لذا يتكلم 20 شيء that will aid you and help you to become patient with the hardship, the suffering and the pain you may endure from the creation. And this piece of advice you will find it in his جامع المسائل The first volume page 168 to page 174 but before I start, I wanted to inform you of the importance of patience and the position that patience has in our religion. Patience is a high station from the stations of Islam and الله سبحانه وتعالى He speaks about patience in the Qur'an many times. امام احمد رحمه الله he said ذكر الله الصبر في القرآن الكريم في اكثر من 90 موضعا الله تباركه تعالى he mentions امام احمد سيد ذكر الله الصبر في القرآن الكريم في اكثر من 90 موضعا أكثر من 90 موضعا أكثر من 90 موضعا يمنو القيه يكفيه في مداره السالحين لذا فكرة الله يكفيه الكثير من المكان في القرآن يدولنا دلاله بينا على عظم الصبر اما على عظم شأني الصبر ورافيع مكانتي فكرة الله يكفيه الكثير من المكان في القرآن هذا الان انشارنا كيف منب luck و كم اهم على صرية و البقي إ permite مكانة على this beautiful act of patience كل هذا السرك لا يكن منة massage كل جهة التي تريد أن تكون من ده if it doesn't have patience, he won't be able to stay away from شي that Allah has destined for you and afflicts you with if you don't have patience you will not be able to endure it حيث تأكيد أن تأكيد بشكل كبير لا يمكنك أن تأكيد بشكل كبير إلى الله ويأكيد أن تأكيد بشكل كبير لأن without patients you won't be able to stay away from ويأكيد أن تأكيد بشكل كبير بشكل كبير إذا الله يحاول أن تفلق with it سبحانه وتعالى إذا كان هذا الشيء فنحن نحتاج بشكل كبير وذلك من الشيء الذي يحتاج بشكل كبير دعا يتأكيد في هذا العالم ويأكيد منه إذا تفلق القرآن اليوم ويجب أن ترى كيف الله يحدث عن شخص ويأكيد أن يحدث عن شخص حين يحاول أن نقوم بشكل كبير ويأكيد أن الله يخبرك ويأكيد بشكل كبير ويأكيد مننا من أجل أجل شخص هو يقش delivery . دخوله . لاع閣ي الوثير. شباق اللهته يعمل انه يبيح الأشياء who are patient. чем sometimes God promises the people of patients a high station and a high level in Jannah and a fine a good final above. Sometimes God gives them unrestricted position and status is for them he mentions for them unrestrictly وإنهاء الله كباركوطة على السيطة في القرآن وأنه يحب الناس وأنه يكون معهم في المساعدة وإنه يذهب إلى المساعدة وإنه يذهب إلى المساعدة فهذا فقط مثال عن كيف الله يتحدث عن المساعدة في القرآن وذلك again shows us what the importance of patience and how high it is and how important it is and the excessive need that we have for it if I sit down today and I want to speak about patience, that is going to be a sit that is going to be very long because the matter is pertaining to patience and the science or the knowledge behind it scholars have written books, volumes and the Hadith they brought together ابن أبي الدنيا مثل him he has a book on a sabr, patience on the qurab, the hardship and the suffering he has a book on it and it brings all the narrations together ابن القيب رحمه الله he wrote the book عدة الصابرين ودخيرة الشاكيرين some scholars they focus on patience on particular things, on particular acts of obedience like for example gaining knowledge for instance some scholars they wrote books in patience in whilst gaining knowledge because it's just so vast and that alone is volumes but for us insha'Allah تعالى the book we're going to be taking is just a particular part of patience which is a صبر على أد الخلق and it's about patience on the hardship, the pain of the creation and what they put you through everyone of us here knows that a human being in this world لا يسلم من أد الخلق he would not be safe from the pain and the suffering of the people the hardship and the pain that the people can make you go through you will feel pain from what the people do to you one way or another and the reason is because from our nature the way Allah created us is we're going to live with one another we're going to coexist and so if we're going to coexist our behaviors and our nature is different in the way we see things what we see right and what we see wrong and what we like and what we hate so my dealings and my nature might go opposite to yours and I might hurt you and I might make you go through something but you're bound to have patience in order to know how to deal with this a صبر شيخ الإسلامي بن وتيميا for one of the things Allah gave him is when he speaks about a topic he doesn't just speak about it alone but he brings other issues connected to it and he makes sure that the understanding of that particular point is understood from many different angles and he mentions 20 things that will aid and support a person to be patient with the suffering and the pain that he endures from the people and I ask Allah that he benefits us in this and that Allah makes us from the slaves who are patient and who have gratitude because the religion is two halves half is patience and half is gratitude الدين النصفان the religion is two halves نصف صبر و نصف شكر half is patience and half is based on the Hadith of the Prophet ﷺ إن أمره كله خير إن أصابتوا ضراء صبر فكان خير الله و إن أصابتوا صراء شكر فكان خير الله و ليست ذلك إلا للمؤمن because in this world that you're living in you're going through one of two situations you're either going through good times where you're going to come with gratitude or you're going to go through hardship which you're going to come with patience and that's how a believer is so I ask Allah تعالى أن ينفعنا بما علمنا و أن يعلمنا ما ينفعنا و ألا يجعل فيما علمنا و بالا علينا I ask Allah that he benefits us with what he teaches us and he increases us in understanding and knowledge and that he doesn't also سبحانه وتعالى make the knowledge that we already have a proof against us and he doesn't destroy us and that Allah تعالى he makes whatever we're learning here إن شاء الله and all other lessons that Allah تعالى he makes a proof for us and not against us verily الله تعالى الله is one who hears who is close to his creation and he accepts the supplication of the believers we're now going to start إن شاء الله قال الشيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية رحمه الله ابن تيمية says there are many things that are going to aid and support a slave in patience and then he lists those things now there are many things some things that will aid a person to be patient and then he goes the first one is أن يشهد the first one is from the 20 that a person testifies أن الله عز وجل خالق أفعال العباد that Allah تعالى is the one who created the action of the creation حركاتهم والسكناتهم their movements and when they're not moving and they're still الله created it سبحانه وتعالى وإراداتهم and their wills everything is created by Allah فما شاء الله كان everything Allah wills would happen وما لم يشأ لم يكون and whatever Allah does not will will not happen فلا يتحرك في العالم العلوي والسفلي ذرره nothing moves in the upper universe in the upper world and in the lower world nothing moves ذرره even a mustard seed إلا بإذنه except with Allah تبارك وتعالى his permission ومشيئتي and Allah's will فالعباد آله the creation and the slaves are an instrument فنظر إلى الذي صلطه صلطهم عليك look at the one who has afflicted you with them ولا تنظر إلى فعليه do not look at the action of the creation بكة to you تسترح من الهم والغم and if you do that he said you will find comfort, tranquility, relaxation from distress and depression now at this point شكول إسلامي بلوتيمي is the first point that helps you and aids you in being patient with the pain that people can put you through and that is to know and to testify and to fully be aware of that this slave that you're looking at his actions his movements his silence everything of it is created by Allah سبحانه وتعالى even his wills and his motives are created by Allah سبحانه وتعالى so nothing in this world moves nothing takes place in this world whether it be this world or whether it be higher above nothing happens except with Allah's will except with Allah's permission سبحانه وتعالى so if I focus on the one who is running everything then I will find tranquility and comfort instead of focusing on this creation who I have been tested with and that I realize that this is all what Allah تبارك وتعالى wills and wishes and that is what Allah says in Surah التكوير when he say وما تشاءون إلا أن يشاء الله رب العالمين that you do not will except if Allah wills سبحانه وتعالى the Lord of the Universe so we believe أفعال العباد is مخلوق the actions of the creations are created and that the slave will not will something unless Allah تبارك وتعالى he has willed so that first point is what helps us to be far from distress and pain and agony then we realize okay I should really focus on this creation the second point the sheikh says one of the things that will aid you as a person to be patient and to endure is that you witness you testify your own shortcomings you bear witness to your sins وأن الله إنما صلطهم عليه بدن بي and Allah afflicted you with these people because of your own sins كما قال تعالى as Allah has said وما أصابكم من مصيبة فبما كسبت أيديكم ويعفوا عن كثير you are not afflicted with an affliction except because of that which your hands have put forward you are only afflicted with this affliction because of what your hands have put forward and then Allah goes on to say ويعفوا عن كثير but Allah has also forgiven you for a lot He is not holding your account to everything that your hands have put forward you are only being punished for some of it so you know the reason why these people are commenting nasty things about you and you know the reason why these people are speaking to you in the way they are speaking to you and they are dealing with you in the way they are dealing with you that it is because of you it is because of your shortcoming it is because of something you have put forward and something you have done فإذا شهيد العبد ابن تيمير then says if the slave bears witness to that أن جميع ما يناله من المكروه فسببه ذنوبه that every single thing that you are going through that you are suffering from a hardship that you are going through فسببه ذنوبه the reason for it is your sins ابن تيمير then says if you do that and you bear witness that everything that is happening your hardship that you are going through it is because of your sins ابن تيمير then says what would you do the person busies himself with repentance and then he starts busying himself with his تغفار منذ ذنوبه from the sins this word is تغفار and توبه does not mean the same by the way توبه نستغفار means two different things especially they are from the words إذا اجتماعه افتراقه وإذا افتراقه اجتماعه و لذلك سمض روايات of the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام where the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام he says استغفر الله I ask Allah for forgiveness فإني اما توبوا إلى الله sorry توبوا إلى الله repent to Allah فإني أتوبوا في اليوم مئة مرة I repent to Allah يومي 100 times so when the scholars they said since the prophet said عليه الصلاة والسلام I repent to Allah I repent to Allah every day 100 times does the person say استغفر الله استغفر الله or does he say اتوبوا الله اتوبوا الله اتوبوا الله or Allah I repent to you I repent to you what does he say what does he say you see الشيخ والسلام تيميا he has a letter إن شاء الله if Allah gives us another time we'll go over it with this little رسالة رسالة في الاستغفار or the issue of this الاستغفار only some benefits that he wrote on it شيخ والسلام ابنه تيميا عليها رحمة الله I want you guys to research the difference between اتوبة and استغفار I want you guys to research إن شاء الله I'll tell you tomorrow what it is when the person testifies and admits that every bear witness that every hardship I'm going through the reason for it is my sins then what will that do for you look at the benefit that it has the minute you do that اشتغلأ اشتغلأ اشتغلأ اشتغلأ the person busies himself with repentance asking for forgiveness from his sins اللتي صلطه عليه بسببها repentance and forgiveness from the sins due to it you are tested with this person in the first place بسببها عن ذميه ولوميه والواقعات of him the people were what were rebuking you and they were blaming you and they were slandering you those things that the people are doing about doing to you which is to rebuk you which is to blame you which is to slander you all of that had happened because of the sins that you have done and ابنه تيميا is that if you bear witness that this has happened to you because of your own sins then you are going to busy yourself with repentance and forgiveness وإذا رأيت العبد يقع في الناس oh pay attention قاعدة these are قواعد وإذا رأيت if you see العبد that a slave يقع في الناس he then slanders the people or he speaks about the people إذا آذو who if they harm him ولا يرجع إلى النفس and he doesn't go back to himself so when the people say things about him when the people are out there harming him you see if you see that إذا رأيت الناس وإذا رأيت العبد and you see that slave لا يرجع إلى الناس he doesn't go back to himself below me blaming himself ولستغفار and he's not doing استغفار فعلم know أن مصيبته مصيبة حقيقية know that this person is truly afflicted person his affliction is greater than the harm of the people whenever you see a slave when the people are blaming him or the people are slandering him or the people are rebuking him he doesn't go back to himself and say what have I done what have I put forward what sin have I done and then doesn't go for استغفار and اتوبة doesn't do that فعلم know أن مصيبته this person's affliction that he's going through is greater and bigger than what he really thinks is going through وإذا تابع استغفار but if he repents and he asks for forgiveness وقال and then he says هاذا بذنوب the reason why these people are blaming me and rebuking me is because of my sins and they're slandering me is because of my sins صارت في حقه نعمة then this has become a blessing for him what the people are saying about him is a blessing for him what the people are doing to him is a blessing for him the slandering it becomes a blessing for him قال علي ابن أبي طالبن ابن طالبن is saying this he said علي ابن أبي طالبن he said كلمة من جواهر he said ابن طالبن says علي ابن أبي طالبن he said a statement which is from the جواهر gems of words a gem jewels he said لا يرجو لا يرجو جوان عبد إلا ربه لا يرجو جوان عبد إلا ربه a slave should not have hope except in his Lord ولا يخافن and he should not fear عبد a slave إلا ذنبه except in his own sins don't hope except from الله تعالى and don't be scared except from your own sins وروية عنه وعن غيره and it is also been narrated from علي and also other than علي which is what ما نزل بلاون an affliction and a calamity is not sent down إلا بدن بن except because of a sin ومروفي عنه and it is not lifted إلا بتوبة except with the repentance so this is the second point that sheikh what is now in Tameer mentions end of quote this is connected to the first one the second one is connected to the first one so first of all you you've observed and you realize that the slaves actions are created by Allah سبحانه وتعالى and then what you did was you looked at who is the one who afflicted you with this creation I use this human to afflict you and you say to yourself the one who has is Allah سبحانه وتعالى then you ask yourself the third question why did Allah afflicted me with this creation and then your answer becomes ذنو بي my sins وتفريضي am I shortcoming وتقصيري and my shortfallings and instead of wasting your time and preoccupying your time with بيسبه insulting them in return والواقع تفيههم and trying to slander them in return ولومهم and blaming them يشتغل بعيب نفسي ثم تبينك ولكم أنت تنقص بالفعل وكيف تطلق تساعد وساعة وارشةو لابد استخدام الله وتعالى then what happens is everything that is then said to you or done to you becomes a blessing from Allah سبحانه وتعالى فهي سيز الثالث ، الثالث ، أن يشهد العبد حسن الثواب الذي وعده الله لمن عفا وصبر كما قال تعالى وجزاء سيئة سيئة مثلها فمن عفا وأصلح فأجره على الله إنه لا يحب الظالمين ولما كان الناس عنده مقابلة الأدى ثلاثة أقسام ، ابن تيمي يقول ، الثالث هو أن الناس ينبعون العزيز ، يبعون العزيز إلى حسن الثواب ، وأصلح فأجره على الله إنه لا يحب الظالمين ، والله لا يحب الظالمين ، والله لا يحب الظالمين في هذه الثالث ، والله يشهد وجزاء سيئة مثلها وأصلح فأجره على الله إنه مع الله إنه لا يحب الظالمين ، والله لا يحب الظالمين ، والله يشهد وجزاء سيئة مثلها ولما كان الناس عنده مقابلة الأدى ثلاثة أقسام ، ابن تيمي يقول ، because he is taking this from the ayah and the people are in response to the harm that they are afflicted with, they are of three types the first one is a transgressor, an oppressive individual يأخذ فوق حقه, he takes more than his rights ومك تصيدون a person who is moderate يأخذ بقدر حقه, he only takes what is his rights ومحسينون a good doer يأعفوا he forgives ويترك حقه and he forgives and he leaves his rights ذكر الأقسام الثلاثة في هذه الآية الله يشهد these three in the verse فأولها للمقتصدين فأول part وجزاء سيئة مثلها is the مقتصد you punched me I punched him ووسطوها and then in the middle فمن عفا وأصلح فأجلو على الله the one that is in the middle here is للسابقين the four fronts the righteous ones وآخروها and the last one is إن أولا يحب الظالمين is للظالمين the oppressors and then he says ويشهد نداء المناديوم القيامة and also that the person he bears witness that cooler that's going to cool the day of judgment ألا لا ألا ليقم ألا ليقم من وجب أجره على الله the Allah is من حرف النداء stand up من وجب أجره على الله stand up the one whose rights are today going to be rewarded for him the one who said فأجره على الله his reward is ready for him it's placed in the hands of Allah he's going to be rewarded stand up the one whose rights is with Allah he's going to be rewarded فألا يقم إلا من عفا وأصلح no one else is going to stand up except the one who is what فمن عفا وأصلح the only one who's going to stand up is the one who forgave and rectified so once you know that the day of judgment this sound is going to be made and this call is going to be done وإذا شهد مع ذلك فوت الأجري بالإنتقام if the person bears witness that he's going to miss this reward فوت الأجري this reward is going to miss you بالإنتقام if you retaliate والاستفاء سهول عليه الصبر و العفو then it becomes easy for you to be patient and forgive if you know ألا يقم من وجب أجره على الله then you're going to miss that calling and you're not going to stand up that day because what did you do you retaliated you already took your rights then it will become easy for you he says to be patient and to forgive here the sheikh رحم الله end of quote he's talking about this time you look at the حسن with the web you look at the reward that's in this act of yours that which Allah has prepared for these people the station they gave the station of what مقام صبر على أدى الخلق the patience on the harm that the people put you through and the two stations are two that the ayah mentions فمن عفا فمن صبر the one who what فمن عفا و أصلح the first station is the صبر patience remember this when the people afflict you with the pain there's two stations the first one is مرطبة صبر patience you're patient with the people's harm that they put you through the station that is higher than it and it's greater than it is عفو يعفو عنهم and the station of it is greater عفو station is greater than the station of patience because Allah SWT says عافينا عن الناس those who forgive the people والله يحبوا المحسينين Allah loves righteous people so look what level, what station is عافينا عن الناس what station have they reached والله يحبوا ايش محسينين so it's مقام الاحسان and not a lot of people reach that people become Muslims they become Muslims not everybody is a muhsin like him the people who reach this stage are the مقاربين the ones who are very close to Allah so as we said the stations of the people in this verse is how many 3 مراتب 3 stations the first ones are who the ones who وجزاء السيئة سيئة مثلها مرتبة المجازات على سيئة بسيئة مثلها you wanna harm me I'm gonna do exactly the same to you retaliation according to what you did to me just like عاقبتم فعاقبوا بمثل مع عقبتم به and then Allah also says ولا ان صبرتم again الله ما جزاء صورة نحل اي 126 are we taking your rights but remember this station no extra that's what he's saying وجزاء سيئة سيئة مثلها مثلها فإن عاقبتم فعاقبوا بمثل مع عقبتم exactly according he did this to you exactly can't go overboard that's the first station okay that's your rights you're allowed to do that the station after is عفو is greater وذلك الله says فمن عافا واصلحة فأجلوا على الله the reward here is with Allah and remember the قاعدة we always mention ابهامو الأجري the fact that the reward hasn't been mentioned is what دلالة على عظمي على عظم الأجري it shows that this reward is great فأجلوا على الله means you're going to get a great reward the third one is the third station is برتبط المعاقبة بأشد من المثل I'm gonna not exceed my limits with you you just slapped me I'm gonna get myself a shotgun blow your face off this is what this is إنه لا يحبوا ظالمين this is تعدي exceeding your limits and go overboard in your limits صحيح so the people are those three types ظالم اللي نفسه ومقتصد وسابق بالخيرات بإذن الله those are the three stations this is ظالم he takes over his rights هو يأخذ فوق حقه this is right he wants to use something that happened before to do extra the other one is مقتصد he's in the middle هو الذي يأخذ بقدر حقه he takes according to his rights ومحسين is what يعفوا ويترك وخيروا هذه الأقسم والذلك الشيخ وليسلام يبنو تيميا he mentions that all three of them are what is mentioned in this verse as for the statement of there's a going to come a cooler and he will call ينادي مناديا يوم القيامة ألالي يقوم من وجب أدره على الله then this hadith a long time ago when I looked at it أبي حاتي narrated it رحمه الله وإبنو مارا دوهي ألبي حاكي شعب الإبال and also I'm going to and listen to the one who narrated it and if you look at الدرات المنفور of سيوطي رحمه الله if I'm not wrong and my mind is not telling me incorrect then I think it was not authentic but but the ayah is clear the ayah is sufficient that is if I'm right insane and I'm not wrong and the conclusion is إن شاء الله انتعالى بين الله الكريد سبحانك الله من بحمدك أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله أستغفرك وأتوب إليه


Hello everyone, welcome to today's class. Before we proceed further, we will be free look at what we did last time and I hope that you had the chance to go through that on your own based on what I discussed in the last class. So what we did was reaction of allyl tin compounds or allyl standins what they are called as. So initially we took an allyl tin compound of this kind was reacted with aldehyde say for example benzaldehyde under heating conditions to form the hormone allyl alcohol. This required heating but if we look at the reactions that we discussed in which the allyl tin species had a Lewis acid character like this which was prepared by reacting allyl bromide or allyl halide with tin or tin halide then these kinds of species which have inbuilt Lewis acidity character did not require heating to transfer the allyl group to the aldehyde because there was a relation between oxygen and the Lewis acidic part of the reagent or the allyl tin compound. And we also looked at how crotyle tin molecules with a specific geometry of the double bond lead to the formation of anti-arsine products. Thus for example we saw that the e-configurated crotyle tin compound led to anti-product and Z-configurated crotyle tin product led to the formation of syn compound. Now we also saw that if we take a crotyle compound in which the metal part is either zirconium chromium or titanium then in respect to the geometry of the crotyle this particular double bond here e or z eventually what was found that it leads to the formation of the e-configurated crotyle molecule. There is an equilibration between the two of them and then that leads eventually to the formation of anti-product. Also we saw that crotyle tin compounds whether it is e or z if it is reacted with carbonyl compound in the presence of a Lewis acid then we get syn product as the major product irrespective of the geometry of the crotyle compound. So this is how we saw a variety of reactions of allyl and crotyle tin compounds and crotyle compounds containing other metals like zirconium, chromium or titanium. So we will now proceed further today looking at the allylsilanes for example. Now in the case of allylsilanes of this type here there are many interesting reactions apart from of course normal allylations. Since silicon is more electropositive than carbon it exerts a considerable electronic effect on carbons alpha and beta to it in an organic molecule. So see for example if you have a silicon here see you have something like this then you can expect this alpha position here to be very specifically converted to an anion for example. So you can have very easily generating an anion alpha to the silicon. In a similar fashion if you can somehow manage to generate a cation and if that happens to be on the beta position then of course this particular beta carbocation here and with respect to the silicon is also an important kind of contribution for the silicon based reagents and their reactions. So silanes which can be activated in the alpha position lead to stabilize carbon ions and therefore they allow the reaction of an electrophile to react on that carbon ion. So irrespective of whether there is an allyl group or not if you can generate the anion alpha to the silicon here then we can expect that the E plus will react in this fashion to give the electrophile attached to the carbon alpha to the silicon group. Now as I said that you can stabilize the carbocation beta to the silicon and say you have a substrate something like this here or this is a vinyl silane and you have an aryl silane of this type here. Say you have aryl silane or an allyl silane or say alkyne silane you have here something of this type or this kind of substrate that we have then you can expect that for example this can lead to the formation of a carbocation in here if the electrophile attaches to the carbon here. So we can expect that you have an electrophile attaching and of course we generate the carbocation at the B's position. So this is alpha this is beta. So likewise in this also this also and of course in here also we can generate the cation at the beta position which is then stabilized by the silicon. So among all others basically different types of reagents generally there is a lot of reactivity with respect to allyl silanes as well as vinyl silane of course. So we will first consider the anion formation alpha to the silicon in an allyl silane substitutions type of starting materials and of course and also beta cationic charges both of these charges that we will consider with respect to the silicon and then see the reactivity of it. Now organo silanes display a very useful alternatives or attractive properties that with respect to the other organometallic reagents. These reagents allyl silanes or vinyl silanes are more stable and they are moisture and air stable compared to other organometallic reagents. They can be easily prepared from wide range of starting materials and of course they have low toxicity with in comparison to many other reagents and they actually lead to rich and diverse chemistry which can easily be understood and rationalized by relatively a small number of fundamental properties of silicon. Basically as we have discussed earlier that anion alpha to silicon and cation beta to silicon are stabilized and of course we can have transition states which are well defined transition states with respect to cyclohexane chair form and that also helps in rationalizing the product formation. Now if we simply take simple allyl trimethylsilane the basic allyl trimethylsilane reagent looks like this allyl trimethylsilane of course there are many other substitutions which we can think of putting here so we can have here anything else not necessary only methyl but we can also take other substitutions and especially this one is relatively cheap and commercially available and it is not a very strong nucleophile unless an antel we add an external Lewis acid. So these allylsilanes are robust, strong and therefore they can react only in the presence of a Lewis acid. So suppose we consider the reaction of say an electrophile with an allylsilane of this type where it is not necessarily methyl but it can be anything else. So if we react with an electrophile here then the electrophile reacts in this fashion from the gamma position if we say this is alpha, this is beta and this is gamma then of course we have at the beta position the cation comes because now you have a carbon electrophile bond formation at the gamma position and therefore we generate stabilized carbocation here and then there is a loss of carbon silicon bond that leads to the formation of the double bond here. On the other hand we can generate the anion alpha to the silicon by removal of proton by a base such as inbutyl lithium and this anion then reacts with the electrophile at the gamma position here, something like this and this electrophile reacts in this fashion and to lead to the formation of the product of this kind where now we get the vinyl silane. Now the why is the beta carbocation more stable is because there is a kind of hyper conjugation between the carbon silicon bond and the p orbital which is an empty p orbital at the beta carbon of the substrate on which there is a formation of a carbocation after the electrophile reacts and therefore this particular p orbital which is an empty p orbital interacts with the sigma bond of the carbon silicon and they are actually coplanar with respect to each other and therefore there is an overlap like hyper conjugation. Now if we say react this type of allyl silane which is now substituted allyl silane react with acid halide in the presence of aluminum chloride so we would expect that it would form something of this kind where the aluminum chloride has abstracted the carbon chlorine bond and we generate an intermediate of this type where there is a non-nucleophilic ALCl4- and of course you have a acyl carbocation. This acyl carbocation then reacts with the double bond in this fashion here it will come and react here and then you generate a beta carbocation here. Now this is the alpha position and this is the beta position and the beta position the carbocation is formed because at the gamma position here this is alpha this is beta and this is the gamma. So the gamma position the double bond reacts with the acyl cation and then leads to the formation of a beta carbocation and now you have the loss of the carbon silicon bond. So whatever nucleophile that is present in the medium say for example Cl- or anything that reacts with the carbon silicon bond and of course there is a breaking of the carbon silicon bond leading to the formation of the double bond. So this is how the reaction occurs with an electrophile and that is driven by the stability of the beta carbocation with respect to the silicon. So electrophilic additions of allyl silanes generally occur via an SE2 prime as I mentioned that the reaction occurs at the opposite end of the double bond. So you have something like this here and then you have a silicon see here and therefore the reaction occurs at this position here alpha beta and gamma and since this occurs at the electrophile adds on to the gamma position and then this breaks up here and therefore this is called an SE2 prime reaction that is at the allylic position. So allyl silanes react with a conformation in which the smallest substituent on the carbon is that is attached to the silicon is essentially eclipsing with the double bond eclipsing double bond. For example here as you can see this is double bond of the allyl silane and this is the smallest substituent of the carbon that contains the silicon and therefore this high carbon hydrogen is essentially eclipsing with the carbon-carbon double bond. Now what happens is when the electrophile reacts with the double bond the reaction occurs on the opposite phase of the silyl group for steric and electronic reasons. That is now once the smallest group has been oriented in such a fashion that the smallest group has is essentially eclipsing with the double bond then the electrophile attaches like from the opposite phase of the carbon silicon bond to avoid the steric hindrance and of course what happens also is that once we get this intermediate of this type when the electrophile is attached then there is this small rotation here the carbon silicon bond rotates here like this here so that there is an overlap between the carbon silicon bond and the p orbital just the way as we saw earlier in order for hyper conjugation type of effect to occur. So and that leads to the formation of the double bond. So this overlap of the carbon silicon sigma bond to the empty p orbital of the carbon carbocation is very important and that can happen only by slight rotation around the carbon bond in such a way that the carbon silicon bond overlaps with the p orbital. Now we can also do the same thing using some other molecules such as alkyl halides. Alkyl halides for example especially which can allow the formation of a stable carbocation. So you have an allylic or a benzylic or a tertiary butyl halides such as say tertiary butyl chloride. So what we need to do is we need to generate a carbocation of this type or we generate we need to generate a carbocation of this type here or we generate a carbocation of this type. So you have an allylic carbocation, benzylic carbocation or say tertiary carbocation because they are stable and therefore they can easily be produced. So in that situation if we have an allylic saline of this kind here then what happens is of course is the tertiary butyl cation here reacts with the double bond and once the double bond interacts in this fashion here. So what we have done it is we have rotated the bond here here in such a way that the carbon-silicon bond goes up and now your tertiary butyl group reacts with it and then of course the here this is how it will be tertiary butyl and then we of course get the product which is like this. That means since the carbon-silicon bond is pointing upward so the double bond interacts with the tertiary butyl cation from the opposite phase and from below that is why the tertiary butyl group has come below here and we generate a carbocation at this center here and that will then interact with the carbon-silicon bond, sigma bond to lead to the formation of the double bond. This is how the product formed. Now the reaction of course has to be seen through open transition state and then energies of other conformations have to be considered in each case. So this is how it happens then the reaction occurs when the Lewis acid interacts with the aldehyde then reaction occurs via the gamma-carbon atom in this fashion. Now the mechanism can be understood if we take the the Homo the here is occupied molecular orbital of the allyl substrate then we can say that this is the carbon-silicon bond here and this is the double bond and we are talking about the Homo of the double bond here. And if we take the LHomo of the carbonyl group then of course when the Lewis acid interacts with the oxygen here then we can write the pi star LHomo of the aldehyde in this fashion where there is a there is an interaction with the the P-pi interaction and leading to the formation of the sigma bond here and then of course we generate a carbocation on this particular carbon atom which then of course when the nucleophile reacts the carbon-silicon bond breaks and then we generate a double bond here. So this is how the mechanism looks like and this is basically nothing but the beta-silicon effect and this carbon-silicon bond and the positive charge the P orbital here they interact like hyperconjugation. Now the conjugate addition of of allylsilanes are also possible although alpha beta-unsaturated aldehydes undergo one-two addition. For example we can think about whether we allow Michael reaction to take place conjugate addition to take place. So if we have something like this here an aldehyde and if we react with allylsilane then of course in this situation generally what is observed is one-two addition here of this type. So this is one-two addition. So you have one, two, three and four and therefore one-two addition takes places this is the one-two addition product. But if we take an alpha-beta-unsaturated ketone then there is a possibility of reaction in a Michael fashion in the presence of a Lewis acid and that is known as you have something like this here Lewis acid here and you have here a nucleophile that is added here. So if you have a nucleophile that is added which is an allylsilane type of thing. So example you have an allylsilane here as a nucleophile then of course we expect the reaction to occur in this is what is the Lewis acid. When we put a Lewis acid we can put a negative charge here and then you have here allylsilane. So if the nucleophile happens to be an allylsilane then allylsilane can add in a Michael fashion or a conjugate addition on to the gamma or the fourth carbon you have one, two and three, four. So it is more like a one-four addition and that is where you get an enolate and of course this upon work up can lead to the formation of the conjugate addition.  However this enolate intermediate this is an enolate intermediate basically because we can write it as this here if we remove the Lewis acid from there then it would be like this plus Lewis acid.  Of course we will always have a counter ion which comes from the nucleophile which is present or whichever and now if it is possible then of course we can either do a deprotonation of it or we can also react with an electrophile here as a different electrophile and that can lead to the formation of electrophile here and you can get this. So such kind of products or such kind of products are possible here of course you are getting a proton as an electrophile here you are getting a separate electrophile which can be either sulfur or a nitro or any other or even a carbon based electrophile we can get an addition of this kind. So there are several ways in which you can perform such a saccharide type of reaction which is what is conjugate addition or the Michael addition of allyl silane to alpha beta unsaturated ketone we can also do it in a in an intramolecular fashion. So if we have something of this kind here so suppose you have an alpha beta unsaturated ketone and you have now say you have allyl silane of this kind here then there is a possibility of doing this sorry this is it should be here of alpha beta unsaturated system and therefore now we can consider as having an intramolecular intramolecular Michael addition of allyl silane or intramolecular what is called as saccharide reaction intramolecular saccharide reaction and that could lead to the formation of this type of product. Now we can see that the new centers which are asymmetric centers are being created here and therefore there is a possibility of looking at them from the point of view of the various transition states that one can think about it in all these reactions. So there is a possibility of cyclization which is proceeding via very well defined transition states and therefore the stereoselectivity has been found to be excellent. In all these cases we have to use a Lewis acid because very less cases the protic acids like Bronsted acids have been used because what happens is if you have an allyl silane of this kind then very often what happens is this undergoes proto desilalation that means the proton itself reacts with this particular double bond and then one can get the proton addition at this stage here and the reagent itself gets desilated. So you basically have the formation of this. So the allyl silane does not react with the substrate if we have a Bronsted acid in place of a Lewis acid that has been observed. However there is an exception in this case for example in fact the Lewis acid was not found to be useful in this case and they found that substrate of this kind reacts with methane sulphonic acid at low temperature and that gives a product of this kind in 88% yield in which the dashed selectivity was more than 95%. What they understood or they rationalize is through a favored transition state. Possibly everything is lined up here and this substrate allows immediately a protonation through the Bronsted acid like methane sulphonic acid to the aldehyde and the aldehyde when upon protonation forms a particular part in this fashion which now the dipole of this is oriented opposite to the dipole of this particular carbon oxygen bond to avoid the dipole-dipole interaction and therefore this allyl silane moiety here being Z in orientation and therefore the hydrogen here and the hydrogen here are Cis oriented because the double bond here is of course also going to be Z oriented here. This is the path which is the double bond part and when this interacts here the hydrogen is oriented above and therefore this and this are Cis to each other and that is where the hydrogen here is Cis to the hydrogen here and that this particular favored transition state leads to the formation of the product that is rationalized here. So, this is an exception but of course in majority of the cases the reaction needs a Lewis acid. So, we will stop at this stage and we will take up the other aspects of the allyl silane addition next time till then you can go through this and if you wish you can see the reference here which I mentioned and see the details of this particular reaction. Till then you take care and we will see you next time. Bye. Thank you.


One of the questions and this is one that we get frequently and it sounds like the question is can you Can you adapt or modify the auto DevOps pipeline and the answer is absolutely yes And so when we chat about this we often hear things like That's great that you have auto DevOps in it and it spun up a pipeline for me automatically But how about being able to then export that auto DevOps into let's say a git lab see a YAML file and The answer is get lab works a little bit differently than that. So rather than having Some functionality that you configure via pointing and clicking on things and then exporting that into some type of consumable format GitLab actually does it the opposite way around our auto DevOps functionality is based on predefined code And if you want to modify that code, you can simply go to it. So for example Here's a project where I have auto DevOps set up here are some of the pipelines that you can see that are running and The way auto DevOps works is if there's no file and the file is called GitLab CI YAML If there's no YAML file, then it will use the default file But if you put in your own CI YAML file, then it will process that it works the same way with let's say a Docker file If there's no Docker file, it will use the defaults It uses something called Heroku ish to go and detect the language and figure out what types of containers are needed But if either there's not a container there, let's say you wanted to have a Custom definition for your Docker file. You can actually put in that and then auto DevOps will use the one in your repository So I'll show you what the CI YAML file looks like if we were to go to add a new file We can choose via template And for the dot GitLab dash CI YAML file, you can actually choose several different types of templates for different programming languages There are many templates here, but what I want to show you is the auto DevOps template And so this is actually the code that's executing for those pipelines that you saw Dan showing you And I could add this file, but instead since I already have it here I am going to head on back and just open it up here Where we can see it with a little bit of syntax highlighting whatnot So here is the syntax and the file that shows you you can see that there are several stages that are set up And even some that we didn't look at in the demo such as incremental rollout and whatnot So this is not too long of a file. Maybe about I think it's around a thousand lines And you can see all of the scripting and all of the the YAML code That is I should say YAML definitions of the the pipeline here So this is fully customizable. You can start with that auto DevOps that basically gets you up and going with zero work And then when you have that pipeline going, let's say you want to modify something or add to it You can easily add this file. You have the exact same pipeline and then start modifying it Or for that matter, you can use this file as inspiration or templates or snippets to plug into another custom ci YAML file So Let's see if we have some other questions here Another question that we often get will be How does Git labs pipelines compare to say a product like Jenkins or some of the other ci products on the market So in a nutshell, I can direct you to A few places here. So on our home page We do have a comparison section where we look at various DevOps tools in the DevOps landscape. So Across the entire DevOps lifecycle There are a whole array of tools and you can compare various tools To Git labs. So for example, if we were to look at let's say Jenkins, how does it compare? There's some more in depth info here and I direct you to this resource But in a nutshell There are some a few key differences to Jenkins in particular and then to other ci tools in general So Jenkins in particular is really not one product, but it's it's really three different products Historically, there's traditional Jenkins that was not built in a in a cloud native era to take into consideration things like cloud infrastructure micro services serverless containers, etc And that traditional Jenkins has a bunch of plugins. That's the one that's the most popular There's also problems with it though and that all of those plugins Whenever you want to upgrade your instance, you have to then go and upgrade all of those plugins. They're often Community managed the plugins break. It was in fact our co-founder The pain of him having to upgrade his Jenkins instance Is why he decided to build his own ci. So that was the impetus for gilab ci Of course, then there's other modern versions of Jenkins such as Jenkins x that do take into consideration things like kubernetes And containers for git lab. We don't have separate products For separate things and there's no choice for you having to decide which one you can use Git lab by itself just supports kubernetes regular git lab vanilla git lab ci is a modern tool Based on all of the modern technologies such as containers and kubernetes That's just built in and we integrate with those things And we're really I believe on the on the forefront of that space and driving more technology So gilab's not just a great product for you today It's one that we will partner with you and be a great product for you in the future the last way that really gilab is different is that gilab ci is built in and integrated as part of the whole flow So as you saw in the demo in the merge request You see the output of your pipeline and you can dig into every single part of it And you can even modify the pipeline right from the code repo for example by editing this file That exists right inside of the repository And so this gives developers a sense of self control or self service and control That allows them to collaborate together with operations teams And we have some advanced functionality that we didn't show today around Templating importing allowing you to have parts of your pipeline that are stock and based on your operations team And then the developers can import that and then extend and modify it So there are lots of controls to put in there But in the nutshell by allowing developers and operators to communicate and collaborate together in one interface Is something pretty unique to git lab Whereas using any other type of ci or cd tool you need to integrate it with a bunch of different tool chains. So Let's take a look. It looks like we have a few words in chat here and What I'll do is I will talk about one more question which is pricing And it looks like you can go to our homepage about dot git lab dot com And if you check out the pricing link One of the things I'll point out is you can get git lab as either git lab dot com hosted on the cloud where We actually manage that instance and we do all the administration So you simply sign up for it as a SaaS service Or you can download and install git lab yourself as a self managed instance And of course you can run that on your on-premises hardware You can run that in gcp azure aws whatever cloud or Public or private cloud you wanted to run that in And our self managed and our dot com actually have the same pricing model So some of the features you saw such as our security features are in our top tier plan and Basically, we also have a free or an open source plan That allows you to get started right away and you can look at a full set of which features are in which plan on this comparison page where It has a familiar check box feature style page there so With that it looks like we don't have any other questions coming in So I do want to thank everyone for being on the call today We will of course send you a follow-up email with a link to the demo video and these questions And if you have any more, please do respond to that email and reach out to our team We'd love to continue the conversation with you With that, uh, thank you everyone. Please do have a wonderful day. Cheers


Hi and welcome to nursing school explaining this video on mods or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. If you haven't already done so I highly recommend watching my other video on sepsis and septic shock so that you understand what occurs physiologically before mods occurs because usually sepsis is what leads to multiple organ dysfunction. So in sepsis we have this widespread inflammation in the body that leads to massive vasodilation and because we have multiple organs that fail mods is defined as two plus organ systems that fail but if three or more organ systems fail the patient has a mortality rate of 80 to 90 percent which is really really high and usually the lungs fail first because of the cytokine release and this massive inflammation leading to ARDS or acute respiratory distress syndrome. What follows is the kidney's liver and GI system fail and if it spreads so far that the cardiovascular as well as the neurologic system are affected it leads to 100 percent mortality. So pathophysiologically quick review here there is widespread damage to the vascular endothelium that leads to increased capillary permeability because of the release of the endotoxins from the bacteria that are causing sepsis and this massive capillary permeability leads to vasodilation and the vasodilation again leads the body to produce more of these inflammatory mediators that then cause the slow blood pressure. When there's low blood pressure the organs don't get perfused and because of the platelet activation microclots occur in the circulation that then leads to a mechanical obstruction of the blood flow so basically now we have an embolus that's floating around in the bloodstream that can't get dislodged anywhere. Now because we have the decreased organ perfusion the body kind of goes into a state of panic and produces more glucose in because of the stress response which leads to increased oxygen demand because the glucose has to come from somewhere and then the cells are unable to use the O2 because it goes into this glucose production into the stress response. Now when the cells are unable to utilize O2 tissue hypoxia occurs body switches from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism leading to metabolic acidosis then what happens as the tissues and organs don't get enough O2 cell death occurs and then if one or two or three more organs are affected it leads to organ failure maybe leading to multiple organ dysfunction if more than two are affected and then over here I have outlined the signs and symptoms per body system and then what can we do in terms of nursing care and how is this treated and most of the time these two are closely related and then in red here I have so called the most of the important lab tests and diagnostic tests that you'll see in evaluating patients who are exhibiting signs of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. So in terms of the respiratory system because of this tissue hypoxia and the body trying to compensate for the metabolic acidosis it's going to increase the respiratory rate which will be significantly elevated and the patient might show crackles which are evident of ARDS developing and then there will be this ventilation and perfusion mismatch so now the the blood flow and the oxygenation don't match we don't have the gas exchange that will usually occur which leads to also decreased oxygen saturation and then the abnormal arterial blood gases because of this metabolic acidosis. Now in terms of nursing care how we monitor this is if what we do about it is give the patient O2 monitor the respiratory status very carefully check their ABGs and prepare to intubate so patients who are in mods and ARDS they will need to go on a ventilator no questions asked because they are just now not able to regulate their respiratory system efficiently enough to blow off all the acids that the body is producing from this metabolic acidosis. Now cardiovascular system because this massive phase of dilation will decrease the systemic vascular resistance so the blood pressure as well as the central venous pressure which is a good indicator of fluid volume status that will be massive hypertension and mean arterial pressure the heart rate will be elevated in an attempt to compensate for the low blood pressure to try to perfuse the organs and the patient might exhibit signs and symptoms of heart failure so what can we do for the cardiovascular system just like in sepsis we give the patient's IV fluids as the most important part of treating a patient who is dealing with this massive vasodilation and fluid loss in the intravascular space so IV fluids crystalloids as well as colloids maybe in a later phases to pull the fluid back in the intravascular space as well as vasopressors to help maintain the blood pressure so basically constrict the blood vessels to bring the blood pressure up but again like in sepsis IV fluids IV fluids IV fluids in terms of the neural system so decreased level of consciousness as well as the patient might be at risk for seizures not only for the hypoperfusion of the brain but also because electrolyte imbalances might occur specifically sodium imbalances and then we assess certainly the patient's level of consciousness to detect any changes for the renal system so the urine output will be decreased because now we don't produce we don't perfuse the organs such as the kidneys or the patient might be an uric meaning no urine production at all and then that will increase the urine specific gravity if there is urine produced meaning that it's more concentrated and then it will be an elevated kidney function evident in elevations in BUN and creatinine levels now over here we want to assess the urine output and the labs specifically again ABGs as well as we know with kidney function hyperkalemia can occur so we need to specifically assess that as well as our other electrolytes the GI system might be affected because now if the GI system here is not being perfused it is leading to evidence that we can collect and so there will be decreased peristalsis because the bowel is not being perfused it cannot function properly there will be decreased or absent bowel sounds or the patient might be having a paralytic alias or there might be GI bleeding from possibly stress also so the patient is developing because this is a severely sick patient and then nursing care for the GI system we're going to assess their abdomen and the bowel sounds to see if this paralytic alias is occurring we want to administer medications for stress also prophylaxis and those are usually PPIs and H2 blockers we want to monitor their souls for blood because the GI bleed and then we want to give them nutrition early and most likely they will have to be TPN total parenteral nutrition because again the patients will be intubated and the GI system might not be working and this is really really important because if the patient is a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or multiple organs are on the verge of failing we want to support the body with as much nutrition as we can because the patient is in this hyper metabolic state so the more nutrition we can get into them the more glucose nutrients protein we can give them the better off they'll be in this basically anabolic metabolic state that they're in by suffering this organ failure and basically the body is just breaking down so we want to support them from a nutritional perspective the liver with the liver starts to fail liver function tests will be elevated as well as ammonia which is the byproduct of just cellular metabolism that's usually being cleared by the liver so we might see an increase in that remember that the kidney the liver also has to do with albumin production so the proteins that keep the the fluids in the intravascular space as well as clotting so we might see an elevation in PT and INR here now for nursing measures we want to monitor the patient for bleeding and they might turn jaundice just as slightly as the bilayer will get elevated and for hematologically with these microclots in the circulation and the mechanical obstruction here we might see a decrease in platelet count as well as an elevation in D dimer and fsp which are fibrin split products that are important in the coagulation cascade and the way that we clot and the clot is broken down and then so hematologically we need to make make monitor the patient for bleeding again not only for stools but this could be bleeding at the gums or from ILE sites or just minor scratches that they might have and then DVT prophylaxis because the patient is prone to clotting so we want to prevent DVTs and um emboli getting the slot that could basically settle in any of the blood vessels and cause organ dysfunction even from from a clotting perspective so again this is a very critically ill patient that will need to be taken care of in the intensive care unit will need meticulous nursing care the there are a lot of similarities between this and sepsis because sepsis is the precursor so we need to make sure that we deal that we are very diligent in our nursing care and treatment in our assessment skills to prevent the patient from turning into multiple organ dysfunction syndrome from being septic so thank you for watching this video I hope to see you again soon here on nursing school explain thanks for watching


Life with Luigi, a new comedy show created by Psy Howard and starring that celebrated actor, Mr. J Carol Nash with Alan Reed as Beswale. Luigi Basko left Italy to start his new life in America. He promised his mother that he would write and tell her about his adventures. So now let's read Luigi's letter as he writes to Mama Basko in Italy. Mama me, today is one of the biggest days of my life. This morning I'm receiving a letter from Immigration Department, which says that Thursday, September 8th, I must go there and apply for my first to citizen of papers. Mama me, I remember when you son of Luigi is the first to come to America.  I'm a pastor of stories and I must see signs that say fire sale. And I'm gonna think it's a strange country where they gotta sail on a fire. If they ever see advertisement and there's a paper that says, big sale of argument to basement. Ha, I go right down to the store to buy a basement.  Mama, but now I'm here over one year and I'm a much smarter fella. Last week, fellas would walk up to me in the street and he's saying, hey bub, I got a good deal for you. How you like to buy messes in New York for $25? But even though sounds like a good deal, I'm a know-buy messes. Mama me, if I'm in a Chicago, who's gonna watch the business? It's better for me, I'm gonna take care of my own and take a business and I keep going to tonight's school. Home, I teach him a spotting. She's gonna be so happy when I tell her the good news about my first to papers. America, I love you. You like a papa to me, from ocean to ocean. Big buildings, you wide streets, here you lovely parks. Soon you're gonna be mine. Even there's a wind that's blowing all this free fresh air into my nose. Must be the stockyards. Even that's gonna be mine. Blow in the blow. I'm a like to see those fresher leaves that planer down the street. That the man that's chasing is a hat. That the nice young girls that scout the blow in the blow. Now I'm across the street to my school. Mama me, I look at that car's speed. He's all I must to hit to me. I think he's gonna hit that car. He's a hit. Oh look, he's a pastor at the light and he's right away. There's his license. I'm a got to report him. Everybody don't crowd around. Officer, officer, Mr. Policeman, I'm gonna see the whole thing. Who are you, Mac? Numbers are not the Mac, it's a Luigi. It's the other fellow's fault, but I'm gonna remember his license number. It's the K8 to 24 to 46 to the 7th. Good work, buddy. The number's a Luigi. That's all right, Tom.  Well, I think I'm okay, but my car's all smashed up. Well, don't worry, we got a good witness. A witness? What's it like? Buddy, you saw the accident. Now give us your name, address, telephone number, where we can get a hold of you and tell us how it all happened. Huh? Huh? All right, class, class, attention. I'll call the roll. Mr. Basko? Mr. Basko? Oh, this is the first time he's been absent. Mr. Harwood? I'm here. Mr. Olsen? I am here. Mr. Schultz? If I ain't here, there's a very good-looking fellow there in my suit. Thank you, thank you, thank you, fellow Schultz. Move on a combination. Besides being witty, I'm pretty. Please, Mr. Schultz, let's get on with our lesson. I'm a spoiling it. Please, I'm here. Don't remark on me absent. I'm a present. Oh, Luigi, you should have been here a minute ago.  Please, Mr. Schultz, Mr. Basko, why are you late? He's all like explained over here. I'mma bring a note. A note? Who from? From a cop, here. Mr. Luigi Basko was detained from school because he volunteered as a witness to a traffic accident. Oh, Luigi, a witness. Oh, that's terrible. That's a terrible of what to show.  His wife was bitten by a dog. And did he get into trouble? What the trouble?  He was a witness for the dogs. Mr. Basko, don't let Mr. Schultz worry you. It's often difficult to get witnesses to an accident, and I think you performed your duty like a good citizen. Oh, thank you. Oh, Miss Spulling, I must have forgot to tell you. I got an order to go down for my first to citizen of Peppers, September the 8th. Well, Mr. Basko, that's wonderful. Congratulations, Luigi. Thank you, Luigi, that's wonderful. You get your first papers on election day. You can vote. Yeah, and when you get your vetting papers, you can vote twice. Correction, Mr. Schultz, you can only vote once. That's civics. Correction, Miss Spulling, you can vote twice. That's politics. Oh, Luigi, I know just how you feel. The day I got my first papers, I was so happy. Everybody who came into my deligadese got a freeze-alarm. Oh, that's real nice, Schultz. Oh, you should have seen, Luigi. The neighborhood was so full of heartburn, you could have started a forest fire. Well, thanks. Thanks to everybody for your nice words. A Miss Spulling, Horowitz, Olson, and Eushel. But, Miss Spulling, I'm a little worried. You think because I'm a witness for accident, maybe I'm going to have trouble with my citizen of Peppers? Not at all. You spoke up for what you thought is right. Oh, thank you, Miss Spulling. That's right, Luigi. I always remember my Uncle Hugo's words. He always said, you've got to have the courage of your convictions. And he ought to know. Fine. He's been convicted six times. Well, Mummy, as is so early in the morning, is the phone ringing. Hello? What? What? Or an insurance company? Yeah, this is a Luigi Busco. Yeah, I'm a witness. Sure, I'm a city accident. I was a close-up eye. What? I'm a citizen of Peppers. I'm a citizen of Peppers. I'm a citizen of Peppers. What? If I'm a liar, I get a 20-year-old for part-jury? Mummy, you kind of say this. You go by it. What am I going to do? I'm going to run next door and tell Pascuale. Hey, what are you doing in your nightgown in my spaghetti palace so early? Pascuale. Pascuale, I'm going to get a lot of trouble. You think you got a trouble? Look, tuna fish is a cost of so much, I got a raise to the price of my chicken salad. What's the matter? Something is going wrong with your citizen of Peppers? No. Insurance companies are just a call and telling me I'm going to get a 20-year-old for part-jury. Luigi, how many times am I going to tell you best the policy is a 20-year-old endowment? Come up, Pascuale. You don't understand. Last night, when I was going to school, I was seeing an auto accident, and I'm going to give him my name. Shultz is a warning to me I'm going to have a trouble. And this morning, it's just starting in. Oh, you've got nothing to do but run around on a watch accident.  The problem with you is you've got no responsibility. Oh, you're right, Pascuale.  What? You'll become a bachelor. You should settle it down. Marry a nice girl. Marry a girl like my Rosa. Raise a little family. Maybe 15 of Bambini. No, Pascuale. I'm not going to marry your Rosa. Luigi, you want those little Bambinos should it be orphans? Pascuale, please. I'm not going to have enough trouble now. Besides, Rosa is too fat for me. Too fat? Too fat. Why don't you just weigh 250 pounds? You're lucky to get a girl like that. She's always a happy. There's too much to happen. Pascuale, please. Do not talk about a marriage until I get to my first purpose. The only thing that's to worry me is that the witness is busy. Well, pardon me. I'm looking for Mr. Basko. He's not in the store. I'm Luigi Basko. What can I do for you? You can accept a subpoena. What's that? A court order. But I'm going to have an order of court. Wait, wait, Mr. Luigi, looks like you're going to take a slow boat to Italy. Pascuale, what's this subpoena? What am I going to do? Yeah, give me. I'll read it for you. All right. On the top is a super-area cost of the state of Illinois. What's this super-area? That's like a supermarket. Arnie, instead of selling the things like a soap and a tuna fish, if they sell us summons, isn't it a traffic attack? Come on, Mummy. Quiet, please. I'm a-reading them. Subpoena, affidavit, and... Hey, Luigi, how come they find out you're not a citizen? Pascuale, you sure they know that? I'm a positive. It's a say here, affidavit. You was a citizen. You're to get a hold of David. You're not a citizen. Please, please, Pascuale. Save for me, save for me. Save for me, save for me. Save for me, save for me, save for me. That's all you can say. Save for me. What do you think I am? A Salvation Army?  You were ordered to appear in a court on a Thursday, the 8th of the day of September 10 a.m. Thursday, September 8th. Pascuale, that's the day I'm supposed to get my first citizen of purpose. Oh, Luigi, that's bad. You're not going to get your papers. You're going to super-area court. The whole estate is against you, and all you've got is a half of David and your defense. Pascuale, why are you reading so fast? Who's the reading? I'm praying for your life. Life of Luigi continues in just a moment, but firstly, it's fun for all on the big break for lucky youngsters. Tonight, Horace Hyde's original Youth Opportunity program unveils another chance at fame and fortune. Music, comedy, thrills and glamour. They're yours now every Sunday evening when you tune in Horace Hyde, another great CBS show heard over most of these same stations. And now for the second act of Luigi Vasco's Adventures in Chicago, we turn to page two of his letter to his mother in Italy. And it's so, mommy, what was it going to be best the week of my life? Is it going to turn out to be the worst? I was across the street in a safe at his own, minding of my own business. I see accident and I like a good American, I give a name as a witness. Now, so many better things are happening to me. Looks like the story of my life is going to be from a safe at his own to a sink sink. But the biggest tragedy to me is same day I must appear in a court, I must also appear down at town and for my first, a citizen of papers. Mama mia, this is a wonder time. I'm a wish, I was as fat as a rose so I can be in two places at the same time. Anyway, I'm sitting in my antique store wishing I was dead when it's in a cummerstands your man. Are you a Luigi Vasco? That's a me. Look, Mr. Vasco, I happen to be concerned with the defendant in a case that's coming up tomorrow in court. I have a little present for you, say, uh, $500. What are you talking about? I'm a no-understander. Okay, I'll lay my cards on the table. But I'm a no-wanna play cards. Look, I'll give it to you straight. I'm offering you a bribe. I'm a no-wanna get the married. Listen, friend, my brother realizes he made a mistake hitting that car and running away. It's worth $500 to him if you don't show up as a witness tomorrow. Oh, sir, that's what you mean. I should have been a bad citizen. Look, Mr. this case doesn't get to me in a lot of trouble, but I'm a rather be no citizen than a bad citizen. Look, nobody will know what you are. I'll know what I'm... and I'll be glad I'm never telling nobody about you and I'll please get out before I'm a get the married. Goodbye. She's my friend. I love Luigi. I love, I love. I love Pascuali.  Pascuali, I'm a no-wanna standard marriage. From a little thing like I've been a witness, I'm losing my sitters and a ship. So how things are happening, Luigi? You know what they say from a little acorns is to grow bigger cones. But don't worry, Luigi, you friend of Pascuali and his beauty for the daughter of Rosa, they're gonna stand by your side all the time. Oh, thank you, Pascuali. When you walk into the court, I'm gonna hold your hand. When you sit down on the bench, I'm gonna hold your hand. But when the judge is to give you 50 years in a jail, I'm gonna have to let go for a little while. 50 years? Well, Luigi, if you were to consider marrying my Rosa, maybe I'm personally gonna figure out a way to get you off.  Well, I'm a no-the-law and I give you time off for parole or good behavior and withholding a tax. Pascuali, Pascuali. Luigi, I thought maybe I'd go with you to the downtown and help you get at your citizenship papers. Sure, sir. What have you got in the bag? This is the end of a salami. That's for you, Luigi. When the man gives you the papers, it's nice to give him a tip. A tip? End of the salami. A tip. Oh, sure, sir, but thank you. But I'm not the goner for my papers.  Thank you, Sandy. And thank you, Mama, for me. Hey, little boy, this cake is gonna be no good for Luigi unless he's got a file inside. A file? Why? Because Luigi is going to jail.  Be happy. Be octopus. Listen, Mr. Dallicott, test of the man. I'm gonna know the law. Well, we're gonna go to the court. Oh, man, stop it.  Get O'Reilly, horror with O'Reilly. Now, play the show. Sit down and buy it. You go ahead, Sandy. Go on. All right, Mr. Schultz. And don't worry, Mr. Baskill. We'll all be there. Yeah, fine. Come on, Luigi. We go to the court with you. That place is your summoner when I make a trouble. Luigi, this case is bigger than you now.  Like Nathan Hale, you've got it only one life to give for your country. That's all right, Luigi. And in the next few hours, are we gonna know if you gave it? Luigi is a look of bad for you when this is caught. They're breaking you in the slow. Already, they put a bars on the windows. Oh. Here comes the judge. Oh, Luigi is a look of very sad for you. The judge is all addressed in a black. My man. Here comes the judge. Illinois is now in session. Judge Mitchell presiding. First case is state of Illinois versus Stanley Adams. Well, the plaintiff, Albert Farnsworth, take the stand. Farnsworth, you promised to tell the truth. The whole truth. Nothing but the truth's healthy, God. I do. Well, you tell us in your own words exactly what happened. Well, I was driving along Michigan Boulevard at a normal rate of speed in my brand new car. I waited so long to get it. And suddenly, this other car came tearing along. And before I knew it, he hit... Witness for the plaintiff, Luigi Basko. The president... Mr. Basko, take the stand. Yes, sir. Your Honor. As attorney for the defense, I'd like to request an irregular procedure. We may save a lot of time if I can cross examine the witness immediately. Well, it is somewhat irregular, but request granted. All right, Mr. Basko. You promised to tell truth. The whole truth. Nothing but the truth's healthy, God. Look here. Do you swear to... Please, please, I will never swear. Your honor. Mr. Basco, just state your intention to tell the truth. Your honor, judge, please. I'm always a threat to tell the truth. Good for you, Luigi! Quiet. Quiet, please. Mr. Basco, tell me this. On the night in question, were you crossing Michigan Boulevard? Well, it was also on the corner of... Just answer yes or no. All right. I will try again. At the time of the accident, when you saw the green car, was it going faster than 35 miles an hour? Yes or no. I'll see you here, Mr. Basco. That's a very simple question. It requires a very simple answer. Yes or no. Take your pick. Or... Judge, judge, please. I'm not going to say yes, I'm not going to say no. What else am I going to say? Mr. Basco, just try to answer the question to the best of your ability. Who has thought, Judge, got a smart head between his ears? Quiet, please. Mr. Basco, at the time of the accident, just where were you standing? Under my feet. Toys in this courtroom. Your friends think you're very funny, Mr. Basco. Now we'll dispense with the yes or no answers. Just tell the court, how do you know that you were standing on Michigan Boulevard? I'm ready to sign on a lamppost. You were in the middle of the street at eight o'clock at night and you were able to read that small sign. That's right. I'm looking at a good eyesight. If your eyes are so good, tell the court what else you saw written on that lamppost. Curve your dog. So, Mr. Basco, you can see pretty well, eh? Your Honor, this witness claims he read my client's license plates with lightning like rapidity at eight o'clock in the evening. Now, I have an eye shot right here and I'd like to duplicate those same conditions to test this man's eyesight. Your Honor, may I have the light in the courtroom, Lord? What do you want, Your Honor? The condition is granted. The black will lower the lights. Luigi, it's gonna be too dark. Shh. Now then, Mr. Basco, I'm holding up this eye shot. Can you see me? Yes, I'm a seal. All right. Try reading the top letter. E. Next line. DX. Oh, that's very good. Now, Your Honor, in order for this witness to have been able to read my client's license plates at night, he should be able to read the bottom line of this chart. Mr. Basco, read the bottom line, please. This chart was made in a union shop. I object. Well, I object. What do you object to?  Pleasure. Pleasure. Sure, sir. Pleasure. Please sit down.   I'll have fun with your thanks. I request a five-minute recess. Recess granted. Brought adjourned for five minutes. Luigi, my friend, I hope we didn't make trouble for you. Well, gee, Mr. Basco, what have they got to do to you? I jumped in Yemen. Hey, that lawyer is such a big yerk. Please, everybody, if you don't mind, go away for a second. I've got something important to talk over with Luigi.  Basco, what's going to happen to me? Oh, your friends are really fixing you up. Luigi, are you bringing your razor with you? Razor? Why?  But, Basqually, is it going to be chilly? Well, you're going to sit down. Is it going to be hot? Basqually, the chair, how do you know? Well, I'm not going to say anything, but just before a man in a gray uniform is a safe to me, is a Luigi AC or DC. Come on, Mummy. Basqually, please, save me. Save me, save me. Well, I might be able to help you. Amendment 16 is to say you can keep out of jail if you marry an American citizen. Basqually, are you going to marry me, too? No! My daughter Rosa. What do you say, little man? You give in? Basqually, I give up. That's a fine, that's a fine. I'm going to call it a happy bride. Rosa! Hello, Luigi. Closer to Luigi, your face has almost touched your hands. What are you going to do? During the recess, the defendant has decided to throw himself upon the mercy of the court. He has entered a plea of guilty. Hey, Dad, you're pleased to have only given me a chair? Mr. Basqually, I noticed that you've been behaving very nervously during the trial, and really, there was no need to. You had nothing to fear because you performed your duty as an exemplary citizen. I want to thank you for appearing.  I judge you thank you, thank you. From the bottom up to my heart, I thank you. As only one thing is the biggest sorrow for me is I'm not the citizen. Oh, yes, about that. Your night school teacher Miss Spalding called me and I've taken care of everything. The Department of Immigration will set aside another day so you can come down for your first paper. Everybody, everybody come over to my delicatessen. The Knotriost is on the house. And judge you honor, I got a little request. You can make a marriage, you know? Yes. Good, then we'll make this a big day. You marry Luigi and my daughter Rosa. Well, well, is this so, Mr. Basqually? Are you the happy bridegroom? I'm at the bridegroom. Luigi, you promise? All right, Mr. Basqually. Mr. Basqually, do you have the ring? I'm wearing it already, judge!  And do you have the marriage license? I'm always the kind of marriage license, a judge. See, if you say honor to Rosa and to whom it may concern. Well, we'll change it to Rosa and Luigi Basqually. All right, my children, if you step up to the bench, I'll perform the ceremony. My, my, my. Now I'd like some volunteers from the court. I'll need two people to witness the wedding. Mr. Basqually, everybody has left the court. I can't perform the ceremony. I hate to say this, but it seems as if you have no friends. Judge your honor, I've got plenty of friends. The kind of friends who run away when you need them. Money to my son! Goodbye! We're at the same time over most of these stations when Luigi Basqually writes another letter to his mama Basqually describing his adventures in America. Wife with Luigi is a Cy Howard production and is written by Mack Benhoff and Lou Derman and stars J. Carol Nash as Luigi Basqually with Alan Reed as Fasqually. Be sure to tune in over most of these same CBS network stations every Friday night to hear Leave It to Joan. Yes, Joan Davis has moved her department store troubles to Friday night to join the CBS Laugh lineup. Remember, Leave It to Joan every Friday on CBS. Tune in, tune in this fall for the shows that you love best of all. Listen carefully, here's the address. It's CBS, CBS. And now stay tuned for Carlos Archer whose adventures follow immediately over most of these stations. This is CBS, the Columbia Blood Casting System.


Magnetic nanoparticles suspended in magnetic fluids respond differently depending on the intensity and duration of a magnetic field. When exposed to a magnetic field, these particles form structures that are not uniform and take on various shapes. At higher temperatures, these structures become more organized into long chains aligned with the magnetic field. By studying the acoustic properties of these fluids, we can determine the size and number density of the particles as well as their alignment. This allows us to better understand how temperature affects the structure of the particles and how it influences the acoustic properties of the fluid. This article was authored by Yosef Kutelsik, Peter Berry, Peter Kopkensky, and others.


everybody welcome back to the tutorial in this one we're in hitfilm the new version of the former hitfilm express and i'm going to show you how to lighten dark footage for free. Hitfilm is a free video editor for the most part but it isn't perfect but it's free for most of its effects and here let me show you i've got a shot i'll just hit play here and we've got this shot in the dark kind of lightning is going to crash in there and then i'll relit it just like this and it's way over relit as you can see here it's got noise and speckles but i'm going to show you how to do both of these things from scratch so let's just start here first step bring in your footage in like i've done here just drag and drop it into video one the next step is we're going to go to our effects panel and what we're going to look for first is we're going to go ahead and we're going to add in a hue or pardon me a brightness so just type in bright like i've done there and under color correction you'll see brightness and contrast click on that drag and drop it onto the timeline make sure it drops onto your video track when you do that nothing happens at first which is fine you'll notice there there are some basic presets but they're not very good so what you want to do here is you want to increase the brightness which is pretty obvious but what a lot of people don't realize is you also have to increase the contrast dramatically by doing that it allows you to bring the brightness up quite a bit and without getting too funny looking so let's see here so if i was to go through the footage now you're going to see here there's a light post or a lamp post here that you maybe didn't see in the original shot when you're looking here you don't really see it you can look real close and you'll see it with this relighting now you can see it and you see quite a bit more that said you can take this to another level if you want this is more for forensic type relighting situations than short films but i'll show you anyway you can type in curves like i did here under the effects and then drag and drop curves it's also under color correction put that on top now it doesn't do anything uh to the right away but you need to go ahead and begin adjusting the curve and what you can do is you can pull the curve up you'll see here at the top it's bright and then it's dark here so it's light and dark start pulling up like this watch this as i pull up the curve and i'm gonna pull it quite a bit up now and i'll pull this one even to the left let's see how are we doing let's keep pulling pulling pulling yeah that's a bit too much maybe but either way as you pull the curve higher you'll see that it has gone ahead and even made it brighter that said you'll see a lot more noise if i turn it off you turn it on it's brighter than it was before but again it added in another element of noise but to relight dark footage if you took some shots out at night and you're walking around you're not sure if you can use the footage try these two techniques you probably can thanks for watching a ton more stuff coming up