Good morning, everybody. Thank you, Ruwit. I'm very happy to be here to briefly share the experience of forest landscape restoration in Ethiopia. Our emphasis is mainly on looking at state-led initiatives with emphasis on their strengths and limitations. I will be giving you briefly a bit of background. We just got a little bit of information about it, then assess the status of forest landscape restoration initiatives. As I said, we are focusing on the strengths and limitations so that we could probably have a home tech message with regard to what needs to be addressed to improve their effectiveness and efficiency. I just wanted to show you because probably we are coming from Africa, from Eastern Ethiopia, I mean Eastern Africa region, so that you could locate where Ethiopia is. But I wanted to show you how diverse agroecological is a country is. It is the most mountainous country in Africa, so as you move on into looking at the opportunities and challenges, you'd really see the diversity in terms of agroecology as well as socio-economics status of the country. Most of the natural forests are in the south and southwest. Much of the participatory forest management that we are talking about would be on this side, but the central highlanders in Northern Ethiopia is where we have most of the rural population, where agriculture has been dominating and land has been degraded for centuries. And in this area, we talk about area exclosures and so that you could actually locate yourself. I thought this picture would really give so much meaning in terms of what is going on. And as you could see, it's not only rural population pressure, but you have a huge livestock population also. The largest livestock population in Africa is found in Ethiopia. And it's also an indication where you don't have really vegetation literally. Most of the plantations are around the homesteads and it actually implies also the issue of tenure. And as you could see, steep slopes are also cultivated. A very good indication that the country doesn't still have a very clear national land use plan and also definition of what forest is and what forest land is. Now, to just give a very general context, as I said earlier, Ethiopia is a mountainous country where the need for forest landscape restoration is critical. Still, it is a very rural society, over 80% of almost 100 million depend on agriculture. And highlanders have been cultivated for ages and as a result, they are severely degraded. We estimate more than three quarters of the highlanders are highly degraded. Agricultural expansion, be it commercial and smallholder, and also fuel extraction are the major drivers of deforestation and forest degradation respectively. But also being in the tropics, the climate change and the effects of climate variability has increased from the 1970s to the current. Now we really have one in ten years of drought has increased into more than three years of drought in ten years. In some cases you might even have one drought in every two, three years. As a result, the country has been engaged in soil and water conservation efforts and landscape rehabilitation way, way, way before the global world was paying attention to. Now, as an ancient country independent on agriculture, land degradation was there for centuries, so an attempt was made in the 1890s to introduce eucalyptus from Australia, which you have seen earlier. Up until the 1970s, what you see was the country is a feudalist system and forests were designated in the land use system as westlanders. So if you have a westland then you pay more taxes. So that was how the active conversion of forests into agriculture was promoted through policy. In 1975 Peter highlighted the nationalization of land and forests. It was kind of a revolution until then all land and forests belonged to the government. And again since 1995 we also follow a decentralized federal system which as you could imagine has a huge implication on forest governance. And since 2007 now we have a new law and the first policy where the rights of communities to manage forests is recognized but the details were not there. And in 2011 I think the country made this radical shift to become a carbon neutral country by 2030 and then forestry was identified as one of the pillars. I think since then now the policy makers are really paying attention to landscape rehabilitation and landscape. In 2013 now we have a separate ministry to facilitate these initiatives. In the current five year development plan we have really major, major goals to increase the contribution of forests to the national economy as well as to increase the forest cover. Now in doing so farmers have their own initiatives of growing trees here and there but there are two major initiatives that I would like to focus on. One is the participatory forest management that Peter was talking about and the other one is area exclosure that Dr. Muru will be talking about shortly. And these are actually state-led initiatives that we thought could highlight the experiences and challenges of ekepe in rehabilitating forest landscape areas and as you could imagine knowingly or unknowingly the country has committed in one of the largest commitments in bone challenge 15 million and the assumption behind was that the government will mobilize millions of households to do the rehabilitation work and the international community will be backstopping it. So this 15 million hectare is generally assumed by government authorities as possible to be achieved through mobilization of millions of households. Over the last probably a couple of years the government is mobilizing rural households to actually contribute up to 30 to 40 Mondays of free labor for landscape rehabilitation annually. Tree planting is going on now but as we have noted these tree planting initiatives are very often done on communal land and our assessment shows that the results were not impressive. But on the other hand as you could see these are also farmers own initiative of tree planting with no government support at all but very effective and also very successful as I will come back again. As I told you there is an ambitious plan of the government on the next five years and much of this is supposed to be achieved through landscape restoration efforts by engaging communities and all others. Now our study focus that actually looking at what experience do we have what can we learn and what can we suggest to improve effectiveness and efficiency and we wanted also to identify improvement measures to improve the conservation as well as livelihood outcomes of these restoration objectives that Dr. Muru would be talking about shortly. As I said by looking at the national experience on participatory forest management which Peter was actually talking about based on a case study from our national review we used certain indicators which we thought are necessary to ensure that participatory forest management contributes to conservation as well as livelihood objectives. Based on a number of criteria we have assessed experiences all over the country and we concluded that PFM was energy driven and the involvement of the government was low. Still even if it has started in the mid 1990s the government hasn't actually fully owned the process even if it is in the policy document that it would be the major vehicle to put much of the natural forest under improved participatory forest management. Assessment shows that there is a better forest outcome but we are worried that there are leakage here and there that hasn't been reported because NGOs tend to report on forest patches that they have been actually involved in. Both the experts and community members believe that the conservation gains are meaningful and appreciated but economic gains are much much below their expectations. So we concluded that in a forest under PFM the productivity level is low, the management is very restricted as a result the economic benefits that communities could gain remain very low. And one of the reasons that we thought as a very serious limitation was suboptimal community participation. While the communities are engaged and involved but their voices in terms of what to generate from forest was dictated by the forestry experts as the initial objective was reducing deforestation not increasing income of farmer households. On the other hand, be it at the experts level but also at the community level there is an institutional as well as human resource capacity limitation to negotiate with the government to develop a meaningful plan and to optimize between conservation and development goals. We also noted that there has generally been a weak follow up and takeover of PFM projects by the government and overall in the project management cycle of participatory forest management. As a result, we are worried that the sustainability of participatory forest management project in forest under PFM is questioned due to economic incentives. The whole issue of tenure that Peter talked about now this is an example now let me go to the area exclosures I think the term is about setting aside a designated degraded landscape to allow it to rehabilitate and to come back to more productive stage in terms of mainly for forestry objective. So there is no cutting of trees, cultivation, grazing etc. so a kind of a management type and by laws that should be agreed upon and this is considered generally by the government as a successful experience and this is the one that is going to be used to achieve the 15 million hectare target set by the government but again our knowledge on the process establishment and management as well as outcome of area exclosures was limited and we are engaged in actually identifying effective practices, limitations and challenges to sustainability so team of experts sat down nationally identified procedures, criteria indicators and evaluated area exclosures experiences mainly in northern India. So the study concluded that area exclosures unlike PFM was mainly government driven the involvement of NGOs was limited and again good ecological outcomes but very poor productivity and economic gains suboptimal community participation much of the cost is still borne by the communities and incentive mechanisms for communities remain limited and under developed institutional capacity is still there so again sustainability is questioned by tenured security and weak incentives so these are examples where community mobilization in terms of soil and water conservation you could really imagine the number of Mondays put behind to restore these lands so these are the changes you could see other challenges have to do with population pressure landlessness, ambitious targets for agriculture as well as forestry but very limited capacity at the landscape level as well as at the institutional level to make the trade-offs between development and conservation objectives neglecting farmers own initiatives in landscape rehabilitation we saw it as a challenge and there is little experience actually little evidence to show that international experience and knowledge is embedded into the planning of these initiatives the shared strength is high level commitment community mobilization investment by the community encouraging conservation outcomes boundaries are socially fenced and government continues to assist in both cases even though the engagement of the government in both virus the limitations are same I talked about again we need to make sure that community involvement is maximized so that they could really be given the opportunity to negotiate objectives and management plans tenure security should be ensured productivity must be increased as a conclusion Ethiopia is engaged in major FLR activities these two area exposure and participatory forest management are the two that the government is counting on to achieve the 22 million hectare of forest land scaper rehabilitation by 2025 but sustainability is questioned because of poverty and landlessness but also suboptimal participation of communities mainly focus on conservation less on economic gains and tenure insecurity and little unclear forms of net beneficiary mechanisms as well as in weak institutional as well as human resource capacity to plan, monitor and devaluate so addressing these challenges we hope will make FLR initiatives in Ethiopia much more rewarding to communities and also much more sustainable locally and by so doing we hope that the country could also contribute to the global climate change mitigation efforts I thank you


Coming up on DTNST, Microsoft declares war on Reply All. PepsiCo wants to sell you snacks directly online. And Charlotte Henry's here to help us understand the whole UK virus app mess. This is the Daily Tech News for May 11th, 2020. It's a Monday here in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt. And from Studio Redwood, it's also Monday. I'm Sarah Lane. And I'm Roger Chang, the show's producer. As I mentioned, associate editor from the Mac Observer Charlotte. Henry is with us from the UK. Welcome, Charlotte. Hello, thanks for having me. Yes, hello from Lockdown London. We were just talking about what kind of live sports you can watch, given that most sports are canceled right now. That was on Good Day. Internet, KBO, Belarusian soccer. Get that conversation, become a member at patreon.com slash DTNS. Let's start with a few tech things you should know. Spotify rolled out a beta of group sessions, which lets premium users share music controls with those nearby. A host generates a scannable Spotify code within the app, then provides guests with playback controls and the ability to edit and add songs to the song queue. So it's sort of like, we're all the DJ together. There's no listed limit on the number of users in a group session, and a session ends after an hour of inactivity. Twitter announced it'll add label to mark tweets with misleading information on COVID-19. The label will link to a Twitter curated page or an external trusted source to provide information about the misleading claims. Tweets will be ranked by on a propensity of harm scale with disputed claims or misleading information deemed moderate, receiving the label while those judged severe will receive a warning or removal. I can't wait for people to start arguing about how harmful a tweet was and what label should have been given. Qualcomm announced the Stamp Dragon 768G system on a chip. It's second 5G integrated chipset and a higher clocked successor to its Snapdragon 765G with 15% faster CPU and GPU performance. The chipset also includes support for updates to GPU drivers through the Google Play Store and Bluetooth 5.2 with support for low-energy audio. Google confirmed it's rolling out support for up to 32 participants on Google Duo video calls. That's up from 12. The beta version of the WhatsApp desktop app added a Facebook Messenger room's shortcut letting up to 50 people join a virtual room there within the desktop app or the web version. Sony announced on May 10th that it temporarily closed the PlayStation Store in China to perform a system security upgrade. Now, the company didn't specify a reopening date or give much else detail, but it's unclear if the update is related to a recently disclosed backdoor that could allow Chinese PlayStation users to switch to overseas services and then download unlicensed games. Mount Sinai Hospital is working with Google to integrate Nest cameras into hundreds of COVID-19 patient rooms. Most rooms use two Nest cams, one to monitor and communicate with patients and the other to monitor the vitals. Livestream Video is sent to a purpose-built console at Nurses Stations. The solution was developed over several weeks to ensure HIPAA and other regulatory compliance with Google itself not having access to any of the data. Benefits include limiting frontline healthcare worker exposure, saving some time and conserving personal protective equipment. Google plans to provide 10,000 Nest cams with monitoring consoles to hospitals across the United States. DEFCON organizers announced that the annual Las Vegas conference that takes place in August is canceled this year. And yes, it's not a joke. It's really canceled due to uncertainty about the COVID-19 pandemic. Black Hat, which precedes DEFCON each year, is also canceled. Now both will host online conferences instead, including research talks and social events. Founder Jeff Moss, aka The Dark Tangent, said in a forum post that the 28th DEFCON will be known as Safe Mode. I like that. And finally, for the 10 of you who really, really, really care, the subscription email app, Newton Mail, part of the now defunct, essential, was scheduled for a shutdown on April 30th, but the app has a new lease on life after being purchased by product designer, Matrix Kataria, and a so-friendly design agency founder, Justin Mitchell. The two said their fans of the app will support all existing Newton Mail apps and keep pricing at $50 a year. This marks the third ownership change for Newton Mail since 2018, and the new owners pledge that if the business fails again, they'll open source Newton and find a way for self-hosted servers to support the product indefinitely. So good news for the Newton users. All right, let's talk a little bit more about chips being made in the United States. Yeah, maybe. The Wall Street Journal's sources say that White House officials are in talks with Intel and TSMC to build chip foundries within the US as well as with Samsung to expand contract manufacturing operations in the US to more advanced silicon. A letter obtained by the Wall Street Journal from Intel CEO Bob Swan to the Department of Defense said that the company would be willing to build a commercial foundry in partnership with the Pentagon. Now Intel currently has US-based foundries to create its own chips, but the proposed facilities would also serve third-party clients. TSMC has supposedly been in talks with the US government and Apple about a US factory. Spokesperson for TSMC, Locoi, said that the company has no concrete plans but that it's always open to building fabs overseas. They just didn't want to talk about it in public. I'm guessing they're probably having talks and there's just nothing to announce that makes sense. The other important thing to remember here is Intel does make chips in the United States. And so I'm sure if I were Intel's Bob Swan and the government came and said, hey, we'd like to give you some money to make more chips in the US, I'd be like, great, sign me up. I'll take some government money. Not a problem. This is not going to affect Foxconn, Wistron. It's not going to immediately change where chips are manufactured for things, but it could be a more direct supply line for chips to the Pentagon for military uses. So there may be some validity to it. Charlotte from outside the US, how does this strike you? Yeah, I think you're right. I think in general, as we sort of move through the different phase of this pandemic as well, we're gonna start to see a lot of products start to be manufactured in different places and supply chains perhaps become less dependent on China or any individual location. I think we'll see that for all sorts of tech products. We saw Apple did pretty well in its last earnings call, but a lot of that was backed up by services and stuff that had been built before that so that the supply chain from China wasn't particularly held up. And so it makes sense that something is vital to these tech products as chips would be moved to different locations. That makes sense to me. And I noticed as well, when Sarah was describing and talking about the different companies that this was gonna apply to, a lot of them do make products of different kinds in the US already. There are Apple manufacturing and development parts and all sorts of things in America already. So it's not such a huge leap for these companies. And in particular, Intel already makes chips here. So it would just be making more chips here. So that's an easy one. That's in particular, but a lot of the other companies, Sarah and I do have production facilities and various kinds in the... Yeah, it seems like a story that people jump on and go, ooh, look, the tide's turning. Things are really gonna change. It's like, well, sure, there might be some expansion that can be done. Doesn't sound like anything is inked, or if it is, we don't know about it yet. And this has already kind of been happening with certain companies. And it will take a long time anyway. Exactly, that's the thing to know about this, is even if this does lead to something more significant down the road, it's gonna be a while. This is not something that's gonna happen right away. Intel and Microsoft released details on a new malware detection project called Stamina, which stands for Static Malware as Image Network Analysis. That's gotta be a backer now. This project takes a binary input file and converts it into a stream of raw pixel data with black or white pixels representing the binary values of one or zero. This one-dimensional stream of pixels has then turned into a 2D image by assigning a width based on the overall pixel file size. And then that image, and this is the key part, if you're like, why would they do this? The image is then resized down to save computational resources. And a pre-trained deep neural network trained on 2.2 million infected portable executable files scans the images and is able to achieve 99.07% accuracy in identifying and classifying malware. That's not that great really for practical purposes, but for demonstration purposes, it's quite impressive. There's a 2.58% false positive rate there as well. Microsoft said the system works best with smaller files so you could limit it to just doing smaller files and potentially have an even better performance rate. And then you've got something that could practically be put on a client because Microsoft's doing a lot of client-side neural networks right now. Yeah, I mean, I guess my initial question was, okay, so the idea of converting it to some sort of an image format is how you're going to make it much smaller of a file that can then be, you know, you can run it through the process along with lots of other millions of small image files and figure out if there's an issue. I don't know, 99.07% isn't 100, but it is promising, at least in early tests. No, but yeah, yeah. No, it's like I said, it's good for a demo. Probably you'd want higher, an enterprise certainly would want a higher percentage in practice. And yeah, you hit on it. One of the things is performance because you can resize the image. So it's actually, you can actually get through more than if you were looking at the raw files. And also we already have deep neural networks trained on image recognition. So you can use a lot of existing code to process this without having to rebuild it from scratch. I suspect the false positive rate is also going to put off enterprise at this stage. To, you know, best part, 2.6% is far too high for a big enterprise network that needs to, you know, cannot be dealing with major malware outbreaks. That's far too high. And also, because you can't disrupt a business for something that might not be a problem as well. Yeah, yeah. And that's why Microsoft's like, well, the smaller files, we might be able to get it into an acceptable range. And then, yeah, you're not meant to be scanning all the possible files. You can separate it by mime type and that sort of thing. Could be something there though. And it's a really ingenious, cool thing separate from what it could actually do. Something that also might be cool depending on where you work or who you email with. Microsoft began rolling out a Reply All Protection feature for Office 365 and Exchange Online called Reply All Storm Protection. It's exactly what it sounds like. Designed for larger organizations, the feature will detect 10 Reply All emails to over 5,000 recipients within 60 minutes and be like, uh-oh, we've got a problem. Once triggered, users won't be able to reply all to the thread for four hours. They'll also receive a notification that the conversation is too busy with too many people. Then users will still be able to reply or forward to a smaller number of participants. They really have to, but it will make them think twice. I'm so here for this. I know. To be honest, as you're going through this, I'm just having Reply All PTSD, but I'm basically anything that makes Reply All less horrendous for all involved, I'm very here for.  I haven't been on any that are 5,000. Yeah, I don't think I've ever gotten that I've ever been on anything with that many folks, but even 500, that has happened. It gets unwieldy pretty quickly. And the whole point with the story is Microsoft is like, this can bring down operational servers. This can actually really impact your day just because people are like, why am I on this thread? And then 100 other people do that at the same moment. Yeah, there's two different elements to that, isn't it? One is keeping the show on the road and the other is just the horror of being in a never ending Reply All storm and to end the latter one, which in terms of IT functionality is not that important, you probably would have to limit this to like five or 10 people even, but because this is obviously focused on enterprise, on big business, on making sure servers don't fall over, you can see why they've set the threshold quite high. And also you don't want it to be, you're a startup having big conversations and you need to, all the staff need to be involved in this conversation, suddenly you're blocked from doing that. Yeah, this is not gonna stop Daryl from annoyingly replying to the daily update, but it will keep your actual email system running should 500 Daryls reply to the 5,000. Daryl means well, he just is enthusiastic. Yeah, or if he possibly is an energy vampire, one of the two. Eindhoven University of Technology researcher, Bjorn Reutenberg demonstrated something he calls Thunder Spy, a vulnerability on some Windows and Linux PCs made before 2019. Thunder Spy bypasses Thunderbolt's security levels feature or forces a Thunderbolt port to only use USB connectivity, which then allows direct memory access, which then can allow you to do all kinds of crazy stuff. Thunder Spy does require physical access to the Thunderbolt controller. So this is not something that will happen to you over the internet.  That's the vulnerability, is that they can open up your computer and flash new firmware to your Thunderbolt controller and then you're vulnerable. Then they would take previous Thunderbolt vulnerabilities and plug something into your Thunderbolt device and hack your computer that way. The firmware update takes about two minutes. It would take another couple of minutes to plug something in and do the hack and exfiltrate the data. And if you're me, about 30 minutes to actually unscrew stuff and screw it back in, but probably professional spies are faster at that. Intel's Kernel Direct Memory Access Protection does prevent this attack, but Reutenberg points out that that feature is not yet standard. In fact, it's not supported by devices made before 2019. And a lot of major OEMs, including he calls out Dell particularly, don't appear to offer it yet. So Intel saying, this is fixed in our Intel Kernel Direct Memory Access Protection, but if your computer manufacturer doesn't support it, well then there's a little he said, she said about what needs to be done. If you're confused and you're like, I don't know if I'm vulnerable to this and I need to find out because I'm a high value target, go to thunderspy.io to check if your machine's Thunderbolt controller is vulnerable or whether you have the Direct Memory Access Protection. Most of us, in fact, I was gonna say all of us on this show don't need to worry about this. This is state level actor kind of stuff. And also it needs physical access. So I think we're all okay for the moment, but somebody has to really target you. Exactly. Yeah, but Joe here side, clearly the implications if some point before this is fixed fully, you were hit with this. It's obviously very serious. As you say, it's kind of state level, high end stuff, but it's worth noting because there's been a lot of discussion about whether or not it applies to Max and Mac OS. And it's worth noting that I think Mac OS, it doesn't work on, but if you're running Bootcamp, I have a Windows partition on your device, then you are still vulnerable to the attack. Yeah, because the vulnerability comes through Windows. Got it. Okay, that makes sense. Awesome. That's my understanding. If we've got a story up at the macobserver.com, if you wanna know a bit more from my colleague Andrew or he also links to the original paper if you're the person that wants to dig into that. But it's not like it's one of those things where Mac users can go, not our problem, because a Bootcamp partition does change things. I will add that it is a great reason to encrypt your hard drive and or data or both. Does that mitigate it though? I'm not sure if it does. They can pull data off, but if the data is encrypted, it's still encrypted. There are some thunderbolt vulnerabilities will allow them to get into the machines and bypass encryption, I think. I would be hesitant to say that encryption alone would mitigate this attack. I think I'm not contradicting Roger's good advice of encrypt your drive, but I would hesitate if you are a high value target to think encrypting your drive is all you needed to do to protect this. Cause it is direct memory access and I think there's ways to get at data, especially data in your memory that could be very valuable that wouldn't necessarily be protected by drive encryption. PepsiCo, small company, makers of walkers, potato crisps, have you? Charlotte, yeah, they're very indie. Launched websites at snacks.com and pantryshop.com to sell you PepsiCo food products directly online. If you're like Pepsi is not a drink, they sell a lot of different kinds of foods, snack foods. Snacks.com will feature more than 100 products from Frito-Lay. Pantryshop.com will feature bundles of items with themes like breakfast, family favorites and exercise. Orders are expected to arrive within two business days. Yeah, what's the exercise? It's something about like getting fit or... Well, it's probably like a slight amount of caffeine. It's called workout and recovery. So it's muscle milk and protein bars and propel the... And listen, I punish your electrolyte. Ha-ha, we laugh a little bit, but I mean, there are lots of snacks in the PepsiCo brand products that I like. I think what's really fascinating about this is it put me in the mind of the fact that all of these makers of movies and TV shows have been coming out with their own streaming services because they look at the situation online and say, ah, a lot of people want to watch online, let's cut out the middleman. Why do we need to pay a cable company? We can just give them the shows directly. And this is food companies noticing everyone buying food online right now and going, hmm, maybe we could do that too and just sell them all our brands. Do consumer people like that? Yeah, like why are we making them go to the corner store that isn't open anyway to buy our products? Yeah, and one Tom's right, it's kind of jumping the middleman. And also a lot of these companies who have some kind of food production or food distribution capability, which obviously in PepsiCo's case is huge, are adapting to help and provide different types of products for other people. Now, obviously if you're PepsiCo, you don't need to worry about that getting, I was telling you guys before the show, there's a cupcake company here in the UK, there's also now delivering fruit and vegetables and those kind of things. But obviously if you're PepsiCo, you have so much on your books, you don't need to worry about anyone else's stuff. You can just distribute your products and yeah, is it any different to the movie makers putting, making their movies available to download now that there's no movie tickets open, it's no different. Yeah, and PepsiCo, Frito Lay, so all those snacks, that's at snacks.com. And then at the pantry thing, you're talking about granola bars and granola and oatmeal and juice and all kinds of things. Home and pantry items. Yeah, exactly. Hey folks, if you wanna get all the tech headlines each day in about five minutes, be sure to subscribe to DailyTechHeadlines.com. The World Health Organization plans to launch a COVID-19 system checking app later this month targeted at under-resourced countries. That app will offer guidance about symptoms. So helping you decide like, is what I'm feeling possibly COVID-19. The WHO also plans to include a self-help guide for mental health care while you're in isolation, also looking into a proximity tracing app. That they're not launching yet, but they are considering using Apple and Google's protocol. They say that legal and privacy considerations prevented the WHO from committing to that feature, especially because the WHO wants to make one that's available worldwide. And you have so many different rules around that that they're trying to navigate. As we have seen on DTNS, we've talked about the different approaches in the United States, in France, in Germany, in Singapore, in Korea, to tracing contact and how much technology plays into that and how apps play into that. Most recently, on Friday, we mentioned that the UK not only is testing a centralized contact tracing app on the Isle of Wight, but also, apparently, according to some reports, has hired a company to create a decentralized app, in case they want to change their mind, which I think has a lot of people going, well, wait, what's going on in the UK? Are they going to do centralized? Are they doing decentralized? Why are they doing two? Charlotte, can you help us make any sense of this? I will try, I will try. So first, yes, so first things first, you were right to say it was the Isle of Wight, which is, there were particular reasons the Isle of Wight was chosen. There aren't that many cases to start with. Obviously, it's an island in and of itself, so it's quite a kind of good test space that has enough people, but not so many people. It's kind of made sense to test it there. And I think my understanding is the take-up was slow, but has now apparently, letters were instructed to send to 80,000 households on the island. I think I read that 55,000 of those people have now signed up to the app, which is pretty good because obviously the key thing about any of these contact tracing technologies is that kind of 60%, I think it was 80% of smartphone users, 60% of the general population pickup apps need to use these apps and that's what makes it effective. So you've got all that going on, that seems to have worked. People were critical of the approach. The UK had taken, there was issues, for example, particularly on iPhone, whether if it was just two iPhone together, after a certain period of time, and if they were locked, would they stop talking to each other? We're using the Bluetooth technology, Bluetooth handshakes. And there was some concern that there would, and it would need an Android device to kind of wake everybody up. So there's been a lot of debate about whether this version of the UK app was going to work. I think the government would say they need it to be centralized to make sure all the data's going to the right place and so on. My understanding was Apple was continuing to advise the UK government even when it sort of drifted away from the model that Apple, Google had proposed. But as you said, it kind of came out towards the end of last week that it looks like a second group of developers is working on a decentralized Apple, Google model. Now, you could say actually, this is rather sensible. You know, you've got one test going because we need to remember there's a lot of talk about this Apple, Google model, but it doesn't really exist yet. There's an API that has been seeded to some developers in a beta, an iOS beta. That's basically where we're at now, right? So if you want to start things rolling, doing a different way and kind of trying something else out first that may or may not work is not the worst approach to take. Yeah, in a perfect world, get together and figure out what's the best in both worlds. Right, so it's not the most disastrous decision and it's got a test going and if it doesn't work, then you are allowing yourself the option to move to the second option. Now, this is what happened in Australia, as I understand it. They were operating on a centralized model, not dissimilar to what the UK is approaching. And they did have to run updates to make sure to move it more to the Google Apple model. So I think, so there's obviously going to be a Germany flipped quite significantly before launching the app behind the kind of the big tech partnership, if you like. Yeah, it comes down to the centralized model is it is more difficult to protect privacy or at least to assure people that you're protecting privacy. With the decentralized model, you can just put the data on the device and say, it only leaves your device in very rare circumstances and we can define those very carefully and there is no centralized server that you have to trust that someone is guarding and that no one's misusing because the data is on your phone. That's the benefit of decentralized, which is why Apple and Google hilariously came up with it because they're so hammered with privacy concerns constantly that they wanted to come up with something bulletproof on the privacy side. But it means that the data is a little more limited and you can't do some of the more aggressive location tracking like what they did in Korea where they actually just went into GPS and said, all right, let's just find out where people are and text message them directly because folks are less comfortable with that in Europe and the United States and certainly not comfortable having tech companies be the ones in charge of that even though third-party advertising probably has more data than either one of these systems. Yeah, I mean, I think we can make, I think the privacy, these lack of everything in this kind of grand policy response to COVID-19, everything is a balance, right? Yeah. And for a period of time, maybe we are gonna have to accept some reduction in our internet privacy but the fact that you're using Google Maps but don't want the Google, Apple or a COVID-19 contact tracing app which I've seen people say is kind of missing the point somewhat. We know tech companies do have data now, Apple has always been pretty good at privacy and security, Google has got better, they farm a lot of data but basically they want it for themselves, they don't really want anyone else to have that data. You know, this is not Facebook, it's a very different kind of model, right? Sure. And so I can understand why those two companies came together, I also totally understand the discomfort but you know, we all need, as a world we kind of need to move forward and this is not a bad solution but the UK response has been a bit muddled, we've had NHSX which is the health services kind of digital transformation unit trying to lead on this and they clearly have now deployed a second set of developers. So it will be worth, I think they're waiting to see the results from the aisle of why and that will be the most significant thing. One, have they been, has it worked? Has it, you know, have the conversations between devices been happening as they should? And two, are they getting the right kind of data in a secure fashion and is there a take up as well? Those are going to be the things and yeah, you can bring it, I guess you can then change the model and bring it in if necessary. And as we wrap this up, I just want to emphasize all of this requires comprehensive testing availability so that you can test the people, the contacts and find out do they have it and of course manual contact tracing. This is not a replacement. This is a supplement at best. Some epidemiologists argue that manual tracing alone is really all you need and these apps may not be that helpful. That's another reason to test them and find out how helpful they may or may not be. Well, if you want to be helpful you can join in your peers in the conversation in our Discord which you can link to by, we can join anyway, by linking to a Patreon account at patreon.com slash dtnfs. Let's check out the mailbag. Oh, let's. Byron in Los Angeles says, when Patrick on Friday show mentioned moving Tom's old DLP TV, I got a warm fuzzy feeling inside. I've always had a soft spot in my heart for DLP technology and as a matter of fact, I am still to this day using a Mitsubishi 60 inch DLP TV in our living room that I bought way back in 2009 when I got the white dots of death. Years ago, Mitsubishi sent a tech out and replaced the DLP chip for free and I'm only on my second bulb of this set's life. So major kudos to Mitsubishi for standing behind their product that's still going strong for 11 years. Of course, now that I've said that it'll probably fail tomorrow but such is the life of tech, sigh. Thank you Byron. Yeah, you had better luck with your DLP. Mine got the white dot and it could not be revived and it sat in CNET for a while before I finally found a place to recycle it at. I did a video on how to try to re-solder a chip with it. So it's great to hear that yours is still going. That's amazing. Yeah, yeah, I know how it is to be like, it's old, but I love it. I just want it to keep working forever. Hey, shout out to Patience at our master and grandmaster levels. You'll keep working forever, we're sure of it. Martin James, Bjorn Andre and Tim Ashman. Also thanks to Charlotte Henry, the beginning of a fun filled week, I'm sure. Charlotte, where can people keep up with your work? Yes, yes, we're gonna have a great week team. Let's go and win positivity. I'm obviously at themacobserver.com every day and at Charlotte A. Henry on the Twitters, if you wanna say hi. And folks, if you can and if you can't, it's fine but if you can support us and you wanna make sure we keep doing this kind of technology coverage for you, there's a great way to do it directly. Cut out the middleman, dailytechnewshow.com slash Patreon. You can support us for as little as $2 a month, that's 10 cents an episode and get a few perks and extra bits of content along with it. That's dailytechnewshow.com slash Patreon. If you've got feedback for us, our email address is feedback at dailytechnewshow.com. Keep it coming, we love to hear from you. Also we're live Monday through Friday for 30 p.m. Eastern, 2030 UTC. Put it on your calendar, join us to find out more at dailytechnewshow.com slash live. Back tomorrow with Patrick Beja, talk to you then. This show is part of the Frog Pants Network. Get more at frogpants.com. Hope you have enjoyed this program.


Welcome to NTN Nightly, I am Genelle Norville, this edition's top stories. The Huronora International Airport establishes COVID-19 protocols as flight resume. The state of emergency proves necessary as the country enters the fifth phase of reopening. And the Ministry of Education evaluates the 2020 Common Entrance Examination. The Huronora International Airport is buzzing with activity as the St. Lucia Air and Seaport Authority, along with ministries of health and tourism, prepared for a return of international flights to the island on July 9. A simulation exercise was held Tuesday 7th July to test the readiness and efficiency of airport operations in meeting protocols prescribed by government and international aviation regulatory organizations. Lisa Joseph reports. After months of dormant activity, some semblance of life returned to the Huronora International Airport Tuesday, through an exercise simulating departure and arrivals in a COVID environment. This was done not only by SLAS, but in collaboration with the ministries of health and tourism, as well as all our stakeholders, in fact the whole airport community. The taxi drivers, the airlines, the Red Cup Association, the DMCs, etc. Everyone at the airport played a part. The simulation exercise sought to allay the anxieties of all operators within the airport community, relating to health and safety concerns of St. Lucia and other visitors and returning nationals. Among participants was the St. Lucia Hospitality and Tourism Association, the SLHTA. It was an opportunity for us to actually get involved in the actual exercise of exiting and coming in through the respective terminals so that we can test the protocols and look at possible gaps in areas and opportunities for improvement. We see today's simulation exercise as something very necessary to test the system and to ensure our readiness as we anticipate the arrival of visitors as well as locals come July 9th with the anticipated arrival of American Airlines. The simulation exercise involved the testing of temperature scanners, backup equipment and procedures. There are protocols for passengers coming in from low-risk countries and more vigorous measures for those from outside the travel bubble. So in addition to the protocols that have been established with pre-testing and the pre-filling of the form prior to arrival, where we capture all of the details and we're able to monitor the number of people coming in as well as information in terms of our locals for quarantine, the testing of today's system with this simulation exercise only adds to our preparation. We fully appreciate the fact that a number of persons in the community have different views regarding whether or not we should be opening up the travel industry and notwithstanding those concerns, I think we owe it to ourselves to really share the information on the great work that we've been doing so far to create protocols that assure us of our safety and to help mitigate the spread of the disease. We have looked at countries that are low-risk and the decision has been taken that if you are coming from these countries that you would be exempted from the COVID test as well as the 14-day mandatory quarantine. Salaam Spurs says the simulation exercise was a demonstration of its commitment to the safety of its employees, stakeholders, customers and the general public as the island enters the most significant phase of its fight to contain COVID-19 and it welcomes a return to international flights. From the Government Information Service, Lisa Joseph reporting. Meantime, a number of airlines are to begin service to the island this month. Donalyn Vite is the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Tourism, Information, Broadcasting, Culture and Creative Industries. Coming in 25th July, we will see a first once weekly flight from the UK, from Canada, in particular Air Canada. We will see a once weekly flight commencing the 18th of July. From the US however, we have modern one carrier and from American Airlines we will see a daily flight commencing the 9th of July. So in essence our first flight all goes well is anticipated to be this week the 9th of July. Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Tourism, Information, Broadcasting, Culture and Creative Industries, Donalyn Vite. Chief Medical Officer Dr Sharon Belmart George says as the nation prepares to move into Phase 5 of the framework to reopen the society, it is important the Ministry of Health and the Government balance lives and livelihoods by navigating a safe path towards co-existing with COVID-19. Several social and economic activities are to resume this weekend under established protocols. The curfew is to be completely lifted as of Friday July 10, 2020. However, the state of emergency remains in effect. The CMO says the state of emergency is needed in order to allow for quick response to any outbreak of COVID-19. For example, my role as the Chief Medical Officer, it gives me some power under the Public Health Act and also the Quarantine Act. But the state of emergency gives and it has given us the possibility of putting measures in place within short time. For example, the zoning, the restriction of movement of persons. It also allowed the institution of the curfew which was one of those measures. It allowed us to put protocols in place in areas that we don't normally do. For example, for hardware stores and supermarkets. It allowed the restriction of movement of persons, the liquor license. So it allowed within a very short period of time for measures to be put in place to be able to manage. As you see how COVID-19 has evolved in a lot of countries, the measures put in place have to be done in a very timely manner. So as we move from phase 4 to phase 5, as the public would acknowledge, it's a high-risk move. This is the highest risk that we are taking as we move through the phases. So we need that measure in place to ensure if we need to put anything in place, it can be done within a very short period. Notwithstanding, we've been able to fully open the economy and everywhere else having that backup plan in place. So it has not restricted the economy. It has allowed the different sectors to open with the necessary protocols to reduce transmission. So from a public health standpoint, it gives us a safety net that if we need to pull back within short measure. The state of emergency was instituted on the 23rd of March 2020 to respond aggressively to the public health emergency due to the increased cases of COVID-19 on Ireland. As part of protecting the health and well-being of St. Lucia, the Government of St. Lucia has made the decision to review and amend the Public Health Act. Moin, this report from Fernelle Neptune. The amendment of the Public Health Act in 2019 is expected to address some of the key public health issues that are relevant and current in the development of the country. Chief Environmental Health Officer Parker Ragnanan spoke on the need to amend the Public Health Act given the changing environment. This review allows for new areas to be brought under regulations. Some of these new areas include body art. So we know St. Lucia's have been doing tattooing and body piecing and so forth, but that practice had not been regulated. So on the new Public Health Act, it makes provision for regulations to be established for body art. Under the Public Health Act that was revised in 2019 as well, there is a new area that deals with smoking of tobacco products in public spaces. And what this act has done now is to take measures to ensure that public smoking is prohibited and therefore it must be done under very regulated conditions. So there are now regulations in place to deal with these areas. The revised act also deals with issues like spas and massage parlours and these are new areas generally. Ragnanan says a key part of preparing the amended Public Health Act and regulation was extensive consultation with across a section of society and stakeholders. The amendment of the legislation, both the Public Health Act and the regulations has gone through a significant process over a period spanning more than 15 years now. There have been different consultations at different levels including the government employing a legal consultant to review these regulations and to have consultations with key stakeholders and parties and to come up with the best mix for St. Lucia. And that was done. Apart from the consultations, there were discussions interministerially as well to look at what is the best approach in dealing with the regulations. In the new Public Health Act, 15 pieces of the Public Health regulations were amended and new regulations were enacted. Reporting from the Communications Unit of the Ministry of Health and Wellness, I am Funa Neptune. Pledges to the National COVID-19 Response Telephone continue to pour in. The National COVID-19 Response Telephone Committee on Tuesday received the money splashed by the St. Mary's College class of 1987. It is heartwarming that at this moment we see the values that were taught at St. Mary's College being now played out by our past students. They learn the value of sharing, they learn the value of giving back. Once you walk through the walls of St. Mary's College, those are some of the values that we cherish. And today we see it coming out in some of our past students, the class of 1987, taking care of some of their own fellow Samarians, taking some of their hard-earned money and making a contribution to the upliftment of another life, another Samarian life. And so I want to congratulate them this morning and on behalf of the Samarian family, the staff and the current students of St. Mary's College, say thank you to the class of 87. We intend to become a non-profit organization, function being to provide not-for-profit services to the solution community and to develop into an organization that is able to contribute viably to the solution economy in whatever ways that we are needed, whether it be social assistance, whatever other service provisions, because we encompass a wide range of professionals, all of whom can contribute in whatever way that they may see fit in the future towards the betterment of the solution community, as well as our alma mater St. Mary's College. On behalf of the organizing committee of the National COVID-19 Response Tarathon, which took place on the 12th of April, which was Easter Sunday, I want to say thank you to the St. Mary's College class of 1987. Thank you, gentlemen. They did pledge on the day, but it was a group effort and they are now presenting the check. So we want to say thank you first of all for even making the pledge but also making good on the pledge even if it is two months after because there are certain circumstances that would prevent these kind of donations from coming in. So again, I say thank you, but I also want to take this opportunity to reach out to St. Lucia and ask the persons who have pledged who have not been able to come in to please come in and continue to donate. The funds have begun to be distributed and so in the coming weeks, you would hear about the donations and how the monies are being used. In other developments, the Ministry of Education has been evaluating the just concluded Common Entrance Examination. This year's examination was held in what is referred to as the new normal due to COVID-19 and it's here Antoine has the details. Over 2,000 students who wrote the Common Entrance Examination on Monday, June 29th, 2020 are excitedly awaiting results. Education officials have dubbed the Common Entrance Examination a success. Chief Education Officer Dr. Fiona Philip Meyer providing an update confirmed the review of the examination day has yielded positive feedback from students, parents and educators. We continue to move forward and to forge ahead. I'm pleased that we've had our Common Entrance Examinations executed in the most beautiful of Mano without any incidents. First and foremost was the well-being of all of our students. All of the reports coming back in terms of the personal accommodations made for students with special needs and one of our physically disabled children as well as the general feel of the students, the way they were able to just appreciate that moment in their lives has been very, very positive and so we must applaud. We must applaud the administrators, the teachers, the parents, the other stakeholders who are very integral to this happening and in a special way I want to highlight the effort of our support staff, our caretakers, our janitors who are at the schools supporting us. The Chief Education Officer also explained that St. Lucia is in the process of forging ahead with the Caribbean Primary Exit Assessment, CPEA. The CPEA is an assessment of the literacies required by all pupils exiting the primary school system. What is interesting about the CPEA is the fact that you do have internal assessments. So you have projects, you have journals, you have writing of various experiments that can happen and in addition to the internal assessment, you also have the external component of that which is an examination similar to the common entrance. But what is integral is that students do get an opportunity over a period of time to show their learning and so we have been able to start the initial training of our teachers, started last yesterday, started yesterday so we're looking at our districts one to four and next week we're moving on our districts five to eight to ensure that everybody is on board, everybody is well aware, they have opportunities to question, they have opportunities to find out how the program will impact them. The Ministry of Education will be providing further updates on the common entrance examination results. From the Government Information Service, I am Anicia Antoine reporting. And this is NTN Nightly. Up next, Primus Hutchinson with the NTN novel of we all. COVID-19 is a new pandemic disease as declared by the World Health Organization. It is transmitted directly by respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes or indirectly through rubbing the face with contaminated hands. There is still no specific treatment or vaccine against COVID-19 and as such, the farming community should adhere to some special recommendations. Reduce your farm labour to only essential workers. Ensure regular hand washing with soap and water or use 60% to 95% alcohol-based hand sanitizer until soap and water are available. Clean all work surfaces and farm tools such as cut glasses, forks and sprayers with a 10% bleach solution. Ensure that toilets are cleaned thoroughly after each use and sanitized daily. Prohibit visitors to the farms. Limit contact among farm workers and promote social distances, ensuring 6 feet between each worker and promote a no-hand shaking or unnecessary touch policy. More than ever before, your important role as the gatekeepers of St. Lucia's nutritional, health and food security should be taken seriously. When you exercise these precautions, you not only safeguard your health but also continue to allow all St. Lucia's access to freshly grown fruits, vegetables and other local crops. Remember, it is our responsibility to ensure our nation eats fresh, St. Lucia's best. Welcome back. We join Primers Hutchingson for the NTN Nouvelle, a Queer Hall. My name is Tha Genel. I am the Secretary of State of the State of the United States for the formation of this government. My name is G. S. I am from NTN. I am from Nouvelle, a Queer Hall. I am from Primers Hutchingson. This government was established in the form of a normal operation. I was allowed to do several social activities. I was allowed to operate. But what did JID and the principle that was well-governed serve the corona disease? I started on July 10 when cinema was opened to the public with the institution of the end-of-school education and it started operating again. I was allowed to do several activities for the show, about JID and the principle that was well-governed. Business Y also opened again. With this government, I decided to carry out a selection in this country. It was like a government. I received a protocol. I revised the protocol to serve and react to this again. I started on July 9, 2010. I had an idea to visit this place to present a certificate of health. That was seven days before I was able to travel. The only way I was able to present a certificate of health is if I went out to visit this country. The government was here. I was placed under the list of countries that are free from the corona disease. This country, in Karebla, was placed under the list of countries that are free from the corona disease. I started on July 9, 2010 when the flight began to take place but the protocol was in place and arbitraried. This country was put under the list of countries that are free from the corona disease. I had an idea to go out to visit this country to discuss the health of my country. I started on July 9, 2010 when the government was here. I was placed under the list of countries that are free from the corona disease. I went out on July 9, 2010 The situation here is that I have received good news that I will be able to find in isolation as a government in England. I have put out a list of countries that I will be able to experience excellent. Prime Minister Alain Chastney said that this is a good news. Prime Minister Chastney declared that he will be able to pay a bill and that he will be able to pay a bill because this year, among the nine countries that are able to enter the country without having to go to quarantine. This means that this year, which will be able to enter the country, will not be able to stay in quarantine for four days. Prime Minister Alain Chastney said that he will be able to pay a complete amount of money to manage the corona virus. Prime Minister Chastney said that now, as an international flight, the seven countries have started to travel to England to visit the family, to go to their business, and to go to the city of school. This is a good news. This is also a good news for the English people who are returning because they are not able to stay in quarantine. But the English government has also notified people who have visited the country. This is a good news for the English people who are returning because they are not able to stay in quarantine for four days. The government has also notified people who have visited the country to go to quarantine for four days. The government has also notified people who have visited the country to go to quarantine for four days. The other country has also notified people who have visited the country to go to quarantine for four days. The government has also notified people who have visited the country to go to like Babiuda, Aruba, Anguilla, Bahamas, Babad, Babiuda, Bonaire, Lildivier-Jean-Glaise, as well as British Virgin Islands, Curosu, Dominic, Laguina, Guiana, Jamaic, Montserrat, Saint-Barthelme, Saint-Kitts, Eknevis, Semate, Seversa and Laguina, Trinidad, Ek-Tobago, Ek-Tuk, Ek-Keikas. Moun Kikasotii, ASAPI, Salah, Pakai, Nipu, Otwe, Akkarantin, Ossi, Tukmun, Kikah, Vizite, Settlesi, Ossi, Settlesi, Kikah, Wituné, Apeia, Nipu, Playon, Form, Pobai, Tutte, Eformation, Avan, Yo, Wituné, Eksa, Ossi, Nipu, Kamutui, Yopane, Maladi, Corona. Lisetrogez, Nipu, Mutui, Ki, Yoka, Weste, Ada, Yonsei Hotel, La, Ki, Certifié, Dekopolayas, Haud, Maladi, Corona. Piassumun, Ki, Ateuia, Settlesi, San, Puevde, Tessala, Kaituwe, Medatma, Akkarantin, Bukataju, Ek-Piassumun, Ki, Ateuia, Péia, Epi, Sindi, Maladi, Corona, Kaituwe, Ada, Yon, Facility, Corona, Jista, Yotuwe, Wizelta, Tessala. Sisi, Tessala, Mutui, Yo, Positive, Yoka, Nipu, Ateuia, Ada, Yon, Facility, Dekarantin, Jista, Yotuwe, Dates, Kikah, Mutui, Yo, Negative. Thank you very much for your invitation and if you have any questions, please let us know in the comments below. Thank you, Pil Primers. That brings us to the end of NTN Nightly. Join us next time at 7pm with a repeat at 7am. You can also catch up with us anytime on the St Lucia Government Facebook page or YouTube channel. I am Janelle Norville.


I know the nigger. The employer must have some sort of punishment. I don't care what it is. If you'll let me tie him down by the thumbs, or keep him on bread and water, that will do.  Mississippi planter to Freedmen's Bureau official. The language is what the language is. Let me find some way, or give me some way, that I can punish these people so they'll do the work that I need them to do. We can see in this quote how politics, labor and free will are intertwined. These are the themes for this week, this week being the beginning of the second week of lectures, although we're meeting on Friday. We'll be looking at the way politics and labor and free will are in the mix, as it were, throughout this particular era. We're moving this week from the very end of the Civil War, 1865, to about 1877. Well, at least for this lecture, excuse me, the period known as Reconstruction. Now, when thinking about Reconstruction, the general attempt by the Union, or by the United States to bring the Union back together, when we think about Reconstruction, it's really important to understand that we're talking about an evolving set of ideas, an evolving set of political strategies. Now, I'm simplifying things when I say it, there's no doubt about it, but there is a real element of improvisation during this era. An experimentation as the country, at the federal level to the most local level, is trying to figure out how to heal the wounds of division. I want to map out for you the basic chronology of this era. And then we'll be, I'll be moving forward in this chronology and then working backwards again back to 1865. So November of 1864, Lincoln's re-elected. By April of 1865, he's assassinated. Before he dies, however, and after his re-election, he starts working on plans to complete emancipation. He had already made the proclamation, the emancipation proclamation in 1863, but he was concerned that after the war, there might be attempts to see or to interpret the emancipation proclamation as merely a wartime resolution and not something permanent. And for Lincoln, the die has been cast now. He's got to find a way to make emancipation permanent. And so he starts working with Congress and other individuals for the passage of what would become the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the first of three so-called Reconstruction Amendments. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished his slavery, again, making sure that the emancipation proclamation is more than just a wartime measure, that it would emancipate those people who are legally still kept as slaves after the emancipation proclamation. So looking directly at this slide, you're going to see Lincoln's assassinated in 1865. Excuse me. At the end of 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery is passed. You enter into phase of Presidential Reconstruction followed by Radical Reconstruction. Then you have the two other Reconstruction Amendments, the Fourteenth, establishing the lines of citizenship and guaranteeing due process. The Fifteenth Amendment guaranteeing the right to vote that would not be mitigated based on your race or previous servitude. And by 1877, withdrawal of Northern troops into the Reconstruction. I wanted you to get this down in your notes so you understand the chronology that I'll be going back over for the rest of this particular lecture. So Lincoln's re-elected. He's building a plan, advocating a plan that would turn into the Thirteenth Amendment, calling for a complete end of slavery in the United States. Things aren't looking good for the South. It seems that the North is going to win the Civil War even before Lincoln's assassinated. He seems pretty certain that's going to be the case. And so several central questions. Now that the tide is turning this way, simply have to be addressed. And these are the questions that are really the, I'll be spending the lecture addressing. And the questions might seem kind of strange to you, but as you'll see, they're rather relevant to the ways in which whites and blacks are responding to this new era in U.S. history. What does one do with blacks? Now they've been emancipated. How will they be controlled? Use that language very intentionally. Who will do the work? And how will the South survive the upheaval? What I want to do, this is an incredibly complicated era, and I've always been struggling with the right way to tell the story. What I want to do for the rest of the lecture is tell the narrative mainly from a standpoint of high politics, electoral, formal processes and legislatures, for instance. And then I want to go back over the same time period, looking at the social history. What's sort of happening on the ground? So it's giving you the heads up. We'll be looping back over, going back to 1865 and starting over in a sense, looking at these different narratives to address these questions. What do you do with blacks? Who are they going to be controlled? Who will do the work? And will the South survive the upheaval? Now before Lincoln is killed, he starts trying very aggressively to figure out the best way to reunite the country after the war. He proposes a 10% plan. This is, it's called the 10% plan. And it is a, the elements of the plan involve a pardon to all Southerners, except for Confederate leaders. They could not be excused. A pardon would be given to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and supported emancipation. Once 10% of a state population were talking about white males, once 10% of a state population agrees to this idea, signs this loyalty oath, a new government could be formed. Anti-slavery activists, congressional radicals, people are just staunch supporters of the Union effort saying this is way too lenient. We have spilt too much blood. Just to say, if 10% of the South goes along with this plan, everything will be forgiven. The plan goes nowhere. Lincoln is assassinated. Andrew Johnson takes office and develops a plan and a series of measures that taken together are captured in what we call presidential reconstruction. The basic terms of presidential reconstruction say that a general pardon is given to the White South except for Confederate leaders, just like Lincoln's plan. But Johnson's is different. He says, we will pardon everyone except for Confederate leaders and wealthy planters. Johnson was a man of the people coming from farming routes, working very hard, and saw that moneyed landowners, plantation owners were a real source of many of the problems in the South. So the pardon to the White South except for Confederate leaders and wealthy planters required the end of slavery. And then it would let the South set up its own governments. And the thinking was that the White Yeoman farmers, since the White planters, the wealthy planters, would not be allowed to be the leaders, that White Yeoman farmers, people working sort of hand to mouth and scraping by, they would be the one who would take control of these governments and restructure the society more along sort of, I would say, agrarian class and pathetic lines. Plan moves forward and Johnson could not have been more wrong about what would happen. He thought that there would be a new Gallatarian ethos in the South, and what happened is that once the Whites take over office, they begin to answer the set of questions I posed at the beginning of the class in terms of what to do with blacks with a rather curious set of answers. They enacted the so-called black codes. I'm going to skip over the black codes for the moment, say that for the social history part of the lecture, but they enact the black codes. The answer under Johnson that the White governments in the South provide does not look a whole bunch better than slavery for many African Americans. The Republicans in Congress, people who have been staunch anti-slavery advocates, are horrified at Johnson's plan. Lincoln's was way too lenient, Johnson's was stricter, but it didn't change the social order as it turns out. And so Congress, the Republicans in Congress, they now control the Congress, sets about fighting Johnson in every turn. Johnson has a plan, Congress overrules it. Johnson vetoes Congress's decision, Congress beats back the veto. I mean, the government is just locked in this battle at the federal level on all manner of issues. During this period of federal and inside battling, I suppose one could call it, Republican-controlled Congress pushes through the First Civil Rights Act in 1866. It pushes through the 14th Amendment, delineating the terms of citizenship and due process. Due process is something you'll be hearing being incredibly important from freedom of struggles as we move forward in this class and threaten the Congress, threaten South's representation in Congress if blacks were denied the right to vote. Southern states, seeing the handwriting on the wall about the fact that Republican-controlled Congress, which is a northern Congress, sees these terms and just rejects them. Congress gets tough and ushers in a series of reforms that become known as radical reconstruction or congressional reconstruction. They are the same thing, congressional reconstruction, radical reconstruction, bless you. So Johnson has a chance to make a difference in reconstruction from 1865 with Lincoln's assassination to 1867. That two years of experimentation, Congress has forget about it. We're taking control here through sheer numbers and enters the longest phase of reconstruction, congressional radical reconstruction from 1867 to 1877. And it is a radical change. Under this new reconstruction plan, the South is divided into five military districts. These districts are controlled by northern and Republican governments. There is quite literally a military occupation of the South by federal troops. Congress pushes through the 15th Amendment in 1870, guaranteeing blacks, and this is black males, please understand, guaranteeing them the right to vote. If you've been a slave, it doesn't matter. If you're black, it doesn't matter, you have the right to vote. After this amendment passes, you start seeing a period in the eras of different reconstructions of incredible positive change for many African Americans. Not all, but many. And that change often comes through, you can mark it by the dramatic increase. Well, increase it from zero, anything that's dramatic, I suppose, but the dramatic increase of blacks holding office. You start seeing black men holding office at the local level, being elected to maybe a town council, let's say. Some places being elected the local sheriff, which is really quite astonishing, through state governments and into the federal government. In Congress and in the House of Representatives and in the Senate. The change in representation, that there are blacks in government at all levels, is astonishing on many levels. What is even more astonishing, and I'll repeat this fact in about ten weeks or eleven weeks, is that the number of black elected officials in the federal government, House of Representatives and Senate, blossoms during this era at the end of reconstruction, which I'll start talking about in the next lecture, that those numbers start to evaporate, and the numbers do not return as far as federal representation of blacks, coming from southern states, does not return until Bill Clinton's elected president. This is a radical change, and it is so radical it could not be sustained, as we'll see. But for the moment in 1870 through 1877, at the level of politics, electoral politics, it seems there is a real opportunity for change in Tara's representation, the local, the state, the federal level. All of these changes, federal occupation, military occupation of the south, setting very aggressive terms about how the south, southern government, governments could be reformed and re-admitted to the union, having blacks hold elected office. All of these changes tear at the social fabric of the south. What I want to do for the next bit is to start looking at these changes sort of on the ground, trying to help us understand the ways in which things had shifted fundamentally for whites and African Americans at the moment of the end of the Civil War. Now as I alluded earlier to the question, what are you going to do with blacks? Central question of the era is what one does with blacks brings out of the fact that freedom meant different things to different people. Freedom meant liberation for blacks, and that part is obvious, certainly. For whites at that moment of liberation, those who had slaves from small slaveholding households, two or three slaves to plantations, it means an immediate loss of labor. For blacks and whites, it means an immediate sense of profound instability in the social fabric. In a very curious way, it means for blacks a more dangerous situation, dangerous moment. Slave's bodies had value, and literal value. You were property.  After the end of the Civil War, black bodies were from a financial standpoint, they had no value. Now I remember actually making the statement during a public lecture at a library during a series of lectures in San Diego, and someone got very upset with me. Everybody has value. I mean, yes, everybody does have value. I'm talking a literal dollars and cents. Black bodies don't have value after the moment of the end of slavery, and you can do what you want to with them. Freedom, you can't discount, it's important for African-Americans the moment of liberation, but profound instability can't ignore either. Now since the Southern economy is devastated after the war, during the war and after the war, since there's a loss of labor that is profound, white planners want a quick return to plantation labor. You've got to get crops in from the field, and they understood that we don't know slaves anymore, but there's got to be a way to get gang labor reorganized, have an overseer. At the same time, white planners want this. Blacks who have been working on these plantations, for example, they've got to find a way to put food on their table, but they want to have economic autonomy via land ownership. They want to have their own farms. White farm owners want blacks to sign labor contracts to commit themselves to work on the farms. Blacks reject this, saying they expect the federal government to help them out. They expect the federal government to redistribute land. So you have these really intense conflicting expectations that are directly related to conflicting senses of what freedom meant. Now if you look at some of these items on the screen here, I'll start talking about them. You'll start seeing where these expectations come from and why they would be so conflicted and complicated. Now we're back in 1865. Johnson is the president. He wants to see the southern economy back on track and wants blacks back to work immediately. The question is how to do it. He allows southern governments to reestablish themselves under presidential reconstruction guidelines. And once they do, a lot of these white governments start answering the question of what to do with blacks and establish black codes. Now black codes were a series of state-level laws aimed at answering the question what to do with his newly freed population. There was one, there wasn't a single set of black codes. They range broadly. Some are more strict than others, but they're just taking together a series of legal concepts that are seeking to create a new labor system. That essentially put blacks back to work. Now you look at the codes, you'll see they authorized blacks to acquire property, something blacks certainly wanted. It authorized blacks to marry, something they were not allowed to do when they were slaves. It authorized blacks to make contracts, sue and be sued, testify in court against other blacks, mind you. All of these things are essentially brand new. So the black codes on the surface, at first glance, seem to be a way of trying to give blacks some citizenship rights they didn't have before. But you look a little more closely, you'll also see many other guidelines that make it clear that the black codes are about labor stabilization. Now I'm lumping all of these things together here. Some state codes required all blacks to have an annual proof of one-year labor contracts. They just get a sign up saying, I'm going to work this plot of land at this plantation, I'm going to work in this shop for the next year, and I won't leave. If you leave the job, you sign that contract, you leave the job before the year is up, you will lose all wages that you had earned up to that point. And you might be subject to arrest by a white citizen. Now notice, I'm not talking about the white chief of police or deputy.  You clearly should be on that labor contract, and what are you doing here? Some black codes would say that blacks couldn't steal labor, or else they risked a $500 fine.  Now stealing labor, that could be interpreted as not working hard enough, or that could be interpreted as when you're working this plot of land, saving a little bit of that part for yourself. Not maximizing the return on the investment, essentially, that white property owners had made. If you steal labor, you could be fine $500. In other states, blacks were forbidden to rent land in urban areas. The notion is, if you have them closer to a city, you might have critical masses developing, African-Americans were property owners, or at least renters. They might be able to develop their own economic opportunities through informal networks. Essentially allowing blacks to rent property in towns gave them too much autonomy, the fear was.  This way they would not be seen in public spaces. This is all for the good of the woman. This is for the black woman. They should really be in their natural habitat. This would have been the language of the day, by the way.  You could not dress a certain way. You could not be out at a certain hour. Black codes would address vagrancy, idleness, rude gestures, mischief, preaching the gospel without a license, and so on. I mean, incredibly vague. If you're just kind of hanging out, you could be in violation of a black code. If you're up to no good being mischievous, violation of a black code. And all of these could lead to fines or involuntary plantation labor.  They would have to work without wages. It's mainly orphans or children of poor parents. Many of the black codes said that they could, blacks could not hunt or own weapons. This is a very important limitation, because you're in the rural south, you shot your food. But the idea was to start giving blacks guns. They may not shoot food. They may shoot us. So blacks can't hunt or own weapons. So you take all these things together. And again, I've lumped many different states, black codes here. It's clear that while everyone wants a southern economy back on track, I mean, everybody does. There's no rational way of justifying doing it via the black codes. And so fairly soon after they're being established, sometimes in less than a year these black codes are declared illegal and are eliminated. So we're talking about a very, a brief moment in time. This sort of underscores the notion of we're at a period of improvisation and experimentation. We'll try this until we're told it doesn't work any longer. In the place of the black codes, a new labor system develops. This one was much more focused, much more explicitly focused upon labor instead of all the morality issues that you see in the black codes. And this new labor system that becomes incredibly successful for what it was, it's called sharecropping. Sharecropping revolves around credit. The whites own the land, the tools, the seed, but they didn't own the labor. That's what blacks controlled. So blacks could use the land, the tools and the seed, but they did not get paid in cash. Instead, they would rent the whites' property and their tools, et cetera, in order to get the seed, they'd have to go to the company store for their purchases and the store would be sort of like Durfee's, you know, exorbitantly priced. So, you know, if a bag of seed on the market, I'm making up the numbers here, might have cost $1 at the company store, maybe it's three, three credits, three units or something like that. So sharecroppers would pay for their food, their seed, et cetera, with their shares, their portions of the crop that they were growing and later harvesting for the landowner. At the end of the year, when the crop in question, let's just say it's cotton, which would have been for a tremendous amount of this system, when the cotton is taken to market, the cotton that black sharecroppers had planted and harvested, they would not be able to go to market with the cotton crop. The landowner would go there, or his business manager and he'd sell the cotton at the market rate and he would come back and make a declaration of how much he was able to get for this, settle the accounts privately with the landowner and the landowner and labor then settled their accounts and then a funny thing happened almost inevitably at the end of the year, after the planting cycle, when the crop came, was sent to market and they came back with the money for it, they looked at the balances and blacks owed money to the sharecropper every year. Let's just say, again, making up numbers, that if I'm a sharecropper and I spend $1,000 at the company store to buy all the rent equipment or buy the seeds or whatnot for my plot of land, I get this amazing crop, it goes off to market, come back and the guy said, you know what? I was only able to get $900. I now owe $100 to the landowner. What this meant was, I'm stuck because it is illegal to skip out on your debts. So the sharecroppers are required to go back to work for the same person in attempt to eliminate the debt. So you have another, and the cycle just keeps repeating itself, you never get out of debt, you're always working the land. What this meant is that, you know, maybe you aren't being whipped by an overseer, but you are in perpetual servitude as far as your labor and debt is concerned to the landowner. You can't escape it. Sharecropping works like a charm. Really begins in earnest in the mid-1860s, or the later 1860s. It is still popular in the South through the 1940s. Only with systematic mechanization of farms, do you have sharecroppers being relieved of that particular economic cycle. So wide attempts to answer the question of what one could do to get blacks back to work revolved around various attempts, whether it's through the black codes or the sharecropping system, they revolved around various attempts to get, to recreate slavery, but with a different name and a slightly different nature. I mentioned before black, I mean, thinking about freedom from blacks' perspective also meant labor instability. This is why the black codes are so draconian. This is why the such emphasis on you can't escape debt. This was a way to control blacks. Now remember, blacks had expectations, too, after the Civil War is over. They wanted their freedom. They got their freedom in a literal sense. There's no doubt about that. But there are also expectations about land ownership, that they would have land that could work themselves. And their expectations of the federal government would be the entity to help blacks navigate their arrival to full citizenship rights and property ownership. And these expectations grow out of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands and out of field order 15. The bureaus established, the field orders annunciated, black codes enacted, all at the same moment. So these are overlapping narratives. Expectations about land, access to it, grows from Union General Sherman's seemingly apocalyptic march to the sea, during which he burned his way through and across the south. And while doing so issued the famous field order 15, which declared in part that coastal land between Charleston, South Carolina and Jacksonville, Florida was from this point on for blacks. If Congress had accepted this promise or acted upon this promise, excuse me, it would have given over land to roughly about 200,000 African-Americans. The field order declared in 1865 doesn't redistribute land, but there is the expectation that the government is going to do so through the likes of violence perhaps with General Sherman or through an orderly attempt at giving assistance. And that's through the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, more often known as the Freedmen's Bureau. The Freedmen's Bureau was established in March 1865. Takes a while to get itself up and running. It's organized under the Union General Otis O. Howard. That's why Howard University is named after this man. He gave his land to the university. The Freedmen's Bureau had the task of providing food, shelter and medical aid for the destitute. That's blacks as well as whites. It had the duty of providing education for freed people to say that there was an educational system for blacks as ludicrous up to this moment in time. It's also kind of ludicrous after the fact, but they're working on it. The Freedmen's Bureau establishes free labor arrangements in former plantation areas. It's charged with trying to help blacks develop an economic system where they could sign to do work and contract, but they had freedom in doing so. And the Freedmen's Bureau is charged with securing justice for blacks in legal proceedings. The Freedmen's Bureau record on this front is mixed at best. You know from Field Order 15 this the potential returning or giving all this land to blacks doesn't really happen. Freedmen's Bureau, they're talking about, you know, famous 40 acres in a mule ideology. The Freedmen's Bureau is in control of at one point 850,000 acres of property that instead of being transferred to poor whites and to blacks, is transferred back to the original property owners. So these white planners lost their land in the war after some sorting out, they got their land right back. The notion of establishing wage labor contracts that blacks are not going to be working for a year like in the sharecroft system that would develop, but they would be paid wages, doesn't work. So the Freedmen's Bureau doesn't distribute land like it promised it would. Fails in establishing wage labor contracts. But it does be something really remarkable in that it starts establishing schools. Now again, these schools would not be on par with white schools. Not by long shot. But again, when you start from zero, any change is a radical change. So from 1865, the moment it was founded to 1869, 3,000 new schools for blacks. These are shacks, essentially, are established. So the Freedmen's Bureau seems to at least on one level be doing something right, making a real change. But by 1872, it's gone as well. It collapses. So it leaves us with a mixed record. The record of radical reconstruction, in fact, from much of the 1870s is mixed. The North is growing increasingly weary of Southern intransigence, incredible resistance to these kinds of changes. Southerners are tired of the Northern Presence and we're angry at having new state constitutions written under Republican-controlled governments that, as far as white Southerners were concerned, gave away way too much in terms of the rights of citizenships to black men. This period of sorting out radical changes at the electoral level that are highly positive for African Americans, there's no debating that, that are of mixed success on the ground for the great majority of African Americans, but clearly it's better to be freed than slave, despite all the dangers that are incumbent with it. It is a period of, of incredible stress and resentment and of different ways in which whites try to assert control. What are we going to do with these blacks? Who's going to control them? One of the first answers was the establishment of the KKK, the Ku Klux Klan, established in Tennessee in 1866. You didn't need the Klan prior to emancipation, but as far as many whites were concerned, you needed something like the Klan after. Klan members would go after white northerners who are holding elected office, would threaten them with assassination and assassinate some of them, would go after, you know, Jews and Catholics and certainly went after blacks as well. Klan forms in 1866, but remember this is a period of military presence from the north and the south, and under general grant the Klan is wiped out within two years, for a while. But even though the Klan is wiped out, you can see through this era, 1865 to 1877, rising tides of resentment, chafing by white southerners, rising tides of, I guess one might just say impatience by black Americans, and when are we going to have a real change? And real change did come, but not in the way that African Americans had hoped. 1876 is presidential election, the two men left standing are Samuel Tilden, the Democrat and Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican. Tilden wins the popular vote, but the electoral vote was unclear because the results from southern states were so contested. Sounds like recent history, in fact. A compromise, though, has reached that Hayes, the Republican, would secure the presidency, but only if he promised to withdraw federal troops from the north, excuse me, from the south in the military occupation, let the southern states all come back into the union. Hayes accepts the deal, the north again was exhausted by all this struggle, and with this famous compromise of 1877, Reconstruction ends. Now with the end of Reconstruction, we get a new period of American life generally referred to as redemption. When the white south shall rise again, they'll redeem themselves. I'll be talking about redemption in the next lecture, but I want to turn now from moment of high politics, or discussion of high politics, and a discussion of social history, sort of life on the ground, to take a moment to look at some other types of, some primary sources that helps us understand what I always call the political culture of the moment. Very famous image, what miscegenation is. What we are to expect now that Mr. Lincoln is re-elected, talking 1864 now. I mentioned in the first lecture, you know, nation states declaring their cultures and the ideologies and their myths on their currency. We can see it as well in political posters, certainly in political cartoons. And this is a, represents a kind of theme we're going to see a fair amount in this course, just like the currency exalted white womanhood, and in this case, a caricature, very dark skin caricature of an African American man. Caricature as being of black males, as you probably already know, will certainly know more. Very live and well during this period, and certainly even to today in different ways, something we'll talk about later on in the course. But abroad side talking about, this is what we're going to expect. Now that Lincoln's been re-elected, all hope's been lost. White women and black men will connect in this sort of way. Now this one I think is interesting, because often the notion is that black men are assaulting white women, but in this case you have her arm is wrapped around, not in seeming protest. Be that as it may, the notion of black and white mingling in this sort of way was a profound threat. This is 1864. Now I talked to the Freedmen's Bureau and the work that it was assigned to do, is there to establish wage labor contracts and try to help navigate land redistribution that seemed at first and try to help provide basic assistance and education to African Americans. Well in the political campaigns in 1866, after the Freedmen's Bureau has been established, you start seeing representations, again another very famous poster, representations of what reconstruction actually means. The Freedmen's Bureau, or excuse me, the Freedmen's Bureau means, the Freedmen's Bureau, an agency to keep the Negro in idleness at the expense of the white man, twice vetoed by the president and made a law by Congress. Support Congress and you support the Negro. Sustain the president and you protect the white man. Another caricature of an African American in tatters because it doesn't really need to be dressed well, it doesn't really care. Barefoot, idle, happy as it can be, a white man looking on, working very hard, trying to earn his keep, do the right thing. Now, aside from this being a very famous poster, sort of capturing the sentiment or resentment about the Freedmen's Bureau being there to assist the lazy African American, this is also important to highlight the ways in which these narratives appear in surprising places and ways, or at least ways that we today might think are surprising. This is a campaign ad not in Alabama, not in Mississippi but in Pennsylvania. It's an ad regarding an election in 1866 pitting John Geary, Republican against Heist or Clymer for the governorship of Pennsylvania. Clymer is saying, the Democrat, saying if you support Geary you're supporting this, black idleness. From the same campaign, I mean this is dramatic, I think pretty dramatic as well, but you see the notion of caricature and ideals of white beauty but in a different sort of way and the same campaign and other broadside, pretty direct here. Clymer's platform is for the white man. Geary's platform is for the Negro. Read the platforms.   So we go from this image which is sort of a grotesquery, very busy, lots of different texts and representations to this one that's cleaner as it were, more upfront about its representations to an 1868. These are typical, these are not exceptional advertisements. In 1868, in the Democratic presidential primary, New York Governor Horatio Seymour, who was the governor of the state during the New York City draft rights and who did not pursue the draft rioters, the Irish who burned parts of the city and attacked and killed people and attacked the military, he didn't punish them, which, and he's a Republican now, and people thought that he was a traitor to the Union Army or to the Union in support of the Confederacy. Anyway, New York Governor Horatio Seymour is running with Francis Blair from Missouri for the Democratic nomination and they announced their ticket. Couldn't be more simple. Armato, this is a white man's country, let white men rule. So you see a range of images here that have been popularly distributed, Pennsylvania race for governor, presidential primary, again a northern governor, in this case, represented on the presidential part of the ticket, a language, a visual language, and sometimes just flat out words, of course, making it clear that this era of transition is not an easy one, that there's an transigence in all different corners in all different regions from different perspectives. And if you're thinking I'm over-reading these things, let me just show this last image that sends a message to northerners who are coming down to save the South, take over the South, occupy the South, carpet baggers, people who had load up their things in a bag from the North, come down to the South and set up a government, set up a business to take advantage of the Southern resources, certainly a lot of them did. The South had an answer for these people and you would see posters up on, you know, plastered onto a tree or a wall that would simply say this. This is the nature of the sort of visual conversation, if you will, of this moment in time. A period of tremendous sorting out, a period that seems of incredible possibility and hope as far as the elected realm is concerned for African-Americans, a period much more complicated on the ground for African-Americans and for poor whites, certainly. A period of growing or sustaining intransigence by white elected officials in the South. In a period where white elected officials in the North aren't quite certain about this whole period, this whole idea of trying to reconstruct the union along these terms. The answers that I posed at the beginning of the class were answered, the questions I posed at the beginning of the class were answered through these narratives and we'll see some more answers when we resume class in the next section, talk about redemption. Thank you.