capture what can be improved to ensure that we reduce the chances of a similar attack happening in the future. The Scottish Government will also be arranging a lessons-learned exercise to help health boards and other agencies to mitigate the risks from further ransomware and other cyber attacks. However, due to the criminal activities, the NHS and all other parts of the public sector need to be vigilant and keep their systems up-to-date and fully protected at all times. That is a lesson that all parts of society can learn from. In conclusion, I want to reiterate that, while the impact of these attacks has affected NHS boards, there has been no reported breaches of patient data or loss of personal details or any reported impact on patient safety. In addition, I commend the response event of health boards staff who have worked tirelessly to ensure that the impact has been kept to a minimum. However, we cannot be complacent and we must ensure that the lessons that are identified are adopted by all health boards going forward so that we can minimise as far as we can the impact that such attacks have on systems that we use to deliver not just health but our public services in Scotland. The cabinet secretary will now take questions on the contents of her statement. We will have about 20 minutes. I would ask any member who wishes to ask a question to press their request a sweet button now. I call on Donald Cameron. I refer to my register of interest in the fact that I am on the board of two companies that invest in health technology. I thank the cabinet secretary for her advanced view of her statement. This incident is unjustifiable and indiscriminate. I, too, would like to begin by thanking the IT staff across Scotland who have worked tirelessly to get the NHS back online and the medical staff who have continued to provide care in the face of adversity. I would add my thanks to the words of the cabinet secretary. I welcome to that there has been no breach of patient data reported. We must also bear in mind that this is not just about infrastructure but patients in our hospitals and health centres have been affected, operations were cancelled and people were not able to get to their scheduled appointments. It may be the case that across the NHS one of the reasons IT systems have failed is because out-of-date software is still being used. Can I therefore ask the cabinet secretary how will the continuing work programme she refers to in her statement ensure that systems are not only upgraded now but will continue to be kept up to date in the future? I thank Donald Cameron for his questions and his comments about the efforts of staff. The IT systems across the NHS are complex and, of course, some of them are different because they serve different purposes. The NHS systems that will be used in an acute hospital will be different from those used by special boards, for example. Having the same system in all of our NHS boards is not the issue, they will be different because they serve different purposes. At the moment, we understand that mainly Windows 2007 and Windows 2003 devices were affected and only a small number of Windows XP devices were affected. No Windows XP has been an issue that has been raised within the media. What I can say about that is that there are approximately 6,500 XP devices out of around 150,000 total devices, which is less than 5 per cent. What I am saying is that it is not straightforward that it is about one piece of software compared to another. What we need to understand is that, across the different softwares that were affected, why were some affected and not others, that is the piece of work that will now be undertaken. Obviously, I am sure that Donald Cameron will appreciate all the efforts that have been about getting the systems back up and running and sorting problems so that the patient impact can be minimised. The next phase is now to understand more about the software, what went wrong in those areas that it went wrong, and, more important, what can we do to make sure that we improve the resilience of those systems? I would just end by reiterating that this was less than 1 per cent of devices that were affected, which meant that 99 per cent of devices were not affected by the malware. Although that provides some context, Donald Cameron can be assured that I am in no way complacent about that. Anas Sarwar, to be filled by Stuart Stevenson. I thank the cabinet secretary for prior sight of the statement and also join the cabinet secretary in thanking all those IT and NHS staff who have worked around the clock to get the situation under control. In December, following freedom of information requests that showed that almost every health board in Scotland had been targeted by a ransomware attack, Scottish Labour called for a review into cyber security. In February that just passed, we exposed a security breach that involved NHS staff whose details were leaked. Again, we repeated that call for a review on cyber security. It follows seven years of questions from my colleague Richard Simpson, who is no longer in this Parliament. I then ask the cabinet secretary if we now will have a review into cyber security right across the NHS. Secondly, given that we have had a history of ransomware attacks, can she confirm if we have ever had to pay out to any ransomware attacks? Thirdly, if she can give an indication on pressures that exist on NHS boards in terms of savings, they have to make that that will not be impacted on the budgets that NHS boards have for cyber security. I am sure that all of us want right across this chamber is for our NHS staff to be focused on patient care rather than having to worry about this hacking scandal, which I am sure all of us find unjustifiable and abhorrent. I thank Anas Sarwar for his questions. I can say to him that, back in February of this year, the chief operating officer of the NHS wrote to boards reminding them of the need to make sure that they had the best resilience in place and were following the best advice to make sure that their systems were as good as they could be. I reiterate what I said to Donald Cameron, and that is that there are regular attacks on our NHS systems. The fact that, to date, those have been very limited in their impact up until the situation on Friday says something about the strength of that resilience. Indeed, even though there has been an impact from the attack on Friday, it was on less than 1 per cent of the devices. We have over 150,000 devices across the NHS, and that affected less than 1,500 of them. However, Anas Sarwar is quite right to say about lessons being learned. Of course, in terms of the review of what has happened and what needs to happen in the light of this attack, any recommendations flowing out of that will be taken forward. In terms of pay-outs, no, there have been no pay-outs. It is not the policy of the NHS to pay out against these attacks. I think that that would send out completely the wrong message. Finally, on budgets, as I said in my statement, the NHS puts a lot of resources into IT, of which, of course, cybersecurity is a key element. The Scottish Government invests around £100 million each year. That is matched by health board funding. As I said in 1617, that was over £250 million, and this year is set to be at least £200 million. In fact, over the last two years, the investment in IT has actually gone up, so hopefully that will provide some reassurance to Anas Sarwar on the issues that he raised. Stuart Stevenson, to be followed by Miles Briggs. Given that the opportunity for the cyberattack lay in a vulnerability in obsolete software and, critically, the publicising of that vulnerability, can the cabinet secretary consider whether it might be appropriate to have a database that gives us knowledge of the use of obsolete software in public services and enables us to target news of potential vulnerabilities of which we become aware to the appropriate people before attacks may happen in future? I think that Stuart Stevenson makes an important point, although, in response to Donald Cameron, I made the point that that was not about one software. That appears to have affected a number of different softwares, and particularly has impacted on GP practices, rather than on the acute hospital with NHS Lanarkshire being the exception to that. We need to understand a bit more around what lies underneath those areas that were more vulnerable because there appears to be a different pattern in different places. We need to understand all that more readily before we decide what action we are taking. However, I can assure Stuart Stevenson that the experts that are meeting today in the leader's board, which is being chaired by my colleague Michael Matheson, has the expertise there, along with the other expertise that we will draw from, to make sure that the recommendations that we take forward and how we can make our systems more resilient will be based on the best available advice that we can find. Miles Briggs, before by Jen Gilruth. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I'd like to echo my colleagues thanks to all IT and NHS staff who've worked so hard over the weekend to restore key IT systems and deliver care to patients. Is the Cabinet Secretary confident that sufficient resilience planning is actually in place to cope with larger-scale incidents should they ever occur, and when did the Scottish Government last undertake an audit of these IT systems? Can I say to Miles Briggs that we are confident around the systems that we have in place, given that, as I have said already, that less than 1 per cent of devices were affected, but in no way complacent. That is a wake-up call not just to the NHS but not just to the public sector but industry as well. If you look globally at the type of organisations that have been impacted here, it is a wide range of organisations. We need to look at what more we can do around resilience planning. As I said, we did write to all boards back in February reminding them of the need to implement best practice and to get assurance from boards that they were doing so. We are looking today with the establishment of an extraordinary meeting of the IT leaders board that has expertise across not just the public sector but industry as well to bring that together to look at whether there is more that we can do in response to this attack but also on an on-going basis to build that resilience. I am very happy to keep Parliament updated about that as that works taken forward. In light of the continuing threat, can the cabinet secretary provide detail on what measures are in place to monitor the safety of patient data? In response to Jenny Gilruth, let me reiterate the important point here that no patient data has been compromised. I know that this is very important for patients because I know on Friday as this information was breaking, this news is breaking, that patients were concerned that their personal data may have been compromised. It was very important that we checked out as quickly as we could to give that public reassurance and we were able to do so and I would want to reiterate that today. Of course, going forward, what will be very important in terms of the resilience of our systems is that we have that security around patient data. I understand very much the sensitivity and the personal nature of patient data that is held within NHS systems, so it is very important that we can give that security to patients and that reassurance to patients and that will be an absolute key priority going forward. I would also like to put on the record my thanks to the NHS staff who have worked extremely hard and around the clock in response to the cyber attack. As has been mentioned, NHS Lanarkshire in the central Scotland region that I represent was one of the most significantly impacted health boards in Scotland, but the e-health department worked tirelessly throughout the weekend to restore critical systems and NHS Lanarkshire staff have continued to provide care of the highest quality. However, concerns have been raised with me about the impact of cancelled operations and appointments at Hermeyr hospital in East Kilbride. What assurances can the cabinet secretary give to my constituents about the timescale for when they can expect performance in Lanarkshire to fully recover? Can she provide further details on what action is being taken in partnership with NHS Lanarkshire to upgrade and develop their IT systems so that patients can have confidence that all possible actions are being taken to prevent similar attacks happening again in the future? I thank Monica Lennon for the comments and I absolutely agree that staff within Lanarkshire, obviously one of the most affected boards, really pulled at all the stops to avoid that impacting on patients as much as they possibly could. I think that their communication was very, very good as well in trying to get the message across to patients to perhaps avoid coming to A&E unless absolutely necessary and indeed to perhaps bring medication information with them because they were using manual systems. I should say that the manual systems that kicked in were manual systems that are there, ready to use should an IT system fail and they were put in place very, very quickly indeed and were very successful in ensuring continuity of care over the Friday night and into the weekend, so I should put that on record. NHS Lanarkshire did experience what was a widespread attack on their PC environment with around 1,100 devices affected and this happened during a programme of PC replacement and we need to understand whether that was part of the issue and we're still working on information around that. Over 250 devices have now been replaced through a targeted prioritisation which focuses on keeping key clinical services running, so it was really important to make sure that we could get those key clinical services back up and running as quickly as possible. As I said in my statement, they have reported that less than 20 patients waiting for routine appointments have had to be rescheduled as I understand that they are being rescheduled as quickly as possible and I will certainly make sure in terms of communication with those patients that that is happening, that is my understanding of the situation. Certainly in terms of what's happened in NHS Lanarkshire, that will be a key part of our learning. I think that we were very fortunate that those were the only acute hospitals that were impacted on because I know that the impact on acute hospitals in England was very challenging. Most of the impact in Scotland was around GP surgeries, apart from NHS Lanarkshire. Again, Monica Lennon is quite right to pay tribute to the hard efforts of staff to minimise the impact on patients. I thank the cabinet secretary for the statement and can ask what steps NHS Scotland is taking to learn lessons from this attack and to minimise the impact of any disruption due to any future potential attacks. As I have said so far in my statement, I can say to Ivan McKee that health boards have obviously been focused, as he would appreciate, on recovering their systems and their computers, but the next phase is now about the reviews that are under way to make sure that we learn all the lessons from this attack and make the necessary improvements where they have been identified that they need to be made. Health boards are working to implement patches and ensure system security arrangements are updated. The lessons learned review with health boards will be getting under way. We've already got a lot of information. We need to make sure that we have a full investigation of all the detail of this. As I said in my opening remarks, the work with the national cyber security centre is going to be very important because it has a lot of the expertise that is going to be important here. We will certainly be working with that national centre in taking these matters forward. Finally, the national cyber resilience leaders board, which I mentioned earlier for justice chairing, is drawing together a range of partners across the public and private sectors. That will look at how we enhance the future resilience across all sectors, not just the NHS. I am happy to keep Parliament informed of that work. Clinicians and healthcare providers often have limited time to work with patients, and any protocols that make patient data more secure should not impact front-line staff who need to be able to do their job without recalling and updating strings of long passwords, for example. Can the cabinet secretary give us assurances that any improvements made to the security of NHS IT systems will not have a negative impact on the workload of healthcare professionals? What further engagement will be laid with patient groups and organisations that have concerns about the safety and privacy of that patient data? Just to reiterate again to Alison Johnstone that there has been no breach of any patient data in this attack, and it is really important that patients are reassured and the public is reassured on that matter. I think that there should be engagement with patient groups and the public around their involvement and everybody's involvement in making sure that we can have IT security maintained at the highest level and what improvements we need to see. I take Alison Johnstone's point about not adding to the workload of staff, but IT security is all of our responsibility. Obviously, we do not want that to be onerous, but there is good practice whether that is on an individual basis in terms of back-up and passwords through to a collective responsibility in terms of the IT security systems and the patching and that the organisations would expect to have in place. It is everybody's responsibility, but I take Alison Johnstone's point that we should not make that an onerous responsibility, but it should be everybody's responsibility. I thank the cabinet secretary for advance sight of her statement. I, too, would like to echo the praise of fellow members in praising the staff. Many of you have come in on their days off to make good on this audacious and cowardly attack. Cabinet secretary noted that NHS Scotland faces similar attacks to this on an almost daily basis and explored some of this in her response to Anna Sarwar. Can she give Parliament details as to how many such attacks have taken place and whether each or any of those are subject to criminal investigation and how successful those criminal investigations have proven in bringing perpetrators to justice? I can tell Alex Cole-Hamilton that there are regular attacks, not just on the NHS, but on public services and other organisations. Some of those are of a more serious nature than others. What we saw on Friday was a very serious nature, a global attack across so many different countries and so many different organisations. There have been attacks that have led to the involvement of criminal investigation agencies. The cyber experts in Police Scotland have certainly been making sure and have bolstered their resources. If you look at the changing nature of cyber attacks, it is very important that Police Scotland has the expertise in order to deal with that, and it has certainly got a number of cyber security expertise within Police Scotland in terms of investigating crimes of this nature. On whether there are current criminal investigations, that is something that I will write to Alex Cole-Hamilton about as a follow-up to his statement. What I can assure him of is that Police Scotland, in this instance, Police Scotland, working with the national crime agency, is treating it as a very serious attack and will give it its full attention in trying to bring the perpetrators to justice. Does the cabinet secretary agree with me that, given the international scale of the attack, it is vital now more than ever that Scotland is represented at international discussions regarding security and international threats? Yes, those are global attacks and we need to make sure that any discussion about our national response to that, that Scotland has an involvement in that, which is why it is very important that Michael Matheson was taking part in the Cobra meeting that was chaired by the Home Secretary. It is very important that we understand collectively what the threat was here and, importantly, whether it is the criminal investigation or, indeed, the lessons learned and the resilience of our systems that we draw on that expertise. Michael Matheson has taken part in those Cobra discussions on international work that is on-going around that. We would want to make sure that the information and the impact from Scotland is recognised on that global stage and, indeed, that any lessons learned that we can learn from elsewhere in terms of how it has been addressed by other countries and other organisations that might have relevance here that we take those lessons learned and can apply them here in Scotland. Brian Whittle What was important, first of all, was to get organisations back up and running as much as we could yesterday morning. I am pleased to say that, particularly in the case of GP practices, none were closed. They were all open but, obviously, there was some work needing to be done in terms of retrieval of data from backup systems and that is well under way. In terms of Lanarkshire, again, it was a more complex situation that has taken a little bit longer to get those systems back up and running because that has to be done in a safe way. They have to be tested and they have to be done in a safe way. However, we are very much through the recovery stage and that is why we are now able to have systems working normally by and large and we can now turn our attention to the lessons learned phase and what more we need to do in terms of building that resilience and learning lessons from the future. We are making sure that the impact on patients is kept to a minimum. Any patients less than 20 in NHS Lanarkshire have had to have their appointments rescheduled. We need to make sure that that is done as quickly as possible, but the effort has been made to try to minimise the impact on patients. We will now move on to the next item of business, which is a statement by John Swinney on national bargaining in the further education sector. The cabinet secretary will take questions at the end of his statement, so there should be no interventions or interruptions. I would ask any members who wish to ask questions in this after the statement to press their request to speak to speak buttons as soon as possible.


On this week's Inside Look, summer is officially here and temperatures are hot across California. We'll tell you what is being done to make sure your air conditioner keeps running. Oh, it's hot. And later, rivers are flowing at a rapid pace and rising by the day. Sean Boyd traveled to the Sierras and will tell us what is being done to ensure public safety and how the Forest Service is dealing with this issue. Find out next on Inside Look. Welcome inside here in the air conditioning. Yes, inside, that's because outside temperatures are swelling near 110 degrees in northern California and it's getting even hotter in the southern part of the state. Almost a week into this heat wave, all systems are being stressed, including those at the California Independent System Operator. Cal ISO oversees the operation of the state's electric power system and the kickoff to summer is keeping everyone on alert. A flex alert is a voluntary call for conservation. And that is, we're just asking people just to let up a little bit on how much electricity they're using in their home. Due to extreme heat, Cal ISO issues statewide flex alerts earlier this week. What does it mean? Well, it's simply asking the public to conserve energy and you can do that by following these three steps. Adjust your AC to 78 degrees or higher. Use electric appliances after 9 p.m. and turn off all unneeded lights. And this heat can be especially dangerous to some. Adults over 65, infants and children, those with chronic medical conditions, the homeless and even people who work outside. So be sure to take a few extra steps. Take advantage of indoor air conditioning like a cooling center or mall where loose, lightweight clothing drink more water than usual. Check in on a friend or neighbor and keep informed with local news updates. While the electrical grids are being constantly monitored, so too are the rivers. Sean Boyd is in the Sierras where after an unusually wet winter, combined with extreme heat, snow melt is running off the mountains and causing dangerous conditions. Absolutely. Look at this raging river. When's the last time you saw the American River looking like that? Well, that's all because of all that snow that was up in the higher elevations. It's melting and now rivers around California are flowing faster and harder and colder than they ever have. And that is creating a danger for you and your family if you let your guard down. These are images taken by Southlake Tahoe Fire and Rescue after pulling the body of a woman from the upper Truckee River. She was paddle boarding when she got hung up on this fallen tree and drowned. Record snowfall in the mountains is melting and that's attracting people to rivers all over California. But conditions are much different this year. Much higher water, two to three times more water coming down the river. Paramedic Brian Pierce warns recreationalists to beware of unusual conditions and increased risk. There's more trees down from the river. There's more hidden objects. The water is moving faster so you have less response time and it's cold. Yeah, it's cold. Cold water can shock the body, cramping or stiffening muscles and making it more difficult to breathe. The U.S. Forest Service has cleaned most of the debris piles in parts of the Truckee River that flow through the National Forest. But it's what's under the water that can be dangerous. I can't tell you how many horror stories have happened out here. Steve Lenoy ran a kayak shop for 27 years in the Lake Tahoe Basin. He says tragedy can also strike when people panic under stress, like when the woman paddle boarders leash caught that tree. By the way, he advises never wear a leash when paddle boarding on a river. Good thing this young lady wasn't wearing hers. We watched her get tossed from her paddle board into the Truckee at the very same spot where the woman had drowned just days before. No life jacket either, but she escaped with her life. And of course always remember to wear your life jacket. It could mean the difference between life and death. Also, remember that the water is faster, is stronger, and it is much colder. And also right beneath the surface, a lot of debris that could cause a lot of problems for you. Here now with some potentially life-saving tips is Heather Noelle with the U.S. Forest Service. Heather? I've got tips for you. Wear your personal flotation device. Know your location and never go alone. Beware of stronger currents this year. If you're gonna drink, please drink responsibly and never recreate on the water alone. Back to you, Sean. Great tips, thanks Heather. Well that does it for this edition of Inside Look. I'm Sean Boyd for OESNews.com. For more tips on how to beat the heat, visit the Cal OES website to locate cooling centers in your neighborhood and to learn signs and symptoms of heat-related illnesses. And as always you can find more videos and stories on our blog at OESNews.com and don't forget to check us out on Facebook and like us on Twitter.


Welcome to the 19th lecture in the course Engineering Electromagnetics. We initiated our discussion on the topic of reflection and refraction of plane waves. We continue with this discussion today. The first topic that we take up today will be that of perfect conductor with oblique incidence of a plane wave on it followed by the case of perfect dielectric with the plane wave impinging on it at an oblique incidence. We start with the first topic that is the perfect conductor oblique incidence. You would recall that in the last lecture we considered the same case for one of the two possibilities and the possibility that we considered in the last lecture was the case of perpendicular polarization that is the case in which the electric field in the incident plane wave is polarized such that it is normal to the plane of incidence and we considered the overall behavior of the total electric field and the magnetic field. We considered the parallel case for that situation today and we considered the case of parallel polarization and we still consider the case of oblique incidence on a perfect conductor. We had reached up to a certain point in the last lecture and we will utilize that information today. We consider that the incident plane wave is incident at an angle theta with respect to the normal and as we saw last time the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence and therefore we have the reflected wave also travelling at an angle theta with respect to the z axis. For the case of parallel polarization the electric field in the incident wave is in the plane of incidence that is the plane constituted by the incident ray and the normal at the point at which the incident ray hits the surface and since the fields electric field and the magnetic field should be perpendicular to the direction of propagation we put down these orientations for the incident electric field and the magnetic field. Considering the incident electric field to be consisting of two components a y directed component and a z directed component we were able to make out that the reflected electric field should have this kind of orientation and by considering the power flow we were able to make out that the magnitudes of the field vectors in the reflected wave should be the same as that in the incident wave. This is the point from which we can start today and we put down the expressions for the incident magnetic field and the reflected magnetic field in the following manner. We write h i equal to let us say h i e to the power minus j beta y sin theta minus z cos theta and what is the orientation of the incident magnetic field it is oriented in the x direction. Similarly for the reflected magnetic field using the information that the magnitudes of the field vectors are the same in the incident wave and the reflected wave we can continue to write the magnitude as h i and then e to the power minus j beta y sin theta plus z cos theta x cap taking into account the change in the direction of propagation particularly with respect to the z direction. And therefore the total magnetic field which is going to be a superposition of the incident and the reflected wave magnetic fields comes out to be twice h i e to the power minus j beta y sin theta and cosine of beta z cos theta oriented in the x direction which could be written introducing new symbols as twice h i e to the power minus j beta y times y and cosine of beta z z x cap and now we are in a position to interpret the behavior of the total magnetic field in the region z greater than or equal to 0 and we see that in the y direction the behavior is that of a propagating wave with the phase shift constant beta y in the y direction being equal to beta times sin theta whereas in the z direction the behavior is that of a standing wave it does not have the characteristics of a travelling wave it has the characteristics of a standing wave with the corresponding phase shift constant beta z being equal to beta cos theta and the total magnetic field being maximum at z equal to 0 and at periodic distances which are separated by lambda z by 2 where lambda z is equal to 2 pi by beta z this is the wave length in the z direction and the separation between the corresponding points in the z direction is lambda z by 2 corresponding point means the successive nodes and anti nodes or the adjacent minima and maxima they are separated by the distance lambda z by 2 along the z direction the magnetic field is tangential to this perfect conductor and it has a maximum value at the perfect conductor this result is going to be useful to us somewhere later on alright so that is as far as the behavior of the magnetic field is concerned what about the behavior of the total electric field and it turns out that we have to consider the electric field in terms of its two components separately because their behavior is slightly different in fact if you recall our discussion while E z components are involved in the propagation in the propagation of power in the y direction which remains more or less unaffected by this interface E y components are involved in propagation in the positive z or negative z directions therefore there is a difference in the behavior of these two components also E y components are tangential to the interface and they are restricted to have a certain value that is 0 value at the perfect conductor so these two components behave slightly differently the difference should come out as we consider their total behavior we write E i by h i equal to eta the intrinsic impedance of the media now since E z i E z i is this and this angle is theta therefore E z i is E i sin theta and therefore we can write E z i by h i equal to eta sin theta. I hope you can see the strategy since we have got the h i and h r written down we will try to obtain the expressions for E z and E y components in terms of the magnetic field components alright similarly what is E z r E z r should be related to h r similarly as eta sin theta as we have just argued out the z component of the electric field is involved in propagation along the y direction wave propagation and the corresponding power flow in the y direction which direction remains unaltered. And if you consider the rule that we had stated that the sin here depends upon whether the indices the subscripts of the field components appear in the cyclic order with respect to the direction of propagation or not so that rule is satisfied z x y so the cyclic order is maintained and we do not need to change the sin therefore the total z directed electric field E z t which will be E z i plus E z r it simply becomes eta times sin theta into h i plus h r which expressions we have already put down and therefore we can readily use those and it becomes eta sin theta times the total magnetic field so that it is twice h i E to the power minus j beta y y cosine of beta z z of course the direction is the z direction and we find that the behavior of the z directed electric field component in the overall wave constituted by the superposition of the incident wave and the reflected wave is similar to the to that of the total magnetic field it constitutes a wave propagating in the y direction with the phase shift constant beta y beta y equal to beta sin theta and in the z direction it is a standing wave with phase shift constant beta z beta z equal to beta cos theta. Just like the total magnetic field this field component is also maximum at z equal to 0 and then the field values repeat at distances of lambda z by 2. This field component is normal to the perfect conductor perfectly conducting surface and now we can see that the tangential magnetic field and the normal magnetic field behave in a similar manner which relationship comes about through the Maxwell's equations alright. Let me consider the y directed field electric field component and for that we need to write the following relations first of all E y i by h i is equal to eta cos theta the y directed electric field and the x directed magnetic field these are propagating in the negative z direction. So, overall you see that the sin convention is followed however for the reflected wave y component E y r upon h r we need to write minus eta cos theta since it constitutes a change in the direction of propagation and therefore the total electric field E y t can be written as eta cos theta and then we have h i minus h r the expressions are available to us the overall result can be written down fairly easily it will it should be eta cos theta and then twice j h i e to the power minus j beta y times y and then we should have sin of beta z z which can be verified without much difficulty and we see that the behavior of the y component of the total electric field is different from the behavior of the z component of the electric field along the z direction along the y direction this also constitutes a wave propagating with the phase shift constant beta y in the z direction remains a standing wave, but now at z equal to 0 it has a 0 value and at a distance lambda z by 4 from the perfectly conducting surface it will have a maximum value and the field values will repeat themselves at similar distances that is lambda z by 2. And therefore we see that there is a difference in the behavior of the normal field component and the tangential field component and this is consistent E y i and E y r as we are obtaining here with the considerations that we made earlier in making out the direction of the electric field in the reflected wave that also was obtained on the basis of the consideration that the tangential component of the electric field should be 0. So this is the kind of considerations that we make when we deal with a perfect conductor and in the general case of oblique incidents. In general we will see that whenever we are dealing with oblique incidents we will need to consider these two cases separately that is the case of perpendicular polarization and parallel polarization. We can take up the next topic listed for today now which is the case of oblique incidents on a perfect on a perfect dielectric. Now as far as the restriction that is implied by the perfect dielectric is concerned it is not very severe as we shall see it only amounts to a certain simplification in the expressions that we will obtain for the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient. And we are anticipating that as a uniform plane wave hits a boundary between two dielectric media part of it is going to be reflected and part of it is going to be transmitted. So apart from the simplification that we will have in the expressions the procedure that we are going to utilize is going to be applicable to general conducting media for the case of oblique incidents. And where in practice are we going to have this kind of situations that plane waves are impinging on different surfaces or different media many situations for example, we could consider the radio waves hitting the surface of the earth or the radio waves impinging on the surface of sea water or on lake water or at different layers in the atmosphere. For example, what happens when the radio waves interact with the ionosphere or else going to the optical frequencies what happens when the plane waves pass through different media. So these are situations which can be encountered in many cases and these results are going to be of general significance. First we try to make out some general characteristics about the case of oblique incidents on a perfect dielectric. Let us say this is the interface between two media which we are assuming as perfect so that we can write their constitutive parameters as mu naught and epsilon 1 and mu naught and epsilon 2. First of all we will need to make out the relations between the angles of reflection and angle of incidence and the angle of transmission and the angle of incidence for which we use a procedure that we utilized earlier for making out the angle of reflection equal to angle of incidence. And we consider that there is a ray representing the incident wave impinging on this interface in this manner. Let us call this 1i, ray 1 of the incident wave. Similarly let there be a second ray representing a part of the incident wave. Let the angle of incidence be theta 1. Let these rays be reflected in this manner. Let this be the ray corresponding to 2i so that this is the ray 2r and similarly let this be the ray 1r where this angle let us say is theta 3. We extend these normals that have been drawn into the second medium and consider that the transmitted rays are of this nature. So that this is 1t and this is 2t where the angle of transmission is theta 2. Now we consider the wave front corresponding to the incident wave, the reflected wave and the transmitted wave by dropping perpendicular in the following manner. Let this point be A, let this point be B, let this be C, let this be D and let this be E. So what is the situation like? The situation is as follows, a uniform plane wave with wave front AC impinges on the interface and due to the interaction with the interface a reflected wave with the corresponding wave front BE is generated and a transmitted wave with the corresponding wave front BD is generated. Whatever is the time that is taken for say the ray 2i in travelling from C to B should be the time taken by ray 1i in travelling from A to E and in travelling from A to D in the second medium that is how these wave fronts would be constituted and therefore we consider the time taken for let us say the incident wave in travelling from C to B. Let us call this time taken as delta t. So that C B by the velocity of wave in medium 1, let us call it V 1, this is equal to delta t which should be equal to A E by V 1 since these travels are made in the same medium. Now however C B and A E are related to A B in the following manner, this angle one can make out is theta 1 and this angle between the interface and the normal drawn for the wave front BE is going to be angle theta 3 whereas this angle is going to be theta 2 and therefore this implies that since C B is equal to A B sin theta 1 and A E is similarly equal to A B sin theta 3 we can say that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Let us consider the relationship between the angles of incidence and transmission and we make a similar consideration that is C B by V 1 should be equal to A D by V 2. A D is a distance travel in a different medium so in general the velocity is going to be different and let us call it V 2. So that A B sin theta 1 by V 1 is equal to A B sin theta 2 by V 2 recognizing that the velocities are given by 1 by square root of mu epsilon for perfect dielectrics. We can see that sin theta 1 upon sin theta 2 is going to be V 1 by V 2 in general and for the case of perfect dielectrics it will be square root of epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 the so called law of science or the Snell's law. So this is how the angle of transmission and the angle of incidence that the transmitted ray makes with the normal and the incident ray makes with the normal at the interface. This is going to be a basic information that we will utilize in considering the case of perfect dielectric oblique incidence and let us retain this law here in the form sin theta 1 upon sin theta 2 is equal to square root of epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 and as I mentioned the procedure is applicable to general conducting media but these relations we are writing for the special case of the perfect dielectrics where the expressions become somewhat simple. Next we consider the power flow normal to the interface earlier we have been using this kind of arguments but we never use these arguments for quantitative results and this time to show the possibility of such a thing we use the power flow arguments to incorporate these results into the expressions. We consider the power flow associated with the incident wave with the reflected wave and with the transmitted wave. The power flow that will involve the characteristics of the interface will be the power flow normal to the interface. The power flow tangential to the interface is not restricted by the interface characteristics therefore, we consider the power flow normal to the interface. Alternatively one could tie up this argument with the fact that it is the tangential field components which satisfy certain boundary conditions at such an interface and it is the tangential field components which will be involved in the power flow normal to the interface. So, when we are considering power flow normal to the interface actually in an alternative way we are using the fact that the tangential field components are continuous at the interface. So, the procedures are going to be equivalent it is just that they are done in different manners. So, let us consider the power flow normal to the interface and what is the pointing vector or the power density that is impinging normally on the interface corresponding to the incident wave. It will be related to E cross H of the incident wave and assuming that this is a linearly polarized wave. We can say that the power density that is impinging normally corresponding to the incident wave is E I squared by eta 1 into cos of theta 1. We do not worry about the average or the instantaneous because same consideration is going to be made for the other two waves also. This is the power density impinging normally which must be equal to the power flow away from the interface in the reflected wave and in the transmitted wave which is a basic relation which we shall use for treating the case of oblique incidents for perfect dielectrics. We are basically putting the condition that the power flow normal to the surface should be conserved. Now, we can divide through by let us say this quantity because as your experience would show we are basically interested in finding out the reflection coefficient E R by E I. So, we divide the entire equation by the quantity on the left hand side to get us 1 minus E R squared by E I squared which should be equal to eta 1 by eta 2 E t squared by E I squared and then cos theta 2 by cos theta 1. We call this equation 1. By the way as I have been trying to explain similar result would have been obtained if we had considered the continuity of tangential field components. To proceed further now we need to make a distinction between the two possibilities the case of perpendicular polarization and the case of parallel polarization as we needed for the case of oblique incidents on a perfect conductor. Let us make some space here and we draw the simplified diagram draw the normal consider that this is the incident wave this is the reflected wave this is the transmitted wave this is theta 2 these are both theta 1 and now we consider the case of perpendicular polarization. So, that the incident wave electric field may be put down like this and the corresponding incident wave magnetic field can be put down in this manner. So, that the cross product of E I and H I is in the direction of propagation of the incident wave similarly for the transmitted wave we can consider that this is the transmitted electric field vector with the corresponding transmitted magnetic field vector oriented in this manner normal to the transmitted wave direction and similarly here normally we put down this as the direction of the reflected wave electric field and of the reflected wave magnetic field a priori we are not in a position to say what will be the orientation of E R I mean perpendicular to the direct perpendicular to the plane of the board all right because that is what the direction will come out when we consider the boundary conditions, but otherwise whether it is coming out or going in that we cannot say that will depend upon the actual value of the reflection coefficient right. Now for this case considering the continuity of the tangential field components at the interface and considering that these are the field electric field vector magnitudes at the interface we can say that E I plus E R is equal to E T. So, that 1 plus E R by E I is equal to E T by E I which is the second relation which is of significance in this context basically from equation 2 we can substitute for E T by E I in equation 1 and eliminate E T by E I to obtain the value of E R by E I right. So, substituting from 2 in 1 we are going to have 1 minus E R squared by E I squared equal to now here also we can incorporate a small simplification considering that these are perfect dielectrics this would be the situation for general conducting media, but for perfect dielectrics it will simplify to epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 E T squared by E I squared cos of theta 2 by cos of theta 1. So, that here on the right hand side we get epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 and then for E T by E I we substitute from 2. So, that we have 1 plus E R by E I whole squared multiplied by cosine of theta 2 by cosine of theta 1 which equation involves only E R by E I. So, rest is a matter of manipulation we can factorize this and then 1 factor will cancel with this and therefore, we are going to get 1 plus E R by E I upon 1 minus E R by E I as square root of epsilon 1 cos theta 1 upon square root of epsilon 2 cos theta 2. We have divided both sides by 1 minus E R by E I which implies that E R by E I is going to be equal to square root of epsilon 1 cos theta 1 minus square root of epsilon 2 cos theta 2 upon the summation of both the terms that is square root of epsilon 1 cos theta 1 plus root epsilon 2 cos theta 2 which becomes the expression for the reflection coefficient for the case of perpendicular polarization. We could listed here for comparison E R by E I is equal to square root of epsilon 1 cos theta 1 minus root of epsilon 2 cos theta 2 in this form it is quite easy to remember also and summation of both the terms in the denominator. Now we can manipulate this final expression in different ways depending on our convenience. It is in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of transmission and the permittivities of the two perfect electric media that are involved. We can manipulate this expression in different ways. For example, we can eliminate epsilon 2 epsilon 1 by considering the fact that root epsilon 1 by epsilon 2 is equal to sin theta 2 by sin theta 1 and when that is done and substituted in this expression you find that it comes out in a particularly simple form as sin of theta 2 minus theta 1 upon sin of theta 2 plus theta 1. Now does this mean that the reflection coefficient has become independent of the permittivities of the two media? Not at all because theta 2 and theta 1 are related through the permittivities. In fact that is the relation we utilize to eliminate those two quantities. Similarly one could eliminate for example theta 2 because normally what would be given to us is two media an interface between two such media and the angle at which the incident wave is incident that is theta 1 would be known and epsilon 1 epsilon 2 would be known. So that can also be done easily. We have cos theta 2 equal to 1 minus sin square theta 2 whole square root which is 1 minus epsilon 1 by epsilon 2 sin theta 1 whole square. Which substitution can sin square theta 1? Thank you. Which substitution can also be made here? And we are going to get the reflection coefficient equal to root epsilon 1 cos theta 1 minus root epsilon 2 into cos theta 2 which is 1 minus epsilon 1 by epsilon 2 sin square theta 1 divided by a summation of two similar terms. Now one can manipulate this to read as this is equal to cos theta 1 by epsilon 2 by epsilon 2 minus epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 minus sin square theta 1 divided by same terms with a plus sin between them. So that it is root of epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 minus sin square theta 1. The verification is straight forward. So the same expression can be put in alternative forms depending on which one is more convenient for usage. And one can make out that this reflection coefficient is going to be real may be positive or negative depending on the relative values of epsilon 1 and epsilon 2. Once we know the reflection coefficient the transmission coefficient can be found out through the intermediate relations that we had written earlier. That should not be difficult. For example for this case for the case of perpendicular polarization we have E t by E i equal to E r by E i plus 1 a relation that we had written just a short while ago. That more or less completes the consideration for the case of perpendicular polarization. Next we can consider the corresponding case of parallel polarization and we need to make some space here. This is the interface between the two media. This is the incident wave, the reflected wave, the transmitted wave, the angles are as shown and the waves propagating in the directions of the arrow. And now we consider the case of parallel polarization that is the electric field is going to be in the plane of incidence or parallel to the plane of incidence. And therefore let us say that the incident wave electric field is normal to the direction of propagation and is oriented in this manner with the corresponding incident wave magnetic field like this. And normally the other field components can also be put down. Let us say this is h t and this is E t. The angle that E i makes with the horizontal is going to be theta 1 and similarly the angle that E t makes with the horizontal is going to be theta 2. This we are going to require shortly and similarly we say that let this be the orientation of the magnetic field in the reflected wave and what about the reflected wave electric field? We can draw it like this. So that this is E r and this is h r. And now we once again consider the continuity of the tendential electric field components at the interface. These angles we have already shown. This angle is also theta 2 and therefore we should have E i minus E r cos theta 1 equal to E t times cos theta 2 which becomes the corresponding starting relation for this case. And we can try to make out the value of E t by E i for subsequent substitution in equation 1. That gives us 1 minus E r by E i into cos theta 1 by cos theta 2 equal to E i minus E r by E i into cos theta 1 by cos theta equal to E t by E i which becomes the second equation for this case and can be used for substitution in equation 1. And therefore 2 and 1 combine to give us 1 minus E r squared by E i squared which should be equal to square root of epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 and E t by E i whole squared is in this case 1 minus E r by E i whole squared and we are left with cos theta 1 and cos theta 2. So that 1 plus E r by E i upon 1 minus E r by E i is now equal to root of epsilon 2 cos theta 1 divided by root of epsilon 1 cos theta 2. You can compare this with the previous situation and see that epsilon 1 and epsilon 2 have interchanged places. With that difference the entire procedure is going to be similar. Now we do not need equation 1 anymore and therefore we have E r by E i E i by E i whole squared.  The terms in the denominator have got interchanged but that is of little consequence. Like for the case of perpendicular polarization we can write alternative forms. We can write this expression in alternative forms. For example this one will come out to be tan of theta 1 minus theta 2 upon tan of theta 1 plus theta 2 and similarly the expression where theta 2 has been replaced in terms of theta 1 comes out as follows. It will be equal to epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 cos of theta 1 and then the other things remain as in the previous expression. That is this is epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 minus sin square theta 1 and in the denominator both terms are repeated with a change of sin epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 cos theta 1 plus epsilon 2 by epsilon 1 minus sin square theta 1 which becomes the corresponding expression for reflection coefficient for the case of parallel polarization. One small step is left. What about the transmission coefficient in this case? Can we still use this expression that we wrote for perpendicular polarization? We cannot. In fact E t by E i is given by the second equation. So in this case if we need to find out E t by E i the transmission coefficient it must be obtained from such an expression. So we see that depending on the case that we have whether it is the case of perpendicular polarization or parallel polarization the expressions can be slightly different. We stop this lecture here. In this lecture we considered the case of oblique incidence on a perfect conductor, the case of parallel polarization and then we went on to consider what happens when a uniform plane wave impinges on an interface between two perfect dielectric media and we saw what would be the expressions for the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient in such a case. Thank you.


Hello my friends. How you doing? So guess what? Something very exciting came in the mail today in this fancy box. No, it's not an Apple laptop. It's something quite different actually. Let's open it up. It's a suit. What? What am I doing with a suit? You know me. I don't wear fancy clothes. A suit infused with the most advanced design and technology. So the reason why I have this suit is because somebody from the maker of this company transcend sent me an email and said, hey Ryan, we have this great new suit. We'd love for you to do a review about it. The one suit to keep you dry, fresh, active and sharp. And I was like, I don't I don't really do product reviews all that often especially not for suits. I'm not a suit kind of guy. I'm a shorts and t-shirt kind of dirt under the fingernails kind of guy. I'm not proper and fancy enough to wear a suit. But they said, wait, our suit is different. It's for the active person. It's made out of 100% like recycled bottles and coffee grounds. Coffee beans become coffee ground. We mix it with recycled plastic bottles and make yarn which then becomes the fabric. And that's pretty cool right? Made out of coffee grounds. Doesn't smell like coffee to me. They also said it's waterproof and sweat proof like it doesn't stink which is really important for a guy like me because I'm good at stinking up clothes. Stop worrying about sweat or smell. Our nanotechnology dampens odors. I watched their fancy video and I was like, okay, send me one of these suits and I'll try to incorporate it into a video. And just a disclaimer, I'm not getting paid to make this video. They did give me this suit which is about a $600 value and it looks pretty nice and I might as well stop talking about it and put it on. What do you think? Yeah, check it out. This right here is my only other suit. I actually think it's technically a tuxedo. It does have the ruffles which I love. I got this for my 30th birthday and I love wearing this to costume parties but I don't know of many women that would actually want to be seen with me when I wear this. I'm not gonna sit here and talk about this suit because that would be boring. That's not my brand. I got this suit because I want to see if it can hold up to adventures. Alright, let's do this, Mr. Bike. Alright, I am feeling good. On the bike, I'm gonna head over to a little trail right near my house. Ladies and gentlemen, look at that sky. This is Colorado in the summer. I love it. About a quarter mile from my house, we hit dirt. My favorite place to be. I love my backyard. Just steps away from my house and I'm in the bosom of mother nature. Check it out. Behind me are the famous flat irons. So beautiful. So I'll say that the reason why I don't wear dress-up clothes very often is because I always feel so constricted. Like I just don't have much movement. I can't run or bike, but this suit already feels really good and nice. My movement is just how it would be if I was wearing shorts and a t-shirt. Nature is neat. So far, so good. The suit is holding up. It feels real nice. I have full range of motion on my legs and my arms. And yeah, I kind of feel like James Bond or something. Why isn't that guy wearing a full-piece suit? This is the new mountain biker get-up. We all know that. It is damn hot outside. And what better way to test this suit's waterproofiness than by jumping in a river, you know what I'm saying? It feels so good. Oh, look at that. It's so waterproof. It's like a water bed down here. It's full of water, but look at that. It's crazy. The water is just beating right off of this. I like life. It's not how a lot of people do life, but I like my way of doing it. This is kind of gross. I don't know if you caught that, but the inside of my sleeves are just dripping out with sweat, but I'm glad to be outside. I'll tell you that much. I'll be a sweat and fool any day if I can be outside. Alright, I like this suit. I do. And although I'll probably never wear it again in mountain biking, I do see myself wearing it to like weddings and bat mitzvahs, quinceañeras, wherever you wear a suit, you know? I've always been that guy at formal events that looks a little out of place because I'm wearing like khakis in a button-up shirt. But I think this ups my game a little bit. It's cool to know that this brand, Transcend, is trying to create clothing that is better for the planet. I mean completely 100% recycled materials from plastic bottles and coffee grinds. That is pretty cool. So not only is it cool that they're making suits like this, but I think other brands should follow suit because, as we all know, our earth is facing quite the climate, dilemma, you know, use of natural resources, deforestation, all that stuff. And a huge part of it goes back to the textile fashion industry. So thank you, Transcend, for sending me this awesome suit. I promise it's not too stinky. And thank all of you, Team Deuzer, for watching this video. I know it's pretty different than my normal content. But at least I got you outside, right? That's what I'm talking about. So please like and subscribe and have a wonderful day.


Did you have anything to do with Jared's murder? No, I did not have anything to do with his murder. During the no part, she shuts her eyes. She had complete eye blocking there. And she shakes her head. It's a hard call, but I think we're seeing Dooper's delight there, because that part of her left part of her mouth, luck happened over the left side of her face. The left part of her mouth comes up and it sticks for just a second. And I stopped it, went back and forth and froze it, went back and forth, frame by frame, and dang it, it looks like a little smile to me. So it's a hard call. I'm going to go ahead and say, I think it's Dooper's delight. And that lets us know she has the impression she's getting away with this and that her story is being bought by the interviewer. So we can also say it looks like contempt and all that, but we can blame the Botox for messing a lot of this stuff up. It's a really tough call for all those things, but I think we're seeing contempt in there, a little contempt in there as well, along with the Dooper's delight.