Hello. I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education. I'm Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Ruby College, University of Allahabad. And in my previous video, I have discussed with you human rights education and the methods and techniques of human rights education. And today I'm going to discuss rights of chai from international perspective. And the lecture will be in bilingual mode and it must be useful for various purposes to you in general as well as for your examinations purpose. Okay. So human rights education. If you want to change it in effective mode, it will be useful only if you want to change it in cognition. And then we will discuss rights of the child. What are the rights of children and what are the rights of children. So we have to study it in two ways in your course. What is an international perspective and what is an Indian perspective. National perspective and international perspective. So let's start with the international perspective. So the most important document rights of child is the United Nations Convention. It is called CRC, Convention on the Rights of the Child. CRC. So the beginning of it is at the international level, United Nations General Assembly adopted the declaration of the rights of the child on 28th November 1959. You can assume that since the establishment of the UDHR, since then the rights of the child has been discussed. And a Geneva Declaration came in the middle. After that in 1999, it comes to the United Nations Convention. The Geneva Declaration in which five principles were discussed, it was its expansion and it was converted to 10 principles in the declaration of 1959. So these were the 10 principles, every child without an exception. That is, you have to take all the children with you, you have to mentally, morally, spiritually and socially develop them. That is, every child has to be mentally, spiritually, mentally, spiritually developed. So I am giving you this very briefly because we have to read the main convention of 1989. There is a fourth article. It will be very lengthy. Then every child has a name, his nationality, he gets the benefits of social security. If he has any kind of handicappedness, you should get him special treatment, education and care. You should understand him, he gets love. Any child will get education, which is free and compulsory. In any situation, the child should be the first to be in that entity, that is, you will protect him, you will give him relief. Then you have to save him from all kinds of neglect, cruelty and exploit patients. You will not neglect him, there will be no cruelty on him, there will be no shame on him. And he shall be protected from services which may foster racial religious in any other form, discrimination. Any kind of discrimination may be legal, religious, any way. You have to save him from all those services. This declaration came in 1959. After that the main declaration, which is more popular, which after that many nationals, almost all nationals signed it, signed it, signed it, signed it, signed it, signed it and made a law for it in their own country. That is United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989. So in 1989, World Readers made a historic commitment to the world's children by adopting the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Child. In 1989, the great leaders of the world made a historic commitment, a historic commitment that we will do this for all the children of the world. This will be their right to be protected. An international agreement on childhood. That is, taking the childhood, taking the childhood, taking the country, taking the country. It became the most widely rectified human rights tree, history has helped transform children's lives around the world. It is the most widely rectified. In the history of human rights, what was most talked about was that this is the tree. That is the beginning, the beginning. It helped a lot in transforming the lives of children of the world. It was approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 28th November, 1989. On 20th November, 1989, it was approved by the United Nations General Assembly and the convention was formally opened for ratification on 26th January, 1990. On 20th January, 1990, it was formally opened so that it can be established in Sandeep and India and the government have established it on 11th December, 1991. It, however, signed the convention thereby indicating general support for its principles and intention not to take actions that would actively undermine those principles. When you establish Sandeep on this issue, it means that you, who is written, who is the president, who is the president, who is the president, and you will not do any such thing in your own country, through which it is harmful, rather, you will work to flourish it. The CRC is the most complete statement of child rights ever made. It is the most complete statement of all the rights of children. I mean, you will see that there is no point in leaving it. And we have told you that it takes the 10 principles of the 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child, that is, the rights of the child that was declared in 1959, by taking the 10 principles of it and expanding it to a fourth article, of which 41 relates specifically to the rights of children covering almost every aspect of the child's life. The first 41 of which is covering every aspect of the child's life, there is no right to touch it. And the fourth article tells us how these rights have to be protected. That is, 41 is the law, and the fourth article, which has been talked about 41 above, is about their protection. So, its preamble is that it recalls the basic principles of the United Nations and specific provisions to certain relevant human rights, treaties and proclamations such as the UDHR. That is, it recalls, it recalls that the United Nations works on the basic principles of the human rights, and these specific provisions, that is, the human rights treaties and the UDHR recalls the basic principles of the human rights, re-afforms the fact that children, because of their vulnerability, need special care and protection. And this recalls the fact that children are vulnerable, that is, anyone can easily harm them. That is why they need special care and protection. And it places special emphasis on the primary caring and protective responsibility of the family. And it emphasizes the fact that the primary care and protection should come from the family, the need for legal and other protection of the child, the importance of respect for the cultural values of the child's community, the cultural values of the community should be respected, and the vital role of international cooperation in achieving the realization of children's rights. And the international cooperation should be met so that children can work for the protection of the rights of the children. This is the preamble of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989. Then look at this. These are your rights, in which the convention works. How will this work? And the rest of this is telling you from 1 to 42 that what is it? Because it cannot be expanded. It cannot be seen clearly. I cannot show it by breaking it. But now I will tell you from article 1 to 42. I will tell you very quickly. You can remember. Remember something that you are remembering. Remember that you have a close heart. Remember that you are more important than that. And if you can remember everything, then remember everything. So the first article that they have is article 1. It tells the definition of the child.  So they are saying that every person who is 18 years old is a child. Children are defined as all people and are 18 years old. Then the second article is article number 2. Since this is an article, you cannot say that article 2 and article 3 are related to article 4 and article 5. No, you remember less but remember what is written there. Then article 2 talks about non-discrimination. That is, the discrimination will not be done. All rights in the convention apply to all children without exception. See, this was also in 1959. That all these children will not leave anyone. And the state has an obligation to get children. And the state is obligated to protect every child. Then the best interest of the child, all actions concerning the child, must be based on his or her best interest. That is, you do not have to do anything for the child. Rather, you have to work according to the best interest. Implementation of rights. The state has an obligation to translate the rights of the convention into reality. That is, we do not have to write on paper. In fact, we have to see that the rights can be implemented. And who will do this? The state will do it. Then what is article 5? Parental guidance and child's evolving capacities as he or she grows. That is, this is the responsibility of the state to respect the rights and responsibilities of the parents. That is, the right and responsibilities of the parent are to be respected by the state. So that the child, who is its capacity, can be raised accordingly. Then article 6 is the development of the child. That is, he can survive and develop well. Article 7 is that every child's name is his nationality. Article 8 is that the identity of the child should be preserved. Keep him safe. Article 9 is separation from parents. The child has the right to live with his or her parents unless it is not deemed to be his or her best interest. The child has the right to maintain content with both parents if separated from one another. The child has the right to live with his or her parents unless it is deemed to be his or her best interest. If they are separated from each other, the child has the right to contact the parent whenever it is deemed to be his or her best interest. That is, you cannot deny that you cannot contact the parent because it is separated from your parents. Then the family reunification. The state has an obligation to foster and enable family reunification where children and parents live in separate countries. They are saying that if the child and the mother are living in different countries, then it is also a responsibility for their reunification. This is also a responsibility of the state. Article 10 is written in Article 11. Illicit transfer and non-return of children from abroad. The state has an obligation to try to prevent and remedy the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad by parent or third party. If the child is not able to return to the foreign country, then the child's opinion should be kept in mind. It is written in Article 12. It has freedom to express what is written in Article 13. What is written in Article 14? Freedom of thought, consign, and religion. It should have the freedom to believe in the principles of the mind and the religion. It should have the freedom of association to meet other people and to make associations so that they do not try to fight against each other. Then it should be protected by privacy. It is an access to appropriate information. Parental responsibilities. It is said that the responsibility of the parent should be good upbringing. Protection from abuse and neglect. It is written in Article 19. It is written in Article 20. Protection of children without families. It is said that the state has an obligation to provide special protection for children without families. It is said that the family should be protected. It should ensure that appropriate family care and institutional placements are made available. It should be ensured that the appropriate family should be provided. It should be taken into account the child's cultural background. It should be taken into account the Mittagand din. In place where the adoption is recognised and allowed. It should be carried out in the best interest. It is said that a state should bring into the adoption believe that a child must be If he has any disability, then we have to take care of him properly and provide him with proper health services. Periodic review of placement in care settings. If we have to review him again and again for his care, then we have to take care of him properly and provide him with proper health services. This is Article 25. How many articles are there? 26 are Social Security. We have to give him social security. Article 27 is growing up free from poverty. We have to raise him up from poverty. Then Article 28 is about education. Article 29 is about education. The child has the right to education. The child should have the right to education. The state has a duty to make primary education compulsory and future. Do you know how many times it has been said that getting free and compulsory education is the right of the child? You have come to know that. Then it is about the aim of education. What is the right of education? Education should be directed at developing the child's personality and terms. What kind of education is there? The child's personality and challenges. Then Article 30 is about the children of minorities and indigenous people. If the child is from a minority community, then he should have the right to enjoy his culture. Laser recreation and cultural activities. He has the right to rest. He can do monorange. You can't always do this. Child labour. As for recreation, child labour will be discussed. The way he was adopted, the way he could give any alternative family. The way he was adopted, all of this is related to each other. Child labor, the state has an obligation to protect children from engaging in work. There are negative impacts there. The health care that is negatively impacted. It has to be protected from any work by the state. The state has to protect the child from such harm. So, drug abuse. Drug abuse is also a must in this article. Sexual exploitation is a must. It cannot be bought or saved from trafficking. And exploitation is a must in this article. Torture and deprivation of liberty. You cannot torture it. You cannot deny it. You cannot deprive it. You cannot reject it. Then, armed conflicts. They are saying that armed forces have to ensure that there is no child who is less than 15 years old. Rehabilitative care. If someone needs physical and psychological recovery, if someone has any neglect, exploitation or abuse torture, then we have to rehabilitate them. We have to put them in the center of the community. Then, administration of juvenile justice. In the case of juvenile justice, those who have children, and those who do not get justice, they are different from them. Article 41 says that respect for existing standards. If standards set in the national law of a country which has ratified the convention or in other applicable international instruments are higher than those in the convention on the rights of the child, which is the highest standard. People are saying that if there is a country where a convention is CRC, the rights of the child are higher. If there is a higher standard than that, then you should follow the highest standard. Do not harm the child in any way. Do not harm anyone. Do not harm anything. Article 42 says that it has an obligation to make the rights contained in the convention widely known to the children alike. That is, the obligation of the state is to provide the rights in the convention. Article 43 and article 44 say that states which ratified the convention must submit a report on implementation two years after ratification and every five years later. They are saying that all the states who have seen this, they will have to tell them what work they are doing in the country. They will have to report the implementation that they have done this to complete this article. In every five years, and article 45 that in order to foster the effective implementation of the convention and to encourage international cooperation the specialized agency of the UN that is, some of the United Nations specialized agencies are there so that you can implement this convention in a better way. Like ILO, International Labour Organization, WHO, World Health Organization, UNHCR, UNESCO, all involved in this process so that we can do everything on a level of cooperation. Many NGOs are involved in this and article 64 says that defining the conditions under which the convention comes into force. That is, it is somewhere differing that it is after a period of time but you should follow this that article 45 says this and article 64 says how to force the convention and how to make it into action. So, mainly you are seeing that your article 40 is about rights. Then article 41 and article 64 says how to force the convention. So much is coming. Remember as much as you want. But at least you should know that in 1959 January declaration which was five was expanded to ten and then in 1989 the ten was expanded to four. At least remember something like right to education aims of education its development parental responsibility as much as you remember it is a bit too much but now this is a complete you can say document in which no aspect is left you can see from article 64 to article 64 there is no such aspect which is related to the life of a child this convention is not related to that the entire aspect is covered so that the child is safe in the whole world So, next time we will talk about this next topic is that in India how to protect the children which policies programs you can say commissions what is said in the constitution legislation legislative framework so in this topic I have covered the United Nations convention the rights of the child is special difference to 1989 convention so I have completed this very topic so thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education I have done from my side


This is a historic day for Hackensack University Medical Center, as we announce Operation Hackensack Smart. Through Operation Hackensack Smart, soldiers will partner with Hackensack University Medical Center team members for two weeks of training using cutting-edge technology at no additional cost to our country. Many of our Army Reserve enlisted medical personnel do not work in the medical field in their civilian capacity. And thanks to Hackensack Meridian Health's diverse patient population, unparalleled laboratory facilities and state-of-the-art diagnostic imaging technology, our soldiers will gain real-time access to cutting-edge technology and training. The formation of the Operation Hackensack Smart solidifies Hackensack Meridian as a leader in yet another area. Partnerships between our civilian medical personnel and our military medical personnel. You know, Hackensack Smart is exactly the type of civilian military cooperation we need to see more of in our communities around New Jersey and around the country. What we create today may have an incredible impact on how the soldier is treated in the battlefield and how hospitals access the men and women of the military to enhance their own staff. We here at Hackensack University Medical Center are truly honored and privileged to support our servicemen and women. And we look forward to welcoming soldiers from across our great country to this medical center and to other medical centers part of Hackensack Meridian Health.


Can everybody hear me okay? I'm a product of my history, which is why I don't use PowerPoint, but I do have a handout. And if you take a look at the handout, you'll see that on the front page is an outline of what I'm going to be talking about, and you could make notes there if you want. And on the back page are some references to some of the things that I'm going to say. But if I'm going to make claims that are not intuitively obvious claims, the people hearing me at least have the opportunity to check the documentation of these. So my thesis is that play, free play, undirected by adults, is essential to children's healthy development. And I'm going to develop that thesis by first talking about play among hunter-gatherer children, and then talk about a change that has occurred sociologically in the last 50 to 60 years in the United States and other developed countries, which is a change that has led to a tremendous decline in children's freedom, in children's freedom, particularly to play and to play outdoors away from adults and to learn all the things that children learn through such play. And I will make the point that over the same period that there's been this dramatic decline in children's opportunities to play, there has been a dramatic increase in all sorts of childhood psychopathology. So that's the thesis of the talk. I must confess that I've never lived in a hunter-gatherer band. I've never observed one directly, so I'm relying entirely on what other people say. And I will in part document with some quotations. I have, I believe, studied rather fully the literature written by anthropologists and other observers, direct observers of hunter-gatherer cultures. And a few years ago, a graduate student of mine and I conducted a survey of 10 anthropologists who had all lived in hunter-gatherer bands. Among them, they had lived in seven different hunter-gatherer cultures on three different continents. So they represented some, at least geographically, some differences in hunter-gatherer bands and asked them questions about what they observed among children, even if they weren't there to specifically study children. And anthropologists don't study children as much as I think they should, but they're there to study other things, but they can't help but observe the kids, so I asked them a lot of questions about the kids. So that's the basis, the literature and then this survey is kind of the basis for what I have to say about hunter-gathers. Now, the hunter-gatherer groups that I am focusing entirely on are those that are called band societies or egalitarian societies. These are not tribes. We sometimes use the term tribe, but I don't think it's appropriate to use it. Tribes are really kind of groups that are headed by a big man or a chief. We think of tribes as sort of war-like and so on and so forth. These are small band societies, 30 to 60 people, typically in a band. They're egalitarian, they're also called egalitarian hunter-gathers because they have no hierarchical social structure. Decisions are made by consensus. They don't have a chief or a big man.   And that is one of the ways, in fact, that they maintain a sense of equality is by belittling anybody who tries to rise up above other people or tries to act like they have the right to tell other people what to do. So those are the kinds of bands that I'm looking at and there are a lot of such bands that have been studied. Let me just give you, just list a few that might be familiar to. The Jowansi, or better known as the Kung, in Africa's Kalahari Desert. The Mutu of Congo's Rainforest, the Batak of Peninsular Malaysia. The Acta of the Philippines, the Ace of Eastern Paraguay, and so on and so forth. There are really several dozen such groups that have been found and studied mostly kind of in the mid 20th century. I will be talking about them largely in the past tense, because to a considerable degree their cultures are now destroyed. People talk about studying hunter-gathers, but now many of these kids are actually going to school. They're actually living in ways that are very much affected by Western culture. So the cultures that the anthropologists have studied, and to the degree that they could be found in their original form, are different in many ways, having to do with the geography that they're living in and so on. But in terms of their basic social structure, they're remarkably similar. And they're remarkably similar in their attitudes towards children. At least as judged by what I learned in this survey about childhood, and what I've been able to read in the anthropological literature and talking with various other anthropologists. The words most often used by researchers in describing hunter-gather parenting styles are indulgent, trustful, and respectful. Indulgent sounds in our ears kind of like a negative term, whereas respectful and trustful, which in some ways means the same thing, sound in our ears like positive terms. Respect for each person's autonomy is really part and parcel of the egalitarian ethos of hunter-gatherer bands. And amazingly, amazingly to us, they apply this same respect to their children as they do to one another. To illustrate this, let me read here five brief quotations, each from a different researcher observing a different hunter-gatherer band. This will give you something of a flavor and there are many other quotations I could give. These are all from the literature, not from our survey. Aborigin children of Australia are indulged to an extreme degree and sometimes continue to suckle until they're four or five years old. Physical punishment for a child is almost unheard of. This was Richard Gould. Here's another one, paracana adults do not interfere with their children's lives. They never beat, scold, or behave aggressively with them physically or verbally, nor do they offer praise or keep track of their development. This is Yumi Goso. The third one, the idea that this is my child or your child does not exist among the Iquana. Deciding what another person should do no matter what his age is outside the Iquana vocabulary of behaviors. There is great interest in what everyone does. But no impulse to influence let alone coerce anyone. The child's will is his motive force. This is Jean Leidloff. Infants and young children among Inuit hunter-gatherers of the Hudson Bay area are allowed to explore their environments to the limits of their physical capabilities and with minimal interference from adults. Thus if a child picks up a hazardous object, parents generally leave it to explore the dangers on its own. The child is presumed to know what it is doing. I've seen films that a friend of mine who has studied the FA in Africa has taken of little toddlers playing with machetes, playing in the fire and so on and so forth. Nobody's particularly concerned. As far as she could tell, the toddlers don't get hurt. The belief is, if you're going to learn how to use these things, if your children are going to learn how they have to be able to explore. We don't, little pocket knife now, you don't allow even maybe a 12-year-old to carry around. Here's our fifth one. Johansi children very rarely cried, probably because they had little to cry about. No child was ever yelled at or slapped or physically punished and few were even scolded. Most never heard a discouraging word until they were approaching adolescence. And even then the reprimand, if it really was a reprimand, was delivered in a soft voice. This is Elizabeth Marshall Thomas in a relatively new book called The Old Way. And Thomas went on to write, we are sometimes told that children who are treated so kindly become spoiled. But this is because those who hold that opinion have no idea how successful such measures can be. Free from frustration or anxiety, sunny and cooperative, the children where every parent's dream. No culture can ever have raised better, more intelligent, more likable, more confident children. If this were just one person saying this, I would think this person is overly romanticizing. And perhaps to some degree is. But I've heard similar comments from so many, many people. For example, my colleague who studied the FA, I once asked her, what does whining sound like? Because a graduate student who was studying whining and had an evolutionary view about the universality of whining, asked about whining and hunter-gathered couches. So I asked my friend, she said, you know, I lived for two years among the FA and I never heard a child whine. So this is quite a remarkable statement. It's so unlike what we would, the way we picture the necessity of childhood. So in response to our question, how much time did hunter-gatherer children have to play? All of the respondents to our survey said that the children they observed were free to play essentially all day, every day. They didn't have to work. We often think all hunter-gatherer children must have had to work so hard. In fact, the adults don't work very hard. There have been studies showing that the adult, it takes about 20 hours a week to gather your food and hunt your food. And it's rather exciting, it's fun to do it. It's hard, it's in the sense it takes a great deal of skill and that actually is what adds to the fun. It's not drudgery, it's very exciting. And in between, the adults are doing a lot of visiting with neighboring tribes. They do dances, they play music, they have rich cultural lives. They're not people who are working all the time. And so they don't all have really any need for children's child labor. Child labor came with farming. Once you have farming and you start to have the big farm, big families that come with farming. Farming is drudgery and there's a lot of unskilled labor, so you can begin to use child labor. You can't really use child labor for hunting because it's so skilled. In fact, the best hunters are not even the young men. They're the middle aged men because it takes so long to develop this skill. So hunter-gatherers believe that childhood is a time of learning. It's a time of education. It's a time to develop the skills and knowledge and the wit and abilities that you need to become an effective adult. But they believe that you do that through play. And so they allow their children time to play and explore right into adolescence. So here's a couple of quotes that came from our survey in response to the question, how much time did hunter-gatherer children have to play? So here's one, both boys and girls had almost all day, every day free to play. This was Alan Brainard concerning the narrow of Southern Africa. Children were free to play nearly all the time. No one expected children to do serious work until they were in their late teens. This is Karen Endicott concerning the Batec. Boys were free to play nearly all the time until age 15 to 17 for girls most of the day in between a few errands and some babysitting was spent in play. It is interesting that even in hunter-gatherer cultures, if there's a distinction, it's usually the girls that have to do more work than the boys. That distinction, however, becomes even much greater once you get to farming communities. I might add that children begin playing away from adults at about age four, which is the age when hunter-gatherers believe that children have sense. That children are able to make good judgments, that they're not going to wander off into the jungle or do dangerous things all by themselves. They don't have to be watched. Children beginning with age four are playing all day long in age-mixed groups with other kids all the way up to 17 or so, generally away from adults. Sometimes in some of these communities, they build little villages, little play villages next to the camp. They build their own little huts and they act out the things that they see in the main camp among the adults. So this is the context of play in hunter-gatherer cultures. The children could observe directly what the adults did in the band that they were growing up in and they incorporated those activities into their play. And that's how they developed the kinds of skills that they needed to grow into adulthood. So in our survey, one of our questions was about the forms of play, the kinds of play. What did they play at? And here's just a partial list of some of the things that we got, which show that they played very often at subsistence activities and at the artistic and cultural activities of their culture. Making and shooting bows and arrows, this was a huge one. Digging up tubers, fishing, smoking porcupines out of holes, cooking, caring for infants, climbing trees, building vine ladders, building huts, using knives and other tools, making tools, carrying heavy objects, building rafts, making fires, defending against attacks from pretend predators, imitating animals, which is a means of learning to identify animals and learning their habits. Making music, dancing, storytelling and arguing were all mentioned by one or more of the respondents. Of course, the specific list varied from culture to culture and cultures that use dugout canoes the children played at making dugout canoes and so on and so forth. It's quite natural, apparently, for children to look around, see what the adults in your culture are doing and play at that and in that way to develop skill at it. But now what I want to do is to focus not on the subsistence and artistic skills that were developed in play, but on the social and emotional skills that were developed in play. Play by its very nature is an egalitarian cooperative activity. Let me explain that. One of the defining characteristics of play is that it is self-chosen and self-directed. Play is what you want to do, not what you have to do. So the most basic freedom in play is freedom to quit. And I really want to emphasize that. It's freedom to quit that makes play play. If you can't quit, it's not play. The fact that the other players can quit means that if you want to keep the game going, you've got to keep them happy. In other words, in social play, because you want to play, the child is driven, motivated to play, you are also motivated to make your playmates happy. Because if you try to bully them, if you try to make rules that they don't agree to and so on and so forth, they will leave. And so therefore, social play, whether it's in our culture or in a hunter-gatherer culture, is always an exercise in getting into the minds of your playmates, understanding their needs and satisfying their needs while at the same time satisfying your own needs and what could be a more important skill to develop, especially in a culture that depends upon people working together and cooperating. Players know that playmates who feel coerced will quit and therefore all decisions in play have to be made by consensus.  Who gets to be what? Making out compromises, okay, I'll be the daddy in the house for now, but then I get to be the baby and so on and so forth, whatever the choices are. You figure it out in a way that makes everybody happy. You're constantly practicing. I would argue that play evolved, our play drive evolved in the context of a hunter-gatherer culture and it evolved in part to develop precisely these kinds of social skills that were so essential to a hunter-gatherer culture, but are really essential for a happy social life in every culture. Play by nature is cooperative. Social play is cooperative. You have to work together to carry it out. You have to coordinate your activities. That's true for any kind of social play. It's particularly true in the social play that one observes in hunter-gatherer cultures apparently. An enormous amount of their play is dances and dance-like play where the activities are necessarily coordinated, both adults and kids play in these kinds of way. They have complex games with rules, but the games are not competitive. The games are things like to keep the melon going as you're passing it over your head to the next person. It's to keep it all going and it requires coordinated activity. None of their play is competitive. In fact, Colin Turnball describes how in the group that he observed, sometimes they played in ways that mocked the idea of competition. And some of these cultures, the idea of competition in play had been introduced. So for example, people might be taught to play soccer, which is a competitive game. But the kids and the adults too would play soccer in a way that's non-competitive. Let's just keep the ball in the air. Let's just keep it going and so on and so forth. Here's a nice description that Turnball gives of a tug of war that he observed. This was a situation where the men were on one side and the women were on the other side. The men and boys and women and girls on the other side. Men and boys take one side of the vine rope, women and girls take the other, and they sing in antiphony as they pull. When the men and boys start to win, one of them will abandon his side and join the women, pulling up his bark cloth and adjusting it in the fashion of women, shouting encouragement to them in a false settle, ridiculing womanhood by the very exaggeration of his mime. Then when the women and girls start to win, one of them adjusts her bark cloth down, strides over to the men's side and joins their shouting in a deep vase voice, similarly mocking manhood. Each person crossing over tries to outdo the ridicule of the last, causing more and more laughter until when the contestants are laughing so hard they cannot sing or pull anymore, they let go of the vine rope and fall to the ground in near hysteria. Although both youth and adults cross sides, it is primarily the youth who really enact the ridicule. The ridicule is performed without hostility, rather with a sense of identification and empathy. It is in this way that the violence and aggressivity of either sex winning is avoided and the stupidity of competitiveness is demonstrated. To be a successful hunter-gatherer, one must not only be willing and able to cooperate with others, but one must also be able to assert one's own needs and wishes effectively without antagonizing others. Practice in such self-assertion occurs in social play everywhere as players negotiate rules and decide on who gets to be whom and so on and so forth. In addition, according to the respondents to our survey, hunter-gatherer children often deliberately played at argument. They would observe the arguments and discussions in camp and then they would in a sense reenact them in their little play village. So here, once again, is Colin Turnbull on that. It may start through imitation of a real dispute the children witnessed in the main camp, perhaps the night before. They all take roles and imitate the adults. It is almost a form of judgment for if the adults talk their way out of the dispute, the children having performed their imitation once are likely to drop it. If the children detect any room for improvement, however, they will explore that. And if the adult argument was inept and everybody went to sleep that night in a bad temper, then the children try, excuse me, and show that they can do better. And if they cannot, then they revert to ridicule which they play out until they're all rolling on the ground in your hysterics. That happens to be the way many of the most potentially violent and dangerous disputes are settled in adult life. Play fosters self-control and emotional regulation. By all accounts, hunter-gatherers, children were free from anxiety. It seemed to be reported generally to me by our respondents, it seems to be in the literature. Childhood depression seems to be unknown. And moreover, the children seem to be extraordinarily controlled, as for example, by my friend Jilda's statement that she never heard whining. Here's a little story this time from Elizabeth Marshall-Thomas concerning the Jowansi. She recounts a scene in which a young Jowansi girl, about 11 years old, was walking away from camp and she stepped into a steel trap that had been set by a biologist working in the area. And her foot got, the trap went through her foot and the trap was fixed to the ground in such a way that she was unable to move that foot or to sit down. So she had to stand on one foot. She was way away from anybody. She was in an area frequented by hyenas. Here is what Thomas has to say. This all happened until finally after hours her uncle found her and rescued her. But here's what Thomas has to say about this experience. I will always remember her calmness as we brought her to the encampment and dressed the wound. She had been alone, helpless and in pain for many hours in a place frequented by hyenas. Yet she acted as if nothing had happened, nothing at all. Instead she chatted with other people about this and that in an offhand manner. To me such composure in these circumstances did not seem possible. And I remember wondering if their nervous system were the same as ours. But of course their nervous systems were the same as ours. It was their self-control that was superior. You can say that things are wrong but you cannot show it. Your body language must suggest that everything is fine. I mean this little girl knew that she had to in the first place not make a fuss and attract hyenas. She had to stand perfectly still and she did. And in the second place, because it's part of the culture's mores she doesn't want to be weak and disabled in the presence of the rest of the band who needs each other's strength, not each other's weakness. I can't pretend to know all of the factors that go into such extraordinary self-control but I suspect that the continuous play is one of the major factors for it. Play as Lev Vygotsky, the great Russian developmental psychologist pointed out some years ago, is the means by which children learn self-control as well as the means by which they learn so much else. What Vygotsky pointed out is that all play has rules. And to play the game, you have to control yourself to follow the rules. And children are so motivated to play that they will put themselves into all sorts of discomfort. They will do things in play that they would not do at least in our culture in real life. You can get a child to stand, even a child with ADHD to stand motionless for hours if he's doing it in play whereas could never do that if we were sitting in class in school. So in play, children rise above their normal capacities but they develop capacities that then they can bring to real life according to Vygotsky. So for example, just an example of the point that all play has rules and the kinds of sociodramatic play that young children play if they're playing, let's say you're playing that you are Superman or that you are a great hunter and you believe that Superman, if he falls down and cries or falls down or a great hunter falls down and gets hurt, doesn't cry.  You control yourself. If you were to cry, that would kind of end the game. So you don't cry.  In play, children are constantly putting themselves into fearful situations. They climb trees.  They do things that are on the edge of a level of fear that they can tolerate. Parents hate it, at least in our culture, when they see children doing this. But what are children doing? They're developing their capacity to experience fear, to realize that they can control their fear and that they can overcome it. We know that if we deprive animals, animals do the same thing. And we know that if we deprive animals of the opportunity to play, there are experiments done with rats and with monkeys, they show inability to regulate their emotions in adulthood. They show excessive fear when they're placed in a fearful situation and they lash out in anger when they're placed in a situation with a peer that would normally, whether or even if the peer is making friendly overtures towards them. So one of the theories of play is the emotion regulation theory of play. So it doesn't seem impossible to me that the fact that hunter gatherer children are spending so much time at play is part of the reason that they're able to develop such emotional resilience. Now finally, I'm moving to part two, Roman numeral two on the outline that you have. The decline of play and the rise of childhood psychopathology in modern North America. Over the past 50 or 60 years, over my lifetime, there has been a tremendous decline in the United States and in other Western cultures in children's freedom, in children's opportunities to play. Howard Shudikoff in an authoritative book on the history of play in America refers to the first half of the 20th century as the golden age of play and he says it's been all downhill since then. 20th, early 20th century was the golden age because by that time children didn't have to do too much work. They were no longer working in factories to a considerable extent they weren't. They no longer were laboring all day long on farms. They had a fair amount of freedom and although there was school, it was not the big deal that it is today and they didn't have all these kinds of adult directed activities so children in the first half of the 20th century had a lot of free time to play. Since about 1950, we have with every decade increased the amount of control that adults exert over children's activities. They're spending more time in school, more years, more days, more hours, less recess. They are spending more time out of school in situations where they are directed by adults rather than free to roam and play and explore on their own. I won't go into the reasons for this. There's good sociological reasons for this which many of you can guess at and have been discussed elsewhere but the fact is that children for whatever reason are far less free now than they were before and this decline in freedom has been a linear decline to the degree that we can measure it beginning about 1955 and continuing on through today and the trajectory of the decline seems to be continuing based on the kinds of policies that are being talked about largely today. Over this same period that play has declined, there has been a dramatic and linear rise in all sorts of childhood psychopathology. The best evidence for this, and this is not just that we're recognizing it, where we didn't recognize it before. The best evidence for this I think comes from the work of Jean Twenge but others have replicated some of this work that involves the analysis of scores on various standardized clinical assessment questionnaires that have been given to normative samples of children and adolescents over the decades in unchanged forms or at least where many of the questions were unchanged. So for example, the MMPI, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory has been given since 1938 and you can compare scores on it where there's a version for adolescents that has been given for high school students really that's been given since 1951. Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale has been used to assess anxiety levels in college students since 1952 and a version for children has been used with elementary school students since 1956. Based on analyses of these scores and looking at cut-off values on the scores it would be used today to say that this individual is clinically depressed or this individual is clinically anxious. The level of clinically significant depression and anxiety has increased five to eightfold between 1950 and today. This increase according to Twenge's data is a linear increase. It doesn't cycle according to wars going on or other events in the world. It's a linear change that mirrors the linear decline in play. Let me give you, to illustrate this just a little bit further let me give you a few examples of specific questions. It happened that there were major normative tests using the MMPI for children aged 14 to 16 done in 1948 and 1989 and Cassandra Newsom analyzed the results for those two years. Here's some differences. Here's some specific items. The way the MMPI works is there are self statements which you either agree to or disagree. So here one statement is I wake up fresh and rested most mornings. In 1948, 75% of 14 to 16 year olds said yes. In 1989, only 31% said yes. 31%. In other words, 69% were saying I do not wake up fresh and rested most mornings. I work under a great deal of tension. In 1948, 68% said yes. In 1989, 42% said yes. Life is a strain for me much of the time. In 1948, 9% said yes. In 1989, 35% said yes. I am afraid of losing my mind. Can you imagine a 14 to 16 year old afraid he's losing my mind? In 1948, only 4% said yes, still too many. In 1989, 23% of 14 to 16 year olds said yes to the question I am afraid I am losing my mind. What are we doing to children? In case you're skeptical of questionnaire data, look at suicide rates. This is a hard cold statistic. Suicide rates over the period from the 1950s today have increased threefold among people 15 to 24 years old, fourfold among children under 15 years old. They have increased only slightly in adults between the age of 25 and 40 and they've actually declined in adults over 40. The world has become worse for children. The world has become less tolerable for children because of what we are doing to them. Play is how children learn to control their own lives, how to solve their own problems, how to regulate their emotions. Is it any wonder that if we deprive children of free play and we take control of their lives that they suffer all these disorders? Playfulness and curiosity are the hallmarks of childhood. Children are designed by evolution to play and explore and in that way develop the skills including social and emotional skills that they need for development into adulthood. Hunter-gatherers implicitly recognize that by allowing children to play and explore all the time. In the 1950s, parents partly explicitly recognize that. When I was a kid in the 1950s, we had two educations. We had school, but also we had many more hours than school for the hunter-gatherer education when we were out there all the time, after school until dark, all weekend long, all summer. We had some chores to do, but by and large, we were running around in age mix groups, playing, mimicking adults, getting into all sorts of mischief, learning how to control ourselves, learning how to regulate our emotions, doing things that stretch our capacities to deal with fear and so on and so forth and today we deprive children of those opportunities. Increasingly, we are treating childhood as a time of resume building, not the time of joy and freedom and growth that it should be and with that I'll end and maybe there's a time for a question or two. Yes. Hi, that was delightful, thank you. I haven't quite formulated my question, but I'm a parent of a young child and also a teacher in an elementary school and I think that most of the teachers I work with feel, I agree with what you're saying and we feel that these structures that exist prevent, the recess is short and we wanna let kids play and we can't and so this just kind of echoes what we've heard in other talks about well how do we get the stuff to the mainstream but just do you have any ideas about what teachers and parents, I have more control as a parent and I've let my five-year-old go play around the neighborhood with I'm so very lucky that we have mixed-aged kids in our neighborhood but as a teacher, I feel more like my hands are tied. Yeah, I mean I think it's hard to act as an individual teacher, I've talked to a lot of teachers about this and I've said well why don't you do this or that and they say well I'd be fired. Why do you give this? You don't like the standardized test, why do you give it? Because I'd be fired. But what if half the teachers in the school refused to give it? What if you got together? What if you said look, enough is enough. We know kids. We are not gonna do this to kids. What if you did that? What if teachers organized not just to improve their salaries but organized to improve what they're doing for education and stop hurting kids? Hi, thank you so much for your talk. I'm the mother of four young children between the ages of four and 11. Over the last year I pulled them all out of their after school activities because I just saw how detrimental it was becoming to our family. But I just wanted to see what your suggestions are about how to incorporate this into our modern day world. My children are in school till 4.15 every day. The winter time they're, you know, we're eating dinner, going to bed so. But I feel like this is so important. Yeah, I think that's a great question and it doesn't have a short answer but there's a book that I would recommend. It's a new book by Mike Lanza called Plaiberhood. I've been in some contact with him. He also has a website. He's been tackling this problem specifically. He turned his own neighborhood into a plate, what he calls a plaiberhood. He found ways to overcome the isolation of families. He put his playthings in the front yard instead of the backyard. He put up essentially a please trespass sign. He did away with hedges. And he got some of his neighbors to do this too. And suddenly now the kids are running around and playing the, instead of the belief that the next door neighbor might be a child molester, they know their next door neighbor is a pretty good guy and they don't worry about letting him play in this yard letting. So part of the problem is that back in the 1950s we had neighborhoods. People trusted their neighbors. You didn't have to watch your kids all the time. You could let them run around. You didn't believe that they were gonna be snatched up. Of course, kids are not being snatched up, but we believe they are. We believe they are. And we've gotta overcome that belief and the way to do it is part of the way to do it I think is outlined in this book. Now that's only a partial answer. There are a lot of other things you can do. Instead of taking a family vacation just by your family, take a vacation with a bunch of family. So the kids can play with the other kids and do kids things and get away from you. Your kid needs to get away from you. Your kid doesn't need more mommy time. The kid needs more kid time. So, Plaborhood by Mike Lanza. I think it's a really good book. I've been sort of advertising it wherever I speak. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you.


It's okay, okay Hi, I'm just okay. Oh, yeah My name is a kind of different name and That gif show how to Speak my name must just a little so close. It's shady I'm from Brazil and nowadays our work We see AI things at a company called the novel and Me and my team use a lot of go program language to broke to build things and Yes, I book a lot of software things and a code and we give me We build the software and then we Give some artificial intelligence to the to the hardwares. We have hardwares to new hardwares Like I don't know if I can tell about it, but imagine it. I don't think I'll teach new things This is our schedule today Are you talk about Introduction to CV classifiers A challenge a challenge for you for you and models from community things of a hub and not other open libraries Why use go CV and not Python for example and go first, but So What is computer vision? I think I don't know if she Any if she everybody knows what is it's basically is a field inside of their special intelligence that trains computer To like computer Has have eyes and brain like us and can see So that way the computer can see our or the human world and then We feel we have lucky Then then they can react to the to the what to what the machine see This is my challenge a scenario IoT company, it's not my company. I promise I Receive received a proposal for new clients who ask it for 10 distinct image classifiers for a different Product some classifiers will be rapidly into API and put in connecting a Kafka skew it and other real row independent They they want 10 classifiers you need to do a Pock to show to your companies if he's viable to do it in the terms and the time That was proposed it. How will you do it? Anybody you'd imagine classifier from the scraps No wrong answer because I imagine it You don't you don't throw money away and I'm I'm correct because It's hard you need to know math knows how to do models and know basically Basically some language and it's it's me. I agree a huge team to do it and How they say time is money is The other is Throw the community and open open source things like go CV We can't use the They think the other people just build before Like thanks for flow hub. It's a source kappa. It's another source and go CV basically the The The things for flow hub is a library open library You can imagine a lot of pieces of Lego blocks and that that pieces are Training models you and you can just download that and use that and then you can do what I did is a a minimal modifications in the in the files in the PB files and the text files and Like a finding turning And why go CV and don't and why why use go CV Go CV gives to the golfers Access to the open to the computer vision library Go to the packages supports the last release of go and observe it The last version is far on Linux Mac or X and windows Why I Tell about windows because I I Bring a computer With Windows because I want to show I and prove that makes go CV and Computer vision it's Accessible for everyone if you Need if you if you are a Software engineer or not and go CV supports the Intel open Vino talk it to it's a very nice thing Okay, shame it don't show me the code because blah blah blah I just just a second and you will do that Yes Yay This is my shooting So first start I Will run a program the that our code we can found on the go CV Plata farm and in the my last slide I put all the the material so Just I just we Will try to run and yeah that that that that that that that that Air it's because windows, but how How how it works it's just just to just to Show that I can't open a window and communicate my phone Blame your windows for just I try I try but that's Hello Boo, okay, okay Okay How I will show my cold if I don't can't touch my notebook, but it's literally like Thank You Microsoft kill it Some problems like that quickly there the rest of my presentation Just this this program I run it's just to test my camera and the camera works and Now Okay, I will do another test with my camera because I try to do I try to see if that camera will recognize that it items Recognize me marriage. Come here a picture of me. I can If you anyone can can if you anyone can do Here with me we can the the program will count how crazy the golfers There are I can I try to? Okay Sorry Now I will run what I told you told you before I just Entering Like I you show Before in that site the tensorflow rub You can Search here for For models then I download that model and then I do a finite on it funny turning and To to to the new new classifier can Recurrent the gopher and we will see if he He works This is the the what the program I think think they see the And now you can Do ping-pong we need to try another another color of the gopher. I can I can I Can do it I cough mug and I Burrow it from my home. This is evil. This is that bevel Okay This is we can do with the models of the prep building models. I Obvious obvious obvious obvious I Just download the model the model just have The classification of water water the cough mug and I put another another layer Another two layers indeed the gopher plushy and the gopher, but So back to my presentation go cv.io it's the plata farm we can learn everything so about the goal to be there and There is a link to the GitHub rebel Thanks for flow rub. It's the library. I told before cafe. It's the framework From computer vision. It's open source tool and my presentation are in this care code And it's just a vibe available to you can Access for the speaker deck Ah This is Just that that that giffy I made I made it and if you was access my github You can download this that for free here, too, and you can put it in yours like Tim and Some some water you can do that. There is another version. It's a golfer, but Just do it and with the parents the pair the parent party to They change colors and looks like very gay. I love it I I don't know if you if you understand me. Sorry about my English not my native language I have tried to pass the idea here. I've anyone anyone can Build a computer vision softwares and models and use in your in your in your Academic life are Your job for fun I You can download for example in my my job with all the The model of Google to identify sheets blank sheets and sheets with some text and we Read it the final turning about it and now you use It in my job It's another example Of course, it's a bar in team. So I prefer bring gophers because show the blank sheet it's black and That's it There is a lot of models of car models pet models. You can identify a Lot of type of cats for example cars counting cars it's it's it's insane the The How much how much things you can do with with the pre building models It's it's like a Lego blocks. We can build everything That's it


We just got to the resort, we are currently getting ready to go out for dinner because it's like 8 o'clock when we check the actual time, yeah it's 8 o'7 so I just like washed my face and did my makeup and we're just getting ready to go out for dinner because we're so hungry and then we're gonna like explore the resort, it's already dark outside but our flight kind of got delayed earlier so it was just like whatever so at least we have the night here and yeah we're so excited to get dinner, you have to see this, we didn't even know that our room came with drinks so if you look over here there's literally alcohol for you in your own like in your room unlimited in the bathroom, in the bathroom like this is literally in the bathroom like we are in the bathroom right now and there's alcohol ready to go while you're getting ready and then if you go down here there's literally drinks you can make like a rum and coke or whatever you want so cool but anyways here's a little room tour so this is the door when you walk in and then right to the right of the door there's a mirror and then this is the big space it's honestly really really big like it's way bigger than I thought it was gonna be it's kind of huge and then you turn over here and then you got the bathroom it's kind of an open space this is where the alcohol is the showers in here and then the toilet so yeah I'm gonna put something on probably a little dress or something I'm not gonna go too fancy tonight and go for dinner okay so we just got ready I'm on a different camera by the way so sorry for the quality looks weird but we're just trying to find a place to eat right now and we're just going to explore the resort this camera so doomed it's so weird to me but anyways this is my outfit for the night we just decided to go casual today because we're gonna dress up like more tomorrow and stuff good morning guys so we are just getting ready for breakfast now we're gonna go eat breakfast and then obviously just go to the beach I woke up at like 7 30 and then I was fine and then I got really tired so then I went back to bed and then I woke up again at like 8 45 so I had a really good sleep because we needed that cuz we didn't sleep like like we didn't even see barely an hour yes last night so we needed that but anyways this is the outfit for today I'm wearing a bathing suit underneath and we're gonna go check out the breakfast and yeah it's so nice and hot it's a perfect temperature it's windy so it's not like this feeling 24-7 which is really nice but yeah we just applied our sunscreen and it's a good time we just got a drink oh my god just brought us my son is so nice there's like a sunset going on right now sunset five everybody hi but the sunset sits there doesn't set at the beach so we're currently walking to dinner so I think we're gonna go to the steakhouse today and not really sure but anyways so my dress is from Maurizia and then I healed it from revolve these are my favorite things in the world like actually I'm there's such a high oh my god it's protected underneath oh my god oh my god they're so cute I want to see soon as I come out my hair gets greasy and my face gets sweaty because it's so humid I mean I'm not complaining but it's just like so different my hair right now it's okay but give it you they've got I have a character perfect thank you okay so the creepiest thing happens we were just walking and the guys they were like they were ahead of us we were just walking and then this guy walked by us so he walked by us I'm not completely stopped and like comes back and like goes like that and just stands and then this guy behind us what the hell just happened what was that that was so creepy that was the creepiest thing I've ever no not the creepiest thing but that was so weird and disgusting like men sometimes it's not not it so guys I'm gonna take a quick video anyways we're at the steakhouse now and I'm just not sure why that's my second drink because we had a drink before coming here okay we're playing volleyball it's gonna buy because yesterday I'm literally wearing like just the tops of my forehead oh I need to reply my face since I'm sorry my name isn't she beautiful I know aren't you beautiful anyway so we've been vibing out playing volleyball I just reapplied my body since today we're taking care of that because some of us were yesterday even though we went on sunscreen like once you go in the water basically we milked all off got the bikini on it's the B-T-O-T-D so bikini of the day B-O-T-D-O-T-D-B-O-T-D yeah anyways we're gonna go play volleyball so it is currently four o'clock and we came back from the beach a little early today because we just got a little lot of deadly sun yesterday so we decided to cut it short today and we're just gonna go around shopping we're kind of like this resort is in a gated community with other resorts so there's like shops outside of them it's like outside of the resort but it's a gated community so it's still like safe so we're gonna go out and just like walk around do some shopping anyways so this is the fit I was wearing a skirt and then a tank top and then a hat and then tonight we're going to actually get ready and look good but I just have like patchy leftover sunscreen on my face right now I will show you guys my makeup routine or no I'm sorry not my makeup routine I don't put on makeup to go to the beach but like my what I do before going to the beach because I found a really good sunscreen so it's Tuesday morning and we just got ready we're going to go for breakfast and go to the beach this is our beach fits up the day um yeah I'm gonna say how does yesterday night same braids are a bad yeah because this weather I think already explained this but this weather literally makes your hair it's so disgusting and like wet and when you're going in the salt water it just like makes it so gross icky and since we're not used to it it makes it like 10 times worse like I feel like the people that live here are so used to it it's like doesn't matter for them but for us it's become from like such a dry hot like I was about saying dry hot place but when it's hot it's dry it's not like humid it's like so different so my hair my skin everything is just like oily it's crazy I sprayed the it's a 10 miracle leave-in product in me and Madison sprays to protect my hair because it protects from spf and it's like a leave-in treatment so hopefully this helps her hair I'm definitely gonna wash your hair today because it's so disgusting but it's like it's like I wash it and then you go outside and then it becomes so oily and greasy there's no way okay friends let's go we're ready today we're gonna be drinking our cool down the whole day and they're made are ready to play some pigs wait where the pig let's show the camera the pigs show the camera the pigs so these are the piggies these are our friends we're not allowed to eat bacon around them how about you are so cute it is currently today no Wednesday it's Wednesday today so we stopped two full days I don't think I vlogged at all today I'm going to show you guys my makeup tomorrow and I said I would do it today but then it's just not fresh and I wanted to get ready quickly so anyways I'll show you guys and make a tutorial tomorrow but we just spent like the whole day at the beach it was like a really cool like cool party going on today and yeah it was fun I took lots of photos we like needed kind of photo day where we took photos but anyway tomorrow today we're not drinking because we needed a break our bodies need a break because we're drinking literally every single day our bodies just needed a break because we've been ordering a lot of drinks so but we're we're good we never really go over yeah we're playing pigs right now if anyone knows that game is it's really freaking fun and we're just waiting for a dinner I ordered chicken and churros and I can't wait anyways oh okay Joel your turn finish it for the vlog for Michaela's vlog and Madison I'll be nice I won't make you do it take a sip take a sip and that's a baby can I can I hear me what's up guys um my name is Connor this is my vlog channel and he's here because of me what's up guys my name is Connor Michaela's asleep I've got that on camera I've got that on camera the thing that if you can do whatever he wants you guys I don't know what drink I want right now um you know a little little vlog action yeah yeah what drink should we get guys like like I want something good but like not super sweet Mojitos are good but I have one right now the simple syrup though too much sugar I don't know should I get some b-roll b-roll nice like classic shots I'm not even doing anything I feel like now I get the b-roll okay so I'm just currently Friday today and we're at the other resort because our resort I don't know if I've played this before but it's like a chain in this gay community so there's like a bunch of resorts that are the same but not the same so we're allowed to access some of them so we're at the one that has like the best nightlife there's a club here we just went to it for the first time because we didn't even know there was a club here and it's actually pretty good I think it's pretty lit tomorrow so I think it's gonna be a neon party so we're gonna go to that because it's our last day tomorrow so we're gonna attend the party and I think it's gonna be lit if you were like day drinking but you had four drinks I had I don't really feel like I waited for as well and now it's not many but it's like you don't I don't know like I don't feel like drinking more because I don't want to I let it feel good tomorrow one one one right when I pull out my phone the angels are sending me signs of prayer I Madison Mikaela that's the people that speak French they're speaking French right now so I guess the content of them speaking French so anybody out there that speaks French you can probably listen but I don't know what they're saying so good luck if you know what's up guys my name is Connor we're just having some water we're nearing the end of the night we had some drinks we went to the club I just bought that cup from Lucas we're having a fun night here's Lucas what's going on the gga please tell us music the bartender made the worst shot worst shot ever the sambuca and vodka the worst thing ever like it's terrible I'll never have it again I gotta walk that one off for sure yeah for sure drink but the music could have been better yeah right now uh Brittany is playing some some pool with the guys from 18 years old it's been used to playing some pool yeah it looks it looks like a good game um there's Mikaela it's our second the last night look at my tan line the tan line is crazy I got burned really bad on my back so I'm starting to peel I'm turning a different color I'm like I was dark but now I'm like white again how am I back actually I would say he's like pink if anyone wants some peeled skin let me know I'm selling it for five dollars an ounce or sorry five dollars a gram um so if you want some hit me up or hit Mikaela up and then she'll send it to you be real Lucas took so there's all of us and then there is he asked some guy to take it so there's the photo of the guy look at that isn't that funny that's good oh there we go oh it's in focus switch it oh yeah there he is that that'll go down in history it's definitely good well um I'm signing out good night from me cheers maybe I'll see you in the vlog maybe I won't but you guys have a good night take care good morning you guys it is currently 9 55 we went to bits so late last night like three o'clock so yeah we're getting ready now to go to the beach actually I'm getting ready Rini's already out there because she woke up earlier and she wanted to go and everybody else is still sleeping right now I thought that I'd show you what I'm doing for my sunscreen and face routine for the beach because I still want to look a little bit presentable because obviously like we're taking photos so I just applied the super goob and glow screen this is so good I cannot even express how good this is it just makes like I just applied it I don't know if you can really tell in this lighting but it makes my face just so like glowy and it's not like tinted like it doesn't really give you like I want to say gives you coverage but it kind of just like smooth everything out a little bit like I don't want to describe it it's a really good sunscreen and it lasts all day and I'm obsessed I can't believe I've never bought this sooner but I understand like this is hyped up for a reason I love it so much so I use this because it's like the perfect base it kind of reminds me of the Charlotte Tilbury um flawless filter but this is 40 SPF so it's so freaking good and it's perfect for the beach if you're trying to look cute but anyways okay so then I go in with the benitin so this isn't like it's not like a powder or liquid or anything it's just like a stain it's a lip and cheek stain and then I'm just gonna go in and put like three dots on my cheek you see it's like liquidy and then just rub it in with my finger and then I'm gonna do the other side too and you can like really build this to however much you want I'm kind of just doing it a little bit more natural but you can do how many like droplets are very buildable so you can do how many drops um like you want okay now after I do that I'm gonna go back in with it and just put some on my lips I don't like to overdo it and you see how nice of a tint that leaves me with and this is also like buildable too and you can put as much as you want or as little as you want so it's really nice after that I'm just gonna go in with um gel and a spoolie and just kind of like gel up my eyebrows I'm not gonna put any product in them but I'm just literally like this is gel that I just took in a travel case thingy I'm just gonna put a tiny tiny bit like run it through my eyebrows and this is just like normal hair gel by the way and it works so good it's the got to be bottle like I love it I've been using it for a while so that is basically all I do now I'm just gonna go into the rare beauty setting spray or her setting spray you have looks good it just makes the sun to be the last longer if you like I don't know that's probably not actually a thing but I think it does so oh my god it's storming outside when you push me guys this is like the first time it's actually the storming here um and it hasn't done it like since we got here so basically what it's been doing this morning it's been like raining windy and then like three minutes later bam gone like completely gone sunny back to normal and then this is the second time it's been storming which is actually really cool and why can't the rain do that in Vancouver the weather calls for sun for the rest of the day so it should be fine but yeah today's our last full day I don't know if I already said that but tomorrow we're leaving at 11 anyways so I'm just gonna get ready now this is all I do for my face going to the beach so now I'm just gonna get my bathing suit on and then we're gonna go to breakfast I'm gonna go see if they're awake though first um so this is the sale you know how there's no ghosts wherever you all go no never this is a morning shot they just farted so loud and I just about turned the camera on so you guys missed it you guys oh my gosh it's such horrible skies they literally farted Lucas and then drove right after each other anyways this is the fit of the day um me and Madison I let Madison where my green became last time and then I was wearing a blue one and then I was switched um and then I have my tna green hat to match and we're going to go to breakfast now then the beach and hopefully it's done storming but it was actually kind of cool this morning I quite enjoyed it we needed to experience at least one storm


Hello, and welcome back to the Cropbox Managed Renton today. We're in episode 75 of Pirate 101 Walkthrough Studying Valencia today. It's like, what's correct there? It's awkward. If you haven't checked out last episode, we finished off Aquila, so go check that out And if you haven't checked out any of the previous episodes, go click the link in the description below To go to the full playlist which has all the videos Up till now, but today We're starting off by talking to Chamberlain Mendeus Head over to Valencia, so yeah Let's go. I see you return again. I'm afraid his immensity is entirely too busy to... Mandeus! My old friend has come back. Stop accosting him and let him through, you don't So young pilot, let me guess. You need one of my storm gates again, yes? Valencia, are you sure this is wise? I've heard how you humbled the Armada in Marlable Well done, but now I fear you tempt the fates Still, Folly has served you well so far, yes? I have an idea It is husband.  The big ape's gone mad, Captain? No, hear me out. Don Armando. Your Majesty calls? Don Armando is Monquista's greatest diplomat, our ambassador to the Valencian court. Don Armando, meet your new chief attaché It is an honor. Pirate, you shall serve as Don Armando's pilot, aid and bodyguard Deliver him to Florenza under complete diplomatic immunity Very clever. Cain himself would not dare lay a hand on us. Greetings, Captain. I have heard many tales of your exploits. Your appearance is Exactly as I imagined. I look forward to your service. So, what are you waiting for? Go sail for Florenza at once, the storm gate from Mushu will serve you best, I think Okay, I will be back once I am at the storm gate in Mushu Okay, I am back in Mushu To get to the storm gate, which is just over here Um, let's just get this blue yum-yum fruit beforehand. That would be great And to the storm gate is forbidden. Prepare to be boarded. This is a diplomatic best. I, Don Armando of Monquista Am on urgent business to keep custody. Proceed. It's working Of course it's working We're professional Okay Let's head back to Valencia. Yay So cool What worlds do we see today? Crocodopia? Was it city, Skull Island, Zafariya, Dragon's Fire What else do we see? There's something down there. I think That's about it There's something up there that's dark more These ships are scary. You get so close to them. Geez Um Yeah What level are those ships? Can't see. Probably level 70 or something They are level 63. Oh, they're not too bad. Geez 63 to 5. That's not too bad. There's mollybone Okay, here we go See Valencia. Yay Okay Look at this. So this is The Calabria Skyway it connects to the Aragon Skyway, which is where we've already been and that's The Andalusian Skyway That we can't go to Yet a fed hall So, yeah Look at this. This is great Okay, I Actually really love this skyway. It's nice and like it's really big and it does feel like lived in and stuff So, yeah It's always good Um So this is Florensa I Think I've recorded a few videos around this area. I know yesterday. I Uploaded a video showcasing one more if you haven't checked that out go do that It was quite cool and that was in one of the dungeons around here. So ye It's quite nice Florensa. I quite like it as a city. It's actually really huge like when we look at the map When it loads like it's huge This is where we're going I think up there It's also really weird because All of the vendors like I Notice that they have like the icons have like a brighter color a brighter hue of orange More orangey than like yellow Which is quite interesting So, yeah That's something Look at this place like seriously just look at it It's so cool. It's so cool Like it's actually really cool. Let's go and find Lord Chamberlain Yay level up perfect I only just leveled up I'm afraid he's a majesty has finished meeting with foreign dignitaries urgent petitions from his Subjects demand his attentions for the present King Casimir cannot receive you now You should come back in Perhaps five days time. I am deeply saddened to hear this I've come so far to be here and through such difficulty. Is there nothing to be done Perhaps if you could convince one of the waiting nobility to grant you their audience You would gain immediate entry to the court Welcome to Valencia captain the realm of intrigue where anything can be achieved if your words are eloquent enough But you can pay the price a conversation with the king of Valencia is very precious What self-respecting no one could give up such a thing. I did not say To Corsino there he stands next in line. Perhaps you can convince him, okay? Yeah, I feel that the dialogues are really quiet here I simply cannot give it up. I seek restitution with threat to the swindler only the king can help In this Servant at Luji's household tells me that Luji is a lying. I am being cheated Use whatever means you like but be discreet. How this taste still this seems something more in your line of work than mine Make your way to Luci's view Okay, I'll be back once I'm at Luci's Villa. Okay. I am back Don't know what's happened to the music, but it's somehow gone But we're at Luci Villa now Maybe it's just really quite I tried to like fiddle with the thing the dialogues up really loud now So it might be quite loud, but who knows Hopefully it's okay Passing here. Well, that's done it. We'll have to fight our way through. Okay. Yeah, the dialogues definitely been now, okay Yeah, let's do this. So I Know that it's really bad to use Malay around this area because of Like all of these Malay people with like first tracker billion and stuff So I'm gonna try and use these camera angles are really really good. I love this bush, you know I'm gonna try and use as many musketeers as possible If that means swapping out Wing Chun I might do that But we'll see how it goes, you know, you never know Hopefully if Shantel can get a lot of crits, it'll be good Because these guys are quite They are quite IP Hopefully we can pull through but I'm not sure I'm on my witch top driver less struggled I wasn't actually speaking at speed this hard when I first started. So that's probably half the problem there And it was Why like it's not like a struggle struggle Do they have they have like first track to riposte to relentless cheap shot? Yeah, I might have to swap out Might swap out some of might swap out Wing Chun for another one of my musketeer companions just because First tracks annoying Like he does good damage, but he's got Okay, as soon as they start crumbling, you have terrible Bluff, okay, best fine. Nice. That's good Double tap. Yay Okay, this is actually not too bad Definitely died a lot on my witch doctor, but I think now that I know the world a bit more it's kind of I Won't say easier, but like Not as bad, you know Okay, one down. That's good three to go Super hit nice double tap mega hit. Okay two down Look at all these crits. What what? What is this? Yes Okay Attack. Oh no They're at it. The epics are really cool. Um, I love them so much dodge. Nice. That's good Okay Three down one to go. That's actually good. It's not actually doing too badly dodge Yeah, okay, Wing Chun's just getting raped See, yeah, that's the only problem. They have so many relentless. It's kind of annoying We're gonna have to replace Wing Chun with a musketeer it seems And just do that see how that works Okay, okay sweet perfect. Yay, that wasn't too bad surprisingly No, who are these ruffians that storm into my house give a read of them at once I'm just gonna switch out companions real quick Who should we go with let's try out Who has better? Or corporal Sanders We'll go with you Corporal Sanders go Hio yara Um Accurate sure rough. Yep. Okay. Here's a promotion Double tap to sure new talents will give an agile again 60 new talent if an accurate 62 a little bit 64 63 64 new talents and Okay, let's do this battle Okay, hopefully we can do this one Lay out these we'll go through that we'll do that That's loud Agility, I'll do another agility buff from me Hopefully this is good Okay, you would miss all of them when you play crabs Okay You would miss them wouldn't you?  Okay That's actually kind of nice placement like really nice placement.  You can just hit him done. Okay. Let's just try a full musketeer team see how this goes Um Okay, he's really a half-half, which is good Okay, double-tap nice, okay overwatch Overwatch nice Overwatch, okay, that's unlucky. Okay one down three to go overwatch nice Okay Dogs that's unlucky And you're gonna go Nice, okay overwatch yay First fire Yay to down to the go Three down want to go Okay, just the sky that's good Okay, um that went surprisingly very well, so yeah, we'll just go this Done Okay, perfect We get so much gold here, which is the what I love so much So so much gold. It's great Don Lucci What money it earned these are gone Heavily against the profits are from that cargo now. I owe the crabs are too much How can I pay or see no back when I can barely eat? I have in a motion another venture that will let me pay back his investment in a fall But I have to wait for the cargo to be delivered. You see I sure you do So is horn off captain wait, perhaps you can help me if you can secure a prize a cargo for me I will be able to reimburse duke or see no immediate. What kind of cargo Void fish the rarest form That only dwell in the darkness of the spiral threads the market for them is very lucrative Bring me some fillets of these rare fish and I will be able to pay our senior back Meow-meow. I love a good void fish. Let's go catch some Okay I'll be back once I've collected six of these Okay, I am back. We are just hitting over to Lucci once more We have lots of casualties So, yep, that was definitely fun Those fish are hard I'm gonna say that hate them so much Absolutely hate them But at least we finish now which is good We can actually keep boosting a bit. I think So, yeah, we are just heading back to Lucci We're nearly there actually and here we go Lucci Back to his villa So, yeah, let's see what Lucci wants us to do with these It's right here perfect While you were gone I managed to borrow a sum against the price of the void fish Take this gold to our scene on now and all our business will be complete Mission accomplished. Yes. Let us go see the king Okay Let's get back over You secure my investment Excellent You may have my audience tell the table Okay The royal a majesties will see you now you may proceed into the royal Presences I suggest you let me I hope you're meeting with the king and queen of Valencia is fruitful and successful Okay, I'll be back next episode to talk to the king and the queen So, yeah, thank you for watching remember to leave a like and subscribe and if you've already subscribed press the little bell So, you know exactly the next episode comes and remember craft outside the box


We're opening some of the rarest packs in Yu-Gi-Oh! We have Retro Pack 2. Here's a couple of blisters of Retro Pack 2. Let's go to Retro Pack 2. So not, not the LOV, you know, foil off of the bang star that I was hoping for, but that's okay. Spirit Message Inn. Oh wow. Spirit Message Inn. Can we pull something? Oh Book of Moon, guys! Book of Moon's been printed so many times, and so that's pretty cool. Skull Invitation. Kaikyu the Ghost Destroyer. It's a nice common. This is one of my best pulls ever.


Good day everybody. This is Dr. Sajja Sanyal, Professor, Department Chair. This is going to be the first demonstration of the knee joint. So what we have in front of us is the articulated skeleton of the knee seen from the anterior aspect. This is the left side and here the same thing we are seeing on the right side. Well first let's take a look at the bones which participate in the knee joint. The knee joint basically has got two components. One is the femoral articulation with the tibial. I'm showing the left side. This is called the femoral tibial articulation. That is one aspect of the knee joint. And the other aspect is the articulation of the fever with the patella which we can see on the right side. This is the femoral patella articulation. So these are the two components of the articulation. First let's take a look at the surfaces which participate. So again I've come to the left side. We can see this smooth surface here. This is the articular surface of the femoral condyle anteriorly which articulates with the patella. So this is the lateral femoral condyle. This is the b-tail femoral condyle. And this is the intercondyler fossa. And this is the one which fits in the patella here. And we can see that here. So that is the femoral patella component of the articulation. I'm going to subsequently remove the patella to show you the articular surfaces. With femoral condyle the inferior surface as you can see here is sitting on the flat plateau of the tibial condyle. And that's what makes the femoral tibial articulation. Having said that now let's take a look at the patella itself. So we are looking at the patella on the right side. And if you take a look at the patella inside too, you notice that the patella is roughly triangular in shape. It's got a superior base and an inferior apex. The lower portion is the apex. So this is the base of the patella. These are the sides of the patella on the either side. Attached to the superior aspect, the base of the patella, this red portion that you see here, that is where the quadriceps tendon is inserted. And over that there's a thin aponeurotic sheet. And then from the apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity, we have a strong, tough ligament of patellae, which in effect is the continuation of the quadriceps tendon. Attached to the sides, we have the medial patellar red necrolum and the lateral patellar red necrolum. The medial patellar red necrolum is derived from aponeurotic expansion of the vastus medialis. And the lateral patellar red necrolum is aponeurotic expansion from the vastus lateralis. These are attached to the sides of the patella and they're attached to the sides of the tibial condyle. And these reinforce the anterior capsule of the knee joint. Having mentioned that, now I'm going to lift up this patella. And I'm going to turn it. So I have turned it now. When we turn it, we notice several articular faces. This is the larger lateral articular facet of the patella. And this is the smaller medial articular facet of the patella, which articulates respectively with this portion of the femoral condyle here, the medial one, and the larger lateral femoral condyle here. So therefore, if you were to take a very close look at the patella on the inside surface, we notice that there's a vertical ridge here, which separates the lateral from the medial. Each portion, the lateral and the medial has got a faint superior articular surface, a middle articular surface, and an inferior articular surface. The same thing can be seen on the medial side also, superior, middle and inferior. And on the extreme medial side, there's a small vertical ridge, which is the medial nonarticular part of the surface of the patella. Now, let's take a look at what happens when we flex the knee. So I'm going to show you on the left side because this is already articulated. When we flex the knee, you notice there's a condyle of the tumor, which is moving on the condyle of the tibia. At the same time, what happens to the patella? The patella is attached by the ligament of patella to the tibial tuberosity. So therefore, the patella moves down, or in effect, the patella surface of the femur moves away. And therefore, this portion gets exposed.  And this is the portion which is occupied by the suprapatella bursa. So therefore, when we extend our knee, this patella then again comes back and sits here. And so therefore, at that point, the suprapatella bursa is likely to get compressed between the patella and the femur. And at the same time, the articular is genu muscle, pulls the suprapatella bursa away from so that it does not get compressed between the femur and the patella. This is an anterior posterior x-ray of the knee to show the location of the patella when the knee is extended. And this is an attribute of the knee to show the same situation. This is an athrogram of the knee by injecting carbon dioxide to show the location of the suprapatella bursa in relation to the patella. Now let's take a look at patella dislocation with respect to something called a Q angle. The Q angle basically is an angle between the vertical mid patella line or the line of gravity and the angle, the long axis of the femur. The long axis of the femur and the vertical mid patella line. That angle is called the Q angle. The word Q stands for quadriceps. I'm going to show the same thing here. The vertical mid patella line is running right through the middle of the patella to the tibial tuberosity. This is the same as the line of gravity, which goes through the head of the femur in a normal person. And the other line is the oblique line, which goes from the anterior superior iliac spine or the greater trochanter and goes across the length of the shaft of the femur. That is the oblique line. And so therefore the angle between these two lines is called the Q angle. Normally this Q angle is approximately nine degrees. Now we have two conditions. One of them is called genu velgum or nokni. The other is called genu varum or boleg. Now let's mimic these situations in this particular specimen here. We have mimicked the condition called genu velgum or nokni on the right side. You notice that the line of weight bearing now is going through the lateral femoral condyle and the lateral tibial condyle. So there is extensive pressure on the lateral condyles. That's the first aspect of nokni. So therefore there is a greater likelihood of degeneration of the lateral femoral condyles, both femur and tibia in nokni. The next thing we notice is that the mid patella line has shifted further medial, the mid patella vertical line, which goes from the middle of the patella to the tibial tuberosity. Long axis of the shaft of the femur is this one. So therefore now what has happened is the mid patella line is not the same as the line of gravity because the line of gravity has now shifted further laterally. Mid patella line has shifted medially and the long axis of the femur is still this. So therefore our definition was the q angle is the angle between the long axis of the shaft of the femur and the mid patella line. And since the mid patella line has moved medially, the q angle has become more. So therefore, when the q angle becomes more than 17 degrees, then it becomes significant genu valgum. In such a situation, there's a greater tendency for the patella to dislocate laterally by the stronger pull of the vastus lateralis. So this is what happens in genu valgum or nokni. Now we shall mimic genu varum on bow leg. Now we have mimicked genu varum or bow leg. I have removed the patella because the patella is standing to fall away. We notice now line of weight bearing has gone through the medial condyles, both the femur and the tibia. So therefore the line of weight bearing tends to cause degeneration of the medial femoral condyles more often. And therefore this portion gets degenerated. The second thing we notice is that line of weight bearing has gone medially. The mid patella line has shifted laterally. And this is the long axis of the femur. And again, as per our definition, the q angle is the angle between the long axis of the femur and the mid patella line. And because the mid patella line has shifted laterally, the q angle has become less than 90 degrees. So therefore, this is genu varum. And in this case, there is greater tendency of wear and tear of the medial condyles. So these are the points which I wanted to highlight to you about the articulation of the femoral patella, the dislocation of the patella, genu varum, genu welgum, and the q angle. Thank you very much for watching. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out. Please like and subscribe to this channel. If you have any questions or comments, please put them in the comment section below. Have a nice day.