What's up everybody, Jason here for jaspyscasebreak.com 2022 Bowman Chrome Baseball HGA Choice, 12 box case break pickers, number two just sold out. And let's get it going guys. So, here we go, this is number two. So again, if you have a little character sign at the end of your day, that means you got that from a team random. There's everybody else there. So numero dos, numero dos. So three and four, or number three is coming up next. It was part of the team random we had for two, three, one, two, three. But number four and five of HGA Choice is now in a team random. So we sell that out. We can do the next two picker teams today as well. Now we have 10 posted total. I think we can get at least the next two done, maybe six by the end of the night. Seven, I'd be very impressed if we can get that done. But like I said, I'm back tomorrow again.  So we'll see how the night goes in tomorrow. But I think we can do it. Remember these are quick breaks though. So we done within 20 minutes each one. So I could definitely do like three per hour.  Our first case we did had a lot of very good color including a couple of the big draft picks or top prospects, Shariro, Jackson Shariro for the Brewers and the Vaketo for the Nationals though. Let's see if we can top that in this break. Among other players like Jackson now, I think we hit a young kill, but I don't know if it was a numbered card or a color, but if yet to hit a Bobby Whitt, a Fena, Julio, Wander, Cruz, Torkelson, I don't know if all of those guys have autographs, but I'm not hitting one of those yet. Keep these six there. All right, first one we have is a Juan, Simone Juan, Tattoo 99 for the Metz. We're gonna add first redemption actually. Let's save that. And then we got another one for the Metz, JT Schwartz. All right, let's check this out guys. Here we go. Balmincrone prospects, autograph of Gavin Tonkel for the Phillies. So Phillies is Darren. All right, first one done, let's go with the next one. Got a nice orange coming up. Wow, it's actually one of these that's numbered. It came to the league, Colton Kouser, and that's numbered eight out of 25. Baltimore order that's going to Michael A. Got there from a team round. That's actually a pretty good looking card. And it's a color match too. Tanner McDougal, and for the Pirates, Jack Herman. Pirates is Chad D. Brandol Mesquita, that's numbered to 150. That's Atlanta Braves, that's going to Mark. Then we got a Juan Guerrero, and then we got a Logan Cerny. All right, we got Jake Rucker, Speckle First, Minnesota Twins, nice color in this box. Cooper Bowman to 150. That's Matt Smith with the Yankees. And Green, another one. Wow, about two Cooper Bowmans in the same box. Okay, got a blue way rave, and then you got a atomic green. Not bad for you, buddy. All right, we got Jaden Rudd, refractive for Toronto. We got Rain, Orion, Rain, Duncan, Dodgers, and Greg Cullen. Dana Cuella, we have Yendri Rojas, and we have for Cleveland, that is Jake Fox, 299. All right, halfway through folks, half way through. Let's go to the next one. Now we got Braxton Fulford. We got Jason Morrobel, Texas, let's go on to Chen. And we got Graham Ashcraft, atomic first. Next one, Samuel Zavala for the Padres. We have Daniel Vasquez, and Jose Rodriguez for Texas. Ryan Reckley, Green, and Alexander Suarez. Let's back to back Giants, going to Travis. That green's really nice too, and Mason Hour. All right, we got Daylan for the Washington National, Steve Gilbert, we have Andy Thomas, and for the Braves, Dylan Dodd. All right, two more boxes guys, two more boxes. Good names, good colors, it's not as crazy potentially as case one. I feel like that case is pretty strong. Well, let's see if we can add this strong here guys. Got a couple colors, looks like coming up in this one. A green, and I think at least a refractor. All right, Kevin Kendall, refractor for the Metz, going to add, there we go, good name right there. We have Yankeo Fernandez, it's just a base, but still a nice one there for the Rockies, which is going to Jose. The last one here is Donto Williams, so 99 atomic. Alrighty folks, here we go, last one here, good luck. Yeah, we're running back number three right now. Then we'll go through some motors and see what's, all right you two man, let's see what's next after this. Number three. All right, we got Michael Garcia, we got Willie Vasquez, and last one, JT Schwartz. Alrighty there folks, so that was it. That's figure team number two. All right, so a quick little recap there for you. Refractor, green, speckle. A lot more base it looks like on this half, or this case here. That might be 50-50 though. Kaba Kuba Belmans is crazy. That one was pretty cool actually. See, I think about half, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 15, 16, 17 colors, 15 base I guess. I guess it's pretty half and half. So there you go folks. JaspysCaseReach.com number three is coming up next.


AppalachianWireless.com is here to make your life easier, sign in or create a self-care account to pay bills, view usage or check contract dates. You can also apply for paperless billing and auto pay to save up to $5 per phone per month on post-paid plans. It's self-care from Appalachian Wireless. The city of Pikeville held their sensory safe Easter egg hunt on Saturday, April 8th where special needs children got the opportunity to take photos with the Easter Bunny and hunt for eggs at Bob Amos football field. Here's the thing, and somebody had to remind me of this. If we make six children that never got to hunt an egg, get to hunt an egg and be happy, that's six children that didn't have this opportunity before and that's what we're here for. We've had a few dozen here this morning so we've made some children happy and that's really what this is all about. Despite the cold weather, football players from the University of Pikeville volunteered to help with the event, giving the children who attended the opportunity to play games meet pikey and hunt for eggs.  In spite of the cold, many children were able to search for Easter eggs in a safe and sensory friendly environment. Looking to the future, the city of Pikeville hopes to hold more sensory safe events for children in the area. For Mountain Top News, I'm Kelsea Dean.


Is legendary comedian Steven Chow about to get canceled over this Instagram post? Or is it just an innocent translation mishap? You know the most important criteria that you must meet for applying for my movie is just don't be ugly, okay? Andrew, this caused a little bit of an internet dust-up as silly as it was. We're talking about Steven Chow, Andrew, the legendary comedic director and actor from Hong Kong. He did, you know, Shaolin soccer kung fu hustle. He's doing a women's version of Shaolin soccer. But his casting call, both in Chinese and English, caused a little controversy. Yeah, so he made an Instagram post on his personal Instagram and in Cantonese, which is written a little bit differently than Mandarin in Chinese even, it has one message and then it has a direct translation at the bottom. But the translation is what's getting him in a little bit of trouble right now. So please, we're going to go to the comments section, hit that like button, check out other episodes of the hotpot boys from silly series. We're talking about it all. I guess this is a little bit more silly.  This goes along with the image or oh, he's too old school. And some people are like, ah, it's a translation issue. And then other people were like saying, why are we holding Asia to the same PC woke standards that we hold the Western world? And there's a whole argument of, uh, is being woke in general okay, or is it okay for the West and it's just not applicable to the East? Should every culture be allowed to run their system? However they want to run it. Make sure you like, subscribe, turn on your notifications. Andrew, why don't you go ahead and read the translation of the post? I mean, the first sentence in Chinese in Cantonese says, 今天, 今天, 今天, 今天, 今天, 今天, 今天, which is just like, yeah, today I have a wish. I can't really read the rest, but it got translated differently. Thank you for that brief translation, David. But yeah, so here's what he posted in his Instagram post, right below the Chinese. It goes, you know, I have one wish today on my birthday to spend a good time with so many pretty girls, young, beautiful, smart, curvy, athletic. All countries are welcome. The more, the better. Let's people mountain, people see. Just don't be ugly. For those who are qualified, please send recent photos to blah, blah, blah. Photoshop photos will never work. It will be condemned by us and the United Nations. Not the United Nations. Tao Xingte is calling the UN on any girls. All right. So before we get in the comment section, I have some quick thoughts. I'm going to leave with you guys. First of all, I think in Cantonese, it reads differently, right? Obviously, like Lang Loi is like a common term that everybody's, they call us Langtai at the restaurant. Whether you're good looking or not, you're Langtai Lang Loi. You beat up. Yeah. I mean, I feel like if they do think you're good looking, they say it a little differently. But yeah, essentially, it's just a term for like young man, young woman. But anyways, I think the part to me that is a little bit triggering to people, I guess is the, you know, don't apply unless you are elegant or good looking. He doesn't really use the word ugly in Cantonese, but it's like elegant, good looking fit, right? But he translated it as ugly. He doesn't use the word yukxun, which is like the slang for ugly. Yukxun would be like the more harsh actual term for ugly. Now, here's my thing. I just think as a Hong Konger who does speak some English, if he did not mean for this to be funny and go viral, then they need to do a better job of translating. But do you think he was strong? They speak English in Hong Kong. But do you think he was trying to be funny because he's like the yunsan yunhoi, which is just like I need people as big as the mountain, as wide as the sea to apply.  Hey, look at that. I made a rhyme. I'm like rapping. Yeah, the little United Nations line at the end kind of like made me laugh. So I think, I don't know, is this a ploy to just be funny and have this post go viral and he's going to take the heat along with it. Let's get into the comments section, David, and see what other people are saying. Someone said she's Asian humor or not. This is cringe in this day and age. His comments about casting need a PC checkup. Oh, this is his birthday wishes to spend time with pretty girls. Yikes. Some people were mad and offended, right? Because he talks a lot about female beauty. He does sort of stress it. I think, obviously, this is probably still true in Hollywood, but people in the West, they don't want to say it. Yeah, I mean, I would say one trope in his movies that's very common is like, he has a good-looking actress, but he does make up to make them look uglier. This is kind of a gag that you see on a lot of YouTube channels. It's kind of like younger type of comedy. I guess you would say like maybe advanced slapstick or like a kind of like a classic bait and switch like from the 1960s type comedy. And do old Asian uncles that are like over the age of 50 or 60 years old, should people even expect them to be with the 2023? Like, you know, times or the tone or the narrative or the- I think you'd have to look at their track record and reputation overall, but also I do think it's funny that Asian casting posts is getting judged by the Western woke world, but it is what it is because it was on Instagram and he did use English. So, he gave the translation in English for everybody to see. If these girls that are mad watch the god of cookery or the god of gamblers, then they can criticize them. Somebody said, what the f? That's so creepy for him to abuse power like that to meet pretty girls. For young women who want to get into the entertainment industry, who will trial for the movie, this can negatively affect their self-esteem, especially if they're rejected because they didn't meet child standards. This is a disgusting man looking to fulfill a harem fantasy that he's for a lack of better term for, too old for. This man is Homsup low. I learned that from my Cantonese friend, which is a wet, salty pervert man. Yeah. I would say definitely the English translation does sound a little bit creepy. And isn't it a little Homsup? Yeah, but maybe I don't know if that's the character he was in when he made the post. Like I'm just saying it's Steven Chao, but of course I wouldn't have wrote the post that way. I wouldn't. Somebody said he's the Scorsese of Chinese comedy and Chinese culture is just not overly woke like us. I'm sure if he's making a PSA like that, he's not just trying to sleep with girls. He's trying to make a comedic masterpiece that will last for another 20 years. You know what, David? I had this theory that I think that this casting call is actually more for extras because this is what you would do for extra, if you need to fill up the background with pretty girls. You'd be like, yeah, okay. So I need like a number of good fit pretty girls in the background, but I have my main cast already and they are a group of very talented and funny women no matter how they look. Yeah, I think it's a way to build anticipation for a movie as well. Sort of like when CRA had an open casting call and I think they got like 170,000 submissions or something like that. Andrew, if you apply for a movie when it comes out, you're not gonna watch it. That's a good point. Somebody said, bruh, he's just speaking the truth. The entertainment industry is full of attractive people. And someone said, yeah, that might be true, but there are other people from various backgrounds of physical features too and someone's like, ah, I just can't take the wokeness. People are policing the actors and actresses being good looking now.  Like nowadays, I do think it more in Hollywood, at least in America, it does depend a little bit more on talent and what characters you're bringing in. You're saying there's less Baywatch-ness from back in the day. Baywatch was a show that was famous for just getting 10 out of 10 people who could not act, right? It's less blatantly about good looks now and I think the Hong Kong industry is a little bit behind.  So if you could still apply, I think any type of woman should still apply. Someone said, if you guys really speak Cantonese, you know that nobody in the Chinese world was worried about whether this was problematic or not, man or woman. Right, I think, again, it reads differently in Cantonese. Now, what should get them canceled is if some unattractive women do apply and then they reply back in the email saying, oh man, you are not good looking. Did you read the original post? But you are not even following basic initial criteria. How successful will you be in life if you cannot follow the instructions? Listen, that should get them canceled 100%. Somebody said Steven Chow is a well-known womanizer and has ties to the triads in Hong Kong. Man, I feel like every big actor in Hong Kong, well, to be honest, the entire entertainment industry in Hong Kong is still heavily interfacing with the drug. I don't wanna like rain on people's parades. I'm not saying Michelle Yeo is a womanizer, but I'm saying she has come in contact with probably people of the industry and you know, there's all different types of people out there. Every world is run by somebody in the background. I don't know if that's a big knock. Somebody said, oh man, here comes the entitled Western feminist snowflakes trying to apply this to a Eastern director who is by the way just directing movies in Chinese.  That makes you even a bigger snowflake. And this just went back and forth. Andrew, how can a casting call in the Chinese language just turn into woke versus anti-woke in 2023? You're saying that you are surprised that a Cantonese casting call turned into a political debate in America. Right, about two competing American political factions. Right, but you know what, in Asia, they don't fight about this as much. Like woke versus un-woke, I think it is a discussion, but it's really not that big of a deal, right? It's not that heated of an argument. Yeah, yeah, on both sides, almost like the, it's more like a friendly volley, like, okay, you hit the ball to me, I'm going to hit the ball back. But you know, in America, it's like, ah! You know why man, Asia's different, man.  No, let them eat some yummy food. Yeah, everybody just eat yummy food together and just don't do bad things, and who cares? Yeah, nobody talk to each other, right? I'm not saying it's right or wrong.  Yeah, because they just don't want to talk about some things, right? They just don't, it's just not as big of a deal, I guess, you know? Yeah, it's just like, don't talk about these things. Anyway, moving on, Andrew, I guess what are your final takeaways, Andrew? Is it interesting to see Steve and Chow still relevant after 20, 30, 40 years, you know? But you know, he's keeping up with the times. I'll tell you this, man, he's not getting canceled and he's not in hot water by the HK industry, but I do think this does drum up some anticipation for the movie. Also, you know, the women who are attractive and will apply, I don't think that this is gonna deter them. I don't think that he is necessarily like a horrible guy. I mean, he's worked in the industry that long. But he probably is old school, right? Yeah, he's probably old school. I believe it, you know? And old school people, he's 61 years old. So anybody of that age is definitely gonna say this thing.   And you'll see if it's problematic or not.  Well, then it looks like they could play sports. Again, every single music video ever made. Literally every single music video ever made. Get mad at Drake, right? For if you make 50 Drake videos. And every artist, you know? But I think it was like the jokey harsh mean tone that it was in, you know? So again, I wouldn't have made this post, but I'm also not Stephen Chow. Yeah.  Adam Sandler, Seth, Rogan, Jonah Hill, they're still paired up with like some baddies. Whereas like it seems like there's like a pretty big gap between them. Yeah. I mean, I would say I watched that movie Joyride with the, with all the Asian female cast. And let's just say there's some really good looking dudes in that movie. Right. So they're kind of doing the girl, possibly a flip on the bro movie, the hangover movie. Anyways, you guys, let us know in the comments down below. Is this, is it fair to judge his post because he did provide his English translation? It's posted by him. So should you judge him or is this like trying to judge like international posts? Is it kind of like, you know, countries don't want to extradite. So it's like you're extraditing a post to like analyze it if it's woke or not. I don't know. I think that there's so many different ways that you can look at that. You could go by the standards of the youth in the West. You can go by the general's overall like median age standard in the West. You could say the East should stay the East or you should say, nope, this is what we're doing. We're shifting as a globe now in 2023 and everybody has a different perspective, Andrew. And maybe that's why there's so much arguing online. All right guys, we're going to close it up there. Let us know in the comments down below what you think. And until next time, we out. Peace.


All right, so we spent a little bit of time understanding what the wave functions mean when they're spherically symmetric. Turns out the S orbitals we're familiar with from general chemistry result from the wave functions with L equals 0 and M equals 0 with no angular dependence. So now let's see if we can understand what the wave functions look like when they have some angular dependence. So for example, when L equals 1, then we have some theta terms in the wave function. When M is non-zero, when it's plus or minus 1 in this case, we have some e to the minus i phi or e to the plus i phi terms that show up in the exponential in the wave function. So we'll take these first two cases and see if we can understand what the wave function would look like. So we're going to mostly ignore the radial part. We've talked about what the radial parts look like already. These exponentially dying terms look turn into oscillating and then decaying wave functions with radial nodes. So for now we're just going to focus on the angular part of the wave function. So if the angular behavior of the wave function just looks like cosine theta, if I draw wave function as a function of theta, cosine theta, I only need to worry about the value of theta from 0 to pi, and cosine theta looks like this function. So remember, we're not really interested in the wave function so much as we're on the probability and the probability looks like wave function squared with an r squared in front of it. The r squared isn't particularly necessary this time because we're only plotting the theta dependence. But if I square this wave function, then what I discover is regardless of whether the value is negative or positive or negative, the squared value is positive, but it does have a node. There's a place where the wave function goes through 0, so that means there's a place where there's 0 probability of finding the electron. And that's that the node occurs at a value of pi over 2. So if we now try to sketch what that wave function looks like, if I take the nucleus and I ask where am I likely to find the electron relative to that nucleus, I'm quite likely to find it at an angle of theta equals 0, meaning pointing straight up along the z-axis. I'm likely to find it in the direction of the z-axis. I'm somewhat less likely to find it if I look at a slight angle from the z-axis because the probability is decaying. When the angle is pi over 2, in other words, when I'm in this xy-plane, which I'll draw like this, so in the xy-plane, I'm not at all likely to find the wave function. The value of the probability is 0, so this whole plane represents a node, which I'll write so that you can see the entire word. And in this case, it's an angular node. Rather than a radial node, instead of saying there's an R at which the electron can't exist, at this time there's an angle, theta equals pi over 2, for which the wave function is 0 and the probability is also 0. If we continue, I'm also very likely to find the electron at an angle of pi, meaning bent down a full angle of pi away from the z-axis, so pointing going to the negative z-axis. So what that means is I'm likely to find the electron here, I'm likely to find the electron here, and if I put in a lot more of these points, what I find is this two-lobed wave function, where I'm quite likely to find the electron above the straight up. As I move the angle sideways, I get less and less likely to find the electron, and as I move closer to the horizontal axis, I'm significantly less likely to find the electron. And then the plane itself represents an angular node. So it won't surprise you much at this point to hear that this wave function with that dumbbell shape that you're familiar with, that's the wave function that we call a P orbital or a P wave function. It's a Pz wave function because it's oriented along the z-axis, and it's a 2p orbital because it has a quantum number, a principal quantum number of n equals 2. Things do get a little bit more complicated when I consider the wave functions with m equals 1 and negative 1 that introduce these complex components into the wave function. Complexity affects the wave function because when I square the wave function, I need to remember to get the complex conjugate times itself, but notice that the i equals 1 and the i equals negative 1 wave functions, I'm sorry, not i, the m equals 1, the m equals negative 1 wave functions are already complex conjugates of each other. So the square of these two wave functions are the same as each other. So what we typically do in order to visualize these wave functions is we can take the 2, 1, 1 wave function. If I add it to the 2, 1, negative 1 wave function, so I've taken a linear combination of these two wave functions, I'll go ahead and write a 1 over square root of 2 out front, which is important if I want to keep these wave functions normalized, but that's, for understanding the shape of these wave functions, we don't have to worry about the 1 over square root of 2, but if I take this particular sum of the two wave functions, then without going through all the details, so if that's the z-axis pointing upwards, x-axis pointing this way, there's a y-axis receding into the distance, then this wave function looks an awful lot like the 2pz wave function, except by doing this I've rotated it and it points along the x-axis now, and that's the wave function that we call the 2px wave function is a sum of the m equals 1 and m equals negative 1 wave functions, so these are not the 2px and 2py wave functions, if I take the sum of them I get the 2px wave function, if I take the difference of them, so 1 over square root of 2 psi 2, 1, 1 minus psi 2, 1, negative 1, that will be the 2py wave function, which this one I won't be able to draw quite as well because it involves drawing into this third dimension, but a wave function that is behind and in front, but with these p-lobes, so the 2px and 2py wave functions are linear combinations of the m equals 1 and m equals negative 1 wave functions, so we've seen that the l equals 1 wave functions look like p orbitals, it's also worth understanding what those p orbitals look like when n is not 2 but when n equals 3, so we've added, by moving up to a larger value of n, we've introduced some extra complexity, not complex number complexity, but some extra difficulty in the radial part of the wave function, so the polynomial which in the simpler wave functions was just an r times 1 is now an r times a polynomial that has a 0 in it, so that's going to introduce a radial node, so again cosine theta looks exactly like cosine theta for the 2px wave function, but if I draw, so this would be, if I'm going to draw the 3, what are we doing, 310 wave function, a sketch of that wave function, cosine theta means the wave function is p-shaped aligned along the z-axis, however I've also introduced a radial node, so now I have 2 nodes, I have a node, an angular node, so let me go ahead and erase the x-y-axis, use this plane to represent them, so I've got an angular node at pi over 2 because of the cosine theta term, I also, as it turns out, have a radial node, so there's a sphere at which I'm not allowed to observe the electron because the probability is equal to 0, that sphere comes because the wave function is equal to 0 at some particular value of r, so if I attempt to sketch the 3D picture of this wave function where these scribbles indicate places where I'm allowed to find the electron, turns out I'm allowed to find it in some region close to the nucleus or far away from the nucleus, those regions still occupy a sort of dumbbell p-sort of shape, and in the negative z direction, the same sort of behavior is taking place, I've got a region close to the nucleus and a region further away from the nucleus where I can observe the electron, but at this particular value of r I have a node, so I've got a radial node, and this plane, the theta equals pi over 2 plane, also represents a node, and now we can distinguish between an angular node and a radial node, and this 3p wave function, the 3pz wave function, has both an angular node and a radial node, and for one last example, we can ask what happens when the value of l is not equal to 1 but equal to 2, so what we saw is that for the principal quantum number, when I increase n from 2 to 3 I introduced a radial node, what happens with the angular nodes is when I increase l from 1 to 2 that's going to introduce an angular node, and we can see why that's happening because the angular behavior of the function, this 3 cosine squared theta minus 1 term is going to have, because it's quadratic, it's going to have 2 places where it can equal 0 instead of just a single place like it did for the 2p wave function, so again if I just attempt to draw the sketch, so here's the z axis, I'll find out now that instead of just pi over 2 being the single value of theta that is a node and is disallowed, I've got two different values of theta, so when theta equals pi over 3 and when theta equals 2 pi over 3, those are both nodes, meaning I cannot find the electron with those coordinates, so what I get is a more elongated lobe above and below the plane where I can find the electron and then in between because theta equals pi over 3 is not just in this direction but all phi directions, so I actually have a cone, so there's a cone where I'm not allowed to find the electron and the wave function sort of occupies that cone above and below the origin and then in between the origin I can also find the electron over here and over here and I end up with sort of a donut shaped, a donut goes behind as well, so I end up with a lobe above, a lobe below and then a donut ring surrounding the axis, so that might be familiar to you as a wave function we call the 3D z squared wave function and that's just the name we give to it but what's happened by increasing the angular quantum number from 1 to 2 is that we've increased from a P orbital to a D type orbital and then we could continue examining the shape and drawing what the wave function looks like for the other L equals 2 orbitals and it would not be a surprise to you to find that we'd get the other D shaped orbitals, the clover leaf shaped orbitals that you're probably familiar with from general chemistry, so in the next lecture we'll show you some pictures that are more representative of what these look like than my poor sketches on the board.


The shocking benefits of vinegar in your diet? Well vinegar has been around a very long time. In fact, research shows that vinegar has probably existed for at least 4,000 years BC. Probably as long as wine has been being made and we've been using it in a variety of ways ever since then. But first of all, what exactly is vinegar? Well the term vinegar comes from French, meaning sour wine. And wine and vinegar are both made by fermenting or turning fruit juices into alcohol. However, the key difference between wine and vinegar is that wine is fermented with yeast while vinegar is fermented with bacteria. And many of you may know that Pasteur became famous in figuring out why wine would sometimes go bad and turn into vinegar. And he discovered that in fact the wine that turned into vinegar had been contaminated by bacteria. And he became the toast of the French court and the French Kings and his fame led to, of course, pasteurization, which was killing off the harmful bacteria in wine. And that's how he actually got famous, but that's an entirely another story. But vinegar in a way is bad wine. Now, wine yeast ferments the sugars in grape juice into alcohol while bacteria can ferment the alcohol into acetic acid. And depending on the variety of what you're fermenting, you can get multiple other forms of vinegar, such as malic acid is in apple cider vinegar, as well as acetic acid, and so on. Now the sour taste of vinegars actually comes from these acetic acids. Now, what's so important about acetic acid? Well, if you've read the Unlocking the Keto Code book, you know that acetic acid is one of the short chain fatty acids that's so actually essential to your good health. The other short chain fatty acid that I talk about extensively is butyrate or butyric acid. There's also another short chain fatty acid called propionic acid or propionate, but these short chain fatty acids are primarily the product of bacterial fermentation of sugars. And these short chain fatty acids, and in this case, acetic acid, have a variety of exciting host benefits in consuming them, because we now know that these are part of post-biotics. And these short chain fatty acids are actually communication systems to our mitochondria, to our cells, that impart, actually, improvement in the mitochondrial performance, and are part of uncoupling mitochondria for improved mitochondrial health. So vinegars are an easy way to get the byproducts of fermentation into your diet without necessarily depending on the bacteria in your gut.  So that even many well-meaning people who say, well, I need to get more fiber in my diet because the fiber will make butyrate, will make acetate, will make propionic acid, and Dr. Gendry says, I really need those. Most of us, unfortunately, don't have the proper set of bacteria to accomplish that job. So that's why vinegar is a really easy and tasty way of getting these short chain fatty acids that you should be making into your diet. Okay. The big benefit of vinegar is as an uncoupler, as making your mitochondria work less hard to make your mitochondria actually waste calories. And one of the things that you may have noticed on social media is that vinegar is helped with weight loss. Well, there's nothing magical and mystical about how this happens.  And there are well-controlled studies showing that the use of, say, apple cider vinegar or balsamic vinegar added to an otherwise isochloric diet will foster weight loss. Now, there is another potential way that vinegar is helped with weight loss. Normally, after we eat something, food is kept in the stomach until all the protein that you ate in that food is digested. And the way the stomach determines whether all the protein has been digested is the acid in your stomach is used up in digesting the protein. And as the acid level in your stomach falls, that's a signal to open up the pyloric valve at the base of the stomach and let the food go into your duodenum and intestines. It's the drop in acid that triggers the opening of the pyloric valve. So one of the theories of why apple cider vinegar or vinegars may increase your feeling of fullness and may even lower blood sugar is that the acid load of eating that vinegar keeps the acid slightly higher in the stomach longer. And so you have a longer period where the stomach is full and not empty. And you have a longer period where the food contents of your stomach are put into the intestines where sugar is absorbed. So that's probably a secondary effect, but the big effect of vinegars that we now know is the short chain fatty acid. Now there's different vinegars and that's kind of the fun thing about vinegars. There are multiple vinegars made from multiple sources. There's red wine vinegar, there's champagne vinegar, there's sherry vinegar. You name it, there's apple cider vinegar. You choose the vinegar, you're going to get a different flavor profile and additionally you're actually going to get a different polyphenol profile. Now one of my personal favorites is aged balsamic vinegar. Now it has multiple polyphenols, but perhaps most important. It is the most concentrated form of resveratrol that you can get. Now most balsamic vinegars come from Modena, Italy, and I visited multiple plants where balsamic vinegars made. And fun fact, balsamic vinegars traditionally made from only one form of grape, the Trebiano grape, balsamic vinegar though can be aged and concentrated. And the longer balsamic vinegar is aged, the more concentrated the syrupy flavor and the more concentrated the polyphenols are, including resveratrol, and the more concentrated the short chain fatty acid. So always look for aged balsamic vinegar. The longer the aging process, quite frankly, the more expensive it is. Now I have no relationship with this company, but there is a wonderful company that makes aged balsamic vinegar, and it's remarkably reasonable. And it's called Napa Valley Naturals, and I'm sure their website will be inundated after this. Please don't buy it all because I need it. But they have 25 year aged balsamic vinegar that's thick and luscious, and what I like to do is as you know, make a fake Coke by having balsamic vinegar, one or two tablespoons, and sand, pelagrino, sparkling water stirred around. It's going to be the best Coke you've ever had. And as you know, I was the one who actually started this trend many years ago. So great use of balsamic vinegar. Now how about apple cider vinegar?  Now what's so cool about these dead bodies is we now know that these dead cells carry information as if they were living yeast and bacteria. And the more we learn about the benefits of fermented foods, the more we're realizing that even though most fermented foods don't have active populations of bacteria or yeast, they still carry messages that are actually essential to increase our gut microbiome diversity, and they're actually essential of calming the immune system. So it's a win-win. So the mother is that good stuff that you really do want to incorporate. Now there's a lot of trendy shots of balsamic vinegars, of apple cider vinegars. You got to be careful with these shots. So many of them have had added sugar because quite frankly, a shot of vinegar is an acquired taste. And so many companies to get you to think you're going to get the benefits of apple cider vinegar or other vinegars will add sugar to the shot to get you more interested in consuming that. Also, the beverages that have apple cider vinegar in them, buy or beware. Make sure you look at the total carbohydrates per serving, not the total added sugars. Look at total carbohydrates per serving. And oftentimes you'll be surprised that this healthy beverage is actually a sugar bomb. Now, I love to use vinegars and salad dressing. I like to change. I probably got six or seven vinegars at any one time in my pantry, and I change almost every day. Here's a great mixture that's really easy to do. You take a quarter cup of apple cider vinegar, a third of a cup of extra virgin olive oil, Dijon mustard, a little bit of honey, garlic, salt and pepper. Put it in a blender or just shake it up and make sure you're actually getting apple cider vinegar with the mother, if at all possible. And that's, look at it, contains the mother will be on the label. Vinegar, as you know, is also great for household cleaning. You can put it in your laundry at a half a cup of distilled white vinegar into your washing machine's detergent compartment. Make your own multi-purpose cleanser. Use a one-to-one ratio of diluted vinegar and water and store it in a spray bottle. And what do I use it for? Clean out your coffee maker. It's great for dissolving calcium deposits. All right, vinegar. It's not just for breakfast anymore, huh? Believe it or not, have a vinegar and sparkling water with your breakfast. You'll get a kickstart to your day. I think you're going to love this next one. Vitamin D in sun exposure is critical to our functioning as a human being.


The Linux show starring Nick Cotter, master detective, presented by the three great Linux home Brightoners. One of the most daring and resourceful characters in the history of detective fiction. A man whose name has become a symbol of the triumph of right and justice over the sinister forces of crime and lawlessness. Nick Cotter, master detective. Today's exciting case, the howling horse, in which Nick Cotter goes hunting in a forest of death and tracks down a fabulous four-legged killer. Really enjoyable living. For real contentment, it is necessary that we have time to relax. Time to do the things we like as well as to do the necessary things. And these days, American homemakers everywhere are learning that one important way to enjoy leisure time is to depend on the three great Linux home Brightoners. Those magic new shortcuts to beauty for woodwork, furniture and floors. You too can save drudgery each day with those three great Linux home Brightoners. Linux clear gloss, the modern brush on finish. Linux cream polish for fine furniture. And Linux self-polishing wax, the amazing new quick drying wax product. Try these fine modern products designed to help you do your work in record time. You'll find that there are really efficient way to leisure time for you. Ask your hardware, paint or department store. For the three great Linux home Brightoners. The modern shortcuts to new home beauty. Now for today's exciting case from the life of Nick Carter. The lights are out in the old Brownstone mansion at the corner of Fifth and Fourth. In the darkened laboratory, the strange whine of electricity sounds. And under the pale purple aura of ultraviolet light, Nick Carter and Patsy play a strange jigsaw puzzle game with crime. Wait a minute Patsy. This letter A matches the A in the quick. Just a moment. Yes, an exact duplicate. Make a note of that. Right. Well, right in progress. A word here on this slip. Exactly duplicates the here and hereby bequeathed. You got that? I've got it. Better and better. Ah, see that word will in last will and testament? Uh huh. A precise duplicate of the written will from this thank you note. Who's that? Hiya folks. It's the demon reporter and stuff in person. Why, it's Scubby. Oh, hello Scubby. Pardon the interruption Masterminds. The housekeeper let me in. Well, what's cooking? Good looking. Nick's testing the validity of a will Scubby. We're matching samples of the dead man's writing with the writing and the will. Oh, very interesting. Do they match? Precisely. Well, and the will is genuinely. On the contrary, the will's a fraud to it. Huh? Now turn off the ultraviolet Patsy. Put on the lights. Hey, I don't get it Nick. If the writing and the will dovetails with other letters, doesn't that prove the same guy wrote both? Now Scubby, the fact that words and individual letters from old correspondence match words and letters in the will, proves someone forged the will by tracing the dead man's handwriting. Very clever. Very clever indeed. It'll make a nice feature article when I finish with my story on the howling horse. It's... Did you say howling horse, Scubby? Yes, beautiful. I'm on my way upstate to cover one of the craziest stories that ever hit the desk. I thought Nick might be interested. What is it Scubby? Well, it seems there's a guy upstate named Lucas who had a B. Lucas, three degrees in medicine, archaeology and natural philosophy, explored the Gobi Desert in 36. Yeah, the very same. Oh, this Lucas must be pretty wealthy. It's got a biggest state, about 700 acres of forest and lake. But what about that howling horse you mentioned? Well, there's a story that Lucas brought back a couple of horses with him from one of his explorations and they howl. Not so.  Ridiculous. These horses of Dr. Lucas also have murdered a man. Oh, no. Well, that's the story I'm going to check. Are you interested, Nick? In horses that murder men? Certainly am. Well, here's my car. I should reach the look at the state by nightfall. Let's go. Sit down, Mr. Carter. Ma'am. Thank you. The other gen two. Thank you. I'm mighty happy to have you with us in the burnin'. Thank you very much, Sheriff Crane. Well, the case too tough for you to handle, eh, Sheriff? Well, you betcha. It'd be too tough for anybody except Mr. Carter here, working out a corgine anyway. You better explain, Sheriff. Well, it's like this. Lucas ain't amenable, ma'am. Not by long, Sheriff. Keeps yourself locked up in that estate. Nobody can get in. Nobody sees him. He kind of acts like he's scared of something. Hiding.  Got influential friends. My hands are tied. I can't buck him. But you can, Mr. Carter.  Well, I try to live up to that reputation, Sheriff Crane. Now, tell me about Lucas's horses. Don't know a thing. He brought them back with him about six months ago. Moved them in in horse lands. Nobody's seen them. Well, pretty soon people start talking about them horses howling. They're sure about them howling? Yep. Then, one or two folks seem one of them running around Lucas' estate.  Sheen him at night. Me, in the cornering. Well, pretty soon they started killing cattle. Rip them apart with their teeth. Folks used Lucas. He just laughed. Told them they was crazy. Sure, he didn't own no horses. I see. Last week, Jed Storm was killed. On the road that passes Lucas' estate. Head was near Torneau. Body all ripped to pieces. I figured maybe the law better step in. I had to pull every string I could to even get into Lucas' estate. Search the place from top to bottom. House barns every minute. Well, sir, Lucas was telling the truth. There ain't no horses there. You're sure, Sheriff? Ma'am, I'm a farmer before I'm a sheriff.  All right, Sheriff. We'll start tonight and see what we can find. Just one warning, Mr. Carter. Maybe I sound kind of fantastic like, but believe me, I ain't been stretching the truth.  That Lucas is me. Them horses is deadly. Thanks for the warning, Sheriff. But I've met deadly killers before. And Nick is still here, which is more than you can say for most of the killers he's met. Main directions are right. This must be the road that skirts Lucas' estate. Keep your eyes on the left. We ought to sight the house any minute now. It's dark, Nick. Watch for lights. Oh, what's the program, Nick? You going to bust right in? Going to try. I don't know how tough Lucas really is. Maybe he's just bluffing, Sheriff Crane. Nick, I can see lights off to the left. Yeah? Where are we, Skipper? Deep in the woods there. See? Yeah. The lady's right, Nick. I see them. That must be Lucas' house, all right. Yes. There's a gravel drive turning off the road. Here goes. I'll be more than interested to meet Lucas again. Oh, you know him, Nick? Casually. I had a rather distasteful job of checking his credentials for the government some years ago. Intelligence work. Believe me, it was a nasty interview. Nick! I don't want to compete, Nick. Someone's bombarding me. Oh, stop the car, Nick. We'll be blown up. Stop, anyway. There's a roadblock ahead. Hey, this doesn't look like a bluff to me. Lucas is playing for keeps. This is private property. You will arrest Casino's private property. I shall give you five minutes to get out of here. Where's that voice coming from? He's using a public dress speaker out on the ground. He's probably got the microphone in the house. This is your last warning to everyone. You will have five minutes to get out by the ground. Apparently, we have it much choice. What kind of a lover was that Chinese? It was and raises a very curious question in a fantastic case. Let's back off to the road and start finding the answer to it. This is far enough. Let's get out. Okay. Well, where are we now, Nick? About half a mile past Lucas' house. We're going to cut into the woods from here, then circle around to the house. Well, I got my flashlight. Lead on it. No, no, Scubby. No flashlight. We do this in the dark. Well, Patsy, you can wait in the car if you want to. Oh, me? Well, you talk as though you think I'm scared. Well, aren't you? Yes, but I won't admit it. All right. I'll hold your hand, beautiful. Ah, I'm not that scared. Now listen, we've got to be as quiet as possible. Hey, do you think that we're going to meet any while versus Nick? No, no, Scubby. Smith, you haven't explained yet about Lucas talking in Chinese. Not sure. I understand. Get myself. Oh, I sure wish I'd covered the beauty contest instead of this guy. Hold everything. What is it? Quiet. Listen. Get that. Cheap as did I. It sounds like hauling. There it is again. Hulling horses, I said. Nonsense. Nick Carter said. Well, is it nonsense now, Nick? Hulling. Hey, it's coming closer. Are we just going to stand here and wait, Nick? We are not. Come on, hurry. What's happening, Nick? I'm not being chased by a Scubby-sulling horse. I'm going to use a gun to protect himself with a lover. Careful now, whatever you do. Hold your hand. Hey. You think I'm mad? You almost got him, too. Quick now. Wait, Nick. I know we are.  Quick. I'm going to get a look at that horse if he's still there. Right. Here you are. Nothing but a body of a man sprung there in the crack. A body without a head. He paces the last few steps forward to examine the victim of a murder he could not prevent. Who is the dead man? How did Lucas' fantastic creatures track and kill him? Why did Lucas cry a warning in Chinese? And, Nick, answer these questions in time. We'll see in just a moment. Modern science is constantly achieving miracles, constantly finding new ways, better ways to do the things which must be done. And science has done its share of service for our American homemakers. 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Ask your dealer now for all three great Linux home brightness. Give your home new beauty the easy Linux way. And now back to our story. The strange story of savage howling horses that hunt and kill men brought Nick Patsy and Scubby to the small upstate town of a Burnham. When Nick drives out to the state of C.B. Lucas, famous explorer who has brought the animals to America, he is warned off by Lucas, who shouts at the master detective in Chinese. When Nick Patsy and Scubby attempt to steal into the estate on foot, they witness the tracking down and killing of a man by one of Lucas' savage creatures. Now in the blackness of a forest clearing, they examine the dead body. Oh, what a mess this fellow is.  Apparently, Dr. Lucas' man-eating horse took it away with him. Did you hear the way it howled? It was like a lion or something. Oh, that wasn't any lion or anything else that I ever heard of. You're right, Scubby. Wait a minute. Wow, this is on. What, Nick? Look at the gun this fellow was carrying. Huh? Lying beside his right hand. What a love of feet. What is it? Happens to be a Patterson coat. Model of 1848. 1848? You mean a hundred years old? It's about. This is one of the original coat models, fired with percussion caps. Oh, but that doesn't make sense, Nick. Why would a man defend himself with an antique like that? Well, if you remember, Scubby, that when Lucas warned us off, he talked in Chinese, it does make sense. No, not to me, it doesn't. We're on a very few minutes. Come on. Get up to Lucas' house. Well, aren't you going to search that body for identification or something? No. We won't find any. How do you know? Let's concentrate on being quiet, shall we? Okay. Put that flash out, Scubby. Sure. Stay on your toes. Dr. Lucas' downing pets may be closer than you think. Oh, Nick. I can see the house lights in here. Straight ahead. Yes. All right, quick, now. Oh. I sure wish there was a move. You're not getting romantic, are you, Scubby? Heck no. I'm just scared of the dark. Wait a minute. Listen. What's the funny sound? Like machinery. It's not machinery. All right. Let's get to the house. Take this path here. Take that sound. It's awfully familiar. You can't place it. Familiar to you, Scubby? Well, yeah. Coming over the PA Lucas has on the ground. Over the PA? Right. All right, quick. Into the house. Those French windows at the side look open. Open. They're smashed. Like a truck went through them. So they are. Careful of broken glass. Oh, Nick, look at this room. Yeah. Looked as if the truck drove through here, too. Yeah. Where is Dr. Lucas? I have a hunch that something's happened to Dr. Lucas. Yes, Patsy. Something that accounts for the funny noise you hear over the PA. Come on. Not in the right place. The train's advice is open. Yes. I rather expected this. It's... It's a body. Going alongside that phonograph. And it's a needle running in the last groove on the record that's making that strange sound, Patsy. I'm afraid Dr. Lucas has played this phonograph for the last time. Better take the playing arm off the record, Scubby. Yeah, right, Nick. Now, let's have a look at this body. The blood. Body quite warm, killed very recently. The same way our friend back in the woods was killed. Head torn off. Only this time the head was left with the body. But this isn't Dr. Lucas. Nick, look at the head. He's Chinese. Glory be your right, Patsy. Then this explains why we heard a warning in Chinese over the PA when we first drove up to the house, right, Nick? Scubby, start that record again. This man couldn't talk English, so he had an English-speaking record made to warn people off the ground, right? Scubby, play it quick. OK. Turn off the PA first. We'll hear it direct. Right, Nick. This is private property. You are trespassing on private property. I will give you five minutes to get out of here. What'd I tell you, Nick? That's the voice we heard.  Five minutes to get off my ground. Please turn off machine. Please turn off machine. Oh, the love of a couple of hatchet men. Please turn a move. Attack it and self-highly expert in use of lethal firearms. Kindly raise arms to extreme vertical positions. Remain with backs against walls. Thank you. Oh, no, listen, wise guys. Please remain silent. So we have made a long journey for most prosperous meeting, Mr. Lucas. Lucas, what is it? Hi, Patsy. Was extremely injudicious to take away Gochichang. Mr. Lucas, rash action put miserable selves to extreme expense of body and press for a long journey. Yes. Now necessary to locate Gochichang at once. If ever that number two associate a yet unsuccessful intact, remain for self and miserable number one associating yourself, Mr. Lucas. You will please inform this person of locality of Gochichang. May miserable things hide remind honorable Mr. Lucas, this person highly barbaric species, lack refining benefits of civilized education, much prepared to obtain required information with cruel methods of contemptible salvage. Golly, Nick. Oh, who is this Gochichang character you birds are after? He's the guy I think you mean. He's dead by now. He's a quiet scrubby. Ah, this knows highly interesting. It's true, Mr. Lucas, that Gochichang departed to join all of our ancestors. Whatever it is. Then a task of this person reaches to minimum. Only necessary to ensure demise of you and friends and then return to home. How demise? But we... Then now, this is how I'm in Qing Tuo now. Ning Jing Chen. This is the pay off. Look out, Muscabee. Here, go to the front of the ground. Let's wait for three scummies. Get moving. All right. Take me with you. Through the door. Move fast.  You can't block bullets as easily. Then they recover in up any minute now to start shooting. This must be the kitchen. Straight ahead and out the back door. Dude, do you think we can shake them, Nick? We move fast enough again. All right. I'll get the door. You go fast and quick. Come on, scummies. Go right with you. Now what? Quiet. You keep running. Come on. You stand a 50-50 chance of shaking them in the dark out here. Why didn't you tell them you weren't looking? You think they developed me? Hey, this looks like a garage ahead. In there. Hurry. There's a car here. Don't bang into it. All right. Now what, Nick? Oh, we can just hold that long enough. Sheriff Crain will rescue us. Huh? What do you mean, Patsy? Well, when you were damning the body, I called the sheriff and notified him about the two deaths. What? He said he was coming right up so that he could get his posse together. Oh, good work, Patsy. That's a little darling every time. That's about the worst news I've ever had. Good Nick. I... I understand, Patsy. It's too late to explain now. All right. Here's what we do. Yeah, we're going to see Nick. Get into this car. Drive out of the garage like six again. Get past those two killers. I'm coming. Get in close up. I'll take the wheel. You two hold on now. All right. Here goes. I'm cutting straight across the lawns and fields. Let's hope the tires hold. They don't get us now. We're safe. I think we... I think we made it. You all right back there? I guess so. Why not? We're going straight through the fields to that patch of woods where we found the first victim of grocery junk. So for Pete's sake, why?   Let me just look at you. I want to take the body with me, unfortunately. I don't want to drag it. Oh, really? Of course, really? Get across Lucas's land away from the house. Quick. Give me a hand with the body. Okay. Pick one. Is this a set of drag line? Or go she jump? All right. Let's start moving, Shelley. Okay. Pick what? The drag line. Folks use it down south for fox hunting, Patsy. Especially when there aren't any foxes in the neighborhood. It's an artificial trail. Oh, I understand. But why are we here? For the sake of Sheriff Crane and any men he may bring with him. Don't forget, grocery junk is around the house and grounds. And the killer. We better turn ourselves in the bait to save their lives. Good ol' howling horse. Why didn't Lucas leave him before he found him? Nick, did Lucas discover grocery junk? No, he didn't. Gentlemen, by the name of Marco Polo, discovered him. Marco Polo? Yes. And just the other side of that tree's got him. All right. grocery junk was discovered many centuries ago. He's unknown in the western world. He was, that is, until Lucas brought him here. I warn you, sooner or later, he'll pick up the scent of this trail we're making and come after us. And believe me, it'll be a tremendous shock. Nothing could shock me anymore. You've never seen anything like grocery junk, scummy. Really? Got the queen. Fortunately, there's a brisk wind blowing. He doesn't pick up this blood trail. Maybe he'll pick up ours. And he... Wait, wait. Yeah, I hear it. We're in luck. We've been sent in. Keep moving, scubby. He's at the top of the little hills. All right. He's not closer. He just passes a racehorse. Yeah, and he howls like a pack of... Nick, I just got it. Good, no time to talk about it. All right. This is far enough. Put the body down, scubby. Okay, good. Get your flat flat ready. That's it. Yes, Nick. I want you to stand to my left. Here's an extra magazine for my automatic. Hold it. When I yell for it, slap it into my wrapped hand. Okay. Oh, what a monster. Stand by. Oh, it sounds awful close. You'll be in sight any second now. Mike, scubby, straight ahead. Right. Blooming up into scubby's flat side. It's all right. It's all right. Give me a... Give me a minute to say this. The class thing was a dog. I do. That was Yoshi-Jung. The fabulous, almost mythical, Tibetan master. This is the first and probably the last time we'll ever see this breed. And in killing it, we've destroyed the monster that murdered Dr. C.B. Lucas. In just a few minutes, Nick will be back to give you the final details of today's story and describe the strange creature thought to be the howling horse. When your furniture was new, of course you were proud of its handsome gleaming appearance. Since then, it may be that finger marks, dust smudges, the cloudy look of inferior polish have made your furniture look dull and unattractive. But with Linux Cream Polish to help you out, you can restore its appearance in double quick time. For a Linux Cream Polish, cleans as it polishes, cutting the job in half. Yes, one quick application of Linux Cream Polish removes all the cloudy dullness from your furniture, leaves it gleaming and beautiful. And because it dries hard, leaving no oily film on the surface to attract more dust, it saves you future work as well. No wonder so many thousands of modern American women are coming to depend on Linux Cream Polish, the up-to-date beauty treatment for fine furniture. Get Linux Cream Polish now. You'll find all three great Linux Home Brightness, Linux Cream Polish, Linux Self-Polishing Wax, and Linux Clear Gloss, the longer-lasting brush-on finish at hardware, paint, and department stores everywhere. And remember that your dealer is headquarters also for ChemTone, the miracle wall finish that brings quick new sparkle to walls and ceilings. ChemTone covers in one coat, dries in one hour. And now let's hear from Nick Carter himself. I had heard of the Tibetan mastic before, Matthew. You'll find an interesting chapter on that strange animal in a pamphlet on Chinese dogs published by the Kuan Kuan Company in Los Angeles in 1944. It's one of the oldest defense breeds in the world, and it's so revered in Tibet that none has ever been allowed out of that country. Go see Zhang, means dog of Tibet. Oh, well, aren't there any pictures, Nick? No, those Tibetans do not permit pictures to be taken, Matthew. All we have are the descriptions of various explorers from Marco Polo Down. All described as a giant dog as being the size of a horse. Well, it sure was, Nick. There have been attempts to steal one of the mastics and bring them out of the country, but in each case, the dog has either been stolen back or killed. So Dr. Lucas managed to steal Ghostie Zhang. Right, brought it to his estate, and then lived in constant fear knowing that Tibetans would never let him keep the dog. He knew that sooner or later they'd send men to kill it, and they did. And that's why he kept himself locked up? Precisely. Lucas made that recorded warning to play over his PA system whenever strangers drove up. It was undoubtedly worn by some sort of mechanical device that was set off by our entrance to the ground. He also repeated it in Chinese, to warn off any Chinese gunman who might have trailed him here. Then it really was, Lucas, we heard. Yes. You see, Passy, the dog apparently turned savage and broke loose from the chains with which it was confined. Lucas could not recapture it, so it roamed the estate, killing everything it met. Fact right before our eyes, we saw it kill a man. That was Mr. Fang's number two assistant, crawling around the grounds. The mastiff ran off with a dead man's head in its jaws, crashed into Lucas' house, and attacked Lucas himself.  Exactly. That's why you and Scubby leaked to the conclusion that the head we found alongside Lucas' body actually belonged to that body. Well, when did you first again understand what was happening in it? When I saw that the first victim had been carrying an old Patterson coat. There's only one section of the world that continues to use antique firearms, Passy, and that's the mountain regions of China. In Tibet, you'll still find soldiers equipped with flintlock rifles and those Civil War weapons. Got it. Well, what about those killers from Tibet that came after the dog, Nick? The men that thought you were Lucas. Probably slipped off and started back for home. We'll never see them again, and there's no need to, really. They haven't been guilty of any crime. All the guilty parties in question have already paid in full. Well, Nick, that was certainly an unusual tale. What's next week's story going to be about? Next week, Ken, we're going to meet a strange young man who, as far as anyone knew, never touched alcohol at all. Yet, apparently, came home intoxicated night after night. Then, one evening, he was murdered. And that was the evening he carried home with him a can opener seven feet long.  Sounds like a swell story. What's its title, Nick? A Case of a Worried Worm. Master Detective, produced and directed by Jock McGregor, is copyrighted by Street and Smith Publications Incorporated. Long Clark is starred as Nick. Charlotte Manson plays Betsy. Original music is played by George Wright. Script is by Alfred Bester. The programs are fictional, and any resemblance therein to actual persons living or dead is purely coincidental. Cotter Master Detective is presented at this time and over these same stations each week by the three great Linux home brightness. Linux Clear Gloss, Linux Cream Polish, and Linux Self-Polishing Wax. This is Ken Powell speaking for the thousands of Linux dealers all over America, and saying, so long until next week, is the mutual broadcasting system.


Okay, so thanks a lot and I'm also very excited to be here at DEF CON. I've never was here, although I have several times watched the videos of chains, so to say. So this talk will be about Perun, our work. It's like a joint research project between the Technical University of Darmstadt in Germany and the University of Warsaw in Poland and several of my co-authors. So this is some kind of academic work. So we published some papers at some top conferences in security and several of them are also here sitting there over there and here in the front row. So we are very happy to answer questions later also. Okay, so as we have seen already today several talks. There are many exciting projects currently going on. People like do a lot of research and also development in building different types of state channel and payment channel networks. So I would like to explain to you basically at a high level what we do in Perun. So in Perun essentially the goal is similar to the previous two talks of Mo and Liam. We are trying to build generalized state channel networks and I will talk in a moment a bit in more detail what we understand about general state channel networks. The main technique that we developed in our work and I'm kind of happy that nobody so far talked so much about this is about the virtual channels. So some people also call it meta channels and I will explain in more detail what actually are virtual channels and what are the advantages of these virtual channels. And a special feature and maybe this is also one distinctive feature of our project because we have like a very strong background in cryptographic research. We focus a lot also on not only designing these protocols at an abstract level but also proving the security of these protocols. Okay so we usually when we come up with a design of what the protocol specification of the protocol what it what it what it is then we also usually carry out a formal security proof that it satisfies certain security guarantees. So what is a state channel network? I will essentially show you our view at Perun of what this is. The basic ingredient and you have already seen this in several other talks we call them ledger state channels and ledger state channels they are built directly over the ledger. Okay so that's why they call ledger state channels. So we have these two parties Alice and Bob and they're one for example to execute some contract off-chain for example this could be some chess game or some other online game or a payment or whatever and the ledger state channel then works in three phases. So in the first phase the parties Alice and Bob they have to go to the blockchain and create this ledger state channel and this is happening with some kind of cryptography like signatures are exchanged and so on and then at the end parties Alice and Bob I don't have a pointer here Alice and Bob they can like go to the send something to the blockchain and deploy some channel contract which is later on going to be used potentially if there are some disagreements between the parties. So once the ledger state channel has been deployed so it's established the parties can then like execute contracts off-chain so this is the whole purpose of course so they can like for example run multiple execution of a chess game without ever touching the blockchain and as like Liam mentioned earlier so we also support like this generalized state channels where you can not only run a chess contract but you could run several chess contracts or like even completely other games also in this in this in this ledger state channel and the main point here is that as you can see that this execution of contracts so the update of the state this is carried out off-chain so it's carried out without Alice and Bob needing to interact with the blockchain. So then at some point when Alice and Bob they don't want to use anymore this ledger state channel then they can settle this channel and go to the blockchain close it and this again requires on-chain communication okay so this is essentially the three phases of a basic ledger state channel. Now we would like to extend this to forming a network so this is the most simple network that you can think of you have like Alice Ingrid and Bob Alice is connected to Ingrid via ledger state channel and Ingrid is connected to Bob via ledger state channel and now what Alice wants to do is she wants to execute off-chain a contract with Bob okay so how can she do this there are several options to achieve this the first option would be of course we just have seen like ledger state channel so we could just use this okay so we could just create a new ledger state channel between Alice and Bob but this of course has some disadvantages because as you saw like creating a channel ledger state channel this requires interaction with the blockchain so I need to communicate to the ledger deploy this contract this is slow so it takes some time it is also expensive because like deploying a contract takes costs a lot of fees so we would like to avoid this so another option is because we have these two channels between Alice Ingrid and Ingrid and Bob we could use this existing infrastructure to let Alice and Bob directly execute contracts between them by using these two underlying ledger state channels okay so and this is of course the advantage that this can be fast if we manage to design such a protocol it can be fast it can also be cheap because it does not require any communication with the underlying ledger and this is essentially what we do in Perun so we developed a technique that we call virtual channels and the main idea is you can think of these underlying ledger state channels as a like a two-party blockchain okay so the ledger state channels between Alice and Ingrid and the ledger state channel between Ingrid and Bob they offer you something similar to what the blockchain offers you so how can we now create a virtual state channel so essentially also this works in three phases in the first phase in the creation of the ledger state channel we run a protocol between Alice Ingrid and Bob now there are three parties involved okay Ingrid kind of takes the role of the blockchain to some extent and this is off-chain so the communication between the parties is going on like off-chain without touching the blockchain so it can also be very fast of course and then you can compare this to ledger state channels there the creation was on chain so it took potentially a lot of time now executing executing is very similar to what happens in ledger state channels so Alice and Bob they can now execute multiple contracts off-chain so also here we can allow contracts several contracts potentially to be executed off-chain and finally when Alice and Bob they don't want to use any more their channel then they can close it by again and not going to the blockchain not going to the ledger but going to the underlying ledger state channel again this has the advantage that all of this year as you can see all of this create execute and close all of this happens off-chain without interaction with the ledger which is in contrast to the ledger state channels now this is very nice but we of course would like to also capture capture more complicated networks so like here we have a much more complicated network like a little more complicated network and we want for example that Alice wants to talk to Dave okay so how can they do this we can just apply this technique that I just told you about recursively so we could let Alice first create a virtual state channel with Bob then over the virtual state channel between Alice and Bob Alice can now create another virtual state channel with clear and then this can be continuing like this until finally Alice have has reached Dave and then they can execute in this final channels they can execute their contracts off-chain so what are the advantages of channel virtualizations there are several of them that I would like to highlight first of all this is a low cost so since the intermediary is not involved anymore in the execution of the contract similar to the ledger state channel where the blockchain is not involved in the execution of the contract this can be very fast and it can also be cheap so they in particular the intermediary does not necessarily need to ask for fees we also have better privacy so because the intermediary does not know what happens in the individual state channel Alice and Bob can keep their state updates private and there's of course another advances there's no availability required so even if Ingrid goes offline for a while then Alice and Bob can still continue playing chess okay which is of course a nice feature so now you have seen a basic idea of how we construct generalized state channels now or like what are actually general state channels you would like of course to know how we can construct them unfortunately I cannot explain in detail how this works now because it would take quite a lot of time and we can I would refer like to refer you to our papers which are on the web page that was mentioned on the first slide the one thing that I want to explain to you is what happens in the case of corruption so corruption makes as we all know our life more difficult and this is also why designing such protocols gets quite complex so we have the first case the first example that I would like to look at it with you is now the following so we have Alice Ingrid Bob and clear and Alice wants to play chess with clear so Alice can open a virtual state channel between Alice and clear by using this recursive approach that I just explained and then she can open a chess contract and maybe in this chess contract she did some several moves okay she played very smartly and at the end she is in state n-1 and there's only one state left such that she finally wins the game okay so Alice has to submit to execute to the next state and then she will win but now of course clear and potentially all the other parties they don't have any interest in this okay so they can turn corrupt and try to prevent this they disappear like just in this example that Mo showed on his slide they disappear and then we still have to finish finalize this execution because we want to have a secure protocol so how can this work at a very high level of course it gets very technical because of there are many side cases that we have to deal with essentially Alice first tries to execute the contract in the underlying virtual channel between Bob if this also fails because in my example Bob is also corrupt and essentially everybody can be the protocols have to work even if all parties are corrupt except for this single party and if this also fails then she goes to the next underlying ledger state channel here she tries to execute to the next state in this and then finally if also ingrid is corrupt she goes to the to the underlying ledger okay and of course we trust Ethereum we trust Vitalik so we will get eventually we will get eventually the execution done okay so this is the first example that I would like to look in so now let's look into the next example how can we deal with the corruption case when Alice and Bob are corrupted and they try to cheat ingrid and try to steal her money so they want to steal some ease from from her and this is like a kind of can be a difficult case so for example consider the following situation we have a again a virtual led a virtual state channel between Alice and Bob and we are having a we run a contract and this contract has the following property that if state n minus one instead by n minus one it pays five ease to Bob and in state n it pays five ease to Alice okay so now what Alice and Bob can do to try to cheat ingrid for her money they could try to submit in the underlying ledger state channels because I said this underlying ledger state channels take the role of the blockchain they submit in these underlying ledger state channels these conflicting states and this would result in the following situation if you don't design a carefully developed protocol then it would result in the situation that Alice the corrupted Alice wins five coins the corrupted Bob wins five coins but ingrid who just who's just played the role of the intermediary she was not even involved in this contract she loses ten coins okay so this is something that we want to prevent and we can do this by using or by developing a carefully designed protocol in particular using timings or carefully chosen timings to deal with these special cases unfortunately this is like very simple cases only and it gets much more complicated in our situation so we have this complicated network and now we want to handle also full concurrent protocol execution so many things can happen in parallel parties can open contracts in parallel for example here this middle party here she is involved in two virtual state channels and she runs possibly several contracts in them in parallel and there can also be many corrupted parties and of course we want to deal with this situation okay so we want to design a protocol that even is secure when there are so many corrupted parties when so many things happening parallel when these all these messages are exchanged and the protocol should guarantee the security requirements that we specified so how can we design such a complex protocol and for this we rely on what is essentially the approach of modern cryptography which uses what I mentioned in the beginning security proves to kind of design the protocol using a sound methodology so this approach of modern cryptography which we use essentially for designing cryptographic protocols like whatever encryption schemes or more complicated schemes it works like this that you first specify what is your security definition so you what do you want that the protocol actually should achieve then we design the protocol so we come up with a candidates candidate scheme that hopefully achieves the security definition and once we have done this then we prove its security okay so at a point so okay we prove its security so at the point then of course this process is not like so as nice as I showed to you here okay it's like iterative okay so we sometimes we come up with a candidate scheme we find some problem in this candidate scheme so when we try to prove it so the proof goes fails okay so that's the nice thing about it it gives you a sound methodology to so to say so the proof fails we have to adjust the protocol and then we try to again prove it we fail we try to again prove it so we try we adjust it we try to again prove it and so on and so forth and at some point hopefully then we have a security proof that our protocol our protocol specification guarantees the security requirements that we have specified earlier in this definition part so this is the main benefits of this approach is that it provides a sound methodology for designing complex protocols and it also prevents insecure a talk design so there is like maybe some of you have heard about it there's like this protocol of this probably most of you have heard about TLS okay and it was designed in a talk way without having without using this kind of approach of modern cryptography of proofs provable security and it turned out that there are many kind of bugs in this protocol okay so there are many people found problems and now they're trying to fix it it's a kind of a cat and mouse game and we want to prevent this from the start and actually now in the new version of TLS people decided to use security proofs to develop the protocols so we believe that we should also do this from this from the start with something as complicated as state channel networks so what is our basic framework to use this this is the called the universal composability framework and some time ago we gave a talks we gave some talks at the workshop in Berlin and everybody liked this universal composability framework so I would like to mention it here as well so this is basically how we kind of define security what actually security means okay so so we have these two worlds ideal world and the real world the ideal world is some kind of abstract specification of what kind of security properties the protocol should satisfy okay so it's very simple it just can be written maybe on half a page yeah so it's very simple specification of what this protocol achieves and then the protocol can be like pages long maybe in our case was 20 or I don't know whatever so and now we would like to show it that actually this protocol has the same security features then this very compact description this very compact RP description of the specification and this is done by what is called the UC proof a universal composability security proof and this essentially reduces complex protocol to something as simple as this ideal functionality so before I run out of time I want to quickly talk about some extensions and implement and also briefly about implementation so we recently worked on some follow-up of our original peer network paper and we extended it to also cover or to also support multi-party state channels so what is a multi-party state channel we have now the situation else Bob Carol David and Alice Bob and David they would like to execute some multi-party contract like maybe a game that involves poker game that involves three players and they can do this as follows they built first a virtual channel between Bob and David which is a state channel between Bob and David that's what we already have seen in this talk and then over this virtual state channel and the underlying ledger state channel between Alice and Bob they can create a multi-party state channel and then this in this one then they can deploy a gaming contract a multi-party gaming contract so about the implementation we are cooperating with the company Bosch to provide an open-source implementation for Ethereum of course we also happy to cooperate with other people we are like a research project mainly at the moment I talked to our colleagues from Bosch and they are currently developing the node software for ledger state channels and they will release this in at the end of this year as an open-source project then in Q so in the second half on the first half of 2019 there we will they will release an implementation of the virtual state channels and the hub software and then later at the end of the year they plan to integrate it in some industry use cases so this is for the implementation at the moment we are of course happy to like this will be open source released soon and it will be great if people here collaborate on this with us so let me conclude my talk so what we are trying to build is probably secure layer two solutions we will also look into other possibly soon other solutions like plasma and so on and we believe that to make them ready for mass for massive usage they should they should be solid foundations for these protocols okay so and I just explained to you at a very high level what this is like giving these definitions making a protocol specification really formal and releasing it to the public and then proving the security so this is essentially what we did we designed a protocol it's out there you can go to our web page you can read it and it's it's really like I think fully described so you can like take it and implemented well maybe not tonight but maybe in five nights okay so and then you can then we have security proofs to prove that these protocols are secure and the next step that we would like to do is because these proofs are quite complicated very involved like many corner cases we have to take care of we would actually like to formally verify them by machines so there are some kind of tools like easy crypt and so on we would like to use to use them to verify that actually our proofs are correct we of course hope that they are correct already but better to let them check by a machine this is what we are currently doing we want to in the future work more on implementations and in particular this is maybe a long-term goal also provide some formally verified implementation and of course it's very necessary to start with a sound protocol before you like implement something as complicated as this because if you make mistakes at the protocol level already then you don't need even to formally verify your implementation so that concludes my talk further information are here I would like to thank all our sponsors here that support our research and I'm happy to take questions so when you're writing these protocol specs do you basically like specify or come up with a set of failure modes and then prove that those failure modes can happen and if so then then of course there might be failure modes that you did not think of right and another question is which frameworks are using like what protocol specification languages and proving languages are you using so the first question was if there can be corner case I mean like that of course what we do is like we have a specification of the of the of the of the protocol okay we give this then we have also model and then we showed that whatever an adversary can do in this model he will not succeed whatever this means for example he will not be able to steal money from the intermediary okay like whatever his behavior is as long as he behaves as specified in the model so all this kind of stuff that we heard today like replay attacks and this kind of stuff this is all covered by our model automatically by this UC framework but other stuff maybe it's not covered like for example side channel attacks okay if there is some kind of adversary who tries to break it by doing some side channel attack or I don't I don't know some other stuff this is then not covered by our model and we would have to extend it also currently our model we don't really like have integrated fees yet so this is something also that we would like so gas we don't have this we don't have this formerly modeled yet and this would also be some next step the second question was well yeah second part was just that which so yeah we at the moment we have like some abstract specification of the second pseudo code of the protocols okay so it says okay party a creates a signature sends it to Bob then Bob does something waits five seconds creates a signature of this sends it to Alice and so on so there's something like this it's like a ups like a pseudo code essentially but we are trying now to move it closer to something like formal language that can then be checked by these automated tools okay so so you haven't like written anything like promela specification unlike like temporal no we don't have we have not written it in cock yet or something like that we want to yeah we will do this we are working on this we also here so you can catch us later alright thanks passion


Daniel Mevvedev vs. Tafana Sidney Pass is the second group match for these guys in the ATP finals for 2022. And both guys had disappointing starts to their tournament. To start the season, Sidney Pass was at number four in the world and with a strange mid-season slump, he recovered well to end the year off as number three in the world. His record for the season 59 wins 22 losses. One of the most active players this year and another massive season of tournaments played. He did make five finals, but he only won the two titles from those five finals. He went back to back in Monte Carlo and he won his first grass court event in Mallorca just before Wimbledon. His best win, he beat Daniel Mevvedev in Cincinnati, who was number one at the time. A very big win for Steph, especially on a hard court and against a guy that he hasn't beaten that many times in their careers. His worst loss though was at the start of the year in Marseille against the 163 in the world, Sir Fulin, who was a qualifier in that event. Daniel Mevvedev started the season off as the world number two. And as we know, he was number one in the world a couple of times this year, up until the U.S. Open where Alcares took over and Mevvedev dropped down the rankings before settling down at number five in the world heading into these finals. His win-loss record, 43 wins 19 losses. Not as many wins as some of the other guys because he was at injured for most of the clay court season, so he didn't get a chance to play a lot of the matches while others did. And he had a very tough time in finals this year. Two titles from the five finals that he played. His only titles being in Los Carbos and Vienna a few weeks ago. His best win was against Stefano Siddi-Pas, the world number four at the time at the Australian Open. But his worst loss was against the 284th ranked Vavrenka, who was on the comeback, and that was at Metz. It's been a very strange season for Mevvedev, some highs of being world number one, but also some lows of missing opportunities. These guys have played ten times before with Mevvedev leading the head seven-three. But the three that Siddi-Pas has won have been in the last five matches, including their last match in Cincinnati, where Siddi-Pas finally got the win over Mevvedev on a hard court. If Mevvedev is going to win this one, he needs to be aggressive from the start. He also needs to serve as well as he did against Rublev. But he needs to get on the baseline and not just defend like he was against Rublev.  If Siddi-Pas is going to win this one, he needs to come to the net and have a lot of variety. It worked against Mevvedev in Cincinnati a few months ago, but he needs to do that again. On the fast court, it's going to favor aggression. So if he can come to the net and use that serve, it should be working. This is going to be a very interesting match because both guys are coming off a loss and they're going to be very hungry to get a win in their second match up. But I'm going to go with Mevvedev in this one, just. I think that Mevvedev is going to turn the tables on Siddi-Pas after what happened in Cincinnati. And I feel like this is going to be fireworks. Expect some crazy things to happen in this match. These guys are not very friendly towards each other, but let me know down in the comments below. Who do you think is going to win this fireworks match?