Hi there, welcome back to my YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rosal here. So I wanted to record a video Just demonstrating something I've been doing for a number of months now with YouTube and if I may be so modest I think it's a pretty decent idea one of maybe my better ideas. I've had Over the last year in terms of tech stuff and that is basically setting up a testing channel For YouTube and I wanted to just take a few moments in this video to kind of just talk Through why you might want to do that why I did that and what I use it for just to kind of give you an idea If you're also starting out on your YouTubeing journey just like I am and you want a separate place to kind of test with now There are a couple of reasons that you might want a different channel But before I even get into that let me bring across here the terms of service and the caveat here is I'm not 100% certain doing something like this is Kosher the AV YouTube and the reason that it's that I'm sort of checking this and mentioning this is that it's always a good idea to at least make an effort to figure this out now if you wanted to dig deeper into this question you could probably YouTuber very hard to get hold of someone at the company, but they do have community forums There are a few active subreddit so you could try asking around there, but I suspect it's fine But these are in any event they're YouTube terms of service which you can find easily available on the internet and I just did a search within this document for Channel and I just saw what was there and under the section Google accounts and YouTube channel they basically say You can use parts of the service without having a Google account. However, you do need a Google account for some features With the Google account you may be able to like videos Subscribe to channels and create your own YouTube channel So that's not really saying anything particularly revolutionary or that anybody who uses YouTube doesn't know Already that you need a Google account to create a YouTube channel You know, they say the channels can't violate YouTube's content policies And there's a separate section about that You may use your content to promote your business or artistic emphasize You must not submit to the service any content that does not comply with this agreement or the law such as copyrighted material I'm just gonna put myself Down here just for a few moments Your legal response for the content you submit We may use automated systems that analyze your content to help detect infringement and abuse such as spam malware and illegal content so I try digging through this these terms and conditions and I didn't see anything that said to me obviously, you know YouTubers cannot Operate a channel for the purpose of testing their footage I didn't see anything like that But I'm just wanted to be totally transparent and say that you you know do this at your own a discretion Now in terms of how many accounts you can set how many channels you can set up with anyone Google account So something just to realize is that and according to this article now that was from 2019 from harsh Agrawal Thanks to YouTube for coming up with a great idea of multiple YouTube channels under a single Gmail account By the way, also a G suite account or what's now called at Google Workspaces you can create up to 50 YouTube channels So you're you're not going to run into any limitation regarding the number of channels and when you go and create a channel in YouTube you are creating a new Brand account So there's a difference between a Gmail account or a Google account whether we're talking Gmail or we're talking Google Workspaces and a brand account But in any event you can have up to 50 Brand accounts on one Gmail account and if you're like most people you're not going to come anywhere near That 50 limit even if you do keep a couple of channels for testing So I just wanted to firstly make that make those couple of Points clear now. How do you go and create a new YouTube channel? So there is what I like to think of as the magic URL and that is youtube.com forward slash channel underscore Switcher and I just kind of put it up here Now the reason I call it the magic URL is that's where you get to this nice page which has your channels and I Have not found it through the back end and I've heard other people saying the same thing And like it's just not there in the menus and this is like such a vital URL Please correct me in a comment if it is there in any event It's not hard to put that URL into your bookmarks and once you're at that URL You can shift between your different brand accounts if you have multiple ones And you can also get to your a create a new channel now just another recommendation is if you are using Creating a YouTube brand account for a personal channel I personally think it's not a good idea to use your default brand account every Gmail account And G suite or Google work workspaces account comes with its own YouTube so you can just go into YouTube and click on create a channel now I don't recommend doing that I recommend that even if you're only planning and operating one channel without any intention to do You know something like a testing account nevertheless I think it's good to keep that separate so that if you want to if you're gonna start working with I Don't know a marketing agency and you want to add managers to that brand account that it's already gonna be a separate entity To your main YouTube account, so that's just my personal recommendation On that front now. Let's get back to let's get back to this so if you've gone through the channel switcher you can now create a new channel and I just called mine very imaginately Daniel Rosal Testing but you can you know you can you can use your own Imagination to figure something out now I have set up a couple of these one was called Daniel Rosal staging and my idea there is to have some kind of a workflow whereby I Would put in videos that were sort of and in the process of development and if I wanted to show them to Somebody for feedback Let's say a creative partner or an internet community that rather than show them something living on my actual YouTube channel I would have a staging channel and that would just kind of keep those things separate now Probably not necessary, but if you have that 50 limit I kind of say if it's okay with Google build out a few different resources for yourself now Let me talk about the the testing channel and what you might want to use it for So let me just go back in here to the channel and The advanced settings permission and let's start this with looking at the Looking at the channel first of all so once you've got your new channel set up This is the testing channel. I've just created and there are a couple of things I would typically do or change in the settings, right? Firstly, you might want to add brand manager So let's just think of a situation in which I'll give you a real one So I'm thinking about live streaming a wedding for a friend in a couple of days Now, this is actually a real thing. My friend is having a wedding On Friday and he hasn't figured out like the live stream aspect for the wedding and he's like He asked me if I could like help him out and I'm looking into options One of those being doing a live stream on YouTube now The same logic applies if I'm going to be testing doing something like streaming different cameras from OBS I would rather do that on a separate Channel that I'm not going to be sending out to anybody whether that's subscribers or Just you know people at the wedding, let's say so that's just another example of that now one thing I should point out is that when you when you enable yourself Access to the more advanced YouTube features that goes on a channel by channel basis now What I mean by those features is stuff like uploading videos that are more than 15 minutes in length or Creating live streams Whether those are live live streams that you create on the fly or whether those are scheduled live streams So before YouTube lets you live stream From a desktop It needs you need to validate your cell phone and then that process takes 24 hours now all this applies at the time of recording So you want to go and do that on if you're going to be testing it live streaming from this sort of a thing a testing channel You want to go ahead and do that 24 hours before you want to do the test second thing again is regarding the Upload limit of 15 minutes if you want to get rid of that It's going to be a problem for your testing account Then just know that even if you've done that on your main account, you're going to have to do it again Because this is considered a separate channel. It's considered a separate brand account. It's kind of like its own Entity in the world of Google in so far as that you know You can add different brand managers that are on your main account So it's like its own thing and therefore even if you've gone through that validation once you're going to have to go through that validation again, so and if you So here's just kind of a few changes I would make or that would come to mind and there's only actually one key one So go into channel settings And I would change the visibility to either private or unlisted now The difference between those is that when you have a private URL in YouTube, it's just visible according to which Google accounts it's been shared with so you have to share it each time with a different Google account and unlisted is much more powerful Technically a little bit riskier because it's a URL that anybody with that link can see so For this use case for my friends wedding I would probably actually do No, I probably do private because they're both on Gmail and I would add them both as Brand managers or I would do unlisted for this one Let's go for this demo channel. Let's go with a private For the moment and that means the default upload setting It's going to be private. So I don't really need to worry so much because if I'm just going into my phone and quickly Trying a new microphones and I want to say hey What are those going to sound like on YouTube after YouTube has processed the video and that's exactly the kind of thing I would use this testing channel for because you know, I know what my what it's going to sound like by recording it That's pretty easy But if you want to see what it's going to sound like in YouTube then the best way to do that would be to go through this process of trial and error and Seeing how that would actually sound so You know, you could add more things here for instance and going to add that you know Testing video, please do not share this you are out publicly or with External parties. I probably wouldn't put something as as corporate sounding as this But you get the idea if you're making videos with Sort of a buddy or a couple of friends and you want to play around amongst yourselves. You could add one another as channel managers and That would mean that you'd both be able to Upload to this testing channel from your YouTube app So your friends on a different Gmail, you're on a Google workspace account or G Suite It doesn't matter add him as a manager into the brand account I'm just going to show you where that screen is as well That is that screen. This is this is the screen that looks like this. You have a brand account details and there's a little User box here where it says manage permissions now. None of this is permanent, which is pretty cool so that if you later decide that you Don't want to have this testing account and you're happy to get rid of the videos you might have seen on that last screen there was a little button saying delete account and You can just delete the brand account So that's basically everything I really kind of have to say about these testing accounts You know, I would configure the permissions to Upload defaults to private and there's one more thing actually that I'm going to show And that is that I would Take off the I would just try to keep this channel sort of out hoping to do everything in your power To prevent people from discovering it which is probably the exact opposite of what you'd want to do with the typical channel So again because this is testing I always do this. I don't I've never produced Made for kids content, I don't have any intention of doing so Therefore I would turn that off so you don't get those annoying prompts every time you upload a video is this for kids And it's not and the second thing I was going to recommend is display the number of people now I actually have this hidden on my main channel and that's just because I sort of don't like the idea of Everybody being able to see when you know, I picked up a subscriber. I lost a subscriber Yeah, it's just a bit of pressure that I feel like I can live without Especially while I'm in the sort of earlier phases of growth for my YouTube channel and future eligibility Let me just show you that also where you can check that out and that is That is this little screen here So you can see features that require phone verification custom thumbnails live streams and videos over 15 minutes now on my Actual YouTube channel the one you're watching this video on right now. I've gone through the phone verification process Therefore I can do live streaming I can do videos longer than 15 minutes, etc. But this is considered a new entity Therefore I am not able to do that and I'm gonna need to just after I record this I'm going to need to go through that process from scratch Can it create problems having the same phone number tied to multiple brand account for verification purposes? I have no idea about that question. It's possible And it's possible. It's possible that it doesn't so that wasn't very helpful Let me just show you one final thing and that's just you know, there's either is a way to test How well all this is working for you? And that is basically to just sort of run a search on yourself through YouTube from a guest browsing Windows. So go into incognito mode on Google Chrome or some other web browser and Then you can go to YouTube and just search for yourself So I searched here for Daniel Rosell It's funny because it actually includes in the count. I definitely do not at 426 Videos and the reason there's so many videos here is because Sort of this before I separated out this process. This was My process I would put these testing videos up into my main YouTube account therefore, it's totaling everything for that number, but You know do a search for yourself and just see if Anything you don't want to do that you don't want to be showing up on YouTube And this is as a regular person would search for it is not showing is showing up So if you can click on to filters and click on to channel And you can see that perhaps there's a couple of other other Channels you've set up and I don't see I don't see it. I also see that my subscriber number is hidden Which is good. That's the way I wanted to set it up and I'm just searching for staging Which is one of the channels that I set up and there's a couple of videos there and you can see that if you don't publicize your channel Don't publicize your videos. It doesn't look to your average YouTube Browser as if this exists. There's no there's nothing showing up here There's just videos showing up from my main YouTube account that I guess I've used the word staging in or staging is in the Automated transcript therefore they're showing up in search results, but for all intents and purposes That channel is not visible Not that it's going to show up at any chance when I just created it, but Testing there's no there's no evidence of it. There's just this video. I did a couple of weeks ago on a Delta flight where he's testing out microphones and therefore that's keyword matching for Testing, but the channel itself is effectively hidden So that's how you can set up a couple of additional channels on your YouTube whether you want just one For the purposes of testing whether you want one another one for staging and one for testing whatever the case may be I do think that if you are Working in a creative workflow with a couple of other people on a YouTube channel such as you're working with a Marketing agency you're working with a brand manager or something of that nature I think having one or two extra channels that you know the upload default setting is private It's not going to get it's not going to slip out to your public channel, which might have a ton of subscribers I think that's something quite quite valuable to do and I found it very helpful so far So thank you guys for watching this video. Hope it was useful If you'd like to get more video content for me, please feel free to subscribe to this YouTube channel


Kiki's frozen and muted hi everybody Well Kiki's figuring Well cuz you're looking at her, but you weren't moving so I thought you're also oh man. She fully left. She's like I've had it You're watching the unadulterated raw live version of the show and so things like this happen sometimes but If you listen to this later in iTunes or Stitcher or Spreaker or Spotify or wherever you listen to our audio It'll be nice and polished It'll be edit. I mean it'll be edited But if you're listening to this now, it's too late you're in for the unedited. Yeah It's like a secret. It's like like nobody else knows right? Yeah, like everyone here knows about the unedited version of the show They never hear us talking about this kind of secret. This is the secret club. You're here. Yeah, you've done it So Kiki will hopefully join us in a moment Well, you can just launch the show, you know the things to say at the beginning, don't you? Yeah, I I feel weird Checking I'm gonna text her You do that meanwhile Twist what episode are we? Thank you So first of all, you're clipping a bunch again and also Oh, no, and you're also like it's so crazy Doesn't happen on my end like I can't see it so that's so strange because I see you apparently reacting in real time I think my internet needs to like warm up It needs like the first day for when I after I say three One two three Four That was like the count of seven Wow Yeah You on Mars right now. This is like a very long ping. Yeah From this way, it's wild because from this end obviously everything's in real time Every there's no you have no delay back. It's so it's not like a marine radio Where I know that you're done delay. I can tell that you're on delay. I can't tell at all You seem like you're responding to things. So in your experience, there's no delay. I'm just waiting for you on the back end Yeah, this is rough and refresh the page this page just got opened. There was nothing else open There was no there's no other the browsers just got restarted the computer got restarted the Wi-Fi got restarted So meanwhile Kiki told me to start But I don't know if I could do that where we're just gonna be talking over each other Literally the entire time. So maybe you should also restart or something. I don't know okay. I'll try to you stay there Don't go anywhere. Okay Me now. Hi, buddy I would love to start the show, but that seems silly. So I'm gonna wait for one of the two to come back Yeah, so here we are oh, okay, so our and Lord checked and he's three seconds behind. Okay Well, let's see. I was gonna show everybody I can show you all this while we're waiting. I Have been hard at work On Yes, there's exciting news coming. Oh, here's Justin Hey Justin, baby. Hi. Is it working? Hi five four three two one Whoa gosh now you're delayed Five four three two one. Oh, it's better. I think it's better. Okay. Okay. Let's let's start Okay, yeah Okay, this we're gonna we're gonna you're gonna you're gonna do it No, you do it. I don't have it up. Okay. All right. I have to I have to open up the music Cuz I just realized Okay, this entire movie is gonna be made in post of the controls man Why not you're gonna sit around do catering? We're gonna take some break Equipment but we'll actually put the whole movie will be done in post Okay, don't worry about anything that happens here today Okay, I Want to start I'm gonna do my intro you're gonna do this climber. Here we go This is twist this week in science episode number 901 recorded on Wednesday November 16th 2022 will leprosy save our lives Hi, everybody. I'm Blair Basterich. Dr. Kiki's Internet exploded. I don't know. She'll be back later in the show I'm really I'm putting the positive mode out there. She will rejoin us and Today, we're gonna fill your head with life death and deaf mosquitoes, but first Disclaimer disclaimer disclaimer This week the president of the United States shared with the world how the USA is meeting the climate crisis with urgency and Determination to ensure a cleaner safer and healthier planet for us all first the US has joined something called the Paris Climate Accord and Created something called an economies arm. So there's that The US president then went on to say that the administration would spark a cycle of innovation to improve clean technology to accelerate Decarbonization in other countries to accelerate an adaptation of climate-friendly policies to accelerate Action on climate and that we all need to be accelerating our efforts to and I quote Turbo charge the emmer the enter the excuse me turbo charge the emerging global clean energy clean energy economy Turbo charging fun fact is a way to burn more gas in an engine Anyway, they said that this would shift the paradigm of the United States that we were racing forward to do our part by driving Progress in the private sector by driving progress around the world so much shifting Accelerating driving and turbo charged racing references in one speech somehow the president of the United States Couldn't even figure out how to give a speech about climate without putting everything in terms of burning fuel in the combustion engine President then made the bold claim that you would reach a goal It set 17 years ago of cutting its carbons in half by 2030 With eight years to go U.S. Is less than halfway to its target and It's projected to lose much of that progress over the next few years as the economy rebounds from the pandemic And all of this is focused on carbon reduction to maintain a 1.5 degrees Celsius global increase which current research has shown is Going to be more like three degrees if much more aggressive action isn't taken Overall, it's great to see the US president engaged in climate talks Or giving a climate-focused speech at a climate event, but attendance alone does not get you good grades if so the hundreds of oil lobbyists in attendance at cop 27 Would get the same grade as world leaders Come to think of it Maybe they too One place attendance definitely does count is whenever you drop in here to hear another episode of this week in science Coming up next I've got the kind of mind I can't get enough I want a little up with new discoveries that happen every day of the week There's only one place to go to find the knowledge. I seek. I want to know science to you Kiki and Blair And a good science to you too Justin Blair and everyone else out there Thank you for joining us for another episode of this week in science. We are back again We're ready for this So ready to talk about the science, okay Well this week exciting things have happened and I have stories about gene drives for mice an Artemis update and a brain router Hopefully a little bit more reliable than the one that I'm working with currently. What do you have Justin? I've got living longer with leprosy livers the oldest cooked meal ever ancient footprints and Just good news about global warming news I can't wait Blair, what's in the animal corner? I have killing the speed mosquitoes The passive way I also have twin fish and gay termites Awesome, this sounds like a wonderful show. I'm looking forward to all of it I hope everyone who's here is looking forward to all the science as well and all the discussion And as we jump into everything I just want to remind you that if you are not yet subscribed We're all over the place We are on YouTube Facebook and twitch where we stream live weekly at 8 p.m. Pacific time on Wednesdays We are twist science on twitch and Twitter and Instagram And we are this week in science pretty much everywhere else and you can find us all places that podcasts are found and our website is twist org if you have Not a piece of paper to write all this stuff down on and that makes it easier for you Ready for the science Okay, so my the first story I wanted to start out with tonight Has to do like Blair mentioned getting rid of mosquitoes We've talked about using gene drive to get rid of mosquitoes where gene drive is a technology that allows us to modify genes so that You put in a certain gene into the genome and then that gene is Driven through the entire population So that it just it exists all over the place and that gene is We've talked about in mosquitoes previously meant to Stop reproductive capacity so that the population dies out because they can't reproduce anymore well There is a study out as of this last week in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences about a technology that they're calling T crisper And it was previously developed to target malaria producing mosquitoes, but This time they have Targeted the house mouse in Australia Why why because the house mouse is an invasive species in Australia and is causing all sorts of ecological problems And so the idea is that in a place like Australia we could use gene drive to stop reproductive capacity in a Invasive species and invasion invasive species like the house mouse And Then use it as biological control We know how well biological control has worked in many other previous situations But the the issue here that's very interesting is that this is the first time that they've been able to use gene drive to suppress reproduction in a vertebrate species Previously we've been looking at this in Invertebrates in mosquitoes mosquitoes who we go. Oh mosquitoes. They're awful, right? Even though we've had many Different conversations here on the show about the usefulness of mosquitoes This particular modification Makes all female mice infertile so it could lead to great Population control However This is a very this is still just in the lab They have not yet shown this as a possibility in the wild and we don't really know how this gene will Whether or not it would succeed as well as it does in the lab in the wild because that's a different situation however The researchers are saying the system is species specific because the house mouse only breeds with other House mice and not native mice preventing the spread of the system between species Don't count on that there's a lot of mice out there and two mice in the fields You just don't always know what they're gonna be up to Yeah, so it's a it's an interesting Interesting question Because they're looking at Australia as an island as opposed to it's a big continent, you know, it's just as an island, but it's a continent and Even though we might be targeting a species on an island Somewhere island species are often very good at traveling Well, they have to be because how'd they get there? Don't worry about this because this this mouse won't end up anywhere else. Well, how'd it get there?  You're like, whoa, I hope nothing bad happens, but you know what give me some bad happen It'd be worth it to get rid of the mosquitoes even though they're pollinators This is just they just have a awful way awful manners They take meals where they're not offered, right? Yeah gosh Mice so, you know, but then this is this is I can we can all talk all day About a problem that we're not dealing with That somebody else is taking too drastic a measure to counter But if it's destroying while life Fonda there that if it's ruining crops if it's invading homes if it's pushing out other species in the biome and it's Yeah You know physical traps can only do so much and the other alternative That we've used in the past is poisoning which then kits anything in that environment and goes all the way up and down to food chains so, you know Yeah, maybe that's a solution Right, the only problem with the gene drive is there's not a if you start poisoning and you're like oh Looks like this poison actually affects more creatures than we thought you can stop right Yeah, stop deploying it right around with the gene drive is it once it's out there It's out there. That's just it well But this is where the beauty of the island comes into play So just take a few of each of the local rodents right that are that are endemic that you want to save Make sure you have a stable genetic population in in captivity Then release the gene drive then if it totally messes everything up and all of the rodent populations collapse You just give it a few years and then reintroduce the Species that you had in captivity again because it's about an island so it's contained right You know never mind population bottlenecks and all that stuff, but you know don't I mean you can only do so much I Think I'd have more confidence to if Australia had a good history of dealing with invasive species Yeah, fix the content before you move on to the house mouse Fix the can't oh problem Don't start creating new oh my god speaking of cane toad There was an amazing story this week that I did not bring to the show that I just want everyone to Google later Which is about how cane toads eat and maybe you know what I'll bring it next week for For Thanksgiving for twist giving I'll bring it next. Oh my okay. Stay tuned. I'm gonna talk about cane toad swallowing.  Okay speaking of swallowing You had a story Justin about We got us we got to swallow something about longevity and leprosy. Yeah, what? Smooth transition kid Yeah, you're welcome But most is to live longer lives Not all humans prioritize this Fashionable idea Healthy aging require Health to keen interest in keeping organs healthy Beyond their factory warranty dates There's exercise and diet options for sustaining organ health to a point But at some point one or more organs will fail and since you typically need all of your organs functioning all of the time This failure of organ function often results in death, but what if we could rejuvenate our existing organs? Turn back the clock on years of perhaps willful neglect or just science our way out of the normal aging process Hope may have arrived Yes, researchers have unlocked longer lives through the liver and leprosy and Nine banded armadillos. Oh Yes, one of the only animals that still get leprosy. Yes Yeah, and an interesting question because Maybe they got it from us to begin with I think that's still an open question that the only animal that Other than humans that contracts a lot over contracts leprosy might have gotten it from us Hundreds of years ago. Anyway, it causes a leprosy. If you're not familiar is an infection of the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae it causes extensive nerve and muscle damage throughout the body leaving victims with severe disfigurement and Resulting disability major scary disease for much of human history Now treatable with antibiotics. Thank you science So this is a really this is a really strange story though the nine banded armadillos That yes, can very very often can be the host I think there's a number I saw with something like 20% of armadillo population has leprosy Just it's a happy place. It likes to likes to live on an armadillo In infected armadillos the leprosy bacteria was found to reprogram the entire liver and significantly increased total liver size They also discovered several indicators that the main kinds of liver cells the patasites had reached a Rejuvenated state and did animals So this isn't just like liver liver enlargement or liver swelling or inflammation anything like that Jeans related to metabolism growth and cell proliferation were activated and those linked with aging were down Regulated or even suppressed Scientists think this is because the leprosy bacteria reprogram the liver cells Returning them dialing them back to the earlier stage of progenitor cells Which in turn became new hepatocytes and grew new liver tissues findings have been published in a journal cell reports medicine and it suggests a possibility of adapting the natural process To renew aging livers and increase healthy healthy liver life spans in humans Also may be used as a way to regrow damaged livers thereby reducing the need for Transplantation, which is currently the only option for people who are having sort of end stage scarred liver disease type problems There were disease currently kills 2 million people in the world, so this could be very significant also when they found is that there's there was no a Increase in like tumor activity or anything like that. So this is not just like a runaway growth issue It really sort of dialed it back to what they compared to a human liver and in vitro just like of a developing liver That's fascinating dial it back start it over. Yeah That's wild. Yeah So I should go cuddle with at least five armadillos.  No Okay, so they're gonna learn what all of the molecular Signals are and how the leprosy is leading to this Proliferative state to the other way to do it. Yeah, right. Okay. Okay. I think something at some point it will involve leeches No, that's always been I was thinking about that. This seems very I'm gonna go to the barber type of Why does it have to have leeches? Leprosy leeches because leprosy.  Yeah, we think of it as an ancient disease We think of it as something that has been eradicated. It hasn't it's just that it's There it's treatable with antibiotics. Yeah So so it's not one of those diseases where like there, you know, there was there was colonies like people got the disease They would send them to go live off in the leprosy village Which with all the other lepers too, that was the whole thing, you know It's a really awful treatment of humans resulted from this But kind of maybe some understanding of germ theory, which is interesting. I don't know if it really yeah, maybe but or just like You know, you got the vapors. Yeah, exactly. Well, they know there's like contagion, right? It's pretty interesting. Yeah. Yeah anyway So armadillos with leprosy. Yeah are going to help us save our livers Did you know that nine-mitted armadillos always give birth to identical quadruplets? I did not but now I do go Wow Trivia, they have leprosy, too identical lepros armadillo Quadruplets Alright, oh joy. All right Blair. What do you have for us? Oh? Good news about mosquitoes Good news. All right. So this is from Nagoya University. This is a new way potentially to control mosquito populations more passive method I would say then a gene drive or Poisoning them with pesticides that maybe you'll get to other animals in the environment. I like it is very Specific to mosquitoes and has I would think less of a concern about getting out to neighboring populations so The researchers kind of discovered they're like, you know those mosquitoes are always buzzing around that buzzing is really annoying well It turns out that this sound that the females are making when they fly around where they're seeking Sources of blood male mosquitoes actually listen to that for this very specific high-pitched noise to find females Male mosquito ears are shaped like antennas and they vibrate at the same frequency as female mosquito wings So their wings are making this buzzing sound and the the male mosquitoes are listening to that sound going Oh, that sounds like a female mosquito And so when a female flies by the male ears detect this frequency resonate They send a signal to their brain. They go go get her And so tune in tune in. Yeah, and so this study was looking at what if we made it so the males couldn't hear the females buzzing So they wanted to see if they could make the male mosquito ears go out of tune So that they were totally oblivious to the presence of females So the in this version of mosquito control the idea is you just stop future mosquitoes from ever being born Because mom and dad mosquito would never meet And so what they did is they identified the involvement of a major neurotransmitter Serotonin in the auditory system of the insect and so then they manipulated serotonin levels They use laser Doppler vibrometry Which involves using a laser as a highly sensitive measurement tool to detect changes in nanoscale vibrations of mosquito ears and so they use that to measure the vibrations after serotonin related Changes so they they changed the exposure to serotonin And saw how those vibrations kind of differed and they discovered that after they fed the mosquitoes a serotonin inhibiting compound Their vibration frequency decreased and they couldn't hear the ladies anymore So The next step is to figure out exactly which receptors are responsible for tuning the ears of the mosquitoes so that they can Target that exact receptor So that they can be way more specific about how this is gonna work, right? Because you can't just spray serotonin everywhere like that'll fix the mosquitoes So there's still a lot to be done here, but I love this idea of a more Of a more passive population control of just like what if we just make them just have misconnections over Just man just never worked out You said her in the chat room. Why not use speakers to produce the same sound? The female wings make to lure the males into traps Mosquito zappers with the buzzing, but I think it would drive us crazy potentially I don't know so so it would it would drive us crazy up into an age of somewhere in the mid-20s You can't hear mosquitoes anymore. I know they're gone They're really hearing is pretty bad, but I can still hear mosquitoes So that was that's the whole idea between behind this what was actually called the mosquito Which was a device that British shop owners would put out front of their stores that would make a high-frequency pitch sound That only teenagers could hear You lose you you don't realize it. It's not that your hearing is all bad, but the high High-range frequency is probably long gone Blair. You just haven't noticed it. No, I know that but it's not I still hear mosquitoes. Oh Well, yeah, but you So yeah, so maybe it's the thing that teenagers would hear maybe it's the thing we're all here But yeah, I think that's a fun. I think that is a fun gillisator suggestion Then I was asking why can't we just spray serotonin everywhere that would mess us up Ultimately, yeah, we don't need that everywhere, right? Yeah, that's kind of like there's nothing scarier than a mosquito lab Are those pictures of people sticking their entire arm into a mosquito box to see how many times they get bit No, thank you I'll pass on that. Yeah. Oh my goodness. All right, so serotonin inhibitors for Mosquitoes so that they mom and dad can't make babies Seems easy enough. Let's just let's just make that happen easier than some of the other things we've talked about to control mosquito population so Is it as easy as launching a mission to the moon? Yes, no, I don't know Well, we got to you know, we literally got to the moon last time based on Newtonian physics, which is like hundreds and hundreds of years old and wasn't even completely right like about how Space and time worked. So yeah do it with with a good calculation and Partial knowledge of physics. Sure No problem. Well NASA has not had a problem this time so yet again the first time since 1972 We have launched a mission in the direction of the moon Today at about 1 30 ish in the morning Eastern time We saw the launch of the Artemis one mission that has Taken off with the the Orion shuttle has separated from the rockets and has Has jettisoned its own rocket boosters and is on its way With its mannequin crew To the moon it's gonna go around the moon It's gonna come back and this is oh, hey, look at that advertisements. I love that and it's going to Give us Proof that we can send people once again. Can we send a humankind back to the moon? It's gonna send us Well, it'll come back and if it comes well It'll come back and if it comes back in one piece and the mannequins and everything is everything good That is like we can do it again That's do it and let's go every time NASA's doing this kind of stuff It makes me really question whether or not we got there the first time Like we're gonna see if we can prove a concept of putting a man on the moon But yeah, they would they when they did it before if we did it with a much more primitive Technology Advanced technology Which might need to update in the middle of the mission and therefore just you know things so you have all these new Well, but this is the thing There's yes, some you know modern technology wiring other things But when it comes to the rockets like we're still just using a big old rocket to get it off the planet and It's it's not that much advanced from what we were using before so the question is neurobiologists saying rocket science It's just rocket science Yes, well this this SLS rocket the Artemis mission was made up of the SLS rocket, which was 322 feet tall and it emitted nine million pounds of thrust 4.1 million kilograms for those of you who like the metric system to get away from our planet to flee, Florida The Orion spacecraft broke away with its moona kins. Yes. Thank you gold isator. I saw that comment in the chat room and About two hours after liftoff the Orion free flu and has been headed Away from our planet. There have been some great pictures from the Orion shuttle heading Toward the moon with the earth in the background. It's well on its way And you know, I was I was skeptical that this would happen this year So it's very exciting that they have made this happen and the SLS mission the Artemis one mission is on its way It does bode well for a return to the moon. So this is Good Congratulations on the billions and billions of dollars spent on the single-use giant rocket that put the capsule That's the very tiny into space and let's spend billions and millions more dollars to put another Rocket underneath that giant capsule, but with people in it. Let's do it But I don't know why to send people I Think we do such a great job Robots in in space now they definitely can stay there longer they can get therefore a lot more work done Rovers are going for sure.  You got to bring them back right away. Yeah Oh, they need our oxygen and their food and all this stuff We haven't melded with the machines yet. So, you know, if we have any, you know, haven't we? No, not completely. We're not we're not half AI yet So, you know, we do want to leave the planet like I'd really explore the universe at this point in time It's you know people we got to go We got to go people got to go. We got to use it. You say we haven't melded yet. I've been on mass transit I've been out in public. I've seen Connected to an electronic device. I don't really know what more Connected they can be the fact that it plugs into them to recharge like won't make that much of a difference at that point Yeah, oh People are we going to spread our DNA through the universe? It's a big question Human base a moon base from which we can explore the rest of the solar system It's coming but the first steps are getting back to the moon. And so this is that direction. Congratulations, NASA But instead of looking to the future Justin, tell me what we have learned from the past There is an archaeological site in Israel But he was an year old fish What whoa fresh water? Was that was that blurted a little bit sound because there was a Hiccup in the feed here. Was that your reaction?  Go ahead and move on. I'll do it later No, all right. He's shaking your head now. Okay. Oh Everyone in the chat room is saying you're breaking up in the extreme So, okay, I'll go away. I'll come back Let's see if it'll improve because it seems to do fine when I right when I get here and then now It's really getting worse. Okay People are waking up. I don't know what's going on But instead of thinking of the past, let's think of the future. Let's really let's let's continue thinking of the future This week in science is still with you. Thank you for joining us for another episode We do appreciate that you are here once again And if you are enjoying the show, please do share it with a friend additionally if you are Thinking that you want to see twist keep going into the future then we would appreciate your support as a patron And if you would love to join us on patreon head over to twist.org click the patreon link and Choose your level of support join our supporting community as a patron $10 and more per month and we will thank you by name at the end of the show We really appreciate your support and cannot do what we do without you Really can't it's nothing without you But now we're gonna come on back and it is that time of the show that we get to talk about animals It's that wonderful time of the show called Blair's animal corner with Blair Created What you got Blair I'm so glad you asked I have two stories that I just am so excited to talk to you about today This first one blew my mind. It is a very simple story, but it's implications So this is a study a team of researchers from Leibniz Institute of freshwater ecology in inland fisheries and the cluster of excellent science of Intelligence at the Humboldt University Zuber Lynn has shown That besides nature and nurture We've always thought that the personality of us of other individual animals is either defined by your genetics nature or the environment Around you as you grow up and experience the world Nurture that can somehow condition you to act in a certain way so you are you are kind of the results of the the recipe and the Conditions in the kitchen I guess are both things that can impact Your your final your final product, right? But what if you have a clonal pair of fish so genetically identical individuals and They are raised in an identical environment and on the first day of their life They already are showing character differences. What does that mean? I? Don't know Blair. What does it mean? I don't know They have the same genes so it can't be the gene their genes are exactly the same Imprinting RNA other things Right could be RNA could be epigenetics could be something to do with things that happen pre-birth Inside the mother there could be environmental differences or there could be something else that impacts who you are Whether you're a fish or a human or anything in between or beyond There could be something else that impacts your behavior besides your genetics and and the your environment Which at first sounds crazy Then if you think about it a little longer Why not? Why not why who's to say that? Your microbiome Could be slightly different from one individual to another it could be seeded differently It could have different interactions inside you to have different dominant strains of bacteria in your body who's to say you don't have Electrical signals that travel differently by mere chance inside your brain or your lump of neurons In any set like every second is a variable, right? Right. Yes. There we go Yeah, sure you have the same genes and you have the same environment, but chemical reactions and Every possible flip of a coin could be different from the second your cells start to divide So I love this story because you know I could talk a whole lot more about the scientific method here and you know that they They had these Amazon mollies Pocilia Formosa they they are Type of fish that naturally reproduce clonally so the offspring are genetic copies of their mother So all three of them are genetically identical. There's also no brood care. So as soon as they're born Mom is gone. She pieces out. There's nothing that she's doing that could impact the fish And they recorded their behavior over ten weeks the first ten weeks of their lives and on day one There were behavioral differences and individualities on these individual fish and so All of that aside. I just love this idea that there is an option three Non-nature or nurture there is something else happening and I feel like it's like entropy or like Lady luck. It's just like random stuff Just the rate of this of the universe. Yeah, I mean I love your comment that Every second is a variable where I hadn't really considered that before but for sure if Two organisms are identical in every single way genes They're the way their neurons are set up. They're everything. They're identical twins, right? Except that something hits light hits the neurons of the eye of one individual at a different time Then the other individual or maybe different a different type of light or you know the experiences Start to be slightly different and when you're talking about those minute differences You know if you've ever seen the movie sliding doors where It was like an old Gwyneth Gwyneth Paltrow movie where you know you can make the choice to step out the doors Or you don't you know kind of like that multiple realities multiple parallel universes kind of existence This this kind of fits that but in a biological Eco like a biological reality Yeah, yeah, no absolutely and I mean of course then I get kind of really trippy thinking about how like Life itself on earth is part of the product of chance and the primordial soup and that everything happened in a specific way to Make a specific chain reaction happen that created life And here we all are not to say there wouldn't be life other way it wise But it might be different. Yeah, if things that happen differently by mere chance, right? And so Yeah, it's just I feel like Disorganization is the organization of the universe And Chance is the plan I guess and so I just that's I just I went way off on this journey in my brain about how we don't Think about that enough when we're trying to create models in Hypothetical science, right? And so we say that this is how Punnett Square works and this is how your genes work and this is how Stress in childhood works and impacts who you are as an adult and all these sorts of things that are very clear cause and effect, but There's so much that happens to you that is difficult to quantify and manipulate in a test scenario that I Wouldn't even call it nurture as part of this conversation. It's just kind of chemistry Just like the way the natural world works towards entropy and disorganization is organization I don't I don't know. I'm going way off topic and I Don't know. I just I think that that this is a simultaneously like eye opening and earth shattering Thing for me to read and also something that is like, well, yeah, of course I Find it I find it fascinating also that like the the repeatability the variance seems to increase everything changes over the course of this experiment and the just the data itself is So fascinating like yeah Definitely worth a deep dive into questioning. How it all works. Is it all just chance? Yeah, nature nature is so different from the moment. They're born Nature nurture and other stuff other stuff other stuff Miscellaneous Poverty anyway Okay, so That was kind of my earth shattering discovery now a less earth shattering discovery homosexuality exists in nature Well, right? Yeah, we know we know about this. This is no surprise But what I think there's still a lot of research being done on is Why because There are animals that have sex for pleasure But there are also lots of animals that to our knowledge do not and Therefore if sex is only to create offspring why would homosexuality exist in those species and We know it exists. So There's something happening here that is worth looking at for a bunch of reasons just because like again challenging those Previously expected kind of fundamental ideas of how biology works is really important to understanding the world and science in general But also it's important to challenge Certain expectations that certain individuals have about humans because we are animals based on looking at other species as well So all that to say Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology in collaboration with the University of St. Andrews study the Japanese termite reticulatermes Spiritus Okay, and found that their ability to form same-sex pairings and also Switch sex roles during courtship can be traced back to distant termite ancestors So termites have very specific sex roles in courtship They occur during a very brief and frantic period of time once a year So during kind of the mating season for termites thousands of these wing termites disperse from their nests they swarm into the air and before they land on the ground and Shed their wings that they start to try to rush and find a partner And so once they find a partner now wingless The two termites will set off to find a nest to start a new colony They move together in a very specific courtship behavior called a tandem run It is coordinated each sex has a specific role in this tandem run The female termate leads and the male termite follows behind It's a you know, I don't know if you want to kind of anthropomorphize it's like she's picking out a spot He's like watching her back.  He'll find me So they have a very specific role that they do not deviate from when they are in a heterosexual pairing If a male termite is unable to find a female or if a female is unable to find a male Before kind of all of the pairings are used up and they're left all alone They will choose in many cases to form male male and female female pairings and establish a same-sex nest together rather than staying single if this was just for Creating babies there would be no reason to do this however They there's a couple things happening. So one is that they think that Staying outside longer at a certain point You kind of just got a pair off and pick a pick a spot because staying outside longer you'll get eaten So you want to reduce your your chance of getting predated upon but also having a partner in Their their burrow is very important because they groom each other to remove pathogens Which keeps them healthy while they're they're wintering in their little their little home so Also in many cases females can reproduce via parthenogenesis if they don't find a male So even if they are in a female female pairing they can still raise babies together Males will pair off have their their their male roommate as it were and Then they will sometimes sneak off and try to mate with a female and then come back and so they're still trying to get their Their mating taking care of their their proliferation taking care of but having a partner there is still important Yeah, and so What this we so this has been known for a while that there are female female parent pairings and male male pairings in termites What makes this study important is that? if They were just saying anybody will do Then they would then they wouldn't take on specific roles They would just kind of be like all right buddy get in here with me. Let's be roommates, but instead When they are faring the they're forming these male male Tannins are female female tannins One of them takes a role of the female and one of them takes a role of the male When female female termites are separated the follower female will search for the other termite just like males do who are normally in the back and When in male males the same thing happens if the front male gets separated he pauses He waits for the follower male to find him So they have very specific roles and they adhere to those Based on kind of how they pick up in the pairing So this shows very Very complicated dynamics because they're setting up a clear Mating ritual with the same sex pairing. It's not like I said It's not just two termites hanging out together in a burrow. They have set up this very specific courtship behavior to Then kind of Bond and join in this space So this also is something that they think Has gone way way back in the in the fossil record Because they actually think based on previous studies that males and females Were able to both lead and follow in a very wave way back ancestor So actually they think that over time they have specialized into one role and now they are they are able to switch back because they have this kind of evolutionary history of having Sometimes been a follower and sometimes been a leader in the past and so you know The gender roles were maybe even less important before in the in in previous ancestors And so it's just a very interesting kind of look at same-sex pairings in an invertebrate In a species that Social behavior is a little bit harder to see than in perhaps primates or even just most mammals in general And also that it has a very clear purpose and evolutionary advantage and therefore persists through evolutionary history Right, yeah, I think that what's really clear here is that the evolutionary advantage is it's It's preservation of individuals and so as a whole it's preservation of the population for you know Whether you said health reasons or just protection or whatever and then also those instinctual aspects of How reproduction happens, but it's Evolutionarily it's conserving aspects of aspects of their biology and Maintaining the population and the variety and if you think about the variation is important to populations You need all sorts of variety to make sure that Populations are able to easily adapt to any kind of situations moving forward Yeah, and I think you know if if you can extrapolate Which you know I don't have data on this right here But let's say if we know that these invertebrates show same-sex pairing and we know that many iterations of invertebrates over Hundreds of thousands of years show same-sex pairing and We know that we have a common ancestor With invertebrates hundreds of million years ago There's a good chance that homosexuality in nature is hundreds of millions of years old And I think that It is a good time to just pause and recognize that and recognize that it is a normal part of nature and actually is Conserved evolutionarily because it has advantages Yes It's yep. Yeah, I just think it's a very cool study to kind of explore that that Pocket of biology. I think it I think it is and it's a good reminder that You know when you look at biology There are so many strategies There are multiple strategies for all sorts of things and You know, we just humans we think we've got you know one, but we we don't there There's variety even within humans and it's not it's nothing new Yeah Yeah, and it's certainly there's not a point in human history where it hasn't been recorded, right, right, so I like Nonsense to even argue otherwise. So biology biology is biology is biology and Yeah, we're all part of it Interesting do it bees do it even please do it, right? That's what we're learning here Yeah, we all do it everybody does it at some point This is this week in science and Justin you're back tell us about some I am Got things to say go back to the old fish. Yeah, okay So there's archaeological site in Israel, which has turned up by 780,000 year-old fish a freshwater carp When it was gigantic two meters or six and a half feet in length And actually found quite a few remains from this ancient fish teeth of this giant carp and other fish were found in large Quantities at different layered depths of the site Showing that many of the fish come to rest in the same location over the years Just next to the location of an ancient lake By studying the structure of crystals that formed in the enamels of the teeth Researchers were able to discover that the fish were exposed to sustained heat in the range of Cooking temperatures though not intense enough to have been placed directly in a fire Professor Gorin in bar states the fact that cooking of fish is evident or such a long and unbroken period of settlement at the site Indicates a continuous tradition of cooking food This is another in a series of discoveries relating to the high cognitive capabilities of the Ashulean hunter-gatherers who were active in the ancient Hula Valley region These groups were deeply familiar environment Verses it offered them as even possible that they were cooking not just fish But also various types of animals and plants The fact that they're calling them a shulean hunter-gatherers suggests that they have tool examples The shulean culture goes back one and a half million years of stone axe-making technology Predominantly, they're used by Homo erectus homoegaster even Neanderthals In the earlier stages. We're using the same million-and-a-half year technology which to me has always been a good argument for human ancestors having language Because this is a preserved technology For melee we we don't have a language that's that's ten thousand years old That's been preserved and here's here's a technology that has that managed persist for million and a million and a half years Crazy, so we don't really We don't know who these a these a shulean hunter-gatherers are they don't apparently have human remain artifacts So you can pick your early hominin the guess who was there the the the age of the site at 780,000 year range is pre-Neanderthal Whetley Homo heidelbergensis the predecessor of both human and Neanderthal and These these these fellows were all over Europe Africa Asia along with their technology. They brought it with them Excavations at the site and covered flint basalt and limestone tools as well as a rich diversity of plant species Including fruit nuts and seeds and many species of land mammals both medium and large in size They say here the transition from raw food to cooked food had dramatic implications on human development behavior Eating cooked food reduces the body's energy required to break down digest food That gives you I suppose some amount of leisure time or brain development energy leftover Overtime it also leads to Structural changes in the John the skull. You don't have to chew so hard. I guess you tear with your teeth Some scientists view eating fish as a milestone in the quantum leap in human cognitive evolution providing a central catalyst for the development of the human brain thinking is that eating fish With its omega-3 fatty acids zinc iodine more contributed to brain development It goes back though early man. They say here began to eat raw fish Around two million years ago, but until this study the earliest evidence of cooking was around a hundred and seventy thousand years ago so finding ever finding this is What is that six hundred thousand years? Thousand years to it. Yeah. Wow. Wow that really was like studies published in nature ecology and evolution Very interesting and then another ancient human history from scientific reports Researchers from the University of Seville have applied optically stimulated luminescence technique From some human footprints found in the southern from southern Spain back in 2020 It's quite a nice collection of footprints. There's 300 and all around 30 of them that they would they're considering well preserved so we can really take measurements maybe get some some gate and stride information out of them Footprints had been initially dated to around a hundred thousand years ago and then therefore assumed to be neanderthal But this new dating technique Found it was much older. They were set down two hundred ninety five thousand years Wow, which yeah, which so they could still be neanderthal early stage neanderthal proto pre-nanderthal something between the Heidelbergensis that was doing the cooking seven hundred eighty thousand years ago and theanderthals heading off in that direction Time period is also sort of interesting The sea level would have been about 60 meters below its current level. This is the planet was having Was it was it the planet was warming, but it was leaving a major glacial? Glaciation event, so tons of ice and At the poles and big glaciers covering the earth to the sea level 60 meters, which is a hundred eighty hundred two hundred ish feet And so the the area where they found these footprints would have been Prone to melt off. It was a big coastal plane Which is how all of these foot prints were captured? The planet has been through some extremes before There has been global warming global cooling and that brings us to just good news The segment of show where we stick our hand down the stuck drain pipe of science news subjects in hopes of removing that Little bit of good news that has been lodged in there for weeks Global warming addition Earth's climate we know has been around for a really long time in the early days It was intense volcanism Volcanoes going off and hot lava spewing everywhere and there's been planet-wide ice ages and warming events There's been no oxygen high oxygen swings and carbon solar radiation and through the past three point seven billion years Life has continued to exist Global warming is currently threatening the earth's habitable climate But now a study by MIT researchers published in Science Advances again has found that our planet can self-regulate its climate Through a built-in stabilizing feedback mechanism that naturally pulls the climate back from the brink keeping global temperatures within a steady habitable range The earth does this they think or have thought in the past through silicate weathering This is a geological process in which Weathering of silicate rocks involves chemical reactions that ultimately draw carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere into sediments in the ocean trapping the gas in rocks and So they they went in a sort of drilled down on this idea new findings are based on the study of Paleoclimate data that record changes in average global temperatures over the past 66 million years The MIT team applied a mathematical analysis to see whether the data revealed any Characteristic of these stabilizing phenomena that rained in global temperatures and they found that indeed there appears to be Consistent patterns in which the earth's temperature swings are dampened sort of like putting brakes on their cars It's slowly coming to us stop them getting going and preventing most extreme of extreme Weather events or climate shifts from occurring according to Constantin-Arnsheet graduate student MIT's Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences On the one hand, it's good because we know that today's global warming will eventually be canceled out through this stabilizing feedback So there we have it just good news. No need to worry about global warming anymore There is another hand. What's the other hand? But on the other hand Catch it on the other hand it will take hundreds of thousands of years for this to happen So not fast enough to solve our present-day issues. Dang it Anyway Issue right. Yeah, let's force those stabilizing factors to come through Or I just Singularity and just wait it out. I still don't know what an upload Are you trying by joining the metaverse like what is that even though it's nonsense? So so You're right though There is something different about this time around in In climate change is that it is being caused by humans and There's humans on this planet Who through science and a lot of good information that we've collected over the years good knowledge Do something about it? That's right And we will It was science. Are we out of this folks? We will do science to it I have some stories to end the show. Let's be brainy. You want to be brainy? always Always we love brains. Let's talk about brains everybody So I love the hippocampus the hippocampus is one of my favorite areas of the brain because it's related to Spatial location Finding and it's also related to memory Getting our memories all settled in our brains and we kind of think of it as the bus station Or the train station that information comes into and then gets shuttled out to various areas of the brain for you know connect No, no actually this is this is actually part of her presentation She's explaining that the brain Operates a lot like Wi-Fi Where there's a central router for all of the information Channeling through our brains at any given time and that we're sort of And and in certain diseases imaging it's like the the router Fails. Oh, well get there. Yeah, we lost you for the whole time. Yeah We heard about the like and then you froze because my internet is my router Anyway Technology let's hope that I can get through the end of the show everybody. Let's hold. Let's hold those hopes close So anyway, the hippocampus is similar to a bus station or a train station where Information comes in and then gets connected to different networks throughout the brain Hopefully to create memories that are long-lasting However, these researchers looking at it out of the University of Sydney have used a new technique that's relatively new called the called diffusion weighted imaging and It's similar to MRIs magnetic resonance imaging However, it uses uses the diffusion of water molecules through tissues to create the contrast that is needed for The images that they use so how much water is being diffused is a measure of kind of how active things are and so that creates a measure of of the strength of signal and how active an area of the brain is So they created this high-resolution map of the connections like the little nerve Connections within the brain between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex from seven adult females around your age Blair Really? Yeah, just about your age ish And so what they discovered is that these white matter pathways these connections between the hippocampus and The cortex are much more highly linked to the visual areas of the cortex than our primate relatives So similar measurements of our primate relatives have found that there's more connections all over the place But human hippocampuses or at least the hippocampi of these seven adult females are much more visually Connected and so the question is is this something that's very specific to how humans learn and remember things Or is it something that just happened to be biased toward these particular images these particular individuals? But it's an interesting question because We they expected that there would be more connections to the frontal areas of the brain where we have planning and Are you know a lot of our what we consider our active cognitive areas as opposed to just The construction of mental images in our mind's eye and the visual images So the question is did humans develop a different pattern of connectivity? More study is needed because I don't think we can base anything on seven adult females. No, but anyway It's a puzzle. It's very interesting and the study is published in e-life as of this last week So we will determine some day I mean, we know we're visual. We have a giant visual cortex compared to other primates huge our visual cortex is Wonderful Could be could be kind of trained Over your lifetime like if you looked at the hippocampus of a toddler would it be different? And that's a great question We're looking at adult it's seven adult females Yeah, I have absolutely no idea So there are a lot of there are a lot of questions that are still Definitely to be determined like is this something that's developmental Is this something that can be altered based on experience? Is this something that's specifically genetic? And it just happened that this sample of females fell within that is this indicative of all humans Big question. Is it that third thing that we talked about before? Entropy chance Yes, well some other researchers. I'm gonna move on to a different study out of the Allen Institute They just presented their research at the the annual Society of neuroscience Society for neuroscience meeting in San Diego Their study they took chunks of brain that had been removed from from people with From from individuals who had issues with their brains So the these areas of the brain instead of getting thrown out Were used for science The researchers at the Allen Institute took these little pieces of discarded waste From individuals these these areas of the brain were responsible for seizures in individuals so instead of getting thrown out they used it and They exposed them these little chunks of brain to psilocybin see what would happen Now understanding what we think we've understood about the way that psilocybin affects neurons in the brain They expected that there would be a huge activation of serotonin receptors Because they know that psilocybin mimics serotonin a particular And and and connects two different psilocybin serotonin receptors in the brain and so they said yes It's gonna activate the serotonin receptors But what actually they determined is that some of the cells were activated some of them were not Activated and most neurons did not respond at all So now the question is you have a molecule psilocybin that mimics serotonin What's happening with these cells how are the cells unique? Some activated some not some not responding why the different cells do different cells We know different cells have different serotonin receptors. There are a number of different serotonin receptors So maybe there is a much higher specificity than what we once determined Maybe there are cofactors that are required for activation that we're not aware of When you take psilocybin out of the mushroom What does that do so that you know, we we've been experimenting a lot on marijuana and CBD and some of and the components of the cannabinoid family and science has to But the same has yet to be done with psilocybin and Why would there not necessarily be different forms of psilocybin? different Cofactors that might be in there different receptors that are activated differently that we don't really know how that works so there is a broadening of Research that's going to be Going to be based on these findings, but they don't really know specifically how psilocybin leads to the hallucinatory and the psychological effects that we Have seen and the potential for therapeutic uses kind of hinges on understanding Yeah, because you need to be able to control dosage and all these sorts of things if you're gonna use it medicinally, of course Well, yeah to an extent you have an idea Which it's harder to understand how dosage of a mushroom works if you don't know What I mean, is it a big measure or what the little measure by way? Yeah by way and Is moisture part of it like moisture activating in the in the process in some way and so if it's well Yeah, it's how they're gonna grow in a moist. It's anybody. Yeah, but like is it the dried mushroom more potent? You don't know. Yeah, you do They're fine. So here's the here's the thing. Here's the thing Here's the thing. Okay, you know, I just know I'm just saying I know all about all of everything, but You know the desire to control. Okay, I'll put this like we're going to the moon with Newton again. Okay? Newton But you're not going with Artemis, whatever. Okay. Yeah, I'm not going but 1600s physics that thought space and time were separate things that only works On the earth to the planets, but doesn't really wouldn't have anything explanation for gravitational Lensing wouldn't have any explanation for all sorts of phenomena that general relativity GPS wouldn't work under Newtonian physics, but it was enough to get you to the moon You have the mushroom that does the effect with all the components together and it dosage wise There's not like a overdose of this particular Thing I mean, there's there's a reasonable dose that you can take which is whatever that, you know Number of mushrooms. You don't have to have it calculated out to the exact, you know Number of molars of a molecule in this for it to have the effect You've got the good enough to get to the moon to do the therapies to use them in that scenario It doesn't necessarily need to be The way that we dose out everything, you know to use it in therapies You've already got a thing that works. Just eat the mushroom. Just Medical practices and public health are not necessarily gonna work that way, but you know, you do Justin What? Well, this is like if this is the thing holding back clinical trials and therapeutic trials and that's ridiculous You you should you've got the thing that will get you you've got the physics that will get you to the moon It's not the thing but people are working on a lot of things going in parallel That's the essential message is that this is another direction of study really determining how these Compans impact the brain what nerves are stimulated? How are they stimulated and looking trying to figure out from a bottom-up perspective of you know How these effects actually happen to impact psychology? Well, and you need to know you need to know those those basic pieces Not just for dosage, but also to know like counter indications if you're going to prescribe You'd love to know and yeah, I'm gonna say yes But there are a lot of pharmaceutical drugs that we dose out to people without really knowing exactly how they work there Yeah, so you don't just get in theory. It would be nice I guess and I try to turn the tables on a on a narrative around a substance It is helpful to have this information, right, but it's also and this is going to be true of anti-depressants and they psychotics and any psychotropic drug that exists Regardless of dosage, it's almost meaningless In comparison to the effect it has on the individual and their and their brain So that's a whole mystery unto of itself that can be solved and looked at but But they don't even do the same dosage. They don't operate the same on every brain And so that's that's why that's a whole it. That's why I'm saying it almost doesn't matter You're gonna get your rocket to where it needs to go Just go don't worry about the fact you don't need GPS. You're the only If they don't know how the rocket works, I think that's that's the other thing Hey, just buy your ticket You buy your ticket for the rocket and you take the ride and that's all there is to it To know You can wait forever All right, okay final final story out of the University of Maryland researchers who Have been looking at you know an area of the brain thought to be involved in Consciousness Francis Crick said this is the seat of consciousness. This is the thing that's important And researchers are like, yeah, okay big neurons The claustrum the claustrum this part of the brain. That's the thing. It's important for consciousness And out of the University of Maryland researchers are like Maybe Collected other people's studying of DNA These researchers Conducted a series of experiments on animals and people to turn off the claustrum Turned it off in mice not in people the mice did not lose consciousness Doing what they were doing acting normally So the researchers took the mice and we're like, okay We're gonna give you a simple task and then we're gonna do a harder task and then see what happens when the claustrum is turned off And so what they determined is that the mice were less able to perform the difficult task when the claustrum was Turned off than the simple task. So simple tasks easy claustrum wasn't involved Maybe the claustrums involved in these more complex tasks They did fmr. I fmr studies on healthy volunteers again simple versus complicated mental tasks the claustrum became activated in these volunteers when Complicated tasks were involved. So what we are seeing and what these researchers have Concluded is that the claustrum isn't necessarily the seat of consciousness but more a network router and the claustrum is important for Helping like similar to how I was thinking about the hippocat hippos involved in Information going to different networks for memory formation the claustrum is important for Making sure information is going to correct networks to make sure actions can take place So the claustrum is like our brains network router Like that I the the impression I got was it was like Ikea and Instructions to put together the furniture. So not not the seat of human consciousness But just a more step-wise way of doing things in the right order The simple tasks are fine But as soon as you get like oh, I got 15 of these little pieces that got to go together probably in the right order now I need my instructions now. I gotta gotta look it up Yes, so through my when when you have issues and that Ikea instruction manual is giving you problems You know, that's when your claustrum is probably active So claustrum not necessarily seat of our consciousness, but our brains network router and when you're like I can't do this task. I'll just blame your claustrum. Say my claustrum's not working teacher No, sorry It's I can't wait to tell my boss that and for her to be like I'm sorry, my claustrum is just not up for the task excuse me I Right so Yeah, so this is a new this they have a new model proposing that the frontal Cortices of our brain direct the claustrum to flexibly instantiate cortical networks to subserve cognitive control I Love my subservient flexible cortical networks Let's go Have we done it? Do we make it to the end of the show? Story towards the beginning about a black hole. Oh, I did. Do you want me to talk about a black hole? Yeah, just real quick because the headline I'm interested Okay, okay. I was I was keeping it keeping it to it to a download Two sentence version.  They were able to Produce a rise in temperature that matched theoretical expectations of an equivalent black hole system But only when part of the chain extended beyond the event horizon and so that this means this could be an entanglement of particles straddling the event horizon Which would be a big part of generating Hawking radiation So what they have created in the laboratory could be a model system for studying Hawking radiation that is posited to be the way that energy is released from black holes in The universe or or it would have been Had the black hole not sucked all of the researchers into the experiment never to be Is that the the internet issues that you're experiencing over there and yeah Starring Information isn't lost it's there on the exterior of that. It doesn't matter. Hey, I think we did it I think we got to the end of another I'm just gonna have to spend several hours reading about how you create a black hole in a lab cuz I don't get it I think you go pee pee with the gold particles or something Okay, never mind you Okay, everybody, thank you so much for joining us for another episode of this week in science We made it all the way to the end and I really really want to say thank you to people who help with the show Thank you Fada for all of your help with social media and with show notes and thank you identity for for recording the show Thank you Gord are and Laura and all others who help keep our chat rooms wonderful places to hang out and Rachel Thank you so much for editing the show. Finally. 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Unfortunately, but We do have It's beautiful Blair this calendar is absolutely gorgeous. I think it's like one of the best calendars ever Yeah, that's amazing But we will also have Eventually, we're gonna have a PDF that will have all this science Holidays on it so you can download your own and print your own calendar That that will be available. So we're gonna make those two things Available Depending And then we we also may have a special offer for patreon Um, yes, maybe yes, and we may have yes, and I was I was Triple triple triple offers. It's getting to be a lot and it's confusing. I just don't want to confuse people You know just want to make it make it easy and good for everyone. But uh Zazzle This calendar is in the Zazzle account currently and we're just trying to make the link available on the twist website, but um Let me see. What about this? Can you see the stars? Yeah, no longer available, right? Yes, why isn't it available? Okay So if you know how to fix it and make it go then maybe I messed something up. I don't know. No Oh Title marketplace department, I have the rights Yeah, click all those buttons all options public rated g Done Oh categories Choose a store Category I don't know these things Zazzle confuses me sometimes I'm sorry noodles. We don't want you being sad Really try really try noodles sad Because he would try and buy the calendar and then couldn't but it got it got sad I would be sad too. It's like look there's a link on the website and then it's like sorry No Yeah, but anyway, hopefully within the next 24 hours we'll get this thing going But we did it we made a show Blair, I know you have to go and Oh, did I do it? Did you do it? Is it done? Don't admit it. You're live on air. Whatever you did Hey, uh, yeah, you guys got heart outs. So I will uh, I will No, thank the audience for uh being here and I'll say say good night Blair Good night Blair. Say good night. Justin can't morning. 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So we're here with a PGY tech. Hi, so who are you? Hey, good. How are you? I'm Brian. And you make this little adapter here for the... Yeah, for possible pockets. And it's very compact. Yeah, sure. This is it? Yeah, you can fold it. Just like this? And on top you can put the microphone?  And it holds a stable connection between the Oslo pocket and the phone. Do you sell many? Yeah, a lot. Many, many. Millions? Thousands? Many thousands. Are you the leader for this? Oh yeah, I'm the sales manager. Are you the market leader for this? Oh yeah. Market leader? Yeah, sure. There's a few competitors, right? But you have the best one? Yeah, we have the best one. Product and best price. And you have many other accessories here. And what are you wearing behind here? Is this your bag? Yeah, it's a new bag. So what's special about this bag? Can you show me? Okay, let me show you. Can you take it off? Yeah. Maybe you can show it to me. We call it one more. Yeah. Because you can see. Here is inside. There is one more pouch. You can pull it out. And you can put your magic frog drone inside. Oh, it's for drone? Yeah. You can put the remote controller inside. And the drone's here. This is a drone bag. Yeah. And also for camera. Okay. Yeah. And here you can grab your camera very quickly, very easily. You have two. Yeah. So you have one for camera, one for drone. Yes. Two and one. It's very special. Anybody else do this? Or is it first in the world? Wow. Can I let me show you more? You can see. We have more rooms here. It's expandable. It's like a tent. Yeah. You can build your own tent. Yeah. You can put your Rony S inside. You can sleep inside. Yeah. What's there? There's more space. Space for what? For Rony S, for the gimbal. The gimbal? Yeah. Is this for sale, this bag? Yeah. Is it on the market? How much is the price? It's one and one. I mean only this color? You have different colors. We have a black one also. It's a little bit like military style. Yeah. We have a black one also. And you can put your laptop here. You can put a 16 inch laptop. Cool. A huge laptop for 4K video editing. 4K drone, 4K camera. Yeah. 4K gimbal. 4K everything. Yeah. You can see here is the battery. Battery is the sign. No power is ran. If it's full of power, it's ran. What's the battery? What do you mean? It's for camera batteries. Ah, you switch it like that? Yeah, you switch it. You use the empty phone? No. It's very smart. I never see this before. Is that your idea, everything? No. Nobody have this idea before? It's new. Yeah, it's new. Nobody do this before? It's all original ideas. I think so. So, where is your company based? Is it in China? Yeah, it's in China. Shanghai. Shanghai? Yeah. You do many other bags. Is this the same or is different? Yeah, it's a black one. The same? Yes. Which one you like more? I like the black one. Black one is very stylish, right? Yeah. How soon is available? It's already available now. Now? At the PGY Tech online store. Amazon? On official online store. On Amazon also? Yeah, sure. And can you show some other product, what you have here? We have some... What is this? This is the hard case for DJI drums. You can put a Mavic 2 Pro here and the batteries, remote controllers. And this one? This is a carrying case for the awesome action. But it's also a combo, including the tripod. You can see here, there is a tripod here. Nice. You do all the lenses? Yeah, we do some... This is the filters, nice filters. Do you do wide angle also? No, not for now. What is this? Yeah, water. Yeah, water. Let's show some more. What is the products you have here? We have some tripod and the magic arm for the DJI Roni S. And this is the new tripod. DJI accessories, which part of this is your product? This part. This part and this part. You can hold it. Put your two hands. And what's happening here? You do the light? No, the light is not here. Yeah, this one. You do the holder? Yeah. And also this tripod. This is... Is it useful to move the light forward? Yeah. It's useful to have it there, instead of here, right? Adjust them. Oh, nice. Oh, maybe I need to put this on my hat. Did you invent this? Did you make inventions? Yes. New ideas. Yeah, new ideas. We designed it ourselves. Or the other company already did this before you? Yeah, but we made it some more creative. Better? Yeah. All right. And they also do the same here? Yeah. What is this? This is a strap holder. To put it on the backpack. To put what? To put this on the backpack. Oh, yeah. A strap holder. All right. And what product you will do in the future? In the future, we will focus on the camera gears, drone accessories, and also the backs. And we are right here next to DJI. Is DJI an amazing company or what? Everything you do is related with DJI. Not all. We also have, for GoPro, like the action cameras. A lot is DJI. Yeah. A lot, right? Yeah, a lot. So what do you think about DJI? The market is very, very big for DJI. Yeah, of course. It's a great company. Amazing success for China, right? Yeah. But how many drones they sell? How many Osmo Pocket they sell? It's like millions and millions? How many? I don't know. They don't tell me. Secret? Yeah. But do you sell many accessories? Yeah. Are you the market leader? Yeah, I think so. You are? I mean for the DJI accessories. Market leader? Yeah. Cool. So you probably have dinner with them, right? Meetings a lot. Cool. What's the next product they will do? I don't know. You don't know?  No, I don't know. No? Yeah. What's the Osmo Pocket 2 going to do? What do you think the Osmo Pocket 2 will do? I think it should have built-in mini-jack. No, I don't know. At least. Maybe. I don't know. Maybe. Okay. Okay. Thanks a lot. Thank you.