students, we will talk in this module about the face and content validity. what is a face validity? a face validity is a type of validity in which an indicator makes sense as a mayor of a construct in the judgment of others especially in the scientific community. that is, we developed a scale to measure our own variable and the items used in that scale are so representative of the variable we check this first of all by discussing with the scientific community, by discussing the experts of that particular subject that is, do they think that the items that have been developed are representative of the variable or not? so for this scale, the scale is shared with them and the feedback is taken from them that what is their feedback in this regard so in this way we check its face validity for instance, do people believe that the definition and method of measurement fit in that is, we have made a scale and the theoretical definition of that variable and as we have conceptualized it, are they representative of each other in the eyes of experts or not? so this is checked in the face validity for instance, if I talk here that we have a variable of self-confidence so to measure self-confidence, we have given 7 to 10 items for the construct and we have shared those 7 to 10 items with the scientific community and we have requested them to let us tell what are the best 5 items to measure this variable so it is possible that different experts rank out that these 5 items are more suitable as compared to the other items so you can check which are the most suited items in your scale and you can keep 5 or 7 items in your scale and take data from them face validity is checked first from the data collection of the scale the other types of validity are done after the data is received but face validity is checked first from the data collection for instance, there is an example of math ability of the student so for this, it is possible that the students of secondary school and university there are different scales for them and to check their ability on the school level and university level we will develop a different scale and share it with the scientific community that how representative they are to assess the math ability of the student at the school level and at the university level the second type is content validity content validity is a type of measurement validity that requires a measure to represent all aspects of the conceptual definition of a construct so we will see in this that the theoretical definition what we have developed in the measure that all the dimensions of the theoretical definition or all the aspects we have converted in the scale so to check this, we will see content validity so there are three steps involved in content validity first step, specify the content in a construct definition i.e. we conceptualize it in the construct definition while we operationalize it that how we measure it sample from all areas of the definition i.e. we are making our definition so we will bring all the dimensions into our operational definition finally develop one or more indicators that tap all the parts of the definition so we make more indicators for this which we finalize in the scale for instance we have made 50 indicators and we have made 50 items from those 50 items i.e. we have made 25 or 20 items in the final scale so if we look at the content validity then we are checking the representation of the construct in the measure that the different dimensions of our construct i.e. D dimension 1, dimension 2 or dimension 3 are they being covered in our scale or not? in our measure i.e. i give an example of belief about feminism so we conceptually define this person's commitment to a set of beliefs creating full equality between men and women in areas of the arts, intellectual pursuits, family, work, politics and authority relations so to measure this the scale that will be made there will be questions like should men and women get equal pay for equal work should men and women share household tasks should men and women equally participate in sports should men and women equally participate in politics so this should men and women can become a prime minister of the country so in this way we will check this belief so in this we will cover every dimension the belief about feminism the different dimension of household equality your economic equality and political equality so if you are covering all those dimensions then we will say your content validity is high


Good evening and welcome to episode 372 of the Private Property Podcast. I'm your host, Uzaman Dunwoa Pomalo. It is the Thursday edition of the Private Property Podcast and for join us for the first time, where have you been? Welcome to the family. You're tuned into the only daily property show in South Africa catering to your property needs. And it doesn't matter where you are on your property journey. You're certainly here to make sure that you have a pleasant ride along the way. And all our regular viewers on Facebook and Instagram, as well as on YouTube, welcome to it. You, of course, you and I have an appointment every single weekday at 7pm, where I'm always in conversation with a property expert who helps us make better property decisions. And talking about better property decisions, you know that we have a whole host of other shows across private properties, social media pages that you can look forward to every single weekday at 8pm. And it is a Thursday, but Linoaga will be bringing you the farming podcast later on this evening. And she's on your screens every Tuesdays and Thursdays. And Wednesday's Istiklalsum takes you through the first time home buyer show and Mondays and Fridays. Chad takes you through the home buyer show where he takes you through exquisite properties that you can find on www.privateproperty.com.za. And as we wrap up the week tomorrow, of course, you can look forward to the real estate industry summit that is a great, great virtual event that you can tune into. That is happening from now. I'll talk in the morning until 1pm, and you'll have a whole host of different guests that you'll be able to hear all about. In fact, I'm actually speaking to one of the guests that will be participating in tomorrow's session. And it's somebody that we have right here on the show very regularly. And of course, something else that's happening on the show is that we are running that great competition. But we want to find out from you some of the great advice that you've picked up on the show, and perhaps even advice that you've already implemented on your property journey. And I wanted to share that on the pinned post on our Facebook page. I'm using a chance of walking away with $500 in cash. And all you have to do to claim that prize is to make sure that you are watching us live. Because when we call your name, or if we call your name, you have to drop us a message and claim your price. And if the winner doesn't do so, then the money rolls over in the money bag and it just keeps on piling up. It's that easy to walk away with cash prizes here on the Private Property Podcast with myself. So do make sure that you enter as many times as you can. And of course, that certainly ups the odds of you walking away with the prize. This evening we've got $500 in the money bag and I'm very excited to see who the potential lucky winner is. But we'll find out more about that later on on the show. But as I said, we are speaking this evening to somebody who you can also hear tomorrow on the Real Estate Industry Summit. And to find out more about it, of course, do go to realestateindustriessummit.co.com today and get all the details on that half-day event. We're talking about to let property investment. I think so many people who are getting into property investment used by to let us as a strategy, not many people go the flipping route, for instance. Many people are saying, I'm going to buy, I'm going to hold and I'm letting it out. And we're going to be looking at just that. We're looking at what the data is showing us when it comes to buy till it has a property investment. What are some areas that have really good occupancy rates, or areas that have high vacancy rates, low vacancy rates, and really understanding what you can do with good data? Because I think this is one of those things that I always hop on about that. Data for the sake of data is not good enough. You need to understand the various data points as a property investor or somebody who's interested in property and what you can do with that to help you make better property decisions and to help us make sense of all of this. I am joined by Michelle Dickens, who's the co-founder and CEO at TPN Credit Bureau. Michelle, good evening, and thank you so much for joining us on the show. Awesome. Always a great pleasure to be here. It's always so great having you, Michelle. I think every time I have a conversation with you and even when I go to the TPN YouTube page and I watch the different videos you put up, and I even use TPN myself, I always just think this is such a great resource because this is the kind of resource that certainly is property investors, or even when you're a property manager, you're able to use along your property journey and really make sense of what is happening in the market. If anything could probably use that as one of the data sets that help inform what your next move is potentially going to be. I think before we look at the nitty-gritty, perhaps at a national level, when we look at buy-to-lay property investments, perhaps just go through what the numbers are telling us when it comes to buy-to-lay, what is it looking like right now because I think some landlords, especially the more DIY landlords, don't quite have a sense of what is happening. I mean, they know their landlords, they may know a few landlords that they are acquainted with, or sometimes they can do business with, but they don't necessarily have a picture of what is happening from a national perspective. So what are the numbers in the data that TPN has say when it comes to buy-to-lay from a national perspective? So I think from a national perspective, the data is starting to show some signs of recovery and that's quite pleasing. There are a couple of key metrics that we look at. The first key metric would be how our tenants pay their rent because ultimately this is what we want. We want a tenant in our property and we want to know that we can collect rent. So the first key metric is tenants in good standing and this signifies tenants that are paid up by the end of the month. So yes, some of them are paid late, but ultimately by the end of the month there's no reason our account is fully settled. And prior to lockdown, we were sitting with 81% of tenants in good standing and that had been deteriorating from 2013 where we're sitting at 86%. So we're not as good as what we were. But you know, the economy has been weak since 2013 and this has had an effect on tenants in good standing. We were sitting at 81%. We hit the lockdown and it dropped all the way to 73.5%. So that's not great. Seven out of 10 tenants are paid up, but we've improved and every quarter that we report on the data, it improves slightly and in quarter two, we had gotten ourselves back up to 80%. And I'm pleased to report that as we stand at the moment, we're over 81% summer. So we are back in the 81% and that's obviously pleasing for landlords. But where does the risk lie? So if we've got a tenant, we back to 18, 10 tenants paying. Where is the risk then? Well, the risk is in the vacancies because prior to lockdown, we had a seven and a half percent vacancies. Now, during the hard lockdown quarters and when things got really bad, it got all the way to 30% so it nearly doubled. It's slowly starting to come down again and in quarter three, we're in 10.66%. So still double figures, but absolutely the numbers are going in the right directions. So if landlords are now getting tenants paying and they have less vacancies, what is the risk? The risk continues to be escalation because we were in negative escalation territory. And what does that mean? Well, that means we're not able to get the same amount of rent that we were getting a year ago. You know, rental prices are less than what they were. And so for a landlord, when your property expenses are increasing, but your rent is decreasing, that makes cash flow a problem. It makes managing the payment of your expense is a problem. What would be pleasing for landlords or what would have supported landlords in this period is that interest rates were really low. So at a seven and a half percent or seven percent primary interest rate where we add at the moment, that adds a lot of support to landlords in terms of mortgage repayments. Of course, the concern is interest rates are going to start going up. When do they start going up and how do landlords protect themselves against against these, you know, increases? That's going to be that's going to be the fundamental choice that landlords are going to need to make in terms of protecting their assets. And that's such an important one that I think landlords always need to be mindful of because and especially the landlords who are or had started their investment journey during covid or during these low interest rate periods and had used that perhaps as one of the drivers for going into interest rates just in yesterday's conversation with Miguel. We're even saying that low interest rates are fantastic. But they cannot be the the primary and only driver that dictates whether or not you invest in property because it's a terrible matrix if you're going to use only that, you know, there's so many other factors you consider we know interest rates are going to go up as a standard. We know this, right? And if anything, it's just a matter of how how quickly they will increase. I mean, different economists have kind of weighed in on how they see the potential increase kind of going up and at which point will return to, for example, last year, January's rates. I think some were even saying that it may take given up to three years for us to go to the race that we enjoyed back then. And as much as that three year period can seem like a really great period. One of the things that I always keep saying to people is almost look at whether you'd still be able to afford the property that you want to buy given last year's January's rates.  And if you are almost take that excess money, put it into the emergency fund. So keep building up the emergency fund for your respective portfolios because we know that that's also something that landlords typically tend to avoid quite a bit. And I see some of the love that we're already getting on our social media pages of Glacier in the same good evening fam. And of course, Glad won that thousand rounds that was in the money bag yesterday in our competition. And the team also tells me it's Glad's birthday this evening. So happy birthday to you, Glad. I hope that you've had an incredible, incredible day. I feel as though yesterday's win was almost an early birthday present for you. So I do hope that you're going to enjoy it. We wish you all the best for the year ahead as a private property podcast family and, of course, a private property family, because you've one of the people who comments a lot, watches the various shows. And I know that many people in the comments section also know you very well. So happy birthday, wishing you all the best for the year ahead. Now, Michelle, I think one of the things that you've mentioned that is, of course, and which is very, very important, right? Is you've painted a really great picture of what it looks like nationally. We know that during the early days of lockdown, you know, raids or rather the percentage ended up being quite alarming. We're now looking relatively decent, which is which I'm happy about because I mean, I speak to quite a number of tenants and kind of a number of landlords, rather, who also said they felt the pinch and some of their tenants had to, you know, change location because they could no longer afford to. They were able to make some kind of arrangements with some of the tenants. But we're now over a year into covid and we've had to sort of make long standing decisions because we also know that this is now our stage of squab. I'm interested to find out from you before we go on this break. Firstly, let's start with the areas that have enjoyed really good areas of good standing, right? So where we know that, you know, tenants are paying in those areas and are paying fairly well and and that's been relatively constant as an average. So it doesn't even have to be a pre covid during covid, but just as a general average, which areas, you know, generally enjoying tenants that pay and pay on time at whatever the price point of that. OK, so if it's over 50 percent of the number of tenants in South Africa reside in the Kharting province, so if we were to look at Kharting as an average, 76.7 percent of tenants are good standing, which is nowhere near where we where we are in an area like the Western Cape, where it's closer to 86 percent. So that's a whole 10 percent shift. So Kharting as an average doesn't look great. But if we look where the top performing areas are, we're looking at an area like Madrid, where we've got 85.4 percent of the tenants in good standing or Stanton with 85 percent of the tenants in good standing. That sounds great, but what are your risks? Well, in Madrid, your vacancy rates are sitting at 16 percent. And remember, I said that the national average had come down to 10.6 percent. So you're a whole 6 percent higher than the national average. And areas like Soweto only have a 44 percent good standing ratio. So much harder to collect rent, but the vacancy sitting at 10.4 percent. What does Soweto have? Soweto has the yield. So Soweto is an area and Kharting is the best performing from a yield perspective at 13 percent. So if you can collect your rent, you're going to get a good yield. And for me, it's not, you know, you don't go into a party and go, if I can collect my rent, no, you have the opportunity to select quality tenants. So so long as you're selecting a quality tenants, you're able then to collect the rent. So that's from a from a Kharting basis. If we were to look at the Western Cape, which, as I said, I mean, from a from an average, they're the best performing province. But if we were to pop into an area like the Southern suburbs in the Western Cape, then you have 90.4 percent of the tenants mean good standing. And what you don't have, though, is you don't have great, great yield. So remember, Soweto had a yield of 13 percent. And Kharting as a whole has a yield of nearly 11 percent. Southern suburbs in the Western Cape have a yield of 6.8 percent. And this is because the market value of the properties are so high. I mean, I'm just looking at all the different areas in the Western Cape. Atlantic Seaboard, 89 percent that's standing Cape Town, 82 percent. More than the suburbs, 84 percent. Wildlands, 87 percent. So you're able to collect your rent there, but the yields are much 8.6 percent for the Western Cape as a whole. And then, obviously, Quasulina Toll, I know you there at the moment. So down in Quasulina Toll, the good standing rate also really, really difficult. 77 percent. But an area like Peter Merrittsburg is sitting at 87 percent. So it all depends. I mean, it's a queenie sitting at a 73 percent good standing, but the vacancy rates are 14 percent. It's a queenie, really, really a challenging area from both the good standing as well as a vacancy as a vacancy rate. And I guess the story is about each area has its own nuances and it has its own pros and cons. And it's about looking at each area individually and identifying what are the pros, what are the cons and how do I mitigate some of those risks? Because some of the risks can be mitigated.  And we'll talk a little bit more about those risks. I wanted to go for a quick break and see who the potential lucky winner is for that 500 round side that is in the money bag this evening. And that is, of course, the competition that we're running on our Facebook page. All you have to do to enter is to go to the pin post to make sure you comment as many times as you would like. That, of course, up to your odds of winning. Yesterday's lecture in there, the birthday woman won that thousand rounds that was in the money bag. Let's see who this evening's lucky winner is. And that lucky winner this evening is Sanit Pala. Sanit Pala, I hope that you're watching. Do make sure that you drop us a text down here below. And of course, you're going to walk away with the 500 rounds that is in the money bag. Sanit Pala, that 500 rounds is up for grabs. And all you have to do is to drop us a message down here below. This evening, I'm in conversation with Michelle Dickens, who is the co-founder and CEO at TP in Credit Bureau, and we're looking at how to let property investments and understanding what the data is saying first thing, how to make sense of it, which areas are really good performers, which areas are not so great performers, understanding the risk and unpacking that risk. Because I think one of the big things as a property investor is you really have to get clear at understanding your risk, understanding the data, making sense of the data. And of course, that's going to help you make better and certainly more informed property decisions when it comes to your property portfolio. And we are taking more of your questions and comments.  What are some of the risks that you've identified? And I know we spoke risk, even with Miguel yesterday, and how have you gone about making sure that you mitigate them as best as possible? And Michelle, I want us to look at just some of the key risks that perhaps people at home or that the data is pointing to. Because I think if anything, TPN is able to to see some data very close up. So what are some of the risks that you've essentially been able to identify that investors who use a bike to let strategy in particular need to be aware of? There are a few risks and let's run through a couple of them. One of the first risks is obviously the increasing municipal charges. We've spoken about the fact that rental escalation is negative or at the very least flat. But not your profit is based on your revenue, less your expenses and expenses are increasing and they're increasing higher than inflation and not just for your rates and taxes and municipal charges, but also for your water, your sewage and your electricity charges, which charges that the tenant has to pay. And if the tenant's budget is increasing in terms of the spend on utilities, it gives very little room for increase in basic rental. So landlords will fill the pinch in terms of their municipal charges and it's difficult because you can't offset those. You can't reduce those.  Of course, in times of property valuations, property valuation cycles, landlords need to take notes of what the valuations, what the municipal valuation is and put in a valuation. What's the word? If you want to get it reviewed, a valuation review.  And then, of course, we've got areas where there could be a lot of new birth level to happening in a particular area. And so this we're going to see on TPN's Investor Report when you have a look at what are the number of transactions that are transacting at the moment. Typically, what's happening now is we have a lot of institutional landlords coming in, either private or public funds that are purchasing big portfolios and bringing on 500,000 leases in a property at a time, in an area at a time. And so as a Bartlett microland wall, when you're competing against a private or public fund that's bringing on 500 to 1,000 properties at a time in an area, what they're going to do is they're going to drop rental prices. They're going to have incentives to encourage tenants into their portfolio, things like free Wi-Fi, Zoom rooms, free electricity or water for zero deposits. They're going to have these types of incentives. And so as a microland wall, you're going to be competing against that type of property, that type of investor. And of course, the quality and maintenance of your property. So what does the quality of your property look like against the other properties within, not just the complex, but the area itself? So as an investor, this is the type of data you want to be looking at. Not only that, but when you're exiting your portfolio, because you always got to have an exit strategy as an investor. So if I'm buying a Bartlett property and I intend exiting it, what does that strategy look like? So if I'm buying in an area that has too much new investments, I'm going to compete in terms of the tenant take-on and the incentives. But if I buy in an area that has too little transactions, then when it comes to selling my property, I'm not going to have a lot of demand. So it's about understanding that type of data to assess your future exit strategy. And we are taking your questions and comments at home. And I want to pick up, Michelle, on the comment around the municipal charges, because I think this is one of those that, and I was even commenting to a tweet earlier this afternoon, somebody tweeted about growth point and what they said around this. I think that the chairman of growth point had said that the excessive increases in the municipal rates and taxes in recent years, despite a deterioration in municipal service delivery, has reached the stage where it poses a threat to the future profitability of our South African business. I mean, my comment was that we're also just seeing this in our own residential units, whereas a DIY landlord, when you look at the escalation in municipal rates and taxes versus what you're able to escalate in rental, for instance, you find that it's chipping into your bottom line, and increasingly, your profits are just getting less and less and less to the point where even other entrants into the market may perhaps price themselves slightly lower. They still just want to get a tenant and get things going and probably thinking, look, I just want somebody who will be able to pay the bond. It doesn't matter if I'm topping up these other expenses, whereas you've been in this for quite a number of years. You know that you're not running a business where you're wanting to have to supplement other expenses that go with that particular property. And so it becomes just such an important thing to observe, especially in the area that you're in. And of course, as Michelle has even recommended, in the event where you feel as though your property is overvalued, because we've also seen that when the evaluation role was redone, I think it was what, two years ago, many people had contention, wanted to follow up and say, no, I think that you have overvalued my property. And I know I'm not going to be able to pay the new rate. I know one of the issues that I had was just in our building, one of the buildings where I own a few of us, our properties were mislabeled commercial. And all this time they were residential, then they got mislabeled commercial. And then the one month, we get a bill and it's a commercial bill. And a lot of us were shocked. Luckily, because it had happened to the building, it was able to be resolved fairly quickly, as opposed to, of course, if you have a freestanding, freehold house and you have to follow up on your own. And I want to actually speak into this as a question coming through from Facebook and it is from Teppo Mokhubudi. And it's Teppo Mokhubudi's following anniversary this evening. I see that there's a note there. So happy anniversary to you. You have quite a number of milestones these days. Absolutely enjoying that. And Teppo is saying good evening, private property family. How do you determine a rental price that will be profitable for you? Considering that there's no guarantee tenants will pay rent month to month. And you're still liable for paying the bond and all levies. So, Michelle, how do we get that sweet spot where you're still making a profit and all the expenses are paying for themselves? Well, it's not retrospective that much, I can tell you.  You cannot take a property and retrospectively, if you've paid too much for it and your bond repayments and your levies and your rates and taxes and everything else, the value of your expenses exceed the value of what a tenant is going to pay. We're in a very difficult situation now because tenants aren't going to overpay for property. We know this because right now, we've got a market that's oversupplied. And an oversupply industry makes it a tenant's market and tenants can negotiate the best rental. And where you have vacancies of 10%, well, the tenant's just going to move to a property where the value is better. So what does TPN do? Let me tell you what TPN does. TPN and I invest reports. We look at a per area basis. And per area, we say, what is the average rental price for a less than two-bedroom property, a two-bedroom property and a more than two-bedroom property? So what is the average rental price? What is the high and what is the low? And that gives you the range that the properties of a two-bedroom, less than two-bedroom and more than two-bedroom are transacting in. We take it one step further and we say, what is the rent per square meter in an area? So the rent per square meter is going to be more in the Western Cape than it is in Harte. So now we can say, okay, well, how big is my property? And what is the rent per square meter that I can achieve for that size property? You know, property valuation report. So, for example, if you wanted to go in and look for your exact property on our property valuation report, we would say, this is your property. This is how much you bought it for. And this is what we think the market value is of your property right now. And then we say, if you have a 0 to 60 square meter property, this is the average rental price in your area for 0 to 60 square meter properties. This is the average rental price for 60 to 80 square meters and more than 80 because guess what? The smaller the size, the higher the rent per square meter is. The bigger the size, the less per rent per square meter is. So that then gives you this wonderful tool that says, for my property, which is an 80 square meter property, I can get a 70-year rent per square meter price. And I made that up. I said, well, I don't know where your property is. And that will then allow you to say, I can work out what the average rent is in my area for this size property at a rent per square meter price. And more of your questions and comments on our social media platforms this evening on the private property podcast with myself is Amadouma Kumalo. As I'm in conversation with Michelle Dickens from TPN Credit Bureau looking at buy-to-let property investments. On our YouTube page, we've got Stacey, Tracy Stanley, rather saying greetings from Cape Town. And we've also got, like me, saying, I finally found a community on social media that I can relate to. I'm happy here. I'm learning a lot, especially as a junior property investor. We absolutely, absolutely love that. And of course, hope that you're going to grow from being a baby property investor to being a more seasoned property investor, not just by watching the show, but of course, by also using the various tools that we share, the various insights that we share on the show. Michelle, before we wrap up the show, as we wrap up the show, any final tips? Firstly, for the buy-to-let investors who are already in it, right? They're already in it. They already have, whether it's one or more properties and are just trying to make sense of whether they should stay being property investors and grow their portfolio, whether it's time to actually just cut their losses. And secondly, any insight for those who are looking to get in? So perhaps they are just slightly more optimistic and want to add a few properties to their portfolios. What kind of insights can you give for these two sets of people as they navigate whether to stay and grow or whether to get in? So I guess it's about revaluing your portfolio. Your portfolio, you don't buy your first property and your second property or third property. You bought your portfolio and you just keep it the way it is. It's about reassessing your portfolio. Is my portfolio performing optimally? Am I getting the right rental price? Or do I have room to negotiate? Am I, do my expenses look manageable? Is this property becoming, is this area of this property becoming an expensive aerial property? And that could be because there's not only are the municipal charges increasing but the levy charges are also increasing. And I'm involved in a complex that is no longer profitable. The complex itself has deteriorated to a point where it's not an ideal investment. So it's about reassessing each property and then your portfolio as a whole and rebalancing it. If it's not working, don't be scared to sell off one and buy into another. You may be an investor with luxury properties. These are difficult properties at the best of times. So you may want to offload the luxury and buy in more affordable properties. So it's about rebalancing what you've got. If you're a newbie investor or you're getting involved as an investor, it's about understanding the data first. Once you understand the data and it's not difficult data, it's simply understanding what does my risk look like and what am I prepared to negotiate on. Interest rates are going to go up. They're not going to stay at this level forever and I doubt that they're going to go down. So if I'm looking to buy now and I'm looking to leverage finance, if I was getting into property now, I would want to know that if interest rates go up by 3% that I have the means to be able to cover my bond on a monthly basis because I want to plan for my worst case scenario. And I think that's actually such a great note to leave it on that. You want to be able to plan for the worst case scenario because in as much as you can be an optimist, the trip to being an optimist is that you've adequately planned for the worst case. And so you can actually enjoy the optimism and that's really an important aspect to being an optimist as much as possible. Michelle, we're going to leave it there this evening. Thank you so much for joining us on the show. It's always such a pleasure to have you with us. Such a pleasure. Thank you for having me. And that is Michelle Dickens as a co-founder and CEO at TPN Credit Bureau wrapping up the Thursday edition of the Private Property Podcast with myself Osamando Mwakumalo. The team has let me know that Sinead Parla is indeed was indeed watching, dropped us a text and gets to walk away with that fiber that drains in cash. So congratulations to you Sinead. It is certainly a pleasure to make to give you this money because one of the things that many of you at home have grown to know about me is that I absolutely love giving away money. I think it's such a great thing for us to be able to spread the love and certainly make sure that more and more of you can share in the winnings. Well, that's it for myself, Osamando Mwakumalo. On this Thursday evening, I'll be back on your screens tomorrow evening at 7 p.m. Remember to tune in to the Red Estate Industry Summage tomorrow at 9 a.m. until 1 p.m. Umbalinoa Google will be on your screens from 8 p.m. But until then, hope you're staying home and staying safe.


e Sweden and Denmark and I would use Ireland. Ireland has, is significantly richer than Scandinavia. Ireland has a dynamic economy, a growing economy, and is doing, and they've even, you know, they've even gone to what, I guess, people consider the left on social issues, which I think is great, so they've legalized abortion and they've legalized gay marriage for a Catholic country, that's pretty cool. So, you know, I consider Ireland much more of a model within Europe and in Ireland, the unionization rates are not that much higher, if at all, than the United States. One of the reasons union rates have gone down is because they're not needed as much in a tech-oriented economy, they're not needed as much when individual productivity can be measured at a much better rate than it used to be. It's true that when everybody was doing the same job and you couldn't actually tell who was a better worker and who was not, then there was power in grouping together and negotiating as a group, but when you're actually the more productive person on the line and you can show it because now everything is measured and everything is monitored, then you don't want to be in the union, you actually want to negotiate a better salary because you're being more productive, you don't want to be driven down. At the end of the day, where it drives wages up as productivity, unions could drive wages up artificially, but that does not help anybody in the long run. In the long run, you cannot make more money than you actually produce. Thanks guys. Thank you guys. And you guys, I will second what Sam said initially. I mean, any way you can support this mill series, do it because exchange of ideas, I mean, when we stop talking, then the fists come out. I mean, that's the reality. It's either talk or guns. Either we give up on reason, either we embrace reason or we move to violence. Those are the only two options.


Testing, testing, probably would help if I had a mirror so I couldn't actually see what I'm doing. Okay, eight years later. Hey guys, welcome back to my channel or welcome if you're new. Oh my God, this took a hot minute to set up. Using my good external microphone, so I don't know. It's usually good at canceling out noise but my dog is currently eating so if you can hear him chomping, I apologize. And also I'm hoping that there's not a really bad echo. I'm just trying my best here, okay? And of course I'm doing this with like a little bit of a time crunch. I got an hour before I need to head out the door so I think we'll be good. But I am about to get ready. I just got home from work a little while ago and I am going to dinner with some of my friends. I'm actually gonna be the fifth wheel. Love that for me. But I figured it's been a while since I've just done like a sit down chatty video and I thought why not just record as I'm getting ready and let's do a Q and A. I asked you guys on Instagram last night if you had any questions for me and I got a lot of responses. Thank you very much for that by the way. Before we jump into the questions though I did wanna give a shout out to the sponsor of this video dossier.  Ambry Saffron from dossier. I wear it every single day. Sometimes I'll switch it up and do something different but it's always dossier. All of my perfumes at this point are from dossier. They make replicas of brand name, well-known designer fragrances but they are in simpler packaging without the retailer markups, celebrity marketing, all of the things that make the exact same perfume so much more expensive. So dossier is able to offer their perfumes in some cases 70 to 90% less. So you're getting the exact same thing, same high quality, but for way less money. I just don't understand why you wouldn't and personally I like the look of the simpler packaging. I think it looks really nice on my dresser and having multiple bottles that all look the same. It's just, it's very aesthetically pleasing rather than having like a bunch of different bottles that are all different shapes and colors. But yeah, the Ambry Saffron like I said is my favorite. It's been my go-to one for over two years now. It is a dupe or replica of the Baccarat Rouge 540 perfume which is very expensive but because I get this from dossier and it is so much more affordable I can wear it every single day and not feel as guilty about it. And I'm telling you this lasts on me all day long. I am constantly getting complimented on a regular basis. People are always asking me what perfume I'm wearing. If you guys want to check them out I will have a link and a discount code in the description. They are now also available at Walmart so you can shop in store or online if you would prefer to do that. I know that it's easier to be able to actually like test out a perfume in person first but if you do order it online dossier has a really good return policy but if you have like a go-to signature set and you're normally buying like the brand name version of it I highly recommend go check out dossier see if they have a replica for it and start getting it from there because you are gonna save yourself so much money. Thank you so much dossier for continuing to work with me. They are like one of my longest running sponsorships and they've been a huge supporter of my channel and I love working with them because I really genuinely love these perfumes and I've turned everyone in my personal life onto them and I know a lot of you guys now are dossier fans as well. So let me pull up the questions. I'm not going to talk much about the makeup that I'm using but I will link everything in order in the description. Okay, first question. Where would your dream vacation be? Ooh, I don't really know honestly. I don't know just off the top of my head right now I would say like an all-inclusive resort in a tropical location either with a group of my girlfriends or with a sexy man would be really nice. How to make friends after moving? I'm struggling. Now that I am back to working in a salon I've been able to make friends through work but if you are in a situation like I was when I first moved here where you work from home I would say go on social media. Facebook has a lot of local groups that you can join. Before I started working at the salon I actually made a lot of friends through Instagram oddly enough. If you just look under the location like the geo tag of your town you can just scroll through the pictures on there and if you see somebody that looks like you'd be friends with them go to their page see if they actually live in the same town as you and if they do follow them maybe comment on a picture send them a DM and just be like oh hey this might be kind of weird but I'm new to the area and I came across your page I saw that you also live in the same town I don't know and you can kind of become social media friends with them first and then maybe ask to meet them for coffee or something obviously be careful and smart about it or you can also try like Bumble BFF I tried that when I first moved here but nothing ended up coming of it but that's always an option too I don't know you gotta kind of just put yourself out there and I know it can be a little uncomfortable sometimes especially if you're not like naturally an extroverted person I wish you the best of luck and I'm sure you will make friends eventually it just takes a little bit of time oh how's your love life? I don't know it is so complicated I don't even know what to say if you listen to my podcast which by the way I have a podcast with my friend Julia it's called Girls Who Get It podcast I will link it down below I was talking in a recent episode about how my ex was in town visiting me so trying to figure out that whole situation I'm honestly not really sure what I want or what is right for me who's right for me it's like one of those things where I wanna talk about it online sometimes cause I feel like it could be really relatable and possibly helpful for me too to like get some insight and like third party opinions but at the same time it's such a personal thing too and it involves another person and I feel weird like sharing that publicly but if I do end up talking about it more it most likely will be my podcast so please go subscribe to that it'll be linked in the description like I said we have a YouTube channel and we're also on Apple Podcasts and Spotify but yeah other than that the love life is pretty dry I'm not like currently dating I was on the apps again for like a hot second but that very quickly got discouraging and don't have any apps on my phone right now and I'm not actively looking for anything or dating or anything like that I'm just living my life just try to enjoy being on my own I will say having my ex here did make me realize how much I appreciate my personal space and like my alone time and living by myself so yeah I'm just trying to enjoy that for as long as I can and let the universe do what it needs to do and you know whatever is meant to be will be kind of thing how do you stay motivated while working from home? Oof, I don't know I don't I really don't I have such a hard time with that actually before I ever went to cosmetology school I did online marketing and like social media management and we had the option to work from home and I just couldn't do it like as much as I wanted to stay home I chose to go into the office every day because when I stayed home I just had such a hard time holding myself accountable and staying motivated I think with doing YouTube it's a little bit different because I'm working for myself and I don't follow a super strict schedule unless I have like a brand deal and it's due by a certain time I do think though like having a designated office space in your home helps and like sticking to a strict routine and like getting ready and pretending like you're actually going into the office because I feel like for me if I'm just like sitting on the couch and I stay in my pajamas I'm not gonna be in work mode and I'm not gonna wanna actually get stuff done What made you start YouTube and was it a slow start? It definitely was a slow start I've been on YouTube now for 10 years and I mean even now my channel's not big I'm considered like a small influencer still What made me wanna start was I was in college at the time and I was just feeling very lost and I was having a hard time adjusting to the college life and I didn't really want to be there and YouTube was just my creative outlet so I would just do it like in between classes in my bedroom Would you ever move back to PA? I don't think so I was actually just talking to my friend earlier today about this My family, like my immediate family at the moment is still in Pennsylvania but my mom, even way before I moved down here she always said that she was gonna move down south She's just like waiting to retire basically so her plan was never to stay there anyway and then the rest of my family is like spread out all over the place So there's really no reason like once my parents move out of Pennsylvania there's nothing there for me There's no, like yeah I have friends I guess but there's no reason for me to move back there to move back there How's your fitness journey going? It's going well I have been consistently working out now since the beginning of January I will say I've been having a little bit of a tough time staying like super strict throughout summer because I've been traveling a lot I've had friends come and stay with me and we've just been going out a lot you know there's been a lot of like going out to eat, drinking, stuff like that and I've been very conflicted with like do I force myself to stay strict or do I just enjoy my summer and enjoy my life but like I've still been exercising and I feel really good I feel strong, I feel healthy I actually just went to the gym earlier today so it's going well I am looking forward though like once summer's over I really wanna like kick it into high year and get stricter again especially with my nutrition a bunch of questions about dating how's dating going, are you dating at the moment definitely I'm telling you subscribe to my podcast if you aren't already because any of those kinds of updates that I ever have you will hear them first on the podcast what do you find is the hardest thing to do in the hair industry love your videos by the way thank you so much honestly the hardest thing is dealing with people cause I feel like any of the technical stuff you can practice and you can get better at it but the dealing with people never gets easier because even if you get better at it and you have a lot of experience and you know how to handle certain situations I feel like you never fully become numb to it when you have like a difficult client or somebody that's just really mean or inconsiderate how has your mental health been lately aww, I like that question and I appreciate you asking my mental health has been really good I mean, don't get me wrong like I have my bad days obviously I was just kind of going through it the last few days and I was kind of having a rough time but I would say overall it's been really good and this is also why I have no intention of moving back north any time soon because I feel like ever since I moved down here the weather affects me so much and I always thought that but to actually see it in action is a crazy thing like I would get really bad seasonal depression but ever since I moved down here that has not happened to me and I definitely like in the first I would say six months of living here it's been almost two years now December will be two years if you can believe it it's crazy how fast time flies but the first six months were hard and my anxiety was the worst it's ever been in my whole life but I think it was just from like all the big life changes you know I went through a breakup I moved 600 miles away from all of my close friends and my family to a place where I didn't know anyone and I didn't know what was gonna happen how I was gonna adjust how I was gonna like it here I was taking a break from hair at the time and I was trying to decide what I wanted to do career wise it was just a lot a lot of change all at once but now that I've adjusted and I feel like everything is in order I have a good routine I have a full life here I feel great so I've been good would you ever get Benny a puppy sibling? well that was running low and now it just got all over my dress and like barely anything got on my face so that's cool love that for me whatever it'll dry yeah I really would love to like I could totally see myself with like five dogs honestly but not anytime soon because right now I'm just in a little one bedroom apartment it's like 600 square feet it's very tight in here so it would just be like way too cramped when the time comes that I eventually have a house with a backyard ideally a fenced in backyard I absolutely would love to get another dog how has your no birth control journey been? it's been great I've been off the pill actually this month made two years since I stopped taking it I was on the birth control pill for many many years I stopped taking it at one point in college because it was always making me nauseous and then I had all these terrible symptoms stopped getting a period was breaking out like crazy and so my gynecologist like basically scared me into getting back on it because she wasn't really offering much help she was just kind of like yeah I think you have PCOS so you have to get back on the pill and then I finally just bit the bullet two years ago and I stopped taking it and I haven't had any negative symptoms and I've felt amazing and I can just feel myself getting more in tune with my body and I can feel that my body is working the way it's supposed to like my periods are so regular it comes exactly like every 28 days and I don't get period cramps anymore and my periods are like pretty light and they're not super long and now I recently like within the last few months I can feel when I'm ovulating like for a while I would get symptoms like I could tell it was happening but now I can straight up feel it and I can feel like which side I'm ovulating from it's crazy and I always would hear women say that I knew that that was a possibility but I had never experienced it and obviously when you're on the pill you're not ovulating so yeah it's really crazy how everything is just like working the way it's supposed to now I love it I feel amazing it's a little tricky as far as like preventing pregnancy but because my period is so regular I can track and I know like when I'm fertile and when I'm not not that it matters because I am single and not seeing anybody so last time you had sex wow okay that's really hilarious after we were just talking about this well my ex was here like I said but prior to that it had been like eight months what do you think about one night stands have you done it I get attached it's too personal I have done it also sorry to my mom who I know is watching right now I have nothing against it like I do you know as long as whatever you're doing is consensual you're not hurting anybody you're being safe you're being smart do whatever you want to do do what makes you happy but for me at this point in my life I'm kind of over that and I say like let's be real if you're hooking up with somebody that you don't really know they don't care to make it good like as women you know it takes more for most of us anyway to like enjoy the experience and if you're just with I mean I guess there are some guys that like they will put in that effort but I feel like a lot of the times if it's just like a one time thing and they don't know you they don't really care about you like they're just being selfish and they're just worried about getting themselves off so it's like it's probably not even gonna be that good for you so what's even the point you could have just like stayed home with a toy and not risk an STD or pregnancy and that's my thing too like I'm so paranoid all of a sudden lately about STDs so I'm just like let's do one last question I also am kind of like losing daylight here so have you ever had a friend breakup because of a disagreement or something shady? I've had two friend breakups the first one happened in high school and I don't even really remember if there was like a big event that occurred that caused us to stop being friends I think it was just kind of like a gradual thing we just kind of like drifted and we're butting heads a lot but then we reconnected in college and we never like we were best friends for years and we never got back to that same place cause I think as we got older we just really became very different people so we're not nearly as close as we used to be but we are still friends and then the other one again we have been friends forever and we actually last year kind of got into it and it was just kind of like a combination of things I just kind of got to a point where I feel like especially when you have your friends that you've known since like childhood you just kind of keep them around and you tolerate things like even if they're not the greatest friend to you and they don't really treat you that well or maybe you don't really love the way they treat other people or just the way they are as a person but you just kind of keep them around anyway cause they've been in your life forever and you don't really think much of it but like if you were to just meet them now at this point in your life you probably wouldn't be friends with them or not as close anyway that's kind of what the situation was like and I kind of got to a point where I was like you're kind of being an asshole it wasn't like one specific thing it was just kind of like a combination of things that had built up for a while and I also just kind of felt like she wasn't putting in the same kind of effort that I was putting into our friendship I felt like if it wasn't for me we wouldn't even really be friends anymore friend breakups are almost as bad as relationship breakups but I think that's important especially as you get older it's like why are you gonna make time in your life for people that don't deserve it and don't deserve to be in your life you know like I am really trying to honor my peace and I feel like in order for you to be a part of my inner circle you have to really earn that but anyway there were still a bunch of questions left so if you guys would like me to do another Q&A soon let me know give this video a thumbs up if you enjoyed this and don't forget to check the description for my link and discount code to dossier and I will see you really soon in my next video bye


In previous couple of videos, we have covered these four kinds of asexual reproduction. And so in this video, we will focus on vegetative propagation. So let's see what that is. Alright, so what is it? It's a kind of asexual reproduction that happens in plants. So whenever asexual reproduction happens in plants, we call it vegetative propagation. But again, what exactly is it? So let me ask you a question. How do you usually grow new plants? Well, you might say, we take seeds and sow them into the soil, and then you give it enough water, make sure it has nutrients, and then with enough sunlight, it can grow into a new plant. Now that's great if the plants can readily make viable seeds, meaning seeds that can work. But what if they can't? For example, roses can make seeds, of course, but not all those seeds might work. Some of those seeds, if you sow them, they just may not grow into new plants.  In such cases, you can see the chances of reproduction using seeds are very tiny. So how do we readily grow these plants? Well, there's a method to do that without using seeds. And that's what this vegetative propagation is all about. A method of reproduction without using seeds. But how does it work? Well, let me give you an example. Let's take the example of rose itself. Now, like I said, the rose seeds may not be viable, meaning if you sow them, it doesn't guarantee it will grow into a new rose plant. So you know what you can do? Suppose this rose plant is pretty old, it's about to die. What you can do is you can take cuttings of its stem. So you take the cutting of its stem and you sow that instead. Similarly, you take another cutting of that stem and you sow that. And then if you give it enough water and nutrients and sunlight, you will find that they will grow into new rose plants. Voila, reproduction without seeds. So in this example, we took the stem cuttings, right? But you could also take the root cuttings if you wanted. You could also take a leaf if you wanted. Basically take any vegetative part of the plant. The stem, the root and the leaves that together call their vegetative part of the plants. So if you take the vegetative part of the plants and you sow them, you can make new plants from that. And that's why this is called vegetative propagation.  And so when they are used in reproduction, we call that sexual reproduction, which we will talk about in great detail in future videos. So we can now write this down. Why is it called vegetative propagation? Because we are using the vegetative part. We are using the vegetative part. What are the vegetative parts? The stem, the roots or the leaves. We are using the vegetative part to make new plants to propagate new plants' vegetative propagation. And speaking about leaves, that reminds me of a very famous example of vegetative propagation, which is seen in a plant called bryophyllum. So what are we looking at? These are actually the leaves of the plant, but it's a little different. Because if you look carefully, from the tip you can find there are tiny birds growing. And these birds grow into their own tiny plants, which we call as plantlets. They have their own leaves and their own roots, which we can't see over here. But eventually as they grow, the whole leaf is going to become heavy and eventually it's going to fall onto the ground. And then each of this plantlet can grow into a new bryophyllum. That's pretty cool, right? This is also a beautiful example of vegetative propagation and something you might have to remember for your exams. Anyways, before we wind up this video now, let's put it all together and see if we can write some advantages of this vegetative propagation. So what are the advantages? Can you pause for a while and think about what advantages you find over here? Alright, let's see. So the first one is something that we already spoke about. It helps in reproduction of the plants that cannot make viable seeds. So let's write that down. It helps in reproduction of plants which cannot make viable seeds. To write down the second advantage, we need to remember one thing that although this is the preferred method of reproduction for such plants, you can do vegetative propagation for any plant. Even if there is a plant which can make seeds readily, even for those, you can vegetatively propagate it. So what do you think is the advantage of this over using seeds? Well, this is asexual reproduction. And you might remember that in asexual reproduction, the offspring will have the exact same copy as the parent because it's the same DNA that's getting copied over here. Which means that if there's a particular trait that you like in the parent plant, you can make sure that all the offsprings will have that specific trait. For example, consider mangoes. Imagine there's a mango tree which has unusually large mangoes. Now, if you want to grow more trees like that, you vegetatively propagate it. You make sure that all its offsprings will have those unusually large mangoes. In contrast, if you start using mango seeds, you cannot guarantee that because seeds are formed due to sexual reproduction, which we'll talk about in the future, where combination of DNA happens. And when combination of DNA happens, there is a mix of traits and that may not guarantee that all the mangoes in the new tree will be having those desired traits. So the second important characteristic advantage over here is that desired traits can be passed along. Desired traits can be passed along. The third advantage I'm going to talk about, which may not be very obvious, is that when you vegetatively propagate, there's a good chance they can bear fruits and flowers earlier or faster compared to when using seeds. So let me just write that down. Can bear fruits and flowers faster. Which means if you're in this industry, if you're in this business of selling flowers and fruits, this could be economical to you. And why is this true though? Well, that's because you're not using seeds, so there is no germination. So all of that germination time and everything is skipped and fast forwarded. It's kind of like missing your childhood and directly growing into an adult. I don't know how much fun that would be, but it's okay. Plans don't have emotions because they don't have a nervous system. Anyways, that pretty much sums up this video. And so to summarize some important points, vegetative propagation is an asexual reproduction in plants where we use the vegetative parts like stem and roots and leaves to grow new plants. So it's reproduction without seeds. It's perfect for the plants that cannot make viable seeds like roses or bananas or sugarcane or jasmine. There are many examples. And one important example to remember from the example point of view is this bryophyllum which starts making tiny plantlets from the tip of its leaf. And eventually when the leaf becomes heavy enough, it falls onto the ground and new bryophyllum plants can start growing from that. And because the reproduction is asexual, you can pass along any desired rate you want and because we are skipping its childhood, its germination time, it can bear fruits and flowers faster.


experience. Based on your requests regarding information on purpose of e-learning, strategies in e-learning and processes in e-learning from industry perspective. Today we are having a session which is called Voices from the Field where we have Dr. Anura Kankare who is a PhD from Educational Technology IIT Bombay and she is currently working in the Debold mixed Dorf and in the LND division and here she is today to share her experience on e-learning from industry perspective. So before we get started with the session I would request Anura to briefly introduce them. Hi everyone myself I am Anura and I have nine years of work experience in the e-learning industry. Previously I have worked in Accenture and currently I work at Debold mixed Dorf as a senior instruction and designer so today I will be helping you get an idea about different products in the e-learning industry how to design them and different processes involved as well as finally how do you conclude like what are do's what are don'ts to make an effective learning product yeah so let's get started. So Anura can you tell us the different types of e-learning content design in the industry? Sure. So basically depending upon your client or your client requirement that is better it depends what kind of product you will be making. So if you have a facilitator in field like along with you then you would mostly be creating an instructor led training which is referred to as an ILT but if that is not there or they are available for a brief period of time then you can go in for a blended learning wherein your learners have an online training for a brief period of time and then you have the facilitator on field or with them for a different period of time and they have assignments or certain work products which they have to finish. Apart from this there are complete online trainings. Now within that there is a big paradigm of products which learners have to engage with. So let me just run you through them. There is web-based training which is called WBT in that it is completely interactive learners have to engage with it and complete the entire thing in a self-paced mode. Second is videos when you can sit back and simply watch it at your own speed your own time. Third is gamification that is wherein your learners have to have some motivation right why would they even take your web-based training. So basically throughout taking your modules they are given leaderboards or they are given certain ranks or they are given something wherein you gamify it you have a competition between your learners and so that they try and complete the entire session. They try and win it so you gamify it it's not a serious game but you add elements of games to it that is referred to as gamification. Third thing is a illustration so if you have seen a illustration you will simply see your hand and in the hand it's continuously drawing and there is audio in the background. So the audio will be speaking and whatever graphics you need are there on screen and a hand will be continuously sketching it. Okay then after that now there are some simpler versions wherein your participants can read it at a later span of time they are called as guides or interactive PDFs or simply case studies that is wherein your relevant audience that is suppose if you're an onboarding then previous onboarding case studies you are given that to read they could simply be interactive PDFs as simple as that other than that for information sake you can have a subject matter expert SME led videos or you can have webinars or simple podcasts and lastly I guess other than all of these you can simply have pages to read as extended learning that is you simply read at your pace and time later on when your course is over for more information. So this is a glimpse into what all stuff we develop. I have a question about illustration so where exactly a illustration is used in what is the target audience. So your audience will remain the same so suppose you get a requirement of creating a product for content that is what content could be a process or it could be simply information so in that if you have to create a video you'll be capturing something but instead of that it is a contrast to a video your final product will be an mp4 file but simply the way you see it the presentation style differs instead of capturing the entire screen and showing an animation over there or just screen capture instead of that you see your hands catching everything the presentation style differs. Okay so I will tell you based on your experience you have said you have nine years of experience in e-learning can you clearly give a difference or examples of e-learning designs that you think are effective and those e-learning designs that you think are ineffective. Sure so let's get into that you can just see a very good example of good e-learning now what do I mean by good e-learning in this basically you do not force the learner to do anything so wherever you see throughout this entire session a thumbs up it means good when you see a thumbs down it will mean not so cool and also later on when I refer to thumbs up again it will mean a good way to proceed and a thumbs down would mean a challenge that you may face right so let's move ahead in these screenshots that you are seeing these are examples of good e-learning now in that what all do I mean by good what does that term mean so basically you allow the users to go in and navigate as per they wish you do not force them that you see ABCD in this order itself they can watch whatever they want at their convenience okay and you start by simply taking their idea how much do they know because if your learners are at a very basic level as opposed to your learners who are at a very advanced level you cannot possibly start at the same place right so you give them a certain scenario a simple question and when they answer that you proceed based upon what are they answering right other than that you can also have multiple activities in between to gauge where your learners are are they even understanding what you're saying so this is what you must have heard as formative assessment right so there you can have multiple things like drag and drop you can ask them to enter text and then judge it later you can do multiple such things MCQs are very basic but other than that you can like increase the interactivity level to a false all of these are very simple they are MCQs so do that in between have formative assessment most importantly don't force navigation have an exit button if they don't want to see it let them close it it's okay they can come back and see it later so forced navigation is a completely no no so other than that have in between like wherever you can see on the screen like when people click on any area then you allow them to see information regarding that area don't clutter the screen with too much it's not cool because people don't read if there is so much of text on screen nobody's gonna read that and also font size if you have like 40 font size here and 10 here I won't read it so nobody's going to read that right and if you fill the entire screen with too much that is there is text on screen which is too much there's audio playing in the background and a video is also playing somewhere down where do I look your multimedia principles tell you this that never have all three together audio video and text right you must have heard this and lastly personalization because it's a person who is dealing with the entire thing if a machine is going to speak to them you know you can't have that connect so always in your audio have a human voice your personalization principle tells you this that always have a human voice as opposed to a machine generated voice text to speech is cool but that is if your budget is seriously on the lower side if you cannot do anything then only text to speech but other than that preferably you know preferably just go for a human voice that is better and also give them real-life scenarios when you give them an example don't give an orbit general thing which they can't even understand because for example if your audience comes from a finance background and you tell them about farming how will they ever you know relate to it they won't understand so better give them a finance background so see to it that mostly your scenarios can be something that they can relate to okay quick we've already covered that minimal text on screen and also color scheme you know you may feel that colors what is the big deal with that but I will show you an example of a very unpleasant e-learning example in which the colors are in your eye you will not look at the screen forget reading the text okay we go to that and also be very consistent like if you're using a certain font like you're using Calibri or you're using Ariel as the font later don't change to something else your screen looks inconsistent throughout the entire course and believe me your audience picks it they don't like it you know it's in your eye it's not cool let me show you examples so these were examples of good e-learning now let's just see bad this is a terrible and I saw the screen itself has too many colors on it and it is such that you know you can even see blurring to some extent you will not read this and another thing is that there is no way to exit you see the entire screen you cannot exit this page until and unless you finish the entire course so you have to forcefully complete the entire thing and also as you move ahead you'll understand that the previous and next shift somewhere and your audio is just playing in the background your audio has to be in sync with what the user is doing if your audio is not synced again it is meaningless okay so confusing navigation is just not cool spelling mistakes are there all creed this in e-learning you may feel that you know it's not such a big deal why are we even talking about it but attention to detail ATD issues are something in which you will be caught big time and all your money is getting spent on this so if in quality analysis your e-learning product gets into ATD issues and you get you know caught for that you'll be in a very big mess so it is better that you make sure there are no spelling errors your consistency is taken care of and also whatever graphics you want on screen one this is fixed nothing is going to change now if you see the example of the lady on screen it's a posed example she's looking at the screen and also it's not a very pleasant example so if you freeze this graphic later on it won't change because many times we take licensed graphics so you pay for it if you already purchased it then you again can't give it back you have to purchase more so your budget is getting hampered yeah so a random dated clip art just don't pick that up because it's free don't do that another thing is that meaningless pictures like what do you see in that lady over there nothing it's a meaningless thing what does that got to do with the topics so this is an example of a very badly madey learning is what I would say and lastly monotonous voice now here when we are speaking to each other at least you can hear a different punctuation can you hear a different toll but when a machine speaks it will be monotone one tone continues throughout for a maybe half an hour one hour session if the content is that long that is not cool for a learner to hear yeah secondly let's go to the next example here you will see the examples of what I was saying till now split attention there is too much of text on screen your audio is playing I can see the audio down I can't even shut that your audio is playing the text is so big on screen on one side the text is in a lower font one side it's on a higher font everything is playing together so I cannot relate to it that is a no no force navigation again big no no and background there are so many layers I can see all shades of green so when you are designing and e-learning make sure you don't do these things you know your color scheme talk to your graphic designers talk to an expert in that and finalize and freeze that don't change it later okay another thing is characters if you are you going into characters that is somebody who will be talking to you either to show you to lead you to do anything have a conversation on screen like a dialogue they cannot pause why because they're speaking right who stands like this and just talks no nobody does that so your characters cannot be posing have real life examples like people who are speaking to each other or doing something that is much more relatable and also overlapping images here you can see clearly the background is there somewhere behind and the characters are one on top of the other a layer you I can see it so these things are something which you should seriously avoid while creating a new learning product so basically to summarize I just said a few pointers I'll just repeat it once more for you for quick recollection effective is just have spaced out modules don't have something going on for half an hour or one hour it's too much of you know memory you're not going to listen for that long have something very short script crisp like five minutes 15 minutes maximum you know have small chunk modules and also more visual less text you can have audio which is in sync with the video but as far as possible keep the text minimal then visuals please select them carefully and based upon what content are you trying to show base based upon that you select your graphics and have it self-contained don't keep too many URLs which are going to point to 10 different places the learner is going to get confused big time are they supposed to see your module or are they supposed to go and read 10 different pages so try and avoid that intuitive navigation we've already spoken about that graphics we've spoken about it text and also navigation don't have forced navigation so similarly in even effective you see the opposite of this what you should not be doing all of this which I just said if you do anything against it it's ineffective so at one point you discussed about navigation as one of the point that we have to consider when we are designing our e-learning and you spoke about forced navigation and confusing navigation can you explain more so forced navigation is when you have pre-decided how the learner should proceed so there are different people who would interact with your screen or with your module in their own way every learner is unique so if you have pre-decided something and suppose I'm your learner and I can understand it like if I see module a after module B and I just want to see module E first I don't want to see module D in middle it's my choice I wish to read that or I want to go to your additional reading and then read that and come back but if you force me that you can't go anywhere just go to see after this I may not even relate to that because they're not understood I want to go and read your additional reading first but you forced everything it's freeze stop so then for your learner it becomes a pain somebody might just shut your course but you're not even allowing to exit so nobody will you know value take take away from your course and I'm sure that was not the goal okay thank you so much


a quick live stream from my iphone because i'm going to do one later uh okay blah blah blah blah all right


Ranger Bill, warrior of the woodland, struggling against extreme odds, traveling dangerous trails, fighting the many enemies of nature. This is the job of the guardian of the forest, Ranger Bill. Pouring rain, freezing cold, blistering heat, snow, floods, bears, rattlesnakes, mountain lions. Yes, all this in exchange for the satisfaction and pride of a job well done. Well, winter's closing fast on the forest wilderness and the rangers are making their last inspection of the wildlife and forest conditions before the Lord puts a clean white blanket of snow over the woodlands. Today we find Bill and Ranger Tom on their way home and well on the last lap before they turn toward knotty pine and rest. And before you know it, they'll be into the story The Hermit. Easy, big boy. Easy now. I know you got lots of energy, but we still got quite a ways to go. Hey, Bill, wait up. Whoa, Storm. Whoa there, big fella. Whoa, Maud, old girl. Come on, take it easy now. What's the matter, Tom? Oh, Maud's getting tired. He hasn't got the oomph that Storm has. Sometimes I think Storm has too much vim and vigor, more than he knows what to do with. Not only that, he's five years younger than Maud. Now he better rest the horses here. Yeah, this sure is rough country. Bill, what say we just mountain walk a bit, eh? I'd like to stretch my legs. Okay. I don't know why they can't make saddles out of foam rubber. Oh, this leather gets as hard as concrete after a day's riding. That's right. Say, Bill, wonder who's down in that old line shack? There's smoke coming out of the chimney. Hmm, I don't know. It's an abandoned shack. Let's take a look when Maud gets rested a little. That shack hasn't been lived in for years. Well, guess whoever's in there doesn't want much company. He must have heard of it. Strange he didn't come to the door. Yeah. Of course, there could be something wrong. Could be. Take a look, huh? Somebody just looked out the window. Yeah. Something funny here, all right. After I dismount, you take Storm and get away. We're going to find out what's going on. Bill, I think the door's opening a little. Never mind getting off that horse, Ranger. The man's got a right to live alone and entice in his own house. Now get out of here before I start throwing some lead. He's got a gun on us, Bill. All right, mister. Don't mean any harm. Just trying to be neighborly, that's all. See you some other time. Never mind. Just keep away from here if you want to stay healthy. Now get. All right. So long. Let's go, Tom. Before the final work starts, he isn't joking. Right. Come on, Storm. Let's go. Come on. Pleasant surprise. Find you here. Yeah. Hi. Oh, hello, Ralph. Hello, gentlemen. Just thought I'd drop by and see how you were before winter sets in. Nothing important. Just taking a look around, that's all. Anything out of order, sir? Not a thing, Bill. Everything looks in fine shape and accord with the best traditions of the Forest Service. Thank you, sir. We certainly want to keep them that way. Yeah. But if we meet a couple more characters like the one we met this morning, I'm afraid our tradition will be shot full of holes, and us rangers, too. What are you talking about, Tom? Oh, yeah. What goes here? What Tom means is we were threatened with the business end of a 30-30, and we got too close to an old lion shack up Shady Riverway. Well, he wasn't just making chin music. Believe me, he'd have put daylight through us if we'd ever tried to get off our horses. I believe you're right. That old prospect here sure wanted to be left alone. What prospect, Bill? Who drew a bead on you two? Come on, I'm curious. You two talk like dogs chasing tail. Go round and round and get nowhere. Well, the truth is we stumbled onto some ordinary old fellow living in an abandoned lion shack, having the least idea who he is or where he came from. I do. Huh? Ralph, why? Who is it, Ralph? Come and tell us. Well, Colonel Lander's told me his story, and it's one of the most interesting ones I've heard. Yeah? What's his name? Name is Dr. William T. Warbert. Doctor? Dr. Warbert? A doctor? That ordinary old fellow, a doctor? You mean a real MD? Not only an MD, but with a whole string of other degrees as well. Well, what's that? Oh, but he doesn't talk like an educated man. His speech was rough. Boy, I'll say it was. That's part of the mask. Doesn't want to be discovered. Well, this is very interesting, Ralph. You mind telling us his story? I think it'd be a sad one. Maybe much trouble to make men come to wilderness to hide. You've made a shrewd observation, Gray Wolf. The story goes back about two years ago into the operating room of a large hospital in the East. Dr. Warburton was about to perform a critical brain operation, which was not unusual, except that the patient was a very dear friend of the doctors. In fact, the best friend he'd ever had. The patient is completely under doctor. Very well, nurse. Pulse? 73. Respiration? 17. Dermatome? Yes, sir. Cole, when are you going to learn how to put an instrument into the surgeon's hand?  Yes, doctor. Good. Tissue? How's that, sir?  Hemostat. Retractor. Sponge. Hemostat. Forceps. Doctor, how much longer? One hour. You can have a relief nurse take over if you're tiring. Clear that field, Cole. Yes, sir. Very little blood. Prepare 30-day chromic sutures. Now, second phase. Yes, sir. Doctor, the patient began to show the strain of long anesthesia. But Cole, 10 cc's of adrenaline. Quickly. Right here, doctor. Inject. Hurry, doctor, pulse and respiration are failing. Yes, nurse, yes. Knife. Knife, someone... Never mind, I'll get it. Doctor, the patient. What? Cole, 20 cc's at once. Here's a syringe, doctor. I've got it. Doctor Warburton. Cole, I've... I've failed. I've killed my best friend. That was the beginning of the end of a wonderful career in surgery. Yeah, I can see what you mean, Ralph. But why? Sounds like simple heart failure to me. The heart just wasn't strong enough to stand the long strain of anesthesia. But you see, Bill, doctor Warburton blamed himself for subjecting his friend to that strain. But such things, who can know? I not think he was to blame. I'm sure it was not his fault in any way. Yes, and that was the opinion of all the doctors in the hospital. In fact, several weeks later the chief of staff called on doctor Warburton at his home and tried to reason with him. Found the doctor in a state of nervous exhaustion and under the influence of liquor. Bert, you've got to stop blaming yourself for this. I can't. The autopsy shows you didn't kill him. The heart just stopped. That's all. How could you know? Every test gave evidence that his heart would stand up under the strain. That's what you say. You're just trying to comfort me.   I made a mistake. It was my fault, Steve. I'm paying for it. Don't be absurd, Bert. Now, look, listen to reason. I've been asked to come here and invite you back to the staff. Back? What do you mean?   Making air on a machine. You buy a new part and fix it good as new. I can't do that for Jim. He's gone. And I'm through for good. When you sub it up, you'll come to your senses. Then get back to work. You've got a whole life ahead of you. And we need you. The medical profession needs you. Need me? Need a failure? Don't kid me. Get out of here and leave me alone. All right. I'll be back when you're not so drunk. Do you have to rub it in or get out of here?  That's too bad. It's obvious that he never did go back. No, he never returned to practice. He's fled out here to the west. He's been living like a hermit ever since. Roaming the country is a prospector most of the time. And I guess he's moved into the old line shack for the winter. Come spring, he'll move on, I guess. Not too bad. He takes this attitude. Everybody makes mistake or two in lifetime. Even doctor. But think what good they do. That's right. And there's this. The higher up in life you get, and the more responsibilities you take on, the more serious are your mistakes. Well, it's been nice talking with you fellas, but I've got to move along. That was good to see you, Ralph. Wish you could drop by more often. Wish I could too, but I have enough to keep me busy down in my own district. You know, I'd like to go out and visit that old prospector one of these days, just to talk to him. Better be careful, Bill. He's become very proficient with the business end of his rifle. And he evidently doesn't want to be bothered by anybody. You wait here, Storm, and behave yourself like a good fella. I'll see if I can talk to that ordinary old doctor in the cabin over there. Storm, you act like you understand every word I say. Uh-oh. You can see the business end of a 30-30 looking me square between the eyes. And just keep on walking as though I didn't see it. Hold up there, agent. You ain't welcome here. You ain't invited, see? I guess not, when that looks at things. Hold up there, old timer. There's nothing wrong. I just want to talk with you, that's all. I'm not even armed, as you can see. Well, uh, I suppose there isn't any harm in talking. And you're not, uh, he ain't carrying a gun. All right, Ranger, come on in. But no punny business, or I'll make you look like a hunk of Swiss cheese. Now you aren't, ain't such a bad young fella after all. Have a chair. I ain't, I ain't, aren't used to talking with anybody for quite a spell. Ain't much for associating with people, you know? Yes, I gathered as much from the reception I got. Well, you know how it is, I don't like nobody prying into my business. I know what you mean, doctor. As I was saying... Doctor! I'm sorry, I guess that kind of slipped out. Then you know who I am, and you know my secret. Now listen to me. You get out of this shack. Do you hear? Get out, and never let me see you again. Doctor, just a minute, please. Believe me, I... Not a minute, not even a second.  All right, that's the way you want it. I only want to help you. You'll help me by leaving me alone.  Leave me alone. Well, Bill, did you get to talk to that old fella? About two dozen words, and most of that over the muzzle of a rifle. Well, what a mistake it is to try to run from the realities of life. That one thing no one can run from, Bill. One's self. It's too bad, Gray Wolf, especially in the case of Dr. Warburton. Because medical science needs him, and sick people need him even worse. Incidentally, Tom, he's not an old man, even though he looks like one. Now wait a minute. Listen. Stumpy! What's the matter? You got trouble? Not well enough, you fellas. There's a mountain climber laying on a ledge. He's way up on the side of old Baldy, and he's got a busted head. Oh, why don't they bring him down? You got to have experience and equipment to do this job. I thought he was a human mountain sheep or something. Somebody's got to get him off of there. Well, you come to the right place, Stumpy. We do it. How? Sounds like it's going to be tough. Tough or not, let's not stand around and talk. Tom, you get a doctor from the hospital and bring him here. We'll leave instructions just where we're going. Stumpy, Grey Wolf, let's go. We're going to climb old Baldy and get that man down if it's the last thing we ever do. I notice the rest of the climber is pretty upset over accident, Bill. I can imagine. This fella's rope must have been severed on the sharp ledge. Stumpy, you stay here. Keep our ropes straightened out, and keep the floodlight on that ledge. Keep ropes straightened, most important when we climb. Don't worry about that, Sonny. I'll keep them straight, all right? We've climbed more mountains than there is on the map of the United States. Now, you fellas, be careful. I sure wish I had a sky oak. It would be easier. Here he is. He ought cold as ice cube. Maybe you'd better hurry and lure him. About 200 feet down. I think you're pretty close to a rank, Grey Wolf. You take a look at our injured friend while I signal Stumpy to drop the small line. Rig the harness so we can lure him since we get the heavy rope up here. Okay, Bill. Stumpy, watch the line. Stumpy, watch the line. I'm luring the small rope, Grey Wolf. Soon Stumpy ties down the heavy rope and gets back up here. We can lower the injured fellow off this ledge. Not fine, Mill. I've got harness on him. Tom should have knotted pine doctor waiting for us when we get down. Well, doc, what do you think? Pretty bad, huh? Yes, yes. I'm afraid he suffered a severe injury to the brain. He's in critical condition. I'm afraid he's done for unless the right operation is performed. Can't you do it, doctor? No, no. Dare to undertake the delicate surgery needed in this case. In fact, there are only two men in the country who are proficient enough in the Warburton technique. And they're way across the ocean now on vacation. The Warburton technique? Why, I...  Sorry, sonny, I'm just an old man, you know, and my foot slipped. What were you going to say about the Warburton technique? Hey, where's Bill? He gone. Just like that. Oh, say, that's right. Where did he go and why he was standing here? He'll be back, doc. Don't worry. I better see what you can do for this poor fellow here. He can certainly make the last minutes of his life a bit easier for him. I'm surprised that Bill's running out on us. I wonder... Don't worry. He'll be back. Well, looks like somebody's snooping around again outside. This 30-30 is going to top business this time. I'm getting sick and tired. Now, we'll find out who's out there. There, doctor. Don't turn around if you want to stay alive. Oh, you're back again, Ranger. And you think you've got the drop on me. I'd just like to get one crack at you with this rifle... I'm not joking, doctor. I said, don't turn around. Drop that gun. Now. All right. Since you seem to be in command right now. Step back three steps and turn around. Oh, you haven't got a gun at all. I'll... Don't try to get to that gun. You'll never make it. Now, inside. I want to talk to you, Dr. Warburton. There's not a minute to waste. No, no, no. I can't and I won't operate on this man. And that's final. You've got to, doctor. You have no choice. Don't I? Who's going to force me to do something I don't want to do? Listen, doctor. You took an oath to serve human need whenever and wherever needed at all times of the day or night, didn't you? Yes, I did. But that's all in the past. I'm not a doctor anymore.  I'm not bound. Doctor, there's only one thought that's going through my thick head.  Don't you care?  And you refuse to do it.  If you don't do what you can, don't you understand? The death of your friend was a tragic one, doctor. I know, but it was only a mistake. Can't you see that? An error in judgment that any doctor in the world might have made. Yes, I can see that.  And insofar as you do, you are guilty of this man's death. Aren't you? I don't know. I haven't practiced in years. I'm afraid. But you could take a look at the man. That's the least you could do. You could tell the doctor from Naughty Pie what to do to save the man's life. Or have you forgotten all you knew? You know you haven't. No more than I could forget how to swim or write my name. All right. I'll go take a look at this, man. But I won't. I can't touch a knife. All right. I'll accept that for now, doctor. Come on. We'll ride double on storm. Who is this man you brought in? Certainly a doctor seems to know his stuff. He is a doctor and a good one. One of the best in the United States. I'll tell you more later. He seems to have finished his examination. What do you think, doctor? Is he going to die? Yes. I'm afraid there isn't much we can do for him, poor fellow. You have it wrong, doctor. There isn't much we can do for him, but there's a lot you can do for him. You can save his life. Can't you? I don't get this. How can this man save his life? The patient needs brain surgery. Unless... Yes, doc. What were you going to say? Never mind. If this man is a surgeon, whatever he needs will get my fullest cooperation. I have a complete emergency kit with me, including anesthesia. Thank you. Well, doctor, what do you say? We haven't much time, you know. All right. Bill, get this man on the stretcher. Here, let me shift the body. Don't touch that head. Now, I'll under with it. Now, back again, back again. Easily. Good. Now, doctor, you get the equipment set up for the brain surgery. It'll be a crude operation, but I think... I know it'll work. Ready? Good. Instruments. Tonic advantage. Now, inject the sodium penothal, doctor. Right. Knife, please, Bill. Yes, sir. Tom, reflect that mirror a few degrees more this way. Fine. Now, pray. Oh, God, help me to remember. Second knife, please. Yes, sir. How long will it take? I think about 15 minutes. This is only an emergency. If I can repair the damage temporarily, the man will live. He must have, please. Here. Now, we just wait. We've brought him out of the anesthesia, and he should come out of the coma shortly. That is, if I haven't lost my skill... I will restore your power, shall we, doctor? Yes, Bill. Thank you. The hemorrhage in the brain has been stopped. Excess blood removed. And the damage area mended. Now, there must be a reaction soon. Or we've lost the battle. Five minutes, doctor. How will we know when he comes out of it? He'll open his eyes for a moment, then fall asleep. Ten minutes, doctor. Pulse is a bit weaker. I hope we weren't too late, Bill. But I'm a little afraid. How much longer do we have before we'll know, doctor? Five minutes. And we'll know the answer. Five minutes are up. His pulse is dropping just a bit. I'm afraid... Doctor! His hand! He's moving him! Good. That's a hopeful sign. His eyes are opening. He ain't seeing much, but they're open. Gentlemen, good news. Our patient will live. Well, gentlemen, I'd say the operation was a success. His pulse and respiration are weak, but steady. Before we move him, he'll eat a transfusion, of course. I'll gladly give blood, Dr. Warburton. And I'll do the same if you can use the blood of a dried up old fossil like me. Ain't much good except just to keep the old pump going. What's the matter, doctor? Nothing really, Bill. I just happened to think that's the first time I've laughed since I ran away from the world. Bill, do you think Dr. Warburton is really going back to practice medicine? I wish I knew, Tom. Right now, he's over at Naughty Pine Hospital checking on his patient. Dr. Warburton! Gentlemen, I've come to say goodbye. You're going back? Bill, I'm taking a plane east within the hour and returning to my first love and very rightful place in life. Oh, doctor, that's wonderful. I'm glad to hear that. Thank you. And Bill, I want to thank you from the bottom of my heart for what you've done for me. You've made me understand that I can't run away from myself. And what's more important, that I can't run away from God. Well, it sort of gives you that satisfied feeling to know Dr. Warburton has returned to his true calling in life. Certainly true boys and girls that you can't run away from yourself any more than you can run away from God. Be sure to listen again next week at this same time for more adventure with... Rangers!


Dang, that's a tough question right there. I mean, because Jim Harbaugh, he's hot right now. He's super hot right now, especially coming off that win, you know, versus Alabama, and he has experience in the NFL. He has success in the NFL with the 49ers when he was there. Didn't he go to a Super Bowl and they lost when he was there? I would just say Coach Belichick is still the hotter guy. Really? He just has that much more experience. He's been in the lead for like, what, 50 years or however long. So I'll go with Coach Belichick still over, Jim Harbaugh. So he'll have his pick of the teams, Bill Belichick. And that means a lot because I think people don't think that Bill Belichick has value. And you're saying that he's sort of at the top of the hierarchy of names and candidates available as head coaches, no matter what happens after this weekend.