Alright, so thank you everyone who's here and everyone online for joining us today. This is our first spring semester 2023 graduate research series presentation. I'm Janet Holm, Assistant Dean for Collections and Digitization Strategies here in Alden Library for Ohio University Libraries. The University Libraries Graduate Research Series is a collaboration between the University Libraries Graduate Student Senate to offer opportunities to graduate students to practice their presentation skills, discuss their research process, and explain how they use library resources. Each semester students are invited to submit their research for consideration and a panel of representatives from the libraries and GSAs select one or two projects for their presentation. The selected students are also given a cash award. This afternoon's presenter, Hashem Pashtun, is a civil engineering doctoral candidate who earned his bachelors of civil engineering in Pune University. Hashem has already published several research papers and has filed a patent for a model of low cost ground water recharge system. He has worked all over the globe in his fluent in seven languages, in addition to being a TEDx speaker. His expertise is in water management, community infrastructure, energy efficiency, carbon emissions control, and infrastructure planning. You're very lucky to have you here. Hashem's research entitled Integrated Model for Infrastructure Planning Appalachia Community Grant Program focuses on the state of Ohio's $500 million Appalachia Community Grant Program. This program is designed to aid economic growth in Ohio's Appalachia region through grants to improve infrastructure, workforce development, and healthcare. Pashtun's study provides a rubric of analysis of Ohio's 32 Appalachian counties to assess economic, social, and political factors to inform project execution and determine the effectiveness of grant funded projects. There'll be time for audience questions at the end of the presentation and we'll be inviting questions from online folks through the chat, of course. So please join me in welcoming Hashem to the graduate research series. Thank you. Thank you so much, everyone. As introduced, there's no need. I will get started. I will try to make it as summary to the point as possible because I know that the whole research is pretty long and I just want to make it as specific and easy to understand as possible and as I know that I'm glad that I had the opportunity to do some research and contribute as much as possible for my time that I've lived in Athens, Ohio, and at Ohio University, to this community of Appalachia for sure. So let's get started. I mean, as the title suggests, we prepared a model, a rubric, which can help in the successful and effective execution of the Appalachia Community Grant program. First of all, to get started. Just to give you some idea, Appalachia, which is in different states, but this highlights that what Appalachia is in the kind of eastern, northeast, and southeast Ohio. Mostly divided into four areas. It's based on the land development, but I'm sure like most of you understand or know about Appalachia, so I'll go to the facts that almost as per the before COVID that we had the recent statistics under two million population. This is only for Appalachia, Ohio. We have half of the population density in the rest as compared to the rest of Ohio state, which is on 125 people per square mile compared to the almost 300 or 290 square people per square mile population decline because of urbanization. People are trying to shift from rural areas to urban areas and most of the urban areas are located in the non Appalachian part of the state of Ohio. And that also has caused more less development of the land and especially effective development of the land compared to what we have statewide. And 58% of the region is forest, so it's mostly green areas that needs more attention, more preservation, and also to be used effectively for tourism and other opportunities as well. 92% of the population defies white compared to 81% statewide, so need for more diversity and inclusion. I would just more say diversity. And of course, education wise, also this is one of those areas which is very backward compared to what the numbers we have statewide. I'm trying to turn to the facts as fast as possible because to then get to the problem statement. Economic problems as well. This is as for the 2020 statistical data that we have almost 20% decline or 16% decline compared to the median household income statewide. Around 12.5% of Appalachians live through the poverty line. The worst is certainly Athens County for sure, one of the economically distressed counties in Appalachia itself. Access to clean drinking water, so these are some of the challenges that we have access to clean drinking water, access to health care, aging population and processors not up to the mark. Broadband access, which was very crucial, especially during the COVID times, and Appalachia was one of those areas which was still having difficulties. And of course substance use disorder, health issues, and a workforce and labor participation rate is also very low compared to the numbers we have statewide, which can be shown here. As you can see, I will try to put this thing. Okay. Yeah, that's correct. Thank you. So this shows like this is literally as if you have marked Appalachia with literally as the boundary of Appalachia, but this is the map of the workforce in the state. And as you can see, these are the two lowest indicators, and most of them are in Appalachia. And the top five counties with the distressed economy are Adams, Athens, Migs, Monroe, and local counties. So this was just to highlight of the need for such community grant program, especially which can contribute in the economic development, but most importantly, in the sustainable and effective investment of this funds. So what does this community grant does? It's almost 500 million project. The three areas, major three areas that they're investing is workforce development, which is upgrading in the capacity development of the human resources that we have training programs, education, and how to make sure that the workforce available in Appalachia is ready for higher income jobs, more contribution to the wage, wages as well healthcare for sure as we discuss the challenges and infrastructure infrastructure can be from anything to some small community development to development of highways to other infrastructure which can help in the economic development of the Appalachia. One disclaimer that I'm passing today, so my mouth may get dry, so my apologies for that as the month of Ramadan is going on. So what can be some of the potentials that we have or the needs that Appalachia community grant can be focused on and can make out of Appalachia? We can invest in broadband, connect Appalachia with the world, so most of the resources that we need for the workforce development for the human workforce development can be more accessible to the people of Appalachia rather than their physical presence. COVID really proved that to us that most of the tasks as possible to be done remotely through a good broadband connection. Tourism opportunities as you can see, we discuss also about the forest, about the water, sources that we have water bodies that certainly think access to clean water, that's the other thing that needs to be done in this area for sure. Career development, STEM technology, state of Ohio is becoming major attention for technology as you know that Intel is investing in the Lincoln County, almost $20 billion of investment, that requires a lot of workforce to be hired and if Appalachia can deliver or contribute or a portion of that, that will be a great asset for Ohio and for Appalachia as well. And of course economic hubs and markets, if it is economic zone or something, that can help boom the economy and stay the investment inside Appalachia rather than taking it outside. So when we are going to the investment plan, the professional planning and what has to be done when we are trying to choose what kind of projects has to be invested, how this $500 million to be invested, some of the factors that I was able to identify are these areas. Investment opportunities that we have to identify, for example, is anyone who is running the grant to identify where are the projects that you can find a private entity, any institute, any nonprofit, any company that can partner with you, so your investment is less than the whole project investment. You are just being a shareholder or just contributing to that. Any investment in the areas of workforce development, regional impact, let me remind you, Ohio is on the crossroad of the United States and on the north of America. Connecting Canada with southern, like southern United States and also east with the west. So regional impact is really crucial and especially that Appalachia is one of those areas that connects east with the west. So anything that can lead to the regional impact is very crucial for Appalachia and for investment. Community development infrastructure for social development as well. Environmental protection and sustainability is something that we need because of the assets that we have that has to be preserved and all the project investment should be as sustainable as possible. Economic development as we saw the distressed economy in the Appalachia, so any project that can boom the economy or the economic development in the region, healthcare, social development and education. So this is just to give you the idea of the rubric that how it gets started is that you can identify any two major constraints that you need as your project identification. For example, in this one I want to say any project that has higher impact and then how much need of the project is mentioned or do we have. These two areas will be defined in later slides but then you decide every project if it is say from a development of a small road to a community center to a health clinic and then you put them in this rubric based on how much it's impact on that specific area, county region and how much do we need it. Because let me remind everybody that the 32 counties are not same. The needs are not same, the potential is not same, the resources are not same, so that's why they are different. So it's better if we go county by county rather than just painting all the 32 counties in one color. That's why we need to get more specific. This is just an example. If I want to take the cost of the project as one of my constraints and impact. So developing a commercial mall will require major cost and impact maybe not as much as if I want to develop a tech growth. Because this will lead to the social development, human resource development, workforce development and impact will be higher while the cost can be almost the same. Trail development, anything with tourism can not have that much cost but the impact will not be that much either compared to if I have any work for development center or any population for undergrad making sure that we have more enrollment at the university level. Something like that can have higher impact but low cost. So you put these projects or the essence of the project in such a rubric to identify where this project is going to take me, what are the inputs which is the cost, which is for attention, time, resources and what is the output if it is impact, if it is any revenue generation, if it is leading to economic, social, healthcare and that is how you develop this rubric. This is just an example if I have a matrix of say different counties and I have projects in economic development, healthcare, infrastructure, education, workforce then I can choose which county needs the most in which project. So for example, again it is an example that maybe I can identify that Athens needs more projects to increase the economic development because it is one of the distressed economy in the 32 counties and maybe Athens doesn't have access to a better broadband connection so that is a priority for me rather than education for example where fortunate to have Ohio University and a good school district for example so we can say this is my lower priority area these are my higher priority areas. So in this way each county can identify their priorities and give it to the community grant program or vice versa another objective is how can we identify priorities based on some assessment, based on the needs and based on the output of any project that we are choosing. This will give you a better idea imagine where I have 5 projects for any county again say Athens I give scoring based on my need based on the investment needed based on the impact for each project so for example imagine this yellow line is for a healthcare project it will have some impact in the social development area it will have very minimal impact towards the environment and sustainability it will certainly have a greater contribution towards infrastructure development less contribution comparatively towards economic development and some contribution towards the education workforce so in this then if I am someone who is on the panel who chooses a project or a group of people and I am saying that for my county I need a project that is focused on healthcare I will be looking in this area any project that is coming in this area that is my priority if I am someone that I want to invest in the education workforce I will be looking in this area so these are the lines or metrics for different projects I know my address where I am looking at and then accordingly I can choose a specific project out of the pool where the education can be executed now here where it is very interesting is my past experience that I want to connect this is another project executed in another part of the world in Pakistan Pakistan is divided major in the four provinces or four states and this is one of the states called Balochistan now why I connect these almost the population one of the economically background states of Pakistan where the high resources if it is mineral, if it is oil and gas and a strategic location because this is the province that connects with Afghanistan the sea and Iran and China also wants to have Balochistan to have access to this Arabian sea especially in the last 10-15 years this province is getting more attention from China as well and that was the need that the European Union decided that we want to invest 40 million dollars in this province for community development now these are the points that as if you would think that I am defining apalachia economic development social development and building the trust between the people of Balochistan and the government and making sure that they are not ignored and then they can have access to more resources that they have if it is their geostatic location if it is their mineral resources and to make sure the economic development is on the path so when I was working back home I was part of the company or the consultancy that we did first of all, we did all the metrics and the rubric model to prioritize the projects for each county here it is called districts so they have nine districts also known as counties on a converted American level cancels is more between counties if you have different towns or cities and these are the councils or community councils or union councils that they have like community associations so what we did was we took the nine districts we identified their priorities by certain statistical data and certain surveys that understanding that which district needs attention in which area we gave that rubric to the European Union and to the execution agency that these are the priorities in different districts based on that we moved back they awarded the projects to different implementing authorities the implementation was done we came back to the picture to monitor and assess the impact of these projects to the economic, social and infrastructure development of those projects so these are the major areas that Brace, that Balochistan rural development and community empowerment was a program so what was the projects social mobilization, community investment fund vocational training programs health insurance or healthcare or something we can generate revenue for that community, any project and community physical infrastructure they almost kind of aligned with what Appalachia community grant program is defining which is healthcare workforce development and infrastructure so these were the results outcomes and impact this is the theory of change for that project and I want to make the same thing for Appalachia also we have results which will be just a result of one project several projects will combine together towards a good one outcome and several outcomes will combine together to a major impact and that's how in long term and short term we can identify and have key indicators of our progress these were the five major areas based on what we were able to identify the impact of the project and I'll go one by one for example efficiency was it in time along with the work plan risk integration or mitigation how was the planning for contingencies efficiency and the dispersions of funds and impact analysis of contingencies for the key indicators that we defined and how these funds were utilized effectively level of participation participation of women and other in deciding and implementation and has that project created more opportunity for the development of women and other marginalized groups this was one of the major priority in that province as well and then this is the impact of stakeholders perception how much was stakeholder involved and how much were they supportive of these projects how were they responsive and the level of improvement in the socioeconomic profiles so we also defined the ROIs for each project the return on investment contributing in the socioeconomic development of that county or that district sustainability aspects and also relevance how much was the project in line with the state agenda with the national agenda with the community agenda is this something that was completely alien or that was something that people really needed it the surveys were done through different formats if it was key informant interviews if it was focus group discussion with communities the whole surveys and if it was the visit of the people who are making a decision to the actual sites and see how the progress of the work is going on so what were the expected results and what are the expected results from this program also relevance of the community physical infrastructure to the needs of the local communities especially women and other marginalized communities and these immediate impact in the socioeconomic outcomes of these projects can be identified how can we quantify which project is more useful which project is least and to choose between them one of the things that I want to highlight the approach for project execution for this $500 million should not be project or proposal based it should be priorities based not that someone is submitting a proposal so I should select among the proposals I should have my priorities set and then accordingly I can choose the projects not that because this company or this nonprofit have submitted a proposal so it should be chosen or not and of course the community and the government departments their perceptions and their support to the outcome now that's the slide that I want to make sure that how that commitment and cooperation is very needed there are certain some of the organizations that their coordination their cooperation their support and involvement is really needed and that is a very interesting thing that if it is this community program is executed successfully this will be one of the very rare programs which covers all the 17 goals of the National Sustainability Development Goals I even looked in that and one of the goals which was like the life underwater and I was like but we have lakes, we have the Ohio River that also contributes to that so that was the one thing that I was but if it is executed successfully Appalachia Community Grant Program can be one of those very rare programs which can cover all the 17 development goals of the United Nations so that's really a hope a good news for us but we need attention and that will be really useful if this rubric or model can be used not only for the project identification selection but also for the impact assessment post completion thank you and special thanks to all the library not only for the references it's worth to mention that my first connection with Appalachia was also to Alden Library that I attended one of those programs in 2015 and then I understand that I'm living in Appalachia Appalachia is around me so one thing that I want to say is that any institute, any body can refer you to some resources but Alden Library connected me with Appalachia and I think that's the difference between another organization and Alden Library not only give you a reference but also connects you and that's why I chose this project for my doctoral research as well thank you so much questions? I'm really excited about that we do have one comment but no questions online just yet you may know this person Nazria yeah since I know a little about the subject but more about the speaker good luck and it's quite an informative session while we're waiting for other questions you referred to it as a rubric model it seemed like a very sort of rigorous approach with like an optimization problem of engineering that I should be able to speak a bit more about the history of how the of the model in terms of why that one was selected so this model is one of the most effective approach which has been proved in the past also so the same model was also used in the Brace program which was in Pakistan it was also easy for me because I worked on that to bring that model considering the factors and variables and the constraints which are present in this project based on some statistical data some survey reports I was able to kind of paint those colors as I said for different counties and to identify that which county needs attention in which areas I can completely understand that there may be other types of models also but there are two major challenges one how much that model is effective in the past especially with the same factors or constraints that you have it's because it's a tailor made it's a customized thing so how you want to make sure that the measurements are as similar as possible that was the major reason that I chose with this model and as I agree it's more an engineering approach for optimization of resources I hope that answers your question also were all did you was there like a lid review or something of alternative models there are some certain models especially like with project optimization not with project so there are two types of models that usually people use if execution of project one is for project optimization which means on site how can you make sure that any project is taking place the time is constraints the resource the other is project selection or project prioritization so imagine one is client and one is the implementing agency client use kind of this model to choose the projects the implementing agency will you choose the next model for the project execution things like your mother question also I guess I mean it seems pretty evident to me like if I were sitting down here to allocate finding my grant money this is how I do it too I was just curious about about the history of the of the framework I guess yeah there was some literature review for that like also for as a history or what has what are the practices done in the past if any program like that is there for the community development or for any grant for regional development and how they have defined their priorities and how they have chosen the projects and the implementation has been done but it's a learning process I feel like with time you learn new constraints and then you make sure that in the next projects these things are taken into consideration like one of the things is post project assessment is something comparatively new than pre-project assessment because once the project is done people just close the books but now it's more trend that post project assessment is there to make sure what was done right what was done wrong what can be better or even how can we build up on this done before and kind of a continue yeah so can this rubric go with or is there no worry about like competition between the counties right actually so the competition can be a healthy competition or positive or negative but that's what the hope is that you have to identify as someone who is a decision maker or a panel or a group first of all is the allocation of funds uniform why is it uniform I mean technically it should not be because of different populations different economic constraints are different so again it has to be fair and just so if fair is injustice is there I'm sure the negative side of the competition can be avoided because you provide the rubric you provide the statistics why this county gets this why this county gets this so I feel this is more easier to define to the people to make sure that there was no biasness because it's more entering a mathematical system rather than just some people choosing some proposal and that's why I said it should be based on priorities not proposal submitted then I have a similar question like in terms of Intel right being more in central Ohio but I can see how we can like feed into that but how do we keep how do we keep like our ability to educate and prepare a workforce or tech work without losing those people from this area and becoming that's a very good question because I do have an idea and I'm glad to record it because then I can I can have the patent for that idea for Appalachia like you know one of the things that Intel is coming and as we mentioned before COVID has defined a more work imagine not only the people from Appalachia being educated and prepared for that workforce imagine even the outsiders we are almost an hour away from say tomorrow's Intel company like Drive imagine you develop a residential project here so they can have reside here and also I say for example a corporate building where they can even have office spaces they can work here they can live here they can reside here which will contribute to the economic development of Appalachia so not only you can retain your own workforce but you can also get more workforce because of your cost of living is much lower than central Ohio counties so that can be a good boost for our attractive thing for bringing the people here rather than staying in Licking County or Prattling County where the cost of living is higher I mean imagine an apartment here is $801,000 compared to $2,000 in Columbus so if we really focus if investment is done and I know it's not part of this community grant program but my point is the overall coordination or agenda or strategy can be defined where you not only retain your workforce but you can also bring other workforce. Point number two even if you prepare the workforce which is going out because you cannot retain all the workforce well in some way they are still connected with Appalachia and that happens all across the globe where I mean look at India they are preparing the workforce almost for the whole world especially in the areas of IT including America they're coming but they are still connected with India their families are there their roots are there so I believe that one development of the workforce second try as much as you can for retention but third even if they go out they will be still connected if the infrastructure or the other factors are aligned in your region or your area thank you thanks for your presentation what what impact does the available resources have to the matrix right so I'm thinking of a specific example are you familiar with the Bailey's Trail System okay so the Bailey's Trail System was a recipient of this grant but they couldn't get that grant if you didn't have one the people who were driving the interest in that grant or willing to put up the resources of their personal labor for that right and then also you wouldn't be able to get that grant if you didn't actually have the way National Forest has a resource to build the trails upon right so look at your matrix your matrix kind of identified like what the need was for that area but it didn't identify like what does the area have to give back as a potential as either collateral or as the return on investment right so the return on investment is like we're going to take this resource and make it so it has it's not just a forest just sitting there it's got a bigger impact if you look at your other model your scale there it's going to have a bigger impact right but out of the resources that are available in the community work into your matrix whereas if someone was a decision holder they would be able to use that exactly the resources are part of the matrix in both ways so there are certain resources that needs preservation there are certain resources that needs kind of engagement and there are certain resources that needs completely avoidance mining locations for example where mining has been done you want to avoid it as much as possible a forest need preservation but also engagement for example you have different lakes or water bodies you want to for example be engaged in the sense of if it is tourism if it is for example an activity that can bring the people but the same time you want to make sure it's preserved and not polluted so and fracking or like coal mines these are resources then you can kind of again if the scoring is required that if any project say is investing in coal mining for example it will have positive and negative impact so you can score accordingly but if someone is investing say in fracking same thing but if someone is investing say in renewable energy that has more positive impact than the negative side especially on the returns side so you want to give more scoring so resources can have both aspects and the scoring is done accordingly that has a positive negative impact and is that in the part of preservation engagement or avoidance thank you I'm still around so we can still have a discussion if someone wants to have I'm a little bit curious if you talk a little bit more about the brace experience you kind of have a couple of slides in there but if anything anything if you had anything more you would have would have fit in to the present year I think there are lots of stories with the brace because we were involved for more than a year but two things for sure one is again I think I can connect with someone living in Appalachia so I'm part of I can kind of represent or talk about it is how much when someone from outside is coming these visits that I mentioned were very crucial for decision makers I feel the same thing about or believe about Appalachia if someone has not lived in Appalachia or has not been to Appalachia I want to say that they don't have the right but I will kind of ask them to different from decision making the stereotypes the mentality matters a lot even I was having the same mentality for Balochistan before visiting for example so I'm from Afghanistan I have lived in Balochistan as a refugee because it's border with Afghanistan but I haven't been to districts I was living in the capital of Balochistan so it was more urban area than other districts visits to the community hearing them out really matters a lot for two reasons one you understand the equation in a much better way but most importantly the people feel the sense of that they are being heard not that someone from outside is coming and making a decision for me maybe the decision is same as what you are thinking in the community but the best approach is if the decision comes takes place after a discussion rather than you just bringing an agenda from outside and that's what we are going to do and second and most important from my experience with Brace is how people were like you would think that if it is social problems, economic problems illiteracy, 37% of the state is illiterate you would think that how much they will be kind of avoiding this project or not receptive to that they were really keen we saw people leaving their to make sure they attend the meeting they contribute in the development or the implementation another thing was that also the project made sure that the people were also involved in the implementation of the project if I am say building this library building in Athens County and people are involved in the implementation they can do as a civil engineer I can say the operation and maintenance is the best way possible because they know how this building was constructed but if it is done by someone outside handed over the operation maintenance will not be as effective as you can think of so we made sure that the project implementation level of participation that's why it was one of the things is very key that how much local people are involved in the decision making in the implementation and post implementation of the project if these three things are there the project is more efficient and more sustainable so then how do you get the buy-in from the decision makers to have such a really a democratic sort of workflow on that right and to be using a matrix rather than just picking and choosing what they want I mean that's the point so the only thing is the pro and con of this matrix is not 100% mathematical model some human constraints are still involved it can be a positive thing because there are some of the constraints which are if it is emotional background if it is some other social thing that cannot be 100% quantified so that is useful but on the other side it can be a con because mathematical model can maybe say something else but you have your own biasness fair or unfair so I would say that it's just again how you use that tool it's up to you but it's just making sure that it's helping you to make a wise decision but at the end of the day it's a very important project any other questions? ok thank you so much thank you so for your questions I really like to understand that


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second bingo of the day and it means Sandy again. We're very excited to have David. I can do that again. Excited to have David here. So we're looking at some of the comments we've got people from lots of places it looked like. That's exciting. A couple of people were here before, a couple of people are new. Well, since we're talking about the US governor's project, so everybody wants to put what state they're from. If you are in the United States or what state would be your favorite state if you're in the United States but not living here. That will give David a hint of who to contact. So David, tell us a little bit. A lot of people are from numerous states too. That's fine. Tell us a little bit about the project. Okay, well, the governor's project is something that's been part of wiki tree for several years. I wasn't overly familiar with it until recently when I came across the free space page and saw that it had been dormant for a while. The best I can tell it's probably been dormant officially for about six years based on the last updates that I've seen. So kind of on a whim, I decided to reopen it, update it and post it on G2G to get some members to help me out and try to update all these governors from the 50 states plus the territories. And basically, it's an informal project. Anybody can join and we have a number of tasks. Our primary goal is to get all of the governors connected. It looks like in the past they made a really good effort and probably got 80% of them connected. But that still leaves a whole lot of governors that need somehow to be figured out how they connect to the big family tree. But beyond that, we also want to get their profiles polished up, let's say. Some of them have almost no or have no profile other than just their name and a couple dates. They all have profiles. Somebody in the past went through and made sure that everybody did have a profile, so that's a plus. But many of them don't have parents listed. They don't have spouses, children listed. They don't even have their terms of governorship listed on some of them. So there's a lot of work that needs to be done. Others have pretty elaborate. A number of our presidents were governors, so they've got full profiles for the most part. Now, anybody can jump in anywhere they want. It's just like any other profiles on WikiTree, anybody can come in and contribute whatever they can to them. If you would like to participate a little more formally, you can drop us a note and tell us what state you want to work on. And we'll put you on our list and kind of designate you one state or another. We can have more than one person on a state, so that's not a problem if you see that it's already taken plenty of room for everybody. And it's so far been pretty successful. We've only been doing this since the first of the month, and we've connected. Last time I counted was about 15 governors have been connected, and a lot of them have had their profiles cleaned up significantly. And then we're also working on creating individual pages for each of the states. That's a long process because each state has about 50 governors, and that all has to be done manually. So we're only up to five states right now, but we hope to get an individual page for each state. And we're basing the order on when you sign up. So whoever signs up first, that's the first day where we put on. And again, we've got about five up. Oh, no, I have to go sign up New Mexico. Yeah, well, get in there and sign up and we'll get into Mexico page going. But once we got the templates up, it's going much faster, but we're putting up about a page every other day. So that's going okay. You also gave a great tip. We shared it at the noon bingo. So for all those that are watching, and I know everybody's going to participate in next month's connectathon. The good news is, as Dave mentioned, a lot of these governors just have their profile and not their parents, not their siblings, not their children, the children's spouses, anything like that. So a good place to start on the connectathon might be a governor in your state. And like you said, there's probably at least 50 governors in a state. Yeah, most of them have about 50. And then out of those, there are some that are fully profiled out with their siblings and parents and kids, but a lot of marked. So that could be a really cool way to participate in your project and the connectathon. You know, a lot of rather obscure last names I'm finding or even first into the one that we just completed was xenophone. Pindle is his name. Oh, Pindle. He was drawing a blank on which state he was from, but I believe it might have been Arkansas or might have been Arkansas. But I'm not sure about that. Yeah, he had an interesting, well, kind of a tragic ending. He was walking on a train trellis, fell, hit his head, was not then conscious, rolled off into a boiling pool of water, and then drowned in the water. Oh, my gosh. That is an interesting way to go. Not a way I prefer. Another thing I like about, you know, I've been very active with the Notables project in general. So there's kind of an option to that. But I find it fascinating to learn about what the parents and the brothers and sisters and all the extended family did. They usually if you've got somebody that's able to achieve a governorship, they come from a family of, you know, fairly successful people in whatever field they were. So you find a lot of interesting characters beyond the governor. Once you move past the governor, it's just like any other family. You know, so you're you're dealing with all all types of people. But that's fun. And the other thing, you know, what I really enjoy for myself about the any of the Notables projects is that you you can learn things that you can't necessarily learn from your own family because your own family is going to have somewhat of a narrow trajectory. You might have two or three, but in my in my case, I have a lot of colonial New England ancestors. I've got some German and some Swedish ancestors. But I have very few family members from the south. I have, you know, a limited number of foreign countries that my family came from. So I can learn some skills and some strategies about general genealogy and research that I can't get my from my own family. So by doing these different states, if there's a state, you know, you mentioned the beginning. If you you're from a state, you know, go ahead and put put that down. But you might want to pick a state that you're not from an area that's outside your your normal region of study and see what you can do and what you can learn about the records that they have available. And it's really great for those that maybe are not living in the United States. If they are, you know, like as a curious just made a great point. They can learn a lot about a different area and also research skills are different. So that helps as well. So what you said you have how many states. Well, currently we have five with their own pages. We have, I believe 15 people, if I remember right that have signed up for specific states so those will be the five that we've done and then the next 10. But that still leaves a lot of states that are that are unclaimed. And again, if if somebody wants to jump in and maybe just work for a day doesn't want to sign up for a particular state or anything that's fine. You know, come on over to our page and click on one of the governors and see what you can do.  And again, it's not just about, you know, connecting the governors but when you connect the governor you're connecting an entire family to to the trees so that ultimately helps all of us. Okay, well, are you guys ready to play the first round of bingo. Let's go ahead and give everybody the link one more time give you guys a couple seconds to go ahead and bring that up. I'm going to bring up the screen. Oh, that's cool. So we've got some being at you know what's interesting too is I've been kind of tiptoeing through the current. Governor's list that you have as well in the ones that are on there that have a profile. It's interesting to learn about them in the current day as well to see what they do what they've done before they were governor and you're right. Most of the governors themselves have been very successful people before they ran. Okay, guys, here's the first bingo word. We're going to have two games. This will be the first one and diagonal, vertical, horizontal, there should not be a free space card or in the middle. This should be all words. And what you need to do if you win bingo, I'll do better at it this time than I did it knew. Go ahead and type bingo. And the first one that types bingo in the chat is the winner of a t shirt or the very coveted mugs and our projects we covered mugs. We love the mugs. Okay, so the first word is going to be United States. And you guys probably find this trend. The next word is main. Maryland. And David, feel free, you know, for fact, you need volunteers feel free less as we go through Massachusetts, Delaware, Michigan. Wonder if anybody's close. Indiana. They're quiet. They're focused. They are very focused. Georgia. That's where I'm sitting. Pam Fraley said she'd work on Kentucky. There you go, David, you got one volunteer already. No, I bet Moablin would work on Arkansas. She probably already has a lot of the profiles there. Let's Alaska, Alabama. Oh, John needs three. How many territories are there to has anybody picked up the territories yet. You know, we haven't done the current US territories. But a lot of the states were territories before they were states and we are including the pre statehood governors. We are not doing the colonial governors yet because those were mostly British citizens. And so they kind of are a bit of a different category. And there's a lot of them. So it just we're, we're not ready to take that on yet. But for example, I'm working on Ohio right now. And we've got the governors of the Northwest territory, which is what was there before, before Ohio became a state. So yeah, we are including the pre statehood governors. We've got Illinois that that is tricky. I will say for the one I was working on Georgia because they do tend to number those and then carry the numbers over to the modern or their current. Minnesota. I see Ron just needs one more. Iowa. Let's see. Not yet run. We'll see Minnesota. Wyoming. Oh, mini got bingo. Hey. What was it? Many was it Wyoming? Congrats, many. I'm going to guess many one smug. Oh, Luther and Steven, you're so close. Many is fast. So dumb. Minnesota wanted for there we go. Congrats. Congrats. Okay, let me bring up the next one. So David, what is your biggest challenge besides volunteers? Finding volunteers for you. I would say it's just the sheer volume, the number of governors that we've got to sort through. You know, we were saying, so far I'm finding that most states have somewhere around 50 governors. So when you add that all up, we haven't counted and again, there's numerous ways that you can count governors, but I'm estimating that there's probably somewhere around 2000 plus governors in the history of the country. So that's a lot of individuals and just tracking them all down, you know, the individual state pages have to be done manually. There's no computer program to do it. So it's just a little time consuming. And that's not a problem. I enjoy it, but I'd like to have everything up right now for everybody to work on. And I know that there's some states that aren't going to get up there for for quite some time. But and that's why we're prioritizing the ones that people are showing interest in. So if you've got an interest, let us know and we'll get that up there before some of the others. But, you know, a lot of a lot of states have two year terms for the governor, at least historically did. And if they've been around 200 years, that's that's a lot of two years. You know, many governors serve multiple terms. So that cuts it down, but still it's up there. I'm working on Ohio right now and they're on their 70th governor. So, you know, that's a lot of names to not just type in, but then you got to go find their wiki tree IDs and, you know, get all that information. And bio and connect. And I should point out to I did bring it up because it's this is one of my favorite things of David's. I love this all show you guys. Well, I did post the link to get your next bingo card if everybody wants to get your next bingo card. And while you're doing that, I want to let me add to my screen again to the stream. This is one of my favorite pages of wiki tree that you created. And it gives a good checklist of what makes that complete bio. So it includes not only the biography but also the connections. It includes the categories and this things like that that a lot of times people just enter in a source and go. So this created this for my own family tree as I was entering names. You know, once again, it's like I wanted to get everybody in all at once. And I thought, you know, you got to kind of go slow and just do one at a time. And this kind of allowed me sort of a guideline to know when it's time to move on to the next person. I say, you know, it's an essentially complete profile because you never fully complete anything in genealogy. But if I've got all the boxes checked, then it's then I can move on comfortably to the next person and not feel like I've left something behind that I'm going to forget to go back and do. So and then it applies, you know, again, I created this just for my own purposes for my own family tree, but it applies, you know, to the governors. It applies to all the other Notables projects that we've worked on. It just again goes beyond just, well, he's connected so we can move on. And I think that's, you know, what a lot of the focus sometimes is, oh, I got the person connected. So now I can, you know, move on to the next person. Well, now we've got a person connected, but we have no information on them. We've got no biography. We've got no sources. We've got no family connections. And so it just kind of gives a well-rounded checklist for everything that, you know, in an ideal profile, some of them will never have some of the information. And that's fine, too. But at least at least we try. And what's great about this, if you think about with the U.S. Governors and other projects as well. So if you add the cemetery category, then you are actually helping the cemetery. And if you add the cities, the lowest level or the county, the categories, then you're helping them as well. If they served in military or war, you're helping that project, too. So I really love how the projects interconnect and are good citizens with each other. Right. That's really great. Okay. Does everybody have their bingo part? I do. Yay. Okay. North Carolina. I know we have at least one person from North Carolina in the chat. And North Dakota. That's quite a big difference. South Carolina. I see we're going through the Carolinas and the Dakotas. I don't know how many Carolinas. How about Dakotas? We'll see. New York. New York? Did you have that one? Oklahoma. If I could sing, I would sing. That was one of our first states with a project page of its own, Oklahoma. I think that was number two. Oh, that's great. Somebody jumped on that. Yeah, right now we've got Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Michigan, and West Virginia. Those were the first five. And then Sandy's been working on the Georgia project. And I'm currently working in Ohio. I bet Pennsylvania has a lot of governors. Rhode Island. Oh, John's got three again. Rhode Island. I didn't talk to you. Missouri. Don't have Missouri. New Mexico. There we go. Yes, we were talking about this earlier. Anybody in chat have snow? We're curious earlier. I don't, the three of us don't, but Oregon. Oh, John, you're close. Tennessee. I don't know. We've got a couple of people in chat that are currently sitting in Tennessee. Got three. Oh, snowed last week in Kentucky. Washington. I keep waiting for that bingo to come up. West Virginia. I don't know if we have any bodies sitting in West Virginia right now. I've got lots of threes. Oh, we have a bingo. Stephen. Was it West Virginia, Stephen? Great job. Oh, Montana. Great job, Stephen. Okay. Now what do the winners need to do? To claim their prize. You need to send me an email at alinatwikichu.com and just tell me that you want to bingo game today. And I will help you get something. And it's from the store. It's really a lot of cool t-shirts and mods to print from including the Friday Night Bingo. And that's new to the store. So you could have your mug and play bingo with us every other Friday. It's Friday Night Date Night, and then we're the opposite Friday. And then one other thing I want to mention is if you have a particular project that you're curious about, interested in a wiki tree and you'd like us to invite them as a guest, just let us know. And then, David, how do you prefer people to reach out to you? Do you prefer the G2G? G2G works just fine if you can find our posting there. If you can email me directly, that's okay. The benefit of posting on G2G is it lets everybody know that you're participating and you'll get feedback from other members as well. But either way is fine. And I also would like to say if anybody is interested in starting a mini project like this, feel free to send a message out to me and I can help you get set up. I really enjoy the little projects. And if people have ideas and they just don't know how to get started, I'm happy to give you some guidance on that. That's fabulous. That's a great advice too. Don't be afraid. You got an idea. Yeah. Probably somebody else is wishing that it was there too. So go ahead. Okay. I never know. We're good. Oh, I'm pretty like the video before you guys head out to your Friday night pizza and see you in two weeks. That's exactly what we're having for dinner tonight. Okay, don't forget Friday night date night next Friday and then we'll see you the following Friday. So bye guys. Bye everybody.


Suspense. Produced, edited, and directed by William Spear. This is the second in a special limited series of five Friday Night performances of suspense at this hour. Suspense is compounded of mystery and suspicion and dangerous adventure. In this series, our story is calculated to intrigue you, to stir your nerves, to offer you a precarious situation, and then withhold the solution until the last possible moment. Tonight from Hollywood, we bring you Mr. Jackie Cooper as star in The Clock and the Rope, a radio play by Lewis Pollock. We trust that with this tale, we shall once again keep you in suspense. Would you like to hear the old story about the innocent man facing execution and his last minute attempts to get a pardon, and how it feels when he doesn't get it? Well, I can tell you all about it because that's my story. There's a couple of different twists to it, of course. There always are. For one thing, it happened to me. Now I keep away from people. I keep away from cities and buildings. Buildings with the cells they call rooms and the doors that don't always open. I never button my collar. You'll find out why. I earn my living as a guide for hunting parties. I've been hunting, who couldn't find my way across a city park. I never sleep indoors. And I can't stand clocks. Most of all, I can't stand clocks. It happened so fast. I told them it wasn't murder. It was self-defense.  But it didn't work out that way in court. That's the other different twist I told you about. They convicted me. They sentenced me to be hanged. And they hanged me. I was a night man. My job wasn't hard. And to me, interesting, sell a little gas, do the rough strip down for some repairs that had to be done the next day, take care of any trench and overnight parking. Then this girl started dropping in for gas every other night or so, late. I liked her style, but I was too shy to say anything, and I guess she figured it.   Like she was getting a kick out of the way I acted. Then one night, instead of pulling away, when she paid me, she spoke. Oh, come on. Come on. Open up. Say something. I've been here 20 times. You can say a word or two, can't you? You know, hello. It's a nice night, or it ain't. Oh, well, I didn't know that you wanted me to.  I didn't look like I didn't want you to, did I? Or don't I know my looks anymore? Oh, sure. Can I get your windshield here? Did I hear somebody call you Hank the other night? I guess you did. My name's Henry. Henry Guilford. Did your girl call you Hank? Or haven't you got a girl? No, a steady girl. Is that what you mean? I don't mean anything. Anyway, what would you be doing with a steady girl working here every night? Well, I get one night off. Go to a dance or something. Oh, you get a night off? Oh, sure. Hey, say, do you like to dance? I have dance. Well, I'm off tomorrow night. You ever go to the Arcadia? They got a good band there. Forget who it is this week. I'm sorry. Tomorrow night isn't my night off. But I get off at midnight, though. Gee, the Arcadia closes at midnight. All the big dance places close at midnight. Well, we don't have to have a big place, do we? Oh, no. No. There's the Owl Inn out on Trapscot Avenue. They run late, have a pretty good little band and booths and everything. That'll be fine. I'll pick you up at your job. No, I'm way at the other end of town. I have to drive my car back anyway. I suppose I'll meet you at the Owl. I'll be there a little after midnight. I'll be there. Okay. Okay, I'll see you. Yeah, I'll see you. Oh, say, hey, what's your name? Tomorrow night... Well, that next night around 1130, I caught the trolley going out along Trapscot Avenue. The motorman was old Steve Hoffman. He'd known me since I was a kid. He'd written me about my new gray suit, and especially about wanting to get off at the Owl Inn. Said I was stepping out in Fass Company. Well, we got there in about 20 minutes, and I started up the driveway, kind of thrilled at the idea of a midnight date. I was just starting up the steps to the inn when I heard voices coming from a grove of trees to one side. Seemed to be a quarrel, so I instinctively glanced that way and saw a man and a girl talking. The girl was my girl. She was saying something. Nobody, I tell you. Don't give me that stuff. I'll find you all the way out here. Who are you meeting? Nobody. Who are you meeting? Oh, Joe, I told you nobody. Don't lie to me. Who are you meeting? Hey! Hey, come back here! Hey, what is this? Get out of my way. But look, this is... What's you, Hank? Well, here, here, I'll help you up. I'm sorry I got in your way, but I... Oh, hey, so this is the guy, huh? Swell. Hey, now, what's going on? Who are you meeting anybody, huh? Hey. What did you hit him for? Joe, he's got nothing to do with you. He's got nothing to do with you. Get up, Hank, and run. This guy is just crazy. Crazy? Well, go call somebody. Now, wait a minute, fellow. Look, I don't know what this is. Oh, Hank, will you get out of here? Listen. You want more? How about I got it right here for you? Hank, it's a backjack. Will you run? No, no, wait a minute. No, listen, fellow, you're drunk. Here, put that away. Now, somebody's going to get... Let go. Let go of that. Let go. You got him. You got him, Hank. Hit him. Hit him again. Hit him. I did it, I guess. Hey, who is he? I'm worse to you. He's... We used to go together. Well, I didn't know you had a steady fella. I thought we made our date, didn't you? You didn't ask me. Besides, we were breaking up. He had no right to interfere. Well, what do we do now? I mean about him. You better go. I'll take care of him. No. You mean leave him here with you? Please go, will you? There'll be more trouble if you two of you...  Well... I'm going to leave right away, too. He'll be all right, honest. Well, okay, I guess. He'll be all right up. Joe. But he wasn't all right. He was dead. I knew about it hardly two hours later. She didn't come and tell me. The police came and got me. They didn't learn about me from her, either. They didn't know anything about her. And they acted like they didn't want to know.  I wasn't trying to cover up.  Why did you walk home? You rode out there on the trolley. Why didn't you ride back? I... I just wanted to think. That's all. Sure, sure. Of course, you weren't thinking about how maybe the motorman wouldn't remember taking you out there if you didn't ride back. No, why would I do that? I've known old Steve Hoffman all my life. Not how you found out.  I'm not trying to be smart. Okay, okay, okay. So you hit him in self-defense and saved the girl. Now, what's her name? Her name? Oh, gee, I never got it. She never told me. You mean you had a date with a girl and you didn't even know what her name was? Well, yeah. Well, I asked her. I've seen her often. Well, she didn't tell me. Are you sure there was a girl? Of course. Now, who did I have a date with? Maybe just with the guy you killed. I never met him before. I don't even know him. You just don't know anything, do you? Well, I'll ask you a very simple question. I'm sure you can answer this one. I'll try. How much money did you take off the man you murdered? How much money? Yeah, how much. Where is it? His pockets were turned inside out. You went from self-defense to help yourself. They pushed me around some after that. They'd take me to court and then back to my cell. Half the time I didn't know what was going on. They gave me a lawyer, Mr. Hall, Bailey Hall. He'd do the talking. He kept asking for things like reduced bail, time for further investigation, continuances to find witnesses. Just sort of stalling all the time. I don't know why. I told him I didn't have any money for any bail and witnesses. It was only one I wanted, that girl. But he kept on. Always trying to hold up things. And one day he told me I'd been indicted. I knew what that meant, all right. Then I had to go on trial for murder. That's bad, boy. I've done all I could to delay indictment and trial and hope that something would turn up but worrying for now. I wish you could give me something more to work on. What do you mean? Well, this girl, you can't even name. I can't go into court with just that. The police feel certain there never was a girl. There's no trace of her anywhere. Well, maybe she'll show up. Show up? My boy, you've got a lot to learn. I'd hate to bet my case on a hope like that. That's all I got. Whole case smells.  You admit hitting him. You talk about a girl who saw your hit in self-defense. You don't know her name. She doesn't show up. The police can't find her. It's a great case for the state. Mr. Hall, that's all I know. I can't help it. All right, George, if you'd never mentioned the girl and just claimed self-defense or a fight, I'd like it ten times better. It's a girl thing that's so bad. It makes your whole defense phony. Good Lord, boy, if you made up a girl, why didn't you make up a name? I've been all through that with the police. If you're going to talk that way too, maybe we'd better forget the whole thing. Maybe you'll give me another attorney. You're none for all Ike's there. Easy, easy, boy. Sorry I piped off. It isn't a new attorney you need. It's a new story. Well... Well, do my best. Do my best. Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's right. You wrote out to me that night in my trolley. Speak out of it, please. Yeah, that's right. Guilford wrote out to the inn that night in my trolley on my run. Face the jury, please, and talk louder. Oh, louder, oh. I said I took Guilford to the inn that night. It was about 12, 10. That's 10 after midnight, you know, a car talk. That's the way we talk around the barn. He got out and started for the inn. Well, just a minute. Did you notice anyone else around? Any girl, for instance? Girl? No. Nobody else? Just my friend, Faddy Cushion, that's all. That'll be all. Thank you very much. The fence may have the witness. As soon as we started to talk to Guilford, he confessed to striking the blows. He talked about doing it in self-defense, and about a girl he had a date with a witness to fight. Yeah. Well, now, Lieutenant, has your department been able to trace this girl whose existence is claimed by the defendant? No. No trace of her at all? No, sir. No trace of her at all. Not the shadow of any reasonable doubt. Now, then, we come to the actual evidence, ladies and gentlemen of the jury. Where do we get the evidence? From the witnesses. And who is the state's principal witness? None other than the defendant himself, Henry Guilford. But the defendant can prove his story. He has a witness, the girl who saw it all. The girl he saved from a bad beating. Would any girl be so heartless as to leave such a benefactor in the lurch when just a word would save him? Why doesn't she appear? Why didn't she found? No. No trace of her. Not even a small-sized note. In other words, she is behaving exactly as you would expect of someone who is not real. But just the figment of a desperate man's imagination. The defendant will rise. Gentlemen of the jury, have you reached a verdict? We have, Your Honor. What is your verdict? We, the jury, find the defendant, Henry Guilford, guilty as charged of murder in the first degree. Henry Guilford... I... It was crazy. Sometimes I thought it must be just a crazy nightmare. Like when you're gonna wake up and everything's gonna be all right. I was innocent.  Because they couldn't find a girl. One girl who knew I hadn't done it. Can you imagine how that feels? My boss at the garage and the fellows who worked their days chipped in some money. I had an uncle in West Virginia who sent Mr. Hall $50 in cash. A promissory note for another $50. And I guess Mr. Hall put up some money himself for expenses. Anyway, he kept appealing the case all the way up to the state Supreme Court. But it didn't do any good. Kept coming back with the original decision sustained, Mr. Hall said. I asked him if he was gonna take the case to the United States Supreme Court. But he said he couldn't. He had nothing to justify a hearing. I guess he meant everything was cut and dried. All this time the courts had kept changing the date. The date I was supposed to be hanged. Now all of a sudden I knew there weren't gonna be any more changes. The last date set was it. How do you suppose that feels? I think I started to suffocate right then. There was something growing in my throat that wouldn't let me breathe. Evening in the next day, McGill, Deputy Warden, came into my cell with a couple of guards. Told me I was moving. I knew where. It was down on the main floor, a row of only three cells. These were the largest cells. More light. More convenience. This was the last time. Death row. Now there's a team of two guards who live right in the cell with you the last few days. It's one time a prison breaks down and shows a human touch, I guess. Or else they just want to make sure you don't go ahead and carry out the sentence on yourself. Anyway, whatever it was I was grateful. Because now I was lonely. Way deep inside myself I ached with loneliness and fear. I was afraid. Like a man, afraid of where a child's afraid. Who was going someplace? The last place. I was going alone. The thing you feel most the last hours is the time. The clock. Remembering how often you wished it would hurry so you could get off work or go out of school. See your girl, a coefficient.  Outside you know they're watching the clock too. Not like you are, but they're watching it. All the usual people concerned with an execution doing the usual things. Your lawyer, the warden, governor maybe, newspaper men, guards, the executioner. I know what every one of them was doing as they watched the clock that night. They told me afterwards. Now I've never forget it.  You know you ought to get some sleep, warden. It's only five hours away. I know.  I think I'll just lie down here on the couch. Why don't you do that, warden? Yeah, yeah. What time is it? It's coming up 1 a.m. Been feeling bad all day? Ah, not too good. I've got this thing in my chest. I suppose it's nervous and a gestural day. Yeah. Had it a couple of weeks as a matter of fact. Oh, I'm exhausted. This is a tough job, McGill. And every time it gets harder. It takes it out of me. Ah. What do you think of young Guilford? Nice kid. Yeah. Yeah, nice kid. He sounds like he's... Well, that's not up to us. It's not up to us. Well, I'll try and get some rest. Yeah. When shall I call you, warden? Oh, make it an hour beforehand. Five o'clock. This is Bailey Hall. Yes, I'm Guilford's attorney. Look, it's four o'clock in the morning. I need... You're who? Well, where have you been all this time? What? Yeah, now, look, you're not just some crank that's after publicity. I know, I know, I know. It's for six o'clock. Where are you? Wait for me. I'll be right down. We've got about two hours. Take my reputation on it, Governor. This is a girl. At least it deserves a stay of execution. It's true, sir. Honest, I swear it's true. I've been away. I've been in Mexico. You just don't read the papers there. I just hadn't heard about it till tonight, but it's just as he said it was. Self-defense. Please, sir. It's after five o'clock now. Can't we... What about the money that was taken out of the dead man's target? I took it. I took it. I needed it. I didn't know he was dead. He was drunk. He was... I had every right to the money, honestly. He'd been my husband. Well, very well. Richards. Type out a stay of execution on the Guilford case for three weeks. Bring it in and I'll sign it. You can take it down. All right. You better phone the warden to make sure, though, Governor. The boy's only got about a half hour left. Warden's office. Yes, this is Warden Barnes. What? Well, put him on, of course. Yes, Governor. Young Guilford? Well, you don't say so. Why that splendid Governor? Yes. Yes, I'll let them know right away. Yes. Yes, Warden. Come in here quick. What's the matter? Let me get him up on the couch. Looks like a stroke. Yeah, you better call the doctor, will you? Sure. I'll never mind that. Call the doctor. Must have been the strain of this execution. Warden. I think he kind of liked the kid. What's the matter with this phone? I'm afraid there's no hurry for the doctor. Warden's dead. Dead? Yeah. That's 5.30. I'll have to take over for the execution. Gentlemen, gentlemen, please. It's now ten minutes to six, gentlemen. In a few moments, you will be admitted to the ground floor of Block House A, where the scaffold has been erected and where the execution, which you ought to witness as news paper men and members of the medical profession, will take place. You'll find rows of benches. Please take your seats quietly in any of the rows except the first, which has been reserved for members of the medical examining committee. We ask you to cooperate with us in our duties and to respect the solemnity of the occasion by moving quietly and refraining from any loud conversation from the moment you enter until you leave. Thank you. It was terrible when the other cell block door climbed. I knew it was time. They were coming for me. This was it then. It was a group of guards. The deputy warden was with them. They opened my cell door. One of the guards came straight up to me. He was carrying a leather strap with a big buckle on it. I stood up. I felt him strapping my arms behind me. The minister stopped reading for a moment to say something. Steady, my son. We'll go now, Guilford. I started to say something to the deputy, but he nodded his head at the men when they started to move. The two guards who had been with me in the cell stood back. One of them reached over and let his hand fall on my shoulder for a second. I tried to say goodbye. I walked and realized I couldn't breathe very deeply, though I wanted to. Just short breaths were all I could take. The deputy turned around once and looked at me. He seemed nervous and bothered me. I wished he wasn't so nervous. Then we got to a door in the corner. Through that and another door, there was already open. I walked through and I was in a room full of men. But my eyes went to something else. There were steps just ahead of me. Unpainted wooden steps. They led to a platform. From above that, there was... I saw... the rope. Huh? Well, the guard who was waiting worked fast. He moved me into position. The men in the room were below me now. Looking up, there was a movement among them. One of them had fainted and his bench fell over. He landed hard. I wondered if he'd hurt himself. Then I felt something over my head. I knew the rope was being adjusted.  He had a hood. He lifted it and came down over my head. Somewhere inside of me, a scream began, but my lips were closed and I was just saying to myself, hurry, hurry, hurry! Guilford's on the scaffold. Governor's messenger at the outer gate. What are you sure it's not... Trapper's front! Guil! Guil! Stop this apartment! Stop it! Stop it, Guil! The man doesn't always die right away when he's hanged. They talk about the neck being broken and death coming instantly. No, not always. Death doesn't come for a long time. For some minutes, nearly 20 minutes. For others, it may be less. But never under 12 minutes before the heart stops. Me? I was only up a few seconds. They cut me down and the doctors worked on me right on the wheel stretcher that was waiting to carry my body out. No, I didn't lose consciousness. I sometimes wish I had. I sometimes wish I had gone then, instead of being brought back to remember every bit of those last hours. There was a new trial after I was on my feet again, but I don't know what was said. I was free. I was a girl, Judy. I know her name now, and I thanked her. Neither one of us knew what to say after that, so she just went, Yes, I never sleep indoors. I never button my collar. I don't like buildings. Any building. It's got stone and steel and holds you in. I want to be out here where I can see the sky any time I open my eyes and I open them often. I think too much when they're clear the clock. The clock. Produced, edited and directed by William Spear. Tonight you heard Mr. Jackie Cooper as star of The Clock and The Rope. This was the second in a limited series of five Friday night performances at this hour, which will present Radio's outstanding Theatre of Thrills suspense. Jackie Cooper appeared by courtesy of United Artists. Appearing with Mr. Cooper were Kathy Lewis, John McIntyre, Elliot Lewis, Joseph Kearns, Paul McVeigh, Junius Matthews, Wally Mayer, Lester J, and Jack Krushen. Music for suspense is under the direction of Ludglosken, with original music composed by Lucian Moroek. Next Friday, same time, we will bring you one of the most remarkable studies in suspense ever to be presented in this series. Mr. Dan Durier will be our star in The Man Who Couldn't Lose. Don't forget, next Friday, same time, listen to Suspense. This is CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Using moles. You should already have met Avogadro's number 6.02 x 10 to the 23, which describes what is known as one mole or 12 grams of carbon atoms. In this video we are going to learn how to use moles to do some chemistry calculations. For any element the relative atomic mass or AR is the weight in grams for one mole. When we compare chemicals we compare equal numbers of particles even though the weights are different. So we have compounds instead of atoms it doesn't matter. So if we have compounds instead of atoms it doesn't matter how many atoms are in the formula only the number of compound particles. Let's say you have one mole of iron atoms but they are in a compound FeCl3. This means you also have one mole of the compound. The ratio of iron atoms to particles of compounds is one to one. What is the ratio of chlorine atoms to particles of the compound? Pause the video whilst you think. Three to one. There are three chlorine atoms per formula unit. For any compound the relative molecular mass or MR is the weight in grams for one mole or 6 x 10 to the 23 particles. What if you had some Fe2O3 instead? For one mole of iron you would have half a mole of the compound because there are two moles of iron for every one particle of the compound. One divided by two is one half. You can have half moles of anything or quarter moles or hundredths of moles because a mole is a really big number, 6.02 x 10 to 23. 6.02 x 10 to the 23 can be broken down into smaller numbers so it's okay to have fractions of moles. You can also double them to say that for two moles of iron you have one mole of compound. This is okay too because the numbers are relative. How many moles of oxygen would you have in Fe2O3? Pause the video and think about it carefully. The answer is three if you are using one mole.


Where would you like to be in? Let's start with Peter and James. OK. Tell me about them. Peter Bogosian is a philosophy professor, and James Lindsay is an author with a background in mathematics. They're part of an intellectual movement that has begun pushing back at a problem they see inside the university system.  Then you start looking at it, and they publish some crazy stuff.  Then you start looking at the methods that they're using, and there's no method. It's just a bunch of opinions people are stringing together and they're pretending to be social scientists. These people have manufactured their own corpus of literature, and they publish in these journals, and they use that to credential themselves to sit at the adult table and have conversations that influence public policy, university policy. What an entire generation of students will learn. Microaggressions are real! Microaggressions are real! It's hijacked our institutions.  Well, I'm not afraid. Only a handful of people know about this because one league destroys the whole thing. One single league and we're buried. Our goal is to publish as many papers as we can that are unbelievably sophisticated parodies, and we're going to publish these in tier one journals. So we're trying to go right to the source and say, look, the whole enterprise is bogus, and we're hoping that if we can get to the source and show that the scholarship that everything's coming out of is itself a fraud, nobody has to listen to these people anymore. It's hard to convey to people who are not in this world what an insane idea this is. I mean, literally to delegitimize an entire body of scholarship upon which university architecture is predicated, they give tens of thousands of actual degrees in this stuff, they have professors in these institutes, do you get that? We're going after all of it. It is essential to note that critical race theory is originally an American phenomenon and the evidence that America was a racially divided society with blacks as second class citizens until very recently is indisputable. However, with its recent descent into post-modern discourse analysis and conceptions of society is entirely under the lane by systems of white supremacy operating in mysterious ways, critical race theory has become quite unhinged. It threatens to undo much of the progress that has been made on racial equality. Using methods which assume racism to be present in any interaction between a white person and a person of racial minority results in always finding it and further entrenching the belief in an ever present white supremacy. A similar pattern has emerged within feminism where again everything is seen in terms of a hidden system of patriarchy which hides beneath a benign surface. The job of the feminist is to detect it. Going through life in order to direct ways in which men are belittling you is unlikely to lead to female empowerment. Hello, love. Hello. Peter and James recruited a third author to their academic publishing sting, a feminist historian they referred to as the Oracle. Hello. Hello. Way to meet you. Thank you. Helen has a remarkable ability. When most people read something or try to learn something and they're like, wow, this is bullshit, they'll just stop instantly. But not Helen. Helen will do something extraordinary. She will keep learning about it and keep reading it and keep digging down. And it's absolutely remarkable. So why do you know so much about it but you're not of it? Well, I had to study literary theory for several years as part of studying literature. But I just became interested in it. It's such a counter-intuitive and sort of complicated on the surface but underneath quite simple ideology, framework for belief. And that's what's always interested me. I studied religion because I was interested in how these very complex systems of thought that are internally consistent but need not actually have any basis in reality, how they can spread and how they can be used for different purposes and build on themselves and grow. And this is something that we're seeing with postmodernism and sort of it's successes within sort of social justice. What are they building? What is this thing? Because there's reams and reams and reams of scholarship. And so it's upside down world. There's reams and reams of this stuff. What is it? They are building a new culture and social... They're building a new cultural and social reality. And the goal is to voice that upon you. It is. It's something like a cult or like a religion or something that is based in kind of broken social science. It's pretty full-on. It's the truth.  All right, so this is the foyer. Got a lot of China stuff. This is my wife's office and that's kind of her sacred place so don't go in there. This is the kitchen. That's Teddy. Here's the fridge. Help yourself. Recycling trash. No fat goes in the recycling. There's coffee every morning right there. Here's where we eat dinner every night. That's the table. Those are my grandparents. They fled the Armenian massacre. We usually have a lot of Chinese people living here so if you run into them, they don't really speak English. Just say hello and wave and they'll wave back. Okay, here's TV room. We have Netflix, Hulu, Amazon. You just put the TV on and just put what you want and you can figure it out. So my son isn't living in China now. You can have his bedroom. These are narrow stairs, be careful. This is my daughter's room. She makes me ring the bell every time I want to go in. In his room, in his bed, make yourself at home. There's his bed. Got it from Costco. Very comfortable, or IKEA. Very comfortable. Richard Baldwin is a retired professor who donated his identity to the project. This way the team had real academic credentials to submit their papers with. I was bringing speakers to the college and so I chose him and I wrote him and he agreed to do it and I got him there and we just bonded immediately because it was like, we could tell each other everything. I mean, we trust each other for some reason from the first time we met. It's like we hit it off. We sense in each other an honesty, a belief in truth and somehow I almost felt like we had met in another lifetime. I would almost make him be reincarnation because we clicked immediately and so even after he left, after we had a great time, we kept in touch and that was three years ago but we've kept in touch emailing or texting, stuff like that. He's clean. I'm not one look at me and that would be an instantly torpedoed and they would know and I couldn't manufacture a fake name or a fake identity and so he was perfect and then, yeah, go ahead and then I befriended him on Facebook and I eliminated all of our social media contacts so that no one would connect us. They decided to start off by coming up with a research paper about social justice bodybuilding. How about pornography? Yeah, we could talk about pornography for sure because if you go online, you can find female bodybuilding porn. I'll take your word for it, but that, so that right there is a hook. So now we have- Denise Massino is a former competitor and she, everybody in the bodybuilding world knows that she's done all that stuff. She tons of- What's your name? Denise Massino. Massino? Massino. M-A-S-S-I-N-O, I think.  Oh my gosh. Do you need a porn video set? See what I'm talking about? And she's got this enormous click and enormous stuff from all those drugs and it's like, she's big. Wow, that is just extraordinary. Wow, that's, all right, we're gonna have to use her in this somehow.   Female bodybuilders should be morbidly obese. And there should be, instead of this unnatural testosterone or whatever drugs, you know, bovine growth hormone or whatever these people take, maybe instead of that, they should be twinkies. So it'll be more egalitarian and then middle American women can participate in these body physique shows to help with their self-esteem. Now that's a paper right there. Now that, now any rational person who would, they would think that's just totally, like that's crazy. Like that's an absolutely insane idea. The more ridiculous we can be, the more attention it'll get in the media. Bodybuilding is crazy. Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners are all homosexuals and closeted and wanting to engage in BDSM sex, but can't, it's crazy. It also probably will end up in the decent journal, which is even crazier. Mike, you look just, it's a lot. Just incredulous and overwhelmed and it's just total disbelief. It's just hard for me to believe that any of this is going to work. Look, I guess you believe based upon the outcome, right? That's what you believe.