We are in module 1 and one of the lectures that I really decide to give you is on the use of ultrasound in materials synthesis, which is popularly called as sonochemistry and we can always say sonochemistry is a way to realize unusual form of energy in synthesis. As you know interaction of energy with matter brings about chemical reactions, but sonochemistry or interaction of ultrasound with matter is not a direct reaction. In other words, just interaction with any material or matter will not bring forth any useful chemical reaction, but the secondary effect of ultrasound brings about chemical reactions and that is what exactly I want to teach in this lecture. So, this is a unusual form or we traditional chemist will also call this as a unconventional wet chemistry route. There are many wet chemistry routes which can be used for chemical reactions, especially material synthesis, whereas sonochemistry is a very peculiar trade off. So, in this talk before I highlight on how the ultrasound can be used for material synthesis, let me at the outset pull out two important persons who pioneered in the field of material synthesis employing exclusively sound waves. They brought about several perceptions on which many themes have been built in material synthesis including our own laboratory. We have used extensively ultrasound for variety of materials including alloys, oxides and nanoparticles. The first person is professor Kenneth Seslik from the university in USA and we also have professor Aaron Gedenkin from Israel who have really pioneered in the area of inorganic solids. Now, when you talk about ultrasound or sonochemical waves immediately that comes to your mind or to everyone is a sonication bath, because sonication bath is there almost in every laboratory for some sort of a cleaning purpose. It is almost there in many of the research labs in the medical laboratories and in the chemical laboratories and if you can see there are several versions of sonication bath that has come and this should be there in one corner of the lab almost in every institute.  So, it is very easy people who are working on thin films they use this for cleaning all their starting materials. So, that the surface of the layer the substrate in which they are trying to deposit it is all clean. So, several versions of it is there and these are all easily affordable. It starts from range of 5000 to 1 lakh rupees you can just have any sort of versions of this sonication bath, but precisely I am showing this because this is not what I am talking about. This is not the ultrasound application that I am going to talk about. In fact, I am going a one step higher taking to another realm where we can play a costly chemical activity to realize high temperature compounds. When we talk about sound we should know that ultrasound is not friendly to ears and it is not always good. Therefore, first we should understand what is what can be perceived by the human ear. Human ear can take from 20 hertz to 20,000 hertz that is 20 kilo hertz more than this it is not possible. Therefore, when you talk about low bass notes we are talking about 20 hertz and categorize as infrasound mainly this is something that is responded by elephants we will see that later. Then animals and a chemistry we surpassed to kilo hertz region and when you talk about medical and destructive purposes we are talking somewhere close to mega hertz. For real diagnostic purposes you are going still for higher ultrasound range beyond 2 mega hertz precisely we do it in 3 mega hertz. So, we can achieve several things namely sonochemistry even for that matter as we saw in the previous slide cleaning purposes all this come around the same range of frequency, but the pressure that is associated with this sort of applications vary by orders. For example, you cannot go for anything for material synthesis below say 100 kilo Pascal. So, you need to generate very high pressure. So, we are exclusively categorizing sonochemistry in this frequency range and in this pressure range. Then you have also the medical diagnostics island which is forming here and you can see physiotherapy or soft tissue based physiotherapies in the low pressure ranges. So, this is precisely the place where we stand as for a sonochemistry is concerned and we are talking somewhere in this region where we can think about it is usefulness for material synthesis. So, sounds in the range of 20 to 100 kilo hertz as you know they are very much used even by animals. For example, noticeably bats and dolphins use sound waves to communicate whereas, bats send sound waves to eat it cannot find its prey unless or until it sense the sound waves and the feedback it gets clearly tells whether there is any eatable which is in the near proximity. For example, this cartoon says that sound waves are produced goes and hits a strawberry for that matter and then it reflects back. So, even in the night you can actually get the sound waves then you know at what proximity you have the your eatable at hand. So, bats do rely heavily on sound waves to feed themselves whereas, dolphins send sound waves to communicate with each other. So, these are different forms, but let us go one step more to see where we stand and this is another cartoon which tells what we characterize as infrasound and what we characterize as ultrasound. So, we are somewhere in the safe regime where we are where our human ears can hold whereas, when we have bats they go into ultrasound domain bigger animal like elephant stay in the infrasound domain. Ultrasounds used in medical imaging typically operate at frequencies way above human hearing about 2 million hertz to 20 million hertz that is the region where we do the medical imaging and even diagnostic and destructive things. Suppose, you want to break some stones using ultrasound waves or so you can rely on using very high frequency ultrasound waves, but one of the very important manifestation of ultrasound which really brought the material synthesis to focus is sonoluminescence. Suppose, you are going to bubble sound waves in a solution actually if you can stabilize a single bubble or a single domain bubble then you can actually see this bubble luminescing which is called as sonoluminescence and when sono this is a typical cartoon of a sonoluminescence this is the titanium rod and around this you see a bubble which is stabilized which is showing luminescence. So, this actually brought about a series of engineering principles around the issue of cavitation. So, if you can stabilize a cavity what is the dynamic of this cavity and what exactly happens within the cavity and outside the cavity and all the chemical reactions that can happen inside is the basis for sonochemistry. So, we will see this in stages as we go through. Now to put in place where the sonochemistry is compared to several other chemical reactions that we are talking about this is a good slide to talk the interaction of energy with matter we are talking about photochemistry in this time scale we are talking about energy we are talking about time we are talking about pressure. If you think of pressure induced reactions then the one which stands foremost is piezo piezo related synthesis piezo electric rather. So, in which case you actually achieve very high pressures, but this happens in a time scale of 10 power 6 to 10 power 8 which is a very slow process and then you have this geothermal synthesis which is also a very slow process of the order of 10 power 10 to 10 power 12 seconds, but the energy per say all these are form falling in the same energy scale 10 power minus 1 e v and that also includes flame photometry to some extent, but when you go to plasma which involves a very high energy we are talking somewhere around this time scale, but energy scale, but those are very fast reactions. So, to single out between different islands of chemistry we can say that photochemistry and sonochemistry fall in one region, where they are happening at 10 power minus 10 to 10 power minus 12 seconds they are all high pressure and high energy induced reactions very fast process very high energy and very high pressure induced reactions. Therefore, these are of fundamental importance for us. So, sonochemistry is a peculiar island so to say in the material synthesis. Now, how does it work? Let me start with some crazy examples because this can tell us what can happen when we start making materials. This is a cartoon of nano crystalline Fe nanoparticles nanoparticles and this is a AC image of a cluster of these nano Fe particles of the range of 10 to 20 nanometer which was first published by Kenneth Cesslik and group and you can see they are all monosized and nearly they are amorphous. One of the main ways to identify that they are really nano in form is that they would be mostly x-ray amorphous if they are truly nano and at the same time if they are transition metals which are isolated in nano form then on exposure immediately they will catch fire. These are quick ways to recognize that they are certainly in the nano regime. So, this is a cartoon corresponding to nano Fe particles, but sonochemistry has gone way beyond simple synthesis. This is a cartoon that shows you can make monosized hemoglobin micro spheres by using sonochemistry and you can see that these are all roughly of the order of 2 micron particles where you can make such uniform space spears. Here is another cartoon of zinc powders. Now, if you sonicate zinc powders then you can see this sort of welding happens between 2 zinc particles. So, essentially there is a localized melting and high velocity inter particle collisions are happening between 2 particles that clearly shows what is the sort of energetics that is involved in ultrasound. So, you can study various aspect of the influence of ultrasound on medical synthesis or material synthesis. Now, this is another very useful cartoon to drive on the point what exactly the ultrasound can do to surface. This is a cartoon of nickel powder. As you know Rane nickel is a very costly catalyst which is used in organic synthesis or dehydrogenation catalyst. So, Rane nickel is a very costly powder. At the same time if you take a ordinary nickel metal which is in the shelf and if you take a look at the surface of a nickel powder it gives this sort of flowery feature and this is a SCM image of that. Now, you take the same powder and try to sonicate you can see after sonication or exposing it to a slurry of nickel particles. Now, they all look modified in surface and they seem to have been also broken because both are in the same scale bar. So, you see that these clusters seemingly are broken and they are polished. Now, what is the influence you see that once you try to sonicate this ordinary nickel powders and take this powder and do your reactions the reactions are much much more effective and they are nearly comparable to the Rane nickel. So, you do not need to go for a very costly Rane nickel you can just take a shelf nickel powder and you can do any sort of catalytic reactions just by surface treating this with ultrasound. What is essentially this is it removes all the passivating layers of this nickel whatever it is it could be carbonates, hydroxide anything or even the particle size can be broken into smaller ranges and these are all nearly uniform therefore, one can say uniform surface polished nickel particles become highly reactive comparable to that of Rane nickel. So, you can remove the passivation you can really bring forth a variety of interesting features with ultrasound. Now, is that all we can see there we can get lot more clue about what this ultrasound is doing inside the solution. Now, we take just to understand what is the energy parameter that is involved take chromium molybdenum and tungsten powders may take it in the form of slurry with some sort of organic solvent and now try to sonicate it these are the ACM features of the powders before ultrasound and this is after ultrasound. Now, before ultrasound you see the these are the features of the metal particles, but after ultrasound you would see all this chromium particles are getting fused and they form a cluster sort of thing with the same scale bar and same is true for the molybdenum particles they cluster together when you go to tungsten you see there is no change in fact they remain the same what is that mean if you take chromium the melting point is around a 21 30 Kelvin molybdenum 20 30 90 Kelvin and tungsten is very high 36 83 Kelvin. So, if you try to sonicate this nano particles you can clearly see some amount of melting and agglomeration that is happening in the case of chromium and molybdenum compared to tungsten. So, one can say roughly in this sort of sonication you can nearly realize very high temperatures to the tune of 3000 Kelvin undoubtedly otherwise these nano these particles of chromium and molybdenum will not cluster together. So, this agglomeration essentially says not only we can achieve very high pressures we can also achieve very high temperatures, but where is it all happening and if such high temperatures are happening what is happening to the container or to the chemical reaction these are open questions, but we can try to understand all this provided we know what is really happening in the sonochemistry. Now, sound pressure sound waves when they propagate through a liquid lot of things can happen now as you see here we have compression waves and rarifaction waves they these are the compression waves and then they relax rarifaction and then compression and then rarifaction. So, when a bubble is trapped or when there is a sufficient frequency of the sound to to ripple or to pull apart the solvent molecules. Now, this sort of cavities are formed and once a cavity is formed you have a continuous propagation of sound through the liquid therefore, this cavity is now going to grow because of the rarifaction and expansion compression waves you are going to have a growth of this particle and as a result this will grow in size to optimum and beyond a particular point it is supposed to break as we know that cavities has to break at some point of time. So, this is a simple cartoon just to tell you that liquids irradiated with ultrasound can form bubbles these bubbles oscillate growing and in the next slide I will try to show you how this transition cavitation works and what is the origin of sonochemistry here. So, as I told in the previous slide we have the formation of cavity and this cavity actually grows in size over several cycles due to the compression and expansion wave and if you see on the y axis you see the bubbled radius. So, typically from 20 micron range it actually grows up to nearly 150. Now when it has gone through several cycles there is a particular cycle at which in a single step it will grow to this maxima and this is the optimum bubble size where the surface tension of this cavity is at its maximum and when there is another compression wave at this point the compression wave will actually push this cavity to collapse and how does it collapse it does not explode whereas, it actually implosively collapses. So, you know that most of the cases the bubbles will rupture, but the explosion it is mostly of a explosive nature, but in this case this is a implosive collapse. So, when there is a implosive collapse you see there is a shock wave that is triggered which results in a local hotspot and what is the radius of this hotspot hotspot is of the radius of 150 micron. So, in this what happens all this has happened in the time scale of say 100 to 400 microseconds. So, it is a fast reaction the bubble growth is dynamic and the implosive collapse is also dynamic at this point when it implosively collapses very high temperatures and very high pressures are released and also it is immediately a rapid quenching technique. Therefore, whatever pressure is realized whatever temperature is realized it is all felt only for a microsecond. So, whatever reaction that has to happen chemistry wise has to happen in those microsecond time scale. So, these are a fast quenching and high temperature high pressure reactions in the first place. So, the principle or the origin of sonochemistry is this transient cavitation that is occurring and this is actually implosively collapsing. Now, to see what sort of a bubble that we are talking about this is a simulated bubble that shows that this is a implosive collapse and also because it is implosive in nature the whole transformation or the thermodynamics that is involved in this cavitation is adiabatic nature. So, all the temperature that is released is confined within the system and therefore, anything that is trapped within the cavity will actually realize the maximum pressure and the temperature effect. So, in this cavity you can try to bring out the fascinating chemistry that you are looking for. So, this is the essence of sonochemistry. Now, cavitation and hot spots can bring about lot of issues or data that are per say very meaningful.  Now, if you actually proceed towards the bubble the temperature zone the red one is nothing but your super critical fluid which can even achieve temperature up to 1900 Kelvin compared to the local areas. These are nearly at room temperature, but if you go closer to the cavity then you achieve around 1900 Kelvin and the white space that you see here is nothing but your cavity which is trapped with some gas and the temperature zone is of the order of 3000 to 5000 Kelvin and that depends on the nature of the gas that is trapped. Now, this cavitation became very important mainly because there was a serious flaw during the British army exercise. They found that the turbines that they have used were fastly getting corrupted and collapsing. So, this was one of the main reason why the issue of cavitation was taken as a engineering problem. Now, here you can see here in this cartoon a shiny turbine which is being mounted into submarines and other army applications, but here you can see that these turbines have catastrophically failed mainly because of the issue of cavitation. So, what really happens in the cavity? Cavity enhances any sort of reaction to a rates up to a million times and it is believed to be due to small cavities of say approximately 100 microns which implode creating tremendous heat and pressure shock waves and particle acceleration and this process is called as cavitation. So, the key word for sonication is nothing but cavitation and this started gaining attention for organic chemists in the very early years because when someone noticed that organic solvents seemingly are responding very much to sonochemical waves or ultrasound waves it was found that probably this could be extended for chemical reaction. So, that was the origin of using sound waves to chemistry. So, if you look at the solvent and temperature effects more wide the cavity the hotter it becomes upon collapse. So, if you can trigger a larger cavity then you can trigger a hotter region and it collapses rapidly then vapor pressure of the solvent also becomes important. Lower vapor pressure solvents lead to hotter cavitation whereas, higher vapor pressure solvents do not lead to such hot cavitation lower temperature solvents faster hotter cavitations. So, these are some thumb rules are guiding principles to realize very high temperatures and which are mainly solvent dependent. Now, how cavities are formed in solvents they are mainly dependent on the tensile strength of the liquid. So, depending on the tensile strength of different solvent cavities are formed when negative pressure exceeds tensile strength of liquid cavities are formed. So, there should be a negative pressure during this ultrasound waves you have a compressive and a rarefaction wave. So, compression and rarefaction wave when you have a negative pressure which is exceeding the tensile strength of the liquid then immediately it results in a cavity and nucleated process without weak points ultrasound could form cavities. You do not need a rusted region or some imperfect region in a solid to create a cavity just based on the tensile strength of the liquid you can create such cavities. Dissolved gases often help for cavities as tensile strength is weakened and every solvent forms cavities not just water. You do not just need water for making cavities any solvent for that matter depending on its tensile strength can form cavities and if you are interested you can look at this paper which gives you all these useful reactions. Now, when you straight back to see when it all happened two things happened in year 1927 the first intercontinental flight was initiated. In other words transatlantic flight was in year 1927 and it was also the beginning of sonochemistry and it was Loomis who reported the beneficial use of ultrasound to chemistry such as you know ever so slightly depressing boiling points increasing the rate of iodine clock reaction expulsions of super saturated dissolved gases and increasing the rate of hydrolysis of dimethyl sulphate. These were some of the quick results that were coming in those early years where the use of ultrasound was actually highlighted. But as you see here this has nothing to do with material synthesis but we are talking about some sort of a kinetic reactions and reactions involving solvents. Why it is so special for chemist? Sonochemistry involves very high energies and pressure in short time scale. So, if you are looking for quick synthesis and issues involving very high pressures you can resort to sonochemistry and you know complementary to that is your photochemistry which interacts with chemicals on short time scale at high energies. So, we are actually talking about scaling up of energy in material synthesis. So therefore, this can become useful. I will take you through few examples of organic synthesis just to give you some background because most of the work has been done in organic synthesis as well apart from material synthesis. Just for continuity sake and also to tell that sonochemistry is not exclusively used only for materials I would like to pinpoint some of the view graphs that were quoted by professor Collin Huges and he has also summed up some of the literatures that are available to study the basics of sonochemistry which I thought is useful for our lecture. Therefore, these are some of the informations that I have taken from Dr. Collin Huges group and some of the organic synthesis for example biochemical applications. If you look at acetylation reaction or acyl migration reaction or substitution reaction or 1, 3 dipole cyclization reaction several reactions are listed here and these are for biochemical applications. As you carefully look at this reaction you could see that most of it are involving metals, metal salts as catalysts and this metal salt based conversion reactions you can see has phenomenal effect when you try to use ultrasound. Without ultrasound you see the yield is very bad and it takes long hours yield is very bad takes long days many days and this reaction is very slow to the order of a week and several days of reaction with almost very less conversion. Whereas, if you look at the sonochemistry 92 percent of conversion 72, 83, 93 percent and all these are falling in the time scale of few minutes.  So, although the complete mechanism of understanding the conversion is not possible, but there are several clues that we can pick up as much as we have told about the dependency of the solvent its tensile strength and its influence on the material synthesis. So, in this case we see a pronounced effect and this is another reaction that is coated it is called a tandem wolf copy reaction which is both attempted without sonochemistry and without ultrasound. So, if you use sonication in both cases they have used silver oxide as catalyst you can see that there is conversion which is highly selective and with the very good yield if you are using sonication. Whereas, without sonication you seem to have a different product also with a lot of other side products therefore, we can say that you can look for name reactions which are highly selective if you are going to use sonication. For more details you are going to look at it because I am not essentially laying emphasis on the organic reactions. So, you can resort to this reference for more clarification and there is another one which is called dramatic reduction in hindered Mitsunobu reaction rate and here again in this case you see a conversion from here to this product involves 7 days whereas, it can be achieved with lot of selectivity in just 15 minutes time using sonication and it was also found out that when you use halogenated solvents they are actually more influential than using mineral acids. For example, you take the conversion of these two reactants to the product if you are going to use toluene whether you use ultrasound or without ultrasound the yield is nearly 3 percent. When you use dichloromethane for example, you can see when you use ultrasound it is highly selective whereas, without that it is very poor, but at the same time it is not due to chlorine atoms if you use mineral acid you see that the reaction almost does not happen at all. So, what it means is halogenated solvents seemingly have pronounced effect and it has also been proved in several organic reactions that any reaction which is undergoing free radical mechanism have a very pronounced effect using ultrasound. Here again you have a barbeer reaction for a variety of conversions and one can single out to see if you are going to use sonochemistry almost 100 percent yield or conversion is affected when you use sonication and this is actually reported in jacks for people who are interested in such name reactions you can refer to this. And what about Woodward Hoffman reaction conversion say for this cis form converting to this product and transform reacting converting to this product these are stereo specific conversions and whether you use light or whether you are going to use heat the conversions are very selective for example, the conversion of this cis isomer to this product it is very selective only if you use thermal reaction whereas if you use photoindist reaction it converts to this. So, it is very selective that way similarly for the trans one, but the same thing if you use sonochemistry the cis or the trans will give only one stereo specific reaction. So, this is not only side selective this is not only selective for free radical mechanism you also see that you can get stereo specific products by using sonochemistry actually it was Luce who did several studies using solvents and he developed a new interpretation what he said was organic sonochemical reactions by types one type is heterogeneous reactions were spread up due to mechanical effects of the ultrasound waves as I told you if you use metal catalyst then you have variety of influence and faster conversion homogeneous reactions were spread up due to generation of radicals. So, you can just single out two issues one is mechanical effect another one due to radicals true sonochemical reactions are those which involve a SET type which is enantiomeric type of activities. So, we can see one or two examples of that testing ultrasound with the unknown anionic reactions one such reaction is this known to react purely via anionic mechanism ultrasound have no effect on the rate or yield and if you look at the switching reaction for example, if you try to conversion of this alcohol using nitric acid with ultrasound you see complete conversion to this switching form whereas, without ultrasound you almost see 0 percent conversion on this and with ultrasound this is not possible whereas, this is possible therefore, reaction to the acid known to proceed through a radical cation reaction reaction to the nitrate ester known to proceed purely via anionic mechanism. So, some of the take home messages as Lucia has emphasized as far as organic synthesis concern ultrasound accelerates reactions due to cavitation this can be due to mechanical effects and due to promotion of cation anionic based reaction. Now, when we come to material synthesis the game is different and the way ultrasound is employed is different which we will see in the next few slides. So, how can we use this ultrasound for making nano materials this cartoon explains the use of ultrasound you take any carbonyl nitrolycans or metal carbonyls or metal nitrolycans in this form and if you can apply ultrasound the first consequence could be preparing a ending up with a metal nanoparticle and this nanoparticle can be taken to different forms suppose I am going to use a stabilizer it could be a surfactant or it could be any alkaline solvent alkali solvent you can actually stabilize nano phase metal colloids. So, once you get nanoparticles you can put a stabilizer and convert it into a colloid where you can essentially stabilize these nanoparticles in a suspended form or if you are going to bubble this with some sulphur source either elemental sulphur or sodium sulphide or some other sulphur source you can essentially get nano metal sulphides. For example, if you take cobalt and you bubble it with the sulphur in the presence of ultrasound you will get cobalt sulphide. If you take any hydrocarbon and try to trap this then you can get nano phase alloys or carbides. If you are going to use this in ambient condition that is in the absence of any inert or atmosphere like argon or nitrogen in the presence of oxygen you can directly convert that into any metal oxides and if you are going to take a inorganic support then you can get supported metal catalyst. For example, if you want to trap some iron nanoparticles in alumina support or silica support then you use such a inorganic support to get this metal catalyst. So, just starting with one particular starting material using ultrasound you can play around with a variety of compounds inorganic compounds and for a good review you can actually look at this which appeared as early as 1995. Now, this is typically the way you can realize a reaction as you are trying to apply ultrasound in a sonicator cell which is a which is a typical cartoon that you can see there is a power supply which is going through electrode and there is a horn which is nothing but a piece of electric horn and this is your titanium rod which is actually mounted or suspended into a solvent and this is the sonochemical cell that you can have you can actually keep you can keep sending nitrogen or argon as you desire. Now, once the sound waves comes in for a long time this will actually be trying to scissor the nitrocyl or carbonyl moiety from the metal and after a particular time you would see the solution turning black. The moment the solution turns black you can be sure that the metal nanoparticles are formed. So, typically this conversion would take place of the order of say 1, 2, 3 hours depending on the nature of starting material that you are employing. So, once this is formed then you can try to take the whole vessel into a argon glove box and then you can try to carefully filter so that this metal nanoparticles can be preserved in inert conditions. One reaction that we need to take during sonochemistry is you need to actually apply ice bath so that the hot spots which will ultimately keep heating this vessel will be kept at low temperatures otherwise your organic solvent can evaporate. So, most of the reactions we can use Dekelin as a solvent which is preferably used. So, this is a cartoon which tells typically how a sonochemical synthesis work. Now, when we talk about the sonochemistry for material synthesis it is two ways. It can either be a top down approach or it can be a bottom up approach meaning you can actually use a solvent and some metal salts in solution and then you can arrive at synthesis of this nanoparticles or you can start with the heterogeneous reaction and you can end up with this same regime. So, both ways you can end up with nano materials. Now, I will show some examples of how we can make alloy nanoparticles. For example, one of the most important alloys is cobalt platinum alloys which is also used in memory storage devices. So, you can take CO 2, CO 8 which is nothing but CO 1 carbonyl and this CO 1 carbonyl if you sonicate for 3 hours in Dekelin solution you will get cobalt nanoparticles. Similarly, if you take platinum chloride in case of platinum chloride you do not have carbonyl, but you can still use platinum carbonyl and if you can sonicate for 3 hours in n propanol you get platinum nanoparticles. So, if you are looking for cobalt platinum nanoparticles take these two together and sonicate it for 3 hours you can get cobalt platinum nanoparticle and some of the view graphs will tell us what sort of product we can get. This is a typical transmission electron micrograph of cobalt platinum nanoparticles that are formed. You can see they are making some sort of hard shaped decorations and essentially each one of these small dots are cobalt platinum nanoparticles roughly of the order of 2 to 3 nanometer in size. How do I know that? If you take the selected area diffraction of this particular compound it gives a blurred image which means it is not even polycrystalline is real in amorphous form. So, you do not get any electron diffraction spots, but if you are actually going to focus the same TEM beam or the electron beam on a particular particle you would see this, but soon after that you would also find that the same region is getting crystallized to a ring pattern. What does this mean? The electron beam is able to crystallize that nanoparticle from amorphous to a crystalline form. So, it is that fine at the same time they are very reactive they can even get crystallized by the interacting electron beam. Therefore, we need to understand this is the sort of reactive particles that we can end up with sonochemistry. Now, what is so great about this cobalt platinum nanoloids? Because cobalt platinum and nanoloids show structural disorder and this can influence the magnetic property or catalytic property to a greater extent. If you take the cobalt platinum amorphous alloys that we have prepared using sonochemical approach, you can see the phase transformation that is occurring. If you do the DSE curve for cobalt platinum the first peak what you see here is the glass transition temperature and this amorphous alloy is getting crystallized somewhere around 350 degree C. So, if you want to study this in amorphous form you should always restrict your temperature for treating this particles well below 300. Now, one of the beauty of this DSE curve tells us whether this is a reversible transformation. So, first is the glass transition and then is the crystallization then you see the FCC to FCT conversion and when you reverse it back this FCC to FCT now reverse backs to FCT to FCC. So, this is a reversible conversion, but once you have crossed through this crystallization temperature on the second run you see that this has become smaller this crystallization and in the reversible you do not see anything. So, the FCC to FCT conversion happens beyond 400 and this is a reversible conversion in the first cycle, but once it is crystallized then you do not see this reversible conversion. So, this is the essential feature for any sort of usage of this cobalt platinum nanoparticle therefore, you have a governing principle there you cannot go beyond 300 Kelvin 300 degree C. So, we can make powder complex of this cobalt platinum and you can anneal it at 300 to do electrical resistivity measurements and this cartoon tells that in the XRD for 0 percent platinum you are seeing a small signature of a HCP and as you increase the platinum content you almost see a amorphous pattern for the as prepared compounds, but when you heat it at 900 degree C in case of both the cobalt nanoparticle as well as 30 percent platinum nanoparticle you do not see the HCP which is supposed to be the case whereas, you see completely a FCC transformation that is the beauty of sonochemical reaction, because FCC is not possible to be stabilized below 1000 degrees for cobalt platinum alloys. So, when you are heating it at 900 degree C you are able to stabilize a FCC pattern at room temperature which means this is a metastable phase. So, in nano form when you try to prepare compounds you are essentially able to successfully stabilize metastable phases for a cobalt platinum series not only that you can see that this FCC, FCC transformation is occurring as you are going to higher temperature and this 200 and this 220 incidentally these are the peaks of platinum substrate this is not the system peak this is the platinum substrate peak. So, what you should be watching is the crystallization or the FCC to FCC transformation which is occurring here as a function of temperature. So, this is a high temperature x ray pattern that we have done for cobalt platinum 50 50 alloy. So, you can see how the crystallization and phase transformation occurs. Now, one of the important thing that I want to dry home in this view graph is what really happens to the electrical property in this sort of materials nano materials. If you do the resistance normalized resistance versus temperature plot you can see systematically the resistance is increasing as you increase with platinum, but what happens in all cases you have a minima which is important from the physics point of view this is exactly due to the local disorder or due to the magnon effect and as a result you have a up curve in the resistivity below this minima. Now, if you look at the T minima T minima that we are talking about and if you try to plot this T minima as a function of platinum concentration you would see only for a 30 percent cobalt platinum alloy you see the T minima is more pronounced and also the residual resistivity seems to be more pronounced only for 30 percent. As a result if you plot the M R by M S from the hysteresis loop you also see the same trend for the cobalt platinum alloy and as a result the magnet of resistance ratio seems to be maximum only for 30 percent platinum doped alloy. So, what we see from here we can make correlations between magnet of resistance and the local disorder in this cobalt platinum nano alloys and we can make several interesting observations as a function of platinum doping. So, one can systematically study what is really the governing factor that controls the properties as you see here all the amorphous alloys show magnet of resistance 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 percent, but when you do the magnet of resistance at 300 percent you see a positive M R only for 30 percent doped ones whereas, the other ones are showing feeble magnet of resistance and this positive M R is due to the local order and also because of the residual resistivity which is higher for the 30 percent case. So, we can bring interesting conclusions based on the structure property correlations and we can also see that there is a very strong coupling for 10 and 40 percent platinum doped one compared to the 30 percent stuff and therefore, there is a oscillatory dependence of M R that we can notice in this compounds. Another interesting alloy is iron platinum nano alloy, we can prepare it in amorphous nano form, but there are interesting features that we see in iron platinum nano alloys. This is the resistivity curve for a typical iron platinum nano alloy prepared by sonochemistry where you can see a crystalline one shows a resistivity curve like this and amorphous curve actually shows the magnetic transition in a peculiar form. Let me bring forth some examples of that before that you can see how the iron platinum nano alloys form a self assembly. As you can see here there are several regions where this sort of clustering of this nano particles are happening which I have shown in this cartoon and if you calculate the nano particles these are typically from 1.5 to 3 nanometer size. So, in such particle size we can isolate iron particle nano alloys and if you can actually look at the phase diagram there are interesting things that we can understand. One is there are several regions where the equilibrium phase diagram indicates there are magnetic phases as well as non magnetic phases. For example, in this case you have alpha Fe phase and this is the region where the alloy is magnetic and this is the region where alloy is magnetic and this is the region where alloy is magnetic and there are regions where because of order disorder transformation you do not see magnetic phases. So, if there are no magnetic phases in between in this regions then those regions should not show magneto resistance. So, in the next few graphs I will try to show you how critically the magnetic phases depend on magneto resistive response and how sonochemically derived powders can influence the magnetic property and this we will see in the subsequent slides.


Hey from Canada! Today is going to be a errand day. I'm going to handle the tanks so you're not going to come with me, but we'll check in tomorrow, but I just want to say goodbye, Dean! Have a safe travels in Alaska. I'll see you hopefully in September when you come back. Cool. Let's catch the pneumatic movement. They're backing up right now. But like I said, I'll catch up with the vlog tomorrow, but I just want to say goodbye. I love you guys! Bye Lola! Actually this could get interesting. I'll take you guys with me today. Reason being fuel tanks. We're doing some cool stuff with fuel tanks. Just got saw Steve. He's hilarious dude. Gave us like a moose sausage or something. Just got a couple pieces of metal. It's already 2 p.m. I gotta race over to the junkyard and get those two tanks. Let's boogie. All right. I think I said I was going to get two seats. I changed my mind. Seats a little worn jumping around. Anyways, I'm going to grab these two tanks. They're still upright from last time. This is going to be a little tricky because they're kind of heavy and it's just me. Looks like CrossFit. Junkyard edition. It's like 250 pounds. All right. One down. One to go.  Just want to make sure for a company. Let's look for this sign. I mean they look close enough. I don't think it's going to be an issue. Might not be exact. Could be a problem. Well, I got this far. One way to find out now I guess.  I feel like I just completed some kind of triathlon strength training outfit. You want to get in shape lose a couple pounds.  Oh man. All right. Now we're going to go talk to Rocky.  So we're just going to try and save a little money. Repurpose some things and you know kind of like recycle.  My buddy's going to take a look at them. Let me know if it's even possible to modify them. And it's going to get back to me. And if not, we're going to go with a custom tank. And you know, that's just sometimes what you got to do. Custom project, custom tank. Like I mentioned in a previous video, it's a fixed cost. So once the money is spent, we'll never have to spend it again. And you know, it's one of the things where more fuel I can carry, the less I got to stop and go and hunt for vegetable oil. It is the next day, by the way. We don't have a ride anymore. The truck had to go back. Just want to say thanks again to Nutbar for letting us use it. It was very helpful and it was a huge help. So thanks man. Okay, so jumping in the stuff. This is part of the veggie oil stuff. We salvaged this out of a truck yard. I've been taking it apart, playing with it, cleaning it out. It's a fuel water separator for diesel. That's one for Mike. Right now today, we are trying to organize some of the, I don't call it trash, more recyclables. And got lots of metal. So to answer the age old question of, oh my gosh, if you redo a bus, is it going to be heavy? Is it going to be so much heavier? And the correct answer is just thinking, I was literally just thinking, everyone tells me that they're like, you're going to add so much weight to that thing. Yeah, there's like a thousand pounds at least. There is a couple tons that we removed. That's correct. So when you take stuff out, like this metal is seriously heavy stuff. It obviously metal is heavier than wood. So when you're taking out like sometimes 40 seats, 35 seats, that's a lot of weight. So between all the metal, all the other stuff, um, yeah, we're going to add some weight to it, clearly a lot with the vegetable oil system. But the correct answer to that age old question, yes, but no, it's not. It's also weight distribution. True. It's about weight distribution, not about how much weight you're putting in. Yeah, because you got freaking, you got truck frames. So these things are made to carry way more than they got. So with your veggie oil, which I don't know if you told them where you're putting things and what not yet really, it's all kind of weighted out so that you're going to have a thousand more pounds of oil, but it's not going to really mess up your ride. Yeah. I mean, plus it, I mean, how many passengers could there possibly be in the bus? I mean, mostly, most of the time it's just me. You guys know that. And if I do have people with me, that's a heck of a lot weight, heck of a lot less weight than this whole entire thing filled up with human beings. Switching gears. Mike, what did you accomplish when I was running errands for a couple hours? Well, me and Badge here, we got, well, you can see, I don't know if the last time he showed this, it was all welded and stuff, but this thing's all ready to be kind of actually final prepped and, you know, sealed and whatnot. So right now it looks all ground and rough, but we'll slide this sucker in. So guys, this is, this is what we did. This is a big reveal. This is a big secret that we were messing with you guys. And thanks for being a good sport. We just wanted to make it exciting. We were going to have it open like a Dutch door. That was Michael's idea. And then somewhere along the way we decided to do like a goal wing door where it, you know, kind of comes up. And then there's going to be a table there that comes down. So it's going to kind of have like a little overhang, not like an awning, but like it'll cover, you know, the table a little bit. So, yeah, exciting stuff over here in Squatterville. Very exciting stuff. And by the way, even more exciting, I'm not sure if I mentioned it early in the video because this is a two day video. Did I? We're getting the pump. Oh, no, I thought you were talking about where we're going. Oh, we're getting the pump finally on Thursday. Oh, the veggie pump. Yeah, the veggie pump. Veggie pump. This has been a like a thorn in our heel. It has been a sliver under our skin. It has been a speed bump in the road of life. We're finally getting this thing delivered. It took a little bit of trouble, lots of patience, but it was really like the the last missing piece of the puzzle to make this thing work. And hopefully we can get that fuel tank by this weekend or so and then mount it up. And just so you know, the fuel tank is going to be about 105 inches long. So we're going to go from about here all the way to the tire. And I calculated cubic feet into US liquid gallons. And it's going to be somewhere around 125 gallons. That's right, folks, 125 gallons. So if I were to get 10 miles per gallon, how many miles could I go on a single tank? That is correct. 1250 miles. I don't get 10. I get about eight. So that's about a thousand miles. And it's pretty easy to get oil. Our friends over at the Goldies Pizza here in Drayton Valley have been giving us their oil twice a week. So I'm up to about 50 gallons. And as you guys know, $3 a gallon, that's $150 worth of diesel fuel I got for free. So thanks, guys. Now moving on in here. It's going to rain today. So I'm not sure when and if we're going to start, but we're going to start with the subfloor shortly. And we've got to just make sure everything's waterproofed. You have anything to add? No, pretty much we just got to make sure it's waterproof. Then we're ready to put the wood in. But you know, it's always, it rains when you don't want it to. And now that we want it to be waterproofed and we're like so close, it's going to rain today and then it's not going to rain for three days. So we're going to have to get a hose or something. That's the way it goes. True. And we've basically broken every single rule we recommended. When you start a build, be close to a hardware store or a major town. Make sure you have like power. I would say don't do it where it gets muddy. Somewhere where, you know, if it rains, those are, I mean, we've basically kind of put it where you wouldn't want not to do. Exactly. Anyways, follow our advice on our example.


Before we begin, I'd like to ask Rear Admiral John McNamara, United States Navy Chief of Chaplains, to say a prayer. Let us pray. Lord God, of old in Scripture, you inspired the psalmist to sing these lyrics to the ideals of the American experiment. Amen. We've... please be seated. We're all gathered here to welcome into the office of Secretary of the Navy, as my representative on Capitol Hill, an outstanding public servant who has won the respect of the leaders of both parties and to whom I've repeatedly turned for help and advice for the past two years, Will Ball. You know, sometimes you find that someone else has put things in a way you just can't improve upon. When Senator Tomage introduced Will to the Senate Armed Services Committee, he said, one prerequisite for the Secretary of the Navy is character. Will Ball has character in abundance. And he added, the second prerequisite is patriotism, which Will Ball also has in abundance. Well, I second that all the way. Will takes over the Navy at a critical time. The defense budget has now been cut for four consecutive years, and yet we must maintain the gains this administration has made in rebuilding our naval and military capabilities. The good ship or the 600 ship Navy remains our goal. Will's job will be to skipper our naval forces through some troubled waters while keeping our Navy and Marine Corps teams second to none. Every good captain is concerned about the welfare of the men and women under his command. Will served three years aboard ship. He's had his sea legs for years, and he knows what matters to those who swab the decks, land on the shores, man the guns, fly the planes, live in the subs, and sail the oceans of the world in the cause of freedom. Keeping re-enlistments high and the quality of our recruits, the best it's ever been will be Will's other big assignment. That's never been easy given the demands on our people who must deploy at sea for long periods of time and be separated from their families. This is but one of the challenges unique to the Navy facing our new secretary and I'm confident he's the man for the job. It's no secret that Will has a big job ahead of him, but I have a feeling that Will is just the fellow to give up or to give a few up on the hill a dose of that old time religion. After all, he's the son of a Baptist preacher and I've seen he's a pretty good preacher himself when he gets going. That puts me in mind of a story that they used to tell about someone who once had his office just down the hall back when this magnificent room belonged to the secretary of the Navy. Concerns Teddy Rousevelt, who as you know served for a time as assistant secretary of the Navy. Well you remember Teddy, strong, willed, persuasive and nothing could stop him. There used to be a story about him that after he died he got to heaven and on his first day in heaven he told St. Peter, your choir is weak, inexcusably weak, you should reorganize it at once. St. Peter said all right and gave T.R. the job well Teddy said I'll need 10,000 Sopranos, 10,000 Altos and 10,000 Tenors.  Teddy said don't worry about that, I'll sing bass. One man bass section. Well that's your job now, willed. Good luck and God bless you. And I should add now we'll have the swearing in. Mr. President, thank you very much Will if you and Mrs. Ball could place your hand on the Bible that would raise your right hand and repeat after me. William L. Ball III, you solemnly swear. I, William L. Ball III, solemnly swear. That I will support at the family constitution of the United States. That I will support at the Constitution of the United States. Against all enemies foreign and domestic. Against all enemies foreign and domestic. That I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same. That I take this obligation freely. That I take this obligation freely. Without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion. Without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion. And that I will, well and faithfully discharge. That I will, well and faithfully discharge. The duties of the office are what I'm about to honor. The duties of the office are what I'm about to honor. So help me God, so help me God, so help me God. Congratulations. Thank you Mr. President. You honor me and my family by your presence here and I shall be forever grateful to you for the privilege of serving on your staff and for this great opportunity you have given me. I also want to thank my new boss, Secretary Carlucci for being here. My former boss, Secretary Schultz for being here. And the other members of the cabinet who could join us today. I especially appreciate the many members of Congress who've come down from the hill on a very busy day to be with me in this historic room to share this special moment. I want to express special gratitude to Senator Howard Baker for his guidance and leadership and his patience with me as chief of staff. And of course I will forever owe a debt of gratitude to John Tower for the opportunities and the lessons and the inspiration that he gave to me years ago. And it was just 23 years ago that I received a message from another gentleman in this room when I was a senior in high school and my mother called from home and said I'd received a telegram and she as an inquisitive mother would want to do opened it. And it was a message from my senior senator saying that I had been accepted in the Navy's ROTC program. And it was that message that began my forthcoming association with the Navy. One week ago that same senior senator called me and told me that the Senate had just confirmed me as Secretary of the Navy. And I don't know of any duty that a constituent could ask a senior senator to do more than that which Strom Thurmond has done for me and for my family down through the years. Mr. President on Monday I had occasion to visit the Carl C. the aircraft carrier and she has just returned from a six month deployment with the Sixth Fleet and the Mediterranean. On that great ship I was immediately able to see one of the many legacies that you will leave to history. This particular legacy is perhaps the one that matters most to those who serve at sea. It is indeed written on the faces of those Carl C. sailors in their spirit and dedication. It can be seen in the cleanliness of the fire rooms and engine rooms far below decks. It signifies what you have done Mr. President for our seagoing people who are proud once again thanks to you. And I might add as befits a ship that so reflects the accomplishments of this President in office the nickname given to the Carl C. is the Ageless Warrior. I am ready to assume my duties Mr. President and with the continued support and assistance of the Congress we on your Navy and Marine Corps team will remain strong and prepared and will plan wisely for our future so that we can stay that way. As you have time and again explained to the American people it is only by doing so that we can expect to preserve the peace and ultimately extend the special gift that is freedom to people the world over. Thank you.


Hey there friends, how's it going? My name is Kevin and yes, I'm wearing a hat. It's cold. I have literally no heating in my house. It's broken. Oh, and it shields me from the- AHHHHHH! Okay, no, it just delays it. Oh, it made it worse if anything. Anyway, today we're playing bug snacks. I'm not sure what this game is. I'm already a little bit confused. I was about to say that's shallow water, but no, my boat is flying. Okay. This is so much to unpack and we're like five seconds in. Okay, at least. Oh my god. Nope. Nope, I'm out. All right, game over. Goodbye. See you next time. Lance on an island sees a spider immediately kills itself. Oh, okay mysterious skeleton. I have a camera. There go the spiders says the great wise Hagrid said all I have to do is follow the spiders. Oh my god. I'm sorry god for mentioning Hagrid. I know he threatens you. Oh, there goes the Chad that took down my ship. My person is terrified and dead. A very dangerous combination. What kind of smut is this? What am I watching? Get a room. Where am I even watching this? Like, I just passed out by smacking my head against the rock. Am I imagining this? So there's some sort of addiction problem in this town apparently. They're addicted to bug snacks. Okay. I don't understand. Is this a flashback? Am I remembering how this all happened? Hey, clumpy. Do you have any idea how much trouble you've caused me? No, I actually really don't. I have no idea what's happening. Why don't you believe in bug snacks? What's wrong with snack to the island? What do you know about Lisbert? Is my person six? I'm just going to throw a tantrum and say, well, I'm going.  Exactly why I'm going. Okay. Present day. Okay. Yes. It was sort of a flashback. I'm waking up again.  Come here.  No, I can't. I just found him and I'm just going to say moving on. I think there's a bug snack right over there. Could you get a good look at it? There really is an addiction problem on this island. All right. Come here.  Come here. Come here. I'm taking a picture of him and it just says the self-appointed mayor. He seems to be trying his best. Okay. Can I take a picture of the bug snack? Watch its walking pattern. I mean, I'm watching it, but what do I do then? He said, they're a little shy.   He's too fast. The mayor helped me please. Take my snack trap. Oh, thank you.  No, don't present yourself to me. Okay. So this is walking pattern. I'm going to deploy it right here. Gotcha.  All right. Put away.  There we go. It's gone. Wait. I need to feed him to the mayor. All right. If you're sure, here you go. What is this? Oh, I don't like this. He looks so happy. He looks like the thing out of cloudy with a chance of meatballs. Oh my God. This just seems wrong. All right. Look, just drop it in. Did he scream as he died? What happened to his arm? Pretty neat, huh? No. It's a side effect of eating bug snacks. A side effect? That seems pretty serious. All right. I got to catch three more. He wants more of them for some reason. Oh, he's distressed. Wait, what?  What? He took my thing. Come back here. This instant. Retrieve. Okay. Good. Get out of here. Yes. Got another one. There you are, buddy. Eat another one. You know the old saying though, you are what you eat. Prepare for some side effects. Yep. Never knew that saying was so literal. Why am I feeding this dude? Like, I've just fallen off that bridge and smacked my head against the rock. I need medical attention.  Get in there. You're going to get in the trap.  Here we go. Yes. Gotcha. Awesome. There you go. Yeah, awesome. Now three of your four limbs are strawberries. What is that? Whatever it is, I got it. A rootle. Okay. Here, I thought it'd be nice to have some variety. So eat this. Oh my God. It looks poisonous.   How long is it going to take those fruit and veg to just rot off of you? What are you doing out here? I don't know. Feeding some lunatic. I don't understand what's happening. I know who you are. Don't point that strawberry at me. God, you can run fast. You must have been one speedy boy before I replaced your limbs with strawberries and carrots. Garden Grove. Oh my God. Well, aren't you terrifying? You're somehow scarier than the other things I've seen. I found a journalist. I don't think this guy's even the mayor. He's just some whack job with a problem. Now kindly leave and take a ketchup for the road. That whole scene was just so difficult to understand. Stranger. Yes, this bonger goes wild for ketchup. Okay, take my sauce slinger, gather up some ketchup and use it to leave the bonger over yonder. Oh man, there's so much to digest. Poor choice of words for this game, I think. Okay, let me get some ketchup for my bonger. Oh my God, bonger. Lower the bonger into the pen. All right, bonger. Follow this. Oh my God, he's bongering everywhere. No, leave me out.  All right, wombus, I caught you a bonger. Thanks, Stranger. We better go check on Philbo. Just jump on top of him. Are you all right, Philbo? After jumping on him. Oh no, there's another bonger and an ant. That ant is just jamming. I know Farman would be easier back in town, and those shishka bugs and bongers keep harassing. Shishka bugs. I love this game, but at the same time, I have no idea what is going on. I love it, though. Catch one, Fryder. Fryder, any Fryder. Oh, that looks like a Fryder if I've ever seen one. How do I catch one, though? Maybe I set up my trap and then I place some ketchup on the ground, perhaps? Oh, he likes that. Heart emoji. Gotcha. I love this game. I caught a Fryder, everyone. Without context, that sounds like I need immediate medical attention.  That is also a bit worrying without context. Yeah, and look, now you've got a French Fryer for an arm. I don't know if this is a good idea to replace your limbs when you're the person feeding the town with your farm. All right, I need two shishka bugs. Is he going to come out of there again, or is he's in there for good? Bunger? No, not bunker.  There's another one over there. Maybe I can just bait him in. Go on.   Oh, wait, wait, wait. Shishka bug. I figured it out. Oh, I'm really smart. Okay, I think I might have to set up the trap where he initially was, then catch up up this hedge, and then wait for him to go back where he originally was. Yes. Okay, I figured it out. Get ready for those leggies. Oh, like literally get ready for a leg. Yeah, go bonger, go bonger. I like the bongers now. They're helping me out. There you go. At least he's got a bit of a skewer there at the end of that hand. That might be a bit handy. You can stab things with it. Okay, now I got to get a bonger. What if I put catch up on like a wall or something? Will he just smack into it or are they not stupid? Yeah, there you go. Bunger the tree. No, wait a second. What if I make bonger fight bonger? Bunger versus bonger. Who will win? He answered for me. All right, what do you want? Do you want a bonger again? There you go. I don't know how you were going to eat that. Thanks for just belching right in my face, by the way. I appreciate that. Oh my god. What is he doing with those strawberry hands? I don't know if that's going to work. There we go. That's why you need a french fry hand and a skewer. That's a good one. I liked that. I genuinely love it. Here's some catch up, by the way. There you go. God, is this squeeb really talking to me right now? Hey, you least strawberry limbs alone. He's a nice man. Personality type, squeeb. Did she just call him a squeeb? It says that because you wrote that in yourself. Oh, this is just sad.  I'm Befika Winklesnute and I know everything about everybody. Well, do you know everything about yourself?  Is this your house? It's a crappy house. Why is there catch up all over your bed? That's weird. Oh my god, her bed reeks. Looks like someone was murdered here. Oh, each villager has a little grumpedia page and you can see who they like and love. This person just hates. Likes honesty, hard work and cacti. Man after my own heart.   Let's get this over with, buddy. Oh, Philbo, I'm sorry she made you feel bad. She is a terrible person or thing. I don't know what she is, honestly. God, the town's a bit miserable, isn't it? It's not much, but it's still home. Why do I have so much pity to this dude? He's having such a hard day. His addiction is hitting him strong. It's raining.  Oh, I think that was me. The other woman also bullied him. Nice catch up plans, Tex. I'll just take all that if you don't mind. I guess you're not going to get that interview with Lisburt just yet. Honestly, I kind of forgotten about the interview. I have blunt trauma to my head. I fell on that rock. Can I please get medical attention? I'll interview him instead. Who are you? No, I know that answer. Thoughts on bug snacks. I want to learn more about addiction. I mean, they taste good and they make everybody happy, so what's not to love? The crippling addiction that comes along with it. How about that, Philbo? It's a hard hitting journalism. It was a big fight and then an earthquake and I couldn't even keep us together for one day. Oh, now I'm getting the sob story, but it's actually making me sad. Let's just say I think we're done.  Why did you say yet? I want Gramble. He's down on the beach. All right, Gramble, where are you? Who's Gramble? Are you Gramble? Where's the beach? I'm new here. You need to give me more instructions. That kind of looks like a beach. I'm going to head that way. I can think of cool lines I can say when I meet him. I could wave to him and say like, hey, Gramble, life sure is a beach, ain't it? I think that would make him friends with me.  Despite your lack of any and all useful skills, I require your assistance.  Why are some of them so mean? You've likely witnessed grumpus limbs transforming into bug snacks. Oh, wait, yes, I have seen that. It's simple once you understand the internal mechanisms behind the molecular dissemination of snack particles. Okay, let me be clear with you. Anything above two syllables, no point. I don't understand. Feed me strabby. Poke snacktivator in foot. Foot turns into strabby. Oh my gosh, she actually dumbed it down. This game knows exactly what I'm thinking. Okay, there we go. I fed you and now I'm going to turn your left foot into strawberry and off she goes. I would assume just to eat her own foot. This is honestly kind of scary. Unless that is your child, like, I'm gonna, I'm gonna recall someone. Like, the thing looks terrified. Congratulations. You just became the most hated person on the island. And honestly, I didn't think that was possible given the person I met earlier. A date? Of course, darling. It would just be you, me, and your delectable strabbies. Hello, yes, FBI, please. I can replace her legs with skewers if you'd like. Then she'll never be able to catch you. I'm Granble Giggle Funny. What a name. These little ones are my kin. He's not looking. If I can just quickly. Okay, I got you kin. Yeah, this little friendship we got going just turned into a hostage negotiation. You got the buggy ball. Switch to it with Q. What is the buggy ball? Here's the buggy ball. Oh, he's following my laser pointer. Oh, look at him go.  Up you go. Up and around. There you go.  Look at him. He's so scared. His children are gone. How's it going? I'm pretty good. Here, I found you some food. It's not anyone's like kin or anything. Like if that's what you think. There's just some new teeth for you. Yeah, it's funny, isn't it? Be sure to smile when you see Grumble down at the beach. Ah, here we go. Wait a minute. You scare him out. I'll put the trap down. Now, other side, please. There we go. Got one. I was confused what I was supposed to do, but I got it now. Here you go, Granble Grumble. I don't know what your name is. Now I just need one more. I don't think he's in here though. I think it's something else that's in here. Yeah, I don't want you.  Ah, there you are.  I need to remember to place my trap. I'm never doing it. There we go. Instacotton. Perfect. I got them all for Grumble. I am so immersed right now. I want nothing more than to help these villagers. You got my little ones back. I did, and I fed the other ones to Flipor, whatever his name was. But I want you to bring them to me without catching them in your trap. How about you do it then? If you don't like my methods, I need two kweeples to Grumble without trapping them. I don't even know what a kweebel is. Sauce buggy ball with chocolate. So you're saying cover this in chocolate and then lure the other things to you. Honestly, it sounds a little shady. I don't like the sound of that. I'm not going to do it.  Just blind you with the laser. I don't want him to see where I'm going. The guy's a freak.  All right, but we are going to end it there.  I got so much more enjoyment out of this than I thought I would. I really like it. I think I want to stream some of this game. If you want to check out my Twitch, link in the description by the way. If you like my stuff, please do subscribe and leave me some feedback. I'd appreciate it. But yeah, I hope you enjoyed. Appreciate it as always and I hope to see you next time. Bye for now.


In part 1 I looked at the update of my setup 1A, time resolution, the influence of that on the room acoustics and so on. In part 2 some answers and questions I received frequently in 2021. I do apologize for my voice, I have a cold, but in these times it's the better virus to catch I've learned in 2021 and no, it's not covid. Another thing I definitely learned in 2021 is that dogmas are impossible to destroy. A tube amp sounds warm, vinyl always sounds better, a linear power supply always beats a switch mode power supply, ladder converters sound better than oversampling DACs and there are many more. The truth is that any well engineered technique beats any poorly engineered technique. A viewer told me that he used a laptop power supply for his DAC. But the needs of a laptop differs from the needs of a DAC. A laptop consumes far more power than a DAC but is relatively insensitive to noise on the power rail. A DAC consumes less power but is hypersensitive to electric noise. The laptop brick was a 12.5 amps switch mode power supply and costed 45 euros for he has chosen a good one. He would have been better off with a 12 volt i5 audio i-Power 2 that does 1.8 amps and costs 69 euros. 1.8 amps is more than enough for the average DAC perhaps with the exception of some costly FPGA DACs. Which brings me to another dogma. FPGA DACs are better. FPGA is short fulfilled programmable gate array. In layman's terms a bunch of electronic switches, an array of gates that can easily be programmed and reprogrammed. You could call it a processor or microcomputer but its function depends on the program that is loaded. In a DAC it can be programmed to do the upsampling and conversion like in PS Audio and Core DACs. But it can also be programmed to switch resistors in a ladder converter, like those by Denafrips, Holo Audio and others. Or to do the upsampling in an upscaler like those by Aurelic and Chord. Or do the sample rate conversion in the Grimm Audio music player. FPGAs can be rather expensive. I've once heard prices up over 150 euros. If you then know that the final consumer price of a device is five times the production cost and component cost, you understand that adding such an FPGA will add 750 euros to the retail price. And that's for the dumb component, for without the programming it will do nothing. And writing code can be rather expensive. I'm no expert in this field but programming an FPGA to switch resistors in a ladder converter looks to me a logic driven task, perhaps with compensation for hardware limitations. But wiring code for upsampling and conversion is a different story. If a manufacturer of DACs would need to hire a specialist FPGA programmer he would almost certainly get into financial problems. The fact that we now can buy DACs that use FPGAs for upsampling and conversion has to do with the fact that some FPGA programmers are audio files that develop these codes out of personal interest. Rob Watts had developed his own DAC using an FPGA technology and demonstrated it to a friend of Chord's electronics founder, John Franks. He was introduced to Franks and the result was the Chord DAC64, the first FPGA DAC. Paul McGowan of PS Audio was called by a friend at a Sony SACD mastering plant in Boulder, Colorado to come listen to a prototype that Smith had developed in his own time. This later became the PS Audio Direct Stream DAC. I'm working on a review of the Grimm Audio MU1 music player that has an FPGA sample rate converter aboard and again the code was written by two people that had developed that code out of a hobby. So you can't say that when a DAC has an FPGA board it's an FPGA DAC and FPGA DACs don't all sound the same. Rob Watts told me he programmed the Mojo so cheaper equipment and headphones would sound agreeable. I have reviewed the Orelic and Chord upsamplers or upscalers as they call them now and now are working on the Grimm Audio player with a built-in up and down sampler and they all have their own qualities and sound. Just saying. Another dogma concerns the volume control. We all want analog volume control because we know digital volume control rejuices resolution. Well, that was two twenty years ago. Today chances are the digital volume control is more precise, has smaller difference between left and right and is less prone to wear. Again it all depends on the build quality and the code quality. But a digital volume control uses a show called rotary encoder. When the volume knob, if there is any, is turned it sends short pulses to the chip that does the volume control. An analog volume control normally is a track of carbon and a copper sliding contact. Depending on where the sliding contact is on the carbon track there is a certain resistance in series with the audio signal. The higher the resistance the lower the volume. There often is a small difference between left and right channel and the track will wear due to the travel of the sliding contact. This can be a problem too. We all know what contact spray can do for a volume control. Fix it for a week. High end equipment might have potential meters that use a conductive plastic track and those are more durable. Some amps, like my Airacoustic AX5, uses a motor driven multi position rotary switch with position resistors which is a costly but very fine solution. But usually today digital volume control is a better option. And talking about volume control, you're not one of those that believe that when the volume control is pointing to 12 o'clock you're at half power. It's like a water tap. The position of the water tap does not give a precise indication of how high the water flow is. That also depends on the water pressure. The volume control in an amp or pre-amp is an attenuator that brings the input level to the desired level for the power amp. If the input signal is the red book spec 2 volts, less attenuation is needed than when the input signal is 3 or 4 volts. And thus will the position of the volume control differ while the power amp outputs the same power. So the position of the volume control or the numerical readout of digital volume control has no direct relation to the loudness of the music nor to the output of the amp in watts. Wouldn't it be nice if you could use your laptop for your work during daytime and in the weekends connected to a DAC as a music player? That is a frequently returning question. Well, you actually can, but it will be limited in sound quality. Not a problem in a sub-1000 euro stereo, but if your stereo is somewhat better, special measures might be in order. Computers and in particular laptops cause a lot of electronic noise that will travel over the USB or speed of connection to the digital to analog converter, being it standalone or integrated in an amp or receiver. There it will pollute the power and ground lines that in turn will cause distortion. Next to that, computers use cheap clock crystals, for they suffice for that application. For audio far more precise clocks are needed. In a laptop both the signal lines and the clock signals get further polluted by the display drivers, powerful chips that make a lot of electronic noise. The next thing with computers and thus with laptops is that the standard music playing software and operating system will normally convert the music files to fit the computer's own audio system. So whether you use Windows Media Player or Apple's music, previously called iTunes, you will lose sound quality. To get all music bits unaltered, bit perfect, to the DAC, you need bit perfect software. The ones I occasionally work with are Olivana and J River Media Center. My favorite is Room. All three are paid software. I am sure there also is freeware around if you look for it. So yes, a laptop will work as will any computer with the right software. However, the sound quality is limited. Luckily there are solutions. The basic solution is simple. Don't connect the DAC directly to the laptop or any computer for that matter. We have to put a device in between the laptop or computer and the DAC that solves the problem. There are three ways to go about this. The digital converter, the network bridge or the network player. The first usually is abbreviated to DDC or named reclocker or USB reconditioner. It is connected between the output of the computer or laptop and an input on the DAC. A month ago I reviewed the Singser Audio SU6 and I was very pleased with it. Links to the reviews in the top right corner at the end of this video and in the notes below this video on YouTube. A network bridge does essentially the same but then over a network connection. So you can leave your laptop or computer at the study, switch it on of course, have it send audio files to the network bridge that is connected to your DAC and control what is playing using a smartphone or tablet. Not all music players software supports this but Oriavana, J River Media Center and Roondoo. If you want a free solution you can use the Squeezebox emulation in many but not all network bridges and install Logitech Media Server on your laptop or computer. I have reviewed a large number of network bridges, you find a link to the playlist at the earlier mentioned places. The third solution is to use a network player that plays music from your laptop or computer. Again I have reviewed quite a number of them and you find the link to the playlist at the usual places. You don't need all of this if you have a simple system in a box stereo but if sound quality matters to you, it's the way to go. These were some of the frequently returning questions in 2021. If you have heard my answers before, I do apologize. The channel gets more and more subscribers around 80.000 begin February 2022 and many of them apparently missed all the videos. That's not surprising since there now are over 400 videos online and the YouTube indexing is not very transparent. Anyway, it doesn't harm to hear in a second time for it is for many a complex matter. This week I'll be back with a review again, as usual on Friday at 5 p.m. Central European Time. If you don't want to miss that, subscribe to this channel or follow me on the social media so you will be informed when new videos are out. Help me reach even more people by giving this video a thumb up or link to this video in the social media, it is much appreciated. Many thanks to those viewers that support this channel financially. It keeps me independent and lets me improve the channel further. If that makes you feel like supporting my work too, the links are in the comments below this video in YouTube. I am Hans Beekhuyzen, thank you for watching and see you in the next show or on theHBproject.com. And whatever you do, enjoy the music.


Hello my people, my name is Meacham. This video is the supercut of the live stream that we did on Monday. I did a live stream where I explained how to write a personal statement and I did the whole process from start to finish. And so this is basically just the shortens like quick version of that video. Enjoy! Okay, so the whole point today is to show you guys how to write a personal statement for the common app, okay? But this also works for other kinds of personal essays or personal statements of any kind. It's really just a type of essay where you get to speak a little bit about yourself. I recently just did a video about this in the last Thursday video that came out talking about personal statements and what they do and what they're for. So if you haven't checked that out you should probably check that out later but don't leave yet if you're watching live. Like, you know, you can watch that video and get a better idea of what we're trying to do. But we're going to be going through this process live. I want to walk you through the process of writing a personal statement. There's one part that I can't show you which is the part before all of this and that part is thinking, okay? It's really important for you to think about your writing when you're not writing. Like, you should be meditating on it during the day. You should just be like daydreaming a little bit about what you want to write about and what would be kind of like a important thing about yourself that you want to share with people. That's something that I've been doing over the last couple of weeks. Like, I knew I was going to write this and I've been thinking about it quite a bit. Like, I've been pondering and kind of wondering how to write this the best way and so I've been thinking about this a lot and it's helped me, I think, to improve what I'm going to do. So I'm going to start this process actually in a not in a Word document but instead in one note because I want to write down some notes and some ideas. I want to do a little bit of like kind of outlining my work. It's really important that before you start writing something you come up with an outline, sort of a structure for what you want to do. So there's a couple of things I would recommend that you do. For example, the first thing I would say is try to think of a theme. Like, what's the central theme? If you could summarize that in a single word, that would be a really good way to go. I already know what mine's going to be and because I have D and D night tonight I want to get through this in a relatively reasonable amount of time. So this process will be a little bit accelerated but mine is truth. There's my bad handwriting on full display for everyone. So truth is the theme of this essay that I'm going to write. I want to think a little bit about what I'm going to do with this and so I know like with my introduction my intro is going to play on this idea of the truth and that'll make a lot more sense when I start writing it. This idea of the truth and like even with these quotes to kind of make it a little more interesting. So I'm going to play with that idea. Then what I want to do is kind of you know how I found truth. This is kind of related to this intro and how I found truth and how I got out of the truth as it will make sense. Again, this process is only going to make a lot of sense to me and it'll make more sense to you if you watch through and you see how this plays out. So like then I want to get into how that motivates my goals. Okay and this is the thing that's important. I've talked about this and I mentioned it in the last video. You need to think about the future.  Like no you need to think about your future beyond graduation. Like what do you see yourself doing here and why is this stuff that has happened in your life so important to this? So I'm going to talk about how that motivates my goals and then I'm going to get into like what those goals are. Okay because that's the stuff that universities really need to see and I also need to get into like my plan. So instead of making this whole personal statement about these first two parts and sort of just ending it there I really want to like try to focus less on my past experiences and more on my future goals and future experiences. I think that's something that's extremely overlooked right now. A lot of people and don't get me wrong. Again a great personal statement can be made by focusing on your struggles and the things that you've overcome in life but it's not necessarily the best approach and I think that the person with a plan is more impressive. I will always stand by that but to be honest like it doesn't really matter which prompt you choose and you can kind of take any story or any idea and make it fit any of these prompts. It just depends on how you frame your introduction and you can start kind of following the prompt and then deviate from it and it's fine and that's why I didn't start with this. I started instead with this stuff like and I started by thinking about this stuff for days like I've been thinking about this thing that I'm going to write for a while because I'm thinking like what can I do you know what do I want to share. So that's basically what's going on here is I've already thought about this stuff but now I'm going to look at these prompts and try to think like what I would you know use this for and so for me I'm pretty sure that I want to build this around prompt number three because it's about questioning a belief or challenging an idea like and that's very much what this story is going to be about questioning a belief. I'm going to be narrating some of my thoughts here but I'm also going to have some moments where I'm just kind of writing so you know again I kind of have the chat here. Hi Diana. Diana Fernandez. Hello it's nice to see you. It's a real treat. You're filling me with inspiration. So yeah okay so I want to start this with a quote and I already plucked that quote because I wanted to be somewhat efficient and so that you could see that I'm prepared today but here's my quote so I need to just tweak this a little bit. So I'm going to open with this quote and this quote is kind of like the thing that defines this concept of the truth. So a couple things I want to talk about for this introduction is like I want to really establish this concept of the truth and I've said it several times obviously here but I'm basing it off of this quote right that I mentioned from where it comes from and I want to kind of give the reader a little bit of a tease like I don't want to just straight up say what this truth is or like any like I'm trying to kind of bury that a little bit and wait for like the next paragraph to sort of explain this a little more. So again even kind of going back to like this how I found truth you know that being my like next point that I want to get into I'm going to have to explain a little bit more about this the truth but I would I would like to hope at this point that whoever's reading this is like okay a little more curious about this like what is the truth like what does that mean why is he putting in quotes and I'm playing with that idea of the quotes around the word here to sort of say that like one day I dare to take those quotes off like I dared to sort of like question that this is the truth and so that changed my life and so then there's also this aspect of what prompted your thinking what was the outcome so those are parts of the prompt that I do have to get to and I'm gonna start working on those in the next paragraph here. I could make this like 600 I could do thousands of words on what it was like to grow up as a Jehovah's Witness and what it was like to live through like some of the things I live through and I've already written that stuff that's out on the internet somewhere if you want to go search for it but that's not what this is for like I'm trying to focus on my university application here I gotta keep that in mind like that's what this is for so I'm showing somebody you know my thought process and how I got to this point but I also need to bring that point home so I'm gonna go into that now in this third paragraph so yeah you see I'm trying to kind of transition out of my own like personal experience here and kind of get to the bigger picture of like why I care about this now and why I want to do something about this like I see this as sort of a bigger problem that I think is important to solve and I think I've established like my motivations and how I see a bigger problem so now I want to get to this like kind of final part of this which is um where I want to change that like this problem that I've identified here um so okay I'm at 660 I need to trim down a little bit more um another thing I'm trying to do that I would really recommend for a lot of people and I am going to make another video soon about like writing tips that you can use but one thing I'm trying to do is vary the length of my sentences a lot like I did like a two word sentence to start this paragraph to kind of hit it with some impact and then I went into some like a longer idea and then again a short fragment longer idea short fragments you know and so by doing that I'm kind of keeping the pace interesting and trying to like you know keep the essay from feeling like just repetitive if every sentence is the same length and the same tone it kind of just gets boring after a while I think I can shorten this um this is a little rambly be myself I could just say that and then this is another thing like you want to look for where you can trim words where you can like use less words to say the same ideas because that will give your sentences a lot more impact if you have a really long sentence with like repetitive ideas then you're actually diluting the message and you're making it weaker so I'm trying to kind of like look for ways where maybe I sort of repeated myself or like said something twice in the same sentence or maybe where I've chosen to use like a few words where I could use one oh yeah we're down here 653 three words have to go you can almost always take out be able to and there we go this is going to go up on prepwithscore.com I'm going to leave this like as an article there that you can find out you can go to the site I'll show you real quick where you'll be able to see it if you go to the website I'm going to have the like down at the bottom of the site there's this section where we have like articles that we post where I haven't updated in a while to be honest I got somebody helping me with those two but we're going to put a blog post up that is about this with a link to this video as well so that is all for us today guys thank you very much for stopping by the channel I hope you have a wonderful time and I'll see you next week