Welcome to KK Handic State of the University Today we are going to talk about social institutions and what it means and what are the different types of social institutions. So when we talk about an institution, what do you mean? An institution is basically a kind of a social arrangement which regulates and try to guide the behavior of individuals and in a particular prescribed manner. And eventually when we are talking about institution in a sociological sense, we need to talk about what do we mean by social institution. So social institution it tries to fulfill certain basic social needs within the social structure. For example marriage, it's an important social institution because it tries to legitimate and it leases the sexual relations between a man and a woman and establishes a link between the next generation and between the previous one. So it's kind of an important social institution because it has important social functions. Social institutions are interrelated because say particular acts prescribed by different political social institutions like say the Indian parliament, it's prescribing certain acts and these acts say the acts related to marriage. It's related to marriage which is again a social institution. So both these institutions they are interrelated in their activities. While we are talking about social institutions, it's very essential that we try to define it from various viewpoints. It's different definitions as I have listed it out are first one we will be discussing about Maccabre and Page. So which is social institution it's basically an established forms of procedure characteristic of group activity. Then secondly we talk about definition given by Ginsburg which means it's recognized and established uses governing the relationship between different groups and individuals. Which means that what is the relationship between the different individuals or the different groups and what are the different interactions that are taking place and the prescribed manner in which they are taking place. So that is what social institution is according to Ginsburg. Then we have that social institutions they are basically normative structures. So one may ask the question why? So when we talk about social institutions they have within them certain basics norms or rules as I have time and again told that the rules that are basically related to guiding the behavior of an individual. Social institutions are basically normative structures that is they try to direct the behavior of the human beings in a particular manner or in a prescribed manner. While we have discussed the different definitions of social institutions it's essential that we also look into the characteristics of the same. While we are talking about characteristics these are the different characteristics that are there that is it's collective in nature it tries to guide the behavior of individual in a prescribed way and it's devised by the people in the society and it continues for generations ensuring smooth functioning of the society. It's somewhat like in a particular generation if a particular social institution is there which has been created by the society or the individual within it it cannot seize or stop to exist in the next generation it will continue its existence and it's universal in nature. It is founded almost all the societies. Further when we look about characteristics it's basically it tries to satisfy the basic social needs of an individual as social actors and also it tries to regulate the human behavior as I have already told you it tries to regulate the behavior as in prescribing ways of how to behave in a particular proper socially accepted manner in the social structure. So it acts as a means of social control and they are more or less permanent in their content as in what are the norms and rules related to say marriage or what are the norms and rules related to say family it doesn't change more or less it remains the same and they are more or less all of the social institutions they are abstract in nature. Say marriage we see two people getting married but you cannot point it out that yes I have seen marriage marriage is basically a custom or a set of rules and regulations so the entire thing together we term it as marriage and not individually there is no structure as such which will be saying that yes that is marriage so it's basically abstract in nature social institutions are abstract in nature while we are talking about these different social institutions first and a basic social institution that comes into our discussion is about family when you are talking about family family basically it's one of the most primary group and basic social institution from which an individual basically tries to build up his personality it's like very important in the entire social structure while we are talking about like family as an important social institution there are different definitions again of family say for according to Burgess and Locke family it's basically a group of persons united by ties of marriage blood or adoption constituting a single household interacting and intercommunicating with each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife father and mother son and daughter brother and sister creating a common culture in this definition we see that they are different it talks about different like elements say ties of blood ties through marriage like how two persons gets connected through that legally or socially acceptable institution that is marriage and how from that the blood relations come in and again there is also the scope for adoption where also relations are established so within a single household there may be different like links or like you can trace out different ties of relations between the different individuals and accordingly they have different social roles also to play in the social structure say the role of a mother the role of a wife the role of a son the role of a husband so these are different social roles that a family prescribes to a particular individual so this is a definition given by Burgess and Locke similarly there is a definition given by say GP Murdoch which also talks about family as a social group and adults including adults of both sexes and both of them maintaining or a kind of a sexual relation which is socially approved and one or more having one or more children may be adopted may be biological that's again another definition by GP Murdoch while we are talking about or discussing rather different definitions of family we need to also focus on the characteristics of family so while we are talking about family again since family is a social institution it's universal so it's also kind of gives to the individual a kind of an emotional basis because this is where the individual when maybe he is feeling sad say for example dear learners when you are feeling sad you go to your home and talk to your mother so mother is like your family so that that way it kind of gives an emotional basis to the particular individual or maybe in case to you so that way family provides emotional basis and again it helps in bringing up or building up basically the personality of the individual for example when a child is going growing up so here she is basically taught how they have to behave in a particular situation or how the things are to be done or you know different rules related to each and every small little things in our daily lives so that is how a family helps in building up the personality of the individual you like when you are in your family you tend to grow up with different sets of values and different sets of customs which have been you have been like kind of taught throughout your growing years so this way it helps in building up the personality also its size is limited say there may be a family which is like small or there may be a kind of an extended version of the family also like which will be comprising of the grandmother or the grandfather then you might be having some uncle and aunts also so it might be a form again of a complex kind of a family but the size is limited so like you can count there is a definite like number of persons who constitute the family again it's one of the most essential institution in the entire social structure obviously because the individual right from his birth itself the first social institution that he gets introduced is the family again when we talk about other characteristics that is it prescribes certain responsibilities of the members like the members they are told to do like you have like as a wife maybe has she has to look after the household maybe as a walking mother again she has to go out and work but at the same time look at look after her household so there are certain responsibilities that are prescribed within the family itself among its members again it tries to regulate the behavior of its members in relation to social norms and values certain norms and values that comes up and it tries to in that way through the norms and through the value it tries to regulate the behavior of individuals again institutional family as we say is permanent but while we talk about family as an institution it changes a structure due to new birds maybe deaths migration divorce etc for example when we talk about family as an institution because say family as an institution like maybe they are two like you know persons both of them are married and they have a children but then that constitutes a family but then suppose for some reason one of the person dies or maybe migration takes place like maybe the husband has to go out somewhere for a walk and on and he's like not so that will be kind of an association like you know family as an association but family as a basic social institution it's more or less permanent so that the basic social members who are the members within the family that's more or less it's permanent but its structure might change in due course of time like who constitutes the members or who are the members who are still like you know prominent or who may be like away that might differ again it's bilateral in nature that is families basically gives importance to both the sides it includes relatives of both the mother as well as the father it's kind of an extended version of the family you have your own family and your your grandmother from your mother's side or your grandmother from your father's side both of them will be constituting the members within the family again when we talk about types of family they are different types of family so while we are talking about family from the point of view of a family structure we have like basically these two families that is nuclear family and joint family say nuclear family that is like say the husband wife they two children so that will be the nuclear family but when we talk about joint family joint family will be constrain like you know it will be including like say your grandmother or grandfather then your uncle and aunts their cousins I have represented it diagram diagrammatically in the next slides that are about to come up so you can have a diagrammatic representation of the nuclear family as well as the joint family and while we are talking about family from the point of view of the individual or the ego like dear learners say for example from the point of view of you while you are thinking like who is my family so when we talk about that we have family of say I when I think about my family like who are my family so I have two kinds of family that is family of orientation and family of procreation like orientation basically procreation like for example procreation that is where I am born say I'm born into a particular family XYZ so I'm born into that family XYZ and similarly orientation is the family where maybe I'll be married into but that will be my family of orientation so these are the two families that is family of orientation family of procreation from the point of view of the individual or the ego then on the basis of residence if we talk about like we have two sets of families that is Petri local and Matri local that is where Petri local is basically where the residence is basically located in the individual safe say I my residence is located in my father's house like father he marries my he like he had married my mother and I am living in his house like you know father's house like that is the Petri local residence but when we talk about Matri local residence it basically means say my my father even after getting married he is going not to his own house but he's going to his wife's house and that is the residence so and and that is where I am living so that is the Matri local family or the Matri local residence again this is the diagrammatic representation as you can see this is the male this equal sign as you can see dear learners it represents the marital relation the circle here represents female and the line the arrow downwards arrow it represents descent and these two other siblings this is like again since it's male so obviously this is the son and this is the daughter so it represents a nuclear family because there is the male the female both of them are getting married because it shows the marital relation the equal to sign and through the descent these two are their children so there is no other members in it so this is what the nuclear family is in a diagrammatic manner similarly this is a joint family similarly same year you can say like both of them they are getting married they have their children which is this is a son and this is a daughter so both of them again are getting married to their respective husbands and wives and they are again having children so that means this position here this one like this triangle here it's will that will be the grandfather of this child so that is how the joint family concept comes in and this is a daughter who is getting married away like this is her family of procreation but this is a family of orientation where she is getting married away and this is this is like her children so this is a joint family in a diagrammatic manner while we are talking about is different types of family their functions of family according to Kingsley Davis their major functions or social functions of family which is reproduction firstly maintenance it is maintaining the members in a particular guiding the members in a particular behavior of the members in a particular manner so that is what maintenance then we have social replacement of the young that is new members come in like new births take place that's take place within our family so there is always a continuity kind of a thing within the family structure again we have socialization where a particular individual when he is born into a family say for example a girl when she is born into a family she will be given maybe say Barbie dolls she will be told to wear frocks and when she is grown up maybe she will be told to wear salwar comey's and all so that way that's a process of socialization and she will be taught told that these are the things that you should do while since you are a girl so and these are the things that you should do since you are a boy so different kinds of patterns and rules and regulations circulate within the family itself and through the process of socialization the individual becomes important member of the family again after talking about this major social institutions we see that the biological function the sociological function socializing which is the sustenance function property transmission which is also very important within the family because it basically points out who are the inheritors of that particular property in the family and transmitting culture like say I am from an asemese background so my culture will be different from that of an Uria or maybe a South Indian it would be different so that way my parents they will be passing on to me certain cultural traits which are specific to the asemese tradition so that way there is transmission of culture which are very important functions of the family again important social institution that comes in after family is about marriage so while we are talking about marriage it's basically according to Gillian and Gillian that is it's a socially approved way of establishing a family of procreation when there is a need for procreation the particular social structure marriage is a way which is socially approved and it legitimizes the sexual relation between the man and a woman similarly according to Malinowski it's a contract for the production and maintenance of children similarly according to Duncan Mitchell there is also a different definition of marriage as you can see after looking at the different definitions of marriage we now move on to the characteristics of marriage so it's again universal because it's a social institution and it's enduring the bond is enduring it lasts and it's a relationship at least between two persons because there are two persons at the max like basically involved in the marriage and it requires social approval it has to be socially approved and it creates mutual obligations like it tries to delineate certain rules and regulations and obligations of the members when they enter into marriage and the different functions of marriage so it tries to provide stability to the sex relationship between the man and a woman and it tries and that way it ensures stability and continuity of the family and again since it provides for stability of the relationship between man and woman so in a way it also builds up a setup which is guaranteeing the children who are the progeny of the particular union that they are the socially accepted inheritor or socially accepted setup for the procreation of children and thus giving them social identity in the entire social structure again it also involves economic cooperation between the partners both of them will be contributing and will be having immense responsibility towards the running of the family and also marriage like both of them have to contribute like on an equal level because while in a family it cannot be the sole responsibility of the husband or say the wife to run the family similarly it it has to be shared between the two there can be a sustenance of the marriage so while we are talking about marriage their learners their different forms of marriage first one is monogamy that is there is marriage between one man and one woman which is mostly prevalent like so and there is polygamy secondly which is an individual who marries more than one partner then under polygamy itself we have polygyny which means there is a particular man who marries several women and sorrow polygyny which means is a man who marries several women but they are all sisters so that is sorrow polygyny for example nishi one two of northeast india that's a tribe so that is an example of polygyny again that is sorrow and polygyny again we have polyandry polyandry is basically where there is one woman who takes on more than one male as her husband that is if they are if all the males they are husbands they are brothers then it's fraternal polyandry so for example say in example of Draupadi in the case of Draupadi the historical figure while we are talking about Draupadi Draupadi has married all the five Pandavas so that's an example of fraternal polyandry because all the five Pandavas they were brothers so Draupadi marrying all the five Pandavas it's an example of fraternal polyandry one woman marrying several men but all of these men they are brothers but in this case in all these cases social fatherhood is very much important than the biological one the biological one is not given importance but rather the socially accepted fatherhood or the fatherhood that the society approves of is more important for example will be Todas of Nilgiri Hills then when we talk about group marriage is another form of marriage it means several men marrying several women which is group marriage again ghost marriage is there where it's an example of newer of southern Sudan of Africa where for example say and woman's husband dies she gets married to her husband's brother but the child that both of them will be having the father will be the dead husband because they believe this ghost marriage to who followed a ghost marriage they believe that the spouses who were dead are still exist like they still exist in a spirit form in the society and so the fatherhood will be given to the dead husband rather than to the actual husband to whom that woman is married in this case maybe say the husband's brother similarly this is a diagrammatic representation of forms of marriage where we have talked about different forms of marriage and I represented it diagrammatically about the different forms and important concepts within marriage when we talk about marriage marriage is basically between very close of blood relatives which again is an incest it is it's a taboo because it's universally prohibited so marriage between brother and sister cannot take place because that's an because they are both blood relatives so it's an incest or it's a taboo it's incest taboo again marriage within one's own group that is Andogami that is say for example people are time and again told that is they have to marry within their own caste that is an endogamous form of marriage because that is marrying between one's own group again we have outside one's own group for example exogami that is of one's family clan or Gautra that is you have to marry outside one's Gautra or outside one's family you cannot marry your brother you cannot marry your mother so you have to marry outside your family you have to marry outside your Gautra that is marriage outside one's own group that is exogami again endogamous marriage is very much there at times we can see among the royal families which is basically because to so that the property is like kind of there between the family members itself say our brother marrying a sister because because so as the sister doesn't go away to another kingdom and then they will be shared in the property so such that the property remains within the hands of the kingdom and also at times we see that they are cross cousin marriages which are still at times you know still prevalent in many parts of southern India and again we also see that many people men in many cultures there is a custom of paying bright price that is where a woman is not the liability which is very much construct in in contrast to dowry because a bright price is where the woman is thought to be an asset to the family and since the woman is going away so the groom's family they have to pay a price in return because they're taking away value a valuable part of their family but in cases where the woman is a liability they have to like the woman's family they have to pay the price to the groom's family after talking about marriage will move on to kinship kinship while we are talking about it refers to different culturally distinct relationships between individuals who are very much likely to thought of as having family ties and bonds are created through if marriage then it's a final kinship and bonds if created through say socially accepted blood relations or adoption then it's consanguinal kinship for example a final kinship will be say husband and wife father in law and daughter in law but while we talk about consanguinal kinship social acceptance is very much given importance and so that is what consanguinal kinship is again while we are talking about kinship relationship between the consanguines those between cousins are horizontally related that is of the same generations like that is of horizontal nature the relationship of horizontal nature similarly we have the vertical relation that is where the relationship is across generation say parent child the parent is of a different generation child is of a different generation similarly father-in-law or the daughter-in-law both of them belong to the two different generations but they will be termed as vertically related and again through this we can also trace out decent okay now dear learners after talking about these different matters related to kinship we'll be talking about degree of kinship so while you are talking about degree of kinship they are primary relatives or kins who are related to each other say husband and wife are primary a final kins since they are married so a final and they are primary kins because they are nobody between them to establish their relations it's already established through the social accepted form of marriage that is primary relatives or kins secondly we have secondary relatives or kins those kings who are related to the primary kin of an individual for example one's daughter-in-law is the primary a final kin of one's son that is say the son's wife the wife's relation to the father-in-law it's established through the son so that is how it's secondary relative or kins again this has been diagrammatically represented for example while we talk about this I have represented diagrammatically like where c and d a and b c and d then a and b a and b then a b together and c c d together and e f and g then fg together and d are all primary kins okay and when we talk about a b and d then a b and e for example they are our secondary kins for example you see a b they have a son c okay and their son is getting married to d that is the circle that you can see d so the relationship between this d and a b will be of secondary kins but the relationship between a and b to c will be of primary nature okay similarly it has been explained how a kin can be a consanguinal kin or how a kin can be a primary kin so looking at this diagram and understanding it would give you a more clearer picture again while we talk about degree of kinship also we have a tertiary kin which refers to the primary kin of the secondary relative or kin for example one's son's father-in-law son's wife's father is one's tertiary kin for example while we talk about this son's wife's father-in-law that is this is the son's his wife is this one d father-in-law will be f so between c and f they have a tertiary relationship so this is the thing that is what tertiary kinship is again when we talk about kinship system dear learners we have it's an important system of the entire it's an important subsystem of the entire social structure and it's the relationships are one or not one-to-one basis it's the relationships are both consanguin as well as a final and also there are certain important aspects like same marriage inheritance economic role etc which it tries to cover the kinship system and it has different social roles and regulations which it tries to cover so kinship and affinity when we talk about what do we mean so according to Ratcliffe Brown kinship system as a system of kinship and affinity kinship system as a system of dyadic relations its network of one to one dyadic social relations between person to person in a community and there are two sets of relatives that is consanguin and a final so a final is the one with whom there is a like it established to marriage and consanguin is the one where it's basically the relationship between like the brother and the sister consanguin so two sets of relatives that way you have then religion so while you are talking about religion it basically according to E.B. Tyler it's also a very important social institution while we talk about religion it basically means belief in the supernatural beings or belief in unifying systems of beliefs and practices or combining the entire community into one into one so that will be given by Emile Durkheim again when we talk about religion it has two categories monotheism and polytheism monotheism means belief in one supreme God as I've already written polytheism again means belief in many gods similarly there are different other forms of religion say animism animatism totemism magic there's all these different forms to either believe in setotemism there is a particular say a stone the particular tribe or a particular group they will be believing that the particular stone will be having certain supernatural powers within it so they will be worshipping it so that's a totem for the particular group so that is what totemism animism again everything living or non-living they will be having certain souls so that is what animism is so similarly animatism magic when we talk about this different types of like religion or their different functions of religion in the human society for example it tries to provide for emotional security it tries to help and the individual in trying to understand and explaining the events occurring around them and also acting as a powerful means of social control and also as a bond for social union and unity amongst all who follow the same religion while we're talking about religion the different social institution that comes up in our mind is polity or political organization while we talk about polity or political organization what do we mean by political so according to John Betay the term political it means maintenance of ordered relations between different categories and groups of people and compasses a wider social field includes relations between separate societies and political authority these are the terms that according to John Betay that is what the term political it basically tries to explain and while we are talking about polity or political organization two important things that come up is the state and the government the first one we'll be discussing about is state so state is basically it's not the same as the community it's something very different it has been created with a specific purpose and it has its own set of function which has been already defined according to Harold Lasky the definition for state is it's a territorial society it's divided into governments and subjects claiming within it's allotted physical area a supremacy over all other social institutions while we're talking and discussing about state their learners there are four basic components for state first one territory second one people third one government and fourth one is sovereignty there so there are these four basic components for state again we need to look into now the functions of a state so what are the different functions of the state according to McEver it basically the functions are very much peculiar like what a state can do and cannot do is already prescribed so and and the functions that the state will be having they are very much well versed like they know how to do it and what to do it and functions from which the state is ill-adapted against their certain elements in the society through which which the state cannot cope up so that is what the state is ill-adapted again functions which the state is incapable of performing obviously because there are certain functions which the state cannot say the state a particular state cannot interfere into the relations or into the activities of another state without you know obviously consent or maybe after a mutual discussion they can but not without prior permission so these are certain responsibilities or we can say functions of the state again we have different functions according to functionalist functionalist because they view that every element in the society they need to have certain activities so as to maintain the social structure so keeping that in view point functionalist they basically see state as planning and direction that is doing something like you know planning out activities directing it enforcement of norms telling its citizens as to what to do and what not to do arbitration of conflicting interest protection against other societies these are the different functions according to functionalist of the state the second element that we discuss under policy or political organization is government as a very important social institution when we talk about government it's basically it's an organized system of functions through which the authority of the state is applied to the given situation say a particular state is there and it has formulated certain rules and regulations so government is the mechanism through which those rules and regulations will be enforced on its citizens for the smooth conduct within the social structure again under the government there are three important organs that is the legislative the executive and the judiciary these are the three important organs of the government these are the different forms of government which I have represented diagrammatically so under forms of government the first one that we see is the despotic type which is under one man's absolute rule that is there is one person who is like ruling upon its people and there is nobody else who can interfere in his decision-making the second one is democratic type democratic type is where you elect people and those elected people they basically govern or they take up decisions that is democratic type where people have a little bit of say because they have a say in a decision-making they they get to cast their votes so it's the democratic type of government again under democratic type we have republican and limited monarchy and both republican and limited monarchy it can either be unitary or federal type so and both federal and unitary type both of them can together be either parliamentary or non-parliamentary so dear learners when we have talked about these different forms of government we see that there are some which again talks about leadership in one man's hand and there is another form which is like this democratic type which again talks about the leadership getting divided between individuals or where it is shared where the citizen also has a say in the decision-making so it is more inclusive that way in nature that a republican form of government what happens is they are elected by the citizens and in limited monarchy what happens is that there is a particular post for the head of the state and that is hereditary for example a particular individual belongs to a royal family he or she or their next generation they will be continuously running the particular state but it's a titular head that is it has a that state particular has a it has a particular prescribed constitution and although he is the royal like you know he may be the high highness or maybe the king of the particular state but he will also have to adhere or follow the particular rules and regulations prescribed in the constitution so that will be limited monarchy and both the systems may be either unitary type or federal type and both unitary and federal type can be further parliamentary or non-parliamentary type and the specific type of government they tend to vary over time for example the government in Germany before World War 2 was dictatorial that is autocratic after the war it became democratic so obviously because there was a war people had to fought people fought for their rights and although it was autocratic in the beginning after the war the result was that it became democratic it became people-friendly it became more inclusive in nature so depending on the situation the forms of government it changes in our today's discussion we have basically talked about that how we can term a particular institution as a social institution and what are the different characteristics of an institution or a social institution and what are the different forms of social institution say the family marriage then the kinship polity or political organization these are all different forms of social institution and each of them have their own different set of rules and different set of norms which they try to pass on to the members of the particular society so that there is a smooth functioning of the entire social structure because the social structure is over encompassing that is it is over and above the individual it tries to maintain so this entire elements within a social structure as important social institutions they try to maintain their specific roles within the society such that the members right from his birth he is in a family as he grows up he gets married so that's the marriage institution where it comes up and through marriage time and again he will be linked to his wife or maybe to his son he will be a father so that way the kinship relation comes in and again there's a particular government where he will be like placed or located so again the government as an important social institution or the state as an important social institution comes in to prescribed as to what to do or what not to do within the social structure so the social structure is very important in our entire discussion and so with this we have learned that the social structure is very much important social institution tries to build up or help in continuing or continuation of the social structure and there are different social institutions each of them having their own set of rules own set of norms through which they try to maintain the social structure and hope this discussion was useful and you could maybe take up examples from your surroundings or maybe taking you like you know dear learners you might just assume that you are like the ego and from your point of view you can say or maybe you can see try to assume who are your primary kins or who are your final kins or who are your relatives in what manner and then you can try to represent it diagrammatically which will become again more interesting and you can try to see the different social institutions which are present in society which try to regulate your behavior in the social structure thank you


Our next caller is Juan from Quebec, Canada. Hey, what's up Juan? How can we help you? Hey guys. So first of all, I've been listening for over two years and I have nothing but respect for y'all and so please keep up the good work. Thank you. Thank you. And so a little bit of background on my question. It's regarding my knees. So since the last year due to the pandemic and the lockdown, I had quite the change in my lifestyle. So my activity levels decreased. I stopped walking a lot and the gyms got closed over here for over eight months. And that was pretty hard on my lifestyle. I was at the time, I was following maps and a bollocks. So I was lifting consistently. Then after that, after a couple of months into lockdown, I noticed a clicking noise on my knees. So every time I would go past 90 degrees on a squat, I would hear like this grinding noise, this grinding like sound that it would be just, it's just a noise like it doesn't, like I don't feel it. It doesn't hurt, but it's just an annoying noise that's not normal, of course. So I did a couple of things. So first of all, I just thought it was a lack of priming. So I got into priming that like it helped just a little bit, but it didn't have like a big effect on it. Then I did some research and I thought it was a muscle imbalance. So like there's several muscles attached to the knee joint and I thought it was a muscle imbalance. So I started foam rolling and I also modified. I took maps and a bollocks and I modified it. So it wouldn't be so heavy on my quads because I noticed my quads were getting bigger than, you know, my posterior shame on my legs. So I modified my ups and a bollocks and that's what I've been doing so far. And so my question is, can the clicking noise be due like to the muscle imbalance or is it just another factor such as mobility of my ankles or hips or just my posture in general when I work out? It's welcome to get an older one. Yeah, that's it. We're done. It's either going to be your hips or your ankles. It's probably where it's going to go. So feet, ankles, or hips. So I would do mobility work on both of those on a regular basis. Like daily, I would do two 10, 15 minute sessions a day working on mobility in those areas. And then when you do your squats and your lunges, go lighter, go lighter for a while so you can focus on working on better connection and mobility. A couple of weeks ago on my Instagram, I posted a video in my garage squatting barefoot. If you turn the volume up on it, you can hear my ankles and my joints, like in my knees, the entire time. It doesn't hurt. It doesn't bother me. Sometimes I notice it like when I go out and I squat and I'm pretty cold. So if I didn't do like a really good job of warming my body up and priming really well and I kind of get into it, I noticed that you can hear it. But it's pretty common. And if it's not causing any pain and you don't see any major discrepancy in your movement, in other words, if you look at your squat and video it and it looks pretty damn good, like you're moving really nice, I don't think that I would assume that it's a muscle imbalance. One of the best ways to test like a muscle imbalance, like a discrepancy in left or right, is to do something like the 90-90 in Prime Pro and does one side look way different than the other? Can I do this internal rotation on one side with the other side? I can't do it at all. That would point me in the direction that there's probably a muscle imbalance going on that we need to address. There's a really good chance that you're just the clicking you hear is like air and the joints just kind of popping and if it's not hurting you, it's pretty normal. Yeah, really just to be concerned if it's not tracking properly and you could feel if it's like an instability issue where your knee might travel inwards or outwards a little bit more when you're squatting. But if it's just like a noise and a clicking noise, I mean going slower and adding more tension is going to allow more support around the joints always. But yeah, like Adam said, it's a lot of times like even my shoulder I do a lot of work, a lot of mobility work on my shoulder and every now and then it clicks and it's just kind of one of those things that you just kind of work through. But I'm always trying to address it at least and slowing down and adding and priming and warming my body up properly. Yeah, you mentioned grinding. So there's clicking and then there's grinding and also pain, right? If you feel pain and if you feel grinding, that's something to pay attention to which is different than just popping and clicking which oftentimes doesn't mean anything bad. So if you are feeling grinding other under the kneecap, then these are all dance moves, by the way. Yeah, not that kind of grinding just grinding, popping, locking, all that stuff. Yeah, I'm into it. If you are feeling pain or grinding, then I would focus on working on the hip ankle and foot mobility every single day, going lighter on your leg exercises and allowing your mobility to improve until the point where you don't feel those things. If it's clicking and there's no pain, and you've got good form, it's probably nothing to worry about. Did you only notice this after you put on weight during the pandemic? Or has this always been kind of something you've noticed? No, I noticed it after the pandemic. I assume it was just like, I stopped moving as much as before. So I just assumed it was like lack of movement in general. Was it like just a little bit of weight you put on or did you get like Justin fat? No. I mean, that's all in. That's the case. And don't feel bad, Justin went through the same thing during the pandemic. We had a CGI, his body in there. I gained the COVID-19, I'll just be honest. Yeah, his glutes were grinding. It was impressive. That's good though. No, I didn't put on that much weight. It was just a couple of pounds. I think it was mainly muscle. But it was mainly on my legs though. Okay, you're probably good. Thanks for calling Juan. Juan, you already have Prime Pro. Is that correct? Yeah, I do have Prime Pro. Okay. And you're following what? Anabolic right now? What are you following right now? Yeah, I'm following anabolic at home. Right now, I was hesitant to go back to the gym because I knew I would go heavy. I would have the tendency to go heavy on the squats and stuff like that. So I just wanted to ask, you're telling me to go lighter for a couple of I would say, wait months maybe? Yeah. I would also consider moving into maps performance after that too. I think that would do you some good. Okay. Yeah. Okay. Yeah, I can do that. All right. Perfect one. Thank you. Awesome. Thank you guys. Bye. Yeah, the clicking versus pain. You know, that's a big one, right? What's that sound? It's normally, I mean, if there's no pain, it's almost always the air in the joints or even like the muscle fibers like kind of flopping over each other. Yeah. And then it's what an active tissue, not really respond. Yeah.  That's what the sound is coming from. It's alarming though. So I'll get, you know, I give it to him. But it's if it hurts or if you feel grinding, that's very different. Like grinding could be issues. That'll lead to pain typically. Yeah. And I know, I mean, it's a distinct different feeling like there's popping and then there's like, Oh man, throughout the whole rep, I feel my knee grind almost like you need WD 40 in there or something like that. Did you hear that video that I posted a couple of weeks ago? I did. Oh yeah. Oh yeah. Turn the sound up. A few people commented, they noticed it. What's that sound? Yeah, you can hear as they come down. The sound of age. I do notice it though more. I do, if I neglect priming really well, if I do a good job of like priming and then doing like some. So another thing that I've been doing lately that I like in my garage is I have the suspension trainer attached to the PRX and I'll do like 30 like body weight squats and I use the suspension trainer to help me stay upright and to kind of pinch my shoulder. And I just, I bust out 30 full range, real deep squats and then I do some priming and I do that with Cossack squats. I'll hold on to the suspension trainer, get real, try and get real deep on one side and then move to the other and get that lateral activation. For me, at least that's what helps the most.


What's going on and welcome to the solo shot. My name is Tom Vecchio. We have an 11 game MLB slate tonight. It starts at 7.05. As a reminder, Jim Sonis is out for the remainder of this week in the beginning of next week. I will be here every day doing the solo shot live on the Fandle YouTube page. I'll be back at 4 p.m. for the Q and A to take your questions on the Fandle, the Twitch page, on the Fandle Twitch, YouTube, and Facebook page to take all your questions. As always, this is one of the many shows on the Fandle podcast network. You can find that anywhere, whether it's iTunes, SoundCloud, Stitcher, Google Play. Make sure to give it a like, follow, or subscribe. You can follow me on Twitter at DFS underscore Tom. Before we hop into things, listen up, baseball fans. Fandle is giving you an exclusive way to get in on the action with the MLB single entry series presented by Roto grinders. Each week, enter a featured single entry contest win cash prizes and compete for a seat in the $40,000 online final. Just play daily and we'll add your four highest point totals together to give you a combined score for the week and rank in that week. Head over to Fandle and enter the MLB single entry series today. Eligibility restrictions apply. Head over to Fandle.com or download the Fandle app for more details. All right, so an 11 game slate tonight locks at 705. In terms of the weather on tonight's slate, we are looking pretty good. We really should have no issues. Obviously, Coorsfield was a bit of a hangup yesterday, but we are good to go today. There's some slight wind blowing out at Dodger Stadium for the Astros at the Dodgers. But other than that, we are basically free of weather. Jumping into the pitching on tonight's slate, it is loaded, absolutely loaded for an 11 game slate. We have three pitchers above $10,000. I think that they're all fantastic tonight. We have another set of options in the mid-tier. We can certainly be looking to. But let's start off with what could be the AL MVP, Shohei Otani this season coming in with an absolutely fantastic 30.1% strikeout rate this season. He does have a 10.8% walk rate, which is a little bit higher than we want to see from an ace pitcher, but he does have a very strong 3.82 Sierra and a 3.66 expert. He's allowing a lower 33.7% fly ball rate, which is good to see. He's also allowing a 51.9% medium contact rate. So he's keeping the ball down. He's limiting that hard contact, which is great to see. He's going up against a very, very depleted Texas Rangers lineup that with their current starting our current roster, they have a 23.8% strikeout rate versus right-handed pitching, which is 16th in the league. It's right at the league average, but more importantly, they have very, very limited power in this lineup with a 143 team iso versus righties, which is 26th in the league. And then they come in with an absolutely terrible 80 WRC plus versus righties, which is 29th in the league. We have seen Otani go six innings or so on a consistent basis for the angels when he's pitching. We also see his pitch count get into the upper 90s at time. So really no concerns with him in terms of getting deeper into the game. We really just want to see him limit those walks, rack up the strikeouts in what truly is a very, very soft matchup for him going up against this Rangers lineup. That as I've said before of the past few days, they weren't great to begin with. You remove some power like Joey Gallo from that lineup. They are even worse. Next up we have Max Scherzer who was just $200 cheaper compared to Otani and Scherzer is set to make his Los Angeles Dodgers debut. Coming in this season with a phenomenal 34.3% strikeout rate, a 6.5% walk rate is absolutely unbelievable. He's coming in with a 3.01 Sierra that is absolutely phenomenal and a 3.46 exit. Now, he is going up against this, going up against the Astros lineup who we can say is slightly weaker than their normal because they are in a National League Park. So they are getting a pitcher in their lineup instead of the DH. Now, we saw Walker Beeler have a pretty solid game last night. They didn't have a whole lot of strikeouts, granted the Astros don't strike out a whole lot versus right handed pitching this year. But we did see a bit of a playoff environment in that game and that's kind of what I'm anticipating again tonight. I guess I would lean the under in this game for what is it, the eight and a half total. I think I would lean on the under on this just based on the pitching that we have specifically from Max Scherzer. So I'm expecting more strikeouts from Scherzer than what we saw from Walker Beeler last night. Yes, it is an always dangerous Dodger, excuse me, an Astros lineup going up against Scherzer making his Dodgers debut, but I'm still gonna be rolling with him. And granted, I do like Scherzer tonight. He is half a step behind Otani. We're dealing with a $200 difference which really isn't that much all things considered, but the matchup for Otani is just so, so much easier going up against the Rangers that I am going to be taking Otani as arguably my number one overall option. Now, we can make the argument for Kevin Gospin at $10,000 to be the potential number one option or pitching option on this slate because he also comes in with a very solid 30% strikeout rate this year, which is slightly behind Otani, but he does have a 7.8% walk rate which is slightly better than Otani. So again, we're splitting hairs here with three pitchers that are all above $10,000 and realistically very, very close in terms of their salary and their matchups. Now, Gospin is also a pitcher that is known for limiting the hard contact. He comes in with a 50.8% medium contact rate, only a 31.6% hard contact rate. He has a very solid 3.50 Sierra and a 3.45X tip. He's allowing a low 6.8% barrel rate this year which is also great to see and he has predominantly a ground ball pitcher at 42.5% this year. So when push comes to shove, like we have three fantastic options at the top tier of pitching tonight. We can say that maybe Gospin has a equally easy matchup going up against Arizona. So you might actually wanna lean towards Gospin to take the $700 of savings. If that's what you end up deciding, I think that's fine. I'm gonna be siding with Otani. I want that strikeout upside. I think it's a little bit greater with him in the matchup specifically going up against the Texas Rangers and just what is an overall weaker line compared to Arizona. Not by much, I'm just leaning slightly towards Otani there. So three very, very strong pitchers all above $10,000. I'll circle back a little bit later to touch on a few more pitchers that I like to close things out. Now, speaking of great pitchers on this slate, I guess the or I could say the opposite of great pitchers is there's a lot of bad pitchers on this slate. And when it comes to stacking on tonight's slate, we are going to be in a fantastic spot. And ultimately we should see several of the teams that were very popular last night also be very popular tonight. We saw the Yankees have a huge game last night. They're in a great spot again tonight going up against Matt Harvey. We saw the Angels have a good or really good game last night. They should be relatively popular tonight going up against Kobe Allard. But tonight the slate will be led by the Toronto Blue Jays going up against JC Meijer from the Cleveland Indians or the Cleveland Guardians, whatever we want to be calling them now. Toronto of course comes in with plenty of power and that should really be shining through versus Meijer who's on 2.00 home runs per nine this season. But he has a smaller 45 inning sample size this year which is his first year in the major league. So of course take the 2.00 home runs per nine with a gradient of salt. He only has a 21.5% strikeout rate this year a 9.5% walk rate coming in with a 4.45 Sierra. Again, smaller sample size from him but the power on the Toronto Blue Jays is absolutely undeniable in this slate going up against right-handed pitchers. And this is something that we absolutely want to be banking on and you can realistically assume that the Toronto Blue Jays will likely be one of if not the most popular stacks on tonight's slate and they have a number of options you can be going to. Of course led off by Vlad Guerrero with a 368 ISO versus right-handed pitching this year with a 199 WRC plus is absolutely fantastic. George Springer is back. He is looking great and especially in some of these recent games with a 362 ISO versus righty is at a 163 WRC plus. Marcus Simeon 252 ISO, Gritchick with a 189 ISO, Bo Bichette with a 189 ISO. It really doesn't matter where you go in this Blue Jays lineup. We're getting plenty, plenty of power. We look to the fly ball rate for some of these hitters because Mayehai is struggling with home runs and it's much of the same. Marcus Simeon with a 45.8% fly ball rate in this split Springer with a 44.9% fly ball rate. Danny Jansen at 41.4% Gritchick at 39.9. Vlad Guerrero at 39.1. Hitter after Hitter for the Blue Jays is really just everything we could possibly want. We are dealing with some expensive salaries on these hitters. Looking up at Vlad Guerrero who's 4600, George Springer who's 42, Bo Bichette who's 41 and Marcus Simeon who is $4100. We also have Coors Field on this slate. So we are dealing with, I'm gonna say, a stack specifically this first four in the lineup for the Blue Jays that can realistically go pound for pound as the best stack on the slate, even including Coors Field. Now we're dealing with essentially similar salaries for a lot of these players, but I still think that the Blue Jays are in a fantastic spot. This is not to say that I don't like the hitters at Coors Field, so I of course want some exposure there, but the Blue Jays are really shaping up to be just an absolutely unbelievable stack on tonight's slate. Now, talking about Coors Field, talking about stacks, that's actually something I don't do when we have a game at Coors Field. I don't mention them specifically. I think that Coors Field is a bit of a given. It's a bit of an easy answer. Really don't want to be wasting time. It's like, hey, play the hitters at Coors Field. We already know that everyone knows that. We saw what the Rockies did last night. We know the upside that they can bring. So that about does it for Coors Field. Really, really liking Toronto tonight again. They should be one of, if not, the most popular stacks on tonight's slate. Now, we flipped to the Atlanta Braves. The team I was pretty interested in last night. I'm going right back to them tonight. They're going up against Jay Hap for the now St. Louis Cardinals being traded from the Twins to the Cardinals this season. Said to make his Cardinals debut. He's coming in allowing 1.92 home runs per nine this season. He has a low 17.3% strikeout rate, a 7.0% walk rate this year. A bad, bad 4.960 era and a 5.28X dip. Allowing too many fly balls, 44.2% this season. Now specifically, we do see Hap struggling significantly more with right-handers compared to left-handers. He has a left-handed pitcher. He's only allowing 0.52 home runs per nine to lefties this year, but he's allowing 2.22 home runs per nine to right-handed hitters. So really don't want to be targeting too many lefties from the Atlanta Braves lineup. We want to be siding with the right-handed hitters because ultimately that's where we're going to be getting the home run upside. And that's what we want to be targeting. He's allowing a 46.5% fly ball ratio specifically to righties this season with a 36% hard contact rate. So we want to be targeting all of those power hitters from the Atlanta Braves. Starting off, we can of course be going to Ozgalbis who has a 267 ISO versus righties. I'm still gonna be saying we can be going to Freddie Freeman. He's probably the only leftie I'd be willing to go to from the Braves with his 1.74 ISO and still a 104 WRC plus. The recent additions of Adam Duvall and Jorge Soler to the Braves lineup make them a very, very interesting stack which has plenty of power upside. And more importantly than the power upside that we are potentially getting from the Braves, whether it be Albies or Austin Riley or Soler or even Danesby Swanson or Adam Duvall. The salaries on these hitters are very, very affordable. Freddie Freeman is the most expensive. He is mainly the one leftie you'd be targeting at $3,700 but Austin Riley is 3,500 Jorge Soler is 33. He had a home run last night. Swanson is 32. Adam Duvall is $3,200. These salaries overall are very, very affordable especially in comparison to some of the hitters from Coors Field or their hitters from Toronto. And they still had that same home run upside going up against Hap who again is allowing 2.22 home runs per nine versus righties this season. So certainly looking like a fantastic matchup for the Braves. I do think that the Yankees are in a phenomenal spot going up against Matt Harvey tonight. You know, the Yankees went crazy last night for 13 runs against the Blue Jays. I know that Harvey has been pitching well as of late. He's been putting up some solid performances. I'm gonna say he's been overproducing as of late. You know, going three straight starts, six plus innings in three straight starts allowing zero earn runs in every start is not something that I'm gonna be anticipating from Matt Harvey moving forward. So I don't wanna talk about the Yankees specifically. I think that they are absolutely phenomenal tonight. We should be looking to stack them, especially at home going up against Matt Harvey and ultimately the Blue Jays, excuse me, not the Blue Jays, the Orioles, the Baltimore Orioles, their bullpen is a spot that we can certainly be attacking regardless of Harvey overproducing as of late. So the Yankees are a team, I still wanna be focused on stacking tonight but I wanna go to in-depth term because I also think that they are very, very clear tonight. I actually wanna be going to a team that could fly slightly under the radar tonight. That is the Washington Nationals who come in with a 4.77 applied run title. They're going up against Chase Anderson from the Phillies. A picture we can also be looking to attack 11, 1.43 home runs per nine. He has a low 17.1% strikeout rate and a 9.5% walk rate. I really don't think Chase Anderson is that good of a pitcher and if you've been following baseball, you know that the Phillies bullpen has also been struggling significantly this year. So even if they don't put up massive numbers against Chase Anderson to begin with, the Phillies bullpen is one that we can certainly be looking to attack. Now, yes, the Nationals, part of the reason I'm interested in going to them slightly tonight is that I think that they're gonna be under the radar due to the fact that their lineup is just significantly weaker than it was earlier in the season. No more Trey Turner, no more Kyle Schwarber. You know, their lineup is no more Jan Gomes. Their lineup is depleted overall. So I'm not looking to go, probably not looking to go to the Nationals as like a full four player stack tonight. It's likely gonna be Juan Soto and Josh Bell as the main two. And then filtering in one of, maybe it's gonna be Kharkibu, maybe it's gonna be Luis Garcia, depending on what their lineup looks like. Victor Robles is normally lower in their lineup and has been significantly underproducing this year and really does not bring a whole lot of power. So he's not a player. I'd be looking too much. You could be going to, I'll say these Escobar if he is in the lineup. He's dealing with a risk injury now. Ryan Zimmerman is also in the mix. It's also only gonna be one of Josh Bell or Ryan Zimmerman, depending on who gets to start at first base, it's not gonna be both of them. So if it's gonna be Soto and Bell or Soto and Zimmerman as the main two and then adding in one of the other players, I do think that is certainly viable. Chase Anderson allowing a 42.9% fly ball ratio this year. We should certainly be looking to attack him again. If it doesn't get done against Chase Anderson, it also can get done against the Phillies, a bullpen. Certainly a unit that has been struggling this season. So I'll be looking to the Nationals tonight. They might seem like a bit of an off the board pick tonight, but I do like them for that home run upside whether it's against the starter or the bullpen. And more importantly, I do think that they are in a good spot and again, should not be as popular as even the Red Sox then touch on them, the Yankees, the Blue Jays, the teams of course field, et cetera, et cetera. So that's why I'm slightly interested in them because if they do have a good game, you also can be pairing them with the other teams because some of the salaries on these hitters outside of one Soto who's $4,200, they are very affordable. Josh Bell would be the next most expensive option on the Nationals at only at $3,100. And then everyone else is $3,000 and below. So the Nationals makes sense as kind of a secondary stack who brings a bit of salary relief tonight. That is what we want to be seeing. Now, when it comes to the final three things for tonight's slate, I only touched on three pitchers and they were all $10,000 and above. And obviously that can be difficult, especially when it comes to lineup construction when you're looking to roster a team like Toronto that has potentially four hitters that you're interested in that are all above $4,000 that can make roster construction a little bit tighter. So Lucas Geolito at $9,200, I think is a very clear answer if you need a little bit of savings, he's $1,500 cheaper than Otani. I think we can be strongly looking to Geolito tonight going up against the Kansas City Brawls. We saw a big game from Dylan Cease last night. I think we can be seeing much of the same from Geolito tonight who we know is a strong strikeout pitcher coming in with a 28.4% strikeout rate this season along with a 3.72 Sierra. One of the strongest pitchers in the league over the past, two or so seasons. I think we can be trusting him against a weak Kansas City team. I think that he is firmly in play tonight. Jameson Tyone is $8,000 for the New York Yankees. He's also been looking much better as I've laid you in through some struggles in the mid portion of the season, but he has bounced back in some of these recent games. Going up against the Baltimore Orioles, I think that we can be looking to Tyone comfortably tonight, not overly confident in him due to the fact that he's still allowing 1.43 home runs per nine. He has a lower 23.1% strikeout rate, but he's mainly a ground ball pitcher and can certainly limit the damage against him, get deeper in the game, hopefully pick up the win, pick up the quality start points, boosting his overall value. And more importantly, his $8,000 salary is something that you can be looking to really get into your lineups if you are looking to pay up for some hitters tonight. So if you want to drop down a little bit further, I understand that we'll need the salary relief because we can't be paying for Otani or Scherzer or Gospin and jamming in all of the Toronto hitters that we'd like. We do need a bit of salary relief. So I'll be looking to a few shares of Tyone and some shares of Lucas Geolito as well. Another team you can be looking to stack tonight. One, I'll touch on certainly more when we get to the 4pm Q&A, which you can find here on the Fandle YouTube and Twitch page. I'm slightly interested in going back to the Angels tonight. They're going up against Kobe Allard for the Texas Rangers. He's allowing 1.67 homeruns per nine. He has a low 21.6% strikeout rate this season. Really not too much from him that really has me worried in any capacity. So the Angels are a team I'm interested in. If Otani isn't in the lineup, I know there's sometimes that he pitches. He's also in the lineup. He pitches and he goes to the outfield after he gets pulled from pitching. Depending on what their lineup actually looks like that will determine how much interest I have in the Angels because we know that still no Trow, still no Jared Walsh in their lineup. But it's significantly weaker than it could be, although they did put up 11 runs last night. They still have some upside and I think it's more about the matchup for them tonight. So depending on what their lineup actually looks like, if Upton's in there, if Joe Dell is in there, et cetera, et cetera, I'll get more into that at the 4 p.m. Q&A show. And then we'll really break that down as a potential under the radar stack again, just going up against the bad Texas pitching staff. Then we'll be looking at a homerun call for now. Give out one homerun call now and then one at the 4 p.m. Q&A show. Tonight, the homerun call, where I should say the first homerun call is going to be Rafi Devers for the Boston Red Sox. He has unbelievable power in this split going up against right-handed pitching. The pitcher he's going up against is Casey Meis for the Detroit Tigers. Now, Meis is allowing 2.40 homeruns per nine versus left-handed hitters this season, which is absolutely terrible. He's allowing a 35.6% fly ball, rates any 45.7% hard contact rate, which is absolutely horrible. Devers on the other side comes in with all the power we could possibly want versus a right-handed pitcher with a 353 ISO, a 159 WRC plus a 43.5% fly ball rates and a 50% hard contact rate is absolutely insane. So yes, Devers is at the top of my board tonight when it comes to potential homeruns going up against Casey Meis who is allowing 2.40 homeruns per nine to lefties this season. So we are in a good spot on tonight's slate. We have great pitching options up the top. We always have Coors Field to go back to for some hitting stacks. We have basically no weather issues on this slate and we have some value stacks that we can be potentially looking at. All right, so that does it for the solo shot now. I'll be back at 4 p.m. for the Q&A to go over any of your questions. As always, this is one of the many shows on the Fandal Podcast Network. You can find that anywhere whether it's iTunes, SoundCloud, Stitcher, Google Play, make sure to give it a like, follow or subscribe. You follow me on Twitter at DFS underscore Tom. Until next time, good luck in your contest.


This research has developed a new type of transparent conductive electrode, TCE, that combines the advantages of a closed, conductive al, ZNO layer and a flexible AGNW layer. The resulting TCE maintains its transparency and sheet resistance even after being exposed to high temperatures up to 180 degrees Celsius. This makes it suitable for use in textile integrated electronics applications such as wearable devices, smart fabrics and other textile based electronic products. This article was authored by Maximilian Lutz-Hupfer, Annette Gallic, Jan Delith, and others.


Hello to everyone. I would like to welcome you all to today's lecture. I am sure you would have had the opportunity to go through the last class. We will briefly have a recap of the last lecture. The one that we looked at last time was oxidations at unfunctionalized carbons essentially Barton and related reactions. So in the Barton reaction what we did was to convert an alcohol to a gamma functionalized product such as having a nitroso group or an oxy group at the gamma carbon and which was led to different kinds of products by reacting the oxene and the hydroxyl group. The way it went around was when we treated the alcohol with the nitrosyl chloride in the presence of pyridine it gave the nitrite ester which upon fatalities gave the alkoxy radical and via 6-member transition state gave the corresponding radical which was trapped by the nitrosyl radical. At the same time we also looked at the generation of alkoxy radicals via hypo halides by fatalities. So if we have an appropriately substituted hypo chloride for example here that can go via the same alkoxy radical as we discussed above and go to the corresponding chloro compound where the chlorine is at the delta position is alpha, beta, gamma and delta. And then that leads to the cyclization to form the corresponding tetrahydrofuran. Now we can also generate a similar type of alkoxy radicals using hypoiodides which can be readily generated from the alcohols upon reaction with iodine in the presence of letrethacetate, mercuric oxide or iodo benzene diacetate eventually go via the corresponding similar type of alkoxy radicals and finally giving the iodo compound that can be cyclized to form the tetrahydrofuran unit like this. So basically you have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5th carbon and the 6th hydrogen and that is why we got the 6-member transition state which gave the corresponding iodo compound and that was cyclized to give this tetrahydrofuran. In a similar fashion if we take the pinane derivative, the pinane derivative, they are the methyl group and the hydroxy group are close to each other and can form 6-member transition state. They lead eventually to this tetrahydrofuran part via this hydroxy iodide. So such hypohylides can also be utilized not only nitrite esters but hypohyl iodides and hypohylides chloride also. We also looked at the specific deprotection of a benzyl ether. An example we took was something like this which has 4 different types of benzyl groups and the one which was closest to the hydroxy group was debenzylated via the hypoiodide. So if we take the hydroxy group and react with n-tinimide in the presence of phatolic condition then we generate via the hypoiodide the corresponding alkoxy radical which then picks up the hydrogen from here and forming this radical which is benzylic radical as well as it is next to the oxygen and then this cyclization here eventually leads to the corresponding acetyl. Now this acetyl can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions and can lead to the corresponding diol which is basically nothing but the deprotected molecule in which one of the benzyl groups which is closest to the hydroxy group is deprotected. So this is a very beautiful example of application of this hypoiodide based chemistry which is similar to the Barton reaction. Beta cleavage is also now known under these conditions. For example, if one takes a molecule like this which is essentially a hemiacetal because it would be a corresponding ketone and the hydroxy group will be coming from here. But then under it can also exist like an hemiacetal and when this is allowed to react in the presence of iodine and this benzene iodiodiacetate in cyclohexane at 40 degrees under photologic conditions what happens is this hypoiodide goes to the corresponding alkoxy radical which then cleaves the way it is shown here eventually leading to the formation of the corresponding lactone in which there is a loss of tributyltin radical. Now this tributyltin radical once it goes off we generate the corresponding double bond here. This double bond is coming from this part of the molecule. So this is an application of a beta cleavage and if the beta cleavage leads to a carbon radical which is situated alpha to an oxygen or a nitrogen then an oxonium ion if it is next to an oxygen or an eminium ion if it is next to the nitrogen can form and that can get trapped by a different nucleophiles. So one example is here which is a sugar based nitrogen containing molecule in which there is a hydroxy group at the anomeric carbon which is reacted with iodine in the presence of an oxidant this in this case it is Iodosobenzene and that allows to form the corresponding alkoxy radical this is the alkoxy radical which can form via the corresponding hypoiodide and then that undergoes a cleavage from here like this where you generate a radical here and next to the oxygen in the process you generate this formate that means this particular part has become aldehydic part and that has become a formate. Now we have generated a radical which is alpha to the methoxy which then gets oxidized under the conditions and forms this oxonium ion this oxonium ion then gets trapped by the nitrogen lone pair of electrons in this fashion and forms the corresponding 6 member nitrogen containing molecule with the formate group being at this junction this particular formate group which is here. Now this can be hydrolyzed under basic conditions or under reductive conditions and we can release the corresponding this protection on the nitrogen and also this formate can be hydrolyzed or reduced to the corresponding hydroxy group. So this is an example of a beta cleavage followed by the trapping of the generated oxonium ion to form a piperidine analog which is a basically glycosidase inhibitor. Now I would like to move on to something different which is something that we discussed earlier where specific conversion of alcohols to aldehydes was carried out without over oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid. I have an intention today to introduce another relatively cheaper and a good reagent which is useful at large scale. So the first one that we did these are the examples that we have already discussed is using this TPAP that is tetra n-propyl ammonium per ruthenate that led to the conversion of this primary hydroxy group to the corresponding aldehyde. We also did the reaction of primary alcohols as sensitive as this in which there is a cyclopropane ring with IBX which also led to the corresponding aldehyde without disturbing the stereochemistry or the cyclopropane ring. In a similar fashion when a molecule as sensitive as this which has a double bond which has a sugar path which has a cyclopropane and of course there is a tritile protection. When this tritile protection is removed under acidic conditions using methanol and peritoline sulfonic acid, we generate the corresponding primary alcohol which was then oxidized using Desmarthine peradiene and oxidation which gave the extremely sensitive molecule to the acids. That means this particular molecule is very sensitive to the acid. So these are the three methods that we had introduced earlier. Now I would like to introduce another alternative which is using Tempo. This is Tempo which is basically tetramethyl pyrperidine nitroxyl in the presence of sodium hypochloride and potassium bromide. Now the solvent that is used is dichloromethane and water. So a molecule like this in which there is an asymmetric center here which is prone to epimerization that gets converted to the corresponding aldehyde where this proton is this particular center or this proton is highly susceptible for epimerization. The way reaction occurs is the Tempo gets oxidized with sodium hypochloride to the corresponding this nitrogenium ion where X is to start with is a chloride coming from sodium hypochloride but then potassium bromide is used so that the corresponding salt the bromide salt is soluble in organic solvent. Then this is reacted or this reacts with alcohol essentially in this fashion that the lone pair of electrons from the oxygen attacks on the nitrogen and we get this particular intermediate. This intermediate is now suited to undergo oxidation in this fashion to the corresponding aldehyde and the release of the corresponding n-hydroxy-pipiridine and the corresponding aldehyde. This one here is reoxidized with sodium hypochloride to go to the corresponding nitrogenium salt which is what is actually the oxidant that allows the alcohol to react and to form the aldehyde. Now this was one of the alternatives which can be used on a large scale and is cheap because sodium hypochloride is cheap and the Tempo that is used is only 1 mole percent. So it is a very nice method and does not allow any over oxidation to take place. Now when there is a need to convert aldehyde to the corresponding acid there are many methods but then there should also be some simpler methods and in this regard the pinnick oxidation is considered to be an interesting and useful oxidizing agent where sodium chloride is used in a buffer like this and in the solvent like tertiary butanol. So aldehyde is converted to corresponding acid without any problem. In this particular 2-methyl 2-butene is used as acid scavenger which is basically to take care of the hypochlorox acid that is formed in the reaction. So sodium chloride reacts with this buffer to form this particular molecule HClO2 and that reacts with the aldehyde in such a way that the protonation takes place by the release of this particular part of the oxidizing agent that attacks onto the oxonium ion to form this intermediate which then undergoes the oxidation to basically form HOCl and corresponding carboxylic acid. This is called pinnick oxidation and has proved to be both tolerant of sensitive functionalities and also capable of reacting with sterically hindered groups because it is a very sterically unhindered reagent and therefore the oxidation occurs readily. Now what happens to this particular part this hypochloros acid that reacts with the 2-methyl 2-butene where addition occurs and this is what the chlorohydrin is formed. Now we can see the application of it to an interesting and relatively complicated molecule such as this where the epoxy aldehyde is oxidized to the corresponding epoxy acid under these conditions. The difference that you can see from the top is the use of hydrogen peroxide as an acid scavenger. Now what happens to the hypochloros acid that is released reacts it with hydrogen peroxide to liberate hydrochloric acid, water and oxygen of course and that goes off the reaction medium. So this is what the pinnick oxidation is and that allows the conversion of aldehyde to the acid. Now we will move on to another interesting oxidizing agent which is based on microorganism. For example this pseudomonas patida is a gram negative rod shaped septotrophic soil bacterium and it is found in most soil and water habitats where there is oxygen. It also grows optimally at 25 to 30 degrees and can be easily isolated. Now pseudomonas patida has several strains including the KT2440 a strain that colonizes the plant roots in which there is a mutual relationship between the plant and bacteria. However we are more concerned about this particular mutant which is mutant 39 oblique D leads to dihydroxylations and it is interesting to see that such dihydroxylation do not happen on any olefin such as this it does not happen this does not react but it reacts with aromatic molecules such as benzene for example. If the benzene is reacted it leads to the corresponding dihydroxy compound and that too it leads to cis dihydroxylation. This is an interesting method to basically convert benzene or substituted benzene into the corresponding cis 1, 2 diol. Now this is what it is. Now we can take X as hydrogen, we can take X as halogen, we can take X as alkyl also. Now if X is hydrogen as I showed you before is this is what is lead formed. Now this obviously is having a symmetry therefore this is not a optically active molecule but if we start with say chlorobenzene then the corresponding molecule the diol that is formed is optically active. In a similar fashion we can start with the corresponding bromobenzene and get to this bromine substituted 1, 2 diol which is also optically active. Now this particular molecule has been converted to this very interesting cyclohexane molecule, highly substituted cyclohexane molecule and chlorobenzene has eventually been converted to this optically active lactone and this bromobenzene has been converted to the corresponding six-membered aziridine type of molecule which is also optically active. So I would like to briefly discuss the synthesis how they have done it. For example this particular type of molecule which has a plane of symmetry and has been procured from benzene by pseudo monospotida based oxidation has been converted into plus conduitol F which is a naturally occurring potent glycosidase inhibitor and its mirror image which is minus conduitol F. What has been done is to protect these two hydroxy groups in the form of the corresponding carbonate by reacting with dimethyl carbonate with sodium methoxide in methanol and once this carbonate is formed which also is having a plane of symmetry is then epoxidized with metachlorobenzic acid. Now both the double bonds are equally reactive and are indistinguishable because there is a plane of symmetry. So if the above double bond undergoes epoxidation then one would expect to get a epoxide of this type here. Now this is because the carbon oxygen bond here is beta oriented and therefore the epoxidation would occur from the alpha side. Now once this epoxide is formed which is a vinyl epoxide under acidic conditions like chloroboric acid we can protonate this epoxide first and then that would make this particular carbon oxygen bond relatively weaker for the nucleophile such as this hydroxy molecule to attack on to this carbon atom preferentially over this particular carbon atom because this carbon atom would make upon protonation slightly delta positive here because this is a allylic position and therefore the nucleophile attacks on to this carbon atom in an ascentu fashion leading to this type of hydroxy molecule. Now this hydroxy molecule in which here the nucleophile has attacked from the beta side because the epoxide was alpha oriented and thus the cleavage of this particular pincelic ether part with sodium liquid ammonia can release the hydroxy group in this beta oriented fashion and since this particular molecule here is optically pure therefore this particular molecule is also optically pure and when we carry out the basic hydrolysis of this carbonate then these two hydroxy groups are released having the beta orientation here. Now this translates to the formation of the stereochemistry of the four contiguous hydroxy groups similar to the naturally occurring plus conduitol F. Now if we allow the epoxidation to take place on the lower double bond then we would expect to get this particular type of vinyl epoxide. Now since this carbon oxygen bond is beta oriented and therefore the stereochemistry of the epoxide is all now alpha oriented we can write the same molecule in this particular fashion by lifting the molecule out of the plane and rotating it vertically at 180 degrees and such a fashion that the epoxide part goes on the top and the double bond part comes at the bottom and in this fashion the alpha oriented epoxide now would be beta oriented and the carbon oxygen bonds which are here beta oriented would now become alpha oriented. Now this particular vinyl epoxide and this vinyl epoxide are now more or less comparable with each other in terms of the orientation of the functional groups on the molecule except that the stereochemistry of the epoxide and this particular carbon oxygen bonds are exactly opposite to this particular stereochemistry of this vinyl epoxide. Now as we have opened this epoxide with this hydroxy compound under acidic conditions in a similar fashion we can also open this vinyl epoxide in exactly same fashion and get to this particular molecule and since this beta epoxide is beta oriented so the nucleophile attacks from the alpha side here and the corresponding hydroxy compound is having the orientation in an alpha fashion here and this epoxide is beta oriented and therefore the the corresponding hydroxy group here is beta oriented and the same way here it is also beta oriented and now the carbonate part can be hydrolyzed under basic conditions and then release the corresponding diol which is now alpha oriented and now if one can see carefully then these two molecules are mirror images of each other. So this is how Steve Lay reported the synthesis of these two molecules which are important glycosidase inhibitors starting from a molecule of this type which is having a plane of symmetry. Now we can also have the conversion of the diol coming from the chlorobenzene which is optically active. Now we do not have now to worry about optical activity because it is not a symmetrical molecule and this was protected as a corresponding acetonide by using this dimethoxy propane in the acidic conditions. Once it is formed it was cleaved by was analysis as you can see and it can form the corresponding aldehydo acid this is how it is going to form and that would exist as in equilibrium with the like this which is what is shown here. So basically it is nothing but aldehyde and acid in the same molecule. When this is treated with diazomethane the diazomethane reacts with the acid part to form the corresponding methyl ester and when this methyl ester is reacted with the vinyl magnesium bromide the vinyl magnesium bromide attacks onto aldehyde and the negative charge which is generated here this will be magnesium bromide. When this reacts with the aldehyde aldehyde will be more reactive than the ester for nucleophilic reactions. Therefore once the nucleophile reacts the anion which is generated reacts further with the corresponding ester the anion which is formed here will go and react with the ester and this will go off to form the lactone in which the vinyl group comes here as a vinyl substituent. This can of course be cleaved to the corresponding aldehyde and reduced to form the corresponding primary alcohol. So this is one another application of chlorobenzene based optically active diol to be converted to the corresponding lactone which is optically active. So finally this type of chiral diol derived from bromobenzene was converted into a very interesting aziridine molecule of this type. Now what was done was first to protect this diol as an acetonide followed by its reaction with this particular reagent which is PHI double bond NTS in the presence of copper acetyl acetonate and followed by tributyltinhydrate mediated debromination. So what happens first is this double bond gets converted into the corresponding aziridine because this particular double bond is statically more hindered because of the bromine and therefore preferentially this double bond is converted to the corresponding aziridine and then under radical conditions this carbon bromine bond is cleaved to form this particular carbon hydrogen bond here there is a hydrogen here. So this is a very straightforward synthesis involving three steps protection followed by aziridine formation followed by debromination but there is also a classical way of doing it that is first you take this particular acetonide molecule and open it by using n-bromosexinimide in dimethoxyethane and water in such a way that the first the bromination would occur from the alpha side because this carbon oxygen bond is beta oriented and that particular bromonium ion will then open by water at this particular position here because that is the allylic position and therefore what one would get is the corresponding bromohydrin of this kind where the water has attacked onto this carbon and bromine has come at this particular carbon atom and the orientation of the bromine is dictated by the orientation of this carbon oxygen bond which is beta now this bromohydrin under conditions in which sodium azide and dmso is utilized first forms an epoxide because under these conditions the hydroxy groups interacts with this particular carbon atom here and bromine goes as a living group forming this particular type of beta epoxide here and this beta epoxide then is opened by the nucleophile that is azide ion at this particular carbon atom again because this is the carbon atom which is the allylic carbon of the epoxide and therefore preferentially this is attacked by the azide and since this carbon oxygen bond of the epoxide is beta oriented therefore the azide attacks from the alpha side and one gets this azido alcohol of this kind here and now if we convert this hydroxy group into a mesolate and then we reduce the azide into the corresponding amine then this azide will get converted into corresponding amine and this of course would be in the form of O mesolate and this O mesolate is a living group and therefore intramolecularly the amine will react with the corresponding carbon mesolate bond and forming the corresponding aziridine from the alpha side that is because this is alpha oriented now once that has happened then of course we can do the end oscillation using tosyl chloride triethylamine to convert this NH into the corresponding end oscillate and of course under the radical conditions we can do the debromination or reduction of the carbon bromine bond to get to this debrominated molecule the same molecule which we had got this although this is a little bit a longer route but this can also be achieved both these routes have been published in these two papers and they are very interesting conversions starting from bromobenzene to optically pure this particular aziridine which is an important synthone in organic synthesis so we would stop it here and we will continue the next turn perhaps going to the reduction part of organic chemistry based reactions take care and thank you bye