This is where the sharpest ideas are forged. And some wonky ones too. I grew up with a lot of, you know, white friends, but all my white friends had one non-white friend. Thank you for your service. I don't know, I think comedy suffers when you only have one type of perspective, you know what I mean? Migration is part of the human condition. Everybody is a migrant, which is objectively not true. I, as a matter of policy at the Comedy Pub, don't want to ever tell anybody what they can joke about or not. Comedy as a genre is probably the most honest way of portraying what our current societal values are. What is yellow and plays the guitar? John Lemon?  See, proof that even in academia... Hello and welcome to Standard Time. I am Reka Kinga Popp, your host and editor-in-chief of EuroZine, a magazine behind this show. EuroZine is an online magazine that connects over a hundred cultural journals, reaching a global audience. We also take pride in being a founding member of the Display Year platform, where we present diverse content from across Europe in 15 languages. It's our New Year's episode, so meet all the merry-making. I'll be the party pooper, because today we will discuss who's allowed to joke about what. A few years ago, people complained about political correctness. Today the call is on cancel culture. It sometimes goes as far as show business billionaires complaining about how they just can't say things anymore, because women or trans people or abused survivors, sometimes even homeless folks and other tyrants, just won't know how to take a joke. These poor oppressed folks do mostly their complaining on primetime shows too. Now, I have a lot of actual existing things to cry about, so I cannot quite spare a tear for them. Don't get me wrong, I wouldn't advocate in favor of respecting authorities too much. By me, you can make fun of any church or the police, the state, public personas, all politicians, left, right and center. I love a fart joke as much as the next person, and I especially enjoy making people feel awkward by bringing up gonorrhea all the time. Are you sure you don't have gonorrhea? Super gonorrhea? GONOREEEAAAAAAA But I do prefer to avoid punching down. Not necessarily avoiding topics, but to choose wisely at whose expense. I extract a laugh to feel the ever-expanding void in my soul that only an audience can feel for fleeting moments. So instead of all the cancel culture foolishness, let's turn the tables and see what some not-so-billionaire comedians and thinkers recommend we sharpen our wits against. Tonight we have a set of guests whose jokes tend to chafe and burn in just the right places. Comedian Ashlyn Cain is here to tell us where to put our pronouns. She's the founder of Gay's and Day's comedy in Vienna and brings a rowdy California girl energy. Historian Janis Panayoditis is the scientific director at the Research Center for the History of Transformation at the University of Vienna. He's specialized in the history of migration. He'll measure his observations with a scholarly spoon, but behold, because his remarks do, in fact, cut sometimes. And Homer Hakeem will show us what an Afghan really looks like. Spoiler, it's not what most Austrians expect. He's the comedy daddy, the owner of the comedy pub on Wiedner Hauptstraße, the only club dedicated fully to stand up in Vienna. He's a comic himself, of course. Let's see who gets canceled today. Hi, welcome. Thanks for taking the time. Homer, some Austrians don't seem to recognize where you're from or not necessarily recognized, but they are baffled that they don't see on your face where you're from. The first reaction kind of moment where people are like, oh, you don't look like an Afghan because the one Afghan, the one other Afghan doesn't look exactly like me. So I usually now just say, yes, I'm not a carpet. Another thing, Afghan thing, is a carpet. Yeah, it's fair. As a comedy club owner and, you know, in charge of the programming there, somebody comes in. I guess you don't tell them what they can joke about. I haven't had this experience with you so far. But when somebody you feel like are going too far, what is the line for you that you wouldn't want to tolerate or wouldn't necessarily prefer having on your stage? To be honest, I as a matter of policy at the comedy pub don't want to ever tell anybody what they can joke about or not because stand-up comedy is a very direct art form. You do a joke, it's either funny or it's not, and you get instant feedback from the audience. We do a lot of open mics, so a lot of people try out new stuff. I'm always very careful with them. I want to set up people for success and I know if you just, you know, with your first joke alienate the audience completely, you're not going to do well and you're not going to have a good time. The audience is not going to have a good time and that way it will be just a terrible experience for everybody. Ashlyn, you are the co-founder of Gaze and Theyze, a comedy ensemble. We organize events, we provide platforms to people who are for LGBT comedians who are already established and we provide platform for new people who want to try out material for LGBT people who basically might not have felt so comfortable on a normal regular stage otherwise because I think Homer will agree with me on this that stand-up comedy has not exactly been a traditionally welcoming medium to a lot of people of our persuasion. I think comedy suffers when you don't have, when you only have like one type of perspective, you know what I mean? Vienna specifically, but also this wider culture context has this very long tradition of the cabaret and theatrical traditions. Stand-up feels like an implant here, quite a recent implant. It's a very sort of Anglo-Saxon thing and maybe that's also the reason why the majority of people that I see doing stand-up, including in German, have some kind of a migration background or are recent implants themselves.  How do you see that? Or are you just a funny person and that just happens to be so? Well, first of all, I'm a German citizen. Can I say that? Important. Yes. Jokes help with negotiating a lot of things. Once you start having sort of diversity and humor, you will have, I think you will necessarily have different groups poking fun at each other, for instance, because that's, you know, many of the best jokes are about inoffensive stereotyping. Call it inter-ethnic humor, for lack of a better term, could actually be a very helpful tool, I think, for negotiating an immigration society and for actually taking some of the tension out that there is and humor is, in any walk of life, a way to release tension. Today's episode is brought to you by Glitterpig. This glossy hog brings you good luck for the new year. May you avoid being cancelled in 2024. Glitterpig supports our program by pledging us handfuls of shiny, shiny acorns each month on Patreon. And so can you. Well, we'd be better off with like three euros a month or whatever amount you can afford to chip in with. For these, you'll get access to bonus materials, early releases. You also get to send us questions and recommend topics for us. So please sign up at patreon.com. That is, Eurazine, the presenting partner of this show. Thanks. And now back to Talking Smack. You did these sort of sensitivity classes or conversations with school children. Scholars of migration tend to start with the statement that we all come from a migration background. But now as a scholar yourself and sort of a second generation immigrant to Germany, you found that not everybody comes equally from a migration background. And that it seems that, for instance, second generation migrants tend to stay in place more than others do. That's true. I mean, that's so far more of an act of the observation that I have. Yeah, but when this show airs, it's like the 30th of December. So everybody's hungover. I think it can pass. As migration scholars, migration historians, this is like a favorite line. You know, everybody, migration is part of the human condition. Everybody is a migrant, which is objectively not true. A lot of people have not any sort of active migration experience. And a lot of those who are migrants in one generation then actually stay put and their kids stay put. Like if I can throw in another anecdote here, when I was a kid in 1980s, 1990s rural Germany, there were some pretty bad racist anti-Semitic, you name it, jokes out there. I'm not going to tell them here because those are definitely beyond the pale. Those were never funny. I think by now you couldn't easily talk like that anymore. Or you have to become better at telling these. If you're going to make a joke about something like someone else's ethnic background, you actually have to, I think a lot of the time you have to actually one, know something about that background. That's not just a shallow surface level understanding of their identity. Because I feel like a lot of the time the tension is broken when you make a joke that could potentially be offensive when it's actually smart. People don't get mad about offensive jokes when they're funny. That's the truth. People don't get mad about offensive jokes if they're smart and well written. Funny is like a moving goal post and then there's an element of witty that we expect in a joke. To have a bit more of a depth, that's not necessarily deep in this dramatic sense, but have a bit of a nuance that we recognize. Have an edge. Exactly. And the punchline, I would hope that the punchline we expect today would go beyond, it turns out they were gay, something like this. One of the funniest people that have ever been on a screen, Eddie Murphy, his first fantastical stand-up has a couple of very, by today's standards, very poor gay jokes, which he, I believe, has already said that wouldn't make today, but back in the 80s, at the height of the AIDS crisis, they counted as funny and today they feel different, even though this is an outstanding comedian with a very good deliverance. I think that's just sort of proof of, first of all, there's the phrase that comedy is the genre that ages the fastest and the least well. It doesn't speak well to Eddie Murphy's belief system at the time, of course, but... He was also like 19 or something, so maybe we can cut him some slack. Humor changes, but in general, sort of the culture repertoire that people have changes, and it changes very quickly. I don't think anyone has tried to sort of cancel Eddie Murphy for that, right?  We don't do that anymore, but we have to renegotiate the present. How do we treat certain texts from the past that we still read which contain offensive words? Like, you know, Shakespeare, specifically about Jews and women. You can't change the past. You can't change what people wrote at the time. Of course, you can recontextualize it, but you cannot and you should not sort of try and change this and make it sort of digestible for the present. Because it's, you know, at least as an historian, I would say, you know, you shouldn't temper with your sources. Or erase. So one genre that allows you to change the past is actually stand-up. So let's talk about assembling material. One thing that I always take as a rule of thumb is that punching down never ages well. Punching up always ages well. If you go to, like, you know, you know, Karlin Pryor, whoever you pick from stand-up comedians, if you look at their material and they have some material that is, like, not really, would not be okay nowadays, or it's every, it's every time it's because they have been punching down. Women or, like, minorities or something like that. I draw a lot of inspiration from my own past. I grew up in ruler Austria. I grew up with a lot of, you know, white friends, but all my white friends had one non-white friend. Thank you for your service. Truly great that I'm a U.S. Marie. And it's not, most of it is not maliciously said to me. It's just people not knowing, being nervous in the conversation because they have never met somebody from another culture is a big part of it because that was, like, I was exotic in ruler Salzburg because they knew Turks, they knew people from former Yugoslavia, and that's it.  But it's interesting what you're saying that, you know, they knew Turks and they knew Yugoslavia, and that actually shows the kind of change that has already happened, 50 years ago they wouldn't have known those people in ruler Austria. So it's a constant renegotiation. You know, there's always someone comes in who is kind of the new sort of exotic kid in town, and that again changes the constellation and former outsiders become insiders. I don't know if you had, maybe you would have had Turks or Yugoslav also staring at you for being from Afghanistan. They were just confused because they also didn't knew anybody else. They were like, where is that? How did you get here? I talked with this young comedian Dushan from your comedy club who is Serbian and has a set of jokes about how interchangeable the languages are and who takes offence as what, and he says that he gets told all the time because he's also part Bulgarian that he looks like a Russian. I can't even imagine what that means because we're talking about so many people over such a vast expense, like what does a Russian look like? When I think about it, he really does. I'll tell you the answer to that question. It's a very, very strict stereotype of mostly invented... Vlad? Yeah, Vlad.  Sorry, am I allowed to curse? No, no, it's fine, it's fine. I'm not sure I want to meet this guy. He sounds scary. No, he's really sweet. Yeah, he's a very nice guy. We've been talking about punching up and punching down. I think what we're talking about now is actually punching sideways, if you will. And I think that's, again, that has, again, something to do with changes in society that those who are down don't necessarily stay down. So I think it's actually healthy to an extent. If at some point you can sort of make fun of such things on eye level, then it's not punching down, it's not punching up. It's really punching among equals, if you will. I mean, it's always contentious what kind of equality you need. But this post-Jubaslav example, which is actually also 30 years after a bloody war, kind of encouraging that you can sort of make light of certain things that turn into, that are stereotypes at the end of the day. Yeah, for instance, the stereotype that Montenegrens are supposed to be lazy, so have the laziest man in the world contest where people lay about for days in a very strict set of rules to win this trophy, which I want to participate in and somebody pay me for that amount of time, please. I heard this amazing joke about Montenegrens being lazy. Yeah? Yeah. You don't remember the joke? Oh, no, I do. It's a very good joke. I'm not sure if I should tell it. Basically, when Montenegrens were separated from Serbia, this joke came along. It's probably a very old joke and it's about many different people, but in this case, I heard it in the context of Montenegren because they're said to be lazy, so that's the stereotype. The first parliament meeting that they had, they had to set the days off and the days to work, and they said, we're going to set the Sundays off. The rest of the week is we will work and somebody raised their hand. They're like, hey, wait a second. We do have Muslims here and they want to have Fridays off. How about that? They're like, you know what? Yeah, let's be inclusive. Let's give them Fridays also off. So Friday, Saturday, Sunday, we will be off. Other days, we work. One guy raised his hand and said, look, after a three-day weekend, let's be innovative. Mondays also off. And somebody said, well, before a three-day weekend, we should actually give people also to prepare themselves for the weekend. So they're like, yeah, okay, let's give them Thursdays also off. So like this, the days kept falling out and at the end of the day, they were like, you know what, we will just do it very simply. Every day is off except for Wednesday. On Wednesdays, we work. And that was like everybody's like, everybody's fine with that. And then like at the back seat, there was a guy and he raised his hand and he's like, excuse me, do we work on every Wednesday? Now that is my preferred work week. Ideal society right there. The jokes that will be received the best by other people are things that you know about, things that you have experienced, things that you have to know about the subject matter to tell good jokes about it.  As a minority, the entry point how you enter a culture kind of defines your position in that culture. I never thought I was a Karen, which is not... Great way to start a sentence. Not really a nice or pleasant thing to realize, but I did realize when I was going to get my e-card, this is this health insurance card for non-Austrian viewers, get it renewed and I went to the Magistrate, the institution where you do all of these things and there were a whole line of people with the buggies, with little children on the side of a, I think like eight lane road on the Görtel waiting outside of the building and I went there and I looked at them and I asked them why don't you go in and they just looked at me like I lost my mind and then I realized oh, we have a very different attitude to things because I as an EU citizen and as a Hungarian who feels completely entitled to everything in Austria because you took it from us I just like go through doors and tell, why do you make these families wait outside? Interestingly, I mean you use this sort of advanced yourself now, but why is it actually is it okay to call someone a Karen? Isn't that no, I think it's okay isn't that quite sexist actually? First of all, a Karen is most commonly understood to be a white woman who uses that privilege as a weapon against other people who are in lower positions to them so any minority group any like someone working customer service at the register I think deep entitlement and rage misplay, and again white rage you're using your position of privilege to basically punch down Karen also just so happens to be among the most popular names in North America for East Asian immigrants because it's so normal that there are a lot of Gen Z second or third generation Americans with East Asian heritage who are called Karen and now they're confronted with this stereotype. This is the reason why their parents chose that or chose this name in the first place because this sounded so very bland, normal American. You can be named Karen you just should not be a Karen. Karen is just a state of mind it's a vibe I didn't know that though that's really interesting because I've primarily I have an Aunt Karen who is a Karen also that's a great combination this show is made possible with the support of the European Union the European Cultural Foundation and our host, the Alte Schmiede Kunstverein Culture and media need supporters and they need space the US also has a different relationship with names like in the country where I come from or in Slovakia you choose from a set a little booklet you have a booklet the French were the first to come up with this of course standardizing names they are very fond of standards aren't they? they invented the meter and they invented the liter and acceptable names this is the moment where I go fucking white people it used to be the booklet which is a book of etymologies which meant for choosing the names for any Hungarian speaking users they would be familiar this is the thing that you would page through and look for baby names and you would find fantastic ones like old Hungarian names which means devil so that's kind of bringing it down on yourself what I've realized by watching comedy and watching comedians performance if you are not from a culture you better know your shit because if you know details and if you know and if the person from that culture knows that you know their culture they will laugh extra hard and they feel seen and they feel oh you know about us and you know about this one thing that we have like an inside joke about and now you also understand it and then you become part of their culture became like almost a genre of making fun of minorities in a way where you are like you are very knowledgeable in their culture even know a bit of their language but it's not like a malicious fun it's like hey this is funny in your culture comedy has been at least in the United States sort of pioneered by a lot of Jewish immigrants and Jewish Americans and I think about what Mel Brooks used to say of Jewish Americans but I do think that it is worth noting that these guys are also concerned about stereotyping their own culture because traditionally a lot of these stereotypes are used against them I wish that instead of reacting negatively to the comic of that culture talking about their experiences I wish that they would just take that and internalize it I need to recognize that this is a stereotype and this is not necessarily reflective of everybody you don't need to get mad at that person though for making fun of their experience comedy is very frequently a genre that lends itself to exaggeration it's not a research point but it's an entry point to get interested in something you didn't know you would be interested that's my understanding and now that we finally get to talk about the Jews so I come from this like ridiculously philosemitic peasants family my grandmother used to serve at Jewish houses and this was kind of like an unspoken but very obvious thing that this is these are the people that we hold dear in our hearts this very much goes against a lot of stereotypes about East European peasants if I may say so in a small village everybody was going to the same school they were friends they were together all the time so this is kind of like a heritage that I took with myself and I went to Budapest which admittedly was a bigger shift than going from Budapest to Vienna to be honest despite the crossing the borders and I picked up a lot of Yiddish style humor along the way and it had been quite some time until I kind of came up with a blend for myself negotiating which jokes I can make and which jokes I can't so now my strategy is to always attribute the joke to the person that I learned it from so credit where it's to it doesn't take away from the laughter that I cashed in anyway if I say that I learned it from a professor of mine this is one of my favorites and probably like the most historical one this is a joke from the early 90s from Israel which says if you see a Russian on the Israeli border and they don't have a violin it's a pianist do you find perfectly telling God I don't get it but it's funny to me someone who has lived in Israel and studied this kind of immigration it's hilarious it's all the classical musicians like Russia traditionally and of course during the Soviet times too was so strong in classical music on an industrial scale really they are very heavily mass produced and they all emigrated to Israel they could have had 10 philharmonic orchestras in the 1990s I now understand this joke and I will of course laugh context specific I told you I love draining jokes by explaining them I'm sorry it's funny because in the Soviet Union they were mass produced it was so much poverty this is my entire childhood by the way that you're just reenacted actually the explanation is way more for you than the joke itself sometimes it is it's part of making the absurdity for people like us who are not already familiar with the context that this is just it's another level there's humor on all levels I think since you mentioned Mel Brooks and casually bringing up one of my favorite comedians he's a master of sort of layering the humor arts in a way that is my favorite movie of space balls which totally works on the level of being a spoof of Star Wars of course but sort of if you go deeper there's all this Yiddish humor there are all these jokes and in the end there's this I think it's the end of space balls where it's like the Jews in space yes, yes I remember and I mean this is really walking a thin line there sort of alluding I imagine even to the pigs in space so you know really really pushing the boundaries there and having Jews flying around in star of David shaped spaceships I mean it's you know it's even an example I think of someone who with jokes and relatively bad taste sort of manages to break up stereotypes I do think that since this is a show about offensive humor we should talk about Blazing Saddles for a second Blazing Saddles was a movie about it was a parody of like Old West films and the protagonist was a black sheriff and a lot of the jokes were basically just the fact that everyone was racist towards him but I liked what Mel Brooks had to say about he was like I would never show a black person being lynched because that's not funny that's horrifying and I would never make a joke that shows like the brutalization or violence of people like this I will make fun of the racism that has to do with that movies like that especially like Mel Brooks movies you have to watch them every 10 years they are like a good like a canary in the gold mine of showing like oh okay how far away like a good indicator of society comedy on stage was always something that the oppressed slightly outcasted minorities did and that's how like Jewish humor became a thing actually somebody told me and I have not verified this so that like one of the first people who are considered a stand up comedian were here in Vienna who were like a leader and they would tell jokes in between you know the songs entertainment as sort of like an external thing to normalcy is always something that outcasts or people from a disadvantaged position could seek out for themselves if they don't want to remain underneath. I'm going to go as far as say most creative fields lend themselves well to like minority groups who have experienced oppression because there's a lot to say about like they are a group of people that have something to say I'm biased of course as a comedian I feel like it's one of the better ways to to not necessarily view the world but to at least share your experiences in the world. Are you berating operas and their social potential now? I was a musicology student so I feel oppressed by most of most of the things you say. No actually I actually think there are some pretty funny operas actually like Marriage of Figaro I love that one too because that one is kind of punk rock like they did not want Mozart making Marriage of Figaro because it has a lot of themes of like class struggles comedy as a genre is probably the most honest way of portraying what our current societal values are it's not always pretty it's not always it's not always something that we believe is right but it's most certainly the most direct most straightforward way to know who do we like who do we not like what do we think of this where is the power where is the money look that would be a very elevated closing and I don't want that Yanis you have anything really stupid on your mind ooh I love stupid jokes for instance since I just saw on the way here I saw on the tram they said that today is the anniversary of the Beatles releasing their white album so what is yellow and plays the guitar John Lemon yeah that was stupid she asked for it in academia especially in academia the most scientific director I know Ashlyn anything real stupid horse walks into a bar that's weird that's it that's the joke the version of this horse work walks into a bar type of joke that I like the best is like you know there's all these like iterations on top of each other and the one that I really love as a child is that a horse walks into a bar walks up the wall through the ceiling down the wall goes to the bar asks for a beer drinks the beer walks back up the wall through the ceiling down the wall out the door and a guest looks at the bartender and look in like amazement like what just happened and then the bartender says yeah he's like that he never says hi okay that's relatable though okay that's a very stupid place to end on thank you so much everybody you can see these guys at Gays and Vays and the comedy pub in Vienna and you can see Yannis often at all sorts of events of Rezept all of these are going to be linked in the show notes thanks everyone and have a great change of calendars this show is presented by Eurazine a platform offering insightful articles from over a hundred partner journals in multiple languages you can be a part of this intellectual journey by visiting patreon.com to become a patron starting at just 3 euros per month for this you'll get access to bonus materials, early releases and further perks our show is a production of Display Europe an innovative platform dedicated to presenting content with a strong focus on data privacy we're also grateful to the Altesh Mide for hosting us funding for this program comes from both the creative Europe program of the EU and the European Cultural Foundation the opinions and views expressed here are those of the authors and the speakers and do not necessarily reflect those of the EU or their European Education and Culture Executive Agency


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you how you can calculate area and parameter of rectangle in Java. First of all, I am going to import scanner class that is available in util package. This scanner class is predefined and it is required to read inputs from the user. Then I am going to define another class whose name is rectangle. Inside this rectangle class, I am going to define main method. So inside this main method, I am going to implement the logic which will calculate area and parameter of rectangle. So I am declaring float variables, length, breadth, A for area and P for parameter. Now I am going to create instance of scanner class and passing system.in as constructor value. System.in means all the inputs will be received from command prompt or you can say console. So first system.out.println will display enter length. So length will be received in L variable using next float method. This is a predefined method which is available in scanner class. Now to read breadth, I have copied these two statements and I have modified enter length to enter breadth and in place of L variable, I am using B. So after reading length and breadth, I can calculate area and parameter. So for calculating area L into B for calculating parameter 2 into L plus B. So this way I have implemented both the logics for calculating area and parameter. Now I have to display these calculated results on output screen. So I am using system.out.println area equals to plus A. So area equals to will be displayed as it is and this A will be printing its value. I am copying this statement again and this area will be converted into parameter and instead of A, I am using B. So this way I have implemented the complete code in front of you which will calculate area and parameter of rectangle. I have saved this file with rectangle.java name and it is saved in D drive inside Java folder. So now I have to open command prompt so that I can show execution of this code. Here I am moving into D drive and inside Java folder. Now first I have to compile this code. So I am typing java scene space rectangle.java. It is compiled successfully. There is no error in the code. Now I can execute this code with the help of java space name of class that is rectangle. It is asking for length. I am entering 4. It is asking for breadth. I am entering 5. You can see the output. Area and parameter both are calculated and both are printed on output screen properly. So this way I have implemented the logic which is calculating area and parameter of rectangle in Java. I hope you have understood whatever I have explained in this video. If you want to watch more programming related videos you can subscribe my YouTube channel. Thank you for watching this video.


1 down, what is the answer? Frequency distribution. Frequency distribution, very good. So, let us write this, anything else, 11, 11 is mean, is that ok? So, this is 11 down, more, anything else? Then which number? 15 across. Yeah, any other? 12th biograph across. 12 across. That is correct. Then, somebody said histogram, who said that? All people who said histogram raise your hands, ok, great. What number? 5 down. Anything else? 8 down range. Ok. 4 down, went diagram. 4 down. What is 4 down? You said? No, it is not. It will not agree with. I will give the answer to this, this is not, I do not know whether it is a popular one. Anything else? 9 across you should, you should know, 14 across also you should know. Yeah, 9 is line graph, essentially you just connect them as opposed to a bar graph, right. At every data point you put the frequency, just connect them with a straight line. 14 across you should know, ok, anything else? Yeah, what did, 6 x across, what did you say? Lower extreme. Lower extreme, that is correct. I want you to think about, we will come back after a few minutes. Let us get started with today's lecture. So outline for today's class is one is to recall or to recap whatever we have done and then I want to present a case study involving something called force part. Is there anyone who knows what force part is? Force part, anyone heard of Kino? No one? Ok, we will come to that. And then there are also some other measures, we will discuss that also. So frequency table is value versus number of occurrences or number of occurrences versus value. You can also express it as relative frequency and you would represent f by n, essentially you would scale the whole thing, ok. That is a frequency, relative frequency. So, f is a frequency for a particular value at a given value, so how many occurrences divided by the total number? So, it is scaled. So, that is the relative frequency. If you do it in the tabular form, it is a relative frequency table, ok. Line graph or line plot, distinct data sets on horizontal axis and frequency is given by the height and then you put a cross there vertical line. We saw that in the crossword. Bar graph is the same as line graph, but with added thickness and of course we also saw histogram. The same as bar graph, but it is for grouped data, we will see that and there is no gap. They are all compressed, so that is histogram. Then we have frequency polygon. I told you that in the line graph, you put a cross, draw vertical line. Here you put a cross, do not draw vertical line, just connect them up, ok. Connect all the crosses by straight line, that is frequency polygon. By the way, all these are taken from chapter 2 and I had already asked you to go through this. In case you have not, please go through that again because some of those are just descriptive. There is no point in spending too much time on that. It is all the explanation is given in the book and it is likely that you have seen most of them already. And then of course you know pie chart, so you break a circle and then the area will correspond to the percentage of that particular data value. And then as I mentioned, relative frequency that is after scaling by the total number, you can draw a relative frequency line or a bar graph. So relative frequency line is just put a cross and then connect them or a bar graph, that means you have thickness. And then the next one is the relative frequency polygon, that is you connect the crosses with straight lines. When you have lots of data and you want to visualize them graphically, it may be difficult to, especially in old days, you would rather the mechanism used was to group things within some range, you know it is almost like the grades. So you have the marks from let us say 80 to 89, then irrespective of what mark you might have scored, put all of them as AB. So that is a class or grouping. So this class, creation of class or grouping is done to handle large amounts of data. Sometimes, even if you have computational capability to handle each one separately, sometimes you just want to have quick grasp of what is being presented for those conditions also you would need this. As a result, such a thing may be useful even now, even though we have lots of computers excellent ways to represent things to group them, so it gives some idea of who comes in some range to come up with overall perspective. Of course, some details may be lost. So in case details are important, at the second level you can go expand it further, you can make them into larger classes, get more information. So this is one way to do that. Of course with computational tools, you know for example, such as Sylar, you will be able to do just by changing one number, if you write a program properly, change a number and you will say that repeat the whole thing for larger number of classes. For example, you did some grading based on 10 marks, then you say that I want to do this for every 5 marks, then you should be able to do that by just changing the number from 10 to 5 somewhere and the program goes through and does the whole thing again. Then you have class frequency table, these are some of the terminologies. So class frequency table is frequency table for grouped or class data. Similarly histogram that I mentioned, it is a bar graph for grouped or grouped stroke class data and compacted, there is no gap between that. So that is histogram and of course you can also do relative frequency, so that the total will add up to 1 and then you have stem and leaf plot. Have you seen this in the book? It's in the book, stem and leaf plot. Essentially when you have moderate amount of data, you divide the data into two parts. For example in the book, the following example is given. So essentially in the book you have numbers of the form, two digits and one decimal, it has been shown with stem and leaf plot and you have it splits this after the first digit. So for example if you have something like 59.1, you will have 5 here and then you put a vertical line and then 9.1 or 58.3 that means 58.3. Similarly if you have number 7 here, 72.5 then 7 and then after this line you put a 2.5. So this is just a way to represent moderate amount of information and this is useful to represent them in a compact representation so that for example the first digit here will not come for, it will come only once for all the things in that range. For example all numbers starting from 50.0 to 59.9 will have 5 in the front. Then 50.0 will be 0.0 and the last one will be 9.9, 59.9. So you are removing that 5. In that sense you do not need a space to represent all of this first digit, you are writing it only once. So it is a compact way to represent. I suggest you read the book in case you haven't. We have already seen mean arithmetic mean and then median also we discussed. Median is approximately or roughly speaking middle value when arranged in increasing order and of course if there are two values then you may have to take the average. That is suppose the median falls in between then you take the arithmetic mean of the two adjacent values. We saw that in the last class and mean is noise sensitive and median is less sensitive. We saw the case study last time, we saw the ABC News case study that said it is mean to ignore median. So we discussed that in great detail in the last class. And then sample variance, this is something that you would have seen in your school when you have data x1 through xn and the sample variance is denoted as s squared. It is 1 over n minus 1, note that there are n data items and you subtract the mean from each data item, square the difference, sum it, divide by n minus 1. This is known as sample variance and of course there is an identity you can expand this so you get this. Does anyone have a, can somebody tell me why we have this n minus 1 here, not n? Why we do n minus 1 or can somebody tell me what the textbook says why n minus 1 comes? Anyone, do you recall why the textbook says n minus 1 should come? The book says, let me recall that it is for a technical reason, it is for a technical reason. You can, after all this is a definition, you could have defined it in any way. So it is for a technical reason because what happens is you have the variance of the population but you will never study the whole population, you will always take a sample. You take a sample, you find the variance and then is this variance, variance of the sample, is it representative of the population variance, so that is the question. So you can show that under some special conditions for example this is random, truly random sample, unbiased, it is collected in an unbiased manner and so on and so forth. The expected value of the sample variance because you can collect several samples, I take one sample, I find the variance, I take another sample, find the variance, I take another sample, I can go on collecting the variances, go on collecting samples, calculate the variances for each one. What is the variability of these, of the variance values that you collect for every sample, what is the expected value of that, will the expected value be the same as that of the variance of the entire population. So you can show that if you use 1 over n minus 1, the expected value of the sample variance will be equal to the variance of the population, otherwise you will have something like the reciprocal of that n by n minus 1 or n minus 1 by n. So you need to put an extra factor otherwise, so it is for that to make sure that the expected value of the sample variance is the same as the variance of the entire population. This number is, this factor 1 over n minus 1 is put, it is also explained in the PDF file that I have put, so that is explained by a prof from Drexel University, I just did a search, located this and put it on Moodle, you may want to go through that. So s squared is the sample variance and it measures spread or variability of data and the square root of that is the standard deviation, s is the standard deviation. Now I am going to talk about this case study, force part or Kino refers to a game, did anyone see the write up on that? If I am not mistaken, I put the write up last night itself, did anyone see it, does anyone know what Kino is, yes, would somebody want to volunteer what Kino is, anyone, while waiting for your response. So let me what I will do is, before I go to that, I will show over to this, I see no one writing the wiki, so anyone thought about it. So who are all going to write the wiki? So why is that? See the thing is, I was under the impression that there are people with different interests, some are interested in doing the calculations, some are interested in writing blogs, how many of you write blogs, yeah, there are so many of you. So each one has a different interest, somebody wants to play games, somebody wants to solve puzzles, somebody wants to act, how many of you are interested in act, playing, I mean stage acting, yeah, yeah, what is your name, Rishabh, okay, who else is interested, because I am, yeah, what is your name, Bansal, okay, thanks. So Rishabh Bansal, who else, anybody else, yeah, there, Aatish, okay, anybody else, so what I would want is, yeah, yeah, I saw you here, yeah, what is your name, Ashish, okay, very good, anybody else, so the reason why I am asking is, none of you, I have not received any offer to do this role play, okay, those of you are interested or at least would like to know more about it, please meet me after the class, is that okay? Because we have allocated one class over for that, there are so many interesting stories, it is possible to take one of them and just do that, and you do not have to, no costumes required, no stage preparation required, just have to come, okay, you understand, so it is extremely easy to do, it is just the, coming up with an idea and putting it in the form of a stage act, is that okay? I am sure there are other people who would be interested in that, but I have now four names, Rishabh, Bansal, Ashish, Aatish, okay, so I would want, I want you to address these two activities, please, those of you are interested in writing in blogs, write something, it does not matter, we are not going to keep track of who is doing this and so on, okay, please do that, I have put lots of material, if you look at the, I have put an instructional wiki, have you seen that, yeah, I have put an instructional wiki and I have put a lot of links there, there are lots of interesting stories, so just a few of you get together and say let us do that, and then other people will join, is that okay? So what I am trying to do is to, to see if I, we can access or touch upon the interests of varying groups, okay, so I would want you to participate in all of these, okay, any more here? So I said that 14 across, you should know, 14 across, so what do you think 14 across is? 14 across is outlier, it is very easy, okay, 10 down also is very easy, we actually discussed this now, see I had talked about putting a cross for every value and then connecting a line, and the height of the thing is proportional to the, the value, number of items in that, what did we call that? We called it as line graph, there is another word for graph, yeah, somebody said that, yeah, line plot, so 7 across, yeah, somebody got it, who said that, okay, that is correct, scatter plot, okay, so this is the 2 across, I have not seen this terminology in the book, but in the book they talk about a box plot, right, so this is known as box and whisker, you should know this 3 down, yeah, stem and leaf, yeah, okay, so good, so let us go to the fourth spot case study, okay, let us take up case study, so this is the file Kino.pdf, can anybody read this, okay, so Kino is a, is a game, okay, and it is played for money, lot of money is won and lost, lost, lot of money is typically won by the casinos and lost by the people who play, okay, so Kino is played using a field of numbers from 1 through 80, in fact if you look at Wikipedia, I went through this explanation of Kino, it actually says that a process by which 80 balls out of 80 balls, 20 are generated by blowing some air, so 20 will come out out of the 80 in a random fashion, you can select or choose quick pick up to 10 numbers in that field, so we are talking about 4 spot game, so you are going to pick 4 numbers, you will pick 4, okay, so you have selected 4 numbers and this casino will randomly select 20 out of a total of 80, okay, so out of the 20, so you will compare whether your 4 numbers are part of this 20 that I have been selected, right, now supposing you bet 1 dollar, okay, you play 1 dollar, select 4 numbers, casino will select through an automated process, random process, they will select 20 numbers and see if any of the numbers that you have selected belong to, belongs to these 20, so the numbers, in fact the case study that I put up, I will show that also, if all 4 numbers match, okay, so they will give 50 dollars, if all 4 match, if 3 numbers match, they will give 5 dollars, if 2 numbers match, they give 1 dollar, is it clear, should I repeat, is it not clear to anybody, so that is the game, okay, you bet 1 dollar, selected 4 numbers, they will select 20 out of 80 numbers, okay, and if all 4 match, the numbers you have amongst the 20, if all 4 match, all 4 are in the 20, you will get 55 dollar, if 3 match, you will get 5 dollar, if 2 match, you get 1 dollar, if only 1 matches, no money, nothing matches, no money, is it okay, so is it possible for you to, so I want to find the chances, I put 1 dollar, I want to find out the chances of my earning, I want to find out how much I will get, right, so for example, if all 4 match, I get 55 dollars, right, if 3 match, I get 5 dollar, 2 match, I get 1 dollar, so how do I calculate my returns, what are the chances of my return, how do I calculate that, so do you follow that, so let me just summarize, as you think about it, okay, so you have 80 numbers, 20 are selected by casino randomly, and then compared, you were 4, your 4 numbers, okay, compared with your 4 numbers, 4 match, 55, 3 match, you bet with 1 dollar, and these are the returns, so how do we calculate, somebody wants to calculate how much he is likely to earn, what is the formula, so let us do it in terms of probabilities, can you say that suppose you calculate probability of earning, probability of 4 matching, supposing you know these numbers, probability of 4 matching, probability of 3 matching, probability of 2 matching, then how will you calculate the earnings, okay, so let us say that P4 is probability, can you see it, maybe I should write capital, probability of matching 4 cards, so P3 for 3 cards, P2 is 2 cards, and then you also have here 55 dollar, 5 dollar, okay, so what is the, how do you calculate the earning, okay, so the earning equals 55 times P4 plus 5 times, okay, because if you get 4 you will get some money, if you get 3 you will get some more money, so you look at all the chances, you sum up all of that, supposing there is a penalty, right, if nothing matches you will lose some money, you will have to pay some more, okay, then you will put negative something and the probability of that, right, is that okay, so we just have to calculate what is P4, what is P3, what is P2, and then just finish it, okay, the question is what is P4, okay, by the way this comes from what is known as hyper geometric distribution, okay, you will read about it in detail in this course, but you can show that P4 is 20, in fact Px I can write 20 Cx, okay, supposing 4 match, supposing 3 match, then what will happen is 3 match means in the 20 you have 3, what are the different ways of, what are the different combinations of selecting them, so if 3 are there the remaining one will be in the other 60, okay, then you have 60 C1 ways of selecting that, so these are the, all the combinations that by which you can get 3 matched divided by the total possibility which is 80 C4, right, you will study about this in the class, okay, this will be discussed later on, but this is something extremely important and it turns out, so what they did was they calculated and as a matter of fact, okay, so what will be P4, so this will be 60 C0 divided by, so can you just write this calculate P4, do it now, I do not want you to simplify the calculations, but just cancel common terms in the numerator and denominator, so I want you to do it for P4, does anyone have supposing I just simplify it, numerator is a product of some factors, denominator is a product of some other factors, anyone got this, you can show that this is nothing but 17 times 18, after cancelling terms you will be left with these and then in the denominator, okay, and then what I have done is I have, I had done this calculation in Sylab, I have multiplied by 55 that is the money that you will earn if this happens, when you do this it says it is 0.1684, so this is the return in cents for a $1 investment, this is P4, earning through 4 cards matching, similarly P3 you can show to be 0.216 and then next one is P2, okay, the income through 3 cards matching is the highest, so what do you get if you add up all of this, how many cents do you get, here you have 16 cents, 21 cents, another 21 cents, so 42, 58 plus 1 here 59, so you put $1 you will get 59 cents, if you do lots of them, so you are lottery announced for 4 Wednesdays in a month, they will double this earning, okay, so it is actually 59.5, almost 60, so if you double it then you will get $1.19, that means you put on those days only as a promotional thing, you put $1 you will get back $1.19, okay, so these guys, these I think 2 guys or 3 guys, they said they actually did simulation, how did they do simulation, they randomly go on selecting, okay, there is a random number generator, you can write it, for example you can write it in Sylab, in fact I will give it as a problem for one of you, if you want to write that, simulate it, just go on selecting and then matching, right and if you play long enough times, then they actually simulated it and found that they would indeed get $0.19 as profit, so they just went there and then played for those 4 days 24 hours, they did not do anything else, okay, they were delayed because it took time to take the printout, because they have to collect the tickets, because of that they lost some valuable time, okay and then they found this case study says that the money that they made eventually is off from their simulation value by only $100, they made a cool profit of $100,000 in that month, okay, of course these people when some statistics people came across this, they went back to the casino and they asked them, did this happen, so the casino people said they did not recall anything, actually for the people who played, it is good that they did not recall, otherwise there could have been some problems, because you go to the casino to lose the money, okay, if somebody is making lot of money the casino people are not very happy about it, but anyway the casino people did recall, yeah, we did a proportional scheme and so apparently this professor asked these people who played this game to come and explain to his students, okay and so these students explained that and concluded by saying that, so sometimes it makes you know useful sense to pay attention in the mathematics class, that's how this story ends, so I have taken this from a website called Darmoth's website where they have something called Chance News, okay, they talk about that, so I have put that, okay, we will discuss this in the next class, but there is one thing I want you to do, there is a problem in rounding numbers in percentile, so I want you to think about it, in fact there is a discussion in CNX.org from Rice University, I want you to look at this, so I will stop here, thank you for your patience.


We're watching the fights, this is Rich Richly Live, we're watching the fights here now, we're live. Do you guys want to see the crew? I can't really show you the crew, but it's about 30 of us right now. It's about 30 of us right now. You guys want to see the fights? You see the fights? You want to see the fights? Yo, what's up party people? Yo, I got Jones, I got Jones and I got... You guys got Nunes? No man, Cyborg and Jones taking pictures. Nunes is getting a smash, Nunes. Nunes, I got Cyborg and I got John Jones. Nunes is going to smash Cyborg, come on man. Who doesn't get a smash Cyborg? You know Nunes doesn't get a smash Cyborg. Alright guys, back with some food here, see this food? Crafts of my beer here and maybe if the John Jones fights comes live, I don't know if you guys can hear me, but if the John Jones fight comes live, we'll come back live for you guys. Peace.


So, welcome everyone to the second day here. What I will do briefly is go through some of the material that we covered yesterday especially the integral analysis. So, that is what is projected on the on the screen now. So, let me let me just point out the important parts from the integral analysis that we did yesterday. So, if you remember what we did was we started our analysis with a balance statement which is projected on the board right now. And the balance statement so far that we have seen was for mass balance and in some sense you can call the other principle a momentum balance. This is the primary equation if you want written in a principle form or in words and then what we ended up doing was we chose the mass as the quantity of interest in the beginning and then carried out an analysis to figure out what are the mathematical expressions for each of the terms in this balance statement. And thereby we came up with our integral form of the mass balance. So, here again just to recap the first term on the left hand side here signifies the rate of accumulation of mass within the control volume and the second term on the left hand side here signifies the rate of outflow of mass minus the rate of inflow of mass or in other word the second term here the area integral is essentially net rate of outflow of mass from the control volume. Then what we did was we employed that balance statement for a linear momentum quantity let us say and then initially we talked about the linear momentum in the x direction. So, in a manner similar to what we had done for mass balance we obtained an integral equation of linear momentum principle applied to control volume which is shown on the projected screen right now in the box. So, again here the first term on the left hand side is the rate of accumulation in this case of x linear momentum within the control volume and the second term on the right hand on the left hand side I am sorry is the net rate of outflow of x linear momentum from the control volume. It is essentially outflow minus inflow term and then on the right hand side f suffix x is the net force both surface as well as body if at all it is acting in the x direction on the material that is contained within the control volume. So, here we realized and noted that the control volume will contain a certain amount of material which will be essentially treated as a free body having been isolated from its surrounding and when you isolate this material because of the control volume you have to mark all sorts of forces that will come on to this material in an appropriate fashion. And then we have generalized this linear momentum principle in a vector form on the way we also wrote it for a y direction and then we generalized to a vector form. And then what we did was we went through a few examples five of them wherein in each of these examples we have step by step employed these integral analysis procedure. If you recall each of these examples involved first an integral mass balance equation and then the momentum equation in whichever direction that was considered appropriate for that particular problem. Let me not go through the examples obviously, but let me just point out that these were our guiding principles which have been projected right now on the board. When we want to perform integral analysis we try to follow these guiding principles as carefully as we can. Specifically we choose control volume such that the inlet and outlet velocities are normal to the corresponding areas then we do not have to bother calculating the dot products for the mass flow rates. They will be simply algebraic products the forces which will involve both surface forces and body forces. Now, here let me make a point that in the five examples that we chose to discuss yesterday none of the examples had a body force included, but that is fine at the moment the idea is not to completely get into the details of the integral analysis but at least give a flavor of what is involved in these. What I suggest is that I have suggested a few fluid mechanics books yesterday. Having discussed this material here yesterday I am very sure that if you go back to some of those books you will be able to follow many more examples outlined in the book as well as the problems that are given in the book some of those will involve inclusion of these body forces. Anyhow the second guiding principle was the forces acting on the control volume are essentially the forces acting on the material isolated by the control volume and we said that this material is to be treated as a free body just like what we do in solid mechanics or strength of material. And as far as the choice of control volume is concerned we choose it such that the force of interest that has been asked in the problem statement or at least an equal and opposite reaction to it should directly act on the control volume and that is how the control volumes are typically chosen. And finally, the linear momentum in and out of a control volume can be positive or negative. It turned out that all examples yesterday that we talked about had the linear momentum both in and out positive. The reason was it is determined by the inlet and outlet velocity whether it is positive or negative in the chosen coordinate system. So, mass flow rate as I said yesterday will always be positive but the momentum linear momentum that is that it carries with it can be positive or negative depending on the inlet and outlet velocity being positive or negative in the coordinate system. So, that is more or less what I want to talk about as a brief summary of what we discussed yesterday. These are the 5 examples which I am going to skip now. We have discussed these enough yesterday. So, let me carry on today with the remaining balance equation that we did not talk about yesterday and that is the total energy balance for a control volume. It is essentially the same sort of a balance statement that we wrote earlier in the general form and then specialized it for a mass balance and a linear momentum balance. Here what I am talking about is a rate of accumulation of total energy in the control volume on the left hand side here. E dot in and E dot out are essentially the terms containing total energies that are associated with the fluid flow coming in and going out of the control volume. In addition to these there was a source term if you remember in the balance equation and therefore this source term has been added E dot source. In terms of an energy balance equation this source can be typically some sort of a chemical reaction happening within the control volume. So, the chemical reaction can be either exothermic which means that it will give out energy in the form of heat or it can be endothermic which means that it will actually suck energy in the form of heat. Additionally when we talk about a control volume analysis you should realize that there will be two more energy terms that needs to be incorporated. If you want you can treat the last two terms on the right hand side as sort of part of source term as well or they can be separately considered as energy in and energy out terms which are somewhat of special nature in the sense that they are decoupled from this E dot in and E dot out which are essentially the energy brought in and energy taken out by the fluid that is flowing in and out of the control volume. So, this Q dot here is essentially the heat transferred to the CV and that is why it has been chosen as a positive sign here and this could be because of a process such as a conduction heat transfer from the surroundings into the control volume or it could be even some sort of a radiation heat transfer from the surroundings into the control volume. One way or the other it is the energy transferred in the form of heat that is not because of the flow going in and going out of the control volume. So, it is essentially the heat transferred due to either conduction or radiation if possible. And the last term here is the work done on the control volume and the work done on the control volume will essentially come because there will be forces acting on the control volume surface and wherever there is an inlet and outlet flow there will be a velocity of the fluid involved and the forces multiplied by appropriate components of the velocities will give rise to these work terms. And again in this particular situation a positive value of work done on the control volume has been chosen. So, I am talking about work transferred into the control volume from its surrounding as being positive and that is why the word on is underlined here. Similarly the heat transferred to the CV is also underlined because we are talking about heat transfer being positive when the heat is transferred from outside into the CV. So, typically the energy balance as we say here is not really required for a fluid mechanics analysis unless there is an explicit heat transfer occurring or if you are dealing with a compressible flow type situation where there are some additional effects because of the compressibility of the fluid that we need the energy equation also included. If you are talking about a constant density or incompressible fluid flow per say many times if there is no external heat transfer we do not really need this energy equation at all you will probably realize that this form of the energy equation is required when we talk about convection heat transfer. So, those people who have undergone the heat transfer workshop earlier will definitely recognize this as an equation of interest when convection was discussed in that workshop. What I am going to do here is I will simply bring about the standard integral forms for all these terms and I will leave this equation as it is you know after bringing the integral forms. When we come to the differential equations of motion tomorrow we will revisit this energy equation in more detail. Right now just the way we had brought those integral forms out for the mass balance and the linear momentum balance what I will do is in the next slide I will outline simply the integral forms for each of these terms and then we will leave this at that for the time being. The total energy that I am talking about here which is capital E is expressed as the mass content times the specific total energy which is given by small e right at the bottom of the slide and this specific total energy will be composed of specific internal energy which is due to the random motion of molecules or atoms that you have for the fluid which are contained in the control volume. Addition to that you have a specific kinetic energy which exist because of the fluid velocity being non-zero and then specific potential energy because typically we are talking about all these interactions happening in a force field such as due to gravity. So, there is going to be a specific potential energy involved. So, the total specific energy then is the addition of these three terms and this capital E that we are talking about in the main balance equation is the sum of these three types of energies in general. And now to bring about the integral forms if you go back to our discussion yesterday for the mass balance and momentum balance we will follow exactly the same procedure and immediately write down the expressions for the accumulation term and the rate of energy in minus rate of energy out term. So, if you go back a couple of slides let me go back to let us say the momentum balance right here. So, the top two equations here which were written for the accumulation of linear momentum in the x direction within the control volume have been written as time derivative of the linear momentum associated with an elemental mass within the control volume. So, dm is the elemental mass within the control volume multiply that by the x direction velocity and that gives you the elemental x direction linear momentum and then you integrate that over the entire control volume and you get the linear momentum contained within the control volume. In a similar manner what we had seen was the linear momentum in the x direction coming in minus the linear momentum going out in the x direction again was equal to minus area integral rho times v dot n dA is essentially the mass flow rate and you multiply the mass flow rate by x direction velocity when it comes to an outlet area this v dot n will provide a positive sign when it comes to an inlet area this v dot n will provide a negative sign and then that negative and this negative will take care of each other. So, therefore, the expression for linear momentum in minus linear momentum out on a rate basis was something like this. So, now if you look at these two expressions I will analogously immediately generate the energy expressions for the accumulation term and the energy in minus energy out term. So, all that I am going to do there is instead of this u velocity I will simply replace this u by small e which is the specific total energy and that is about it. And let me go there and as you can see here the top equation which is the expression for the rate of accumulation of total energy within the control volume if you see I am simply having this specific total energy in here multiplying by the elemental mass. The elemental mass is further written as the density times the elemental volume which is exactly how it was written earlier and the e dot in minus e dot out which are the total energy in minus total energy out due to the fluid flow remember that fluid flow is going to carry some energy in and will take some energy out. In exactly the same manner as what we had written for a linear momentum will be minus area integral which is the area surrounding the control volume. The specific total energy multiplied by this mass flow rate term again v dot n will be positive for out flow areas v dot n will be negative for the inflow areas. So, that is all that I will really want to mention here and put it together as the energy balance equation. So, bringing this e dot in minus e dot out term on the left hand side I write this as the accumulation of total energy within the control volume plus net rate of out flow of energy total energy from the control volume. Remember that this plus integral over the control surface or the area surrounding the control volume small e times rho v dot n d a represents the net out flow of energy total energy from the control volume. The remaining 3 terms which were in the original equation that is the source term due to some sort of a chemical type reaction let us say if it exists and the heat transferred into the CV due to either conduction or radiation and the work done on the CV these are the terms I am leaving exactly the way they are without really doing any more analysis on them. And the boxed equation on the slide that is on the screen right now is essentially the total energy equation on an integral basis as it is applied to a control volume. Now in the next few slides that is this is slide number 21, 22 and 23 what I have actually done is I have taken this general form of the integral energy equation and I have obtained a simplified form assuming certain things and that certain things have been listed in the next few slides. At the moment I am not going to discuss this part the reason is because this part is actually usually discussed in thermodynamics. So, the simplified form that has been outlined in the next two slides is essentially derivation of what is called popularly in thermodynamics as steady flow one dimensional energy equation. And what I wanted to show was that you start with a general integral form such as what is outlined right now in the box here and then employ certain simplifying assumptions such as steady flow, uniform flow over the inlet and outlet etcetera. And you can systematically reduce this general form to what is called as this one dimensional steady energy equation from thermodynamics. So, what I suggest is that at the moment I am not going to discuss this in detail the reason is because it is not really relevant from our course point of view I just wanted it in here. So, that those who are familiar with thermodynamics can relate to it that you start from a general form and under the set of some simplifications you can systematically reduce the general form to the well known one dimensional steady flow energy equation of thermodynamics. Those who want to go ahead after the day today you can please read through the material on slides 22 and 23. It is fairly self-explanatory in the sense that if you simply follow the steps one by one and understand how the simplifications have been done in each of these terms in the box equation which is the general energy equation you will reach the final 1D steady form. So, what I will do is I will stop here right now as far as the integral analysis is concerned what we will do is we will revisit this energy equation tomorrow when we talk about the differential equations of motion which will include derivation of a differential energy equation as well. At that time we will revisit this equation and we will do more manipulations in order to convert this integral form to a differential form. So, the next couple of slides in this integral analysis are for self-study in some sense where you will see how the general form is reduced to the well known one dimensional steady flow energy equation. So, this is more or less the end of the integral analysis that I wanted to discuss. First to summarize again remember that even though our course is focused on computational fluid dynamics and from that point of view the integral analysis is not necessarily a requirement to be known. However, as I mentioned yesterday a couple of times there are some CFD books which follow especially the finite volume methodology which will utilize the integral forms of the equations of motion on a routinely basis. So, it is good to know what these integral forms are. So, that in case you are reading those books you should not be stuck as to what these forms are and how they have come about it is always good to know little more and that is the reason we wanted to do this integral analysis. The second part or second objective why we wanted to introduce this integral analysis is that as we saw yesterday by its own or on its own I should say it is a good analysis tool for several fluid mechanics problems. And also perhaps the third objective is that in order to obtain the governing differential equations we can utilize the integral forms and convert those integral forms into differential forms. In fact, tomorrow when we derive the differential forms we will in fact use these integral forms and convert them into differential forms. So, it is a very good idea to understand these integral balances and then be in a position to use them. So, with this I will end the discussion on integral analysis.


I think it's right for me because it's small school. I like small schools. I come from a very small town. There's only like 400 people in it. Everybody knows everybody and that's what I like about Lakeshore. I have classmates who are 20 plus years older than me, but I can relate to them in the sense that we're all in this together. It's a very strong sense of community. She inspired me to go to nursing school as well because she went to nursing school before she dropped out and, you know, got married and had kids. I was doing like event planning in the sales department. So then obviously when COVID hit, we couldn't be doing customer training trips and things like that. So then I started working from home. Everybody was doing some downsizing and stuff. So then I lost my job. When she was like, you know what? I'm gonna sign up at LTC and let's go through the nursing program. I was like, okay, like sounds cool. I'm like, why not, you know? So yeah, so then I, you know, started doing like content at LTC and got my transcripts in order and see what I needed to do. And yeah, just kind of went from there.  I'm like, yeah, like you don't? And it's, to me, it's like, well, of course I do. I was coming to LTC a couple of days a week for school and you know, like I was having some of the same instructors that she just had. I was very low key on the whole idea.  At my age now, you realize how fast two and a half years can go, you know. And an 18 year old or 19 year old feels like forever, right? I like to always say separate, but together. You know, yes, we're going to college together, but we're actually not together.  We happen to live together right now and we happen to be going to the same school. Even if it's just like we're at home and I'm upstairs in the dining room setting and she's down in her room studying or doing homework. It's like, we're still kind of both home in the same time. So we'll take breaks and be like, okay, what do you want for lunch? And we'll make lunch or something like that. Or it'll be like, I have to run to Walmart to get some groceries and she'll be like, oh, I need a break, I'll come with you. Okay, you know, so it's like, you're like spending a little bit of time together. I mean, don't get me wrong. I'm sure she's looking forward to like moving out next year or something. But.


When you think about it, all societies have really expanded their overall standard of living when they've been able to connect with other societies, essentially reach out. And if you go back to the 18th and 19th century, it was steamships and railroads that enabled those connections. And the connections, you know, they facilitated not only the transit of goods and services, but the transit of ideas. Well today, that same facility is really subsumed by broadband and internet connectivity. And although you still have problems of, you know, infrastructure, food production, irrigation, disease, health care, broadband alone is not going to solve those problems, but it can be a really substantial ticket to improving access to the information needed to solve those problems. It's lowering costs of some of the solutions and expanding the capability for people in those situations to actually learn and have a more productive life going forward.


As you can tell I kind of done something to my eyebrows Good morning I literally spent like more than four hours editing my first vlog and That is a mistake. I'm never gonna do it then I think I'm just gonna edit a little bit every single day because I think I'm gonna vlog every single day But it's like 23 minutes long and if that was just three days I don't want to know what a week will feel like. I had diesel I work today though, so it's not gonna be fun. I have so much homework to do and my room is a mess That didn't work But it's fall so I'm happy that is all I want to see just I want to see more of that not green I don't think this vlog is gonna be very interesting this week.  She's learning the ways of youtuber, you know No, I'm just even talked about I said one of them didn't yeah That sounds like Hey, I need you right now turn on thank you, so I got my palette I Need it for spear week because I have to do red and blue eyebrows for America Monday And I'm really hungry and I want to treat myself for so we're gonna get some walla. You don't know what walla is look it up Got food and have to figure out how to do eyebrows tonight. All right, so the rest of today's are gonna be food and homework Hi diesel look at me look at the camera. There you go. Yeah, I hope you enjoyed this time to be doing absolutely nothing Everyone say hi to the vlog. Yes. Yes, everyone. Hi Oh my god, it's like 1134 right now, and I've been doing homework for however many hours, but um, I guess I'm gonna go to sleep now And I'll see you tomorrow for I'll see you tomorrow for spare week. Good morning vlog. So today is America Monday for spear week as you can tell I've kind of done something to my eyebrows over there by the way Diesel hi, but I really need to get into my outfit. So let's do that And this is it on my star shirt. I have denim on denim, which I don't know if that's loud I'm gonna make a good kind of school today. Watch the cars go by Yes, you would yes you are all right. I'm probably gonna vlog after school. So good.  Yeah, they're happy cats. He's such a good cat so well-mannered honestly We don't need a time-lapse of me eating. We need a time-lapse of you eating diesel Are you kidding me?  Oh my god There's so much Feel it dripping.  Okay, I'm normal again. I'm gonna do for today. I think it's just gonna be a lot of homework, but for now How we gonna sleep? Oh my god, I finished it Now it's right a whole essay about it and I fell asleep which means I have more homework to make up and my son I just spend like How many hours working on an essay and it's this time right now Tomorrow's tropical Tuesday on my outfit is like all the way back there somewhere I'm dressing up as an Asian tourist and I lost my Hamlet book So I don't know what to do about that. It's tropical Tuesday And I have decided to go the Asian tourist around. These glasses literally have no lens to them But I found them like on a bus. Yeah, I can't wait to just make the stereotype even more real I just call it at work because I literally have too much homework to do tonight including that essay and I don't know if there's any food at home So I'm just gonna go buy some more wawa and let's just get more fat I just realized that I am empty on gas and I have my mom's Costco credit card because you know She gets those deals off and Costco is about 10 minutes away right now So, you know what that means.  All right, I ate food and it is time to go do some homework Let's get working on it Over two pages long and that is enough. How did you all my math homework? And Never ever ever read this book. It's not worth it. So starting with harmonic minor Forms of five. She's trying to teach me how to blow my gum inside and this is what we're at right now This is called putting on too much acne cream in places where acne doesn't exist but homework's done As usual, I know I'm gonna be up all night tomorrow. Anyways, I'm gonna go to sleep Tomorrow is a blackout Wednesday. I should remember that. Oh, it's time to bring out the dark side. I had time to go to sleep Good morning, everyone. Um, so today's blackout Wednesday, and we're supposed to dress formally But like this is the best you're gonna get and also running late.   One diesel Diesel There you go. Hi Hello Abby texted me I need to go and I am forgetting everything and my camera. I have my backpack. I have warm and Just bang my camera against the wall. It's fine shoes Shoes. Alright, let's go. Let's go I'm gonna struggle.   Put the jacket on the ground. I don't care. Yes Yeah, complete it.  Yes. I'm recording. Oh Yeah, I need you on this. I need you on this side.    I'll edit this later today. I'm just waiting On Abby's porch because she doesn't want me to go inside But I'm after this we have to go to Chipotle to go get food No, no one's gonna stop.  I'm stuck with I'll play a salty music. So you can't put it in your little video. I can mute out music in the background No, you can't I can I can Where's Chipotle Please let me up. Please. Please let me up. Please.  What do we want? Why do we want it? Extra It went up to be 10 So cool cup I want it cups mine now Did you get from that I'd be to I won 92 look at all this stuff. I got souvenirs everyone Look at this look at this shot. Oh Yeah, someone just left it here, and I wanted it Solid it's blue Anything on the ground be fair game or game.  This is pretty actually wait to see this Abby God I just woke up from a nap and my camera died so I couldn't record what happened. So basically took photos Went to Chipotle Got a pole passed out when I would got home. I had like three naps in the past Three days Thank you school for making me sleep the path every single day Oh my god, I was fall asleep again, but my dad told me it's time for dinner. So let's see what he made So I've been editing for Like 30 minutes. This is about the extent of what I have before After our project is fashion photography, so I'm trying my best To be fashionable, but it's pretty late I think I'm gonna go to sleep soon because tomorrow I have to wake up early to go to a senior meeting for some reason I think it's them trying to warn us that You shouldn't like hurt freshman tomorrow during prep rally. Yeah, life's good life's great I didn't have time to vlog today because I woke up late and I had a rush to school But just came back from work and I have like five balloons behind me Abby has four black ones because it's our school colors and we're getting ready for pep rally And then we have to paint these with XIX which is our graduation year and I got these all for free This may not be sponsored by Wegmans, but Wegmans, I love you. Hey, what are we doing? Diesel They sponsored us Diesel you like balloons Can't tell if he likes it or hates it Mine I'm trying I'd be baby. Put what you think. What you think? Oh my god I am One more we got our We got a legend and she has won. Stop What? I'm right. No, okay fine. Hmm. I think we did pretty well, huh? All right, come on do your thing This is our life Finally got it done.  That's right. That's what I thought. Um Yeah I'm gonna go to sleep Am I pretty now? I look fresh for pep rally am I right? Am I right diesel? Also drinking more kombucha because I'm actually addicted to it and I can't stop Tomorrow I really should make a video, but I think I'm hanging with my friends all day So that's gonna be fun. We'll see For now that I'm gonna fall asleep. So see you tomorrow. Good morning everyone So today's the final day of spear week. I don't know what it's called but basically we have to wear our class shirt and Deck ourselves out feels like actual paint grease So I can't wait to break out and I also put it on my eyebrows So they were more bold definitely a look, but we've already done enough looks this week Yeah, I'm running late. So I'll see you at school. Uh getting in there What? I don't my glasses on. Oh, yeah We have to go to night pep rally because there's two parts to it We have to we have to like wearing fishnets and my I'm not wearing. Oh, yeah. No, no I'm not wearing a crop top. No, okay.  Oh Oh All right off the party city. All right.  Oh god. Here we go It's be really precise. All those years of practicing. Oh my god. What are you doing? I'm making you. Why are you doing? Why making a graphic? Are you sure? Yes What I think that means I got to the heat finally. Oh Oh This middle part is hard. Oh It's pretty good. Abby. I swear to God. I will make sure your t-shirt is ripped Beyond I'll just show you guys soon. Is this bold enough for you. Um now I have to do like triangles under my eyes I don't even know how to begin that I'm gonna outline it for now. I'm gonna mess it all up Like that. Let's see There's a little update about where my eyes are I have to do a jack-o-lantern thing, so I'll show you Hey All right Ready for pep rally. All right. I added some shadow to my eyes and See if I can bluff I hope you enjoyed that glimpse of pep rally now.   Yeah, I forgot. I got punched in the face. Um by a kid who is a freshman, but it's fine Oh, hey guys. I'm using the mirror too. What's that thing behind you? I love this makeup Punch part of the face almost got beat up by a meme. That's so it's so that's what the internet knows Yeah, but the thing is he has He was a good way to put this. He's on the spectrum He has a mental illness basically like class. We're not trying to be mean. Yeah, and not being mean at all He it's gently. He definitely has one of our respected, but like we feel like you shouldn't have that excuse Yeah, it got me better the moment. It's fine. You said that's why it was okay that he punched Yeah, he said because he punched me right here But then he said like I have my rights to do that and then I got really mad And it makes no sense because no you don't no matter what your person, but he didn't know I guess he didn't know but he still deserves the consequences. He will The principal said he would it's just it's just it's oh my god people who wear makeup I don't know how you do this it burns. I feel bad for the nose. These are my makeup wipes burns Yeah, these are like my makeup wipes Okay, I'll just see when I get home Goodbye Bye Someone's taken a good Good night You're trying to convince her boyfriend that that's her hair He probably will think so. We don't know what it looks like. Yes That's if we won pep rally I don't know what your client is saying I'm very cool