Hi, my name is Valerio, and I will be talking about how to obtain CCA secure camps from encryption with no negligible decryption error. This is a joint work with Bassa Ramaker, Denis Lamanin and Christoph Strix. I will start by briefly recalling the main definitions and security models used in public key cryptography, and discussing the role played by the decryption error in this context. I will then present the compiler that we have constructed, and the main ideas behind it. Finally, I will show its evaluation performance with respect to Denis's submissions, and shortly talk about further results you can find in the paper. One of the most important goals of cryptography is to achieve confidentiality of communication. For example, we would like to be able to allow two parties, Alice and Bob, to communicate over an insecure channel in a way that prevents malicious entity like Eve, to gain any meaningful information. Moreover, we would like to be able to do so even when no prior secret information is shared between the two parties. This is one of the greatest achievements of public key cryptography. This concept is nowadays used in our daily life. For example, when we browse to a website, the TLS protocol is used to share a secret key between us and the web server, which is then used to securely communicate. The main construction that allows such a functionality is the public key encryption primitive. Such a scheme is defined by three efficient algorithms, the key generation, the encryption and the decryption. Since public key primitives are less efficient than their symmetric counterpart, in practice, public key cryptography is only used in the beginning of a communication to exchange a secret key between the involved parties via a so-called key encapsulation mechanism or CAM. Public key encryption techniques and in particular CAMs are highly relevant for secure communication protocols of the future, especially when targeting post-quantum security. Clearly, the first property that one wants from a public key encryption scheme is correctness. In its strongest variant, we would like to have that for every possible message M, but the encryption of the encryption of M gives us M back. Of course, correctness alone is not sufficient. We want that such scheme are secure too. What do we mean by that? Security is usually expressed in terms of indistinguishability of various form, depending on whether security is formulated against a passive or an active adversary. The two most common models are respectively CPA and CCA security. These models take the form of a game between a malicious adversary trying to break the primitive and a challenger. To briefly recall such definitions, the CPA game where CPA stands for chosen plaintext attack goes as follows. The public and secret keys are generated by the challenger. The public key is then given to the adversary. The adversary has to choose two messages, M0 and M1, which are then sent to the challenger. The challenger samples a random bit and encrypts the corresponding message. The obtained challenge ciphertext c star is sent to the adversary. The adversary has then to choose which bit was sampled by the challenger and wins the game if the guess was correct. A stronger model is given by the CCA security game, where CCA stands for chosen ciphertext attack. This game is quite similar to the previous one, but the only difference is that this time the adversary is given access to a decryption oracle. He can call the decryption oracle on any ciphertext except the challenger ciphertext c star to obtain the corresponding plaintext. We say that a PKE scheme is CPA or CCA secure if any efficient adversary wins the corresponding game with probability negligibly close to one-off, where one-off represents the probability that the adversary has to randomly win the game. A natural question is if this last game represents a realistic scenario. In some real-world applications, this is actually the case. For example, as Plej and Bakker has shown, if the attacker has access to a server that accepts encrypted messages and return an error depending on whether the decrypted message had the correct form of padding, then an attack based on such information can be mounted, which allows the adversary to even recover the regional message for any ciphertext of his choice. Since such a response of the server can be used to simulate a decryption oracle, CCA security is nowadays considered the security standard PKE primitives should aim at. Most of the problems on which post-quantum cryptography is built on, for example lattices or coding theory, involve some kind of error correction. Therefore, most of the PKE schemes built from these problems do not satisfy the perfect decryption definition that I have previously stated. Moreover, since in such schemes the ability to correctly decrypt a given ciphertext depends on the secret key, another effect of not being able to decrypt can leak information about the secret key itself, as shown in various work. This problem can be naively addressed by increasing the parameters of the scheme. This reduces the decryption error at the cost of a bigger public key and ciphertext size. Another option is to reduce the error involved in the underlying mathematical problem. In this case, we end up with a public key encryption with lower security guarantees. Hence, we see that one faces different trade-offs between security, efficiency and decryption error. A new definition of correctness is therefore necessary to capture how far off such schemes are from perfect correctness. A first natural candidate was considered to be the probability over all randomness involved in the different algorithms that the encryption of the encryption of a random message does not equal the original message. Unfortunately, such definition cannot be used in a scenario like that of CCA security, where the adversary can actually be looked for ciphertext that have a higher probability of triggering a decryption error than average. One solution is to change the definition accordingly and to take the maximum or all possible messages in the message space. In this way, we obtain an upper bound for the possible decryption error of any single message. Now that all necessary definitions have been recalled, I can describe the compiler that we have designed. The main ideas behind the construction can be summarized as follows. Instead of trying to tweak or tune the parameters of a CCA PKE to achieve at the same time efficiency, security and low decryption error, one can do the following. We start from a PKE which is only CPA secure and which has a decryption error which may be non-negligible. We then improve the error rate by mean of a compiler which we constructed, and then, once the error is negligible, we can apply a standard transformation to obtain CCA security. So we see that there are two main ingredients of this construction. First, reducing the error to a negligible level and then improving the security of the scheme. Regarding the first part, we got inspiration from the work of Duark et al, which designed a compiler where the error is reduced by simply encrypting the same message multiple times under the same public key. Since the encryption is probabilistic, we will get different ciphertexts. During the decryption process, we decrypt all the different ciphertexts and apply a majority vote to decide which of the resulting plaintexts to return. Unfortunately, such compiler has two drawbacks. First of all, it does not preserve CCA security, so even if the underlying encryption was CCA secure, the one we obtained by means of this transformation is not, as mix and match kind of attack apply. This issue is also discussed in the original work of Duark, where a possible way to achieve CCA security is presented, but only in a very theoretical sense. A second drawback is that the decryption error does not scale optimally, as one has to rely on the majority vote to decide which message to return. In this table, one can see the estimated decryption error of the direct product compiler of Duark for different decryption errors of the underlying PKE and different number of parallel repetitions L. As one can see, the compiler with L equal to does not offer a better decryption error than the underlying PKE itself. This is because as soon as one ciphertext does not correctly decrypt, then we have no way of checking the correctness of the obtained plaintext and the only thing we can do is to rely on the majority vote. The second tool we need is then a generic transformation to boost the security of the scheme from CPA to CCA. One such transformation is the so-called Fujisaki Okamoto transform, or simply a full transform. This transformation, as shown by Off-Eins et al in TCC-17, can take as input a CPA secure PKE with negligible correctness error and outputs a CCA secure CAM. One nice characteristic of this transformation, also shown in the work of Off-Eins et al, is its modularity. Indeed, it can be seen as the composition of two more compact transformations. A first one, which randomizes the PKE by means of a random oracle, and which is usually denoted by T. And a second one, which converts the PKE into a CAM by encrypting a uniformly sampled message. In our work, we modify the first of these two transformations to integrate the ideas from the work compiler on how to reduce the decryption error. More explicitly, given a CPA secure PKE with a certain decryption error, we would first find the number of ciphertexts L necessary to achieve negligible correctness. We then encrypt the message L times in parallel, the randomizing the encryption, by using as randomness for each encryption the output of a random oracle on input the message and a different position of the ciphertext. Thanks to this randomization, it is possible to check the validity of the obtained plaintext by simply re-encrypting the different messages obtained during the decryption of the different ciphertexts. This allows us to not rely anymore on the majority vote, and in this way, we lower the decryption error from delta to delta to dl. Here it is showed in a more compact way how the encryption and decryption algorithms of this new PKE work. Once we have that, and once we are able to show that this new PKE satisfies certain security requirements needed by the FOD transform, we can apply the second transformation of the Fujisaki Okamoto transform to obtain a CCA secure cam as desired. In this table, one can see the comparison in runtime and bandwidth overhead among three different compilers. The Direct Product Compiler of Work, the Modified Throministic Direct Product Compiler that we have denoted C-STAR PD, where one substitutes the majority vote with a check by re-encryption, and the T-STAR compiler that we have just constructed. As it can be seen, our compiler outperforms the other transformations in all categories except the runtime overhead of the decryption algorithm, as we have to re-encrypt or obtain plaintext during decryption. As already discussed, this strategy allows us to need at least one less ciphertext to obtain the same decryption error, and thus to reduce the size of the overall ciphertext of the obtained cam. After designing this new compiler, we tested its performance with respect to the different candidates to the NIST post-quantum competition. The NIST is the American Institute responsible for standards in technology. In the past, tests run in important competition regarding different cryptography schemes, for example, one regarding block ciphers, which ended up with the adoption of the AIS as the new standard, and some concern with the development of new hash functions, which led to the design of SHA-1 and SHA-3. It is now running a competition to standardize post-quantum signatures and PKE or cam. We tried to measure how our compiler performs with respect to the submissions still running in this competition when we were working on the paper. The question we tried to answer was the following. How does increasing from one to L ciphertext compare to increasing the parameters at a comparable result in decryption error for existing run-to submissions in the NIST post-quantum competition? In other words, we look for submissions where a CPA and a CCA version of the same scheme were available, and compare the efficiency of the cam obtained via applying our compiler to the CPA version with respect to the CCA version of the same submission. At the time we were working on this project, the NIST post-quantum competition was still in the round two, and there were still 17 cams in the competition. Of those, seven were based on error-correcting codes of different types. And you can see them listed here. Of those seven, three had both a CPA and a CCA version. We applied our compiler and analyzed the results. Even though we had two different versions of the LedaCrypt submission, we could not test our compiler on it, as LedaCrypt is based on a deterministic PKE, and so our compiler cannot be applied. As one can see from this table, for almost all versions of the Rola submissions, our compiler outperformed the CCA version of the same submission. For example, we see that for the security level L1 and L3, the sum of sizes of ciphertext and public key of the compiled cam is smaller than the submitted CCA version. This is not true in the IS security level L5, where, however, our compiler obtains a much lower decryption error. Regarding the other submission, the results are slightly different. In the BIKE submission, we obtain a better runtime performance at the cost of a bigger size of public key plus ciphertext. This scenario is quite different if we look at the niche submissions which rely on the hardness of lattice related problems. In the round two, there were nine submissions based on lattices. Of those nine, three have bought a CPA and a CCA version. However, one of these improves the correctness error by simply narrowing the underlying error distribution, which, as I have already said, reduces both decryption error and security of the PKE. We therefore did not test our compiler on this submission. As far as the other two submissions are concerned, we can see from this table that all the relevant sizes get bigger and the only advantage given by our compiler in this setting is a smaller runtime of the different algorithms of the round five cam. In the paper, we also showed how the same ideas can be used to obtain the first post-quantum CCA secure bloom filter cam. BF cam is a primitive proposed recently by Darler et al. in Eurocrypt 18. Such scheme was shown to be a building block to construct fully forward secret zero RTT key exchange protocols. However, that work required perfect decryption of the underlying building block hence preventing post-quantum instantiations. We extended that line of work and showed how one can generically construct BF cams from any IBE, even from ones with non-negligible correctness error. This allows leading to the first instantiations of post-quantum CCA secure BF cams. To wrap up, we can summarize our funding as follows. We design a generic compiler to deal with decryption error from weaker schemes which are easier to design. All involved algorithms are easily parallelizable which allows to improve the runtime. Our approach gives very good results in the context of code-based schemes. Moreover, a similar approach can be used to construct the first post-quantum secure BF cam. Regarding further research directions, we are thinking about extending our analysis to other constructions to see on which kind of primitives our compiler offers the best performances. Moreover, it would be interesting to understand why there is such a strong difference in the performance depending on the underlying problem on which the primitive is based. And if this is something peculiar to the schemes we analyzed, there is an underlying common reason for such a result. Thank you for your attention.


It was the year 2023, and GUI Challenges continued! Welcome to another episode of GUI Challenges, where I build interfaces my way, and then I challenge you to do it your way. And with our creative minds combined, we're going to find multiple ways to solve these interfaces and expand the diversity of our skills. And in today's new edition, new year 2023, GUI Challenge, we're building this glitchy effect. And I just love glitchy effects, but it's so weird. How come the cyber future, which is like so much more technologically advanced, is always so unreliable and glitchy? Like, what's up with that? There are so many rad glitch effects that can be found on the web. I wanted to make one my way. And in this case, I wanted to use clip path and skew to sort of like, in a more simple way, with no pseudo elements or anything. I just wanted to, you know, tweak the box. And in this case, clip path makes a bunch of these slices into the box. And then skew, sometimes timed at exactly the same time as that random grunge, skews it really heavily, makes it look all stretched and warped, like something happened to it over the network. And I think the effect turned out pretty cool. And it's made of a couple of simple basics. So I'm really excited to show this to you. But here's a couple more things to show you. Like, of course, it works in light mode.  Of course, there's going to be a light and a dark theme. And I think the light theme actually looks pretty cool. I kind of want to see the whole, let's go back to dark. I think the color is deep pink. Yeah, let's look at yellow. Oh, yeah, that's pretty sweet. I'm going to leave that there for right now. And if you didn't notice when I was editing here, you can also change it. So here I'll put Argyle in here. Right? Let's look at Chrome. Ooh, Chrome looks pretty sweet.  That's kind of funny. How about Google? Does that look cool? No, it looks kind of spooky. Way less cyber or whatever. Let's go back to Chrome. That was sweet. The C is kind of whatever, you know, but anyway. So this is what we're building today, using two key ingredients. And let's go check it out in the debugging corner, and then we'll break it down. The debugging corner instances of all these browsers, all at once for us to see, it's always a marvelous sight. And especially look at them all glitching. It kind of feels like my computer is actually glitching. I love it. They're all kind of going at random times whenever they last loaded. It's pretty sweet. Okay. So here up here is iPad with, you know, the latest version of iOS on it. It's iOS 16. So we have Safari looking great. The effect looks perfect. And it looks great on the iPad and the light there. Here it is in dark mode on iOS on desktop. Here it is on iOS, you know, on a mobile device. Here it is on the Android simulator inside of Chrome. Here's Chrome actual. And here's Firefox. And everybody is very happy rendering this effect because it mostly does nothing. There's a lot of waiting.  And then some keyframes for like one snap of a second go tweak, and then they tweak back. And all these browsers are like, okay, yeah, we know how to handle Clip Pass and we know how to handle a skew. So this effect is no big deal. And if you look, I've shown a little bit of the process that we're going to go through seeing look, there's a generate button underneath here. And the generate button is going to generate multiple random versions of that kind of cross hatched grunge. You can see generating values down here. And I'm going to go over how we made this because it would have been a really big pain to hand write all those polygons that gave that kind of grunge effect. So I made a little function that just generated them for me. And then I put that in my CSS and I, you know, move forward and I can kind of hit generate a bunch of times. And anyway, we'll get there. But here it is on all the different devices. And now let's go back to Chrome and start breaking down how I got here. How did I get to this effect? All right, let's do a quick little breakdown of the fundamentals of like, how is this being achieved? So I'm going to pop open DevTools. I'm going to turn the animation off so that way we're not continuously glitching. And I'm just going to kind of show you the shape of the clip pass. So this is how I got started is I made a polygon. Well, I need to call the polygon function.  So if I do like 0% 20%, that's not going to be very meaningful. But if I do 50% like 80%, that one's also not that great. How about 35% 34? Sure, whatever typo I get is going to be fine. Ah, now we start to see some of the slicing that's happening. Let's make this one in the higher range. 80% and 90%. Yes. Okay, look, we got like a Zoro Z that was totally accidental because while I was trying to be random, and then what I did in the generator, you can see how many pairs are in here. There's a lot of key value pairs. So let's even just try this on. So let's grab this whole polygon, grab it in here to the end and paste it in. And boom, that's the effect that this particular one generated here. Let's grab another one. Pop that in here and another one, right? Okay. So that's how we got the kind of grunge effect to happen. And then let's check out the transform. And this was a skew. So skew can do effects like that. But in this particular case, I wanted to have a pretty extreme skew. And look, there's like a couple of different ways you could you could skew it like that. You could skew it here. But I wanted that really wild stretch effect because that's totally what happens when things are glitching. And then, and notice like this turn here is not that important, but you can kind of flip it a little bit if you want to. Anyway, that looks pretty good to me. But it's way too wide. I mean, this is going way outside of the width of the viewport. So let's add another transform and we're going to scale Y, I think. Let's let's try that one. Scale Y at 1.5, sure. But I want to make it smaller, not wider. Yes. Maybe a 0.2 was good. Okay. And then we can come back into our skew here and try to find a happy spot where it's like really stretched out. Yeah, that's pretty good. I mean, here we'll go there. Although that looks kind of cool. Look at how that's tilting. We've got like a really cool 3D tilt effect going on. Okay, whatever, I'm getting distracted. This is essentially what we wanted though is we go from something that's regular, we grunge it, we tweak it, and then we set it back really quickly over and over again. So if we look at the keyframes here, we have a keyframes called Cyberpunk Glitch. Add 0%. We're going to apply one of our grungy effects here. Let's apply a grungy effect. Excellent. So at 0%, we've got the grunge effect at 1%. The grunge effect goes away. Oh, the grunge effect is gone. Great. That is the essentials of what's happening here. So at 0%, we've got a grunge effect at 1%. We turn it off at 4%. We grunge again at 5%. We turn it off. So the grunge really only lasts for about 1% of the animation. And so depending on how long it is, you'll get a shorter or longer sort of moment of grungy glitchy effect. And then we take these same keyframes and we line them up with the transform so that the transform kind of tweaks at the same time that the clip path does. So if I turn the animation back on, we can see we have two different effects going on here. We have Cyberpunk Glitch, which we can see is being generated here by this little generator. We'll go over that in a second. And then we have Skiu Glitch. And let's go find those keyframes. Right. Okay. So here's Skiu Glitch. Now if I can close this, I can kind of see a few more of them. Right. At 0%, here's our Skiu. 27%, here's our Skiu. 27% is going to line up with this one. Notice there's not a 4%. So if you really watch this again, sometimes it does the grunge and doesn't do the Skiu. And I thought that just added to this sort of random nature of a glitch. Sometimes they don't line up perfectly. And that was just an artistic moment that I got to take inside of this animation. So here's all of our Skius all set up. Looks like we were scaling Y at 0.25. Awesome. And here's the same thing with Transform None, turning that off as those things go. And then here's all our clip paths. Right. Very cool. So that is how the, like the foundations work. And then let's work through how I kind of made it all work together. How did I orchestrate? And how did I generate this particular set of styles?  And so yeah, let's go check out some code next. All right, let's start by checking out the HTML. Up here I've got an H1, content editables, what allows me to click inside that H1 and change the text, kind of a cool little attribute if you didn't know it existed. And it's just got some texts in there for us to work with. Then I have a button that we're going to watch for clicks on to generate new sets of keyframes that go inside of this pre. And when the page loads, we're going to populate the pre also. And we'll go check that JavaScript out in a second. But that's the extent of the HTML. I mean, really all we needed was this H1 with some text in it, which is kind of fun. If we look at the style entry point, we've got open props being imported into a design system layer, also normalized and also some buttons. We get like an adaptive style sheet for light and dark styles and we get some adaptive buttons. These just make that bear button look a lot better. And we have a glitch.style sheet being loaded into a layer called demo. So that way if you go inspect the styles, you know exactly what to focus on. We're loading a custom font. We've got some supporting styles over here. Then if we look at the glitch.css file, we're making sure that this user, if they're going to get this animation, they better have no preference on reduced motion because we don't want to give them this glitchy effect if they want reduced animations. They should just get some regular text and not be bombarded with some glitchy skewy text effect that's going to be very distracting. So as long as they're okay with motion, we're going to give them these keyframes here. And we've got that cyberpunk glitch at seven seconds with step end as the timing function. And this is going to run forever. We have skew glitch, seven seconds, step end, also running infinitely again. And then here's that skew glitch, just kind of nice and succinctly here. Let's even bumped out there. Yeah, that's nice. So here's our skews and here's our transforms to none. And that step end function here is what's crucial to work with transform none. So we have zero setting a skew, then we have one setting the transform to none. And what step end is going to do, it's going to make sure that when we hit one, it's going to jump there and it's going to stay there. It's going to stay at that step end until it reaches this next one. And then it's going to begin. And that's kind of a cool trick for creating pauses in between various keyframes. And then we have our generated style down here. So this is what was generated. I just copy that right out of that demo page and paste it right here. And that's the extent of the animations there. Okay, so let's check out the JavaScript since that seems to be the kind of core of the randomness that's happening here. So we've got a function called glitchy paths, function called punky polygons, which I thought was a very fun illiteration. Then we have a function called rando, which probably could be called like random number between zero and 100. But you know what, rando is just a fun word to say. It's almost like Rambo. It's like a random Rambo called rando. I don't know. Anyway, so right when this page loads, we call glitchy paths and that's what's going to create all those keyframes and stick them inside that pre. We'll go check out that function in a second. And then when that button gets clicked, call that glitchy paths function again and generate some new random stuff. So glitchy paths is going to be generating a bunch of cool random keyframes and polygons for us. Okay, and then if we look at glitchy paths, what's going on inside of here? We have a query selector hitting that pre. We're going to set the text content equal to the string literal and that's going to preserve all our new lines and all this indentation and stuff. It's pretty sweet. We have our keyframe cyberpunk glitch and here's all our different keyframes inside of here and our clip path none. So everything's all in there. We trim also at least I trim so that it gets rid of all the space that was left at the beginning. See these new lines? This space and this space, it trims that down. So it's just this little code block here just like we expect it to be. So trim is a cool function for trimming up usage after string literal. And then this is the crutch of our kind of randomness inside of the polygons. We're calling this function called punky polygons right in the middle of the string literal to populate this polygon function with a whole bunch of random polygon pairs. So let's go check out that. This is a lot of P words.  Okay, I'm done. That was fun though. Punky polygons. This one was like the most fun one to write because it was so succinct in the way that it worked. So I created a new collection. Well, I create a new array basically. And I iterate 25 times. So I'm going to create 25 pairs of path information. And I'm going to do that in that loop. I'm going to call collection.add. So I'm going to add a pair and it's just a string.  So I'm going to get a number between zero and 100. So this could be 20% and this other one's 40% or whatever. We're going to get some sort of random pair of positions here. And then at the very end, we're going to return this array to that string literal and glitchy paths. And we're going to take the values out of that collection. We're going to join them by a comma. So we're essentially going to make one big long string where all of those pairs of polygon positions are now joined together by a comma. And we have a comma separated set of pairs ready to go into that polygon set. And that's it. So this gives us that random information. This would have been totally a pain to write by hand. But here I am making this function that gets the task done really swiftly. And that concludes this GUI challenge on how I made a cyber punky glitch effect using clip path and skew. If we pop open the animation panel here, I'll head escape, find animations here, play it through, right? Okay, excellent. And maybe I need to check off and on the animation. There we go. I wanted to see this here so I could grab. Yeah, now we can kind of pull through and see all these different states. If I'm really careful, there's a skew. There must be a set of glitchy grunge. Yep. Here comes a skew as well. So we can see where the skews and the grunges line up. Pulling this little timeline here. We can see it runs forever. I love this view. I think this is pretty cool. So I want to see what type of grungy effects you're using. I definitely have seen them using different text shadows. So you have like a blue and a red, sort of like 3D hologram effect. I've seen various shadows. Well, I guess I just called out the shadows, but there's like a pseudo elements that show up on all sorts of creative ways to take this sort of next level and make it really sort of holographic and other cool things. Anyway, this effect has no end in terms of fun that can be delivered. Let me know if you liked this in the comments. Go ahead and fork this and make your own cyberpunk effects. And I can't wait to see them. I'll see you on the next squeeze challenge, y'all.


So we've said that Kant is trying to answer the question, what is your duty, and answering this question he thinks he's going to answer the question, how should you live your life?  A Ketcher's Paraviz rule is, you know, a rule that you follow all other things considered equal. You know, if it's normal circumstances, if it's just everyday life, then yeah, sure, you follow these moral rules. We might even say that these are more rules that you violate in extraordinary, unusual circumstances where something's called for. So think about this, right? All other things considered equal, you stop at a stoplight when you're traveling down the road. If you're in your car, you see a stoplight ahead of you, it turns red. Then sure, you stop at the stoplight. Now, this is not an absolute moral law. This isn't a law that you can never ever absolutely violate.   You eat food that is nutritious, doesn't have too many calories, satisfies your hunger, and doesn't overburden your system with an overabundance of sugar, for example. But it's not as if you're violating some absolute law that when you have some junk food, every once in a while, I mean even health experts, and say every once in a while, sure, go ahead and treat yourself. You know, maybe not as much as what's shown here.  So yeah, sure, all the things, all other things considered equal, the Ketcher's Paraviz rule, you eat healthy, but every once in a while, you know, sure, if you really need to, go ahead and have a little piece of junk food. And it's a Ketcher's Paraviz rule that you sleep for eight hours a day. All the things considered equal for your health, for the benefit of your health, for your continued, you know, well-being. Yeah, go ahead and sleep for eight hours a day. But it's not as if, you know, you get less than eight hours of sleep or even a little bit more.  Well, that's it for Ketcher's Paraviz rules. And you might be tempted to think that there are only Ketcher's Paraviz rules, that there are no moral absolutes. Well, a little imagination would probably tell you that there are some rules that you think should never, ever be violated. There's absolutely no excuse or justification for violating such rules. It's probably easiest to think of examples of moral absolutes by thinking of those things which are just completely despicable. Things that one human being should never do to anything else under any circumstance.  Nevertheless, you think that there are some things that should never be done. That rule is inviolable. That is an absolute moral rule. Subcontinues, your duty is a moral absolute. You cannot violate this law. Under no circumstances is it morally permissible to violate these rules, to violate this duty that you have. It's not a Ketcher's Paraviz law. A Ketcher's Paraviz law has something you can violate in extraordinary circumstances. But for Kant, your duty cannot be violated. It is morally wrong in any circumstance to break this rule. Well, this leads us very quickly to a question. What is our duty? Now, you might be thinking about duties such as patriotism. That's not what Kant is talking about. He's not trying to say patriotism is a bad thing, but he's also saying that your duty is not to patriotism. You might think your duty is to your family. Again, he's not saying this. This isn't what he means by duty.  These would all be, in some sense, Ketcher's Paraviz rules, because not everybody has to follow these rules. Not everybody has to follow your duties. And this is not everybody must be patriotic to the country to which you are patriotic. Not everybody has a duty to your family in the way that you have a duty to your family. Now, for Kant's talking about the duty, it's a moral absolute that applies to people in any and all circumstances. And according to Kant, your duty comes from rationality. You have a duty to rationality. For Kant, there is only one thing that is good, and that is the will. The will is not good in virtue of willing good things. The will is good in virtue of being rational.


hello everyone welcome to another NARC survivor live video I'm out here at one of my favorite places I've done a lot of videos here by these fountains and in this one we're gonna be talking about do they feel regret when you're gone and it's not really a simple answer to that question it's kind of a yes and they know they do not regret losing you as a person because remember they never valued you as a person they never even took the time to get to know you I bet if you look back you can't even remember a time where you actually sat down and had a deep conversation with them because it was never about that it was never about you it's never about getting to know you but they laid you to believe that that's what it was they led you to believe that they were about something for real but it was never actually like that as I've said before the best you will ever get from me now says it's an illusion and that's all that it was it was just an illusion of love and intimacy it was a simulation a replication but many of us we fall for it we believe that it's real we believe that this person really likes us and wants us around but that's not what it was about so they don't regret losing us as a person when we're gone but what they may regret losing or at the very least they're going to miss it because they do know they do know the difference between good and bad and they do recognize when they've lost something good so what they do miss is the benefits and conveniences that you provide it to them maybe you paid for stuff for them you gave them a place to stay you paid their bills maybe you took them on trips of course they're gonna miss all of that they're gonna miss all of the benefits and conveniences and they're not gonna miss an emotional connection because they never develop that with you so they don't miss you as a person but they do miss the sex but it was never really intimacy although they may have led you to believe that it was they just miss the physical act about really about it so as you can see it's not really regret because they never look at it as though they've done anything wrong I know sometimes they do come back with the fake apologies the false epiphanies they tell you that they're going to change and that makes you think that they know what they did wrong and they do kind of know that well they look at it like the acts the behavior they know that that's wrong if someone else did that when they do it in their minds it's justified in their minds it's okay every abuser has an excuse so there's always a reason why they had to do what they did it's always because of something you said or did so that's how they look at it and because of that and because they never take accountability for their actions they can never really regret anything they can never really regret losing you all that happens as they might miss some of the things that you provided to them the benefits of appearances especially the sex that's what they're gonna miss and when they try to come back and the who bring you the begging you to give them another chance to come back with the fake apology the false epiphany the future faking it's not because they really love you or miss you it has nothing to do with that they're coming back because they miss the things that you provided to them the supply and whatever it was that you were given to them whether it was money sex whatever it was that's what they miss and that's why they're coming back because that's what they want they don't want anything more than that and sometimes they don't even want that from you they don't even want to take your money we'll have sex with you because they're looking at it like if I do that then I'm giving you satisfaction then I'm making you feel good because you feel like you're giving something to me you feel like you're helping me so I'm not even gonna give you that I'm not even gonna give you the satisfaction feeling like you're doing something to make me happy and the reason why they think like that is because they're never happy so they look at it like why should I do something just so that you can feel good and then I'm still gonna be left feeling miserable that's so they see it and that's why the very thing that you want from them they will withhold that from you for as long as they can as long as they need to as long as they still get what they want from you they feel no need to reciprocate and that's how you end up in these situations where you're giving so much to them and you're getting so little in return that's how you end up in situations like that so yeah I hate to I hate to cut this video short but I do have a dental appointment soon so I have got to go but just to summarize they don't really regret anything because they always think they're justified in what they do so they don't miss you as a person because they never got to know you as a person there was no emotional connection no intimacy which is why they never sat down with you and actually had a normal conversation because they never cared about any of that but what they won't miss is the benefits of experiences and you provided to them this could be money sex places they took them on trips took them out to places all of that stuff that is what they will miss all right so I hope you enjoyed this video I hope it was helpful for you if it was please show your love give this video a thumbs up down below it helps to support our community share the video and hit that subscribe button down below as well then you will see the notifications my future videos and if you'd like to book a one-on-one with me you can do that from my website it is not survive at the foot of UK all right I'm gonna go but there will be more videos soon you all have a great day


Thank you all for coming. We are about to start the next talk. Think big or care for yourself on the obstacles to think of emergent technologies in the field of nursing science. Speakers are Hannah Vula and Anna Kopenberger. They both work on the use and development of technology in nursing. Hannah is examining which parts of nursing should be supported by technological solutions. She does research on augmented reality used in nursing. Anna works on feminist science and technological studies as well as critique of the political economy. She is the editor of the book that just came out here in 2017, Cybernetic Capitalism Revolution, The Emancipatory Perspective in Technological Change. I hope you will listen to their talk with great interest. There is translations into English and German on the website that you can find on the site. Enjoy the talk. Thank you, Karen, for this nice introduction. Welcome to our talk. Think big or care for yourself on the obstacles to think of emergent technologies in the field of nursing science. I'm very proud to talk here on CCC. My name is Anna Kopenberger, this is Hannah Vula. And let me shortly say something about the perspective that I will take in this talk. As I did in the book that was just showed, I will do it again to give you time maybe to write it down or something. I'm interested in the understanding of technologies, especially in the understandings of technological change. I'm looking at how different societal agents relate themselves within this change. And in that book, we did it with some different agents like DIY technology-friendly initiatives, industrial players, or trade unions. Today, we want to talk about care and the relation to technology. And we will do this in three steps. And I should say that it will take around 25 minutes. Then we will have five minutes left. We would be happy to get one or two questions from the audience. But however, for those of you who will not get the possibility to talk to us or to contribute something to our talk, please feel free to approach us afterwards or to check out our university web pages and get in touch with us. OK, in the following 25 minutes, we will talk about the relation of nursing science and technology in order to expose it as problematic. First, I will talk about nursing science and what we actually talk about when we say nursing science. And I will link this to the question of what we mean when we talk in nursing science about technology. Afterwards, Hannah will introduce you in a current research project on augmented reality. She will talk about what is going on right now in this field of research. OK, I will start with the first part. I want to argue that social struggles for making care work visible are a consequential requirement of conceptualize the application of different technologies in nursing science. It's like that. We cannot take it for granted to talk about care. It is thanks to the extraordinary work of feminist political activists, artists, writers, and theorists that today we are in a situation to talk about care, care work as a structured and structuring activity at all. I mean to talk about care apart from it as being a labor of love. It was embedded in the new left social movements in the 1960s and some countries around the world that materialists, feminists, were struggling to expose care work as a notable part of social reproduction. In these efforts, the relation between productive labor and reproductive labor has been exposed as interdependent, as depend on each other. These emancipatory struggles have made care work visible by denaturalizing it. Care work has been revealed as an essential precondition of a bourgeois society's capitalist production. However, being visible, of course, is not the same as being recognized. And still today, care work lacks of societal appreciation. Those circumstances come, for example, with low wages and poor working conditions. Who wants to learn more about the ongoing struggle is recommended to check out, for instance, the work of Helen Hester. She's a member of the technology-friendly, xenofeminist, collective, laboria, cubonics. She's an associate professor for media and communication at the University of West London. And she emphasizes on the task to continue the discussion of making care work visible as a part, as a notable part of social reproduction. She proposes to rethink living arrangements, living standards, and the role of domestic technology. Therefore, she opens up a discussion on automatization of certain aspects of health care. Despite a lot of controversies around this, she says the opening to automatization is a refusal to naturalize this work. OK, back to nursing science. We can see how these social, political, economic movements that I just have mentioned, those emancipatory struggles, they obviously affect the theoretical horizon of nursing science, which in turn influences the conceptualization of technology and care work settings. Speaking for a German context of nursing science, contemporary nursing scientists, they are still overwhelmingly busy with the professionalization of health care. They are partly still engaged in establishing nursing science as a scientific discipline that describes and develops reasonable caring practice on the basis of independent nursing research. Distinguishing nursing science as independent from medicine is seen as a cornerstone in these struggles. Medicine as a life-sign discipline is probably rightly accused of being pervaded by a strongly functionalist, partly mechanic, partly cybernetic paradigm. This formal and mathematical paradigm might be seen as a reflex of background against which this young and ambitious discipline has constituted itself, at least in the German context. Sorry. By drawing on critical theories, nursing scientists rejected a purely medical approach to bodily processes, which often, those medical approaches, they often comes in explanatory modes of, for example, quantifying, rationalizing, technologizing. Nursing practice, in contrast, is supposed to approach human beings' experiences of health and sickness in modes of comprehension, of a fully understanding, for example, by phenomenologically reconstructing individual meaning and collective sense structures. So in comparison, medicine or nursing, medicine prefers to explain diseases by formalized events, a formalized thinking, a linear thinking, whereas nursing scientists are supposed to comprehend being healthy or being sick by mimetic faculty, by, I say, simply and plain, by feel it. That is why nursing scientists draw on highly controversial constructs like intuition or implicit knowledge. Here, we still witness the movement of making visible what was made invisible before, socially, politically, theoretically. Exactly at this point, we find a particular strong rejection of different technologies in care work by nursing scientists. Since technology, especially information technology, are conceived as means of explanation, these technologies are identified with the formalistic paradigm that supposedly cannot comprehend the implicit part of human beings' experience. Here, the different struggles that I have mentioned meet each other. They both are targeting at entoepistemological regimes of capitalizing, rationalizing, technologizing. They kind of attack on these processes just in order, which is an important work also, to include the excluded, to qualify the quantified, and also to de-technologize the technologized. So, just to sum up this first part, it is important to keep in mind that both the histories of feminists' efforts to make care work visible and the academic struggle of establishing nursing science as a scientific discipline, they are both interlinked. They go parallel in their ambition to emancipate themselves from formalizing, thinking, and acting. They also share basic parts of their theoretical foundation as a result and always mysteriously indetermined part of the human being's existence is supposed to be a crucial counterpoint of technological formations. Oh, you put it, it's really nice, thank you. So, but the question, of course, is what are those, or these technological formations and how to situate nursing practices within them. So, for this, let me tell you what technology means when we as a nursing science talk about it. So, technology, what do we talk about it? I already said that the human being is depicted in different critical theories as the counterpart of technology. It is this image, actually, what right now seems to be increasingly challenged. For example, when we think of technological operations on micro-temporal levels as sensor technologies do, we are confronted with an entity that act beyond human being's sensational perception. When we first think of technology's power to control us, meaning the regulating sense of control, then we cannot but conclude that it's not just the human being's action that makes sense to us. The existence and operations of contemporary smart objects are increasingly unraveling the image of the human as an exceptional sense maker. This is the technological condition that for some decades now, challenges, particularly the humanities, to come to grasp worse. And it was Erich Hörl who described this ongoing, basically technologically influenced displacement of sense as a representational sense. He, Erich Hörl, is a professor of media philosophy at Wienerburg-Leuphana University in Germany. He has claimed that after an organic and after a mechanical state of nature, we were entering a cybernetic state of nature by the end of the 18th century. As a heuristic, heuristic, sorry, the cybernetic state of nature finally describes an error where objects in different disciplines, academic disciplines and theories are increasingly exposed as active, intelligent and communicating. A growing object orientation proves the environmentalization of agency as well as even environmentalized ways of being. As a reminder, I should shortly say that against this, this environmentalization of agency, which those objects, those spot objects in our environment are just an example of this environmentalization. Against this background, the hermeneutic tradition of critical theories that I mentioned, for them, objects are merely conceived as means which the human subject intentionally uses to transform its reality. That means in those critical theories, human beings' tool use is conceptualized as a mean that serves certain ends. Of course, only the humans set up those ends. Tools are used in order to supplement and to cope with the indigenous, indigenous, sorry, and neediness of human beings. It is in this way that technological artifacts are always conceived as the other side, the outside of the human. So, and exactly from this point, and I will come to the end, from exactly this point, we propose to rethink the role of technology in healthcare. In nursing science, we are challenged to enlarge our methodological horizon. New forms and modes of interactions which adjust somehow point up with those environmentalizations. So, new forms and modes in these environmentalizations, modes of interaction has to be conceptualized. We might see technologically mediated relations between a patient and a nurse which allows also for well-being as for example, Jeanette Poles has put it in her book, Care at a Distance from 2012. It would be ignorant to think that phenomena like, for instance, ubiquitous computing leaves already established relations untouched. Additionally, taking relational operations of technological artifacts and human entities, not into account, would be somehow short-sighted and also anthropocentric. The new ecological paradigm, a term that also Eric Hurl has coined, seems for us to be necessarily entered also by nursing science. And in order to conceptualize healthcare as taking place in social technological environments, not at least to find the place from where also a capital valorization of healthcare and everything might be rejected. A place where technological systems might be conversed and used in an emancipatory and self-determined way. So here I'd like to finish and ask Hannah to show us how contemporary ecologies of care look like. Now we get to the second part of the presentation which is quite different from the first one because the first one was how we could think about technology and what's going on in nursing science and when I came to Osnbrück University, I experienced that all technology you should be careful. And before this, I studied business computer science and I was just not used to the thinking so it strikes me a lot. And now I'm working in a research project where this both sides are struggling all the time. So it's like be careful and try to think about how to conceptualize technology and how this can change nursing and the daily work of nurses. And at the same time it's like you have this research project and you have kind of the goal of creating prototypes and evaluating them. And doing practical research, empirical research and bringing the technology into the practice and look how it's going to work. So kind of the argumentation to do this is the demographic change. People claim that this change, people are getting older and there will be not enough carers that could be solved by a technological solution. Just yesterday in the talk about China's social credit system, we also heard just technological solutions for social problems that may be not the best solution, not the best way to do it. But we still do take a look at how could augmented reality in nursing look like. And augmented reality I think the most of you may know, it's like displaying virtual objects into the reality. This is one of the marketing pictures. They promise you a lot of things are possible and augmented reality can be really useful in a lot of fields. You can communicate with your colleague, you are in a different room and still work on the same virtual artifacts. But we have the question, what can be into that for nursing? So we took some workshops with nurses and nursing managers and we came up with a lot of use cases and currently we are examining two prototypes. One is on wound care management. We have this with different devices as well. We are trying, evaluating a prototype on the VU6M100 and a prototype on the Microsoft HoloLens. And they both have in common that they should support the nurse in doing the documentation for the wound. So the nurse can do the documentation while caring for the patient. That means the interaction between the nurse and the patient may change here, but it could be possible to save some time. And it also could enhance the quality of the documentation because the documentation has been done right the time the nurse is there and has to see the wound. This is what both prototypes have in common. The HoloLens prototype allows to support the measuring of the wound as well. With the VU6 prototype, you have to measure the length and the weight of the wound on your own and then you can use voice commands to put it into the documentation with the HoloLens prototype. This is what you see right here when you look through the glass, you get this image and you can make a point on the edge of the wound and a point on the apple side edge and the measurement is done automatically. So the number you see is the measured number and the blue dots are the edges of the wound. Actually, this prototype cannot detect the edges of the wound automatically, but this could be under further consideration. And the second prototype we are actually evaluating is on drug management. So I will show you a short video if it's going to work. Yeah, here you can see 10 dispensers. So dispensers for medication or for 10 patients at the same time. It's like for morning, midday, noon and evening or evening and night, I'm sorry. And you can put the pill into the right box by the app showing you how to do it. If you can see here on the smartphone, the app shows you how many pills you have to put into one box. And you have to scan the medication first and if you scan the wrong one, you get this sign that it's the wrong one. So you have some way of error prevention integrated as well. For this prototype, you could also think of a lot of attentions, like it could get the information which medication has to be taken automatically or it could detect if the pill is taken into the right box. But this is actually not what we have right now. Yeah, so it looks a bit less fancy than the picture from the advertisements. But maybe it can save nurses some time and maybe it can do some error correctness. And for these prototypes and some more which are currently evaluated by other researchers or which have been evaluated, there are still a lot of challenges like technical challenges and the challenge how to deal with a small display size. And short battery life for sure. And it can be easy to focus in these details and forget the big picture, forget how can we think technology, how can we think the interaction of the technology and the humans and what will this do with us. So this is part of what the research funding policy could lead us to do. I still think it's very interesting and maybe there will be some good things to do with this technology and this technology can enable us to change the structure of care work. But it cannot be, we shouldn't forget everything else. So this is like our conclusion. We identified basically two obstacles to think about emerging technology in the field of nursing science right now. One is the way to think about technology these days. This is what Anna explained. We had to struggle in nursing science to establish this discipline and there had to be good arguments and the struggle is still going on. So a lot of nursing science are still busy with defending nursing from medicine and sometimes this is kind of projected on defending nursing from technology because technology is also perceived to be naturalistic, binary and doesn't feel the differences in the touch or doesn't get all the small things. And the second thing is the research funding policy which should lead you to develop technological solutions but in the best you know the solution before you really had the question because this is how you try to... How you argument that you need some money to do something for this. You know which solution you want to have. So thank you for your attention. So the microphone says you can line up to the microphone so we will take questions. There might be some questions from the internet as well. And the signal engine is nodding. We'll take questions from number four and then from the signal engine. Yeah thank you for your presentation. If I get this right you said that there's a big research gap of how new technologies influence the relationships between caretakers and the persons who are being taken care of who need help and is there some research going on about this? Like what effects have new caretaking technologies been introduced into nursing on the human side? Should I answer to this? Yeah I will answer to this question. Thank you for this. I mentioned in the last part a Dutch anthropologist who is also working in the field of nursing science. It was Janet Poles. Her research on telecare might be that what you're looking for. She continues a work which was started by Anne-Marie Mol which is also a quite important name in this field. And I recommend you to check this out because her research for example is this one of Janet Poles. It's kind of new in the German context of nursing science. It is not really recognized especially not in this hermeneutical tradition of nursing science that we refer to that we also work with. But as far as I can tell from her research there is the idea of new modes of interaction and that the well-being for example of oncological patients that are cared at a distance by telecare technology or by certain interactive technologies. That those well-being is always a question of how you measure well-being. I know and she also knows this problem but her first research results which she presented in that book are not showing anything what we could what should make us step back from this. So it's more or less affirms that the well-being is secured also by this care at a distance. Is that an answer to your question? Yeah, kind of. I cannot ask another question so thank you. We'll take the question from the signal angel from the internet. Hi, okay so which parts of nursing do you think will change first and how do you think other people will adapt to that? And would it be okay to take two questions at a time? Because we have three more questions left. So for you, all right. Microphone number one. Hello, thank you for your talk. I'm a nurse and I see the problem. I think technology is very important in nursing but I see the problem in the network between the nurses. When you make research or politics, it's very difficult to reach the nurses to get a voice from them. Have your ideas also to find a solution for this? Thank you for this really, really important question because it is kind of a basic problem that we see in that field of nursing science. That is somehow even kind of divided. We have nursing science and we have nursing practice even though our association is based on both but the degree of organization and caring practice is extremely low, which makes it really hard to reach them, to reach out to them as you said. We can see in the lower section, for example, we newly established Flegacama which is an organization form which is kind of stepped forward but it's also controversial because of this centralistic structure. I guess there's a lot of work to be done, organizing work and we can learn, for example, from Switzerland. They are kind of better organized. Yeah, you're right with that hint that this should happen on the same time. This question of organization to be really in the position to take a critical stance on technology and also to develop a self-determined way and also to say we want to use it like this and not like in the other way, in a formalizing way only. So this has to be done, organization of care workers. Thank you. We're basically out of time. So do you have like two second replies to the internet question as well? Yes, I think it's really difficult to answer how part of nursing is changing first. There's a lot of change going on in doing the documentation like on computers and not on paper and there's a lot of change and what else is going on may happen on financial structures as well. Excellent. Thank you very much for both the presentation and the questions for the two questions that weren't able to be asked over the microphones. I'm sure you can find Hannah and Anna just next to the stage after the talk. Thank you very much. Thank you.


It is currently going to a workout class for the gym So today is one of my waking up later days because when I do a workout class for the gym I wake up before 6, but I sleep in a little bit when I don't do a workout I'm just gonna go on a walk today But as you can see it's dark whenever I wake up because it's just getting Darker and darker earlier and earlier now since it's fall and winter's coming It kind of sucks not being able to wake up like with the sun, but at the same time It's also really cozy waking up when it's dark outside So you kind of have to try to look at the positive side of things, but first thing in the morning I don't do any skincare. I just rinse my face with water Brush my teeth because I get sweaty when I work out or when I go to walk anyways So I like washing my face and doing my skincare afterwards It just doesn't make sense to me doing it like in the morning right now So also I do not go on my phone in the morning I just turn my alarm off and leave my phone charging It's still by my bedside and I leave it there until I'm done My whole morning routine just because I used to have a bad habit of checking my phone first thing when I woke up But there's actual scientific evidence behind this that it's really bad for you to go on your phone first thing When you wake up because it like clouds your brain for the rest of the day and stuff like that doing phone Free mornings really has changed my days and just make them so much better And I feel so much better because of it throughout the day It really just sets the tone and vibe for the morning to be really really peaceful and it's just me time Especially this early at like 6 a.m. Nobody's on their phone anyways, so it's kind of perfect time I'm not missing out on anything and you don't need to be reachable at all times So I actually have overnight curls in that I did with a robe that I'm just gonna take out right now before we go downstairs My first two drinks in the morning. I do not like drinking coffee right away I like to kind of cleanse my system first and make sure that I'm hydrated in the morning So I'm gonna show you guys what I do. My first drink is just a lemon salt water So I have a little lemon here, and I'm just gonna squeeze that in lemon is just super good I don't know for what, but I know it's good for a lot of things And it also tastes really good, so okay So now that I got the lemon squeezed I'm gonna add some Celtic salt Celtic salt is so much better for you Then just sea salt it has so much more minerals, and it's very very Hydrating for your body, and it's really good for your brain So they say to have some every morning, and it starts your day off It hydrates you and it also gives your body like so many minerals that it needs I just add like a little pinch Celtic salt has actually been really hard to find because it's been getting sold out everywhere But I found mine at roots natural market, and it's a huge bag So I'm really happy I found it But definitely recommend using Celtic salt in the morning because it makes the biggest difference now I'm just adding some filtered water, but I'm only gonna do it till about like Halfway ish and then the rest I'm gonna put the water that I just boiled just because I don't like drinking Super cold water in the morning first thing I like just kind of diluting it making it warm And then I'm just gonna mix it in with a straw And it is crucial if you're making this warm or hot to drink it with a straw Just because warm lemon water ruins your enamel on your teeth or something like that It's not good for you So if you drink it through straw, then you're just like bypassing all that. Okay, so for my second drink How cute is this little mug by the way? I'm doing bone broth. This is a bone broth by Dr. Killian It has grass-fed bovine collagen in it and I really really love this brand not sponsored But I will leave a link in a coupon code that I have for it down below because they have sponsored on my previous videos But I've been drinking their bone broth for so long now and It's just an essential in my morning because it gives me so much protein in the morning Which is amazing and if I'm working out that day or whatever it like fuels me for that So instead of drinking caffeine this gives me the perfect amount of energy and so I just pour the powder in here and it's that easy and Then I just got a pour boiling water for top Take my little hand whisk just because it's easier to mix it and it does a really good job and That is it. It's that easy to make it in the morning And it's honestly so delicious and yeah It's also so cozy and it just reminds me of fall and it's just nice having like a warm cozy drink in the morning Especially because I don't want to have coffee. This is like a great substitute So now that I have my Drinks ready to go. I got my bone broth and then my lemon salt water I love to take this time in the morning to just have a very very peaceful moment and Just do my gratitude I love using the five-minute journal and it just starts my day off on the best note I feel like it's really easy to just go through your day-to-day life like a robot and Not look around you and realize how many things in your life that you're blessed to have and that you should be thankful for It's really easy to look at the negative side of things a lot of the time and focus on that put your energy towards that When just by a little switch in your mindset You can start looking at the positive things in your life and start appreciating those things and once you start doing that You will manifest so many Amazing and greater things into your life very very easily Gratitude is almost like a manifestation key because one of the steps of manifesting is to be very grateful for what you already have Once you are grateful for everything then that's when more abundance starts flowing in your life Because if you have a negative mindset about everything and you don't really notice what's around you The universe is not going to provide you with more because it's waiting for you to realize what you already have I appreciate that and live in the moment starting my day off with gratitude It's just the best thing because every single day at the beginning of the day. I am not scrolling on Instagram I'm not going on tiktok, but I'm writing down like what I'm so blessed to have in my life And it really really does start my day off on the best note possible And then throughout your day if something bad happens It kind of puts a little seed in your brain to not focus on that because you already thought of all the things that you should be grateful for So then it's easier for your brain to kind of be more positive I will have one of these journals linked in my description So right now i'm just going to do my gratitude journal and then drink my lemon salt water and my bone broth And I like taking my time too like I don't like rushing anything because this is like my me time in the morning And it's just the best way to start my day So I just put my cv on to set the mood to set the vibe This is youtube, but I just searched up fall ambient background And this is just playing some rain sounds some thunderstorms and it's fall themed And i'm obsessed with it. It just romanticizes the morning and sets the vibe while i'm doing like all my morning routine stuff And your body is cold once the earth puts your eyes And take a moment to scan your body just gently seeing if anything wants to relax So I just finished my meditation and I just feel so calm and zen and I just put the autumn Brainy ambiance back in the background on the tv, but now what i'm gonna do is i'm going to read I love reading a self growth book in the morning because it gives me a lot of motivation to start my day And I don't do this every morning, but I do this on mornings where I just kind of have that extra time Where I don't need to be at my workout class at a certain time And when I just have a more chill I guess morning like this morning And my favorite thing to do is put on an autumn ambiance like if it's rainy outside And get cuddled up on the couch in the morning with a good book And I only read for about like 15 10 15 20 minutes depending on how long I want to But it's honestly so cozy and it honestly just like really motivates me for the day And again, it's just like so peaceful in the morning to do and it's so nice to get like snuggled in the couch with a nice book And I feel like reading is just so Fall reading is in season now because I don't know. I just correlate reading with like cozy vibes and now since it's fall Um, I am starting to read again, and I'm starting to get back into books. So it's exciting Ready and my cozy Puffer and I have my leggings on and me and Joel are just about to go on a beautiful fall nature walk Whenever I don't like work out in the morning or go to a workout class or whatever I love to go on some sort of nature walk like I still love to move my body Especially in the fall because I am obsessed with how the leaves turn orange How they turn yellow and I love to immerse myself in nature Especially during the fall because I just think that the trees changing colors are so beautiful And I just wanted to get advantage of it while it lasts and before all the trees become bare for winter So I love to prioritize like fall cozy walks because you get bundled up You could put your cute jacket or fleece on and go for a cute fall walk and sometimes I'll even like get a starbucks Before I go and even go with a friend sometimes But Joel will come with me sometimes and I usually never go alone because I don't know it's kind of sketchy I don't want to get kidnapped so always be careful But yeah, I just love doing fall nature walks I just feel like it's the best time of year to go on a walk because it's not too hot You get to be bundled up and it's just perfect. I've got my uggs on Today and I'm all cozyed up with my leggings and my puffer and we're gonna go on a nature walk Okay guys, I just feel so cozy now that nature walk just hits the spot in the morning and is just such fall vibes I did this like every day last fall I went on a nature walk and it was just the best thing ever And it just really helps you like soak in and appreciate the season even more because you're seeing the trees every day But anyways, so since I don't have breakfast first thing when I wake up I kind of let my body like I do a bit of intermittent fasting I guess and I think that it really works for me I do have my bone broth But that's like just really really small and it just like fuels me for my workout and stuff now at this point in the morning I get really really hungry and I'm gonna cook breakfast. I like switching up my breakfast every morning I don't really like having the same thing every day. I like experimenting with recipes if it's fall I'll look up some cute like fall pancakes or something like that I just really like changing and switching up my breakfast But I always make sure that my breakfast is healthy Make sure that I'm having something like nutritious with protein Honestly, breakfast is just my favorite meal of the day. I look forward to it the most and yeah So I'm gonna make breakfast and then after we're gonna make a coffee. I'm thinking of making some egg Turkey bacon tortillas with some salsa. These are gluten-free. I got the matthew foods the other day But they're actually really good And I wish I had a ripe avocado, but the avocados that I bought the other day are not ripe yet So I would add that in there if I had this is the brand of the Gluten-free tortillas that I'm using My little breakfast tacos. I just put turkey bacon eggs and then salsa, but they're so good If you have avocado, definitely add it in but so yummy I'm just gonna eat this now and then we'll make a coffee after but so good. I haven't had these in so long Okay, guys, so I just finished breakfast now We're gonna make a cute little pumpkin cream cold foam moment starbucks I'm gonna show you guys what I'm gonna do. I'm kind of just gonna honestly freestyle this recipe I feel like it's gonna turn out good. So I'm just gonna start off with my pumpkin. I'm gonna open this can So I'm just gonna put like I don't know a spoon And maybe a bit in like that And then I'm gonna put in some maple syrup just a couple teaspoons And then now I'm just gonna take my pumpkin pie spice and put in like a quarter teaspoon maybe like that much And then this is my homemade creamer that I made from almonds and cashews I will link the video where I put the recipe down below But now I'm just gonna pour that in it's not like as thick as you would buy store bought So it's not gonna give like the same cold foam effect, but honestly, it's pretty close. So it'll be fine So now I'm just going to take my little hand frother and just for all that all together I'm just gonna use this cold brew. I just bought it at my local grocery store I'm pretty sure you can find this one anywhere. I'm pretty good honestly Okay, so Now I'm just gonna give this a little last minute stir now. You just want to pour it over Like I said, I think this one's just gonna sink in because it's not thick enough, but That looks so good. Okay. Now. I'm just gonna top it up with some cinnamon Oh my god, that is so good 10 out of 10 I recommend So now this is the time of day where I Kind of just write down my to-do list for today look over what I have to do I go on my laptop fill in my notion for my schedule just take a look at that Do emails like anything I need to do work wise if I need to edit catch up on some things Reply to my management in the morning while I drink my coffee And this is just like kind of setting up my day and organizing everything This is essential because if I don't do this then I have no idea what I need to do for the day That way I make sure that I stay organized and I'm always on top of everything every single morning But yeah, so that's what I'm gonna do right now Also, look at how cute my new fault background is that's the selfie in the little picture thing That's the selfie of my sister, but how cute is my little pumpkin background? I can't wait to go to the pumpkin patch in october So that is about it for my morning routine you guys, but on the agenda today I need to make a pumpkin pie because we're going over to Joel's house to do his family's Thanksgiving a week early Canadian Thanksgiving Is early October but Joel's family wants to celebrate it a week early So I'm gonna make like a dairy-free gluten-free pumpkin pie because I can't have dairy or gluten So that's what I'm gonna whip up now And I'm gonna show you guys the recipe just in case you want pumpkin pie in spo And I don't obviously don't do this every morning But I thought I would just include it in this vlog since it is a fall morning routine So I feel like it would just be cute to bake a little pumpkin pie together So yeah, this is my first time ever Baking a dairy-free gluten-free pumpkin pie. So wish me luck. I just found the recipe on google So I hope it's good. It has good reviews, but I will let you guys know Let's start baking it. Oh, here's how the pies turned out I might even like top it with icing whip cream or vegan ice cream, but this was just our little There was more left. So I just put it in here to bake so we can taste it And it's so good you guys Would definitely recommend and these pie shells are pretty good for being gluten-free Um, they held together nice and my mom has already bought them. So I know that they taste good I'm actually really happy because I thought I might not be able to have pumpkin pie this year So I am so happy about this