Hi, I'm Sassie and I'm from Stockport. I'm 19 and a mum is anethane and she's one and a half. Since the last series, the two mum UK, a lot has changed in my life. I've been here there everywhere. My life has just been an emotional rollercoaster but we're on a steady path now and I'm actually really excited for the future. So, since last series, me and Davyn was, I don't know how to explain it in a rocky stage, wasn't together but we were trying to get that together but then we didn't want to get that together. He was stupid, I'm forgiving, we moved on and now we're in a really, really happy place. The biggest change in my life since the last series is my house. I'm not living in a small, cramped flat anymore and I feel like that's a major key in my family life, my happiness. Everything around me has changed because of my living situation. Personal achievement since series three is definitely getting a full-time job. I never thought I actually had it in me to graft as hard as I did but I'm proud of myself for that. Zulia, since series three, she's grown a lot in size. She's a bigger, she can talk, run, say mummy, no, yeah, bye, wave. She just, I just really love her. So, me and the girls from Team Mum UK do speak with each other. I mean, I'd say out of all the moms, I speak with Amber a lot more, on a personal level, but I love all the girls. Series three was a really, it was a life changer for me and it's actually changed the way I am today because I felt like the grass was always greener on the other side because the only guy I've ever been in a relationship with really on this kind of level is Darren. The best thing about me and the mum is just having somebody there that just loves you all the time, never having any time to yourself. Like, when I'm not working, I'm home with Zulia, when I'm at home with Zulia, when I'm with Darren and Zulia. Like, I don't feel like I have any life of my own. I don't even know what she's taught me. She's taught me so much to love, to care, to be nice. I just love that. Hi, I'm Amber. I'm 21 years of age and I'm from Blackpool and I have a gorgeous little boy called Brooklyn and he's now three. So, since series three, I've not really been up to a lot. I've been trying to find a good job. Brooklyn's obviously starting nursery. So, yeah, it's been all exciting stuff, all positive stuff. So, my relationship with Stee after series three finished. Like, there's never a stable connection to everything with me and Stee. It's just so up and down. I think the biggest change in my life since series three is probably just, like, how more stable I am right this minute in time. Like, just realise that, Amber.  Like, you don't need no man to, you know, drive your life crazy. So, the other mums and I, we speak quite a lot, actually.  We've got a great chat and it's actually nice to know that we have, like, you know, four or five extra friends there, like, for each one of us. My biggest lesson, what I've learnt from series three, is maybe just to keep my mouth short of it. You'll see in the series, like, the situations, what I mean, and, like, I'm not as rararara as I used to be. I kind of think, like, you know, just calm it a bit, like calm it, calm it. My biggest goal right now is to find my dream job, you know, to find my prince charming, to give Brooklyn the best life ever, and just, like, literally live a good life because I'm fed up of, like, you know, dwelling on the past and just, like, always feeling miserable, thinking, like, my life's not perfect, but what I've realised lately is whose life's perfect.  I feel like a lot of people don't speak about it, but, like, I'm not happy all the time. I think another one is actually, I only can see it at one eye. I bet nobody knew that, did they? Just having that extra time with my little baby because thinking if I had a child when I was, like, 28 years of age, that's like, I've got an extra eight years on top of that. Do you know what I mean? Like, what I've had chance to spend with my child.  The biggest lesson what Brooklyn has taught me is probably patience. It's just patience. That's what you need when you have a kid. Hi, my name's Chloe. I'm 20 years old and I'm from Nottingham. I have a beautiful little boy named Marley, and he is two and a half. The changes between last series and now would be, we've got a new addition to the family. We've now been in the house six months, so we feel settled and it feels like a home now, finally, but we're still missing lampshades. So my relationship with Jordan since last series has been a bit of a rollercoaster altogether. When we moved in we were really great and then it started kind of going downhill, but then we seemed to climb back up the hill and we're back on track. I've just stepped up. I haven't actually got one big achievement. I feel like I have quite little ones on this series, so we're in the house, we're all settled. It feels like a home. I've lost a bit of weight. I haven't moved any mountains. Not yet anyway. Just Marley's growing up. He just told me no all the time. Yes. His new thing, he tells me when he's done a poo. It's just crazy how fast they grow and learn. So me and the other girls on the show have a group chat. We even have Naomi in it. It's all the Team Mom gang and we talk all the time about anything. So my biggest goals at the minute is to either go back to education and get some qualifications to become a midwife, or I'd really like to start my own business. I really like the idea of like adult and children matching outfits. So some facts that fans probably don't know about me is that I'm an opera singer. Don't ask me to do it because I won't because I get all giddy. I haven't got the confidence like I did when I was young.  And then obviously the hard things are still for me getting Marley to sleep for a nap in the day or night because he doesn't have a bottle anymore. He doesn't have a dummy. So he fights to stay awake when really he is desperate for a sleep. I think the biggest lesson that Marley has taught me since having him is kind of I used to be quite argumentative and if someone had looked at my friend I'd have to get involved. I'd have to be like no, whereas now I've realised that I've grown up so much that just every time I think about something before I do think I think okay I'm a mum, would my mum do that?


Retired NFL star turned a successful TV host, Michael Strahan, lives in New York City these days to be close to the Good Morning America studio. Fans have been able to catch a glimpse at his upper west side home thanks to Instagram, whether he's showing off his modern kitchen or lounging in the living room with his kids in what appears to be a townhouse. Aside from this, Michael has lived in a few luxury properties over the years, including another Manhattan loft and a massive mansion in Los Angeles, which spanned over 15,000 square feet of space. After retiring from the NFL, Michael Strahan has found quite the success as a TV personality. The former athlete not only was a football analyst on Fox, but he continued on to host live with Kelly and Michael from 2012 to 2016 and currently hosts on Good Morning America. With his entertainment career, Michael has still lived close to work and reportedly loves his home in the upper west side of Manhattan. Not only does he like the warmth and family-friendly atmosphere of the luxury townhome, he's also hinted in the past that he has a backyard, which is rare for New York City. However, with an impressive net worth about $65 million, you already know that Michael's properties will be only the best. Hey guys, it's Kara the Vampire Slayer back with another exclusive house tour here in Famous Entertainment, this time checking out the homes of Michael Strahan. Don't forget to like, subscribe, and hit me up on Instagram to chat. Now let's get into this video. Before we check out Michael's New York homes, let's take a look at one of his former properties on the west coast. Located in the upscale neighborhood of Brentwood in Los Angeles, reports claim that Michael sold this mansion for a whopping $21.5 million in 2015. Much more than the $16 million he paid for it a couple of years prior, the beautiful home sat on an acre of land and it was a neocolonial style mansion protected by double gates and high hedges, backing onto a thick forest of trees and a creek. Details show that Michael's former residence offered 15,600 square feet of space with nine beds and 14 baths throughout, all of which was recently renovated. The large mansion also had three floors which could be accessed via elevator and luxury details from a wine cellar with drinking lounge to a 59-foot pool and much more. The entry hall was cavernous with soaring ceilings and it was attached to the also large formal living room, both boasting 20-foot wood ceilings, black chandeliers, and dark oak floors. Michael seems like a man of class in the cigar-friendly library along with the prohibitions to have a wine cellar with drinking lounge in the home sound like quite the classy rooms to match. The library was also wood-paneled and offered a flat-screen TV on top of a fireplace while other main-floor spaces included a formal dining room and den with entertainment center. We can't forget the main attraction here either, which was an open-plan great room made up of a family room with fireplace, casual eating area, and all-white kitchen with top-notch appliances. Two of the guest bedrooms with en suites were located on the ground floor of Michael's mansion while the rest were located upstairs. Also upstairs was the impressive master retreat located in its own wing with sitting room, a fireplace-fitted bedroom, terrace as well as double walk-in closets and en suites. The basement of the mansion was fully finished with two more bedrooms, a lounge area, and other bonuses like a games room. And if that's not enough, there's a 20-seat home movie theater with 15-foot screen, a gym, sauna, and a steam room, and the wine cellar which I previously mentioned. Since this mansion is celeb-approved, it's not surprising. There's also a cedar-lined storage room with separate walk-in shape for valuables down here as well. Outside, a heated wraparound porch accommodates the mansion's exterior and leads to the backyard. Here, there are stone terraces, a 59-foot long pool and spa, and an open pavilion with pool bath, outdoor fireplace, wet bar, and outdoor kitchen and grill. Okay, with all of those luxury features, Michael's former mansion was packing in, you have to bet. It was hard to downsize to Manhattan-sized living from that. Michael's current New York City apartment wasn't his first rodeo there either. Just before owning that mega Brentwood mansion we just looked at, the former athlete was selling his loft in the Tribeca neighborhood in 2014. While he sold this New York apartment for $2.3 million, he originally purchased the two-bedroom, two-bathroom place in 2008 for $1.66 million. Michael had plans to refresh and upgrade the nearly 2,000-square-footer boat, but he never got around to it in the end. Looking at the polished hardwood floors and an all-white bathroom, the place didn't look like it needed a renovation anyways. There were whitewashed brick walls to bring up the pre-war vibes of the loft, while still looking modern, and the entire unit was super open-plan with soaring ceilings overhead. There were a few living areas or lounges, along with a spacious kitchen with bar-style seats and cherry wood cabinets. Michael's one-time loft was trendy and cozy at the same time, but he didn't call the place home for too long before trying to sell it. As for where Michael lives now, we know he mainly calls the Upper West Side area of Manhattan home, a neighborhood which he loves. He said, I like the Upper West Side because being a father, I like the family feel to it.  One thing I love about the neighborhood, when you go into places, it's not like Michael. I'm another person who's just there. So I guess he just likes feeling normal. While this neighborhood is often thought to be small apartments with zero outdoor space, Michael is lucky to have plenty of space in his townhouse and even a charming backyard. The father of four shares the crib with his dog Enzo, and his kids split their time between both of their parents' home. Michael has given fans a peek at his home in the heart of New York City thanks to Instagram, especially his kitchen and main living areas. His living room is spacious, with floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking the garden, and a mostly gray-toned color scheme. The open-plan space boasts a large couch, a flat screen TV, and artwork on the walls. There are other plush furnishings here too, including a velvet armchair and more. This living room is separated from the kitchen by the White Island, and there are also French doors leading out to a terrace. Since Michael loves to cook, we often get to see the modern and airy kitchen in the background. This space has off-white cupboards, white marble worktops, and a modern glass light fixture. It even comes equipped with a large range and other designer appliances. This is where Michael loves to spend time when he's not working, and it seems his twin daughter Sophia and Isabella love to cook alongside him too. In one Instagram video, Michael actually showed his daughter giving a tutorial on how to make barbecue chicken, while the family likes to put their grill outside to use as well. In the summer, they shared photos, grilling meats, and vegetables outside in their yard. Yes, unlike most New Yorkers, Michael is lucky enough to have his own mini backyard or outdoors, a small terrace area surrounded by a fence for privacy and some hedges. In the past, he said, I have a little backyard, open the doors, sit out there and have breakfast, or just let the sunlight and the warmth come in. Michael also often shares photos of himself lounging at his cozy and welcoming home with his cute dog Enzo. He has even shown off Enzo chilling out at the home gym, which looks spacious enough and set up with enough equipment and machine for Michael to stay in great shape. Despite all the nice features at Michael's New York City home, you might wonder where he stores the rest of his thing. It turns out that he has a separate space across the Hudson River for some of his vehicles and other toys, stating, I have a warehouse in Hackensack, New Jersey, where I keep my cars, and it's the only place where I store memorabilia. I don't like having that stuff in the house, it feels like I'm living in the past when you've got to keep moving forward. Well, whatever works for him. Alright, so now we've taken a look at the homes of Michael Strahan from lavish mansions in Los Angeles to his current cozy Manhattan town home. Where would you rather live, New York City or Los Angeles?  It's crazy there. Be sure to let me know your thoughts on Michael's homes in the comments down below. Thanks for watching. Don't forget to give me a follow on Instagram and tell me which celebrity homes we should feature next. I'll see you all in the next video. Bye!


My name is Vinayak and today I will be talking about Bluetooth Low Energy Controller in Zafir. I have like two parts to my presentation. The first half is going to be introduction, so it's going to be like introduction to Bluetooth Low Energy. What it is when I say it's Bluetooth Low Energy, how it is implemented, in terms of basically the technology as such, not anything to do with the code. The second half would be the design or the architecture which I am currently working, which is to improve on what is upstream already. So I'm not going to take time explaining the old architecture, but the new one is reusing most of what is there upstream and what's going to come in Zafir. Before I start, may I ask like how many of you here is using Bluetooth Low Energy and how many of you actually develop Bluetooth Low Energy, that is basically the host or controller or application or profiles. So since I see that most of them are users, I guess the first half would be interesting for them to know what's happening underneath when I talk about Bluetooth Low Energy technology. Before that I will just start with, I was supposed to have a clicker here. So as I said, introduction. So I've been developing Bluetooth both BR-EDR and Low Energy from the time I have passed out of my university. In between, in the beginning I was also doing a bit of Windows applications and ASP.NET and stuff like that. But what I am doing today is today I'm primarily the active contributing maintainer of the controller in Zafir, prior to which and also as a consultant to Nordic, I have been developing the in-house Bluetooth stack in Nordic for the last 10 years. I have moved back to my hometown in Bangalore and I continue to be a consultant for Nordic. I will be a bit fast because I'm already into my five minutes into my presentation so I will probably go fast and I prefer to basically show demonstrations in the time I have. So Bluetooth, what is it? It's basically short range, low power, personality and networking communication or something that is between your watch and headset and your phone and probably between your TV and your remote and so on. So it's like just a short range communication stuff like maybe up to 100 meters if you have 20 dB TX power. It's in the 2.4 GHz ISM band which is basically free to use and the special interest group was formed in 1998. It's over 20 years of Bluetooth around you and if you have a scanner or a phone, if you just scan now you might get over 200, 500 devices just around you sitting here which are advertising and probably all your car kits and headsets receiving calls and stuff is actually using Bluetooth and BDR. Basic rate and enhanced data rate. So there's billions of products shipped and there's over 33,000 SIG members who are basically contributing and using the specification. What is Bluetooth low energy? It's ultra low power so it's even lower power than the basic rate. It's optimized for short burst data transmission which means that it's very small packets that's on air and very short RX and TX windows and the main idea was raised to idle which is basically you turn on the radio as seldom as possible and turn off the radio as soon as possible. With this you can actually achieve like a connection, transmit data and tie down within like 6 milliseconds so your device can advertise and be scanned by a second device and connected and transmit some minimum data and then tie down by 6 milliseconds. When I started it used to be before the specification was adopted it was called like a sensor profile and it just mentioned about value like a parameter and value. All that you wanted was this is the parameter, this is the value you want to transmit. By the time it was adopted we basically had layers of modules or components in the stack. So it's still simple stateless operation stuff so the information is transmitted as a parameter and a value but you still have a lot of other infrastructure around it and it was supposed to be a low memory footprint so I think the thesis that introduced Bluetooth low energy Vibri basically mentioned that the whole implementation could be done in 4 kilobytes of ROM. Yeah, but that was then. And then you should be achieving about over a year of coin cell battery so it's like CR2032 cell you should be achieving a year or more of battery life. So moving on to the technology what's underneath it the BLE stacks look as shown here. So at the bottom you have the fee which is basically the 2.4 GHz then there's the link layer which basically implements the roles and states and a standard host controller interface specified in the specification which then can be used by hosts like Zafir host or Bluezy host to basically achieve a connection with a peer device and so on. And then in the host you have the L2CAP which is a logical link control adaptation protocol over which you have the attribute protocol as I mentioned the parameter value is actually exchanged over attribute protocol and then for the security manager protocol and gap is the generic access so that is what is used to basically recognize a device and establish a connection and so forth. And the top is the profile that profile is basically user use cases and stuff like that so head over, GAT is used by your keyboard and mouse proximity or your proximity tags of course the keyboard and mouse will have batteries so then you have a battery profile to exchange the battery level and so on and so forth so there's temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and now there's like tons of them. So on top of this you have your unique application so how you would basically differentiate from your competitors. On the BLE fee as I mentioned it shares 2.4 gigahertz along with the BREDR in BLE you have 1 megabit symbol rate, 1 mega symbol per second you also have 2 mega symbol per second signaling rate the modulation is still GFSK and you can have TX powers up to 20 dBm and compared to BREDR which uses 80 channels BLE only uses 40 channels and 3 of which is used for advertising so which means that the device that wants to be connected would be advertising and the device which wants to connect to this one is scanning on those 3 channels and those are the 3 channels on which you would establish a connection and once the connection is established it happens on the 37 other data channels and as you see I have mapped those advertising channels and they are spread across so that they don't basically interfere a lot with the Wi-Fi channels. On the link layer stuff the responsibility of link layer is to basically maintain the advertising state, scanning state and then and be in slave or master role the legacy advertising payload was up to 31 bytes the external advertising now supports up to 255 bytes plus you can chain them to achieve longer advertising packets but the advertising extension would then be using the data channels so they will have a very small packet on the advertising channel and then they will continue with the advertising data on the data channels on the data channels the legacy PDU size was 27 bytes so with 4.1, 4.2 you can actually have 255 byte payloads PDU lengths and BLE has built an AES128 with CCM so all your data exchanged would be encrypted so this is just a small animation of what's happening with respect to advertising so let's say we have a device A so we have a device A that I didn't know so we have a device advertising at 20 milliseconds and they are advertising on 3 channels every 20 milliseconds and we have a scanner which has a window of 25 milliseconds I think and it scans on channel 37 and then has an interval of 50 milliseconds so it then scans on 38 so in the first scan window the scanning on channel 37 is able to capture two packets and the second window the channel 38 is able to see one of the advertisement on it and the third one so this is what you would see on air when you have if you turn on your phone and scan for devices it will receive packets whenever it sees the advertisement on those channels the topology a scanner and then you have an advertiser advertiser is advertising a scanner would be listening to the advertisement the scanner if it is in the initiator role would send a connect request packet to the advertiser and then the connection is established so basically a scanner becomes an initiator and becomes a master an advertiser would become a peripheral if it is in a connectable advertising so similarly you can actually have a master connect to many slaves if the master is also a BR-EDR device it can then have a BR-EDR connection and you can also have a scatter net scenario where the slave can be another advertiser and be connected by another device how does the connection look like so once the connect request has been sent the connect request will contain an offset from the time the connect request was sent where the master would transmit with an access address which was also mentioned in the connect request the slave is listening at that interval once it receives a packet with the correct CRC it's going to basically use a small duration to turn around to be a transmitter so that small amount of time by specification is fixed at like 150 microseconds and it's called an interframe space so between RX and TX or TX and RX you always have a 150 microsecond space and if nothing is there to be transmitted between the slave and the master at that interval then the radio quickly goes to idle so a packet here like 27 byte packet would consume like 328 microseconds and then you have a 150 microsecond gap and then another 27 byte if received would have another 328 microseconds so around 806 microseconds is what there is the transmission or use of radio there and then the next interval it will repeat the same the master started the transmit and the slave receives it and transmits its packet back and if there are more packets they keep continuing that with the 150 microsecond gap until the next connection interval and they can keep on going on as long as there's data so how do I show this in Zephyr so let me just, I have my boards here I have two Nordic Semiconductor Development Kit I have the latest 50 to 840 chips and I also have the 50 to 832 which I have connected to the Power Profile Kit so I can, I hopefully will be able to show whatever I showed you in this graphics I should be able to show it natively on Zephyr because I have the GPIO debug enabled and upstream if you enable then you will be able to use any logic like an oscilloscope or logic analyzer to see what I showed in this graphics here so let me see if I capture so before that it's important to show what I'm doing alright, I don't know, I don't see what I'm doing so typically they make menu config has a section for Bluetooth let me see how can I do that is there a bigger was it, what was the key combination there command clock okay yeah, okay so then there's a section for Bluetooth and you just go down yeah so in the Bluetooth link layer there's of course I'm having the source base which I'm working now on the new architecture so the old one is available as a software based BLE link layer and then the new one is basically the architecture is now split into two different layers in the implementation I will come to it why it is that way and what I would usually do is I would go down and there's something called Bluetooth controller debug pins there's also a profile radio ISR which basically prints how much CPU time is utilized by the controller in its radio ISR but usually this should be sufficient to enable the GPIO toggling and use a logic analyzer and measure how much of CPU time is utilized by the controller implementation so it's already built I don't know which one is peripheral but yeah so I already have a connection so let me just start capturing this and I will reset one of the board and I will reset the other board so I have a master and I have a slave at a peripheral so when I reset one of the board is advertising and the second board is scanning for it as soon as it finds the heart rate profile in the advertiser it's going to establish connection so it should have already happened as I said let's stop this so if you see all this break here that's where I press the reset button and this is where the scanning is happening since I already had a connection the connection needs to have a supervision timeout before it starts advertising so this was a previous connection where I kind of reset one of the board and the other board was not reset so it continued to go into supervision timeout this is where the slave wait a second so this is where the actual chip start up and there's advertising going on so there's advertising and there's scanning so there was no advertising that coincides with the scanning here so appears like this is where the advertiser was discovered by a scanner and then from this angle I can't make out so this is the initiator here so this is the place where the connect request was sent by the initiator and this is the first EU connection event and henceforth you have the connection events where the RX and TX are being exchanged here so these are the radio interrupts and if I zoom in then you should be able to measure the amount of time it takes the CPU time used by the controller for the radio ISRs so going to the controller so the controller was contributed in 2016 and since then I've been basically running it through the conformance tester and because the conformance test also which is defined by the Bluetooth SIG undergo basically enhancements and fixes to them so I had to basically catch up with the conformance test and run through all the conformance tests for Bluetooth 5 specification and we basically got a design listing for the development kit in October 2017 so what you have now on the upstream Zafir is actually a qualified design for the controller component what it has is it's fully BLE 5.0 compliant it has unlimited roles and connection count what that means is that the RAM permitted you can actually I think we have set up a limit of like 64 as a count in the KCONF but you could go more than that also if you want and it's only restricted by the RAM it also supports concurrent multiprotocol already and it has intals and scheduling of roles so if you have a device that wants to establish 8 or 16 as a master connect to 16 peripherals the scheduling is going to arrange them in an order such that these connection events don't overlap so it establishes connections equally spaced in time and also if you do a connection parameter update it's going to find a non overlapping offset and then maintain the connection there and also as a slave if a single device is a slave to more than two masters and since the slaves depend on the master clock and they would drift into each other the current implementation on the upstream master is able to detect that and then do an auto connection update to move them in a non overlapping intervals it's also the design is I just say it's portable but since there's only Nordic chip there but it's open for other vendor silicon to implement the hardware abstraction layers how does the architecture look of the controller so at the bottom you have the SOC there is a bad bone hardware abstraction layer earlier in 2016 most of the hardware in the SOC was accessed using the hardware abstraction layer but the goal is to delete, remove the hardware abstraction layer and use native Zephyr drivers from the controller code so above the hardware abstraction layer we have something called a ticker which is responsible for this periodic scheduling of the advertiser scanner and the connection roles Utility is a bad bone implementation of queues and FIFOs and a very lightweight memory management it also has a small module that have developed called mayfly and the idea behind this is basically race to idle so it's just a way of executing functions across inter-priorities the link layer is the core implementation of the packet transmission and control packets and stuff like that above which is the HCI and then you have the host Zephyr host and application the goal is for the new architecture is to have a multi-vendor support which means that vendors would like to basically add in their BLE support at various layers in the controller so the split is such that if vendors want to basically have their own packet management in let's say it could be in their silicon or it could be in a binary blob or so the new architecture would permit them to basically reuse probably mature implementation that they already have so like in the previous presentation they said that they have a corpus and then they have softwares in it which they have been using for many years and probably they continue to use it because of it being mature so the new architecture would permit vendors to basically replace at various layers in the controller replace the modules and add in so here on the top it is the application then the host which is both Zephyr threads and then there is an upper link layer which is going to be open source and it would have all the control procedures and scheduling of the events, radio events and so forth and then there is a split you have the lower link layer in case of Nordic it would be open source the lower link layer is nothing but the radio access how the TX and RX and the packet being exchanged between the two devices and then there is the hardware which is basically in the SoC and the vendors could choose to reuse the lower link layer if they want then they would just have to abstract the hardware interface or they could just utilize the API between the upper link layer and lower link layer which is in the next slides I can show what those are may fly, so if I go back so there is a mention of tasklet there but actually it was a goal that probably we will have something equivalent in Zephyr that could be used in the controller to execute restore functions and so on so until then we do have something but I haven't ported it yet to the native implementation in Zephyr yet until then there is a small implementation in the controller which basically is something like a work so if you have a thread in Zephyr you could have a work which is executed by a work queue so what is a may fly may fly is similar to a work in thread but it's basically scheduled by an ISR and executed in an ISR so I try to represent that in the diagram there so you have collars and collie and all of these are either thread or ISRs and a caller would request to schedule a function it's just a normal C function and would request that to be scheduled in an ISR at the priority it wants it to be executed so each ISR has a queue of functions to which the caller would enqueue it and then trigger the IR queue to basically process those functions this was something that I had hand drawn like way back in 2012 how I actually vision the controller to behave with respect to handling the radio so at the bottom there is a thread, the T represents the thread so thread is going to basically make some API calls and there is going to be a level of execution there where basically like a job that would basically do the scheduling stuff and then have a higher priority context that would basically access the hardware and set up the radio and so on I don't want to go into the detail, the topmost is basically the counter compar registers firing as a consequence of the setup done by the job and then there is a radio interrupts happening as you receive and transmit the packets so what's happening on the scheduling in the new architecture you can see the bigger blocks are the execution context as host and in the center you have the upper link layer and then on the rightmost side you have the lower link layer when you want to start advertising then the API from the application would then translate into HCI the HCI would then so this is the HCI HCI would then call the link layer interface to prepare a scheduling message that's placed into a queue here the upper link layer would then set up the counter compar registers when the compar triggers then the requests are then placed into a pipeline because you could have overlapping schedules they will then be placed in the pipeline and then they would basically schedule the preparation for the radio event in the lower link layer once the radio event is finished which is basically to do the packet transmission and reception there would be a message sent back to the upper link layer saying that that particular event is finished the upper link layer would then look into the pipeline to see if any other overlapping events are there back to back or very close then it's going to basically run the lower link layer again on the TX path again there would be a HCI command which then goes into a fixed length FIFO that's because in the HCI you have a read buffer size if you say for example 10 TX buffers then the 10 is going to be shared across your connections so all that is needed is just a fixed length FIFO for the TX but then once it's received by the upper link layer it's demultiplexed into connections so if you have 10 connections and you had 10 TX packets each one for those connections then they are basically demultiplexed into those connection contexts and when a connection event occurs only that packet is utilized by that event transmitted and then comes back in a FIFO here because the num completes would at max be 10 because that's what was configured in Zafir that you would like 10 TX buffers and there's a FIFO here, there's a FIFO here so the only difference is there's a FIFO going downstream but then demultiplexed into context safe queues and then there's a FIFO back receiving the number of completed packets down to the host thread, that's the TX path and on the RX path the host thread will always fill up a free FIFO with free buffers which would be picked up by the radio events and then the received packet is then sent down to the upper link layer which would parse it to see if they are data packet or control packet if they control packet then they will have a special processing being done if it is data packet then it would be sent to the HCI layer and then host so I will like to show, I just have the Power Profile Kit so I can show you the Power Profile but before that I already have some screenshots of how it looks upstream with respect to the architecture there so the top is basically a zoomed out Power Profile stuff where it's doing continuous scanning but you can clearly see that there is a lot more CPU idle between channels so these are like 37, 38, 39, 37, 38, 39 but then there's the multi-role where you also have advertising while scanning as you see here the advertising actually utilizes once whole it's basically replaced a scan window here to do the advertising and then the scan in the next scan interval is when the scanning is happening but with the new work which I am doing the scanning basically utilizes very little time to switch channels so it's like from 70 to 300 microseconds to switch the channel to do the scanning and advertising at the same time is basically pipelined here and has a resume so as soon as the advertising is finished the scanning continues back to back after the advertising so this means that the radio utilization is higher in the new architecture compared to the old one so these are just the points like continuous events for continuous scanning and direct advertising are truly continuous excuse me I will probably just take another 2 or 3 minutes to show I have this tool from Nordics in the connector which has the power profile which apparently opened up in this window again so let's see it's not generating yet so let's see I'll just give a last try and then yeah it's probably I must be having some wrong firmware there so basically it's just going to have it's going to display whatever I displayed over there in terms of the power profile we believe you yeah because I have taken the screenshot so yes so I guess if you have some quick questions I can answer I'm always available in IRC and you should be able to send me an email anything related to bluetooth I will usually look at in the Zafir mailing list so the new link layer that you presented the new architecture lives in a private branch right now because of certain other items that we're not going to discuss here but when do you expect at least the first bits of it being merged upstream so we can actually see this so I'm still porting all the control procedures that's the remaining part of it which I promise myself that it should be like three weeks but I also look handle bugs and requests on the mailing list so yes so that's what is consuming my time but I would say that yeah sometimes in three weeks but this private branch also is used to develop bluetooth features, future bluetooth features so SIG members will be given access to all the new work being done but whatever is adopted those will always be merged back upstream so the bluetooth 5 features once I'm done with porting all the control procedures should be along with the new architecture available upstream while the new features would be developed in the private repository but it's not private as such it's open for all the bluetooth SIG members because of the bluetooth confidentiality yes so thank you


Botulinum toxin type A, BTA, owner NBT. 35-25 owner NBT randomly. 1, 3, 6, 3 DCT, 3, 6, 3, 6, owner NBT. This article was authored by Ransom Awanit Faktidecha, Chanayda Angaksom Perot, Risa Kayuks, and others.


Hello and welcome to another session on physics guys and we are going to start a new topic today and this topic is Newton's laws of motion. Now so far we learned about kinematics where we learned about how things move basically in terms of the description of motion in terms of their position, velocities, speed, displacement, distance, acceleration and all that right. So in the topic which was kinematics we were concerned only about the effect of motion that is how motion is happening and you know we never cared about what is the cause of that motion actually. But in this chapter that is in Newton's laws of motion we will now talk about how or why is that acceleration taking place in the first place. So as of you know Sir Isaac Newton was the first person who actually codified everything or basically he came up with a mathematical explanation to the laws of motion. He carried on with the work of Galileo Galilei and then he himself proposed three laws of motion and his very famous book called Principia Mathematica was what and where all these laws are mentioned. So you are aware of what Newton was going through basically he was amazed by the fact that why the moon is stuck in the space while everything which is thrown up comes down. So that started the process and we have heard of stories that an apple fell on his head and all those stories where he got inspired by that event and all that. We are not very sure whether that event took place but definitely he came up with a very good book at a very early stage of his life very early age actually and that book then revolutionized many things later. In fact the industrial revolution so to say also pose some bit of its existence and evolution because of these you know the laws and the concepts which Newton gave. So anyway so before we take up the Newton's laws of motion we must understand the concept of force. So what is force and how force is the center point of Newton's laws of motion. So we already are aware what force is in a very general term. So you would have seen let's say when you want to when you get up in the morning you open the door of your room or let's say when you close the door or when you switch on the lights then you press the button on the on the on the switch switch panel then there are multiple other you know instances in your life in a day to day life where you feel that force or where you apply force or some force is being applied on to you. So for example you all know that we are getting attracted towards the earth and the earth is holding us at the surface so that's some force. Then when you push something let's say you are driving a cart from one point to the other point that is a push when you pulling for example when you are playing tug-of-war then you are pulling the opponent team so that's a pull then you know let's say the rocket launching when the rocket is getting launched then so such a heavy rocket which is like in multiple thousands of kilos and that is being lifted from the ground so must be there must be some very huge amount of force which is required something is required to live that right when that is what we are going to investigate in these sessions and similarly when the rocket comes back or let's say the aircraft comes back to the earth and then it has to be slowed down or a plane while it is landing it has to be slowed down then again how does it come to rest that's again we would like to investigate let's say something freely falling from sky to the ground rain for that matter so rain is coming down why does it come down what is attracting it towards the earth and let's say while you are playing football so you kick to the football and the football starts moving in one particular direction and finally you score a goal so how does all this happen and for that we are going to learn about force so force is prevalent in our day-to-day life all of us know everywhere if the force doesn't exist then probably our life on earth becomes difficult so we are going to study force so force basically deserves some bit of attention from our side so let's begin so what is a what is for so we describe force as an agent of an agent force is an agent something so I'm calling it an agent force is an agent agent of what so you can ask an agent what kind of an agent what does it do so agent is some something or someone who's doing some activity so what is that agent this agent brings about change okay so agent of change but then you'll ask what kind of change you are talking about so we talk about change in change in these things so let's say it's a state of rest so in the previous chapter we talked about what is rest then we also talked about let's say you know so change of rest or state of state of uniform motion so we talked about what is uniform motion so all of you know that uniform motion is when the velocity stays constant isn't it so constant velocity direction as well as magnitude of velocity must be same so I'm just writing in shorthand constant okay so constant velocity constant velocity right so these are the two these are the states sorry this point is B isn't it and then C let's say direction okay it can change the direction of motion okay and what else it can also change the shape and size is it shape and size okay so what is force force is an agent agent of what agent of change change of what change of either the state of rest for example rocket launching so when the rocket is you know standing at the launch pad and then you lift it up that is what we so there must be some force which is required to lift it up that is we change we are changing the state of rest of the rocket then state of uniform motion let's say a plane was flying and then it has to be it has to land and then and eventually it has to stop so hence from the state of uniform motion gets changed get you know impacted so again that is where you need some force there as well direction of motion so let's say a rain fall is happening there is rain and at at the same time the wind is blowing so the rain which was falling in this direction will get impacted by the wind and hence you will see a deflection in the rainfall and this is a very common phenomena that that happens so direction of motion also is changing and for that matter when you are when you are let's say encountering or you are you know going through a circular motion so let's say this is the you know this is a track where you are going in circular motion so here also if you see every moment your direction of motion is changing so for that also we require some bit of force how to change the you know direction of motion and then last is shape and size shape and size so you know let's say if you have a balloon you inflate the balloon so from no size it occupies some space so you can say that the balloon has occupied some space if you are let's say you know you are making some bread then you are kneading the dough so there also you are changing the shape and size of the dough so hence force is all required for all these activities so this is about force so hence now I believe you you understood what force is so force is basically an agent of change change of what so either of state of rest state of uniform motion of direction of motion or shape and size of the object will take everything one by one now now just to add here this these things are called or let's say these attributes which I have mentioned as point a b c and b they actually together are called state of inertia inertia state of inertia so inertia is off you know so inertia could be of multiple things but generally speaking so inertia off let's say oh for that matter what is the you know how does this word or what does this word mean so inert you might have must have heard of this word inert inert means something which is not reactive so inert metal you would have heard of inert elements and all that in chemistry so basically inertia is resistance the meaning is resistance to change okay resistance to change so something which resists changing change has inertia into so for example inertia off of inertia can be of multiple varieties so for example inertia of rest meaning something which is at rest doesn't want to be changed for example when you are sitting comfortably somewhere you don't want to be moved from that place that's your inertia of you know rest so you don't want to be displaced inertia of uniform motion something is you know happily moving in one particular direction for example a train which is moving on a track at a you know uniform with let's say a motion at a constant velocity then to to to bring it to a halt you need to right apply brakes so hence if until unless the brakes are applied the train is going to continue with its uniform motion so it has that inertia that resistance to come to a halt so hence we say that is that is inertia of motion right now similarly there there will be inertia of direction of motion as well so no one wants to change its direction of motion until you know some external agent acts on it so something let's say water is flowing so let's say there is river there is river which is flowing down right so it will continue to move in one particular direction until let's say you create a dam and then stop the motion or you create a channel or a distributor and and you know allow the water to you know or force the water or you know compel the water to go in one particular direction so hence you require some kind of a force so hence let's say if you are designing some kind of you know embankment such that water comes and strikes this and then changes the direction okay so that's that's again you know so until this embankment is there water will not flow in that direction so that's we say that water has inertia to change its direction of motion similarly you will try to change the you know if you try to you know change the shape of anything or the size of anything inertia you will have to do some activity or some some work on it isn't it you will not be able to see something changing its shape on its own that's what we say that everything will have a resistance to change for example you have let's say a vegetable potato tomato something like that and you want to cut into small pieces then you have to you know use your knife and apply some pressure on the knife to cut it right so hence basically the the vegetable we are cutting is resisting or you know offering some resistance to change hence you would you would realize or you would have realized that you know every now and then if the knife becomes blunt then you have to exert more force to chop the same vegetable right so all these are somewhere indicating that everything in this universe has some inertia or resistance you know so whatever state it is in whether it is of rest or a uniform motion or moving in one particular direction or having one fixed shape it will try inherently to resist any change being caused on to that so that's what is called state of inertia so I hope you understood this word inertia and the entire dynamics which we are going to study now Newton's laws and you know and its implications and applications this inertia is going to you know pay we have to pay a lot of importance or attention to this concept of inertia so everywhere whenever force is being applied it is going to change one of the state elements of the state of inertia and that's how we need to understand how how Newton's laws came into being describing and you know the state of inertia of various objects and hence how we can derive some results from that so that's what will be the you know the next set of discussions which we are going to do I hope you understood it in the next session let's take up some examples where we talk about how force is changing the state of rest state of uniform motion state of direction of motion and shape and size


And, uh, originally, uh, Professor Mungi said we could share, um, unfortunately, uh, she's seen another conference, so I will ask to, uh, chair this session. So, my name is Chun-Lai Zhen from the Australian National University. And, uh, in this session, we have, uh, three, uh, speakers. Uh, the first one is, uh, Professor Peter Drucker from Western, from the University of Western Australia. Our second speaker is, uh, Professor Xiaowu Wang from the National Economy Research Institute. That's the only, uh, damage-owned economic research thinking tech in China. And he's a technology director there. And, uh, our last speaker in this session is, uh, Jian Goli, so you already know her. So, I don't need to, uh, use more. And, uh, so each speaker is behind 15 minutes. So, because, uh, time is a little tight, so I hope you can keep your time. And then now we are going to come to the first speaker from Western Australia. Okay, thank you very much, uh, especially to be here. And it's been a recently morning meeting so far. Um, and I hope that what I would say is a little bit to you. Um, so, this is going to be a comparison of China and, uh, India's growth experiences. It's going to be a little bit academic, a little bit, uh, historical. But I think, uh, from what we've been describing today, we can perhaps, uh, leave some clues about what it is that's made China its, uh, its economic success. And also, um, how close India is, if we do this, it's a close call to, uh, to China and to doing something like, uh, what China is currently doing as well as China. So, um, the question is what can growth in economics tell us about, uh, some of the differences between China and India? Um, I'm going to look at two things. First, I'm going to income levels very briefly. This is how rich is India compared to China. And then look at growth rates. We're going to look at growth rates. I'm going to focus on two questions. One is the role of investment. So, I've heard a number of people, uh, this morning talk about, uh, China being an investment in their economy. So, it's a widely held view. I'm going to raise your questions about that view, uh, without necessarily, uh, pigeons agreeing. I certainly want to question what role investment, uh, has played in China and what role will be in the future. And then propose sort of a, we look at, uh, human capital as well. And, um, what is taking human capital growth, um, help us understand what's been going on in China as well as, uh, India. This is a, uh, graph showing the GDP per capita in China and India in 2009 with 10 mortgages. So, considering this graph, uh, right as of now, China is substantially richer, uh, while India than India. About two and a half times as well as India. However, um, this, uh, uh, radiograph gives the GDP per worker, which is more of a productivity measure, tells us how much output is being produced per person and actually engaged in the labor force. And so China is still substantially richer than India. I'm just going to say that it's substantially more productive than India, but it's not, the gap is closed somewhat when you look at it from the spaces. So if we believe in penball tables, data, then it would tell us that, uh, one of the big differences it explains the gap between China and India currently is in fact the, um, is the number of workers per person. Because India has a very large, um, child population, which is around 15. These people are not the labor force, and they can support it. That then poses some challenges to India going forward in terms of trying to replicate what China's done, but it's, uh, ever increasing in labor force. Now, um, that's what I want to say about income labor force. China is richer, um, though we need to be a little bit careful when we're making these comparisons. Let's look at the growth rates now. So this sonar graph shows the data going back to the 1950s. Um, the top right line, the top line there is just the United States, just a comparison. And just please take note of the access here. Uh, it's a lot of access, so it's, uh, it's to make it easier for us growth economists to work out what's going on, but it doesn't necessarily make it easier to do. What it means is that when you get a straight line dragging along at the moment's exit, it's a constant rate of growth. If you can track the constant rate of growth on a graph without a log X, this would be increasing exponentially like that and we'd like to see what changes, right? So we've got a log X, it's a constant, compared to growth rates, uh, each of these countries. What you can see there is the green line of India and the purple line in the United States. It's about the same growth rate as it was in the 1950s, except India is considered a slight acceleration, uh, down here. So right there is where India's been accelerating, uh, since about, uh, 1990s. Now China's a good way, and you can see there, China's greater growth since 1950 has been substantially higher and it's caught up, it's passed India around over 2,000, and now it's sort of, it's around two times the breadth of India. However, this is, it's got a Chinese official data. This is a Chinese official data. And it's a number of scholars, including, uh, Professor Wu from, uh, Hanson Pastry University, uh, one of his work with Angus Madison, we've questioned this data, and we've been doing that for a very long time now. Uh, there's other scholars of my national number also here now, uh, and we've looked at this sort of comparison that's involved. Looking back in 1960s there, India was, uh, supposed to be twice as rich as China in 1950-1960. And when you look at food consumption, energy consumption, other measures of, uh, as well, it doesn't quite stand out. So, the, um, more recent data, uh, corrected data, let's come back here, is this one. This is, uh, also from the keyboard tables, showing China's growth rate since, uh, 1950. And what you see there, 1950 was much, in the corrected data, India's much closer to, uh, China. The GDP is almost the same in 1950. And, um, and the smaller growth rate when you look at China's pulled away, but I don't know anything about it. Now, I've just come back a little bit here. Uh, so, for India, we've got a five-fold increase in, uh, GDP per capita since 1950. For, uh, China, the official data will be a 19-fold increase in GDP per capita. And when we go to the adjusted Chinese data, we get about a 10-fold increase in GDP per capita. So even after all these adjustments, and, sorry, this is GDP per capita, so adjusting for GDP per capita, adjusting for these, uh, official bias and growth rates, we still get China doing twice as well as India over this, uh, long period of 1950 through to 19, uh, 2010. Now, why does it matter? Well, it matters for all the reasons we've been discussing this morning, but matters for one other big reason as well. If you look at poverty rates in China, all right, and poverty rates in India, that, uh, doubling of the growth rate in China compared to India, it meant a five-fold reduction in poverty rates in China compared to a one-fold, four-fold reduction in India. So this is, uh, Chinese growth, it's not just about getting victories, it's about reducing poverty, and that's been very important to China, and that's why growth in India is extremely important for China as well. So why has China grown faster? Well, as I mentioned, the normal explanation focuses on investment, because China's investment rates are so high. So let's have a look at, uh, Chinese and Indian investment, but before doing that, you might, many of you, you might have studied it, and I hope you have, and you might remember a solos one growth model. A solos one growth model is extremely simple model, but the basic mechanics of that model underlined all of growth theory in economics. It has some basic mechanics that goes through the most complicated theories. And one of these serious models tell us is that the growth rate on the economy does not depend on the level of investment. The growth rate on the economy depends on the change in the investment rate among other things, but not the level of the investment. So, um, when we look at growth, we need to think about the changes in the investment rate, not just the level of the investment rate. So here's China and India's investment rates going from 1950 through to 2010, the same period. What you see there is what everybody knows, that China's investment rate is currently very high around 40%. You get 45% of this data. India is now very excited about the fact that they're managing to get close to China's kind of investment rate levels, right? Going from here around 2020, suddenly jumping up to around 30%. But what matters, you can understand the difference in the growth over this whole period, is how much these two investment rates have changed. So for China, you've got a 2.7-fold increase in investment rate from 1950 to 2010, and compare that to India, it's almost identical. So, simple models of economics tell us that we look at this data, what we should be expecting is the contribution of investment to economic growth in these two countries to be pretty much the same. They should have added the same amount of percentage points of GDP per year in both countries, which actually, because India's growth has been lower, this increase in investment in India, the more important source of growth in India is for China. India's had the same amount of investment increase against the lower growth rate overall when its investment has been very important in India, and investment has not been so important in China. Now, I'm actually going to do some sort of a maths deal with you. This is a, I call this my square root, it's not my, it's belongs to a solo and a swan. Right? On the left hand side, on the right hand side here, I've got Y, right over Y, that means GDP per worker in 2010, by my GDP per worker in 2020. Right? And on the right hand side, we've got S5 over S, which is investment rate. Now, this is the investment rate then. Right? And it's a square root symbol. Now, does anyone know what a square root is for? Two, very good. So, if the investment rate had gone from 10% to 40%, that would be a 4-fold increase in investment rate. And what we'd expect to see from that is a doubling of GDP per worker. But what we notice, the Chinese GDP per worker over this period of time, 10-fold. Right? So, the changes that we see in investment rate are a long way from what we, what we can, a long way from explaining how China's growth. So, 2.7-fold increase in investment rate is what we actually saw in China. We're only at, it was a 1.6, about 50% increase in China's GDP. So, that's, well, well, shorter than that, explaining what's going on in China. Now, how much time do I have, Mr. Chairman? A couple of minutes. Let's move to, to looking at alternative explanations then. What I want to propose is a given capital by being supported. The standard method about thinking about sources of growth, understates the role of human capital. What we know is that, when you have a more skilled, more productive labor force, any increase in productivity actually induces capital accumulation. They raise the return to capital and that puts investors to invest more in capital. So, there's a causal link between human capital investment and other things that cause productivity and investment itself. Now, this is comparing proportion of the population in China and India that have no school rate. And what you can see, in this measure, China is well ahead of India, right? So, here on other measures as well, from different secondary schooling rates, primary schooling rates, and so on. But just a little note, India's still got, well, 40% of the population that still have no school rate compared to this in China's. So, potentially then, this is an interesting avenue to look at. What you have to do then is take these enrollment rates and convert the measure to some sort of productivity measure that represents human capital stock. And that's for a complicated, controversial exercise. There's a couple of studies that I've mentioned. Barrow and Lee, they look at whole-ranging countries and convert these human capital attainment rates into human capital stock measures that we can then use as an input to think about what causes growth. And as a more recent study, specifically in China, by Lee from India and Wang, who doesn't know, they've got some new estimates of human capital stocks for China. This is Barrow and Lee data comparing China and India and their measure of the human capital stock. So if we go with their conventional standard measures that everyone else has pretty much used, it doesn't look there's much action there in the growth rate of human capital stock in each country, nor is there much difference between the growth rates of human capital stock. This is the estimates provided two years ago by this new study for China. We don't have a similar estimate of India's that we're actually know. But what it does highlight is enormous difficulty in trying to understand how human capital contributes to growth. There are very, very large differences in studies about the extent of growth in the human capital stock. Now this graph here is showing the blue light, the light blue light, the alternative measure. An increase in the human capital stock of about 3.8 tons for China. That increase in human capital stock is quite dramatic. But it's even more dramatic than that. But wait, there's more. I'm going to try to freeze it to a state night as well. Every increase in human capital stock reduces some capital accumulation. And because of that this increase in human capital stock in this study is capable of explaining practically all of China's growth since 1985. So this is a simulation, for example. The blue line will show the actual growth of China in a computer model reproduces China's growth since 1985. Including all the inputs, investment, human capital, alternative insight. And then we do a counterfactual simulation holding the human capital constant. What would happen to China is that China's growth in human capital over that area. And what we see there is that they're trying to actually grow the collapses. Now it's just a simulation. It's just an exercise. It helps us think about the potential importance of human capital in China and understanding what China's achieved and why it's achieved so much more than India. So let me try and conclude now. The first message from my talk is that getting the numbers right is inherently very difficult. Right? And in a more different understanding of causation between the numbers. Right? Does investment cause growth? It's easy to assume that it's much more difficult to write down an order in economics if that actually happens. Right? What happens is the changes in investment changes, increases in investment cause growth. But the country with a 40% rate of investment would have exactly the same growth rate as the country with a 10% rate of investment. Second, the differences in the investment rates between China and India well, there's apparently no differences so they can't explain the difference in the growth rates. So and last week I mean not last week but last numbers of investment point here is that both countries have got investment rates around about 40% now. To get a big increase in GDP per capita in these countries you want to double that investment rate again to be 80% including that's ridiculous. So another country is going to make much more gains in increasing the investment rates. So any growth from now on at these levels of investment has to come from other sources. So let's put a hypothesis to you that human capital accumulations might have been a critical source of growth in these countries. If that's true then it suggests a couple of interesting thoughts in the future. Firstly China's going to face challenges in ranking up this education system to to accommodate the demands of its growing manufacturing sector. So India has already so forth. For India we've got a perhaps a bigger problem because there's a lot of inequality in the education system particularly female education was alone and as we saw before still 40% of the population don't have any education whatsoever. So and for India this time we've said from the very start India's got a very large population of children. So it's crucial that India gets its education system that accommodate these children so they can be productive and is also very forceful in these very popular areas. Thank you Peter. The title of my presentation is Free Income in China and Income in Equality. There are evidence to show that there are an understanding of household income officials that is unfair. For example you can see data inconsistencies in household income statistics and some other officials data and you can see that based on household income statistics you have you have hardship to explain why there is booming housing sector many houses so in the market housing prices are increased very rapidly and also you can see that many houses every year and many people went overseas for driving all these cannot cannot be well planned by the official household statistics. So the year before last they did a survey for government household income the basic idea of our survey is to gather true data true information about household income and they are according to our knowledge they are basically two problems in the official statistics first thing in the official household survey they collected some information under reporting people's income especially for high income people they are under reporting their income seriously and the second thing is the official survey sample needs a lot of high income people because when they do the survey sampling many high income people refuse to be entering so as a result the sample is more or less fast our survey the megaprogram of data is to gather true information about household income we sample about close to 5,000 household in 64 statistics with different problems because of the survey we use is very different from our official survey we didn't use the method because of information reliability problems we use some other method we have several measures to try to control the reliability of the our data but we got another problem is that we cannot directly use our sample to derive the distribution of income between different people so we use instead we use modeling we estimate the relationship between income and annual coefficient as you know that annual coefficient means the proportion of family food consumption to their total when you have increasing household income you will have decreasing annual coefficient because you will have more money to spend on some other things other than food so based on this idea you can estimate the household income according to people's coefficient and some other variables because we also found that other variables like different locations different level of education of the household and different family size also have income on the annuals coefficient so we control those variables to based on a model we derived the estimated income based on our last model and that's a result you can't see its career but we basically got some very significant estimation for our different variables these are some simulations for the relationship between the household income and we choose some better simulations to derive our income estimation and according to our estimation we found major differences between our estimate and the household statistics having high income people expected top income 10% of household according to the statistics their income for Canada is for the income in year 2008 was only 40 43,000 10 NCN according to our estimation these two people have for Canada household income three times higher that's the official comparison between official data and our estimation you can see that through with a high the top income through we have a major differences between our estimation and the household statistics and basically we found that our estimation and official data is quite consistent for low income for income people our estimation is a little bit higher but therefore top income people there are many differences compare with our earlier survey we have reviewed our first survey in year 2005 for that year we have similar results we have we found that for the top income household their true income is roughly three times higher than official data is so what's the distribution of the hidden income I call the differences between our estimation and the official data as hidden income so the total hidden income as calculated in year 2008 was roughly 90 percent of this hidden income concentrated in the top 20 percent of high income people you can see if you use the estimated data you can find that real income gave the income inequality much much greater much stated in official business according to the official household data the urban top income rule the lowest income rule each account for 10 percent of the household they have a difference roughly at nine that means nine times of household income as the lowest income but according to our estimation this becomes 26 times and if you include the rule of equity in there you calculate the income distribution for the the whole dimension so the top 10 percent of household has a 23 times higher income compared with the lowest income according to the official statistics but according to our estimation is 65 times so the unrecorded income is large and this resulted in much larger income inequality we need to do some double check results we use a different method including the calculate we use the official different type of savings and investment data to calculate household savings we find that basically they get consistent results with our estimation compared with our estimation and the official data there are for the household survey data we have something around 14 trillion Chinese yen in year 2008 but according to the flow of funds they can also come from the official statistics we have 18 trillion Chinese yen but our estimation suggests 23 trillion Chinese yen for the income in that year that means there are different there are 5 trillion Chinese yen differences between our estimation and the official flow of funds data the flow of funds data come from the next economic sensors which is quite complicated information but income did not was not included in the flow of funds data we can trade it as green income that means some income not only included in the official statistics but you also cannot identify whether it's legal or not you based on this estimation we can find some champions in the gross national income of previously we can see decreasing trend of cost for the income as a proportion of G&I that's gross national income but also decreasing proportion of our estimation a decreasing trend of cost for the income is lower but the labor share decreases faster difference we can see that cost for the income is higher but drawing slowly the employees compensation that's labor G&I labor is even lower and drawing faster the proportion of non-labor income is greater from close to 10% to 24% the additional part is basically what we can call a greater income what's the implication for us greater income or greater income is highly concentrated to the high income possible if this leads to greater income inequality and also is related to corruption to real seeking and tax deletion and all these things indicate the needs of the institution of reform for the official system the taxation system the government administration system that means further reform and I think I'll start with an apology that I'm not Jeffrey Harris because his name should really be up here he has written the chapter for the update today he's from a professor at the United States study centre at the University of Sydney and a very high profile writer on the state of the China-U.S. economic relations you might expect that he'd be either in the US or China at this time in fact he's in Europe hopefully dispelling fears of the state of this relationship there so I am sorry that I'm not him I'm hoping that you won't ask me too many difficult questions a little wary of being an Australian presenting for another Australian although one who speaks with an American accent about the world's biggest relationship one that we thought we just couldn't let the days sit by without making some comments about it so I'm hoping to bring up a new some justice to his presentation and also waiting that the lights are there and he can even hear a few questions on the state of the relations if he not follows I think and I'm going to speak as though I was Jeff but I think Jeff that my take on this chapter is that he comes from a longstanding liberal tradition where the entanglement of two countries will reduce the probability of armed conflict and it's for that reason that I would describe his take on the relationship as being primarily optimistic that is that the US and I'll go straight to this bottom punchline there which he's asked me to have on both the introduction and completing signs and slides and that is that the US-China relationship is not going to turn into a Second World War and that is because of its inter-relations economically with the United States and we heard this morning speaking one talking about the fact that China does not want to become a G2 system with the United States what Jeff said is that China and the US have become a de facto G2 by default and I think that's particularly according to the economic relationship with the slow pace of recovery in Europe and the slow recovery in the US as well with China's resilience in sailing through the GFC the sheer size of these two economies means that whether they like it or not their interactions and their combined strength means that they are essentially determining many of the future prospects for the global economy he's very I think emphasises the fact that while China is catching up and then we have these debates about whether it's number two whether it will become number one VPP versus more nominal standard measures it is catching up it is the second largest economy in the world but in terms of absolute wealth and power he does point out that the United States is going to continue to be the number one dominant player for a very long time another point that he makes about the impact of the GFC on the Sino-US relationship and I guess that's the starting point for the chapter is that contrary to some expectations it didn't reduce the imbalances that have become a great source of attention particularly on the U.S. side and his main argument for that is that there's a story going on behind the scenes in terms of private sector interdependencies between the Chinese and U.S. economies and they relate to complex MNC or multinational corporation ties I've got some lovely illustrations that he provides of that so just a couple of three pictures which I think are probably familiar to you all I think what stands out to me looking at this decline in the U.S. trade deficit and it's leading to the point that he makes that the U.S.-Chinese relationship is different from the relationships that the U.S. has with the rest of the world and we see that through the 2008 period with a drastic decline in the deficit the U.S. deficit with the rest of the world some decline with China but really pretty minimal and then already kicking up again from 2009 onwards that's of course mirrored in China's trade surplus with the U.S. I think it's even more stark here that surplus of China with the United States above picking up on the steady increase in very stark contrast with its decline in deficits with the rest of the world and of course the mirror image of that which we've heard plenty about this morning is reflected in China's share of U.S. Treasury bills and that shares risen from just a tenth of total U.S. Treasury bills in 2000 to close to a quarter in 2010 and of course that is a course of concern for both the two economies and the world at large so in terms to Sino-U.S. economic imbalances as I've already said a big source of tension and concern we heard Lee Gunn this morning suggesting that it really is time and imperative for China to refocus its growth in order to partly appease these political tensions that are occurring across the Pacific so they have been increasing rapidly in the last decade and the scale and the imbalance of the bilateral relationship is quite unique and we see that divide through the post-GFC period of course a common complaint or explanation for this in the U.S. is about the manipulation of the RMB and how low to boost their exports and that this is the source of the imbalances I think it looks for a very balanced and reasonable view that this simply cannot be a cold picture and just one slide again we've seen some of these figures earlier this morning but if it was exchange rate manipulation that explained the entire imbalance problem then why with a 10% real appreciation in the last five years have we seen a continual continuing rise in the size of that deficit so it says that can't be the whole picture but again I think he's really balanced in his approach he said there's certainly an element of proof to the unfair competition critique of China that it's the practices in China that are costing U.S. jobs that are preventing entry into the Chinese market with particular restrictions on certain state-owned monopolistic sectors and big sectors like banking, telecommunications and leading the services also a common and he recognises a valid complaint of the continuation of IRPR infringements on the part of the Chinese so it's certainly not an entirely glossy view of how China does business but essentially he comes down to an alternative explanation which I think is the take home message of this chapter and a really important couple of points to follow he says that the trade line statistics embodied in those trade deficit figures grossly grossly misleading the value of the benefits of the Chinese economic relationship with the U.S. His first point probably familiar to many of you it's the role of multinationals and joint ventures with multinationals I am John Chinese firms accounting for half of the exports that lead China to shores and a further quarter of those exports being attributed to joint ventures with Chinese and multinational firms which means that essentially only a quarter of those exports leading China are actually Chinese and he's going to turn this into what is becoming fairly well known now I think a story of assembling China rather than made in China and we've got an example of Apple to follow but the other story is that American MNCs are increasingly benefiting from producing and selling into China so there are two examples and it gives this and there are two big ones one is the Apple iPhone I won't take up too much time on the details of this slide except with the point being that a $180 Apple iPhone the risk of this study has shown that just $6 of the value of that phone is embedded in the output or the added value that's contributed to by Chinese firms and that contrasts with about $10 I think of the financing or the cost provided by American components the remaining two thirds of an Apple iPhone is a counter or in terms of value added by inputs from Japan Germany and South Korea and in fact using this value added approach he or this study has suggested that rather than the $1.9 billion dollar surplus or deficit that the Apple iPhone attributes to the Chinese in the in the American accounts but in fact you could think of there being a $50 million dollar surplus going in the other direction that's before taking into account the 50% sale of profits on retail sales that take place back on US soil so it's a pretty simple story it seems really obvious to me and it raises the question about just how we use numbers to reflect the realities of the changing world the second story is GM and what he argues is that if you want to think about how GM came out of the global financial crisis to bail out by the Obama Administration that it should be less about facts back in between Detroit and Washington and more about what's going on on the Chinese mainland with a joint venture with a state-owned company SAIC and their rapidly rising sales of cars and trucks inside China slightly misleading because some of you will have noticed already that the two scales are different there but still a dramatic climb down to from my reading of just between two and two and a half million numbers of that's in sales terms within the US and it looks like China is just about overtaking in absolute terms so there's a big story happening in Chinese on Chinese soil which again won't be reflected in those baseline or headline grab and trade statistics just a couple of points to go this Professor Garrett doesn't deny that there are challenges and tensions in the relationship but there are real problems for American firms doing business in China and for example General Motors is not allowed to be a full part or have a hundred percent equity or ownership states in their business they're still required to have minority and minority share and there are also of course increasing issues as we've touched upon this morning about Chinese firms trying to move into US markets and that's particularly related to their state connections or as he says they're large they're parasitical nature they're also clearly being tensions and they happen we see them in the newspapers all the time whether on tariffs or currencies and of course those tensions spread into the geopolitical realm as well but according to Professor Garrett none of those skirmishes are out of control in fact he sees them as a pressure valve just releasing some of the tension that is inherently about domestic problems in the United States and in and in China themselves and with more of a political manoeuvre to ensure that the people are kept happy by a little bit of land gang going in both directions none of those are out of control instead what you've seen in I guess he talks about the last five years or the last decade is a cool heads behind closed doors softly softly economic diplomacy and I think here where there's a great lesson for Australia is that essentially he's arguing that it's the strong leadership on both sides of the relationship that has really evaded them to steer through what could otherwise be rather tense times the wrap up for the chapter is the century that we're in and that we're heading toward it's an Asia Pacific century and I'm sure for Jeff that includes China and the US and not China growing up and overtaking that's just not going to happen in the timeframe that he's interested in he recognises differences in values and interest between the two countries and also this deeply unbalanced economy economic structure that causes a problem but also emphasises just how co-dependent the two largest economies have become but I guess the bottom line is that the economic benefits of the relationship this great bilateral relationship of the 21st century are immense real conflict would be catastrophic and that's enough in this liberal sort of strength thinking to keep the cooler heads keeping real leadership and ensuring a relatively stable relationship in the years to come so he again emphasises from the first page to the last we're not talking about what he's not putting money on any kind of second cold war and it spans to the economic integration of the two countries that he concludes with that point and in my questions mainly for the other speakers as well to what extent I've heard said in the past that China's one of the reasons for China's outperformance of China for example is that China has a much stronger plan of economic model which is they're able to grab resources and implement this easier than what they are in India is this a valid understanding of that point in the years to come? to Jean slash Jeffrey relates to my perception is that the American body in politics is relatively uneducated about China the president current president doesn't reflect the ideal of understanding about Asia and from the Chinese perspective there is the perception that the Chinese leadership has not gone through a generational change that seems to be happening in some of the body's politics and because of that one of the older established Chinese leadership will have some difficulty in achieving the kind of economic cooperative relationship that you foreshadowed or Jeffrey foreshadowed his book and the extent to which anyone here agrees that that is an issue that deserves closer attention I guess that the states in India my question is addressed to Peter the states in India have much greater than the provinces of China and so it relates to a previous previous question and that you'll find the most variability in issues of human capital across India that are reflected in such things as the proportion of the women in the population are educated and they in light expectancy in those provinces are particularly of the outstanding example of character and I wonder if you consider feeling this kind of cross-sectional data within a country to draw out important lessons for the very true questions of the year lovely I think the questions I think struggling to sense the answers with because they really just come to the thought practicing we want to model the development of India the modern development of China's town we want to model China's future development we want to model the development of the country to try to leave from what happened can it be due to planning well India also is like a very social state in the market system of intervention of low control what I think is that as I said I think literacy is very important basic education is very important in China and the humanitarian nature of that and the past is very important so particularly planning I have a lot of questions that are very clear on the other hand great Hahah also came out of planning right India has shared friends before we ended in 2012 so there's Plus and Minus it's always been transportation the Neville and so I think it's almost unfortunate to have by a large business But then on that, which is, by and large, made more good decisions in terms of the best way on the use of the questioner, with less to mean that I recommend that among future economies. Also critical is that democracy does slow down some big investment in pushers to change the environment and the planet. Democracy slows down in the end, a little bit. Although they've got to share with us what they're doing, like exercising as well. Yeah, that's just about looking across states and the quality of the capital. Because there's a number of scholars that are looking at that kind of issue. I like that as well. So I think we're going to change to English and any quality and so on. But it's ongoing research. I don't think it's going to be too easy to know whether that's your problem. OK, dear. Yeah, I might just, well, currently they've thought about the question about the Chinese versus the Indian development model. It's obviously a huge question. There's enough debate and we could spend a whole day just thinking about the Chinese development model and this question of how much of it is state led and how much of it is to do with the opening up to market forces. What has it meant to have a non-democratic party in control of the show and increasingly possibly losing control of the show? I think it relates back to Deborah's discussion in Africa and what the Chinese are doing in Africa there. She referred to the Chinese developmental state model. Again, it's a highly debated issue. To what extent has China's development and growth been the consequence of this developmental state? At the break after that I had people asking me whether or not Australia could be learning about China's methods in Africa and could be doing a better job of our own aid commitments by following something more akin to the Chinese model. So I don't know if Deborah has any comments on that idea of the developmental state. There will be others in the room who I suspect might disagree on the extent to which that's determined China's growth. On this question that is really for Professor Garrett and not for myself, I think it's very true that the American population is probably largely uneducated about Australia. We have the same problem about the Chinese and I think we face the same problem in Australia of trying to educate people about the very nuanced situation that we see in the Chinese economy and the population at large. I think the point would be that at the very highest level there's some very sophisticated negotiations going on that there are much deeper understandings than we might otherwise think. And then how that transmits through the two societies I guess very different than Chinese have their media control and ways of kind of controlling just not controlling what the populace think but influencing that to some extent. But ultimately at the end of what we see of the state of the relationship at the moment is that it's that top level very clever negotiations that are actually keeping the relationship on track. And I think again there's a message there for Australia we need strong leadership and I'm not necessarily sure that we're seeing that but to have strong leadership on where that relationship would have in that cool head, softly, softly approach might do us some good to actually start looking at how those two great giants are managing their own relationship and learn a little bit from that for ourselves.  Another surprise, okay. The lady, okay. You can do first. The other one is from the Australian National University. I don't know if you want to comment on that. I think I might want to comment on what you're saying. The important role of education leading on to research and development activities is a major source of economic growth. Professor Mark Dawkins, Professor of Economic History and the Cambridge University of England has done a lot of research on this and demonstrated how the agricultural revolution in England in the 17th and 19th century, industrial revolution in England in the 19th century helped lead the world economy great at the time and post-19th century, to the US, to the major production industry, post-19th century or 18th, Japan has been in the industry and was practically the problem of an age leader and now has moved more to the West of Europe, Germany and France and so on. And Japan is still there and of course they are trying to move it into. But anyhow, it's just the importance of education leading on to research and development and it's the major long-term source of economic growth. Thank you. I have a question for Professor Wang. What kind of a reaction in China officially has there been towards your surveys and data? There's also the data, for example, the national statistic to you about your quality of inspection spend and how would they react to your survey? Okay, I'll move it to your turn. Okay. First of all, I would like to answer the last question, but what is the response from the official statistics in Europe? I got two official raw articles that we saw. They say that my estimation seems to lack for income disparity and free income, but they didn't provide to support their argument so that I wrote an article back and later on they would say that they would like to do some additional work to improve the official statistics for hospital income. Another question from Ross. I'm sorry, I didn't get the question clearly. You talked about national income and natural relationship. I think because there is a large part of the hospital income was not included in the official statistics. It means at least part of this income was also not in GDP statistics. So maybe not to the same science, but the official statistics on GDP may be also more or less underreported. It seems to me that it's very possible by say something 15% or 20% understatement. Yeah, the question was about research leading growth. I think one difference about all of them now compared to a hundred years ago is the globalization of research, I guess. So we're increasing a lot of international capital in these international interventions. I think it's very hard to imagine because in the next 50 years we're seeing the gravity of research in other countries. For those ideas, national ideas, international ideas, and global commitments from us. Just so you know it's not a publishing era, it was partly because he is one of China's leading experts on inequality and we thought it was too good an opportunity to let go. He's actually written a paper for the book on an international perspective on China's urbanization, so quite a different topic. But even just the links back into Ross's question about this GDP, whether it translates into a national accounts problem, I think it's a really important one. You look at the size of the numbers and the size of the tower is suggesting that the statistics are out by has implications, obviously, for the extent of inequality within China, which then links back into how this re-balancing of growth is going to work. But it also depends on whether they're spending or saving that money, which in turn I think feeds into, obviously, the inflationary pressures within the economy, the pressures on these capital controls and whether they're actually managing to break out the size of the system. I think the numbers are accurate and even if they're out by $5 trillion, I think we're still talking about an extra $5 trillion floating around that could have meaningful implications well beyond the inequality that it presents for the Chinese economy. So I hope you'll agree with me that it's more relevant to today's discussions than you might at first thought. Okay, I think the Q&A time is over and the sums are really good questions. And before having tea and coffee, it's a success for our three speakers.