Hello. So we're getting to the final section of our program, which is an address by Rajiv Shah, the administrator of the US Agency for International Development. We're thrilled and honored that the administrator has agreed to come and deliver the closing keynote address here. A few words of thanks. Several people at AID were very, very helpful and instrumental in helping us to make this happen today. Amy Batson, who's here with us today, Nicole Sheig, Cheney Bolton, all of them are here today. We've also, of late, had a terrific interaction with Ariel Pablos-Mendez, the assistant administrator on health who gave a major address at CSIS a week back. And we've had great fortune in interaction with the terrific team that Raj has put together at AID in many different ways, Nancy Lindbergh, Paige Alexander, Susan Reicheld on Steinberg. Today, we're going to hear from the administrator right near the two-year mark in which he joined AID about 10 days before the Haiti earthquake, which plunged him into a major crisis with a huge health component to it. We'll hear his vision around immunizations and vaccines, which under his leadership, AID has really brought this issue forward in a new and much more profound and visible way, which is a terribly important piece of U.S. leadership. And it was for that reason that we were so happy and so eager to ask him to come here today and lay out that vision. He's been in the period of the two years of leading AID. He's been at the forefront of the internal reforms, the USAID forward, the focus on procurement, getting the agency back into science and technology in a new way, putting forward a new monitoring and evaluation framework. It's been an exceedingly busy period as AID has gone through this process of strengthening and renewing itself. And we owe Raj a great deal of gratitude for taking that leadership on and carrying it forward. So please join me in welcoming Rajiv Shah here today. Thank you. Thank you, Stephen. Good afternoon. And thank you for that kind introduction, Stephen. I'm excited to be here and want to congratulate CSIS on the incredible work that you've done to raise visibility for global health for vaccination and not just amongst the community of us that believe in and have believed in and have worked in global health, but in a much broader community of leaders who think about our safety, our security, our prosperity, what drives that around the world and why health, vaccination, and basic progress against the milestones of human dignity are critical to that. So I'm very pleased to be here with you and with everybody here today. I want to thank Admiral Fallon in particular for your strong leadership and for being a visible symbol of how this has become a national security issue and a critical part of how we present ourselves around the world and I enjoyed catching the final words of the panel with Dr. Kochi and Eric and so many good friends and colleagues. I know you've heard a lot today about vaccines and immunizations, so I am not sure I'm going to have a lot new to add, but I am very excited that we at USAID under Ariel Pobles-Mendez and Amy Batson's great leadership are reinvigorating our own commitment to vaccines and immunization and I thought it would help to start by describing a little bit of the history of what brought us here. You know in 1862, this is a photograph of a Confederate hospital in Richmond. Admitted 250 soldiers with smallpox. Almost 45% would die. 110 would die per week. And by the end of World War II, of course, smallpox inside the United States had been almost eradicated, but even in the early 1950s, 150 years after the introduction of a vaccine, an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year. This is a photograph of smallpox vaccination in Ethiopia and we all know that under the leadership of many public health heroes like Bill Fahey and others, WHO, CDC, USAID all worked together for 13, 15 years, whatever it took to ensure global success and the world in fact first got the number of cases down significantly and then made that final push in India and other parts of the world going after the most difficult last cases and fully eradicating this disease. It's worth noting there have only been two diseases eradicated in human history. The second one was eradicated in the Horn of Africa over the past 18 months through a large scale livestock vaccination campaign and that was called Render Pest and I don't know how much, you've talked about livestock vaccination today, but I would argue that that also belongs in your thoughts as you consider these issues. This is of course a picture that I'm sure many of you are quite familiar with. Treatment for polio in the 1940s and 50s occupied entire wings of hospitals and as patients struggled inside of these cumbersome and mostly ineffective iron lungs. And you can just tell by the sheer magnitude of what's required on a treatment basis that this was not a sustainable way to eliminate the scourge of polio from the planet. This on the other hand has proven to be and today the focus is on prevention with easily administered vaccines in large contrast from the fears of even 60, 50 years ago where people worried about going to swimming pools and where they might get infected, what would happen to their children if they got infected. Today, global caseload is down to just those last few cases. Year on year, those cases go down or go up but in the grand scheme of history here we're well beyond third base and almost at home plate. It's been 11 months since we saw polio case in India and I know there's been an expansion of cases in certain parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan and they continue to deal with containment challenges in certain parts of Africa and West Africa but nevertheless, we are on the final pieces of this polio eradication struggle and we the United States government, USA, CDC and all of our partners are absolutely committed to seeing this through the way others were committed to see through smallpox and more recently render pest. This is a photograph that needs no introduction. This is in this audience, this is Jim Grant, a charismatic and compelling leader of UNICEF, a someone who carried in his pocket oral rehydration solution in vaccine vials so that he could show world leaders when he had the chance to meet them the simplicity and the ease of the concept he was promoting. A simple concept that with enough leadership and enough focus and a willingness to tackle bureaucracy, you could in fact pursue universal childhood immunization and we saw rates of coverage globally under his leadership increased significantly as a result of that energy and that leadership but we also saw a decline that occurred after the Jim Grant era of immunization in the 1990s. We know that global immunization progress slowed significantly. We know there was a divergence in the vaccine economies of the rich or more developed world and of the much, much, much more populous rest of the world. We chose IPV versus OPV. We chose MMR versus measles vaccines and those programmatic choices across all of these different products resulted in a situation where actually basic supply of vaccine for most of the world, 80 or so percent of the children born every year was pretty tenuous. It was dependent on an erratic and underfunded donor system that sometimes had the money to purchase the next few months of vaccine and sometimes didn't and it was at the verge of falling apart and into that context, the global community came together and created GAVI, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization and you can see here, if you look at around 2000 when GAVI was created and if you look just at the history of hemophilus influenza B vaccine, you can see this is a vaccine that we had and had rapidly introduced in high income countries from 1985 forward but 15 years later, barely any of this product, 15 years later, was reaching the bulk of the children who by the way, benefit from it much more greatly because we don't have as much child death from HIV here in this country but around the world it was a major cause of mortality for children and GAVI's funding support, the leadership of the global community, the desire once again of the international agencies to break through the bureaucracy and deliver a result did just that and inside of a decade you can just look at the progress of coverage with Hib vaccine. Now that wasn't the only part of the story. This Global Alliance unleashed a lot of creativity, new ways of financing incentives to create new vaccines, advanced purchase commitments and pooled procurement systems, a new way of thinking about global demand in countries that used to be the case that public health experts would estimate the need and then communicate that to manufacturers. Manufacturers would start planning based on that and then the money wouldn't show up because we all know that demand, market demand is not just need, I need a new Apple product every week. It's about having the resources and the will and in my case your wife's permission to purchase that product and moving from need to demand-based planning in countries was a big part of what Gavi had to offer. The result of all that of course is seen in this photograph, a child receiving pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and Orin Levine is here who led the NUMO ADIP, the Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan that had a lot to do with laying the groundwork for why we can today go to communities where children don't have the resources that they deserve and see them receive a vaccine product that we know is highly efficacious at saving their life, probably one of the most important interventions we've developed in decades. And we know that it should get to every kid but because it cost $54 a dose in this country for so long it was just assumed to be out of reach for poor children. Eric Schwartz and I had the chance to travel together to the Dadaab refugee camp at the Kenya-Somali border a few months ago and we walked through and we met these kids that were barely holding on to life after leaving war-torn Somalia suffering from excruciating famine and unbelievable human suffering. They were getting pneumobacs in that camp. That's incredible, you know, that's incredible. It just shows you the progress we can make if we put our mind to it and as the Admiral said, we just make decisions and we get the stuff done. Well, I tell all of that to point out that President Obama has made an absolute unwavering commitment to childhood immunization and to saving child lives around the world. The childhood immunization commitment was a $450 million multi-year pledge we made in London as part of a global effort that raised more than $4 billion to introduce pneumococcus and rotavirus vaccines along with accelerating the uptake of other vaccine products, along with continuing to invest in developing the new vaccines that Tony Fauci spoke to you about this morning, an AIDS vaccine and I know our IAVI colleagues are here today, a malaria vaccine and we're continuing to be proud of what the malaria vaccine initiative and its partners like GSK are accomplishing what they're going to accomplish in the coming months and years as those products increasingly become real and ready for introduction. We know now that these questions that were asked 10 or 15 years ago about are these new vaccines too costly for poor kids are questions we can answer with innovations in financing and procurements and contracting and in management and how we think about global demand and global supply and we will be absolutely committed to making sure as these vaccines become real that we make them available to every child everywhere but our commitment to child mortality will go beyond vaccination because ultimately the goal is to save children's lives and we've had huge success and progress against that goal 70% reduction in child mortality over the last 50 years. In 1990, 12.4 million children died. In 2000, it was 10.8 million. In 2010, 7.6 million and it continues to and we believe will continue to come down so long as we stay focused on achieving great results in saving children's lives where they are preventable. In fact, if we could achieve the OECD average rate of child mortality all around the world we would basically have 1 million child deaths a year. We would be saving 6.5 million additional children's lives every year, everywhere. And so that led us to ask well is that achievable? And we now believe it is. We believe the state of technology, the knowledge of how to deliver these interventions, the data around the value of integrated community health in even very resource poor settings and the insights that have come from real progress in many, many countries make this goal possible. This photograph highlights 24 countries that represent 70% of total global child mortality. We believe in those countries alone we can achieve a 5 million lives saved over five years, over the next five years. And we can do that by focusing on a relatively straightforward package of interventions each of which like vaccination and including vaccination can be linked to very specific reductions in child mortality. It starts of course at birth and at that moment of birth we tend to lose a lot of kids, about a million children right before, during or immediately after birth because they don't have oxygen, birth aphyxia. We've entered a partnership with Lairdahl Corporation and with a number of other partners and have rapidly introduced some new technologies. If you look at this slide, you'll see a very low cost, $18 package of newborn resuscitation technologies. The same package by the way in a hospital in our country here would cost that hospital about $400. But for $18 and we're gonna keep driving this cost down we can provide that package. We can also provide a doll that you see Neo Natalie and train, I had one in the office and was gonna bring it and we said, no, we'll put it on the slide. And we can train a community health worker to help save a child's life from birth aphyxia. Studies have shown we've rolled this out in Bangladesh and actually now it's rapidly taken up in 33 countries as part of this public private partnership. We expect you can see a 30% reduction in birth aphyxia if we can roll this out at significant scale. And that will save hundreds of thousands of lives. But we know that the challenge doesn't stop there. That we have a long way to go to save those 1.7 million lost lives at the moment of birth. So we've instituted a challenge grant program at USAID together with partners, the Gates Foundation, Norway, the UK, others, the World Bank and Canada. And through that effort, we've issued a call for innovations and new ideas that can save lives at birth. The condition of course is the ideas have to be affordable, they have to be practical, they have to become the kind of low hanging fruit that we can actually reap and see real outcomes as they relate to it. And this is a photograph of one of our partners in this program that from William Marsh Rice University have invented a low cost bubble CPAP system, a continuous positive airway pressure system that again would replace a mechanism that costs thousands of dollars here in the United States, do it at far lower cost and then get it out to as many facilities, clinics, points of service, points of care as is possible. I'm so excited about this program because in addition to delivering specific results, it's helping us tap the innovative potential of partners all around the world. We had more than 600 program applicants present new ideas, 30% of them were from the private sector and all of them were winners in many ways. We were able to support 22 in the first round. But achieving 5 million lives saved over five years takes more than focusing exclusively at that point of birth. It also includes saving children's lives from HIV AIDS and in particular, eliminating pediatric AIDS. President Obama a few days ago made a powerful and important statement that we are at the beginning of the end of AIDS. And by doing a number of things together, we can actually begin the decline of that disease and rid ourselves of AIDS entirely. One of those things was a commitment to make sure we get antiretroviral drugs to pregnant women during their pregnancy and before birth. And we know that if we do this effectively, we can prevent the transmission of HIV from mothers to children. And if we hit global targets that the whole world has already agreed to, has already signed up to achieve, we will virtually eliminate pediatric AIDS and in doing so, by reaching 1.5 million pregnant women living with HIV AIDS will save 150,000 child lives a year. This is a photograph of a mother in a clinic, I believe in Kenya, who's come in for testing and for treatment. And we're now through the Global Health Initiative using our HIV clinics around the world to provide this broader package of services and these broader interventions designed to help children and mothers survive. But we still have to do more and we have to help kids get a healthy start. And this is a photograph of a young child receiving a plumpy nut. And I know folks in this room are comfortable or familiar with plumpy nut as a product. One of the big scientific advances in this field over the last 10, 15 years has been recognizing that chronic malnutrition is a serious, serious problem. That children who are stunted or who are small for size and age they might be smiling and they might look vibrant but in fact they've suffered life long and debilitating changes to their brain development that their brains don't grow as much as they should. Their ventricles are larger, they have more fluid, less white and gray matter. That then leads to lower educational attainment and ultimately lower contributions to economic growth and for their societies. One of the solutions to that is to target feeding in the first, in the nine months of pregnancy in the first two years of life, those critical thousand days. And to target those thousand days specifically with high protein, high micronutrient foods that can rapidly improve their nutritional status and enable them to avoid chronic malnutrition at that very crucial period of growth. By refocusing our programs in nutrition in that area we're working in 15 countries where child malnutrition poses the highest risk and we believe this investment will help reduce chronic malnutrition by 30%. Another easy win to put it bluntly is malaria prevention. Perhaps the easiest win we have in the entire suite of tools that we deploy to save children's lives around the world. We've seen in the president's malaria initiative data coming out of more than 15 countries where we've scaled up our investment to provide insecticide treated bed nets for children to sleep under to make sure that when kids get malaria and get the symptoms that they have access to therapies that can actually work to save their lives, ACTs as opposed to older, less effective alternatives. And to conduct prevention activities, education, indoor residual spraying, a basic package of things that can be done easily that have in so many parts of the world including the Great American South helped virtually eliminate malaria in our country, eliminate malaria. I was thrilled to learn when I visited CDC that the reason CDC is in Atlanta is because it was part of our final push against malaria in this country. And that's where the burden of disease was. Well, today the burden of disease is in sub-Saharan Africa. And a few years ago, we noted that a million children under the age of five every year died of malaria. Today, that number is still too high. It's over 700,000. But we know with real validity because we've had rigorous studies that providing this basic package of interventions, country after country, at scale, can reduce all cause child mortality between 20 and 30%. We saw it in Tanzania, we saw it in Zambia, in Rwanda, in Senegal, country after country. And when I meet the leaders of these countries, President Kikwete, first thing he says, thank you for your partnership in malaria because I can go to our hospitals and they have room for patients for other things. I can go to our communities in rural parts of the country and children are surviving and it makes a difference and they value the leadership we've provided. In fact, a friend of mine, Dan Glickman, says he was in rural Tanzania recently. And he said he went into a village and talked to a gentleman there, a tribal elder. The elder came up and said, I have three favorite people in the whole world. He said, oh, who are they? I said, President Clinton, President Bush, President Obama. And Dan came back, called me and said, Raj, there isn't, I don't know if there's anyone in this country who would say those are their three favorite people. But this makes a difference, people value when they get those vaccines, when they get these improved nutrition products, when they sleep under bed nets, when you save children's lives, people value that partnership. And that brings me to my conclusion. That we know that this is the right thing to do. But we also know this is the smart thing to do. That when we save lives around the world, we're helping to usher in a different structure of population growth for economies that need to go through a demographic dividend in order to experience economic growth and development. We've seen that fewer births, we've seen that as child mortality improves, families have fewer births. And as they then have a lower number of dependents, they're able to build up more income and assets per dependent. We know that that then powers the kind of economic growth that we've seen make important contributions to the emergence of Southeast Asian tiger economies over the last 50 years. And we know precisely where those countries that we highlighted as high burden countries for child mortality, those are precisely the countries where we now need to see the demographic dividend take hold and the resulting investment in human capital and economic development take place there. And there's a reason why it's important that the growth and the stability of those countries remains in our national interest. Because when we have trading partners, instead of partners where we have to engage with our military, we are better off. We know that today in Southern Sudan, a young girl is more likely to die in childbirth than she is to complete a secondary education. In precisely an environment where we're engaged to slow the spread or reverse the spread of Islamic extremism and precisely the environment where we know that droughts and other more erratic weather conditions create instability, migration, tremendous suffering and where governments are increasingly democratic but are trying to move in that direction but need continued encouragement to get there successfully. We know in precisely those environments, making these investments now will be one of the keys that unlocks a future of stability and change. And in fact, I was in South Korea just last week where the global development community came together. 2,500 people from around the world. In a country where in the 1960s, they had a lower per capita income than their counterparts in East Africa.  Today, South Korea is a donor country themselves. We have more jobs in the United States trading with South Korea than we do trading with France and that number is gonna go up because of the president's free trade agreement. So we know that it's in our economic and it's in our national security interest to make the types of investments that keep us going here. But all of what we're talking about, health, food security, water, humanitarian response, diplomatic engagement, all of that is 1% of our federal budget. And today we're engaged in a very serious conversation about whether America can continue to maintain its six decades of leadership in vaccination, in health, in the alleviation of human suffering. And while we know that it's in our interest to do it, while we know that we can afford it, and in fact, we can't afford not to make these investments, I'll just close by saying, I think both Eric and I had this impression when we visited the Dadaab refugee camp, that when you look these children in the eyes and you meet mothers who have held onto their kids and walked for 60, 70, 80 kilometers to get into that camp, and you know that they get there and they get food from the United States of America, they get medical attention from partners we support, they get a NUMA vaccine because of Warren's great work, that's the right thing to do. And when we lead with our values, and when we demonstrate that that's who we are, that just trumps everything else. And that's how we should be engaging around the world. So I wanna thank you for being here today and for taking upon yourself to engage on vaccines and immunization. We will stand with you proudly and we hope you'll be loud and aggressive in trumpeting the need for America to continue with its leadership role as certainly President Obama, Secretary Clinton, and I intend for us to do. Thank you. Thank you so much. Administrator Shah has some time to share now for a further conversation. I'm gonna ask you just one question and then I'd like to open it up to comments and questions from our audience. My question really is about engagement with the Hill because I know that you have been intensively engaged for over a protracted period of time in making the case and understanding the perspectives in the midst of this budgetary difficulty in the midst of a polarized, increasingly polarized situation and one that's full of angst and fear and uncertainty around the future in making the case and finding your way forward and being very methodical and determined in carrying those dialogues forward. And I wanted you to reflect a little bit in this context of talking about the strategic value of vaccines, immunizations, child survival, advancing global health against that backdrop. What have been your reflections around what works in our current environment? Not that we're out of the woods or that there's clarity yet on what the outcomes are gonna look like, but you've spent the better part of this year intensively doing that and we're very grateful to you for having made that commitment because it's so valuable. But if you could just share with us a bit about that. In terms of the communication, in terms of what was that? In terms of the communication and how to make the case and looking at that at the state of our current political environment and the state of our current budgetary crisis, how do you navigate that and how do you make the case and how do you listen and advance an argument in this environment? Well, you know, I'd start by saying that I'm very impressed that on both sides of the aisle and frankly in almost all subsections of both major political parties, there's pretty much unwavering commitment and support to the range of issues that we've discussed. So I find that making the case that this work is important is relatively straightforward. The challenge, and it was best articulated to me by Prime Minister Harper, actually, when he chaired of commission that I had the opportunity to serve on with him and he said there's no other area of public policy that he has to engage on where there's a bigger difference in how the general public perceives the work and the implications for it. What he meant by that is if you can demonstrate that resources in generate real results and you can do that in a valid, transparent, open, business-like manner, the peoples of our countries will rush to support this work. If you don't do that, then they will just assume that the resources are spent poorly, ineffectively, not generating results. He said there's no other area where there's no middle ground and that's why we've launched USAID Forward. It's why I've actually spent more time on procurement reform within my agency and within our development enterprise than any other single issue and it's why we take so seriously the need to be operationally excellent at ensuring that we can take resources, invest them in a business-like manner and generate real results. And I think Gavi is a good example of that. Gavi has built a system that can make an honest case that it does that and it was able to raise in a tough global fiscal environment more than $4 billion to, for the first time, say to every child on the planet, you're gonna get the same vaccines that my son would get when he's born here at Sibley Hospital. And we can continue to have those successes but we have to make the case and we have to demonstrate effectiveness and results around everything we do. May I just look forward into 2012? We're going to have the secretary preside at a summit in early May at NIH on internal child health. We're gonna have the G8 summit in Chicago. We're gonna have AIDS 2012 in July here in Washington, D.C. for the first time on US soil in 22 years. Can you just talk a little bit about 2012 and what these opportunities mean for the agenda that we've been talking about here today in terms of engaging the American public? Well, each of these are important opportunities to raise the visibility of what we're doing. I would urge us all as we think about how to do that to really engage a broad set of partners in both executing this work and in sharing the message with the American people and people around the world. It's very powerful when Mutar Kent and I are able to do something together to demonstrate that our new water partnership with Coca-Cola, for example, is gonna reach hundreds of thousands of villages in Sub-Saharan Africa or it's powerful when Indra Nui of PepsiCo who has announced major investments with our Feed the Future food security program to help reach 30,000 chickpea farmers in Ethiopia to create products that, by the way, are like that plumpy nut product that will go to kids and be a high nutrition, hummus-like product. I think the American people, and we tend to listen, certainly to the experts that have spoken here today and to all of you that have been leading the fight, but we also tend to listen to corporate leaders and to a broad range of faith-based leaders, leaders at universities. This is an all-hands-on-deck effort. I think we have to do a better job of diversifying the voices we rely on to share the message. Thank you. I wanna welcome comments and questions from our audience. Just please put your hand up and we'll bring a microphone to you. There's a hand right there and there's one right here, Amanda. We'll cluster these comments and questions together and then come back to you, Roger, in a moment. Yes, sir. Thank you very much, Dr. Shah, and thank you, Steve, as well. My name is Steve Kuo. I'm the senior advisor of Taiwan to represent our office here in Washington, D.C. And I know Dr. Shah just visited Taiwan last week as part of your trip to Asia's and country like South Korea's. My question is that, could you comment or share with us a little bit about your view about the policy and the mechanism that you wish the USAID could use to sort of encourage countries like Taiwan and South Korea? Those in the past is the recipients of USAID and now is very much willing to feedback to the global communities but not really know how to do that and is there any policy or mechanism that you think that will be kind of useful and how to kind of encourage those countries to partnership with USAID and to do that kind of thing. Thank you. Thank you. Amanda, do you have a... There's a microphone right behind you. Are there other hands up? Yeah, come out here, thank you. So if there are cuts, those are anticipated, does AID have time of protocol for how to protect priorities like global health in the future? Great. Why don't we come back to you now? Okay. We'll see if there are other questions in a moment. Don't you have to take those two? Sure, well, let me start with the first one. You know, you're absolutely right to point out the donor landscape today is so much broader than it used to be and that's why I've been to China, I've been to South Korea, we've gone so many different parts around the world. Brazil, Taiwan to engage new partners to be active partners in taking on these global responsibilities and President Obama and Secretary Clinton in particular have pointed out that these are global challenges and it's in all of our collective interests to make the necessary investments and to share our experiences. Brazil has some amazing experiences at addressing hunger and malnutrition. South Korea has amazing experiences, many of which in a partnership with USAID over 30 years of deepening and expanding its health expertise and its health sector. So many countries today can join multilateral mechanisms like GAVI or the Global Fund or any of the other ones that are demonstrating real results in a way that's relatively efficient for them to do and frankly at the level at which they're able to give and so we've made a major priority out of broadening the global partnership to get this work done. In terms of US assistance and reductions, we of course continue to fight every single day for the President's budget and I would say to you that President Obama in a very difficult budget environment has every single year proposed the world's most robust global health and global development budgets in our country's history and he does it as he reminds me and my colleagues regularly because this is ultimately about who we are and this is a smart down payment on building a safer and more secure future and so we're gonna keep doing everything we can as Stephen points out to get there. Of course, if we're unsuccessful or if there are significant reductions we have a plan to address that and the level of reduction we're talking about is so significant that really everything would unfortunately be on the table. We'll make tough priorities. We've proven that we can make tough choices. We've shut down under my leadership 14 missions, a number of program dozens of programs around the world repositioned our health portfolio and to those places where you get the best results in the highest mortality, the child mortality it's these 24 countries in maternal mortality it's 28 of the highest maternal mortality countries. We're gonna keep making those tough reallocation decisions because that's how you get better results but at some point when you're looking at 20, 30% reductions that it will touch everyone. There are other comments. I wanted to add that over the course of last night and today Pakistan surfaced at many different points, right? At the discussion last night we had around polio it brings us back to the difficulty and the intractability it seems at times of managing polio in Pakistan. We've heard during our discussion around operating in unstable and conflicted settings I know from the strategic US Pakistan strategic dialogue and you've been very involved along with a secretary on that whole prospect of trying to really engineer a different approach on immunizations but we're in a point of crisis right now obviously in the internal condition of Pakistan but in the difficulty of understanding that but also in the bilateral relationships. Can you comment a little bit about how you think about all of these challenges right now because they do keep surfacing as terribly important challenges in front of us from a number of different angles. I know you've been very involved. You're in Pakistan in particular. Yes. Well, Pakistan is, we obviously have a very complex, important and difficult but durable relationship and the challenge from the perspective of those of us in this room that have worked on child mortality and vaccination is that the birth cohort in Pakistan is about 5.4 million children. It's significantly larger in the birth cohort of our country here in the United States.  The backtracking in progress on polio is, as you know, very significant. I think you had the conversation yesterday and it has to do with the ability of effective vaccinators to get access to communities in a trust-based way in some very difficult to access parts of the country near the Afghan border. There are, they also are dealing with a structural change in their government. They've chosen to devolve a lot of administrative authorities from a central government to the states, their provinces. That's the right thing for them to do over time because it is part of their larger constitution and politics and trend towards democratic governance and accountable local governance. But health, it's more challenging in health because they had a very technically capable central ministry of health with some very capable partners and so the state, the provincial departments of health have more variability in their capacity to take these programs forward and we're working through that programmatically in a number of different areas. We've supported 18,000 lady health workers that have had a huge impact at reducing maternal mortality, improving birth spacing, helping to reduce the total fertility rate but all of these things are gonna go through this difficult transition. Well, I think we've got one more hand, Peg. Peg? Thank you. Peg Willingham with United Nations Foundation. Dr. Shah, I wanted to ask you about HPV vaccines. It's something where my understanding is health ministers in developing countries regard that as a high priority. I know you know it's a leading cause of cancer death and yet here in the political environment in Washington advocates sort of quake at the idea of talking about HPV and I wonder how you bridge and send the message that this is what countries want and need versus very different political considerations here. Thank you. Sure. Well, thanks for the question. In the global system, especially through GAVI, the countries have the ability to construct their own priorities to set market demand as I used the term earlier based on their kind of actual plans. The introduction of HPV of course is very different than the introduction of a basic childhood vaccination. So they need a public health and a health system delivery strategy that can support their aspiration to use that product if they have that aspiration. And my, I was pleased that GAVI has begun a very serious process to help countries with the planning and the demand development and then supporting the distribution in an appropriate way as they do that. So there are a lot of questions that have to be asked because it's not gonna be delivered through a traditional childhood immunization system. So you can't just say, okay, we cover 70% of the kids and so here's how much we need and we're ready to roll. It has to be done thoughtfully and methodologically and ultimately countries themselves taking into consideration data and what's best for their populations need to be the ones accountable for making the decisions. I think we've reached the conclusion of our program, Raj. Please join me in thanking the administrator. Thank you. You too, you too.


So, the definition of shear stress or shear force starts by a description of clume friction. See, you've probably already come across clume friction as part of your introductory physics, but let's recap on what that is now.  We know that that block would subject the surface to a normal force due to its own weight. So the weight of the block would create a normal force acting on that surface. Let's call that N. If I subjected that block to a horizontal force, so if I tried to push it in this direction, initially when I subjected a small force so that it wouldn't move, and it would only start moving when the applied force overcame the frictional force. So we know that there's a frictional force created by the interaction of the surface in the block. We'll call that F, and we'll call the applied force A. So the block would only start moving when A was greater than F. So when A is greater than F, we know that the block would move. We also know that F is proportional to or equal to the applied the normal force multiplied by some coefficient of friction. So F equals the normal force multiplied by coefficient of friction mu. Okay and because of this this relationship we can put these two things together and we say that the block wouldn't move until A was greater than the applied the normal force multiplied by the coefficient of friction. So instead of looking at this as a cartoon of a block, let's simplify it into a force diagram. So we take away the block and the surface and we just represent the forces acting on a single point. So let's have a point here and we have our normal force. We have an applied force. We have a frictional force. And what's missing here is some sort of resistive force from the surface. So let's say we have a resistive force R. So we've taken that cartoon and we've represented it as a simple force diagram. Now what we can do next is we can combine these two resistive forces. I suppose the normal resistive force from the surface and the frictional force into a single force acting at some angle called that phi from the vertical. So we've combined these two forces into a single force. So that new resistive force is acting at phi from the vertical. And then this angle is given a special name. It's called the angle of friction and it's given the symbol phi. So tan phi must be equal to the frictional force over the normal force. So we can see here that the larger the angle of friction, the larger this angle is, the larger the frictional force that's generated proportional to the normal force. So we can see that larger angle of friction means that we've got a rougher or a more frictional surface. So we can see that this angle of friction has a relationship with the coefficient of friction where the coefficient friction f equals n times mu. If we write it just in terms of mu you have mu equals f over n. So we can see that tan phi is equal to mu. So it's quite convenient to think of surfaces or materials in terms of their angle of friction because you take out the or you resolve the relationship or you resolve two parameters, the relationship between the frictional force and the normal force into just one parameter. So just going back to this cartoon for a second, if we wanted to represent this in terms of stress rather than force, what I could do is take my normal force n and divide that by the contact area between the block and the horizontal surface. So if I took n and divided it by the contact area what I'd be left with is my stress but the same would be true if I did that for my frictional force and what I'd be left with is a shear stress. So what would happen do you think if I drilled a hole through this block? So I drilled a hole through the center of the block and I injected water into that hole so I filled some water into the hole. So the hole goes all the way through the block and comes out the other side so the water would then permeate through until it spread between the two surfaces. You can see that we'd have some level of water pressure between these two surfaces and that would then lower the amount of applied force that I needed to move the block. So you can see that the importance of effective stress when it comes to whether the block slides or not is really quite important. So my effective stress would be the, so my effective stress would be equal to this total stress minus whatever pore, water pressure was between the block and the surface. So that's why it's important to represent soils in terms of effective stress rather than total stress because it's the effective stress that governs where the soils fail.


photographers, but I was a, I am a photographer, but I was a freelance photo journalist for many years and I was very fortunate. I worked for Time Magazine and National Geographic and many publications and I was doing a story many years ago about children who had been fathered by American GIs and I decided to six children in different countries and sort of tell the story of their lives of what it was like to be abandoned. There are 40,000 children every year basically abandoned in Southeast Asia. Wherever the United States, wherever their military troops anywhere in the world, basically there are children that are the result of it. The American government basically says these are the children of wanton women and the local governments tend to say these are the children of American GIs and these kids are left in the middle. One of the children I started photographing was a little girl named Unsuq who lived in a small village. This little girl was being raised by her grandmother, a small village up along the DMZ.  They wouldn't look you in the eye, they were incredibly timid, they were hunched over. This little girl and the grandmother had this very special relationship. It was really, I'd never seen anything quite like it. The girl didn't seem at all to be aware of how different she looked than the other children in the village. She seemed to be very popular and I made a deal with her. I went with my translator to the village and I asked if I could spend a week there. I didn't speak a word of Korean so I asked through my translator if I could sleep in a little hut outside of their house and I said before my translator left to this little girl, Unsuq, if I ever do anything to embarrass you in any way just say stop and I'll stop taking pictures and throughout the week to delight her girlfriends at school she would look at me every once in a while and go stop and I would stand at attention and all the kids would crack up. I followed her to school this is an early morning getting ready for the the day and what's so remarkable about these children is that sometimes they look completely Korean. In this case she looked completely American. As I said most of the children I photographed that were Amar Asian were very timid and shy, not outgoing, went out of their way to be not looked at. Unsuq was very different. When the teachers asked questions she immediately raised her hand. She was very popular with the other girls. She obviously had very close relationships with the other girls in the village. She was very studious. At recess she was the girl that was choosing the other kids to be on her team. She was obviously a leader amongst these kids. This is walking home after school. And the relationship that she had with the grandmother was just extraordinary. Well I had been there now for a week. My translator came back. I asked her to come back at the end of this week and I started to say thank you to the grandmother. Throughout the week the little girl Unsuq started holding my hand on the way to school. It was really touching. I was 27 years old at the time. It was just sort of cool to have this little kid who seemed to like me. I was getting ready to leave. I sat down with the translator to say thank you and the grandmother started crying. I said to the translator, oh my gosh did I do something wrong? The translator talks to the grandmother and the translator starts crying. I said what's going on here? The translator said all of her life the grandmother's been telling Unsuq that someday her father will come back for her. The whole week you've been here the grandmother had the heart to tell her that you're not her father. All of a sudden all the pieces sort of clicked into place. I suddenly understood why she was showing me off to the other girls. Then she told me the grandmother said she was dying. She wanted to know if I would take Unsuq with me to America and adopt her. I immediately said I'm not married. I'm immature. I sleep on my sister's couch in New York. I don't even have a girlfriend. I also said can I take you to the hospital? Why do you think you're dying? I didn't know if I was being played because there are lots of stories of people in this situation trying to find someone to sort of give them money. But I felt the grandmother was quite genuine and I said if she was serious I would try to find a family for Unsuq but that I couldn't adopt her and I gave her my business card and I wasn't really 100% sure this is really happening but I felt like I gave her my word. So I immediately wrote I left Korea and I wrote to my best friend who some of you known as Jean Driscoll who's been photographing all of you this week and I said you know Jean you haven't heard from me in six months. I've been just finished doing the story for National Geographic. I'm doing about page seven of a 20 page letter. I said by the way I met this little girl and I remember you weren't mentioning that Jean had 11 year old son at the time. Jean was the opposite of me. Jean was Sandy's my little brother. Jean was the big brother I always wanted. I was the eldest of three children. I always wanted somebody to put their arm around me and say kid this is how you do it you know. So I called my pseudo big brother and Jean and his wife astoundingly without even asking for a picture of her said okay and then I went well wait a second I need to go back and talk to the grandmother because this is all moving a little too fast and not really sure the grandmother really wants to do this. So I was going to go back to Korea right after Christmas and on Christmas day I was in Bangkok the group of photographers sitting at Christmas dinner and a guy came down from the front desk and said is there a small in here and I raised my hand and they handed me a telegram and it said someone in Korea has died and left you a child in their will do you know anything about this. I never told time what I was doing. So I went back to Korea and I tried to find her and I went to the villa I went to the house where she lived the house was empty none of the villagers would tell me where she was. Finally a little girl that I had that she played with after school every day I went to this little girl and I said look you know what you saw me here before you know that Eunsuk liked me we're trying to find her nobody will tell us where she is and she very quietly gave us an address in the outside of Seoul. So I went with my translator we knocked on the door of this house and Eunsuk opens the door her eyes are completely bloodshot doesn't recognize me at all just like like a zombie a man comes to the door and sort of starts barking at us really yelling and I said the translator what is he saying and he wants to know who you are. I said well tell him I'm a photographer and she starts talking he interrupts her and she said he says he knows who you are he wants you to go away and I said well ask him who he is and she said he's her uncle and I and he says that he wants her to leave and I said look tell him I've come a very long way it's this is like bitterly cold in the middle of January in Korea it's 20 below zero or something so I I said would you tell him that I've come very long way I'm very cold I'd like to come inside just for one moment and so she very reluctantly let us inside and as he as we came inside I saw that he had Eunsuk bringing food out and taking care of his baby and it was to me it looked like Cinderella it was like this this happy little girl who had all these friends suddenly was in this sort of horrible little slum on the outside of Seoul and I asked him if I could have some tea and we sat down and in talking I said look I promised the sort of girls a grandmother I would find a family for her and I have and he said well I'm her uncle I'm the eldest male in my family she's fine you can leave now and I remember thinking like you know if this was a movie or something what would the hero do because I I knew the moment I walked out of the door this whole thing was over so I changed the conversation I started asking about himself I find when people are getting aggressive with you if you start asking them personal questions sometimes it sort of takes them off the main topic and I asked him if he'd started English and he loosened up a little bit and I said look I'm stuck here for a week I'm so glad by the way I said look I'm so happy you're going to take care of her I just wanted to make sure she had a roof over her head and somebody's looking after her I said you seem like a great guy just right and I said look I'm here for a week because I bought a ticket and I said would you like to come to my hotel and tomorrow you can practice English and you know I'm staying in a nice hotel downtown so he came downtown and I found two older amour Asian children I photographed a girl who was a prostitute she was in her 20s and a boy who was had been in and out of jail and I said look there's a little girl who has a tiny tiny hope of getting out of here and I said you know it's too late for you guys I mean one once you're past like 13 you can't be adopted I said but I want you to tell the uncle what people say to you when you walk down the street what it's like to be an amour Asian here and so he came to lunch not realizing he was about to be mugged and they just lit into this guy I don't know what they said within about three minutes we got thrown out of the restaurant at the hotel they were shouting at him he was completely red-faced we went outside he started screaming at me and I realized I completely blown this whole thing and I said to the translator you know what's he saying now and she said he said how dare you walk into my house with your cameras around your neck you're some rich American with your you know walking here wanting to whisk this beautiful little girl away and know nothing about you and you're accusing me of enslaving my own niece like who the hell are you and I said look you know I I'm really sorry for jumping to conclusions but I said I've been photographing these children all over Asia it's a terrible thing that my countrymen have done we left these children behind and I said I found a wonderful family for her in Atlanta and I said you know is she going to go to school if she stays with you and he said no he said but don't he said don't children help in America don't they help clean up their the homes don't they make tea and take care of the babies and I said well actually probably should do more of that than they do but I somehow convinced him that this that this girl is going to be more of a burden and a problem I also said look you know as much as you may love her everything I've seen it right now in Korea and I understand today it's different in 2010 than it was when I did the story but I said everything I've seen is a matter how much you may love her that your society is very unforgiving there's a tremendous amount of racism against these kids that are mixed blood so he invited me to the funeral it was happening the next day and it was just so it was just broke my heart to see her she was just completely so miserable and so missing the grandmother this is the same child you saw three months earlier and you can see how much older and sort of harder and obviously miserable she is I had photographed the American Mary no priest who was taking care of these children he had 75 children in his house and father keen so I suggested the uncle and I go down there because I said look I want you to feel comfortable that the American authorities will you know interview my friend and I even offered to fly Jean and his family over to Korea to meet the uncle to make sure he was comfortable with it on the way down to father Keen's father Keen interviewed her in Korean he spoke Korean fluently he's one of these priests would actually go out with the GIs and go to the whorehouses and go to the bars and actually say to the GIs you know screw your brains out but don't get these girls pregnant these are two children are unrelated at father Keen's orphanage the kids just took care of each other and you know my assumption was that it was the bad GIs but he said to me you know it's not the bad GIs he said some of the girls want to get pregnant because then they hope the whole family come over sometimes it's the bad GIs he said you know let's not let's not blame anywhere the point is let's find good families for these children so father Keen asked the uncle if she could come and move in with him and then Jean was going to be coming over very shortly so she moved into the orphanage I went off I had another another assignment I came back a week later and father Keen said I have to talk to you about it and so and I said okay what's wrong you said just come to my office so I go in the office and he says I've had hundreds of children come through the orphanage and he said there's three adults here and 75 children at any given time so you can imagine total utter bedlam and he said within two days she had made a list of all the older kids and assigned each of the older kids to one of the younger kids she set up days of who's going to clean which room and he said she's running the orphanage she's been her a week and he said I don't know who the grandmother was but he said I've never seen a child like this she also organized movie days on Tuesdays where she take all the older girls out for movies father Keen had a very interesting saying he said he said there's three kinds of children he's seen come through the orphanage there's glass plastic and steel the glass kids they're so shattered from their experience that they can no matter how much you love them there's nothing you can do for them they're they're just they're they're in pieces he said the plastic kids no matter what happens to them they're kind of who they are and he said the steel kids of the ones he said I've only seen one other child like this where the more adversity the tougher life is the better they get and he said I think that this child is going to have an amazing life all the children that were adopted right back to the women who are running the orphanage and the women had children who had gone over to America as well so the kids would all gather around they'd read letters what it was like to go and live in America so this is Gene started studying Korean like from the day that I wrote to him and Gail and he did a mural in his kitchen in Korean about a little girl who came from the hills of Korea to live happily ever after in Atlanta wrote her a letter telling her he was coming to see her here's Gene and the uncle huddled over a dictionary which is a very frequent site Gene showing the uncle where Atlanta Georgia is the uncle signing the adoption papers so this was a very momentous night we went to a restaurant to celebrate and Gene had brought his son over was also 11 years old the first night we're in Korea we got the kids we stayed in my room because I was paying for all this and the second night we went stayed at the orphanage with the kids and stuff on the floor and the third night we came back and this is Gene teaching she changed her name to Natasha this is Natasha teaching Gene had to use chopsticks so he went back to our hotel room Gene was showing her where Atlanta was it had been really a crazy three days and Gene was sleeping in one bed once the touch was sleeping the other bed I was on the floor in sleeping bag and his son Tim was next to me and the kids fell asleep and we were laying in the dark and Gene and I were talking about what great guys we were we're saying you know God we've done this great thing we saved this little girl's life and we're like heroes and we're so cool and was like yeah we're so cool and we fall asleep and I throughout the whole month I've been staying in this hotel room before by myself before Gene came over I always left that window open in the corner because it was always incredibly hot at night and every night at one o'clock to turn the heat off in the hotel so sure enough one o'clock comes I get up to turn close the window I'm hearing people shouting outside I thought you know the bars must have gotten out or something I get back on my sleeping bag and I suddenly thought wait a second there's a cure for you at midnight there's nobody in the streets in Korea after midnight it's one o'clock so I got and I put my glasses on to see what's going on and there's flames coming up the side of our hotel and the hotels on fire I run over to Gene and I try to wake him up and and I said don't freak out don't freak out I said I think the hotel's on fire he runs to the he runs to the window there's flames coming up now like by our window there's smoke just then you're starting to hear screaming glass breaking these weird thumps and we run to the we tried I remember his son LL being bootlaces and we're trying to put these bootlaces on and we try to we woke her up you know what kids are like when they've been asleep for an hour like they took five alliums and they're like this and we can't even talk to her and we run to the door and it's Gene Tim me and her and Gene opens the door and it's like walking into a blast furnace there's smoke there's people screaming in the halls smoke starts pouring in the room she's holding under the door knob and kicking me and Gene turns around and pushes us back in the room and says we're not going to make it and we're choking the whole room is now filled with smoke I'm just scared shitless and I just remember thinking oh my god I can't believe this is happening and the whole room is filled with smoke I remember Gene's son is lying on the floor I can't even see Gene through the smoke and and there's just you can just hear this level of panic rising through the hotel that along with us and Gene says to me we got to soak towels I said what he says we got to soak towels we're gonna die from the smoke so we run in the bathroom and get towels put them over the kids faces Gene said you have gaffers tape and I can't I said we can't even see each other I had you know this metallic tape that all photographers travel with so I said what he said we got it he said the smoke is pouring under the doors coming through the vents in the wall we're gonna die from the smoke I don't know if we're ever gonna get out of this fire I mean Gene totally saved our lives so we got the room service menus we taped up the walls we but blankets at the bottom of the door we're all now soaked from these wet towels we go to the window and we open the window try to get some air in the room still there's no fire engine no one's trying to get us out of the building it's just unbelievable it's been going for like 15 minutes now and there's people below us that are starting to jump out the windows and we had the kids in the windows will try to get them so we pull the kids off the windowsill and there's a bottle of Kahlua that he and I start drinking we turn the radio on thinking there'll be a report in the air service the American Air Force station and they're playing Chicago's Uptown Woman and it's like this is like totally surreal and the the two emotions I had during this whole thing is that I've just killed my best friend and his son and this little girl and here I was playing God and this is what you get for playing God the fire engines finally came they got everybody out the next day went back to her village where we first met her this is the last night Gina and Tim were in the town this is four months later she went to we go into the airport she flew to Atlanta is like an incredibly long flight Cathay Pacific actually let her sit in the cockpit and the pilot went back after her story and adopted one of the other kids from Father Keane's which is just amazing Giel was three days away from giving birth to her own daughter I promised Natasha that she could cut off my beard when we got to Atlanta Kylie was born three days later it's her bedroom with the first picture I took her for she learned English in three months entered seventh grade at her own age level what took the bus to school first pledge of allegiance decided who's gonna be on her team at recess because she just assumed she would be in charge she's been like this most of her life tense moment in the in the first football game of the season she just absolutely loved her sister Kylie and Taylor baptism you know a lot of families when they adopt try to race their children's past and Gina Gale did the opposite they all bought Korean clothes they started going to Korean church it's quite amazing Natasha's first job Burger King and she used to buy a bright red carmen gear computer camp starting water fights all of her boyfriends were blondes captain of the cheerleaders homecoming queen Jean's annual card she got hired by Delta Airlines and has been a flight attendant for them for many years went back to Korea for the first time and there she is with her uncle her wedding day there's Jean walking his daughter down the aisle Natasha's sort of she's been more matured than me since the day I met her and she now is too wonderful children and that's her husband Jeff and that's the last picture and by the way I decided the best gift I could ever give Natasha was to never publish her story she actually wants to actually do a book now together but before I did the story the most important thing in the world to me was getting published and I realized the best gift I could give her was just to have her life and I'm grateful to to Jean for having raised my sort of first daughter thank you very much jean I think you should stand out


Hello and welcome back to another GCSE revision video. Now, when it comes to question number five of language paper two, which is a persuasive writing question, one of the common problems that I've seen way too many students face is literally wasting way too much time at the start of the assessments at the start of the mocks and even at the start of the actual GCSE exams, they waste way too long trying to figure out how to start the persuasive essay. They're given a statement, right? For example, is animal, you know, is keeping pets animal cruelty is fast fashion good is fast fashion bad, whatever it is, right? And they asked to write an article, letter or speech in response to this. Do they agree? Do they disagree? They look at the statement that even maybe come up with a really nice elaborate plan, but then they take absolute ages to get started. And the reason being is because they want to start off strong, right? They want to make a great impression on the examiner. They want to show the examiner, Hey, I have a really strong handle on this question. And let me show you, you know, from the start, why I understand it, right? And of course, it makes sense because examiners, if they see that you're starting off strong, it's like first impressions, right? You then have them on your side. And then they're reading your essay and your persuasive writing, looking for reasons to pass you and looking for reasons to give you that grade seven, eight and nine. So of course, you're going to make an effort, right? So what I want to do in this very short lesson is to show you guys three super easy ways you can save time and start off your persuasive writing essays really powerfully and really impactfully. Save yourself that time at the start by just figuring out and learning some of these phrases. Okay. So let's get into the first way and arguably my favorite way to start any persuasive writing essay. And of course, this applies to either a letter or a speech. Regardless, it's equally relevant. Okay. So the first way and the first method in starting any persuasive writing is what I call contradiction for friction. What I mean by this is our brains are usually hardwired to respond to some kind of friction or negativity. So what you want to do when you're given a statement and you decide, okay, I'm going to agree with the statement to say, for instance, I'm going to agree that, you know, fast fashion is evil, right? The statement is saying fast fashion is evil. It needs to be banned, right? What then you do once you decide the perspective that you're going to take, start off by presenting the counter perspective and then immediately saying, I disagree. Because what that does is you create friction and already your examiner sitting up thinking, Oh, okay, this is, you know, this is interesting. I want to see where this argument is going to go. And you can literally do it as easily as this. There are many people who believe then you include your counter view. So for example, the many people who believe fast fashion is a godsend fast fashion is great, yet I disagree. Fast fashion is evil, right? So use this phrase in this statement from the opening of any of your persuasive writing and already you're going to be creating friction and tension. And this is a great way to literally launch into your persuasive writing in a really powerful way. The second way you can start any persuasive writing essay is what I call the one word and rhetorical question combo. What I mean by that is you decide, you know, the question that you're given, right? So for example, another very popular topic is school uniform. Should it be banned? Should it not be banned? Right? How you can begin is by starting with, say, three one word sentences, then you add a rhetorical question to follow on. For instance, another example I'd given was to do with, you know, pet ownership. Is it good? Is it bad? Right? So for instance, you can start off that discussion by saying something like dogs, one word cats, hamsters, then you add your rhetorical question. Is it right to keep pets? You are again, starting off in a really Let's go to the school uniform example. You can begin by stating ties, shirts, blazers, three one word phrases, then your rhetorical question. Is school uniform necessary? Once more, you're starting off in a really engaging way. Okay. And the third and final way you can start off any persuasive writing essay in a really, really impactful way is what I call the anecdote before the main, okay? The anecdote before your main argument. Remember an anecdote is simply a story based on one individual. You give them a name in a surname and you show how that individual was affected by the issue you're talking about. Okay. So for example, right? For me, I always go to my go to names are Sally Smith who's in year 11 or John Doe who's near 11, for instance, right? So for example, if I'm arguing against school uniform, I can start off with this anecdote. I can say Sally Smith had only been in class for five minutes before she was expelled. The reason trainers, right? So here in this argument I'm starting off by showing it's so ridiculous having school uniform, right? And then the second anecdote example is John Doe, right? So John Doe is one of many year 11s who believes fast fashion is evil. Again, these phrases and these three easy ways to start off any persuasive writing essay are not only really impactful, but from the opening, you're not only saving your time, but you're also showing your examiner that you have a really strong handle of the topic that you're engaging in. And really, as they're then reading your persuasive essay, they're looking for reasons to pass you. They're looking for reasons to show, okay, I totally understand that this person knows what they're talking about. And I'm therefore going to give them this grade seven, eight and nine. So I'm looking for reasons to give them that as opposed to you starting on the back foot and then throughout your essay, trying to convince your teacher or your examiner why they should be passing you, okay? So that's really it when it comes to the best ways and the easiest ways in all honesty to write any persuasive essay. Thank you so much for listening.


Hello everybody, welcome back to my V-LOG, to my channel and today I'm going to do this sort of bit of an unboxing, the reason why I'm going to do it is because there's a bit of information on here that I want you to know about this particular item, why it's already in the description, this particular amplifier and it is one of those things You've got to be careful sometimes what you're buying and where you're getting it from, how am I going to get in this? Oh my God, the box has got me stung. Now this was a recommendation of somebody, somebody who I've only seen them on the Poppins channel and they said to me, hey have you tried this? It's got a really good really good output, you know, the distortion level is very low and it looks like a really good amplifier and they showed me a little bit of video and they showed a low distortion, it's a seedy pack, brilliant, reusable they showed me the distortion level and I thought, oh that looks pretty good in actual fact that competes with the L12-2, I say L12-2, that's what it's done, I don't know if there are any other L-style I like the way it's packed, nicely bubble wrap, oh nice, wow, alright so check in, I'm not sure it's the right board and you'll see why and I'll do that in a moment, that looks nice, just looking at the back no pandas on the back, no branding as such, oh what's this saying, it says here we got the X1 SYM 5-3 power amplifier, alright, and there we have it and so, oh it's got it written there as well that's nice, oh 2.2 microfarad to 10 microfarad on the inputs and what we got here, MJL 4382, MJL 4302, so the complimentary should be there, 4281 BD139, nice, MJ, wow, 150-33, they're not cheap, not cheap alright so let's just have a look at the parts, and they're not cheap, not if you buy them here anyway that's for sure, nice again, looking at the backs of the transistors, how nice and clean they are I do like it when you get transistors, they're not looking like they've been left outside for however long and they say Nichecon on them, wow they do, they say Nichecon, alright, they're all kind of me impressed kind of me impressed, we've got a whole bunch of these here, really so these are different colour, that's what I expected because when I show you the thing, these all say Nichecon and I've got no reason to believe that they're not we'll stick them in the SR meter and have a look, I might do that on the actual build these are nice as well, so our higher wattage resistors, they're all 1% or at least they're metal types that means that we can adjust the bias, ah sorry the bias, the cliescent current, I'm hoping the curls are nice, they don't look deformed or anything like that now this is something that I was interested in, because they said that these would be Weemur and they are Weemur the 3.3 micro farads, these ones don't look like they're Weemur, because Weemur have them stamped on there generally but still, no that's all good, we've only got a couple of these little things, I'm not really liking these Ceramics but it might depend where it goes, it could just be for, I don't know, stabilising some oscillation and then we've got a whole bunch of resistors, they do look like, you can see the colour bands on them nicely I've had resistors before where the colour bands looked broken up and all sorts, not very good but to be honest I'm quite impressed with these transistors so far, these are the BD I've got to take these out, just because I've got to have a look, I've got to have a look and this is going to be then, be through my light down and look, right that's a C4793 that isn't an MGE 15032, that's for sure, that's another one of those no, that's an A1837, so some of this is going to be 139, yeah I don't know about those these are different as well to what they're supposed to be, this is a Toshiba TTC5200 it says Japan on there and stuff, so that's quite warming but it's not what it says on these look those are nice and heavy, I do like that, that's nice and heavy so there are a little bit of differences as to what's going on here one of these will be the Philips, 2N5401, 551, these look like they've just been pulled out cheap perks, there's 54, 546, BC546, I'm sure I've got some proper Philips one of these, so yeah some of these transistors are different alright but then again, so are the capacitors let's look at the screen, let's get off this a bit, I'll take a peek at the screen now this is what I want to show you first, because if you were going to go and buy this because I said hey this Syma SIM 5-3 power amplifier, 2x100W which would be this that I'd be talking to you about is good because we've put it on the meter and everything so I found one, what I tell you now is that this is not it is saying that, that's what it is, but it's not what it is and it's cheaper than what I paid for it finished board £37 there look and you would be wondering to yourself is that the same and I'll tell you now, the description and we're going to go on this PCB specification, 180, 69, 1.6 which is what this is, that's the size of this but as you can see here it's 138, oops, 138 by 50 so there's differences so far now the bit that I'm a bit not talking about is because you look down at specifications and you think look at this one distortion, THD, not THD noise but THD, 0.002% into 1 kilohertz at full power my cat is deciding to go investigating into a box but I shut up because it's got other boxes and stuff and they're going to go out and recycle a bit and he's like now he's going to start picking all that apart excellent and then that's a 1 kilohertz full power and THD is 0.005% into 10 kilohertz full power so that sounds pretty darn good, right? and yeah, you can see where here it says about the outputs and stuff there while it says on here, slightly yeah, but never mind, right so all that description is basically just copied and pasted from this one, which is exactly the same written here as what's on the other screen this is what I bought so we've got two times the amount of power, yeah and it's the same board and this is what we're going to have, I told you that the capacitors are different colour look, they're Nichi Khan, these are whatever these are but all this other stuff is, you know pretty much basically the same so just be careful, if you did go off this, if we did when we do this, and if it does turn out to be pretty good and it's a single board layout, so you've got a nice big heatsink for it that 200 watts being put out on the big heatsink you're going to make sure that you've got a good heatsink for it or radiator yeah, on here they're fippings here, dual channel, 100 watt per channel so just be careful just be careful, I just thought I'd put that out because I think it's worth saying and now what I'm going to do is build this thing up and we're going to test it I may not be able to get it done today because I have a visit coming around very very shortly and I know that they want to try and drink, but I will be looking these up and just comparing them against what's here because these are supposed to be good for 250 volts and they need it, and what's written here what's written here, because I've already looked them up 15 amp between the collector and the meters so we know there's a nice big swing and actually pretty good like I say, I'm one of the amps I've built which is from the ESP website and I did the whole thing myself on Perfboard that can use one MGE 15032 they're not cheap they're not cheap but again they're 150 volts these are for the drivers you see and anyway these are for the drivers and they're not cheap so it's going to be interesting interesting little build, put it together see what it does, see what it sounds like but we're looking at it mathematically first thanks for watching and I will catch you in the next one bye bye for now


My father worked with Erie. He was an experimental station head and associate agronomist. Well in 1960 he was hired by Erie. So that was the year Erie was established and Dr. Robert Chandler was the director general at that time. We lived at the Erie staff housing and I grew up there but we left the staff housing in 1968. So I guess we were there for about six, seven years. And in academia we place so much value on excellence. Excellence in everything that we do. I also would consider collegiality. I have always thought that it's the collegiality that brings out the best in ideas. So it's excellence and collegiality, respect for the ideas of others. I remember one time because my father was already very sick at that time and he has lost part of his memory. So I was in Quezon City and then I came over to attend the meeting but I passed by our place and then he asked me, where are you going? And I said, I'm going to Erie because I have a meeting. And he said, I have to go with you. They're waiting for me there. I have to go to work. I cannot be absent for a long time because that's what he remembers about Erie. He has forgotten many things but not about Erie.


On the auspicious occasion of Makar Sankranti, participate in Shiva-Bharanam, a unique event at Sadguru-Sannidhi Bengaluru, where Sadguru will consecrate a 21-foot Nandi, the world's largest Nandi of its kind, and a 54-foot Mahasula as a tribute to Adiyogi. After the event, the participants will have the opportunity to offer oil to Nandi. The event also marks the celebration of Vanya since the consecration of Yogeshwar Linga and Adiyogi at Sadguru-Sannidhi. Participants will have the opportunity to witness powerful chants and also experience an exuberant village fair, food stalls and traditional games. Registrations for Shiva-Bharanam are now open.


Guess the juice for a song unreleased and chat. What do y'all think? Do y'all think I'm gonna get perfect? Yes or no? Oh, yeah, I'm not gonna get I'm bad at names. Okay. I don't know the lyrics. Yeah, the song the titles are gonna be hard I Lately my demis they bother me. Yeah, sometimes it's sometimes It's not cheating of course, I'm gonna pause it. It's 19 songs Oh, I got you put I go out y'all my last job points to people that Oh my god chat, I'm sorry. Yeah, yeah, lost y'all lost y'all points. Yeah. Yeah, I'm so sorry Oh my god, no, I don't know the title Couple more clear wait, yeah But I'm bad with names Remind me of the summer. Remind me of the summer, Remind me of the summer, Remind me of the summer. I don't think I know the name of this one. I know the song but I don't remember the title of this at all.  Yeah, I'm not doing titles. I'm not doing titles. Come down. Come down. Come down I don't know Guys I said bro, why would y'all put your voice points on me, bro? Why did y'all put your points on me, bro? Animal Oh my god Bro, we really listen to I was literally listen to this yes. Oh my god, maybe is it called maybe It's not called maybe is it it's not called maybe is it it's not called maybe yep Maybe wasn't even my answer. That wasn't my answer. I was just singing the song, you know, maybe Um, I ain't gonna lie chat We're in trouble Me to be oh my god I so chat chat I saw what I'm sorry I'm already sorry. Oh my god. I'm already sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry.  Florida that's not the florid. So there's two different songs named florid There's two different songs named florid. There's two different songs named florid. It's a stem edit, bro That don't count that don't count bro. It's a stem That don't make that bro. No, that don't not count. I'm sorry. I don't count. That's we only still got one strike, bro Stems don't count. Yeah, that's what I'm saying.  Come on now Oh my god, we literally played this yesterday Um, I mean, hold on. We literally played hold up. Hold up. We literally played this chat. We literally played this last stream Oh, yeah, I'm reading it Oh, I did. Is it? Yes, I did. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. Um, oh, yeah Oh, yeah, I did. Yeah, we lost Everybody got them low points seem like everyone needs to read I'm not where I need to be someone come and set me free. It's not set me free. Is it? Oh, you never know You never know. Is it set me free?  Why I see it's literally look look set me free bow What's y'all talking about? I'm asking y'all y'all over here. No, it's not Y'all y'all made me think it was wrong, bro. Y'all really had me stressed in chat. I'm not gonna lie Y'all really had me stressed in chat I was just counting mine I'm real we lost. I don't know the name of this song. I don't know the name of this song This song is fire, but I don't know the name of this song and we play this every day on stream, bro Let me just let me just take a guess. I don't know Let's win it I don't think I've heard this one to be honest at all, but I'm I'm really bad with names But if a niggin pay check her house at the section kind of fun niggas don't bring the drama Wait, maybe I have I think y'all probably actually play that on stream. I could be wrong Y'all probably play that on stream But I don't really really remember the songs that I don't not dislike, but like that, you know, they don't stick with me I never gave no fucks Isn't this dog Kobe?  Yeah, we already we already knew chat We already knew but for youtube.