Can you explain us what is the Civil Society Forum on Drugs? The Civil Society Forum is an expert group of the European Commission consisting of 45 different civil society organisations in Europe all working in the field of drug demand reduction and it's an expert group on drug policy issues and provides feedback and advice to the European Commission. For example, when it comes to the development of the European drug strategy or the drug action plan but also when it comes to specific issues like vulnerable groups and when, for example, with the Covid-19 crisis we prepared statements as well. We have four different working groups currently. One working group is focusing on EU drug policy specifically. One working group is focusing on international drug policy so they're very much engaged in the Commission on Acotic Drugs and they also provide regular policy papers which support the European Commission in international drug policy issues. For IDPC it's been a really great way to engage with the EU on international drug policy issues in particular the EU's position at the UN. IDPC has been coordinating a working group on international drug policy advocacy and engagement and over the past few years we've been able to influence some of the positions that the European Union has been taking at key UN fora like the Commission on Acotic Drugs. The CSD is definitely a body that is worth engaging in for European organisations that want to do a bit more in terms of advocacy with the EU and European countries. We have one working group on linking the EU drug policy and also the work of the civil society forum to the national level and currently we have one working group which focuses on minimum quality standards and drug demand reduction and in the new mandate which has already started this group will be replaced by one focusing on cross-cutting issues and emerging issues for example gender specific issues women but also other vulnerable groups. We can only have good and effective policies if we base them on a knowledge and understanding of what's actually happening in the real world and I think that's what civil society can bring to drugs policy. First of all it's knowledge and understanding of the experience of people who are using drugs and people who use drugs are the same as everyone else it's a very extremely common form of human behaviour and as we know a really significant majority of people who use drugs it doesn't cause them any particular problem and then minority people who use drugs do become addicted and have difficulties and I think that leads on to the second kind of area I think civil society it's essential it brings its knowledge and understanding and it's linked to the first one it's around the context of drug use. If someone develops an addiction but they have good what we call you know social capital which basically means you have a job you have a home you have supports around you you have access to some kind of income and the response you might need or the shape of the response you might need would be completely different to a person who is from a much much more disadvantaged background. Again you can't have an knowledge and understanding of drug use and its impacts without understanding the context and again that is something that civil society is really a unique place to bring because our civil society groups they operate across all of those different contexts and bring an understanding of all of them and I think the third thing civil society really is strong on is bringing a knowledge and understanding of evidence-based responses and again that's really key. The EU has developed an EU drug strategy and an action plan which actually operationalises the strategy into more specific objectives and actions. All member states have committed to this strategy but that doesn't mean that they can be hold accountable for that. We really push member states to implement the strategy and the action plan and I think that NGOs and civil society play a crucial role in that. The EU drug strategy can be an advocacy tool for national advocacy and it can probably also hold national governments accountable for what they are doing in the field of drug policy. Racial drug policies could not exist without the civil society. However it's up to you to force it. It's not going to do itself because civil society active participation is only way how to assure evidence-based approach and clients oriented services so fight for it and finally because civil society involvement in drug policies is essential for successful intervention at local, national and also European level but you have to take care of. So civil society forum on drugs is your voice in European Commission. So use it. Can you explain the process of the adoption of the new EU drug strategy and action plan and how civil society was involved in that and what experiences you had from that process? So in principle the last EU drug strategy and action plan was civil society was very well involved and could contribute really in a very good way. The last strategy was developed by the Commission in first instance without really providing civil society with opportunities for input and feedback and it was also that the member states were not involved in the draft version and this actually caused some irritation or some criticism which finally made that the horizontal drug group under the German presidency decided to draft a new drug strategy and we are happy that the civil society forum was able to contribute to the drafting of this document. Can you highlight some of the most important recommendations which were adopted and accepted by the decision makers? Yes, so first of all the inclusion of civil society in the implementation of different services, mostly harm reduction services and also the strategy includes a provision saying that appropriate level of funding should be also provided to civil society organizations to make them able to involve in the provision of different services and what I personally think is very important is that harm reduction for the first time kind of deserved separate chapter so in this strategy it's not anymore included in the demand reduction under the umbrella together with prevention and treatment and recovery but it has its own separate chapter if I'm not mistaken for specific strategic priorities. Does the new strategy and action plan mention vulnerable populations? It does, it mentions several vulnerable populations mostly young people also their families families of people with drugs and women so in the context of treatment especially the special needs of women and the need for development and implementation of services which responds to the specific needs of women are mentioned. CSFD member organizations boast quite different views on the reality discourse in the drug policy representing a diverse group of experts to the EU commission. Apart from that, we at Wolcott stand for the separationist approach where women and men are not homogeneous groups with single aims and needs when it comes to prevention, treatment and recovery one size does not fit all. As a part of the civil society forum on drugs Wolcott has been working on putting the specific needs of women on the agenda of the EU through the civil society forum at Wolcott. Wolcott stands for a drug policy action plan to be designed from a woman's perspective to ensure that treatment of addicted women is respectful gender and cultural specific and trauma informed. We have actually succeeded in making these points a part of the EU action plan on drugs 2021-2025. Drug policy work within the framework of the CSFD last year have resulted in the report on the quality standards of treatment and quality standards of civil society involvement in Tarelia. Wolcott considers that the result of the civil society work in regard to the specific needs of women were reflected in the new priority areas addressed by the EU action plan on drugs published in 2020. This is a big step forward. What about those innovative harm reduction programs such as drug consumption rooms, drug checking services? So they are mentioned exactly in that way as you just said, so like innovative programs. There is no naming of drug checking services. There is no naming specifically drug consumption rooms. So the strategy calls for inclusion and development of these kind of services but doesn't say exactly what kind of services are considered these innovative services. I am happy to be as a peer worker and a community representative to the civil society forum on drugs. The civil society forum on drugs education prepares the most powerful drug policy advocates. It is 50 years since Richard Nixon declared the war on drugs a narrative that devastated millions lives and it is also 40 years since the first AIDS diagnosis and what followed after that and we still some lessons are not yet adequately learned. Lessons like the benefits from the meaningful involvement of the directly affected communities to the design and the implementation of policies that also directly affect our lives. We are advocating in a very hostile environment in a landscape of prejudice and social exclusions and we are practicing harm reduction sometimes against all odds. The work we collectively do in civil society forum on drugs is extremely helpful not only because it provides us with the appropriate legitimization as drug policy experts but also because it provides us with tools for an efficient national level advocacy. People with a lived experience are drug policy experts by definition and after so many years our slogan remains the same, nothing about us without us. We joined the civil society forum on drugs because we strongly believe in the meaningful involvement of civil society. Unfortunately, there are vulnerable groups that are invisible in our communities, in our societies and referring to children whose caregiver use drugs problematically, whose needs are totally unattended. The only options they normally might have are being separated from their parents with huge suffering for them and for parents as well and with negative consequences on both or being totally ignored, abandoned and stigmatized. There is also another group of vulnerable people whose voice is often not listened to and their difficulties underestimated and unaddressed. I'm talking about people in recovery, those who decided to keep using for many different, sometimes personal reasons but often do not have an identity and find it very hard to get their place in society. There are millions and millions of people in recovery around the world ready to give their positive contribution to society if they find welcoming and not judgmental communities around them. Similarly to the issues related to children's primary caregiver use drugs, also the necessity of creating conditions which are favorable to the full social integration of people in recovery should unify all the members of the Civil Society Forum on Drugs as all of us, I think, care about people with drug and social exclusion issues. Our organization, Parsec Cooperativa Sociale, has been interested in home reduction since the year 1990 and has been a member of the Civil Society Forum on Drugs, CSFD, for some time. For us, the Civil Society is the place where through discussion and participation we can change the structural causes of the problems that affect the lives of people who we ask of us. Looking at what causes harm also must include looking at harms that are caused not just by the drug use or the addiction but also harm caused by bad policies because, again, that has to be part of our knowledge and understanding as that policy isn't neutral. The Civil Society, we have to engage with policymakers because the kind of knowledge and understanding we have is essential to the process but we do have to engage with them in a way that's evidence-based but that also maintains that independent kind of critical voice. That's the reason we're there. The members come together once or twice per year and these meetings are covered and financed by the European Commission but, in principle, you can imagine if we really want to do meaningful work and do something with more impact we realize that we need more financial resources and support. We agreed to have, to put forward an application under the DG Justice Drug Policy Initiative Program. We have had now two projects, each of them for two years. The current project will end in 2022, January 22 and, unfortunately, we will not have any project funding afterwards but it also means that the CSFD, as it is now, will no longer be financed or additionally financed through the project funding and this is problematic because we have seen that we were so much more meaningful impacting in the past years. We could really do things and we are slightly concerned that this will no longer be the case so I think it is now key to discuss with the Commission and probably also with the Member States that they are willing to support the civil society, not only in words but also in acts or in actions. I sometimes have the feeling that civil society organizations in the drug policy field are somehow not seen or acknowledged as real experts. The same applies to people who use drugs that I think they are not seen as equal partners. When we talk, for example, about cancer, I'm sure it would be very normal to involve a patient organization and I always feel that in the field of drug policy but also in other areas linked to this we somehow have the feeling that we need to apologize for the fact that we want to provide input and knowledge. Politicians and policymakers need to acknowledge that at least and listen to what we have to say and what we have to share. So we have a right to sit at the table. We have a right to sit at the table and to be heard. Thank you.


This special issue of remote sensing explores the potential of remote sensing technology to accurately and consistently detect wetlands across different regions and climates. The papers focus on advances in remote sensing techniques, such as multispectral imagery, LIDAR, and hyperspectral imaging, which have been used to identify wetlands in various environments. Additionally, the papers discuss the development of data products and approaches for regional to global long-term monitoring of wetland landscapes. This article was authored by Alisa L. Gallant.


What's up everybody, it's Jayce here for jayspeakscasebrakes.com. This is our last tiered random team spot giveaway break which is 2019-20 Panini Retail Prism basketball. One box break, random team number four. So again we're giving away a $1,700 spot in this break here so someone's gonna win them for the fraction of the price of 70 bucks. And the way it works guys is 30 random teams all teams in everybody gets a random team in the NBA. There's no veteran commonship and we'll first do the randomizer for the break only. Then a separate dice for a random. We will randomize all 30 customer names who bought in. Top name at number one will win the $1,700 NT basketball full case tiered random teams break. So let's do the break itself first and then we'll randomize customer names again and see who gets that free spot. So let's roll it and it's a four to four, eight the hard way. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Eight times. Teams in here, shall we? One, two, six, seven. Wizards down the Lakers.  So again just closing the trade window just because most people don't trade in this it's just a little small break to get into a bigger break. So we'll close the trade window. Again, Cyber Dice Roller Randomizer. Here it is. We'll see who gets the spot in the two rounds. T-W-C, retail box, little Zion base right away. There you go. Ryan with the Pelicans. That covers the spotter too in this, right? I have one right away too. Oh, did I see a jaw? I think I saw the jaw right now. This has been a good box so far. I really love Diable's rookie card. Like honestly, if I was a 76ers fan, I'd love this card. Like this is such a really, really cool photo for a card. Don't you think guys? It's pretty awesome. All right guys, good luck. Morris, there's Vasily, Lebron Hyped inserts, Emergent, Dunboy Emergent, Apollo, Derek Favre Silver, Russell Westbrook, Team Red Wave, Pashaw, Dwayne Bacon Silver, Daddy Is Young, Boga, Ty Jerome, and a Silver Rookie of Grant Wolves. And a Kyle Guy autograph, Rookie Penmanship. That's going to go to the Kings in Mike Saumich, Alonzo Ball, I don't know where it's for me, Salt Green, Gafford. Do we have a Pulsar? Nice. And it's for the Admiral. Pink Pulsar, 28 out of 42. Very beautiful card. What a great box. Jama Rant base. Oh, do you really run? Nice, man. I just love his rookie. All right, not bad. Admiral Pink Pulsar is on base and a job base. And then we'll can see these ones here with the Kyle Guy autograph, Grant Williams, Silver Rookie. I mean, if this was a personal box, I wouldn't be disappointed. And then we'll ship all these Silver's color inserts and rookie cards as well. Part of the break. These will be donated. All right, you guys, vote of truth. Let's see who gets that last tier round between spot. Good luck. Last one. Good luck. Let's roll it. And it's a two and a five, seven times. Good luck, everybody. One, two, three, four. What was it, a five? Five and a two, right? Seven. A five, six, seven. Seven times. Five, two, seven. Good luck. Oh, Greg. There you go. Five and a two, seven times. Congratulations, Greg. You just got into tiered random teams. And coming up next, guys, is tiered random teams number two. Appreciate it.


All righty, welcome back to operating system. So today we finally get to come full circle and learn about virtual machines. What we started with, we can actually kind of explain them now. So remember what virtualization is? It's just fooling one thing into thinking it has all the resources. So we saw that especially with memory. Everyone's favorite topic, virtual memory. So every process thought it had full control over memory. Well, you can extend that to the entire machine. So that's exactly what a virtual machine is. So each, a virtual machine lets you virtualize the machine so you can install multiple operating systems and each thinks it has control over the entire machine when really it doesn't. So the goal, run multiple operating systems, single machine. Each operating system believes they're the only one running. They would manage their own virtual memory. They would do everything that we have learned in this course but we have to fool them into thinking they actually have control of the machine when they don't. So there's some terminology once you talk about virtual machines. So there is something called the host. The host is the thing that has direct control over the hardware and each virtual machine actually doesn't have physical control over the software. Host is like the operating system that's running first essentially. So sometimes you call these hypervisors or virtual machine managers. We also use those terms interchangeably and they control creating virtual machines, managing them and isolating them. So whatever physical hardware on your machine while it gets to control whether some virtual machines get to see it or not primarily for you, you can see, let it control how many CPUs it gets. If it gets a network card, if it can access your network card directly, how much memory it gets and you can do fun things with video cards. So there are two types of hypervisors. So the thing that runs your virtual machine. So type one is called a bare metal hypervisor and it runs directly on the host hardware and you need special hardware support for that but every one nowadays has that special support. The other type is called type two and they are very slow. So type two hypervisor runs the entire operating system in user mode. So it just runs like any other application except that user mode application is running a kernel which doesn't quite make sense because a kernel would use kernel mode and have access to different instructions. Turns out you basically have to, there's ways to detect that that we'll see later and you essentially just emulate whatever whatever the kernel mode instructions would actually do. And the other term is called a guest. So a guest is the virtual machine running. It only sees a virtual copy of the host. Doesn't have access directly to the host. So your typical machine that we saw is over on the left in A. So there's hardware. The kernel is above that. The kernel can access the hardware through using kernel mode instructions or memory that's mapped specifically by the kernel and then processes are on top of that that are running in user mode that have to go through the what interface, the system call interface, right? That's the only real way to essentially ask your kernel to do things, you have to make a system call. So on this diagram, they're called programming interface. So over on the left is what we currently have and if we introduce virtual machines it actually looks like what's on the right. So the hardware is still sitting there and above that is the virtual machine manager or the hypervisor and that directly controls the hardware and then it makes a virtual machine on top of it that only lets you access some of the host. Yep, yes, yeah. So this essentially, well what we called it as a hypervisor. So hypervisor is actually another CPU mode. So it actually controls something. So there's a new privilege mode that I think we showed in the beginning that we didn't go into that was even below a supervisor mode or kernel mode. So that's hypervisor mode. So it can do things that you can. And it's a bit fuzzy what this actually is. So it can be a separate operating system that doesn't really do much except manage virtual machines. Most operating systems now that can support virtual machines this will be Windows when you boot up and it will become a hypervisor as well as doing Windows things. So the hypervisor gets to create virtual machines which let you access whatever hardware it wants you to or make up new hardware that the virtual machine has access to and then each virtual machine would have a kernel running on it and that kernel while it's speaking directly to the virtual machine and not actually the hardware. It has to go through the middle manager of the hypervisor but apart from that, the kernel and above looks exactly the same. So that kernel would still operate in kernel mode whether or not it's real kernel mode depends on the implementation and then there would be the system call interface and it would run normal processes. So yep, yeah, so Windows would be doing this and then part of Windows would be running its own kernel so you can think of Windows as having this plus kernel. So any of your normal applications that aren't through virtual machine would be talking directly to this and then talking to the hardware and your virtual machine would just be on top of that, another separate part of Windows. Yep, yep, same thing for macOS or Linux. They call it like macOS will, I think it's called hypervisor kit or virtualization kit or something like that but that's basically the hypervisor in macOS. The Linux kernel has something called KBM so that's the kernel virtualization management something like that, basically a hypervisor. So most kernels nowadays will also be kernel and a hypervisor all in one depending on if you're using virtual machines on top of it or if you're just using normal programs. So your normal programs would just pass through the old kernel. Yep, so you can run Windows on a MacBook but that would involve different things because yeah, this has, which is like a separate problem kind of because this is an ARM processor but Windows, there's an ARM version of Windows but it's terrible but sometimes you might be using the x86 version of Windows. So newer Macs can emulate x86 instructions so the virtual machine just looks like a normal x86 machine and it emulates all those instructions but the hardware, CPU hardware is the same and it could emulate hardware that Windows understands if it wanted to, may or may not be slow. All right, any other questions with this? So yeah, here's the slide for that. So virtual machines are not emulation, it's a different problem. So emulation is to translate one instruction set architecture to another or the low level assembly. So x86 to ARM or risk five. So on macOS specifically for the newer M series of processors, there's emulation it's called Rosetta 2 and that will emulate x86 instructions using ARM. So generally the guest operating system will execute this instructions directly on the same CPU using the same ISA but if it's Mac and you're installing an x86 Windows, that won't be the case but on general if you want it to be really, if you want it to be faster, just use the same instruction set architecture so everyone's Windows machine was x86, you probably used x86. It's okay for some uses to just do pure emulation. So like you can write not even a Super Nintendo a Nintendo entertainment system emulator. It's only eight bit CPU, it's super, super simple. And I wrote one when I was bored one summer. So you can actually emulate that really easy because it was like an eight bit processor that ran at like one megahertz or something ridiculous like that. So really easy to emulate. So virtual machine could use emulation if it wants but performance generally suffers greatly because it has to emulate instructions but for the Mac they have some special hardware that makes emulation fast so it's actually not that bad. All right, oh, other fun thing with, oh, yep. So emulation is all I don't have support for some instruction. I like, I have an x86 add instruction. Right, if I tried to execute that on an ARM processor it'd be like, I don't know what that means. So we'd have to look at that instruction and translate it to something that this processor would understand. So it's just, yeah, basically translation if another way to think of emulation. So other things you can do with virtual machines. Well, for you, you let it have network access and all that stuff so it could access your network card but you could isolate a virtual machine so it doesn't have access to the network card and you can experiment with different operating systems and see. For instance, the official operating system of North Korea it's called Red Star OS. You can go download it and install it on a virtual machine. I would not recommend installing it on your actual computer. So you can install it on a virtual machine. Also recommend that you don't give that virtual machine internet access. Otherwise, North Korea will probably do something but you can go ahead, download North Korean's operating system and take it for a spin. I haven't done that yet but you're free to, yep. No, so at least currently, so this is a question about like, hey, most video game consoles if I have to port to PC is that emulation because they run different instructions. Most video game consoles are computers now. PS5 runs an x86 chip, it runs AMD. I think Xbox also runs AMD. They're just computers now. They don't look any different. The only difference between consoles and computer is there is a set hardware target that doesn't change for seven years or whenever a next generation comes out. That's the only difference. Why is it so hard to port games? So the instruction set architecture is not the hard part. Everyone will have, generally it's the graphics API is different, so PlayStation has their own, Nintendo has their own, Xbox has their own and if they use a specific one for that console then that's what they have to port over which is more time consuming. But CPU instructions, they all run the same thing. The core logic wouldn't matter, but core logic doesn't matter if you can't see anything. All right, so other things, virtual machines let you do that you can't do with normal machines is well something like pause and play. So like your kernel can just stop your process from running, context, switch it out and run another process, you can do the same thing with your virtual machine. So you just pause the virtual machine, context, switch it out, maybe I go back to running my windows things, if I'm windows, maybe I've run a different virtual machine, it's up to you. So the hypervisor gets the context switch, now not between processes, it context switches between virtual machines. So it could also save that to disk and restore it later which some of you have encountered for at least using Windows when you have a save state, it just saved this whole state of the virtual machine to disk, pretty much the equivalent of like the process control block but there'd be like a virtual machine control block equivalent. So you could also move it around exactly like a process. So ideally this is how like the servers that you SSH into would work because while a process can move between CPU cores, no problem, you just save it, context switch it to another thing. So with virtual machines, you can actually context switch between actual machines if you really want to. So it could pause your virtual machine, save its current state, send it over the network to a different physical machine and start running it on that machine and you would be none the wiser. So other things it could do is provide some protection through isolation. So the guest, it's essentially the same thing as processes. Processes are isolated from each other by default and virtual machines or guests are also isolated from each other and the host. So the hypervisor can set limits on like CPU time as well, memory, network bandwidth and a compromised guest. So if your operating system gets hacked or I mean if it's pre-hacked from the North Korean one, then it only has access to its own virtualized hardware, can't cause any actual real damage. And if you were running this, it's a bit easier to manage too. So if you find your virtual machine, your virtual machine got hacked, well, if you saved its state every so often, you could just roll it back to when you knew it worked or you just remove it, start a new one, reinstall it from scratch without having to reinstall the whole computer and having physical access to it and putting a USB drive and all that fun stuff. So also help with consolidation. So data centers or clouds will only use virtual machines. So in data centers, there's generally lots of servers running. Often they don't make use of all the resources so they just give you a virtual machine and it's not guaranteed what machine that's actually running on. So you could imagine, well, if they just assigned you a virtual machine or a physical machine, whatever you got a new Amazon instance or something like that, you could imagine like with multi processes with the scheduler, well, one could get overloaded if I had multiple machines and that's not good. We already solved that problem when we had CPU scheduling. So the solution was to move the processes to different cores. In this case, you can do the same thing with virtual machines. You can just move them to a different physical machine. So if Amazon sees that one physical machine is being overloaded and one is not, it'll just start moving some virtual machines over to a different machine and it would do it transparently, so you can't see it. So servers with all different purposes can be sharing that hardware. You could have multiple virtual machines all in the same server as long as there's enough resources or they're not consuming much at the time, it's fine. So this is also very nice. So instead of having just like lightly used physical systems, you can just make them virtual machines and run as many on a single machine as possible. And this is generally how people scale like web applications and stuff. So you could have a database, you could just set up initially, so your database is in a virtual machine, your web server is in a virtual machine and your front end's on a virtual machine and while you don't have that much traffic, well, you put them all on the same physical computer and then while once you have outgrown a single computer, you don't have to re-architect anything. You just buy another machine and throw a virtual machine over on that one, you don't have to redo it from scratch. So it makes it nice and easy to just move things around. So the key abstraction with virtual machines is a whole virtual CPU which kind of sounds like a process, but instead of just keeping track of the user mode registers, a virtual CPU keeps track of literally everything. So all of the kernel state of the CPU and all of that fun stuff. So for processes, it was just a process control block, but yeah, like I said, doesn't emulate or keep track of anything that's specific to kernel mode because why would you bother because while processes only run in user mode anyways. So this vCPU status structure stores the entire state of the CPU. This is what the hypervisor saves when the guest isn't actually running. It's what its context switching in and out. So the virtual machine resumes like the process control block, it just restores it, keeps on running. So the guest, like I said before, it still uses user and kernel modes. There is no changes to the guest whatsoever. The Linux kernel, if it's the Linux kernel in your virtual machine like it is for all of you, well it's still running in kernel mode. So if we think way back when to like the first few lectures on x86, if we remember the silly numbers, user mode is technically in ring zero and kernel mode is in something called ring, or sorry, user mode is in ring three and kernel mode is in ring zero and you could tell that when they first made x86, hypervisor mode did not exist. So hypervisor mode is like new-ish in the last, what, it got standardized within the last like 20 years or something. So the special CPU mode for x86 processors is called ring negative one because they ran out of numbers, zero, they had zero as the lowest they could go and guess what, they came up with a new one that's even lower. So your hypervisor is at ring negative one and it controls the guest. So that's for type one hypervisors that actually have hardware support. For type two hypervisors, well, the host has to create like a virtual user, or sorry, a virtual kernel mode because in actuality, a type two hypervisor is running completely in user mode. It's just running as a normal process. Yep, yep, yeah, hypervisor is more privileged than the kernel. So the hypervisor controls everything and on some of them, like on risk five, there's a user, there's a mode that's even below a hypervisor called machine load, but machine mode, but that's usually for special booting and stuff like that, but that's even more privileged than hypervisor mode. Alrighty, filled it, okay. So if we had a type two hypervisor, so we don't have this special hypervisor mode and we essentially have to emulate what happens in kernel mode, well, that's what one strategy is called. It's called trap and emulate. So the guest again is running completely in user mode. So if you just try, if you somehow knew what the instruction was to, I don't know, change your root page table or anything like that, if you just directly put that into your program and tried to execute that in user mode, well, you would get essentially a trap or a signal that said, hey, a legal instruction, you cannot do that and the default behavior would be just to kill your process. So if you were to implement a hypervisor, you can take advantage of getting a signal. So if you trigger a signal because you tried to set the root page table to something different, well, if you implement a hypervisor, you could catch that illegal instruction, see that you were trying that the kernel that's running was trying to change the root page table and you could emulate what should actually happen. So that's gonna be much, much slower than actually just doing the instruction, but you could do that. So you handle the error in the signal handler, simulate what's supposed to actually happen and then just let it continue running. So it will slow it down significantly, but it will work. And what does that look like? Well, in this case, well, everything's running in user mode. So if my guest was running in what it believes is kernel mode and executed a kernel mode only instruction, it would generate a trap and then it would go to your fake hypervisor, emulate what's supposed to happen, update this virtual CPU that keeps track of what the spec of that CPU architecture says is supposed to happen once you're in kernel mode and then it will return back and just keep executing instructions. So any questions about that one? Yep, so it doesn't have the ability to actually run them. It will let them try and run it and then it will generate a trap like a signal and say illegal instruction and then it just simulates what would happen in user mode. So like, so you can just like, for example, you know that it's supposed to change a register that has to do with the root page table or anything like that. So you would essentially have to emulate that. So you would have to keep track of, okay, I need to keep track of a virtual memory manager and all that stuff. So you just have to know, read the specs of the CPU, read what kernel mode's supposed to do on it and just emulate, keep track of everything. All right, so it doesn't always work. So on some CPUs, especially x86, that would work if there was a clear distinction between privileged instructions or like kernel mode instructions and user mode instructions. So for x86, well, virtual machines then exist in the 70s so they didn't think of this. So there is examples of instructions that are the exact same instructions all the way to the machine code that just change the behavior whether or not you're running in user mode or kernel mode. So for example, there's like a pop F instruction that loads some flags from a register and or sorry, loads of flags from some register to the stack. And well, what flags register it changes just depends on whether or not the CPU is currently in user mode or kernel mode. So if I just do the trap and emulate approach and I think I'm in kernel mode and I execute this instruction, I won't get a trap because it will actually do something in user mode. It will just do something I did not expect and debugging that, well, if you were to write your own virtual machine manager would be terrible because it doesn't generate a trap it just does the user mode thing instead of the kernel mode thing. So these are called special instructions and they need another approach because well, if I try and execute them they'll just work, they just don't behave how I expect. So they need something called binary translation. So if the guest virtual CPU is in user mode you just execute the instruction natively because the two modes agree, the virtual machine and what mode the CPU is physically in actually agree so you don't have to do anything. So if you have switched to kernel mode which you would keep track of in your hypervisor that runs in user mode then it needs to inspect every instruction before it actually executes and it needs to translate them like look at the instruction see if it's one that needs to be translated or handled specially and then intercept it and actually emulate it then. So it would have to read and look ahead at every CPU instruction and then do something if it's one of these special instructions. So the hypervisor could keep track of whether or not you're in user mode well because the instruction to switch between user and kernel mode would generate a trap so you could handle that and know that you are in kernel mode and then you actually need to go ahead and start inspecting every single instruction. So if you have to inspect every instruction before it actually executes while your performance is also going to suffer badly so type two hypervisors will always be slower than type one but for the most part they'll work as long as you're not doing something super intensive and they kind of work and this binary translation by the way is essentially how Valgrind works. So Valgrind will inspect all of your instructions before they execute and see if you're doing a malloc call or something like that and then intercept that and start keeping track of all your mallocs and freeze to see if you have any errors. So that's why if you actually benchmark your program with Valgrind it's like 10 times slower or 100 times slower because it's essentially doing the same thing as this. All right, so this is what it looks like visually so kind of looks like the same as trap and emulate but now if the guest is running some special instructions where I think I'm in kernel mode I have to start translating them I have to start inspecting them translating them if they're a special instruction and then if they are one of these special instructions and I update my virtual CPU that's keeping track of all the special kernel mode stuff that I'm simulating and then I return to user mode and just keep on executing. All right, any questions with that one? All right, so this is where, well, that's slow. So that's where we just added more hardware. So in 2005, which is slightly newer than you are so Intel introduced something called or VTX and AMD also had their own called AMD-V and if you try to enable virtualization on your machines, well, they had a bunch of names throughout their lifetime. So Intel when they were developing it called it codename Vanderpool and then they published the spec as VMX or virtual machine extensions. AMD of course had a different codename Pacifica and they published it as secure virtual machine SVM. So in your BIOS if you try and enable virtualization depending on if you have AMD or Intel and depending on who made your BIOS then it will be called one of those things that you have to enable but they all mean the same thing. Just adds a concept of ring negative one or hypervisor mode. So how Windows works like the host kernel whenever it boots up so like Windows or Mac if that is the first operating system that boots well it claims the hypervisor so it would check, hey, is there a hypervisor mode? Oh, okay, I will become a hypervisor now and then it claims it so it's the only one that has access to it. So it sets the isolation for the guests and what hardware we want to virtualize. So any questions about that? Some of you may or may not had to do that with your virtual machine but it's usually enabled by default. So if we have to schedule a virtual machine well if there's only one core in the physical machine the guest doesn't really know it the host could still present multiple virtual CPUs to the guest even though that there is only one just like you can have multiple threads with only one physical core. So same concept applied to that but now you probably want to do something like mapping virtual CPUs to actual CPU scores schedule them like a process so like a normal corner there'll be hypervisor threads that deal with all the context switching and all that fun stuff but everything we learned applies the same to virtual machines just instead of scheduling processes scheduling a virtual machine. So one approach is just CPU assignment so if there's more physical cores on the host than all the virtual machines just map them one to one because well like we discussed when we had multiple cores with scheduling swapping between them would be bad because well the caches would be invalidated and you could imagine that virtual machines use more information than just a process so context switching them is even more expensive. So with that if we have to share things things get more complicated so if I have more virtual like if I have more CPU cores across all my virtual machines than I physically have something called over committing and it generally gets more complicated and things will slow down because then you have to do context switching and you can imagine context switching again for virtual machines it's going to be much more expensive than for processes. So but same thing overall idea the trade offs are going to be slightly different but uses the same scheduling algorithms we talked about before. If you over commit on resources that has some additional problems so the guest offering system might also start running too unpredictably for soft real-time tasks because well if you had a soft real-time tasks on bare metal so like on your physical hardware well and you know that it always meets the deadline then whenever you move it to a virtual machine that might not be true anymore because while you are doing your soft real-time tasks you don't control the actual hardware anymore so you might get context switched out in the middle of it and when you get context switched back in you have missed your deadline and there's essentially nothing you could do about it. So in this case some things are much harder once you go into virtual machines especially once you care about like really really really tight performance numbers because well they need to be scheduled and they are more unpredictable than just running directly on the hardware. Also you might imagine virtual memory gets a little bit more complex so remember virtual memory each process thinks it has the entire address space which is still true but now the guest kernel also thinks it is managing the entire address space but guess what that's virtual memory too. So the kernel has virtual memory managing virtual memory for each processes each process so each process has like virtual virtual memory like it's doubly not true. So the hypervisor would be controlling would have virtual memory for the guest and then the guest would have virtual memory for each process. So this is even worse if you your virtual machines use more memory than the entire whenever physical memory you have and you have to virtualize it and it's a whole mess and it gets even worse if you over commit on memory and there's just too much. So in order for things to go fast because as you might imagine while virtual memory is slow because of the especially if you have a three level page table lookup then you have to look up three levels and then if you have another set of virtual memory then you have to look at three levels again. So one thing the hypervisor mode will let you do is have nested page tables. So it takes into account whatever the guest kernels page tables are and just does all that translation in one fell swoop and will make sure that the TLB actually knows that hey this is from the virtual machine so don't throw it out of the cache this is where it came from. So what the hypervisor maintains yeah like a nested page table so it would have its own page table and then the kernel running on it would also have a page table that's the nested page table. So if you wanted to if you have run out of memory so like you have to go to swap they can provide something called double paging and in that case if you have swapped while the hypervisor could have its own page replacement and its own swap space and then the kernel that's the guest kernel that's also running could also have swapped space and then it gets even more complicated like which one of you is swapping like is the hypervisor swapping is the guest kernel swapping and yeah generally with that the guest knows the memory access patterns better you should probably let that swap and not the hypervisor but again if you wanted to you can have both of them swap and it gets fairly complicated. So another fun thing you can do is we saw a copy on write before and that was a way to go ahead share the same page across different processes. Well the same thing can actually happen for different virtual machines so they can share pages if they're duplicates right if they're duplicate pages then and if they're only reading them then they can go ahead and share them why would I give two pages of physical memory to them when they can just share one. So this time though there's not like a concept of forking a virtual machine so what it has to do is the hypervisor would essentially calculate the hash of the contents of the page and then if the two hashes are the same it means the pages could or could not have the same content but they definitely are not completely different and if the two hashes are the same then it will go in and check them byte for byte to see if they are the same if they are the same then it can go ahead and share them and then of course if one of the guests tries to write to it the same copy on write thing that we did before would apply I have to make a separate copy of it and then they're independent and it's fine. Other fun things it could do is a hypervisor it can provide virtualized IO devices so if you have like a network card for example while it can multiplex all the virtual machines network card to the same physical network card and each one thinks it has access to the network card. So hypervisor could also emulate devices that don't exist could also map one the physical device to a virtual device in one BEM and that way one virtual machine has exclusive access to the device but the hypervisor is still ultimately in control of it so there's hardware solution for that so the hardware solution is generally something called IOMMU and that will actually just map a device directly to the virtual machine and bypass the hypervisor all together so it just exclusively goes to the guest the guest can only use that and it has control over the device and it looks like it's directly connected to it it's the actual hardware and this is what you do if you really care about performance especially with GPUs and things that are complicated so instead of trying to virtualize a GPU which doesn't work all that well you just give it exclusively to a virtual machine it can go ahead and install its drivers and all that fun stuff and then use the virtual machine or use the GPU as if nothing was there so this is a way that people on Linux can play games so they just have a Windows virtual machine give it a GPU and then it's running at essentially native speeds the only thing it's going through the virtual machine for is like memory and CPU which isn't that bad what you care about as a GPU and it's directly mapped to the virtual machine so runs at native speeds all right so the virtual machine how it boots from a virtualized disk and essentially you made one of those in lab six anyways so in lab six you made a whole file system that one big file that has a file system on it well if that had all the files and had like a kernel in it and had all the other applications you could actually boot off that if you wanted to so that disk image is like the contents of a physical disk and it could contain partitions each partition could have its own file system in your case in lab six well it's just the file system consumes the entire space so with real disk there's a bit more things going on but it's essentially the same thing so usually it's just one big file and some formats let you split it up into different sections but the guest kernel just sees a normal disk that it has full control over and that disk image is all you need for a virtual machine so it makes it easy to move so if you want to share your virtual machine you made for this course with a friend there's a disk image sitting on your hard drive somewhere in the virtual machines folder whatever that default one is called and it's just a big few gigabyte file and if you wanted to share it with your friend just give them that file so then they would have your entire virtual machine they can boot it up on their computer that's essentially a way it's like a very explicit way to context switch between different machines so you could share your virtual machine and they could start executing it on something else and that's all you need to move if you were using virtual box or some things people think they're more complicated like they'll be like an OVA file or something or a different file format but basically all the virtual machine images that you download are basically a disk image and then some settings for the virtual machine for whatever software you're running so if it's like virtual box it will have some defaults that says how much memory this virtual machine should have and CPU cores and all that and then the disk image which makes up like 99% of it so other reasons you might use a virtual machine is to just isolate an application like I said so remember all the way back and oops that's the wrong lecture number when we were talking about libraries and you had an ABI change and you broke something I guess I was also on the midterm too suddenly your application doesn't work if you were at a job and that happened well you have to fix it really quickly and generally you just don't want to be in this situation so if you wanted to you could just create a virtual machine and you just create a virtual machine for that application and you test it and it works and you just deploy that virtual machine and if you want to update it while you update the virtual machine and you test it beforehand you just don't update the software update little pieces of software at a time you keep it all together in one piece so you just freeze everything that virtual machine doesn't change you tell them to run it they run it that's all the virtual machine self-contained so as you might imagine if you did that for applications well then most of that disk image like your application might be like a few megabytes and then you also have to give it a kernel a kernel that's like a gigabyte or something so it seems a bit silly just to send a few gigabytes when your application's only a few megabytes so that's where something like Docker comes in so everyone's probably heard of Docker before yes so Docker same idea tries to get all the advantages of a virtual machine without actually shipping a kernel so it's sharing the current running kernel and Docker is built on Linux so if you are using Docker on Windows or macOS you're actually using it on a Linux virtual machine if you are running it on Linux while you are sharing the Linux kernel and you're not running it on a virtual machine it's using the current running kernel so the hypervisor can set things like limits on CPU time, memory, network bandwidth and things like that so the Linux kernel actually supports that directly if you want to configure it for just normal processes so Linux has something called control groups or C groups and they support all these hypervisor like features to give you nice isolations but for just normal user mode processes so they isolate processes in something called a namespace so if you fork while they're all in the same namespace so they all have the same limits applied to them and with the namespaces you can set what mount points or what files it has access to what IPC it has access to so on and so forth so containers are basically the same idea of having your application on a whole virtual machine except they don't ship a kernel with it so it uses the same kernel it uses a Linux kernel so you just ship your application with all of its dependencies in one file and that's it, minus a kernel and then Docker just glues it to the current running Linux kernel and it uses that to run on all right, any questions about that? Cool, all right virtual machines, virtualize a physical machine so virtual machines give you isolation the hypervisor actually controls all the allocations and controls the actual physical hardware type two hypervisors are slower because it has to do that trap and emulate and then binary translation if you're running on x86 type one hypervisor supported by hardware so there's a special hypervisor mode and you can use things like IOMMU to essentially give a virtual machine direct access to some hardware for performance reasons hypervisors may also over commit on resources so they might need to physically move the virtual machine to a different physical machine but that's possible with virtual machines containers, all they are is they aim to have the exact same benefits as the virtual machine without the overhead of supplying the kernel with your application so yep, what is a full VM better than a container so if you have some very specific kernel things you want so if it's like usually you don't unless you know it needs to run on I don't know, generally people if it's Linux applications you just use containers nowadays if you want to use a virtual machine basically use a virtual machine on top of your operating system because it's easier to manage basically you just do that because it's easier to manage but for most applications you essentially just use containers unless you have like a Windows server application or a Mac one which don't exist in which case they can't use containers because it's Linux only all right, any other questions? All right, cool so just remember, phone for you we're all in this together


So, nach zweieinhalb Jahren... Well, after two and a half years of an hiatus, we are back here in Davos. And I am overjoyed to be able to welcome you here to our open forum in May 2022. As you can see, we are here in a new location this year. Usually we are in the school location, but at this moment students are sitting exams, so we have our fingers crossed for all of those students sitting their exams today. The forum this year will be dedicated to a number of different subjects. Of course, we will talk about the Covid pandemic, about the ripple effects that this pandemic will have, about the Russian troops in Ukraine, but we will also talk about the role of our international community, where Europe stands today about climate change and many other challenges. As every year we will listen to a number of different voices. Here is part of the open forum. One example is the session Mental Health for young people. This session was prepared together with students from Geneva, and they will also help moderate this session. We will also introduce a member of the global shapers community as members of each session. What is this community? It is a number of people who are younger than 30 years old and come from all walks and backgrounds of life. We will also be able to welcome a young woman from Ukraine who has opened the so called shapers hub in Ukraine. She uses this platform to support people who were displaced by this war. I am overjoyed to be able to welcome Vitaly Klitschko, Kyiv's Mayor and his brother Vladimir. Both of them will talk about the effects that the Russian invasion had on both them and their country. Vitaly Klitschko and Vladimir Klitschko on stage together with the moderator Haslinda from Singapore. We are really honoured that you are here with us, that you take time out of your busy schedules and share with us what the situation there is. Thank you very much for being here. Thank you. Thank you for joining us. We would love for it to be interactive. You will have a chance to ask your questions later on in the conversation. I would also love for you to be involved in the social media sphere. Please do tweet or engage on LinkedIn and so on so forth. Some hashtags to remember. It's hashtag WEF22 as well as hashtag open forum. We would love for you to participate. It was about three months ago that Russia attacked Ukraine in the early hours of the morning. And three months on, it's become the worst war in Europe since World War Two. More than 10 million people have been displaced, thousands have died, thousands more have been injured. And right now, there is no end in sight. The war persists three months on. This open forum hopes to give you a feel of what it is on the ground, get a firsthand experience from the two brothers. I'm sure you're well acquainted. Between them, they have 40 global titles, so I've never felt safer. But they've never fought each other because it is a promise that they made to their mother. You've never fought each other. Wetterli, Wettermi, good to have you with us. First off, give us a sense, three months on, how it is like on the ground. What's more well like, what's the mood on the ground, Wetterli? Gennet, Gennet, starting.  Great atmosphere, mountains, sunshine, spring almost finished. And right now, summertime, everybody have plans to vacation. The peaceful atmosphere is the same time, couple of thousand kilometers from here, died everyday people. Young people, old people, women, children. It's difficult to compare it right now, the great peaceful atmosphere and war somewhere else. It's difficult to understand that. First of all, couple of minutes, I know it's, we have 30 minutes time for this panel. That's why I try to put the whole information, everyone have to understand. The reason of this senseless war. The reason, we Ukrainian want to build democratic country, want to be the part of European family. It doesn't accept from Russian Federation. They see Ukraine as part of Russian Empire. It's very important puzzle in vision of Mr. Putin to rebuild Soviet Union. They talking right now in Kremlin about Baltic countries, Poland, former Soviet Empire and is a reason. Is a reason, everyone have to understand. Right now, the Russians break all rules, break all principles and it's not the war. First of all, never believe in Russia. They always cheating. Coming back, 1994. Ukraine was third country in the world with nuclear weapons. We give our nuclear weapons good will, we guarantee our independence, integrity. And Russians was one of the country who give to us the guarantee. Crimea in action. And in Crimea, everybody know from beginning, the Russians stay behind that. And the people with military uniform without identification is what the Russians told us. It's not our military, they was and everyone know that. The next Lugansk, the Russians told us it's civil war. But everyone know without money support, without propaganda, without weapons delivering to this region. It's never, never, never happen this conflict. Right now, the Russians told special operation against the military forces. The same God in Kiev was a lot of international journalists.  Killing children, women, old people, destroyed the cities. The Russians told, it's dennazification activity. People coming to government, Nazis, radicals, fascist, who headed Russians. Who make a pressure to the Russians. I told to my friends in Russia who told me that sorry, we are both in our bodies. Health of Russian blood because our mom is Russian. We have nothing against Russian nationality. We have a lot against Russian aggressive politics. 70 nations live in Ukraine. Ukraine all was peaceful country. We live peaceful people. We never was aggressive to anyone. But right now, we have to fight and have to defend. And also one messages Ukraine surprise many in the world. We stay in the front of one of the strongest army in the world, Russian army. And how we fighting so tough. Simple explanation. We Ukrainian defending our children families, our future, future of our children. And Russian soldier fighting for the money. Give question for yourself.   The simple answer. Why Ukrainian soldier fighting so tough. We defending our country, city, families and future of our children. Let me just post a question to Vladimir. I mean we talk about fighting, resisting. And I think the Russians themselves have been surprised by the resistance from Ukraine. Talk to us about how much longer the Ukrainians can fight for their country. Considering the bombardment that continues. It is first of all good day here in Davos. Peaceful day. This fighting will remain as long as we are alive. We are Ukrainians and I believe we are over 65 million Ukrainians around the world. And 45 ish in the country. There are probably 10 ish refugees that left the country, moved out of the country, relocated. There are families, as you heard from the mayor, families, friends, relatives, are connected with each other.  As it was done in Bucha, Gostomel, Erpin, Makarev, Ivankiv, Mariupol, Karikiv. We can count endlessly. We don't know how many, I mentioned how many have been removed from their permanent places. We don't know how many been killed, thousands and thousands. It's really impossible to count. And how many more are killed today while we're speaking, sitting here. It's going to be until this war is going to come to an end and the war is going to come to an end. There is always a beginning and an end of everything in life, in life itself. So it's going to be with the war. The question is how long it's going to last. It's going to be last as long as we, so called free world, will continue support. We cannot, meaning having any trade with Russia and not isolate Russia economically, politically. On the Atlantic side, here in Switzerland is the headquarter of the IOC, International Olympic Committee. And I believe that Russian Olympic team must be banned and not participate. Already today it must be confirmed. Nothing is the nationality or against the athletes. But they represent the regime of Russia, this aggressive regime that has studied the senseless war. As long as Russia will not understand the war that they have started is not just senseless. It destroys the life of others of the rest of the world and also it really hurts them. Russia is throwing themselves in a time machine so to speak, probably 50 years behind. Because the world is isolating. This isolation will cause tremendously expensive, we have a tremendously expensive cause. The development of Russia itself is going to slow down us. But we must show it with one front that we are against this politics, this policy, this war. That there's no guarantee you're going to roll further as Russian propaganda has announced already that Ukraine is only just the beginning. Obviously speaking of the ambitious of Soviet Empire so to speak. Probably Romania, Moldova, Poland, other countries, DDR, so called back then in Soviet time, might end up be a point of interest of the Russian aggression. Which has been already as I said in their propaganda announced. I believe we should take this really seriously. And I know it's so tough to read the news and have empathy for someone that you really don't feel. That you really didn't see, didn't smell as we had it to see and observe in Buchia. For civilians, teenagers, tortured, you could see that their hands were behind their back. They were on their knee, executed with a headshot. In underground, on the streets, in the car. The car with the civilians that been driven, their children or family in this car. And there was clearly put sign children. Was smashed by the tank, flatter. You could see the remains of the bodies of the civilians. And this so called special operation is not against other army. And listening and knowing the propaganda, Ukraine was a mistake of the history. We should just understand it what Russian propaganda is saying. We, Ukrainians, are mistake of the history. Basically we shouldn't exist. What is happening in Ukraine, it's a war crime. And this justification through media. Of course there are weapons, there are chemical weapons, there are nuclear weapons. But I believe that the most dangerous weapon is media. State controlled media. Guess what? I watched TV this morning. Russian TV. Yes, here in Switzerland. Russian TV in my tell room. And do you know what I saw there? Mariupol, Ukrainian city, that has been completely destroyed by the Ukrainians. Thousands of civilians being killed by the Ukrainians. My jaw dropped off. How could that happen? And how this ban, this isolation of this propaganda that destroying the person from the inside out. And probably those soldiers, not just they're going for money, but they're also brainwashed. Their brain is poisoned with the propaganda.  And who knows what other justification is why they're doing it and killing. So, and I believe, especially here in Switzerland. And Swiss always been neutral to a lot of conflicts and just trying to stay away of that. And I would say kind of understandably when two armies are fighting each other. The third party cannot be involved. But when an army is destroying infrastructure. We have five nuclear power plants. Five. And with multiple reactors. And one of them that has been captured by the Russian army. And holding as a hostage in Zapparizia region. And Nurgadan is the city.  And this is the biggest European, if not the world's power plant. Rockets were flying above it. The fire was extinguished just a month ago. So all fighting and grenades and everything was landing right next to those reactors. The consequence is going to be severe as world leaders of the free world. Announced it before the Russia invaded Ukraine. If Russia cross the line. And I remember Joe Biden said it and many others confirmed. Russia is going to have severe consequences. Those severe consequences have been taken by the Ukrainians. Over like two months. Slowly, slowly the world is realizing all those lies. Justification of Russia, why they invade Ukraine. Business. Because we're all depending on Russian oil and gas. Energy. We're like drug addicts. Gas and oil addicts and coal. They've been provided because it's so simple to get it from Russia. But we never thought about alternatives. And now Russia is using it. As we see with other countries like Baltic countries. Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Poland. They've been turned off the gas, Russian gas. And I believe that the world must wake up. Even earlier, but thankfully. Better later than never. And the sooner we realize, the sooner we will realize that this war is not just somewhere in Ukraine. 2000 km from here, more or less. It's going to touch us and this war is going to knock on our door. And I have to repeat this war that was said by the Ukrainian President Zelensky. Just a moment ago. And it's just like waking up and asking yourself. What have I done to support Ukraine? And it's not just always, sometimes I'm like thinking that we're always Ukrainians asking for help with a straight hand. Help us, help us. Yes. We are screaming for help. We need it. How much do you need? When is that enough? It's never enough as long as this war is still going. So in the short term, Vitaly, what would you like to see from the US, from European allies, from the rest of the world, beyond funds, perhaps in terms of capacity. What would you like to see? Everyone have to understand. We fighting. I thought we fighting for our country. Defending our city, defending our family and children. But everyone of you have to understand. We defending you personally. We fighting for values. I hope we same values, democratic values. Where is main values is the human rights. Human life. We fighting actually for everyone of you. And everyone have to understand that. And right now everyone have to be proactive. Because we pay for that the biggest price. Human life. Every day, hundreds of them. Every day. It's very important to stay with Ukraine. Weapons is very important. We stay front of the one strong army in the world. Politically support, economic support. But because we fighting first of all for values. And in beginning my speech I told. Our goal, the reason of this war. To be the part of democratic family. To be the part of democratic world. It's very important everyone have to understand that. And I'm more than sure this war can touched everyone in Europe. Feel that everyone in Europe can touched. And Vladimir told. If, I hope not. Five nuclear plants in Ukraine. If the explosion will be in the front of the line. Power plants. Nuclear power plants. Explosion will be times bigger than Catastrophe in Chernobyl. And after that can touched everyone. And right now the Russians told. Talking about. I hope not. Give me weapon. Nuclear weapon. And many expert told. Actually. The man who decide to starting this war. I'm more than sure. He's unhealthy. If they starting this war. They can touch also the button. Which connected with nuclear weapons also. Because the man is unhealthy. To break the drama. To millions of people in Europe. Destroy all international rules. All principles. Difficult to understand. Vladimir you talked about how. The Ukrainians are willing to fight the long fight. Do you get a sense that the western world. Is unprepared for that. Because when you take a look at the peace proposals. That have been submitted by the likes of. Italy for instance. It does seem like. The western world wants. Ukraine to come up with some kind of compromises. To end the war. What is the sense you're getting. I believe. Well it has two sides. The longer this war is going. Please forgive me. The better it is. The better it is. We are understanding. As I mentioned before. Two months it took. To the free world to understand. That weapons needs to be delivered. If we would have been talking about it. Three days. That's how long this war must last. In the thoughts of the. Of the Russia. And their intelligence. Was horrible. It just shows how corrupted the country is. bad informed or didn't really, they just wanted to maybe just satisfy the commander with the will and stuff. But the longer it goes, the more the world understands that must be stopped, the sooner the better. But what is the sooner? How soon is gonna come this end? We don't know. That's the positive and the negative, negative with the war and the positive that the world is waking up. And it takes time, unfortunately, it takes life, unfortunately. And peace with any price, that's what actually I hear from you with this question. Like we need peace now, like just give up the land that they wanted and maybe give up at all. Then we have peace, we can do business and we get our gas and our homes are gonna be warm in the winter and so on. No, it's not that simple. If we give in in this war and say we, the free world, give in, trust me, this is the beginning of the end. And we don't let the aggressor pay for the consequence, pay with severe consequences for this aggression. The lesson is not gonna be learned. We need to learn after this war is gonna come to an end and it will, as I said. We need to learn and study why this war happened and why it's gonna happen again, if not by Russia, but someone else maybe. Why all of a sudden, and we've done it already after the Second World War, territories that belong to Poland or Germany or like Lemberg and Lviv to Hungary or Ukraine. So we're gonna start it again. That means the lesson after the Second World War has not been learned. So I believe that now propaganda must be banned internationally. State-owned media only must be banned. We can endlessly count on all the lies and not true facts, not having a chance to like free access of internet. And we've heard that Russia is just like cutting the ends of any information that can possibly come from free world because they must, dictatorship in this case is just the worst case. Eventually it's not gonna last long. And people gonna suffer, not just in the country where this dictatorship is going, but also in the countries where others are connected through energy supply for instance. That's why I believe that we must learn, while this war is still going, we must learn. We need to wake up earlier than later. We need to act together. We need to have endurance, takes endurance. As a former athlete, I'm gonna tell you, I've been holding, do something good and talk about it. I've been holding the titles the longest in history as a heavyweight champion. And I've learned one thing. Endurance beats talent and masterpiece. Endurance. And it's exactly, we understand it's not gonna be soon. And we understand eventually we will, once and for a long time, if not forever, we will defend our democratic principles in Ukraine and show to the world that everyone in the future is going to try to do the same, gonna pay severe for real, not just for the worst consequences. And if it's not gonna be done now, when? And if it's not gonna be asked, then who? And it's extremely important to get it done now. An example is Ukraine, an example is this senseless aggression. And I believe if we act together, we will have the end of the war very soon. We're capable of it. We know how to get it done. We just cannot be cowards showing back to this challenge. We must show face and face the consequences. Yes, it's gonna be tough to change and get rid off of Russian gas and oil and coal. Yeah, probably we need to one or two degrees as it was scientifically approved. Maybe gonna be a little colder in our living room and apartment at home. But we're gonna save lives with that. And eventually also future for our next generations. I think it is important to do it now and not just silently observe it and being scared of whatever is going on right now in Ukraine. Some say, Vitaly, that Ukraine at this point has already won because it's resisted and it's caused casualties in Russia. But obviously the war has not been won by Ukraine. In your assessment of what a win looks like, give us a sense of what needs to be achieved before you can say Ukraine has won the war. First of all, many times ask me the biggest wish. Myself, I guess every one of 50 million Ukrainians right now have exactly the same peace back to Ukraine. And Russian talk right now, let's talking about solution, compromise. I don't know what they talk about. Which compromise, give up the part of territory. It's compromise, it's not some compromise. We don't ready to talk about that. Our main priority right now, stop the war. The last soldier have to leave Ukraine, our territory and our territorial independence. Integrity, its main priority for us. And after that, the best what we have to do it, give the services to all Ukrainians to bring the investment to develop the country. Actually my dream before the war, I told to make my hometown capital of Ukraine a great example to another cities and villages. And everyone have to say, we want to take exactly the same services as in Kiev to great infrastructure, to great life. And right now we don't talking about that. Right now total different priority. Right now stop the war, peace back to Ukraine. When this happens, we don't know. I'm going to talk about that right now. Actually everything depends from somebody who's starting this war. This person can stop in this war any second. But to be realistic and objective, he doesn't have another choice. We have to fight and defend our future. And we need help. We need support from our friends. And that's why thank you very much for everyone who support Ukraine. It is a humanitarian catastrophe. Critical infrastructure has been destroyed, schools, homes. We know that talks are already underway with the IMF and the World Bank to talk about reconstruction even before the war ends. It's perhaps too early, but in your view how should that be looked at? How do you look at reconstructing Ukraine, Kiev and everything that's been destroyed? Actually from the beginning of the war it's destroyed more than 300 buildings. More than 200 apartments buildings. Killed more than 120 civilians. Four children killed. 16 children was injured and was in hospitals. But much more worse situation in Chernigiv. This small city is totally destroyed around Kiev. They protect the city, protect Kiev. If not, this city is exactly the same. Horrible images will be from our hometown. It's horrible. Thanks God we have international journalists in our city. They immediately make world report what's going on. But we don't have international journalists in Mariupol. In Kharkiv, in Slavyansk, Rubizhne, small cities. And there is really a catastrophe. People need education, food. They are homeless right now. They don't have a job. They have to survive. And it's the next challenge for us. We need to help a lot. And thank you very much for everyone who sent humanitarian help to Ukraine. We need that. In other cities, Kiev is in safe. Kiev, we control whole situation, everything is fine. But small cities, they need that. On a personal basis.  The Iron Curtain. How would you describe your experience now fighting the war against Russia compared to what you've gone through before? I believe, it's not just us. I believe, well, in a certain degree, there are Ukrainians that are on the front line. They've been injured and they've seen their friends or family members being killed.  Now it's public information. And investigation from international court is still going on and will continue on all the horror of the war. And it's not to compare. Just think about those people who have experienced that. What they will think alike and feel like. Genuinely speaking, this war is changing us. It's not over yet. We cannot talk about the war as in the past. It's still going. It's going to change not just the mayor of the city, the capital that was almost in Russian army's hands. Almost, almost circled. And life is coming back in the city. But you know what? If you're in Ukraine, you are in a danger zone. As we have experienced that Russian rockets landed in the city. Just three weeks ago, killing a journalist. And those rockets landed in a residential area of the city. So it's in the center. Can that happen again? Will that? We don't know. But you must be ready for it. Sirens are daily, hourly going on. And you should run actually underground for safety. And if you ignore, you might be dead. I just think that if we really will understand that here in the Switzerland, it doesn't matter where you're coming from. If you will just connect yourself with what's going on in Ukraine on different stages. Supportive, just being loud on the financial side, on medical side, humanitarian side, military side, whatever it is, whatever the field you can support. It will change you too. It will change the world. It did change us. We're never going to be the same with perception of life, perception of the world as we were. And I'm more than sure, I'm speaking now for you here, I'm more than sure that you never forget those images that we've seen in Bucher. It's not just the images, but it's in the connection with senses, smell of death. And death is silent. All those bodies that have been all around the place, satellite cities of the capital, you will never forget those images. And who knows what we're going to experience in upcoming days, when we're going to return to Ukraine. Nobody knows what the world is going to experience, but we know for sure, horrifying images will coming up in light. And we must do anything to stop it. Because the world is not going to be the same. We are not going to be the same. We will feel it very soon. I believe this year. By the end of the year, we will feel this war on economical side. We produce on agricultural side grains and delivering it to Africa and Asia. So the people will starving, because they're not going to have enough food that in this supply chain Ukraine was providing for ever. We will feel it, because we are in one ecosystem. And if you break this chain and the part of this chain, it's going to collapse eventually. We will feel it. It's not now, later. It did change us. It's changing you right now. And it's going to change you more. And I hope for good. I hope that we will learn this lesson. I hope we will solve this challenge. I really believe in this free world. I really believe in us without exceptions. We will do it. We will make it. Because the good is always conquers the evil. So, I would like to open the discussion to the floor. If you have any questions for speakers, if you could raise your hand, we'll direct the microphone to you. And you can ask your question. Thank you. I'm Nick Bilagorski. I'm from San Francisco. I work with the Nova Ukraine Charity. My question is what can we in the States do to help rebuild and recover and reconstruct and renew Ukraine especially in the liberated cities around Kiev, Harkiv and other places? How can private individuals, organizations what's the best way to help? Thank you. So, you're from the U.S. And we've lived there, worked there. Children were born there. So, it's... I totally understand where you're from and how you feel, more or less. I just want to say thank you to your countrymen, in particular Michael Dell, Dell Computers. We are living in a digital world that helped us to collect, for instance, collect the evidence of war crime that already happened with the surveillance cameras, with the footage that is observing, collecting, documentating. Digital world is helping us to prevent, as a prevention. If something is going to happen, a destruction, identify fire, identify in the right place and send a fire department there, identify people that can cause or do any jeopardy to the society. Digital world is a self-learning world for artificial intelligence. And speaking of Michael Dell in this case, from the first day, as soon as that was asked to support us, it's been provided. Not just on the IT side, with the hardware but also on the soft side and also financially. I just want to say thank you, it's a great example. And if you do something good and have met a lot of you, if you do something good, talk about it. Don't be shy. Do you know why? Because it's complementary. You've done well. You motivate others, do the same. And if you just do it but don't talk about it, it's kind of not really getting into attention. And I think it's motivational to repeat, like my neighbor done it, my friend done it or I've heard from someone who's doing it. And I'm going to be part of it. Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship, as we know, you understand that you're a part.  But in a big puzzle, you're part of something big.  So do something for the bigger part. Do you part. And thank you for your countrymen. And I don't know if you're active, but if you will change your mind and be active, thank you. And thank you if you've done something to support us. Whatever it is, any help is needed. Thank you. The lady in strikes. Thank you very much. My name is Elena. I'm Austrian and currently living in Switzerland. 15 years ago I started to box in a semi-professional team. You were my heroes over there. My career and also my hobbies have changed quite a bit ever since and obviously yours have too. I was wondering, given your previous career and also the path ever since, what prepared you the most for the role you're currently in, not only on this stage, but on a global political level? And what type of recommendations would you give to young adults and students out there preparing for your challenges? Whoever wants your choice. Very short answer. As former athlete, boxer, I tell you, people make mistakes, they think his size is very important, how big are you, how strong are you, is not. In every competition, in every battle, total different strengths. Much more, it's not important how big are you and how strong are you. They will, they will to win and it's very important, the spirit of fighter is very important point. It's a play priority right now in in current situation also, the every Ukrainian won't win this war. One example, I like life story. Morning, 8 o'clock, morning in my office I received the call, the Russian racket landed in a apartment building. And immediately there, huge apartment building, I don't know, it's 12, 15 stores, huge hall, everything boring, it's man, around 60, 65 coming to me and he was, I was surprised, he was not happy but he smiling, he told Mr. Man, look in this hall, it was my apartment.  I tell him, listen, you are at now homeless, we give you we equate you to safe part of country or somewhere out of the country, we give you full support. He told me, his answer was stopp me. I spent this city all my life here, leave my relatives, my friends, I don't want to leave if you can, please, please can you give me a weapon you ask me about the weapon. Spirit, the will, the Russians attack the apartment building, civilians they think people will be in panic the rest is not people is angry angry and ready to fight in block post I was very surprised I see the people who is new in uniform with weapons the hands, I talk to them very peaceful profession they never expecting the life to take the weapons the hands but right now they take them musician actors doctors spirit and will because it's our home country because it's our family it's our children in our future next question please we don't have so much time my proposal can we collect 2-3 questions so a short comment so we at the AO foundation we are teaching online courses to your surgeons at the moment to deal with war extremities they are watching them underground they are learning from this and so are your nurses or RP professionals but we also get these translated by Russian doctors who are helping us and are helping you but they are too scared to say anything in Russia what can these people do we'll take that question another question at the back please yes first of all big respect to brothers, big respect to Ukrainian people my question is why do you refer to Vladimir Putin as Mr. Putin my question is why does international media respect to Putin say president Putin everybody knows that Russian democracy is a joke a bad joke we should start talking about a dictator a murderer what would be your present term for this man one more question at the front here please in blue i am franz witzler i am franz witzler i am franz witzler so i wonder how do you see the psychological development of people in Ukraine going forward second of all psychological development of everyone here and everyone else in the world we need to grow as people to move past this and to learn this lesson speaking of colleagues from Russia on the medical side trying to help save lives and that's what doctors do that's the job doesn't matter nationality doesn't matter so doctors do their job and i i had this experience with people from Russia, Russian people my friends that have been known for a long time all of a sudden they just don't name the war war they say a conflict in other words so just name as it is it's a war and you can say you're against it just say it don't be afraid we were even in the group so group like what's up group and i couldn't find those russian friends anymore in those groups and that's how russian state and i will probably connect those two questions russian state and dictatorship of putin he is not miss i have to call him mister don't be upset about that and ambitious of building something that putin he is president you have to call him a president and he is leading the country and he is the leader and he was calling this war and i remember was as millions of ukrainians glued to tv when he actually declared the war putin as a president declared the war to ukraine and called it a special operation that was renamed the fight against NATO and there is always something new because you must be creative if you provide lies and change your mind and your intelligence give you wrong information and you need to find an exit of this situation because it is so obvious this is so wrong and if the talk helps to stop this war you are going to do anything to stop it and then let on international court not me must take action and we must have this as an example for now and the future generations and that's why just name it the way it is it's a war crime what Russia, what putin what president putin has started it's against the population it's against our principles it's against life in general because life is getting destroyed with the infrastructure and catastrophic things will come up because there is so much we cannot get behind it and fix it because we are getting over 2000 rockets been launched from Belarus not to forget Belarus and Russia rockets that been taking our life of the Ukrainians and destroyed infrastructure that is so crucially important and that's why in this way I would say that lies what is it in German there are probably Germans here too that understand it's in German saying so the lies having short legs so you cannot run far and quick but they've been very successful with that they meaning Russia in this case with propaganda with everything that I saw this morning on TV and they're still going but eventually it will have an end it will have an end that's what we usually hear in Ukraine it's not just in the city of Kiev but in Ukraine in January and then you hear the explosions and you you're like you're recognizing is it a launch anti aircraft strike so it's an exit or it's in you just like recognize like on the sound was it landing or it was launching and then the third question and I'm sorry I'm taking all this time Alexandra Kessler fantastic lady we've been working for four years and she's she's doing have been doing and continue doing a great job on facing the challenges and that's the methodology that has been taught for the past seven years here in St. Gallen University methodology that I've created and she's the one who was defending her PhD and very dedicated to this methodology as well that helps us in Ukraine, our military, our doctors our teachers, not to forget that our kids cannot get education so it's kind of online and I've seen those professors on the front line giving images giving lessons and lectures to the students so you need to be so agile and the principles of the phase the challenge methodology focus agility, coordination and endurance all of those principles as a military man, woman you need it in war, in peace in whatever you want to rebuild after the war you need those principles all of them with endurance tremendous endurance and agility so thank you there was a question how do you build the psychological psychology of the people we have not much time because we have to move we plan 30 minutes right now already one hour we explain about whole situation we do everything in Ukraine you in swiss nere heres sirin sirin it's mean in any second a bomb can land in a new building it's not so far it's not so far from here it's very close it's very close and everyone from you have to understand it we do everything to stop this senseless war to stop the people in this minute if we talk I don't know I'm more than sure in this minute I talk to the people in east of Ukraine in this minute killed in this hour maybe 10 people maybe 10 people killed young people we have a plan since the life he don't want to die to die but we please don't forget defending every one of you with this war against this war and we will appreciate please be proactive do it everything think what is possible to stop this war by the way swiss tv ask what have to do with swiss stop the Russian propaganda the main weapon right now not the records, not the planes the tanks, main weapons the media 70% in russian federation 70% population support the war against Ukraine can you imagine the people is armed from media just one tv channel russian tv channel russia today have more budget than capital of Ukraine more than 2 billion US dollar russian watching it's worked so hard and that why we have to stop that it's the main weapons it's the war static already if you have russian tv channels already here some the people and by the way we do everything from depend from us to defend our country to defend democracy to defend our future and defend every one of you but we need your support thank you very much for everyone who stay with Ukraine the unity around Ukraine is a key for peace slav Ukraine