But using only packs, we're gonna build a Super Bowl roster. What's good, guys? Brand new seats in a pack and play, no players on the squad. Today is the perfect day for this because there are a ton of really good new legends. There's 88 Shannon Sharps, there's a limited Brian Finneran, but there's also Michael Vick. I would love to use Michael Vick. DeMarcus Ware is also the first player in the entire game to get edge threats. So to kick back a playoff, I get one bundle of my choice. After this, we get $75 to use every time we win a game. And we can also get the cheapest pack in the store every touchdown. But hey, the Legends Legacy bundle gives me eight Legends packs. One of two 88 overall Legends champions. And this is pack and play. I can't use the auction else. So let's assemble a squad. This Legends pack, hey, already 85. DeMarcus Ware, we've got a very young Shannon Sharps and Ed Reid. There's 82 Shannon Sharps and the young one again and 79 Michael Vick. Age of Uncursed and we get Israel Muka Muka Muka Muka. Hey, a player is a player. And I want to give a huge thank you to Warby Parker for sponsoring today's video. Warby Parker offers everything you need for Happy Your Eyes. They have eyeglasses, sunglasses, contact lens, and even eye exams. You can shop online or in stores. These glasses start at $95 and that includes prescription lenses. And the reason that Warby Parker is the best of the best is this right here. Warby Parker's home tryout kit.  Like the Simon glasses here. The Simon and sunglasses, one of my personal favorites. This is the Abe and Polish Silver. So now that I've tried these on, I can keep the ones I love and pay for them and ship everything else back completely free. They even give you a prepaid shipping label to keep it super simple. So you can try on five pairs at home completely free when you go to warbyparker.com forward slash mmg. There's a link in the top of the description. And enjoy the rest of the video. I'll take everybody. Franco Harris, Richard Sherman, Cam Chancellor, Devin Hester, 82 Bruce Smith. We'll take that. Cody White here, a little O-line and Dandudor. Dude, is Fred Taylor going to be our back? I don't want to use Fred Taylor too much, man. We got to get a different running back. He is a dog, but I had him all last season. This Bruce Smith right here looks good. 85 Bruce Smith. There's the man I was just talking about. He is really good for a- Oh, oh, oh, this is the topper.  Okay. Our first one's Bruce Smith. I think I most want maybe Michael Vick. And after that would be Finnerin. Michael Vick Finnerin. Mike Vick Finnerin. Come on, Maggie. 11 in. Dude, I wanted him so bad. He's such a beast. So literally just off of that, we are a 79 overall. Keep in mind we are using like the free cards you get for locking in like Team Captain Maway, Deandre Swift. But wow, we actually filled a lot of positions. O-lines look a little sketch. That Shannon Sharp should be nice. 82 Shannon Sharp. I'm looking forward to that. Defensively, we look horrible. All right, 78 overall. Let's go to sets. So if I wanted to build 88 overall Vick, I need two more 85s. I need 85 Vick himself. Some more 82s, some more 79s. We're kind of close. But we can't really look at that yet. Quick showing everybody we're not using is 1091 training. Really don't have much to work with here. I'm going to try this ultimate kickoff player back. Let's start here. 80, 80, 80. A deal. This is a 76 plus player. And I just got John Johnson. Dude, that's a nasty pull. Let's go 79 plus Campus Hero. Honestly, I just got to get a backer. Like one decent linebacker would actually be massive. I will take a 79 deep tackle. I could do three more ultimate kickoff. So maybe I just do that. Give me a backer. I'm back. Center, Michael Dieter. Our next ultimate kickoff. Jerry Tillery, another deep tackle. And we'll go another ultimate kickoff. Rojo, I don't think you can be in my back. I'm sorry. I said we'd only do one bundle, but I'm just going to do two. I'm going to do this ultimate kickoff bundle. I really haven't opened many of these yet. After seeing that training pack, I'm ready to go back after it. I think this will be cool too. We'll get a lot of totally different names on our team. Names that we usually would not have on our squad. And hopefully we'll grab, oh my God, more than deep tackles. I'm getting deep tackles galore. Wyatt Teller. I'll take that. Ricky Stormberg, Marcus Kemp. Dude, who are these people? Quick MM casual moment. Cedric Tillman. Ooh, she likes Cedric Tillman. That'd be a fun wide receiver. Daniel Scott. Ooh, I got La Porta. Hey, we got tons of good role players out of this. 83 David Long. That'll be perfect. Now it's an 85 plus guaranteed. So this was an 88. Although I don't know what the 88 animation looks like. So I can't go crazy. Ooh, Miles Sanders. That's money starting back. And this is a guaranteed 88 overall. Champion. Dude, I have so many deep tackles. I have the deepest deep tackles in the league. Campus Hero. What is this? I had enough players for a Campus Hero's gold fantasy back. I am doing a fantasy back for gold players, but it's actually good. I get to choose position. What do I need the most? A left tackle would be really nice. I could take this dude, put him at left tackle. Although a corner, a nice corner would be good too. Yeah, I'm going to take Bradley Roby at corner. That's not a bad idea. I also have enough for an 81 overall ultimate kickoff fantasy pack. So I could get, ooh, I could get another backer. I probably need to do that. Shot Fenton. Owens. Yeah, I'm going to pick up another middle linebacker. I think we're going to need it. The Campus Hero's welcome pack does give me 79 overall RG3. I could rock him at quarterback over Michael Vick. I got to get him helmet stickers to upgrade him though. Might not be the worst option. Dude, it looks like the game agrees with me. When I do my best lineup, it's got RG3 in there. My left tackle is currently Kevin Mallway. So I have no left tackle. But here's what offense looks like. Got a very average 80 overall offensive line. Got Shannon Sharp, Cedric Tillman, Devin Hester, and Brian Finneren as my wide receivers. Then we got Miles Sanders, RG3 Franco Harris in the backfield. And then defensively, we've got our two ultimate kickoff linebackers down, Henley and Troy Reader. We got Quay Walker at right outside linebacker. DeMarcus Ware, John Johnson, Cam Chancellor, David Long. And Sauce Gardner is not supposed to be in here. It just keeps autosumming him. I think I'm going to rock Bradley Roby. Bradley Roby for a 79 overall gold, dude. 84 speed, 85 excel. It's a little short, 5'11". Not the best, but dude, he's kind of a stud. Free Jalen Ramsey will stay in. And then David Long right there. Special teams, we have no kicker. We have no punter. That's actually, it just kind of stuck. You really want to have somebody at kicker. Jake Moody is going to be a liability until I get a kicker. I'm going to sell all my extra little golds and players that we're not using real quick for 773 training. Not much. Honestly, I'm going to keep all that training. I'm not going to re-roll it, but I will give Javan Hargrave abilities first. I'm going to do the same thing for Finneren. I'm going to give him unstoppable force. I'm going to give him a run stopper. And I'm going to give him a swim club. I literally have never used any of these abilities, but I'm just going to try it. Brian Finneren, obviously got to go double me on him. Six foot five wide receiver. He has three ability slots. Oh, I was hoping he got deep out of lead. He doesn't quite get deep out of lead. I'm actually going double me, persistent outside apprentice. So he's harder to knock out of zone. If we unlock double me, he's going to be a freak show. All right, boys, 81 overall. This is our opening pack and play squad. Obviously some holes to fill, but it should be good to start out with. Hi, honey. Wow, look at the fit. It's awesome. Is that the full fit? Do you want us to come show them? I mean, I went to Lulu yesterday. I played stylist. I picked out the whole fit. Show them a little. What is it? The flair? Hey, don't spin. What are you looking at? What are you looking at? What are you looking at? Let's go. That's manageable. Sorry, I'm eating. That's manageable. Guys, for the very first play, let's just chuck a new to Brian Finneren, bro. He's got JC Horm. It's actually a pretty decent match up. But still, Jason was like, what, six foot?  There's a safety over there.  We ball. Yeah, it might be at read. But I had that ball. That is wack. All right. We're going to take the play action out of this and we're going to run it again. We ball. All right. That one was honestly not ever catchable. I don't even think if Brian Finneren was four inches taller that he could have even gotten his hands on that. He's going to scramble. He's going to throw out of the scramble. I'm going to miss the hit stick. But we survived. No touchdown, at least not yet. We're going to go with a blitz here. I can't let Lamar have that much time to think again. Ooh, a handoff. I like that.  Different day boys. 39. The whip route. I'm on it. He was looking right at that whip route. Dude, he wanted that whip route so bad. I'm surprised he didn't throw it. Ooh, right in the middle. Wait a second. The pocket we find. Shit, it's sharp. There you go. Going to run something similar here. Ooh, right over the middle. Cedric Tillman. All right. First in 10, we might be able to get Finneren back involved. Just hang out in the pocket. Look at that. There is no pressure at all. Just hang out. Let's make a user. Oh, why? No, too short.  I needed to throw that sooner if I wanted to get it. Let's just get the ball back. Oh my God. I just got defensive touching. He doesn't have to even slide if he wants. Or like illegal contact, which is crazy because the QB is scrambling. First in 10, I'm going to go back to man here. Does he try it again or does he go with a slant? Oh, it's a whip. It's a whip route. It doesn't matter because the mark is where. Sex the quarterback. All right, I'm guessing pass. And I'm going to hang out in the middle. Call about one bazillion audibles. Shit. That's what I said I would lurk. I kind of thought 81 cam chance was a little faster. I don't know what made me think that. Oh my God. Whoa. Didn't expect that play to go. What? Miles Sanders to the house. I'm going for two.  What's he going to do? Stop me. Laser.  How did that happen? That's, that's, uh, it's funny.  Mukua-mu. It's because of the kicker.  And it's so crazy, but for pack and play in the future, I think I'm just going to like, I'm just going to guarantee a good kicker on the team.  First in 10. Still, my offense looks nice. I'm like, I'm really just not that concerned yet. I might have to get concerned, but let's just do what we got to do. He's going to keep leaving that. I'm going to keep throwing it. I'm going to go play action here. Yup. Dude, I'm picking his hands while the DB steps up to pick it. You're waving for the ball. It's in the air.   Just goes Lamar up the middle. I actually respect that play call. I assume he just runs it now. And I would be chewing the clock. This is crazy the amount of turnovers already. Might just go same play. No. Pass play. Oh, I'm so, so close to it, but not close enough. Wow. I wish you'd gotten that ball off. That was a pick. Second in 10. Dude, I swear to God, we still can win this game. He has Odell. It's just whether or not Lamar makes a throw and he doesn't. It's about to say that's a hard throw to make. He was deep. Yeah. I'm just sending pressure here.  I got to stick to 89. Oh, I'm on him. Please tell me we're fast enough. Good. It's about to say because it would have to be overthrown if I can't get to it because we're with him. Finneran wide open right there. That time he does hang on to the ball. There we go. Big boy. I'm going to look for Sanders underneath potentially. Wow. That was an insane pass rush. That's man coverage. Wow. Cedric Tillman hangs on to that.  Oh, look at Franco Harris in the passing game. User over committed. I'm going for two. Have I made this 16 to 17? I wonder if Finneran beats his man again or if I go till him in here. Oh, he sees it. He's behind it and Finneran hangs on. I was just playing this standard. Don't guess anything. Don't go crazy. He's got a corner out. He's got to dig. Oh, I really wanted that big hit there. Going to send the zone blitz this time. He's got the whip route. He's got an out route. Let's go for the juke. Beautiful. Going to play underneath. Switch this up a little bit. Cover three. He's got another whip route. Oh, get home. Clock is ticking. I'm guessing pass and I'm going man. It's a little sketchy. It's just like, what does he do with it? Sketchy. Hey, John Johnson broke it up. Same thing here. I got to get these linemen thinking I'm blitzing. I see Odell. Oh, I think he threw Odell over the middle. Fourth to 19. Does he punt from the 50? I expect it. He didn't convert this last time either. He's going to have no time to throw this. Go ahead and throw that. He's going to get tackled. Let's go. Simply. And that is a snag. Shannon Sharp, we got timeouts. We're going to score again. We're going to take the lead. Rolling out here. Oh, feed him. Did he step out of bounds? It wouldn't matter because we whiffed the throw. I'm going to do something risky. I'm going to run the ball. In case he's guessing pass. Oh, my God.   This is perfect. I just set us up for a slightly nicer field goal.  I should still hit that. That's not full power, but like, dude, come on.  Thank you. I am 100% spamming the same defensive play, which I try to usually not do for videos. This is too competitive. This is the first game. I'm already at an overall disadvantage. I'm taking what I can get. Oh, that digs open. Hargrave. Hargrave is so good. He go whip route, whip route, whip route. Shit. Oh, my God.   Honestly, it's okay. I'm just going to win. First and 10. Let's see what four verticals looks like against this. Oh, he manned that up. That's a bad ball. Almost got it. Halfback. No, that's a horrible ball. That is such a bad ball.  Yikes. Third and 10. I'll say we're just going to win this game anyway, but I got a whole lot of no offense right now. Cedric Tillman is open on the whip route. Going to dive forward to take like the tiniest extra yard, fourth and four. He might leave that exact same thing open. He doesn't. I have to choose. I'm choosing Phineran. He got it. Oh, past the user. I'm going to go play action here. This is a weird play action. Ooh, but it worked. Franco Harris. I'm surprised he was tackled there. I expected him to break that. Let Franco. Oh, I got a lot of time to think. No, I don't, dude. We're literally blocking six against two. Same scenario.  Same scenario. This dude just flew through my team. 24 to 19. I'm going to punt, but I also have a dog ship punter. So this doesn't really work all too well either. I don't even know how far he can punt. That's how far my NFL punter can punt. That's crazy. Touch it. Touch it. Touch it. Oh, actually almost a punt dot, but it rolls through. Person 10. I got to play some good defense here. Oh, why are you not turning around? Kway Walker, you could have just picked that, buddy. No blitz. Standard fumble. Lamar hangs on to a third and six. I got to make a huge defensive player. We simply lose. I think he's going to try and throw a running back again. What?   Whatever. This is man coverage.  Let's go. That's the lead. The quick decoy. The Brian Finneran decoy route. Still, still playing to throw Shannon sharp. Does it work? I could throw Finneran. No, I can't. Yes, I can. Finneran. Dude, that hit from Henley. Now we're playing ball, folks. That's so fucked.  I don't got anything else to say about that. Tillman clears with these. Not sure if he's audibling out of this or he's staying man here. So he stayed man low key. I could have just uncorked that to Finneran. Second and two. I think that was interesting.   That was it. I got to give credit to RG3, by the way. Beautiful ball. Let him perfectly. And he's a low overall quarterback. So I don't expect that every time. Maybe I kick it out of bounds. It's better than points. But the problem is he starts in field goal range now. Which is so shitty. He's got Odell. He's got a few check downs. I'm surprised he threw that. Second and five. He's not throwing the ball though. He's got Odell. Or sorry, he's not running the ball, I meant to say. Odell breaks a nice tackle. I'm going to try and bust him out of field goal range here. Kind of knew he was going to do that. Sitting on that catch. He got flattened for it.  He's not going to throw half back twice. Okay. I respect what he tried to do there. But taking it to the other side. But he still lost yards on that. Because he blocked half back. And then I can drop back into coverage. I think he does. This is not who I'm supposed to be on. He heaves one to Odell. Not open 14-13.  I kicked him all out of bounds. I know he gets the score. Literally solely based on the fact that I didn't buy a good kicker. He gets a free three points here. There's a method to my madness here. If I can perfectly milk this clock. I can kick a field goal then this game. He's also got a guy sitting in zone on this right side. So I can't throw that whip route. This I can throw. It's sketchy. But I can throw it. Good double teams up front. Great blocking. Honestly, used a massive amount of clock there. You think Miles Sanders can pick this up? That's the computer make the tackle. He's nervous. Kind of want to hit Finner in here. Right over the middle. Look at this. Shannon Sharp. Let's go. It's too obvious of a running down for me to run it. Like I think he knows. But I can take Shannon Sharp again. Oh, huge, huge mistake. I wonder if Finner in can get his guy on this now. He can. Yeah, because they don't have that zone sitting over there anymore. Go Finner in third and one. Need the teen CSDR here. I'm believing in Miles Sanders for this and he drops back. He thinks it's a pass. Not in field goal range yet. Let's not chew clock yet. But we're not in range right now. It's a 57. Come on, Shannon. Clear. Clear. Yes. Shannon Sharp. Why did you stand at the ball game? I'm going to run left side.  Wait a minute. Is that clock running? I can't tell if the clock is running right now. It's not telling me anything. I assume it's not. Since it's just sitting there. But I swear to God, if that clock... Okay.  That clock will just teleport down to eight seconds sometimes. Going weak side to run again. He probably knows. I got super tackled. He goes and time out. He can't ice me anymore. I am just going the most basic runs. Wait a minute. I almost... I don't even want to score.  I honestly didn't even try to. I tried to stop at the one there. They almost kind of dragged me in. 12 seconds is a lot of time. I don't like this anymore. I like this a lot better before. I lost last time by kicking off. Yeah. And I can't squib. By the way, if you're saying sky kick it to the fullback.  There's no fullback anymore. They took it out. It's too wide receivers back. I'm risking it.  Let's go. Got to love how kicking off is risking it. Oh yeah. Let's go. That was the biggest player right there. So he honest to God, he kind of ended up in the same spot. The 38 he would have been on the 42. But the huge thing here is that burnt five seconds. It's a massive five seconds. Finner in is out here.   So he's going to get one more. Ooh, Wildcat. Who is Kolar?  This is a cool looking play. I'll tell you that.  Dude, that might be one of my best and worst games of the year at the same time. What are the stats on this game? Such a close game. So he's 13 for 22 touchdowns. I have three touchdowns, three interceptions. She's crazy. Rushing seven for 120 miles. Sanders have a day. Two touchdowns. Perceiving Finner in, five for 113 and a study. Yeah, that was insane. Ooh, and how many touchdowns is that? 41 points. Is that five touchdowns? And a lot of two-point conversions and then a field goal. Pretty sure that was five touchdowns. Also, now we are technically 2-0 because that first game we loaded into just DC'd. And I guess I got the win for that. So sick. So five touchdowns. I get five ultimate kickoff packs. Keep in mind, what pack I open for the touchdown will shift throughout the year. But this is currently the cheapest. And that's the point. You get one of the cheapest packs in the game. You're not supposed to get something insane, but a nice little reward here. La Porta, Daniel Scott. I can probably move all these guys into a set or just quick sell them for some extra training. So what I'd like to pull is a kicker. And our fifth and final ultimate kickoff pack. So far, I really haven't pulled anything. Got Cam Young, Dogby, Wilkes. Dude, we got $75 added to the bank. And this full legends champion pack is actually limited. So I'm going to use the 75 right now. I think we earned it. That was a hell of a game. All right, boys. The season opener was pretty wild here. Look at our top five players. Finner in hard grave. John Johnson, Miles Sanders to Markisburg. Pretty dope. Hey, I appreciate you guys. I will see you in the next pack and play. I don't know what pack's dropping or what I'm going to do it, but I love you boys. See you soon. Peace.


Welcome to approach to pulmonary embolus part 2. In this section, we'll talk about the available diagnostic tests for PE. In part 3, we will talk about how we put it all together. We're hoping to do one of two things with the diagnostic tests. Those that help us rule out other diagnosis, and those that help us rule in PE, or confirmatory tests. First, chest x-ray. What other diagnosis can present that looks like PE? We're shown as a breath and pleuridic chest pain patients could be having an pneumonia, a pleurofusion, pneumothorax, or congestive heart failure. These diagnosis should show abnormal chest x-ray findings. This is a patient with an infiltrate in the right side of the lung. This is likely an pneumonia. Similarly, we want to look for changes that suggestive of CHF, pleurofusion, and pneumothorax on the chest x-ray. Very rarely, we can see some chest x-ray changes in patients with a PE. In this chest x-ray, if you look at the right pleura, you can see a wet shape hyperdensity. This represents an area of pulmonary infarct, also known as hemptons hump. This again is rarely seen. Most patients with PE will have a normal chest x-ray. And therefore, the reason to do the chest x-ray is to rule out other diagnoses, as we discussed before. Next, we'll talk about EKG. The EKG serves two purposes, one to rule out other diseases. What other diagnosis can be helped by doing EKG? It includes ST elevation MI, and pericarditis that can give patients shortness of breath and chest pain. There are also other clues on EKG that point to the patient having a PE. They include the following. Most common seen EKG finding in patients with PE is sinus tachycardia. This is seen in about 40% of patients who have a PE. Sometimes they lead V1 to V4, you can see flip T-waves, like the ones shown here. They can happen in about a third of patients with PE. We sometimes can see a right bundle branch block in patients with PE. This occurs in about 20% of patients. In about 20% of patients with PE, their EKG will show what's known as a S1-Q3-T3 pattern. What does that mean? It means that there is a prominent S-wave in lead 1. A Q-wave in lead 3. And an inverted T-wave in lead 3. Again, it's only seen in 20% of patients with PE. You may also note that this EKG also shows sinus tachycardia and a right bundle branch block. And therefore, we use EKG first to rule out other diagnosis and then we look for other clues that may point towards a PE. Remember that these clues are not present in every patient with PE. And therefore, even if there are no ECG clues, the patient can still have a PE. EKG is not a confirmatory test. What about blood work? How do we use that to help us? We want to do some basic blood work to see what the patient's baseline is. Sometimes in the right context, doing cardiac troponins are helpful. That might rule in other diseases. There's a special test known as a D-dimer in patients for the work of a PE. It is a fibrin degradation product and can go up if there is a PE. We'll talk about how to use it in conjunction with our clinical suspicion in part 3. The next tests are usually used for confirmation of PE. The first one is a VQ scan. It stands for Ventilation Perfusion Scan. It is a test done by Nuclear Medicine. The patient inhales air that has a radionucleotide, the nucleotide that enters the air spaces of the lungs. During the perfusion phase, we inject a radionucleotide intravenously to look for blood flow in the lungs. In patients with PE, there will be a part of the lung that has ventilation. But no blood flow. An example for a VQ scan is here. If we look at this image for ventilation and compare it to the corresponding perfusion image, we can see that there is lack of blood flow in the basal part of the lungs. This is highly suggestive for a PE. A VQ scan is the most helpful in normal lungs. It is not as sensitive or specific as CT scan. A CT scan is the imaging of choice to confirm a PE. It uses a dye to go through the blood vessel. And if there is a clot in the vessel, it is picked up as a filling defect. It can also provide information about pulmonary infarct and give information about other diagnoses as well. This is a still image on a CT scan. You can see that there is IV contrast going through the main pulmonary artery. Where the black arrow is, is a pulmonary embolus. You can see it is less white. That's the filling defect we were talking about before. Sometimes as we said, we can see pulmonary infarct. This is the patient with the hematins hump that we saw on the chest X-ray. It is much easier seen on a CT chest. One last confirmatory test will be in patient with suspicious about a DVT. The Doppler ultrasound will be able to tell us whether there is a deep vein thrombosis or not. Sometimes we will also give alternate diagnosis such as cellulitis or baker's cyst. In summary, we discussed the diagnostic tests we can use in patients that we are working out for a possible PE. We talked about tests that will help us rule out other diagnosis. We talked about blood work, EKG, and confirmatory imaging such as CT, VQ scan and Doppler. In the next section, we will talk about how to put this all together when you are facing a patient who has a possible PE. We hope you find this useful. Thank you for watching.


This fellow with a big machine gun waiting there. Good morning world, welcome back to the channel. It's day number 373 on our second navigation around the globe by motorcycle. We are here in Palenque in Mexico and yesterday we visited the ancient Maya city that gives this place its name. It was an incredibly cool place to visit but it was an incredibly hot day. So we decided yesterday not to ride any further and just to come back to this awesome place and basically spend the whole day in the air conditioning. But last night there was a crazy rainstorm so it's really cooled down now and it is pretty fresh this morning. It's probably like 28 degrees. Yes. Which is about as cool as you can get at the moment here in Palenque. But today we are ready to hit the road. We are ready to make our way into Mexico. So let me show you guys the route for today. So we are here and today we're gonna be making our way west towards Mexico city. So we're basically gonna be following this road cross country as far as we can go. Yes, our next destination is Mexico city and our navigation says it will take us 11 hours. So we probably won't reach that today but we get as far as we can. It's already 730 so better hit the road, let's go. Does the bearing look okay still? Yeah? Every time I jump on the bike, Sizzap, our security system inside gives me a notification. It's like an authorized movement of the bumble bee. I always think that's so cute. Thanks Sizzap. All right, let's ride. Let's ride.  This area here is quite touristic but very beautiful. You could have spent like two weeks or something in this area here. It's so nice. They got these beautiful cobbled streets. They got all these really nice restaurants. We went out into town yesterday and had some local food. What were they called? It was pretty much a fried tortilla with vegetables and some cheese. Oh, I think they were quesadillas yesterday. I love it. Quesadillas, cheese and vegetables inside a beautiful fried tortilla. And oh my God, it was nice. Yes. So, but now let's go to a Mexico city.  So it was so awesome yesterday to get to see another of these amazing Mayan ancient cities. And the city of Palenque is actually one of the best and most elaborate examples of the architecture of the Mayan civilization. This city spanned from about 226 BC to 800 AD. So a thousand years of development and growth and expansion. And you can really see where we were there. Just the extent of these buildings, they were absolutely fantastic. But just like Tikal that we visited in Guatemala by the ninth century, these cities had been completely abandoned. And as it does, the jungle came and reclaimed the place. And now you just got this beautiful combination of dense rainforest, sounds of the monkeys in the background and these awesome, beautiful structures. Just coming up to military post number like, I don't know, four or five for the day. We've actually been stopped already by one of them. Not all of them are stopping us, but one of them did stop us and checked my passport, checked Lavi's passport for our entry stamps. I guess there's quite a lot of control for people heading North. Immigration control, drug control.  This fellow with a big machine gun waiting there. Yeah. Hey, it looks all right. It didn't stop us, which is good. Yeah. A lot of people selling stuff, including that guy and this guy selling parakeets. Oh, I really don't like that. No, absolutely. Do not agree with selling parakeets on the side of the road. No. Oh. That's the poop bird. I really don't like to see that. No, that's not very nice. Yes, skip to the front of the queue. That's the motorcycle way. So it looks like there's another fellow here. Okay. I don't know what these got in his hand. I think a torch for some reason. I don't know what that means. I don't know if that meant stop, go. I don't know. And there was another guy waving, but I don't know. It's always quite confusing, but anyway. Now we are through. And apparently there's like a restaurant coming up in four minutes. And they've got quesadillas there, hey? Yes. Oh yeah, so I'm excited about that. Me too. Yeah, we did incredibly good this morning. We did already 166 miles so far. We've had a very, very nice, easy, smooth road. Well, relatively smooth. We are bouncing around on our dodgy suspension a little bit, but it's just about okay. And it's just been really nice actually. It's been really, really calm. Yeah. Wow, look at this river. Wow. Cool. That's a big river. Yeah, crazy. Crocs, crocs, crocs, crocs, crocs. Yeah, there's definitely going to be crocs in that one. Yeah, 166 miles down. Time for a break. Be open, be open, be open, be open. Here, here, here, here. Yes. Here we go. Wow, look at this place. Wow. That looks deluxe. That looks nice. Let's hope that it's not too expensive. Yeah. Oh, it's got AC and we still got a good eye on Bumblebee, kind of. Yeah. Buenos dias. Buenos dias. Buenos dias. All right. Let's see what they got. So, quesadillas are like 30, 40 pesos. How much is 40 pesos? Gracias. Look at that. We just sat down and we get like six sources. We haven't even ordered yet. One pound, seven pesos. Oh, wow. One pound, eight pesos. So, it's like one pound, eight pesos for a quesadilla. That's not bad. Yeah. Two each? Something like two each, maybe. Okay. Nice. Look how many tequilas they have on the menu. This is the entire tequila section. And keep in mind that this is like a roadside stop as well. And it's like a balloon tequilas. So what have we got for lunch? We have some really nice cheese and vegetable quesadillas. This one here is potato with some mozzarella cheese, maybe. Here's another one with some green stuff. I don't know exactly what that is. We can as well put some black beans in there because we ordered some black beans as an extra. They gave us some nacho chips. Yes. And we have some really nice pineapple juice. And that's all for 245 Mexican pesos, which is about 11 pesos. That's a pretty good price. And we have to try all of these sauces. Got green one. Wow. What was that? Spicy. Spicy? Ooh. Pineapple juice, pineapple juice. Got ourselves another little checkpoint here. Yeah, it's passed through. Even though we don't have anything on us, it's always a little bit like... Yeah, you always feel a little bit relieved when you get through. Yes, on my way. I passed the test. Yes. I passed the Mexican police test. So we're all lunched up and back on the highway. And I thought this would be a good time to tell you guys a little bit about country number 20 on our journey around the world, Mexico. So Mexico is the 13th largest country in the world by area and the 10th most populous country with 126 million people. It also has the most Spanish speakers of any country in the world. But alongside Spanish, it also has 86 other recognized languages. The area, which is now modern-day Mexico, has been home to people since at least 8,000 BC. And it's known as one of the six cradles of civilization. It's been home to many major civilizations, like the Maya that we saw in Palenque. But the last major civilization were the Aztecs who dominated the region in the century before Europeans arrived. In 1521, the Spanish arrived, and they soon conquered the Aztecs and turned the Aztec capital to Noctitlan into what is now the capital of Mexico, Mexico City. This new Spanish colony was called New Spain. Which is not very inventive. But New Spain became a major, major mining area for silver and made the Spanish very rich. Mexico finally declared independence from Spain in 1810. That was consummated in 1821 and finally recognized in 1836. Mexico ranks number one in the Americas for the amount of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. And it's also the fifth most biodiverse country in the world. It's also the sixth most visited country in the world with 39 million visitors a year. The name Mexico comes from the Nahuatl language, which is the same language that Nicaragua comes from, Guatemala. And it means the heart of the Aztec Empire. And that heart of the Aztec Empire is where we're heading to over the next two days to Mexico City, to Noctitlan to discover more about this amazing history. Hey guys, exciting news. We finally got our very first sponsor. So we just wanted to take a minute to show you guys this amazing app from our newest supporter on Vacation Doctor. Just imagine the following scenario. You're traveling in the foreign country. You're exploring the wonders of the world. And all of a sudden you get sick. Panic sets in. And you just want to talk to a real doctor. But you don't speak the local language. This is where the On Vacation Doctor app comes in handy. This app connects you to top English speaking doctors in any country in the entire world. All you need to do is to input your location and the app will provide you with the name, phone number and location of the closest English speaking doctor. But the On Vacation Doctor app doesn't stop there. It also provides you with the local ambulance, fire and police numbers, as well as the local US Embassy address and phone number. But the best part about this app is that it's absolutely free to use for the first six months. And then it's only $4.99 for the next six months, which is absolutely crazy and super affordable. So please guys, show your support for our very first sponsor by getting the app for free today. You will find the link in the description below. Not only will you be ensuring your own health and safety whilst travelling the world, but you'll also be showing the world what an amazing sponsor we are. So guys, stay healthy, safe travels and now back to the video. All right, second fuel up in Mexico. We've got to film the first one. So we're filming the second one instead. Hola, buenas. So they've got two types of fuel here, 87 and 92, which are called Magna and Premium. Okay, Premium, gracias. We'll go for the 92, eh? Why not? We'll treat ourselves. One pound ten. One pound ten per litre. Yeah, that's not expensive. Maybe we have to go for Magna next time. Oh, definitely. Perfecto, gracias. Perfecto. 362, 16 pounds, yeah. 16 pounds. Wow, yeah, it's not actually super cheap. No. I think we spent nearly 30 pounds in fuel today. Oh my God. Really? Okay. Yeah, because we've done 250 miles already, riding can be expensive when you ride really far. Muchas gracias. Muchas gracias. Okay, chao. Chao, chao. Hola, buenas. Jugo de piña? Sí. 35 litro. 35 uno litro. Oh, okay. It's 36 litro. Okay, uno litro. Gracias. Perfect. Cool. So this person is just selling a lot of pineapples and pineapple juice. And then one is 15. One is 15. Yeah, which is really cheap. Okay. So we should get one. Okay. And this for later. No, which one? Oh, this one. Okay, perfect. Yeah, I got to drink some now. I am hot. Yeah, I'm cool. The temperature has gone up. It's like now on the bike recording 35 degrees. It's hot. Very refreshing, hey? Yes. And like the lady in Panama said, that pineapple really cools you down. Yeah. So we need at least one litre of pineapple juice. So I just asked the woman working here where the pineapples were from and she just pointed like right over there. So I think there's a pineapple field literally just here. So we're just going to ride down this little road and see if there really is a pineapple field. Gracias. It was really nice and tasty. Yeah. Yeah, I think this is our pineapple here. I think there's a pineapple on the road. Wait a minute, let me just stop here. Yeah. Yeah, this is pineapple fields. Nice. Cool.  And then they just basically the pineapple grows on the top of them. They cut the pineapple off, it looks like the rest of it just dies away. That's so cool. We basically just had pineapple that was grown right here and then sold right there and drunk by us. Those are awesome. I also just realised that we just hit 25,000 miles on the road. So it's currently 4pm and we've got about one more hour to ride on this highway. We've found an auto hotel called Auto Hotel Jasmine in a town called La Tinaja and it's about 60 miles down this highway and it's been a long, long, long ride 288 miles so far. So I'm looking forward to getting off this bike. Yeah, definitely. A lot of straight road today. Yeah. Wow. Hola. Hola. Hola. Hola. Hola. Hola. Hola. Hola. Hola. 300. 300. 300, ok. 150. 320. No. No problem with the... Taja. Taja. Declined. Why? At the moment we can't get any money from the ATM which is not great because we don't have a lot of cash and the hotel is cash only so... Yeah. So TransferWise is saying basically that they can't pay them so they can't give us the money basically. So it's not working. I'll have to check. So luckily we managed to get cash on my UK card but they charged me a crazy exchange rate so I just withdrew like about £70 worth of pesos and they charged my account £84. £13 in like conversion markup and ATM fees so it's a bit of a mistake to be honest arriving here and not having any cash anyway. Yeah, I mean if your budget is so tight then £15 is so much. Well yeah, it basically breaks our budget for today and it makes our cheap hotel room that was going to be like £13-14 basically like nearly £30 hotel room. Yeah. Let's get to the room. Number 9. Number 9. Gracias, muchas gracias. Oh, mañana 7.30. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. it looks a little bit like a horror movie. It does really doesn't it? Yeah it looks like you can't produce a good good horror movie here. Does that have a light? Oh it does. Spacious shower. There's no seat and no back on the toilet. It's like 15 pound 60. I mean it's cheap-ish but to be fair like yeah yeah I would rather sleep outside. But it is really hot and there is air conditioning in here. Does it work? Please work. Oh if we can at least be cool in here overnight then I'm happy. The air conditioning is working. Can you believe it? Oh it's so nice. At least one big plus here being in this room. But despite this room quality I'm sure we will have a good night here because it was the longest ride 350 miles. Pretty crazy. So we got all our stuff here up and we're just loading up the footage. We will have an early night tonight because tomorrow we will head into Mexico City. And that's it from us today. We hope you enjoyed the video. If so please give us a thumbs up, subscribe to the channel, share the video with your friends and family, comment below and we will see you next time.


Hello and welcome to the session. The question says, construct the triangle ABC in which BC is 8 cm, angle B is 45 degrees and the difference of side AB and AC is 3.5 cm. So, firstly let us interpret the given problem in the form of a rough figure. Then we will proceed with the construction. Now, according to construction 11.5 of your book, this case is the first case since here we have AB minus AC is equal to 3.5. This implies that AB is greater than AC. So, we will work according to the rule of case one. First we will draw, draw a ray, BX and we will mark a point C on it such that BC is equal to 8 cm. Now, we are given that angle B is equal to 45 degrees. So, we will draw angle YBC equal to 45 degrees with the help of a compass. Then we will mark a point D on it such that BD is equal to the difference of the given two sides that is 3.5 cm. Then we will join the point D with C and the next we will find the perpendicular bisector of the line DC that it intersects the ray BY at a point A. ABC is the required triangle. This is how we are going to proceed on with the construction. So, this is where the steps of construction and side by side we will construct our ray BX and then mark a point is equal to 8 cm. So, this is a ray BX and on this side we have marked a point C such that BC is equal to 8 cm. Now, in the second step we shall construct angle YBC is equal to 45 degrees with the help of a compass. The first we will draw 90 degrees angle and then we will bisect it to get 45 degrees angle. So, this is ray BY such that angle YBC is equal to 45 degrees. Third step we shall cut the ray BY point D is equal to the difference of two given sides that is AB minus AC. So, we will cut the ray BY at a distance of 3.5 cm from the point B point D on the ray BY such that VD is equal to 3.5 cm and the fourth step we have to join DC. So, we have joined DC. Now, let us move on to the next step and in this step we shall draw the perpendicular bisector, perpendicular bisector of line segment BC. It intersects the ray BY, it intersects the ray BY at a point A. Then to get the triangle we will join A to C which is our last step to construct the triangle, required triangle. So, in the last step we will join AC and hence triangle ABC is the required triangle. So, hope you have understood the construction. This is the triangle we have got by constructing it. So, hope you have enjoyed it. Take care and have a good day.


Okay. Next talk is a paper by Okan Sekar, Abraham Fernandez Rubio, Reiner Steinwand and Thomas Eisenbard. And Okan will give the talk. He will speak about extending glitch-free multi-party protocols to resist fault injection attacks. Hello. And thanks for the introduction. Today I'll give you a small talk on our paper. And as you can see, this is a joint work with Abraham, Thomas and Reiner. So as we all know, the physical attacks on empathic systems are a real threat. So if these devices are just run some crypto algorithm, these devices are vulnerable as we all know. So let me introduce our adversary in this presentation. Eve will be our adversary. And what she can do, she can do side channel attacks, fault injection, probing and glitches. And as you all know, even in the simplest case, what she can do is she can just do some simple DPA and get the secret information very easily. So what we need to do is we need to just protect these implementations. So we can do this in two different categories. One of them is side channel contamination and the other one is fault injection, of course. As I'm likely in the previous presentation, we saw that side channel countermeasures can be listed as masking. Some examples are private circuits building and polynomial masking threshold implementations. And the fault injection countermeasures are redundancy, irritation and infective computation. So of course we need to combine these countermeasures. And in the literature, there's several countermeasures, combined countermeasures which can combine those different operations. So what we're going to do in this presentation is we will introduce polynomial masking based countermeasures. And I will just introduce to our scheme. And I will introduce you why do we need an error-preserving multiplication. And of course I will give you some security and performance analysis. And if you have time, we will do some application on AS. So our combined countermeasure based on the Shamir-Sikhot sharing. So what the Shamir-Sikhot sharing scheme is, is that just a polynomial-based secret sharing which requires evaluating a secret polynomial into n different points. And yeah, you can see some example in here, which is a degree two polynomial. And this two polynomial can be represented by three points. And here you can see that our F0 is shared by three points. So we have a secret reconstruction, of course. We have two different representations. One of them is the coefficients. The other one is of course the points. And we are going to use, of course, the secret shares are the points itself. So what do we do, what happens if we increase the number of shares? Now we have four points. And if we try to interpolate these polynomials and do some calculations on it, we will see that the highest degree term is zero in this case. So what happens if the if, if successfully inject the fault to the system? Now in this example, she can just inject the fault to the third share. And when we try to interpolate these four points, what we're going to see is that this highest degree term is none zero. So we will use this fact in our computations and we will try to detect errors using those coefficients. So in the MD scheme, we can see that the coefficients between d plus one and n minus one are the error detection terms. So as I thought, we would just stick with the, stick with the points. So we need to just define some of the operations using the points. In the simplest case, if you would like to do some addition, when we try to add two secrets, we just need to add the addition or add the secret, add the shares of each player. So we can just define the affine transformation and the sequering easily. But the most interesting case is the multiplication. So in this example, we will see a three-one scheme. And when we try to do a computation and when we try to, when we try to multiply two secrets, what we see is in the first step, we will just multiply the first corresponding shares. Now as you can see, this is a three-one scheme and the F and G are actually a line in this case. And when we multiply two lines, what we get is a degree two polynomial, and that means we cannot use the H as the output shares. So in the second step, we do a randomization step. And in this step, each player just to generate a random degree D polynomial whose coefficient is the, is the calculated value. And then they reshare this polynomial and each player gets three different values and they actually add this together. So what happens if the EVE successfully injects a fault? And as you can see, the fault actually propagates until the second step. And since the QIs are just a random polynomial, random degree D polynomial, what happens is when we try to interpolate this polynomial, the output is always the greater, greater less than D. So that's why we need to, so that's why the error propagates until the second, until the first step. And then second step is always a valid degree D polynomial. So we need to try, find a way to protect the implementations. So first of all, what is our ideas? What are our aims? And we only, we only detect the faults. That means we don't want to correct the, correct the faults. That means that the only, we only look at the output, if the output degree is greater than D. So, and also as I told you, we have the point space and we have the coefficient space. We can just do an interpolation and do the fault detection, but that this is going to leak information, so we don't want to do that. And we would like to have an error-proseving multiplication. That means if EVE successfully injects a fault in any step of the algorithm, the degree of the, degree of this shares should be always greater than degree D in any step, so that we can do, if you would like to do a fault detection in every step, we should be able to detect the faults. And lastly, we would like to have infective computation. That means if the fault is injected, when the output is generated, the EVE should not be able to get any information from it, and it should be randomized. So what is our solution? And we introduced our error-proseving multiplication scheme in this case. It starts as the same as the previous one. Just a reminder, in here we have the error detection terms from F and G are degree between D and N, and from the H we have between 2D and N. So as I told you, this starts as the same. And we actually update this QI using some error information from the F, G, and H. And in this last step is the same. So what is our main idea? The main idea is if the fault is injected again, it propagates until the second step, and in the third step, in the final step, the fault should be propagated into the other states. So how are we going to update this QI and utilize the error detection terms? We actually defined our new variable called EIJ. EIJ is just a share of error detection term of H or F and G. So how it is calculated? When each player just calculates its last share, their output, inherently, when they get all the shares and calculate its corresponding output, they actually get one coefficient from H or one coefficient from G and F. So if you look at the previous example, what we see is the first share gets an error detection term from H, and the second share gets an error detection term from F and G. And again, luckily, I have this very theoretical background for the TSNI security notion. Thanks for the previous presentation. And we all know that TSNI security notion is a standard way of proving security, again, proving attacks. So what we did is we defined, we just extend this notion to a TSNI ND notion, and we actually show that T-PROPS and some of the output shares is simulatable by the input shares. And that means in using our error preserving multiplication, we show that T-PROPS bring no information to adversity, because these shares are all the uniform and distributed, and that brings nothing. So what about our fault detection? And we saw that we defined a new notion called error propagation. As I told you, we just, our aim is to only detect the fault. So this notion states that if the input is faulty, the output is, the probability of the output is also faulty. Now, if you look into the propagation, probability of a finite and squaring operation, this is one. However, it's in the addition and the multiplication is close to one. But since we used an error propagated, and we assume that we show that error is propagated, we can just insert some fault detection operations so that this probability becomes one again. So what is the cost of our operations? And as you can see, this is the previous version, and this is our error preserving multiplication scheme. And the most cost of operation is the second part, in which we generate some degree D polynomial and evaluate this polynomial into other shares. So what is the cost of our operation is just the calculation of the EIJ. And so, for the example, I would like to look into the first part of the AS box. This is one of the AS box. This is one, a fine transformation and some sequence of multiplication and squaring. So what we did is we just get the previous algorithm and we just changed the multiplication with the error preserving multiplication and add two refreshing mask operations. So what Eve can do right now? Eve can just using t-probs. She can just get the intermediate variables. But since we proved that our scheme is secure in TSNI notion, we can say that these probes will bring no information to Eve. And secondly, she can just inject some faults to the input or within the algorithm itself. And we actually showed that in the 4.1 scheme, we showed that the error propagation of this algorithm is this number. So in conclusion, what we did until here, we defined a new multiplication engine, in which the information about the fault remains as a part of the shares and the error propagates through the algebraic operations. And so that we can delay in our error detection as late as the final recombination step. And we can use the, yeah. And also we defined a new fault detection and recombination gate. And for which we can do a fault detection and also recombination.  And also we, using recombination gate, if the fault is detectable until the end of the algorithm, we said that the effective computation is ensured. So, and also we proved our scheme is secure in ISW programming model. And using the refreshing mask operation, we're actually able to increase or extend the security notion of the proofing scheme to the TSNI notion. And we examined or analyzed our fault detection properties of our scheme using a new notion called propagation. And also we implement these algorithms in the proof of concept C implementation AS1128 on ultra-low power architecture ARM Cortex M0. And we actually include full leakage analysis, including higher order moments. And we show that this is a flow for the constant execution flow with constant memory accesses. And the code is available. You can just download and play with it and we will be very happy. And thank you for listening. Thanks for the talk. Questions? It's very soft. I tried it. Over there, Emmanuel. Yeah. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you for the talk. Seeing a fault as a glitch, is there a chance that you could use the approach presented in previous talk to prove the security of your scheme? Even in presence of faults and also using the composability notions? Yes. So we actually just... So the previous scheme is actually just proven to be glitch-free. So what we did is we just implement some fault preserving operation to that so that we can say that this scheme can be used as a glitch-free and also fault-preserving. Am I understanding the question correct or...? You prove the security of your scheme with the notion of verbousness of propagation. Is it a formal... Do you succeed to prove formally that there is no leakage? Yes. So we show that our new multiplication scheme is TSNI. So it's to be proven against T-props. And since we... And we know that the combination of those operations can be... Of course, using some conditions can be used, for example, in the X254 case. We show that actually this combination of operation can be seen as a T-secure and T-probable model using refreshing mask operations. So it is not only enough to show that the individual operations are TSNI. We need to add some refreshing mask operations. So that's why we introduce refreshing mask operations. And we will be able to theoretically prove that our scheme is actually secure in T-probable model. Thank you. Another question. I have one. Can you go back to slides? I think 17. Earlier, 13 maybe. That graph here. One down. So why does this error only distribute into two parts? Why don't you distribute it everywhere? In here, so we look into the highest degree terms of the H and the F-exor G. So in this case, this is, for example, for one scheme. And from H, we only get the highest degree term, which is the H3. And for the Q1, it actually gets the error detection term from G-exor F. So that's why it's... So we only have two error detection or two zero coefficients, if there is no fault. So we can only utilize those coefficients. So that's why only two of them gets... It's a fault information. Okay. Other questions? No. Let's thank the speaker again. Thank you.


This is stock number two zero J one five six a we are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin You're new and used Jeep and Jeep Cherokee headquarters today. We are checking out this super clean 2020 Jeep Cherokee trailhawk This vehicle has the three point two liter v6 Pentastar motor It has been fully safetyed and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this Jeep is 100% ready to go Diamond black metallic is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it is definitely Your best way to check out the quality and condition of the vehicle before seeing it in person And if you'd like to check out all the photos on this Jeep in the upper right hand party screen is a link to our website Click that and check us out there. This one comes with the painted and polished aluminum 17-inch rims and it has firestone destination P245 65 hour 17s These are the all-terrain tires on here and they have just about all the tread left I'd say 90% of the tread at least and Really nice tires Front fenders in excellent shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on that This one comes with the LED headlamps the LED running lights and the LED fog lamps Get the red powder coated tow hooks on the front here No dents or dings or scuffs on that front bumper and the hood is in excellent shape. You do get that Decal on the hood. That's an anti-glare decal But it's just a sticker if you didn't want it you could take that off you get the granite crystal seven Slotted grille with the granite crystal Jeep lettering Passengers side front fender no dents or dings on that and the passenger side rim no major scuffs or scrapes As you go down this side of the vehicle take note of how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is We take these HD videos So if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down You can still see the Jeep here the Jeep and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at Before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely No surprises and that is why we offer the summit auto fast-pass option in the upper right hand part of your screen a link to Our website where you can apply for financing get pre-approved see a payment quote even appraise a trade All from the comfort of your own home. So when you get here, all you got to do is drive the vehicle You'll be all set to go back tires have just as much tread as front tires and it does come with the capless fuel fill Which is a really nice feature LED tail lamps as we come around to the back your bumper is in great shape. Let's have the towing package from the factory on here I believe these are capable of towing up to 4,500 pounds. You do get the backup sensors 4-pin 7-pin wiring with the receiver hitch and another red powder coated toe hook in the back The rear gate is an excellent condition. I didn't see any dents or dings on that And it does have the power lift gate Back storage area is very clean. You do get the subwoofer back here and because it's a trailhawk You get the full-size spare tire and jack tools Those seats do fold down for extra storage and we'll show you how those go down in just a second And you do have the button right there to get that gate down It'll beep at you three times then it will come on down actually beeps a total of four times But on the third one it comes down as you go down the driver side just as clean as that passenger side no dents no dings Has the roof rack rails And for full disclosure this back rim is in excellent shape as well Down the rest of this side of the vehicle Looks really good at ncdents. I didn't see any dings Does come with the heated mirrors blind spot monitoring and built-in directional signals the enter-and-go system You just have to have the key fob in your pocket put your hand in there and it'll automatically unlock Inside the trailhawk package gives you the black Leatherette and cloth interior you get the trailhawk stitched into the backrest and all the red stitching Along the sides there power driver seat with lumbar and factory all-weather floor mats throughout Auto headlamps tilt and telescopic steering wheel audio controls in the back of the steering wheel power windows power locks and power mirrors and As we hop inside the vehicle here We can check out the miles Radio and everything 7,348 miles on this vehicle you do get a digital speedometer Range to empty you can do compass time whatever you want in those corners. It's all changeable And then of course the 7 inch LCD display is very nice. You get the leather wrapped steering wheel Cruise controls on the right Bluetooth and information center controls on the left and remember you get those audio controls On the back of the steering wheel look how nice that leather is. I mean it looks brand new on here Really nice. You do get the 8.4 4c radio which gives you a MFM and serious XM radio capabilities. You also can do your climate controls here and You do get the dual climate control This one also has the factory navigation system on it, which is a really nice feature This is also where your backup camera is going to show up Being the 4c radio you also get Projection manager which is right there where you can project your cell phone to the screen via Android Auto or Apple CarPlay and Project it to the screen So if you've got different navigation systems such as ways or Google Maps that you like better than the factory navigation system You can project it to the screen and use that also works with music and media and stuff We actually did a demo on that in the upper right hand part of the screen if you want to check that out Click that and check out that video But other than that you can do you can see all the different other apps that you have there And down here you have your climate controls that are more tactile if you'd like to use the buttons and knobs Also volume and tune controls. This is your stability control your start-stop capabilities as well Down here is your four-wheel drive system You get the auto snow sports sand mud and then rock is a part of the trailhawk package You have the locking differential four-wheel drive low downhill sys control and then speed select crawl control Augs in a USB nine-speed automatic transmission and your electronic parking brake You do get the keyless entry on here with remote start and the power lift gate Passengers side format is an excellent shape as is the passenger side seat This vehicle has never been smoked in and smells very clean inside This one does have the panoramic Sunroof in it.  I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today And hopefully from this HD video you have been able to tell just how clean this Jeep is all the way around inside and out Under the hood we have the 3.2 liter v6 pentastar motor Engine bay is very clean runs very smooth Once again, this vehicle has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this vehicle is 100% ready to go There are those LED headlamps running lights and fog lights super bright I would highly recommend this vehicle from a quality Condition and just an overall vehicle standpoint. I've owned three trail Hawks myself in the Cherokees and very nice vehicles And to see more pictures of this Jeep or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks SUVs mini vans Wranglers You name it We got it on our website right there www.summitauto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto.com And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto Remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there In fact in a second we'll see link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left a link to more Jeep Cherokee videos like this one on your right if you have not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website Click those check us out and we really look forward to helping with this super clean like new 2020 Jeep Cherokee trail Hawk in diamond black pro coat. Thanks again for checking out the video


Evidence is back in the news. Only this time, the alleged kidnapping has closed his case with his five court defendants. It was closed before justice Hakim Oshodi of Anikeja High Court. They had been arraigned on August 31, 2017, on a two-count charge of conspiracy and kidnapping. All the defendants during the criminal trial have maintained their innocence.


I am Dr. Olyth Selvan, Consultant Heptologist and Chairman Division of Liver Transplantation in Manipal Hospital. The treatment of liver cancer depends on the stage at which the liver cancer is diagnosed. It does also depend on the stage of the liver disease and the physical condition of the patient. But overall, if you diagnose the patient early when the lesion is small, there is every chance that you can cure the patient by either doing a liver transplant or a liver resection. On the other hand, as commonly happens, if patient presents you with symptoms and you diagnose it late, it's invariably an in-stage process where you can only give palliative measures and the treatment outcome is not good.


Hello, and welcome to the session in which you would look at the three tax rate structure, which are progressive, proportional and regressive. And I will also discuss marginal as well as average tax rate. Before I start, if you're a CPA candidate, I would like to remind you to check out my website, farhatlectures.com. I don't replace your CPA review course, whether you're taken Wiley, Glyme, Roger, or any other course. I can be a useful addition. I can help you add 10 to 15 points to your CPA exam score by explaining the material a little bit different. Look, here's your risk. Your risk is one month of one month of subscription. Your return is possibly passing your exam. Are you willing to take that risk? And if not for anything, check out my website to see how well or not well your university is doing on the CPA exam. And I do have resources for other college courses. Please connect with me on LinkedIn and on LinkedIn, you can check out my recommendation, other people recommendation that they used my system to succeed. Please like this recording, share it, connect with me on Facebook and Instagram. So let's talk about the three tax structure. And the first one is progressive. What is a progressive tax structure? Well, our system, our federal income tax system is progressive. It means the tax rate increases as the tax base increase. Simply put, the more money you make, the more taxes you pay. This is what progressive is. It progresses up. As you pay, it goes up. The more, the more you make, the more you pay. Okay, example is the US income tax system. The best way to illustrate this concept is to look at an example. Mary and George are married, file a joint return and have a taxable income of $335,000. For a given year, this is how their tax liability will be computed. For example, the first $19,750, they will pay on this first amount 10%. And this will amount to $1,975. Now, the next dollar that they earn above $17,000, $19,750, between $19,750 and $80,250. So this is where we call their next bracket. So the next bracket, let's see how much it is. So I'm going to take $80,250 minus $19,750. That's $60,500. So the next $60,500, they will pay 12%. So notice the rate, the rate, the rate went up by 2%, went from 10% to 12%. Then every extra dollar they earn above $80,250 up to $170,050. Again, you can compute the bracket here. They will pay actually then it goes up 10%. Notice it's progressive. And this will amount to $19,976. Any amount they earn above $17,150 up to $326,600, they will pay 24%. And any amount from $326,600 up to $335, they'll be in the 32% tax bracket. And any amount above this amount, it will be a new tax bracket. So simply put notice the progressivity of the tax. Now, what you need to understand as the following is we have something called the marginal tax rate. So what is the marginal tax rate? And the marginal tax rate is related to progressive. Basically, it's the proportional tax that the taxpayer pays on the last dollar of the taxable income. It means the rate that they pay on the last dollar of taxable income. So in this situation, if I ask you, what is the marginal tax rate for Mary and Josh? Well, what was the rate? What's the proportion? We're going to look at what proportional means. It means what's the flat tax rate proportional means flat? What is the tax rate that they paid on the under their last dollar? And the answer will be 32%. So the last dollar they earned, they pay 32 cent of it in federal tax. This is called the marginal tax rate. Okay, now, if you make a lot of money, you will be in the marginal tax rate 32%. We have to differentiate the marginal from the average tax rate. What is the average tax rate?  How much you paid in total taxes? Well, simply put, it's the percentage that a payer pays given a certain amount of taxable income. So Mary and George in total, they are responsible for paying $69,231 and they made $335,000. Now we can find what is their average on average? How much they pay for older taxes? We know they're marginal. We know that they paid on their last dollar 32%. That's their marginal. Their average, we're going to compute the average now 69,231 divided by 335. And their average tax rate is 20.66%. So if I ask you what is their average tax rate, you will take how much they paid in total divided by the taxable income, what is their marginal tax rate is 32%. So what happens sometime in the news, they kind of confuse you, they quote or aid, but they don't tell you whether it's the marginal or the average, because always the average is lower than the marginal, the average tax rate. So that's those two terms you need to be familiar with, the difference between marginal and average. Now the next tax structure we're going to be looking at is proportional. So proportional, what is proportional? Simply put, we just kind of mention it, it's a flat. The same tax rate is used regardless of how much money you make. So it's for example, 10%, 15%, and whatever you make $10, $100, $10,000 or $10 million, you'll pay a flat rate. Examples of this will be the state, for example, in Pennsylvania, the rate is 3.07. Or your local tax rate, for example, my local sale, my local sales tax is my state tax, sales tax is 6% flat. Also Medicare, which we'll see later is 2.9%. This is what proportional tax rate is. It means it does not change regardless. So if you made $100, $1,000, if you have a taxable income of $100,000, you'll pay the same rate, whatever that rate is, 6%, 5%. This is what we called proportional tax rate. And the third tax rate is a regressive tax rate. And what is a regressive tax rate? Well, regressive kind of opposite of the progressive, the tax rate decreases as the tax base increases. So simply put, the more you make, the lower is your tax. That's how it works. It's the kind of thing regressive is the opposite of progressive. Progressive is the more you make, the more you pay. Regressive, the more you make, kind of the less you pay. Now, what could be an example of regressive? Well, social security. The social security tax is considered a regressive. Now, why is it considered a regressive? Here's why. And we're going to talk about this later on. When you make, when you earn your income in the US, well, up to a point, you'll pay social security. And for a given year, let's assume the limit is $137,000, just for the sake, $700,000. And this number will change every year. So although I'm telling you, maybe this is for this year, but this will change the next year or the year after or whatever. Now, the rate is 6.2%. So a few, let's assume you made, let's assume for the sake of illustration, you made, let's assume you made $100,000. Well, if you made $100,000, we're going to take $100,000 times 6.2%. You are responsible for paying $6,200 in social security. And your tax rate is 6.2%. That's fine. Let's assume you made $137,700. Well, we're going to take $137,700 multiplied by let's say 0.062, which is 6.2%, you will pay $8,537,040. This is how much you pay in social security. Let me tell you something. If this is the amount, if this is the limit, it means that's the maximum amount you'll pay in social security. Let's assume an individual made $250,000. Guess what's going to happen? Every dollar you are going to earn above $137,700. Every $1 you earn, it's social security tax-free. What does that mean? It means although you made, although your earnings are $250,000, you are only going to pay this amount. So you stop paying taxes. What does that mean? It means if we take $8,537.40 divided by $250,000. And notice what happened as you earn more. As you earn more, if we take $8,537.40 and divide it by $250,000 for somebody who made $250,000, your rate is 3.41%. So notice what happened to your rate. As you made more money, your tax rate, your social security tax rate went down. Now, if you made a million dollars, a lot of people make million dollars, even your tax rate is lower. So the more you pay, the more you earn, the less is your rate. Now, we'll talk later on about the social security a little bit more in details. Why is it, why does it work that way? And we need to a little bit more about its computation, about its limitation, so on and so forth. But this is an example of a regressive tax rate, regressive tax rate. Regressive tax rate is considered unfair. It's considered unfair because think about it, the more you make, the lower is your rate. So basically, you just make sure you are familiar with those terms. Usually, they are covered in an introduction to income tax scores. Once again, I would like to remind you if you're a CPA candidate to check out my website, farhatlectures.com for additional resources for your CPA exam. Just check out my LinkedIn. That's all what I suggest if you have any doubts. Good luck, study hard, and most importantly, stay safe.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a new Zor education. I would like to talk about dynamics of rotational movements. We have already covered kinematics of rotation, where we have introduced the angular position, angular velocity and angular acceleration. Now in particular, let me just remind you that if you have rotation of this object, and this angle would be our angle of rotation, its first derivative would be a pseudo vector which is always directed along the axis of rotation. Now the plane of rotation obviously is perpendicular to the axis of rotation. And acceleration, angular acceleration also is directed along this particular axis of rotation. Now if you just don't remember it well, I do suggest you to go to the rotational kinematics lecture earlier in this course and just go through this. It's very simple things. And that explains actually why the angular velocity vector is along the axis and so is angular acceleration. Now today, we will consider the dynamical aspects of this movement of the rotation, which means we are introducing concept of mass, inertia, force, etc. Now I'm not going to redefine mass or force for rotational movement. However, there are certain other concepts related to rotation which are playing the same role as the force and inertial mass. But for the rotation versus the concepts of force and mass, as we know them from translational movement. Now in particular, obviously we are talking about three laws of Newton. Now, let me just remind you that the first law is about an object moving along the straight line with constant speed if there are no forces applied to this particular object. Now, as far as the rotation is concerned, there is an equivalent. Now imagine that you are in free space. There are no forces of gravitation or any other forces and you have this spaceship and for whatever reason it just turns around its axis. It will continue to turn if there are no other forces. So basically as far as the rotation is concerned, this first law of Newton has an equivalent that the object rotating around some axis will continue its rotation indefinitely with the same angular velocity if there are no unbalanced forces applied to this. Now as far as the third law of Newton, that the force of action has counteraction, it's not really applicable for rotational movement. So we're not considering this. The most important, actually, is the second law in translational movement. It stands as this. So we have the force. We have acceleration. So let's just assume that we are talking about straight line movement and the force goes along this straight line. So the force is a vector now and it's proportional to acceleration where coefficient of proportionality is the mass of the object. So I would like to come up with something similar in case of rotation. Now what's probably the most important thing is that in case of rotation while force is a source of acceleration it's not only the force which is this particular source. Now in case of translational movement along the straight line while the force, if it's applied to the object and it can be applied only to the object, right? So that's the source of its acceleration. Now in case of rotation we are assuming that there is a little bit more complicated arrangement. So if this is the mass, I probably have some kind of a rod which connects my mass with the axis of rotation. So there is some kind of connection here which allows it to rotate, right? And the force can be applied well either to the mass itself and we will consider perpendicularly to to the radius right now or it can be applied here as well and it will also cause the rotation, right? So the point of application of the mass is important because although this is a point object which has certain mass M, but the point of application of force can can be not only to the object itself as in the translational movement along the straight line, but also to any position on the rod. Or if you wish, rod can be a line, again some kind of a infinite basically in theory of the lengths and we can apply the force here Now if you will apply the force here, it will still force the object to move, right? So my first most important kind of point here is that not only the force can be the source of the movement of acceleration, but in this particular case angular acceleration which we are mostly interested in. But also how I apply this force. Okay, now let's go to experiments. Now we all know that if you have a door okay so this is the door which I am opening or closing whatever. Now if I apply my efforts at the edge opposite to the hinges, so these are hinges that's where it's moving or attaching. If I'm applying if I'm applying my force and the opposite to the hinges side where usually the handle is located, I can open the door relatively easy. Now, what if I apply the door close to the hinges? Well, it will be much more difficult. We all know that. Actually, I do remember certain hotels where the knob is right in the middle of the door and it's always kind of extra effort which I have to make to open the door using the knob in the middle. Not as I would expect it based on my experience with the knobs at the edge. So the application of the force, a point of application is very important. Now it has been experimentally basically determined that the acceleration which my force, let's consider that the force is fixed. So I'm pressing at a certain point with a certain pressure, the pressure of the force. So it has been experimentally determined that the acceleration of the door, of angular acceleration of the door, is proportional to this distance from the axis of rotation. So let's go to this more theoretical picture. Depending on this distance, so this distance is, let's say, R. So depending on this distance, my acceleration of this point will be different and it will be proportional basically to this distance. So if I will, let's say, put my force right at the object itself, I will have one acceleration. But if I will put it at half distance from axis to the object, my acceleration will be half of this. Now if I will put it on, if I will apply my force on this side, for instance, also on the same radius, into this direction. The long tangential line, always perpendicular to the radius, okay? If I'm applying this, it will be the same as, acceleration is the same as this. If I will reduce the radius by two, my acceleration will be half. So basically, my angular acceleration alpha would be proportional to my radius. Now another thing, which is kind of obvious, it should be proportional to the force itself, right? Twice as strong force will produce twice as much acceleration. Now this is actually kind of a simple thing because if you consider it that we are applying force, for instance, right at the point, then during certain infinitesimal period of time, my movement is practically linear, right? So yes, it's along the circle, but we are talking about infinitesimal time interval. And in this interval, my trajectory actually is almost straight line, which means that my linear acceleration, a, should be equal to fm, sir. f divided by m, right? From this second law of Newton. But my linear acceleration is radius, well, let me use capital R, radius times angular acceleration, obviously, right? From pure geometry. From which we go, from which follows that, obviously, alpha should be proportional to to the force, right? In this case. So, we have the proportionality between angular acceleration alpha and the radius of the point where my force is applied and obviously the force itself. So basically I can say that alpha is equal to some kind of coefficient times f times r. Now what's also what has also been observed that if I have a specific object rotating on a specific trajectory of the radius r, and if I will change my force and change my radius to the point where the force is applied, as long as their product is the same, my acceleration would be the same. So this k is a constant, basically. It depends only on the product of the force and the radius of the point where the force is applied. Which brings us to a kind of a similar situation with this. So in the translational movement, my acceleration is proportional to force and inertial mass is the coefficient of proportionality. In this case of rotation, my angular acceleration is proportional to something, not force, but force times r. So this force times r actually plays logically exactly the same role for a rotational as just force plays for a translational movement. And obviously there is a special name. It's called torque. So this product of the force and the radius to the point where the force is applied, this one, is called the torque. Now in some other places in literature and different countries, it's called moment of force, which is basically the same thing. In the United States, the torque is more common term, but in certain European countries, for instance, they just call it moment of force, which basically is the same thing. So we have this type of relationship which kind of reminds us this. So we found the logical equivalent of the force for translational movement. We found the logical equivalent of this to a torque in rotational movement. So we have replaced our linear acceleration with angular acceleration and the force is replaced with torque. Now, what is this coefficient? Well, that's very easy actually to come up with this. Again, let's consider this. It's an infinitesimal time period. What happens? Well, during this period, my force F will will produce, basically will result in acceleration, linear acceleration of A. Now linear acceleration is r times angular acceleration, right? Now, how can I get from this to torque?  Now, this is the torque and the Greek letter alpha tau is usually used for for the torque and this is a coefficient of proportionality, which I was talking about, right? Between the angular acceleration and the torque and it's called moment of inertia, okay? Now, we have this moment of inertia of this particular object of the mass m which is positioned at the radius capital R. Now, we know that if I will replace one torque with another torque which is equal to this, to this torque, I will have exactly the same result because the result depends only on the torque, right? So if I will take another F, lowercase F, and apply it at radius R in such a way that it's equal to F times r, which means let's say the r is half of this one, but this F is double this one, so the result will be the same. I will have exactly the same result, the same acceleration. So basically, I can say that this formula can be generalized into F times r is equal to i times alpha, where i is the moment of inertia of my mass, which is m r square, where r is the distance, so this is the moment of inertia and this is a torque. So all together, I can put it in one formula which looks like the second law of Newton, but only with different concepts introduced. But basically, it reflects exactly the same thing. It reflects certain effort. Now effort means in this case torque or moment of the force, which is a little bit more complex than the force for a rotational movement. And this represents the moment of inertia. Again, it's not just inertial mass, it's a little bit more than that, at mass times r square, where r is the distance of this mass. But in any case, it's the same logical concept, because this is a resistance to the movement. What is the mass? Inertial mass is the measure of resistance to the force. Right? So my torque replaces for a rotational movement the force for translational and my moment of inertia replaces the plain inertial mass. Right? So this is f, I'll use lower case, okay. f times r and this is mr square. So this is r, the point where we apply the force and this is r, where the object is located. Now, there is one little complication or generalization whatever you want. You see, sometimes, now we were talking before, we were talking about the force being perpendicular to the radius, right? Now, what if it's not? Okay, let's look at this from the top. So this is my circular movement. So my axis of rotation is this one, right? This is my mass. This is my radius r. Now, what if my force is directed not perpendicularly to the radius? Which is, as you probably understand, the most efficient way, right? Now, what's the most inefficient way? Well, the most inefficient way if we direct force right against the rod where the object is hooked on, right? So that would be most inefficient and it will result in zero angular acceleration, right? So if the force is this way or this way, it doesn't really matter. It's unstretchable, weightless rod. The result will be zero. Now, the maximum result will be, if I will be perpendicular, which means tangential to the circle, right? Perpendicular to the radius is tangential to a circle. Now, what if it's at angle? Well, obviously what we have to do is we have to project here and here. Now, this force can be represented as the sum of these two vectors. This vector will give no result whatsoever because it will be compensated with a reaction of the rod. But this will be the source of the movement which we were talking about. Now, and obviously if this is an angle between, let's call it beta. This is an angle between r and force f. Now, I will use lower case r because the force can be applied not only here, but also here or there or anywhere else. So r is basically the distance. Now, what's important is angle between them, right? So if this is angle beta, then obviously this thing is f times sine beta. So we have f times sine beta. That's a projection. If it's 90 degrees, sine of 90 degrees 1, so that would be the whole force. If it's 0 or 180 degrees, the result would be 0 and obviously there is no movement. So, and everything in between obviously like that. Now, what is the torque in this particular case?  Now, I hope you remember from the vector algebra that this is vector product or cross product of two vectors. Vector of the force which is here and vector r which is here. Now, the magnitude of this is this. Now, but this is the vector. Now, this is scalar. So let's forget about scalar representation. Let's use the vectors and what will be as a result of the vector product of two vectors. It will be a vector which is perpendicular to them both, right? So what is the vector which is perpendicular to the radius and the force? Well, it will be this vector. Along the axis, exactly the same way as my omega of t and alpha of t of t, my angular velocity and angular acceleration. Well, we are actually interested in angular acceleration. So what we have right now is that the tau as a vector is i times alpha as an angular acceleration because this is along the axis and this is now this is tau along the axis. So now this is a vector equation. Well, I think that for simplicity purposes we will rarely consider the force which is going under at the angle to the radius other than 90 degrees, but maybe, but I just don't think it's very important. What is important, however, to understand that if we will view the force as a vector, which has not only the magnitude, but also a direction and direction can be not necessarily perpendicular to the radius. This is a more general formula for tau for torque. This is more general formula for the torque and this is more general formula, which is kind of an equivalent of the second Newton's law for rotational movement. So that basically completes my discussion about rotational dynamics. So you have to understand that there are certain things which are equivalent for rotation to those which we know from the translational movement. So whatever is the force for translation is a torque for rotational movement, which is a vector directed along the axis of rotation. Now the inertial mass m for straight line movement, translational movement, is equivalent to a moment of inertia, which is mass times the radius where it's located, where it's located on this circular trajectory. And the angular acceleration plays for rotation the same role as linear acceleration for translational movement. Now I do recommend you to find this lecture on Unisor.com in the Physics 14 course. There is a very detailed explanation of everything which I was talking about during this lecture. I do suggest you to read it in details because well it's just another view. One thing is to watch what I'm talking about and other is to read it as a textbook basically. But now the textbook probably after this lecture will be a little bit more understandable and entertaining if you wish. By the way, the site is completely free. There are some other courses on this site. For instance, there is a prerequisite course for this Physics 14. It's called Mass 14, where you can find for instance the vector algebra, you can find calculus over there and I strongly recommend you to be familiar with all these concepts, whether from this particular course or from somewhere else. But these are definitely needed concepts to be mastered before you go to the Physics. And the site by the way is completely free and there are no advertisements. So I do recommend you to go to the site and watch the lecture from this site and read the notes. And there are some problems to solve and there are some exams actually to take if you wish. Okay, that's it. Thank you very much and good luck.