First question came from my guy Rave Kingdom. He said, I feel people need to respect Hollywood Brown's name a little bit more. I'm tired of hearing why we draft Brown instead of Metcalf. If you're a true Ravens fan, you wouldn't know that we could have got Brown and Metcalf in that draft. We ended up with Boykin. Would the Ravens make the same mistake in this year's draft by listening to the critics and losing the opportunity to get a monster player or actually draft the correct people this time? I see, I don't, you confused me because you said you tired of hearing why we drafted Brown instead of Metcalf. And if you're a true Ravens fan, you would know that we could have got Brown and we could have got both of them. But then you said we ended up with Boykin. Then you said, will the Ravens make the same mistake in this year's draft? See, so it's weird.  There's no true way to be a fan. Everybody got the way that they fan, that's their way and that's okay. No matter what it is, whether you agree with it or whether I agree with it, whether it don't matter, that's their way. So we ain't got to try to police how people are a fan of their favorite team. It's completely fine. But I just, I was a little bit confused on the wording with this. So I'm a little bit lost on that. But anyway, he said, Pantheon Chris Westry, mark my words, that man is going to grow into a very good corner. He already showed shines on the Ravens. All depth at corner is not good. Will Ravens address corner in depth in free agency or the draft? Hashtag stay ready, be ready. Yeah, stay ready, see ain't got to get ready. But yeah, both, both. I think the Ravens are going to address it head on both ways. And they, and I think it'll probably be after the draft I would say that they get whatever corner they're going to get in free agency. But I think they will definitely address it in the draft. And depending on how that first round falls could be a little earlier than later. And he also said, don't get me wrong I would love a high power offense but if Ravens are going to continue this elite defense with decent offensive logic then why won't they go all in on defense? They been, they sure been trying. They sure been trying. They ain't been succeeding on the way but they sure been trying. They got a Josh Byn, they got a Kaleis Campbell they got a Michael Pierce but they tried for Zdarius Smith. They tried for Bobby Wagner. They tried for Larry Ogan Joby. Ooh. So having quite been successful with some of their attempts but that's why you keep shooting. Like he said, our defense is good but it isn't elite yet. For example, Gideon Clowney, Hightower and others are available. They sure are. And maybe the Ravens await him. Maybe they'll wait him. I think Gideon Clowney goes back to the Browns. Hope, I would love if he came to the Ravens. Ooh, I would love that so much if he came to the Ravens like a doubtful way that Gideon Clowney I would love it but I just don't think it's gonna happen. Next question came from my guy, Bibi. He said, what's up homie? Talk about the draft. So since EDC took over SGM we have noticed his patterns in the draft. 2019 first pick was offense, second pick defense. 2020 defense first pick, offense second pick. 2021 offense first pick, defense second pick. See, I thought you were gonna talk about his other pattern that I think is even more noticeable about him doubling down. Whatever he drafts in the first round he is for sure gonna draft another one in a later round with a third or fourth round. 2019 first round was Hollywood, third round was Boykin. 2020 first round was Patrick Queen. I think fourth round was Malik Harrison. 2021 first round was Rashad Bateman. Fourth round, Tyler and Wallace. First round was Adafi away. Fifth round, Daylan Hayes. Had to close my eyes because I wasn't trying to forget. Anyway, he said, okay this year Ravens will take Jordan Davis with the first pick and trade up to get Tyler Lindenbaum in late in the first round. These Ravens need that guy this year in the draft on both sides of the ball. I know this may be me dreaming but we both know how important this draft is moving forward. Thanks for the channel bro. It helped me get to this C19. Oh yeah, wow. Man, yeah that was just crazy. But I appreciate you man and thank you. Jordan Davis, see if I would love, if they got Jordan Davis, I would like that pick. If they got Jordan Davis, they also signed like a Jadaven Clowny or something. And that would be nice. Cause I would like to see, especially if they gonna go to a four or three a lot of the times. You have Adafi away. You have Matt Abike. You have Jordan Davis. And then you have Jadaven Clowny too. I would love that. I would love it. So hopefully you will be right. We'll see. He also says, since the Ravens hired Mike McDonald, do you think the Ravens will trade up for the top pick and take Edge, Russia, Aiden, Hutchinson? No, not at all. I do not envision them doing that at all. It would just, to get to number one overall, even number two overall, it would just take too much. It would take too much and I know they wouldn't be willing to give up all of that just to get him. He said it would make sense to have him in a way plus Aiden knows Mike's system. Thanks again for the channel. Appreciate you man. But no, I don't see them doing that at all. I think there is a zero chance that they do that. Next question came from my guy Anthony. He said, what's up? Hope everything's good with you and the fam. What are your thoughts on Trent McDuffie? Personally, I like his style of play. Yeah, he doesn't, he's not really the fastest to me but when he like catches a pick or something. To me, let me know if I'm wrong. Well, let me know if y'all disagree. But to me, when he catches a pick, he runs like Marcus Peters. He reminded me so much of Marcus Peters when he got the ball in his hand because he runs with it sort of with the ball out and it just looked like Marcus Peters to me man. But he, I like how he high points the ball like, and he's like, I think he's like 5'11". So he ain't the tallest, but I like how he plays it. And yeah, he's just, he's somebody that's always around the ball man. So I like him, I like his style man. So for me, I think it'll be like having like a little mini Marcus Peters on the field. Anyway, he said, if the Ravens really wanted to fill a position of need, even this, that there's so many, I feel cornerback is the one that they are still players out there like Gilmore, Kyle Fuller, Chris Harris, AJ Buye. I just want to get your thoughts on that. So yeah, I wouldn't mind him at all. I wouldn't be mad at that at all. I like his style of play. And I feel like he is a, what's the way to put it? He's a sort of opportunistic corner. He tries to make the most of everything, whether that's him getting an interception, even if they're on a tackle, he gonna try to knock that ball out as best he can. So yeah, I wouldn't be mad at that at all. And he said, also, I know some of us, he said also, I know some of us are hurt Bobby Wagner about Bobby Wagner, but Roquan Smith is a free agent next year. Yeah, you're right. But I was about to say, you think Ravens will be willing to pay all that money, but he's a defensive player. Next question came from my guy, Joe. He said, I think Raven, hope all is well with you and the fam, as well as Pookie and all the team keep it clean. Appreciate that. It's been a while since I asked a question. While I doubt we will get DK Metcalf, I do too. If we were to get them, do you think it will still be a good idea to have a three headed monster at tight end? If yes, who realistically would you like to see us pick up either through three agency, the trade or draft? Thanks for your time and keep up the good work. And he said, stand up Ravens and team, keep it clean. Yeah, I don't think the DK Metcalf is going to happen. As far as a three headed monster, I don't even think you would necessarily need a monster, but it'd be nice. It'd still be nice to have that quality. Cause again, just in case, just in case, stay ready so you ain't got to get ready. Mark Andrews, he's been pretty healthy. Nick Boyle has not. So having another solid tight end. What's the deal for Maryland? I forget his name, but having him, a guy with some speed.  Like people keep saying like a lot of, a lot of fans be like, oh no, we got enough on offense. This Lamont been talking about that all. He been talking about defense too now. But he been trying to do a little recruiting on offense now too, man. So yeah, the tight end for Maryland wouldn't mind him because it would give somebody with some nice speed. And it would give somebody young and somebody, just with a clean bill of health. And I think when Nick Boyle, when he's healthy, he's solid.  And his hands are solid. He don't get any passes thrown his way, but the hands are solid. He just, he just got to stop the leapfrog. You like, yes. But yeah, just having another nice tight end, man. Just somebody who's ready, man. Somebody who's ready and can contribute. Now they try with Josh Oliver. I think he's still on the roster, but yeah, man. So I go to tight end for Maryland. And next question came from my guy, Danny. He said, they engraving the free agency content is fire. Anyway, I feel like we were just two or three good moves away from another dominant season. So the question is, if you could pick two free agents still available, one from each side of the ball, and one draft pick to make us Super Bowl contenders, who would you take? Thanks bro, and best wishes to you and the fam. I hope y'all are well. Yeah, we're doing good. Oh, he put me on the spot. So two free agents and one draft pick. Wow. Free agents on defense. I will go, for me, it will be between Stefan Gilmore and Jadavian Clowney. I would probably lean Clowney. Just for that more, wow, he's only 29. I thought he was older than that. Just for that, him being more explosive and to pair him with Adafi away on offense. Ooh, on offense. Man, yeah, O'Dell Beckham, he's been hurt a lot too. So I can't go O'Dell. Grinkowski as another tight end. That would be nice. Have Mark Andrews and Grinkowski. And then you still got Nick Boyle, but Javis Landry, yeah, I guess Javis Landry. Yeah, I guess as far as the offensive players. Oh, well, J.C. Treader too. J.C. Treader will be one. So either Javis Landry or J.C. Treader, or Will Fuller, I forgot about him. But man, so probably J.C. Treader or Javis Landry. Then as far as the draft, ooh, one draft pick. I'll go pickings. Yeah, this feels like a dream, no jazz, what I made. You too, team, keep it clean. You see my boy, he like, out of made it, out of made it. Boy, that's my homie, ain't that right in gravy? Right in gravy. So team, keep it clean. Welcome to another episode of questions from subs. I mean, it's kind of obvious. You done did like 20 questions already. We didn't even do the intro yet. But what question from subs is, is a series that you can ask any NFL question that we answer in the video. Just like this, you wanna be part of it. You can send an email to teamkeepitcleanageemail.com and if you don't wanna do all that. Well, then you can become a Team Keep It Clean Patron. If you wanna become a Team Keep It Clean Patron, you can go to patreon.com slash engravingvids and you can send your question right on there. So either way, it's up to you. I love y'all, I appreciate y'all. Y'all brought it as y'all always do. I mean, you've already seen the first couple of questions. Let's get into the rest. Next question came from my guy, David. He said, go all in. Good morning, my guy and Graven hope you're doing well. I had a thought after the Campbell signing and it's been stewing. I think I know what the Ravens' problems really seem to be. In the past, we choose a side and went all in. It was the defense and we got two Super Bowls. Now it seems like the front office can't seem to make up its mind. They seem to dip their toe into both sides of the ball but never go after that guy. This offseason seems to be very heavy on defense. Okay, well, if that's what they decided to do, then go all in. Well, first, back to that first paragraph. They never seem to go after that guy. Yeah, they travel Bobby Wagner. They travel Zadaria Smith. They've been trying. But as far as the guys that they have signed, their signings have been solid guys. Guys that are good. But not guys that take them over the top yet. So we'll see how the rest goes. Anyway, he said, well, if that's what they decided, then go all in. We know our offense is good enough with one or two more pieces to get at least 21 to 25 points. So get a lockdown defense that will hold guys like Mahones, Brady, and Burroughs to 15 to 21 points.  I like that one, man. I personally wish that they would go in or go all in on the offensive side of the ball, not neglecting the defense, but not bending over backwards to make it number one and number two in the league. I want to see how good this offense can really be. But it seems the Ravens want to stick to their tried and true way of winning. You said it, I didn't get nothing else to say after that. And continuing, he said, if we went all in on offense, I believe we will be way more dangerous as an organization and other teams will be terrified to have us on their schedule. Much like the Chiefs, the Bucks, the Bills, and even possibly now, the Bengals. Anyway, it seems like our front office really can't decide if they want to go all in on either side of the ball. So they make lukewarm moves on both and sit on the fence, but still lean more toward the defense. Sorry about the rant, but I hope you and yours are doing well, God bless. Ooh, this was great. I don't disagree at all. You said it. You said everything. Like, I ain't got no follow-up, could you spot on? Next question came from my guy, Steve. He said, what's up in Raven? This is Steve from West Beemore. I know a lot of people are not big on picking up Melvin Gordon, but am I trippin' or that would give us the best running back room in the NFL? Maybe best overall backfield where you can sit a Pro Bowl fullback and an all Pro QB and a solid backup and a top three tight end? Whoa. Maybe best overall backfield? Well, backfield, you said backfield is the running backs and the fullbacks, but then you threw the ma in there and a solid backup. You talking about Tyler Huntley and then Mark Andrew, of course, the top three tight end. That's what you threw me off a little bit. As far as Melvin Gordon, yeah, they would have a really good running back room. I'm just wondering what it means. Is it Melvin Gordon's camp that was like trying to get his name out there? Or is it the Ravens? Are they, is somebody's there rehab and recovery from the injury not going as well? Is it a possible trade in the works? Like, I just, I don't know what the Melvin Gordon stuff means, but depending on what comes to fruition, we'll find out. Next question came from my guy, Juan. He said, what's up? This Juan from Be More. I've been watching you when you had, I think, eight or 16 people. I appreciate that. Love the information that you put out and it helps me stay updated when I'm working at the live casino in Baltimore. My question is, what if the Ravens store wrenching everybody's plans and trade back for the eight spots and pick up some quality picks and draft middle linebacker, Devon Lloyd. Okay, I wouldn't be mad at that one. Now watching him in a championship game this year as well as watching tape on him, reading his accomplishments, I see a lot of promise in him and see the next best thing since Ray Lewis retired from our team. He can literally do it all. Let me know what you think if the Ravens really did a number on everybody at that presser and they pick them up. You know that, that's what they do. Cause a lot of them presses, even if it's not the liars' luncheon. Ravens, they talk, they say one thing and then they boom, they hit you with that swerve. And he said, things bro, now let me rest my fingers for this long question. Nah, this wasn't even that long, man. I wouldn't be mad at a Devon Lloyd because that would, but I think Patrick Queen would be though. But Ravens have shown already that again, they don't believe in Patrick Queen like that. They don't. And that's based off of what they've seen on film, what he's shown them. It's been based off of the moves that they've made and it's been based off of the moves that they've tried to make too. Like if you believe in Patrick Queen, your first rounder from 2020, if you believe in him, there's no Josh Bynes. There's no LJ Ford. There's no attempt for Bobby Wagner. Those guys are, no, you ain't getting them because you got it already. You got your guy. So it's, I wouldn't be mad if they got Devon Lloyd because they're still trying to get it right. Now he could help Patrick Queen out. He could be like a Josh Bynes. So he could do a Josh Bynes different Patrick Queen for somebody more athletic. Then a Josh Bynes, somebody faster, quicker. So that could help. It could help a lot. So I wouldn't be surprised if they did that. I wouldn't be surprised or upset if they did that as long as they don't neglect the offense. Next question came from my guy, Cam. He said, what's up in Craven? I've been thinking about this for a while and I wanted to know your opinion on Jamal Lewis. I love Jamal Lewis. Love them. I was at the game where he went over 2000 yards. I used to have the ticket from the game, but I don't know what I did with it. But it was just special. Jamal Lewis was nice, man. Even with a little stutter step and a little paddle foot in the backfield. I love Jamal Lewis, man. He was that dude, man. And I remember just, I remember then playing Madden back then too with Jamal Lewis and that truck stick and just running people over and then going for them long runs, man. Jamal Lewis was that dude, man. He was that dude for the Ravens, man. Anyway, he said, I personally think he's criminally underrated. He was one of our only sources of offense from 2000 to 2006. Outside of Shannon Sharp and later Ed Reid. And he said, no, you didn't miss Reid that. Oh, no, trust me. Ravens fans know what you mean. When you say Ed Reid was Ravens only offense. Oh, no, no, no, we get it. Trust me. He said he holds the second most Russian yards in a single game at 295. Yeah, I think Adrian Peterson ended up breaking that. That's one of those Madden games that Adrian Peterson had. He's also one of the few people in the 2000 yard club in which he joined in 2003. I personally think he should have been MVP that year since that year they shared it between Peyton Manning and Steve McNair. Rest in peace. Ooh, that was crazy, man. What are your thoughts on Jamal Lewis and do you mind sharing what you remember of the 2003 season when he reached the 2000 yard milestone? Okay, see, we already shared it. Look at that. I guess I should have read the whole thing, man. But yeah, man, Jamal Lewis, he was special, man. He was definitely a special running back. And just that physicality that he brought, the fact that you just felt like if he was going one-on-one with somebody, that was it. He was gonna win it for sure. I don't know, man. He was just like that, man. And I remember, yeah, like you said, he was the one and only sources of offense. Oh, Ravens, Ravens just, and again, cause they special, like you can't be special in everything or some teams can, but Ravens have been on offense. They've been struggling for a while, man. This has been a while. Defense, they got that, they got that. But on offense, it's been a struggle. That's why when you really think about it, and you see it the way that they've used Lamar Jackson and the way that it's been a struggle for them with receivers over time and whatnot, you just don't get surprised because it's almost like they're not used to good quality offenses. So it's like sometimes they almost don't know what to do in a lot of cases. But hopefully they continue on this trend where things are getting better, especially at the wide receiver position. That's why I love the highs of T. Martin and Keith Williams. Now they brought on Kerry Dixon too. But yeah, man, I just, Jamal Lewis was like that, man. He was like that. And I know a lot of times the question gets asked, oh, which one was better, Ray Rice or Jamal Lewis? And neither one is wrong to me. Neither one is wrong, because both of them, they were nice. I usually say Ray Rice, because I just felt like he could do more, especially like his contributions in the passing game. Not just screams, but actually like will routes and stuff. And oh, I'm in my favorite receiving touchdown from Ray Rice was, things against the Saints that that game where Flacco was in the camera. He was yelling at the rest and Flacco was not team keeping clean. I said, oh, whoa. Y'all say Flacco don't show no emotion. Oh, watch the, watch that Saints game. But Ray Rice ran a little wheel route and he beat either the linebacker or the safety. I forgot who it was. Flacco put it on him, back it ends up, that was perfect. But either answer would not be wrong where they say Ray Rice was better, Jamal Lewis was better. Ray Rice wasn't out here trucking people like Jamal Lewis was. His strength was underrated, but he wasn't no Jamal Lewis strong. Like Jamal Lewis, that stiff arm and running you over. It was nasty, man. But I love both of those guys, man. So shout out to him. Next question came from my guy, Alex. He said, what's going on my guy? Hope all this well. You're starting to become a regular part of my day and routine now, oh well. So I'm coming at you today with questions about our secondary. It seems like overall we are pretty healthy and at our healthiest at this part of the team. Meaning that that's the part of the team where we have the most depth in our healthiest. But to me, I just don't feel like we are that deep at that part of the team. Safety or corner? Cause they're not at safety. Raven's got like 20 safeties on the roster right now. They got Marcus Williams, Chuck Clark, Brandon Stevens, Ardarius Washington. I said Marcus Williams already. Geno Stone, who they just re-signed. Tony Jefferson, yeah. Am I missing anybody? Probably, but yeah, they got a bunch of safeties. But he said, don't get me wrong. The signing of Marcus Williams was great, but how deep are we really at safety? Is the Sean Elliott coming back? Well, no, he's sound with the Lions. Now, and even, I don't think anybody thought he was gonna come back even before he signed with the Lions. Now, quick question about him, because I couldn't remember, but wasn't he injured in both his first two or three years in the league? Yeah, his first two years he was injured his third year. He was healthy then fourth year he got injured twice. He said, but I still feel like even with him, we may need to add another safety where you ain't gotta worry about him no more. I know we just re-signed Geno Stone, but I'm not sold on him completely and we'll be a lot more comfortable if we add another quality depth guy as safety. What do you think about that? You still got our Darius Washington. So you can see what he does. You got the drafts, so you can see what comes of that. There was that talk that they were interested in Honey Badge, but I don't think they signed in on Honey Badge. But yeah, so you got Kyle Hamilton, he could probably since his 40 was and all that, maybe he'll drop, we'll see, man. But I'm not, as far as safety depth, I feel like they got a lot of say, like they're not gonna be able to keep all the safeties that they got right now. So he's also worried about our depth at a cornerback position. Now there, that's the problem. He said the guys we have at the top of the rotation are definitely quality and Humphrey and Peters, but beyond that, what do we really have behind them? Really, nobody. You got question marks. You got safeties that could play corner for you like our Darius Washington, like Brandon Stevens. You got those guys, but other than that, you gotta keep on seeing more. They signed him to a future deal. I think Robert Jackson is still on the team too. So yeah, not much depth. He said, especially more worried than in years past, considering the defending AFC North and AFC champion, Cincinnati Bengals have arguably one of the top three most purported passing offenses in the league and we have to play them twice a year. We saw what they did to a roughed up secondary balls last year without proper depth. Not even that they didn't have proper depth, Ravens were just hurting. They were just hurting. It's been like this the past couple of years where Ravens, they start off the season and they have so much depth at corner. It's like, oh, let's go. And then guys just started dropping. They just started dropping. And so yeah. Anyway, I know how you feel about drafting a big-player receiver with that first overall pick, but we have at 14, but I was initially thinking about an offensive lineman. Hoping that the key in Neil from Alabama or Charles Cross will fall to us, but they are likely both to go in the top 12. Yes, they probably will not be there. But anyway, he said, so now I'm thinking with that 14 pick, we should really consider a cornerback. I'm most certain that sauce gardener will be gone by that time, but my gut instinct tells me that Stingley Jr. will still be around when we pick at 14. After that 40 time, I don't think so. I don't think so, but yeah, I don't think so, but you never know. Even if Stingley is going, the McDuffie kid from Washington will still be around.  This is not just my words. This is the words from guys on ESPN and around the league. I know there will be a good receiver left at that pick and I know there will be a good defensive tackle or defensive end. We could choose with that pick. But what do you think about the potential of taking one there Stingley Jr., Trent McDuffie at the cornerback position? Or would you take one, but not the other if given the opportunity? What are your thoughts on this and the overall outlook of our secondary in general? Ooh, yeah, the secondary is definitely, they are at a lack right now. They're at a lack of depth. And I wouldn't mind Trent McDuffie. No health issues there. They're Stingley's fast, great corner. Just again, health issues, they scare me. That would be my biggest concern and that's a huge concern because your best ability is availability. But if he could play a suit up, okay, cool. But if he can, he gonna be hurting. So yeah, I wouldn't mind Trent McDuffie. Like I said before, he reminds me of Marcus Peters. And he even runs like Marcus Peters. He plays like him. So yeah, I wouldn't be mad at that at all. I don't think that they're gonna take a receiver at 14. I wouldn't mind if they did, but I don't think that they will. So since I don't expect them to do it at 14, well, in the first round at 14, as long as they're addressing the second round, cool. Anything beyond that, not cool. But as far as the secondary, to your question about the secondary. Yeah, it's, we're lacking right now. So I think they address it both in the draft and through free agency as well. I think they double down on coin in the draft. They get at least two. And I know they did say that they're gonna probably draft at least like two or three. And I think that that would actually be the truth. I don't think they were just lying about that one because there's such a lack there. But I think they'll address it both through the draft and free agency. Expression came from my guy, Ken Pachi. He said, what's up in Graven? I'm so excited for the draft coming soon. My question today is, what if sauce gardener somehow doesn't go top 10? Do you think the Ravens will pick him up at 14 or would they go a different route? He could be a very great weapon on defense or at the very least he will be good for a trade. What? He ain't gonna draft the cornerback and trade him. But yeah, I guess he the Ravens draft in him too. I got the Ravens, I think for sure are gonna go defense in the first round. Whether that's cornerback, whether that's an edge guy, whether it's defensive tackle. I think it's like, I'm like 150% sure they go cornerback in the first round. I mean, excuse me, defense in the first round. So, that's the Ravens, man. I don't see them going offense in the first round. Now, unless they trade back and get multiple first round picks or they stay at 14 and trade back into the first round, then I can see them going offense and defense. But I think if they just stay at 14 and they only have one pick in the first, I think it'll definitely be defense. Whether that's Jordan Davis and what's crazy, again, they're gonna have a lot of options. And that's what makes this thing so tricky is that they have so many options and guys that they could choose from who could help their team out. So, it's gonna be hard. They're gonna have some tough decisions to make because whatever you do at 14, there's gonna be somebody else that you could have possibly taken, obviously. And it's gonna be a lot of people that question why you got the guy that you got. And there's gonna be a lot of people that are happy with the guy that you got. But what they just need to make sure no matter who they draft is that they draft somebody who's ready, who is going to make a significant impact from day one. Somebody who's going to be on that field a lot, not a special teams guy. And there ain't no offense to special teams guys, but not a special team guy. Somebody that's going to be out there and be a solid contributor from day one. You're not drafting a project, you're not drafting a special teamer, you're not drafting a backup. You're drafting somebody who's gonna be on that field a lot.


Today, we're going to discuss probability, and we're going to look at the topic of expected value. To discuss expected value, let's look at a friendly game of chance. Here's the question. Your friend challenges you to a friendly game of chance. It costs $1 to play. If you win, you get $2, and all you have to do to win is roll a six-sided dice and roll a five or a six. How much money should you expect to win? I have win here in quotation marks, and we'll see why in a second. The expected value is how much you would expect to win on average over time. Let's say you play this game 1,000 times. You play this game 10,000 times. On average, how much are you winning? How much are you losing each game? To look at expected value, we take a look at the probability of winning times the profit.  When we take a look at this problem here, you need to roll a five or a six to win. There are two ways to succeed out of six possible outcomes. You have a one and three chance of winning. I'm going to go ahead and plug that in. The probability of winning would be one out of three. If you don't win, you lose. Using the complement rule, if you have a one and three chance of winning, you have a two and three chance of not winning of losing. Now all we need to figure out is how much you would profit from winning and how much you would lose from losing. You win two dollars, but it costs you a dollar to play the game. You need to do two minus one to determine that you would profit a single dollar by playing. We would do one third times a dollar, we would profit a dollar minus, I'm going to move my subtraction sign a little bit closer here, minus two thirds times, and it costs a dollar to play the game. Times one. One third times one minus two thirds times one. If we were to plug and chug this, you would end up with a negative one third. Since we're dealing with money here, I'm going to say a negative 0.33. On average, you would lose 33 cents. That's what the negative 0.33 would say. If you play the game 100 times, 1,000 times, 10,000 times, in a single game, you would never lose 33 cents, but on average, over time, you would lose about 33 cents. Playing this friendly game would also mean that your friend is profiting on average 33 cents. They're probably a happy person, and after playing for a few hours, you might not be a happy person yourself, so that's something to consider.


All right, thanks for having us. So today's talk is Snoop unto them as they snoop unto you. I'm Alan Meekins. I go by NullAgent on most social media, Twitter, Maston on all that good stuff. You find me a 7-bit byte on GitHub. And my personal website is actually kind of blank, so I'll try to fix that this week. And I've got a co-speaker, Rekadam, who couldn't be here today. He's stuck in Tokyo without a passport. And we've got Savage, our apprentice here today. So just quick background, Big Robotics Nerd, embedded systems, been playing with Linux since I built my first computer. Really love digital communications, which this talk is going to touch on a lot today. And I occasionally do, I guess, grown-up work, but these days I am recklessly unemployed and founder of Data Party. So we're basically a hacker collective looking at the intersection of kind of just media and all the things that hackers love. So today, the thing that got me started thinking about this was actually a lot of police interaction that my co-founder and I had over the years. He grew up going through high school, getting pulled over by the cops basically every day. And growing up, we were hearing a lot about no-knock raids. And coming from like a hacker's perspective and seeing things like no-knock raids, you kind of start wondering, WWLND, what would Lord Nikon do? So Lord Nikon would probably take a closer look at the boys in blue and maybe what they carry and how they operate. To give you some idea of kind of what the landscape is like on the digital world of a cop, they have on the left the things that they carry, typically tasers and body cams, a smart phone, pistol, things in the middle that certain companies wish they might carry maybe, flying drones with tasers on them, and then on the right, we have all the things that are in their vehicle, Wi-Fi hotspots, surveillance systems that can actually do license plate reading. So they actually do ALPR coming soon on their dash cams. And of course, they've got a laptop. And they have these weird little boxes called axon signal. So if you remember the movie Hackers, one of the big things that they talk a lot about is reading the manuals. So first step was just see what was out in the open. And so if you start reading through the manuals for all of these types of equipment, you'll see a whole bunch of terms like cradle point and net cloud mentioned. You'll see things like Bluetooth pairing and you'll see brand names like axon signal. Occasionally you'll find some really cool things like, hey, this is exactly what an error state looks like and here's an exact network map of what a police car looks like inside. And you know, you keep reading and before you know it, you find all sorts of URLs that look tasty and delicious and could be interesting. So if you ever talk to public defenders and those sorts of people, they hear about this thing called evidence.com. And a lot of them don't realize that that's actually built by the same folks who make the bodycams themselves and all the digital tech. It all just funnels up to this cloud. So they typically access it through their agency name or their city or state or something, .evidence.com and consume content. And then if you keep reading, you'll start seeing some interesting things that might get a hacker's eyebrows open a little bit. But at the end of the day, the thing that really caught my eye is that the boys in blue are actually, actually, there's a couple of things, so Wi-Fi access points and fleets and so on. But the boys in blue are actually the boys in BLE. So there's a term that keeps happening a lot called axon signal. And I keep seeing the word BLE co-occurring with that in the documentation. So just kind of a quick trip down memory lane from DEFCON is when we're talking about hacking the planet on the terms of BLE, there's been a great talk by Freaky at DEFCON 29 where she explained a lot of basic BLE, you know, the basics of BLE, how BLE pairs, how it interacts with the host and so on. And it's a great starting point to understand what might be going on under the hood of some of these products.  And you might also see some things called you better secure your BLE devices, which has a lot of parallels to what we're seeing today. And then lastly, Mike Spicer did a talk called I Know What You Did Last Summer. So just a quick refresher on BLE. I'm not going to go crazy deep on BLE fundamentals. But a BLE device needs to allow the other devices that it wants to pair with to know that it's around. So they send out these broadcasts, these beacons, a lot like how Wi-Fi access points also beacon out. And typically you'll find these types of parameters inside of there, at least a MAC address. And then basically everything else is kind of optional. So manufacturer data, services, product, company, local name, RSSI, possibly URLs and additional what are called gap fields. So additional fields just like this. And of course, you start thinking about if you were to reverse engineer or to fingerprint devices that you haven't seen before, say a cop device, there might be a whole spectrum of ways that you might approach that problem. So for instance, sometimes gap fields come in different orders. So even two devices from different manufacturers might have identical data, but they might put those fields in different orders. So that might be a thing that fingerprints. Or you might go and try to see if you can find things on wiggle.net. Wiggle's a big network of war driving that a lot of people who are participating in the worldwide war drive right now, they're currently constantly feeding Wi-Fi and BLE data into wiggle.net. And then also, I built an app called RF Party, which is basically like wiggle in your pocket without a cloud so that you can be entirely off-grid. You could also go down the decompiled apps route. So how can we figure out what these police devices are actually doing? And just as a note, most of the apps needed to manage these police devices are actually currently in the Google Play Store. So you can go download those and decompile them right now. So without doing all of that crazy stuff, how do I do this without violating any kind of permissions or laws or anything? Go back to reading the manual. So I keep seeing this thing called axon signals. So what is that? And what does it do? Well, it turns out that the devices highlighted in blue here are actually all Bluetooth enabled. So body cams and tasers are designed to basically interact with one another. And when a taser is fired, certain models can actually send out a Bluetooth beacon that will notify the body cams and the surveillance in cars to start recording or to rather start retaining their recording. Body cams also have basically shot spotter technology built into them after the third generation or the second generation of those. And they can also detect a gunfire and trigger a Bluetooth transmission. And then third to all of this, the pistol holster itself, there's attachments that can detect when a pistol's unholstered and again sends out a Bluetooth beacon that is designed to trigger the body cam. And the same thing happens on the car side as well. So again, the blue circles here are things that are Bluetooth enabled. So the documentation indicates that the same axon signal technology is built into dash cams. And how are those dash cams triggered? They can be triggered of course by everything on the left here, but they can also be triggered by this little tiny box at the bottom that detects when your police lights are falling off of your van there. And that will actually detect when you turn on your siren, when you turn on your flashing lights and send a signal to the recorder as well. And then finally, they have a laptop in the mix that also takes a Bluetooth dongle. I actually never fully figured out exactly why that is because it doesn't seem to actually trigger much on there. And then finally, things that I didn't even feel like digging into, but they have cradle point Wi-Fi hotspots in there that have all kinds of interesting things in the documentation that I don't even feel like touching today. So yeah, so overall, that's the general architecture of how Axon Signal works. And we went through the list of devices it's deployed on. And so yeah, so where is it used? It's also used, Axon has basically their fingers in every part of police life from how do you charge these devices at home or in the office. And also things like interrogation rooms, all of the systems inside of there. And again, that documentation was a little bit more locked down. So I don't have as much to share directly on entry points under those systems. So again, with all of this in hand, how do you do analysis on this without having to interact too closely? And turns out, go back to reading the manual and there's this thing called an OUI. And there's an OUI for the company Axon, which was initially Taser International, called 0025DF. And that is the first three octets of most MAC addresses in the Bluetooth spectrum. So if you register an OUI and you want other people to recognize your device over Bluetooth, you're going to use these in places like potentially in the MAC address itself or in the manufacturer data. You can also have a fingerprint in there. So for my app RFParty, I actually built a database of over 4,000 device identifiers simply by looking at OUI databases and additionally Wireshark and their database. And of course, looking at manufacturer data and just kind of from my own, analyzing my own devices, discovered that there's a lot of kind of like, I'm not sure if things are always on spec as far as like how manufacturer data gets formatted. But there's a lot of interesting ways to fingerprint your devices just looking at those. So looking at the Taser OUI, you find out that they have a particular block size. So they've basically allocated 16 million MAC addresses that will be prefixed by this OUI. Since we're talking about broadcast protocols in Bluetooth, a lot of people are very accustomed to when devices are paired. And when devices are paired, the broadcast will stop. But there's a growing number of protocols being released lately, which rely entirely on the broadcast capability and basically none at all on the direct connection. So some examples are COVID exposure tracking has a fairly cryptographically secure approach to fingerprinting a person and then fingerprinting or so having a secure database of exposures that's managed by your local authorities and then you go and prove it and eventually the other people who basically have been around you are essentially war driving when it comes to COVID exposure tracking. They're slurping up all these BLE broadcasts and they're saving the ones that have the correct fingerprint for this protocol and they're remembering all the public keys of the people around them. So COVID exposure tracking is another great example. It's one of the most pervasive Bluetooth broadcast protocols, but now it's kind of winding down. So if you look at wiggle data and if you do your own stumbling and whatnot, you'll see that COVID is the COVID broadcast have reduced substantially over time. But Apple continuity on the other hand is basically second as far as you know from my this is my personal ranking as far as like total traffic that I see. And Apple continuity has a lot of interesting things that it does. Again, the app that we built called RFParty, we parse all the sorts of things that hand off all your privacy discovered. So things like AirPlay IP addresses. Your iPhones are currently beaconing your IP address in BLE constantly. You can get information like whether or not the person's on the phone, whether or not they're looking at a video, if it's their primary iCloud device. So these broadcast protocols have a pretty pervasive impact on your personal privacy and how trackable you are in public and public spaces and governmental spaces. And then finally, we have a really new broadcast protocol that's coming online next month called DroneID. So DroneID will also operate primarily in Wi-Fi, but there's capabilities to do it in BLE as well, Bluetooth. And I suspect part of the reason is that the BLE hardware might be more lightweight, more ready to be embedded than some of the Wi-Fi equipment to put on smaller drones. And so again, at RFParty, on RFParty we're expecting to be able to parse that type of data. And so finally, AxonSignal. So AxonSignal kind of fits into this patchwork of prevailing and existing broadcast protocols. So kind of taking our understanding of broadcast protocols and everything we found in the manual, let's see what we can find. So if you go to Wiggle right now and type in 0025DF, you will find on the left we have the locations of police departments, say, in the San Francisco region. And on the right we have the Wiggle map of where 0025DF returns have been heard. And it corresponds pretty closely and of course is clustered along highways that cops probably patrol. So there's a decade or more data in Wiggle. If you run these queries, you're going to see that there's a worldwide footprint that you guys in this audience have been collecting and putting on Wiggle. So that's pretty dope. So what can we do with this? And what are the other ways that we can detect this? So our party could hypothetically, allegedly detect these sorts of things. I can't demo that sort of thing. Unfortunately, I haven't been contracted by any police departments to actually do any pin testing on them. So if you know any, let us know. We'd be happy to help you figure out how to improve this. But for demonstration purposes, it also turns out that GoPro video cameras have a broadcast protocol that they implement. So I took my GoPro and essentially assumed, hey, let's treat the GoPro like a body cam and see what that might look like in RF Party. So here we have RF Party in public space. I verified that my wireless connections are enabled on the GoPro. And at this point forward, the GoPro will actually beacon so that my phone can manage it. The other interesting thing to know about GoPro's and their broadcast protocol is that the protocol does not stop when the GoPro has been turned off. The screen is off, but the packets continue to be emitted. And that MAC address, as I've observed on my GoPro, never changes over the course of years. So when I put in my GoPro into Wiggle, I didn't see anything lately, but that's probably changed this weekend if I accidentally turned on my wireless connections. And so if you had a continuous monitor running and when you searched, if you search for the right parameter, so in RF Party, we're looking for the name of a GoPro, what we will find is the first ping that we receive will show up on the map as a dot. And if you click on that dot, you can see all of these packet information, all of the service information. I've learned my doubt because this is all my actual personal MAC addresses here. And we're able to then see where we've crossed paths with that particular device. And so here I am walking through a park. These are my GPS pings in this ghostly white. And then at the end, I'm going to run the query again. And boom, I've discovered that, hey, I initially saw the GoPro somewhere around here. And then its final location was somewhere over here. And there's a number of queries that we support, like duration and triggers that are coming soon and alerts and that sort of thing. But you could imagine that if this were, say, a body cam, so this is more of like a simulation of if I were wearing a body cam. And we actually have more data points along the way. It just doesn't render it on this screen. But you could imagine that you yourself could monitor for your own devices or in the case of cop detectors, you know, or in the terms of axon signal, this essentially demonstrates an idea that there might be a way to detect cops. And so if we switch back, what does this enable? So specifically an axon signal, apps like RFParty and Wiggle enable us to potentially do things like proof of body cam. So what's proof of body cam? If you read back on some of those no knocks that I mentioned, and if you read the news in the last couple of years, you'll find out that sometimes police departments can be cagey to release potentially damaging body cam footage, right? And it's kind of hard to compel them because they kind of like to beat around the bush of like, hey, we're not sure if anyone was there with a body cam, we got to check her records, and they can really slow walk things. So if you had a way to say, hey, I know this MAC address was in the vicinity. I know this MAC address was at a particular event or a particular occurrence of a potential police misconduct, you can more directly kind of light a fire under their butts and more legally be able to specifically, you know, inquire about that information in court, right? Other things that hackers probably think about, there was a competition, I think at Black Hat and Def Con many years ago, it's like over a decade ago, where people were competing to make kill switches, computer kill switches. So you hit a button and thermites your hard drive or hit a button, the hard drive catches on fire or various things, right? So you can imagine if you're a very enterprising hacker, you might have a cop alert in the Bluetooth spectrum that could trigger those sorts of things. And of course, knowing things like RSSI and receive signal strength that correlated with these devices, you can very tightly detect the distance that a cop is to your computer, and the computer could self-destruct automatically. You could do things like identifying specific cops. So a lot of cities, activists will file cases that will eventually put cops on something called the Brady list, basically a list of unknown police misconduct and bad behavior, bad apples, if you will. And you might want to get an alert if you're dealing with a bad apple or you might want to know, hey, I didn't catch that guy's badge number, but turns out I had wiggle running. And now you can go dig through that database, dig through your own logs, and now you know their MAC address and you might be able to subpoena for the rest of the information. And then the other interesting thing that organizations like ACLU and EFF currently monitor are things like surveillance. So where does axon signal factor in all of this? If all of these bodycams start doing facial recognition, for instance, so these bodycams actually have 4G LTE connections, and they actually can live stream video at any moment, and that's not even talking about the cloud this year. But there's a huge question about what's the prevalence of this technology, especially as we understand more and more about these features, especially like the license plate reader being embedded directly into the dash cam. What if that license plate reader technology gets embedded into bodycams? There's kind of a not even a slippery slope. It is a Homer Simpson falling down a ski mountain worth of interesting problems here that we might want to understand as civilians and for civil liberties, how prevalent these technologies are. So finally, tools like RF Party, we were absolutely inspired by these types of questions, and we really want to enable other people to be able to experiment and learn about these devices. And of course, if cops are trackable, we're very trackable as well with things like our GoPro's or our Apple continuity. How do we verify that any of those devices are actually in airplane mode? If you read the instructions for iPhone, it says, turn off the Bluetooth connection, turn off airplane mode, there's not really a great way for an ordinary person to verify that. And kind of what we're also pointing out here is that every device, not just air tags, every device is an air tag, right? So we actually need a way to detect all Bluetooth devices. We don't need one-off solutions that only work on iPhones and then take three years for Android to catch up and then leaves everyone who runs Linux completely in the lurch. We actually need a solution for everyone, right? And for every possible device. So that's kind of, that's the talk. And here are some tools. So the biggest tools are used here. We're the PDF viewer. The second most used tool was an OUI database. And then finally, Wiggle.net. And then some other super handy tool is NRF Connect. NRF Connect kind of is the only multi-platform Bluetooth scanner right now that's allowed because they're actually allowed on the Apple store. Apple doesn't really allow hacker tools in their app store. However, they do use the Nordic semiconductor Bluetooth chips. So somehow Nordic got an app in their store. And then so, yeah, so we're building this thing called RFParty. It runs on Android. And then it's on Mac, Linux, and Windows coming soon. And then finally we have some open hardware as well. And then all of this is open source. You can get it on the app store and help us get home. And part of y'all and everybody.


Hi, everyone. Joe from Jaspies doing a recap of a Fanatics Live break we did on Sunday. Didn't know how to start that video. 2022, NT baseball, four box picker team number one. A lot of nice stuff here. Big thanks, everybody who participated, who got into this break, who made it happen. Appreciate you. Some nice stuff here, too, as always, out of NT to Tis Jr. Some a lot of nice color. Field pass, Freddie Freeman Dodger's edition. Big Mike, Jazz Chisholm, Josh Bell, Seiya Suzuki, a lot of nice color there. Jackson Holiday. Legendary signatures, six out of 10. That was Bob Lemon. Nice. That was pretty strong. Bettencourt. Love the NT, NT baseball, NT basketball, NT football. Love them all. Nice, William Demis.  Little burlap sacks that they used to wear back in the day. Here's Ryan Velod, Tony Aliva. And we got a jumbo material signature, Andrew Jones. That was nice. Drew's death. The Pirates won this duel. We did the randomizer in the stream. Got another book here, Jim Gilliam. Old piece of his jersey from the Brooklyn Dodger days. We had a nice one of one. Woo, it's Kyle Muller for Atlanta. And Bray has had a nice break in this. And a Spencer Strider. 10 out of 25. Real thick card sock. We'll have some filler cards there so it doesn't rattle around. There you go. That's the recap video from FNAX LIVE of 2022 Penini NT baseball. Thanks, everyone. We'll see you for the next one.


We just engraved 50 wooden spoons using our X-Tool P2. Our smart fill batch processing requires no jig. And we're doing a giveaway. We have a laser material pack with over 100 items in it. We're going to give it away right now. What is up? A welcome back. Do you like to build or make it? So do we. And we have new videos each week, every Tuesday and Friday. This week we have a rush order for some wedding favors, these wooden spoons. And you know I thought this was a perfect project for the smart fill batch processing for the P2 with no jig needed. That's right. This is something we haven't seen on other lasers.  This is something you should know about. And we have a giveaway. This is a laser explorer pack and we'll be talking about this one later too. Step one, we're going to gather all of our supplies. We needed some wooden spoons because that's what we're engraving on. And she gave us just enough to do the project. We have no waste. And she gave us the image. So this should be a fairly easy project. Yeah, we really want to just showcase this batch processing feature. Step two, we're going to turn on our X-Tool P2 and load our materials. We're going to try to get as many spoons in per batch as we can. Now you need to have some kind of organized layout. It can't be too sporadic. You have to lay out all of your items kind of organized and leave a little bit of gap between them so the camera can see the base plate. You need at least a two centimeter gap. The object color cannot be too dark. It cannot match the base plate or the camera won't recognize the separation between the object and the base plate. These spoons are perfect because they're almost white in color. So they're really contrasting to the back of the laser bed. And it won't recognize different shapes. If we're doing spoons, we got to do all spoons. We can't do any forks. This is not your silverware drawer at home. And you want to make sure you have a clean camera lens so that the camera can recognize each individual object and know where to place your design. If you have schmutz on your camera, you're not going to get good alignment. We have no room for error in this project. We don't have a whole lot of extras. So the great thing about this X-Tool P2 is it has a secondary camera. Not only does it have the camera on the lid, like some of the other desktop lasers, but the X-Tool P2 has a camera on the lens. So we're going to use the secondary camera to hover over each spoon to make sure that we have perfect placement.  Not each spoon is exactly like the next. So we're going to need some perfect placement for this thing anyway. And you might be thinking to yourself, if you've watched any of our previous videos, why aren't we using the curved surface engraving for these spoons? Because typically you would do that. These spoons, go ahead. These spoons are only spoon in name. They are almost paddle-like. They are very, very shallow. And we do not need that curved surface engraving that would help us transition from a high side to the low bottom back to a high side. There's very, very little change in depth here. So we can engrave right on these without having to use the curved surface engraving. Yeah, these are definitely great for spanking sticks. This makes it perfect for batching. If we were having to use curved surface engraving, we wouldn't be able to batch all of these at one time. So we'll be able to put all of them in the laser bed and grave all at one shot. With no jig. That is the other great feature of the X-Tool P2 SmartFill feature is that there's no jig needed. So a lot of people are doing these pencils for back to school. We've seen them everywhere. We haven't had the opportunity to do them. But I think we could try them with this X-Tool P2. You can lay out your pencils and it will replicate your design across each pencil. No jig needed. No jig needed. That's my favorite part. Step three, create your design or just load it into creative space. Here we are in X-Tool creative space. The first thing we're going to do is just refresh our camera so we can see all of our little spoons. There they are. You can create your design but in our case the customer has already supplied the design. So we're just going to load the design. We're just going to start with which one. There's two of them. We're going to start with Perfect Mix. Let's shrink this guy down. Rotate him. I like how it clicks on the 90s. I'll pick this one. Or this one. Yeah, I like that one. That's where the camera is like right above it. I'm going to hold control and I'm going to scroll in. Kind of place that you see each one of these spoons is just a little bit wonky. All right. Got our image loaded. We're all set. Step four, Smart Fill. Now we're just going to click Smart Fill. We're going to select our design again. It's on our image and we're just going to click Smart Fill. Okay, kind of. They picked up some of them. I think some of them are too close. I don't think it's got enough space between these guys down here in the camera. Right. This is where the spacing comes in. So we'll go remove a few, leave a little more space and then have it populate again. All right. Control Z. Space them out. All right. Let's hit refresh on the bed image and see what we have. Okay. We put a lot less in there because I think the handle is giving us trouble. I'm going to line up this image and we're going to hit Smart Fill. Oh, maybe I should hit Smart Fill. Hey, that was pretty good. All right. Because we have no room for error, I'm now going to zoom in on each one of these using the close capture. And because they're all a little bit wonky too, I think I need to zoom in and place each one perfect place to the grid. Oh, that looks good. Maybe I should have done it in order. Yeah, that one looks pretty good. Yeah, right under the center camera, the overhead cam, they're perfect. The further it gets away from the overhead cam, it even caught this guy to the side a little bit. It's pretty good. I mean, when I zoom in on these, they all look pretty good. They did a pretty good job. Yeah, I think it really understands the distortion of the camera and where they are on the bed. Yeah, because when I zoom in, they're actually placed pretty good. Well, I said that. I think the further it gets away from center. Now, each time Garrett does this, the camera on the laser head moves to that position and takes a quick photo so that we can see exactly where this needs to be placed. Yeah, I really like how it cocked it to the side because it thinks the spoon is a little crooked. The spoon is a little crooked. Good job. Time to engrave them. We're just going to jump right back into creative space and basically hit start. Now let's set the engraving settings. So we're going to click on the layer that way it selects all of our things on this layer at one time. We're going to use engraving. We're going to take some manual settings here. We're going to go 30% pound, 15% pound and 300 millimeters per second. We're going to keep it at bitmat mode Jarvis, but we're going to go 280 lines per centimeter. Now I'm going to click anywhere else to deselect these and I'm going to get a measurement. I'm going to do auto measure and then I'm going to pick like a high point of one of these spoons. Right in the center. Right here. There's a good meaty high point. All right, 3.89. Summon that's correct. Process and start. Placement on the first 10. They look great. We're just going to batch out the other 30 now. The giveaway. But before we do that, I want to say a big thank you to all of our patrons. You can join us over on Patreon for extra content, free files and a bunch of goodies. All right, we're ready for the giveaway. It's super easy to enter. Just like, subscribe and leave us a comment down below. This materials prize pack has 111 pieces in it and it contains tons of different materials like walnut, acrylic, quark, leather, some jewelry, some stainless steel tags, lots of fun stuff in here to cut in and grave using your laser. It is a treasure trove of laser exploration. We're about out of time. So if you're not going to join us over on the patron after show, we will see you next week where we'll do it, build it and make it again.