Ladies and gentlemen, good morning, good afternoon, and good evening. Welcome to the U.S. State Department's first interactive web chat in our larger Entrepreneurs Exchange series, in which we'll host a number of interactive discussions on entrepreneurship. Today's web chat, Build Your Business, Build Your Community, will focus on social entrepreneurship or how to create innovative solutions to some of the most pressing challenges of our world today. My name is Andy Rabins, and I serve as a special advisor on global youth issues here at the U.S. Department of State, where I focus on helping the U.S. government better engage young people internationally to help solve the pressing challenges of today while also building greater global connectivity and networks to shape the world of tomorrow. Today, I'm joined live in our studio by Eric Wilson, CEO of Noble Impact, who is here to answer some of your questions on social entrepreneurship. Eric is a Washington, D.C.-based entrepreneur, investor, and startup advisor. He currently serves as CEO of Noble Impact, a new education venture in partnership with the Clinton School of Public Service in Little Rock, Arkansas. He brings integrated entrepreneurship and public service education to kids from kindergarten through high school. First passion in innovation and education started when he joined the founding team of the Clinton School of Public Service, helping build the world's first master in public service degree program. In his particularly time-leap moment to have this web chat this morning, this afternoon, this evening in Egypt, as this week marks, as next week marks, the Global Entrepreneurship Week and the Fifth Annual Entrepreneurship Summit in Marrakesh, Morocco. The U.S. government has made a particular point of building out an international exchange alumni network to connect entrepreneurs from around the world. So much about becoming a successful entrepreneur depends on building the right networks, and with a global alumni community of over a million people around the world, you can be sure that there are many other entrepreneurs out there with whom you can share success stories and challenges. Before we begin today's discussion, I'd like to extend a special welcome to all of the alumni of U.S. government-sponsored international exchange programs who join us from around the world, including those gathered at the U.S. Embassy in Cairo, Egypt, who we'll see on-screen very shortly. We're looking forward to your questions and keep them coming at any time in the chat space or on Twitter using the hashtag, entre exchange. Finally, we have a special guest expert joining us today in the chat space. His name is Graham Marsden, and he is the Director of Communications for Entrepreneurs Organization, EO, where he has worked with and supported thousands of entrepreneurs around the world. He is there to help answer your questions as well. All right, it looks like we have a lot of questions already coming in, so let's field a question from our online audience to get us started. Leonardo from Kazakhstan asks, there are many definitions of entrepreneurship. How do you define it? Well, it's the pursuit of opportunity, and I think today we're trying to talk about social entrepreneurship, and I'd like to quote Peter Diamandis, the founder of X-Price. The world's biggest problems are also the world's biggest business opportunities. I've had a chance to talk with a lot of you over the last few days in hearing about your ideas, and the great thing about social entrepreneurship is it doesn't matter what country you're from, it doesn't matter what language you speak, man or woman, this is a place that we can all come together, and it's really, I think, in our human nature that we just want to do good work, and we want to solve problems, we want to make our lives better, we want to make our family's lives better and our community better, so I'm excited to talk about that. It's a good question. Entrepreneurship is about the pursuit of opportunity. You want to move on to see what else we have out there? Sure, we'll take another question from our, to our online audience. Let's see here. I have an online viewer who asks, Eric, based on your experience, what is the most difficult problem you've encountered running a business, and how did you resolve that problem? The most difficult problem you encounter running a business. I think when you're, well, I mean, if you look at the data, startups, if you want to be an entrepreneur, it's the best job in the world, but it's also the riskiest. Nine out of ten startups fell, and the ones that do fell, if you look at why they fell, 42% are pursuing a market that doesn't exist. There's not a market need. That's another way of saying that they're trying to solve a problem that doesn't exist. That's the main reason why companies fell, and so at the very beginning, you want to make sure that you have a very clear customer, and that you're solving a very specific problem for them, because when it comes to economics, I'm kind of a purist. The government doesn't create jobs. The business sector doesn't create jobs. Customers create jobs. If you're solving a problem for them, they will keep buying. If you're not, they're going to take their business elsewhere. Great. Thanks, Eric. And now we're going to turn to our audience of exchange alumni watching from the embassy in Cairo. I'd like to introduce you to Egyptian alumnus, Mohamed Issa, who in 2011 participated in the State Department Study of the U.S. Institutes Exchange Program, SUSE, and works at the International Education and Resources Network, or IEARN, in Egypt. Mohamed, are you there? Feel free to ask Eric a question. Mohamed, we're having a little trouble hearing you here. Okay. Mohamed, we'll be right back to you. We're having a little trouble hearing you. We're going to move on to one more question, and then we'll come back to our colleagues in Egypt. So we have one more from our online audience asking, Eric, how can social entrepreneurs attract talent when there aren't high salaries and options? Well, I think that there's two ways to think about this. If you're starting a social enterprise, you want to attract talent that is there for the mission, not for the social return, not for the financial return. So if you're having a hard time recruiting someone and they don't want to come on board because of issues with salary, they might not be the right person. Everybody in your team needs to be there for the mission, for the social purpose. But I also think that as social enterprises mature, there is more money that's being invested into them. If you look at impact investing, it is increasing over 30% over the past year. Billions of dollars is being invested in this market. Investors are starting to pay attention. And so I do think that the money is there. So, you know, and I think salaries are increasing. But again, you want to attract talent that they're there for the mission. Great. Makes a lot of sense. We'll take another question from our online audience. Betty, a Fulbrighter from St. Vincent in the Grenadines, asks, what's the best source of funds for a woman-owned business in St. Vincent? And I would add, do you have any recommendations for women entrepreneurs in the Caribbean and the West Indies? So I'll talk about it just in general. I'm not sure if I can talk about it specific to the Caribbean and West Indies. But it's a great, great question. Because I think women being brought to the entrepreneurial table is really important to this. And quite frankly, they're the biggest unused asset in the world in a lot of countries. So thank you for it. When it comes to resources, when it comes to funding, it depends on the problem you're solving. It depends on your business model. The great news is that technology allows you to pursue crowdfunding platforms. You can also, it's a great way for you to tell your story. You want to identify yourself with investors that agree with your mission. But at the end of the day, if you're starting an enterprise, it doesn't matter where you're from or man or woman. If you're solving a problem, the great thing about economics is that it can be blind to your sex or to your race.  So keep doing it. And just to follow up on that, Eric, are there any tactics that you might suggest to help attract and encourage younger women to enter into social entrepreneurship ventures or to identify problems in their community? Yeah, it starts early on. I think it starts in the home and it starts in the schools where we need to do a better job of empowering young women and bringing them to the table and getting them a voice in these discussions because sometimes they're left out. Great. Okay, it looks like we have Cairo back online. So let's go back to Mohamed. Mohamed, are you there? Yeah, I'm there, hi. We hear you loud and clear. Terrific. Go ahead, ask Eric your question. All right. Hi, Eric. Okay. In my job at Iron Egypt, we work with young people helping them develop new educational tools using emerging technologies and innovations to have a positive social impact and create projects. My question is, all of these students when they graduate, they want to start off their own things, but they don't know where to start. Can you help me elaborate on that? Yeah. So thank you for the question. It's good to see you, Mohamed. Here's what I would tell your students.  There's no form for you to fill out. The best place to start is with the problem. Paul Graham of the Y Combinator, which is a really well-known accelerator in Silicon Valley. He always advises young people and entrepreneurs, you don't want to just sit around and think about the startup idea. It starts with a problem. A great example of that is, I'll tell you a little quick story, is Airbnb. Right now everyone looks at this as the new big idea, but when Airbnb started, it was very simple. The co-founder Brian Chesky quit his job and drove to San Francisco. And he moved in with a couple of roommates. Rent that month was $1,125, but they only had $1,000 in the bank. So there was a big conference coming into town, and they decided to open their home up as a bed and breakfast, which is like a hotel. And they got three air mattresses, blew them up and put them on the floor, and they called it the air bed and breakfast, because people that were attending the conference couldn't get into, there was no hotel rooms available. They were all booked up. Airbnb started out as a way to pay rent. And now it's the big idea. It's in every country except for North Korea, Iraq, Iran, and Cuba. Their last round of financing was at an evaluation of $10 billion. And everyone looks at this as the big idea, but it started out as three guys just trying to pay rent. So I would really try to challenge your students to identify a very specific problem and to really drill down on it. Thanks, Eric. Thanks, Mohammed, for the question. Eric, fascinating answer. It looks like we have a question from Moroccan alumna, Camilia Idrissi, who in 2013 participated in the State Department's International Visitor Leadership Program. I will read Camilia's question now. Camilia asks, I know that the first step in starting a social business is to identify the problem you want to solve. Eric mentioned that. For me, I saw that many Moroccan women weren't able to start their own culinary business because they lacked access to capital. To solve this problem, I started in my company, Spatula, a kitchen incubator in social enterprise that provides shared-use kitchen space for rent at affordable prices to mitigate startup costs. But once we've identified the problem we wish to solve and come up with a solution to solve it, what is the next step? Do we start developing a business plan right away? I would advise you not to pursue a business plan. And here's why. Business plans never survive first contact with a customer. And I know this from personal experience. When we started our first company back in 2010, we thought we needed somebody with an MBA to write a big business plan for us. And we actually gave up a piece of equity of our company for that. And while that person was very talented and added value to our team, that business plan set on a shelf and collected dust. We never used it. And it's because business plans don't survive first contact with customers.  This is a tool that we use a lot at Noble Impact and in MBA schools now around the U.S. are incorporating the Lean Canvas into their curriculum. It's a one-page document and the idea is very simple.  And you want to see how they react to your product because they're going to shape the long-term plan of not only that product but your business. So I would check out the Lean Canvas. There's lots of materials online that they're going to be given to you guys and sort of work through that. And that should put you in a good place. Great. Thanks, Eric. And thank you, Camilia, for the question. Now let's move to get some more live questions from our audience. Remember, you can ask questions live in the chat space or on Twitter using the hashtag EntraExchange at any point. We have an online question from Congo, a colleague who is working on projects that help stigmatize groups such as albino women gain financial literacy and management skills. Our colleague asks, do you have advice for those starting small and medium enterprises? Is there a specific process to get started and to get going? So I think again, I would leverage, if you're trying to start a small business, you essentially need a couple things. You need a good idea that solves a problem and you need the right team. And then you need to start getting out in front of customers as quickly as possible. I would also refer you to the Lean Canvas and watch the video and read through the materials that we're posting online. This is about you lining up the right talent to solve the right problem and making sure that you're always customer-focused. So who's your customer? They're going to drive everything that you do. So get in front of them as quickly as possible. Great. Okay, well, take the next question comes from the U.S. Embassy in Baku, actually a place I had the chance to visit a couple weeks ago. They ask, are there any specific fields of business where startups can be more successful than large businesses? Great question. Yeah, that's great. So here's why startups are so great. And it's similar to why young people are so great because they don't operate within the existence, within the existing knowledge base, meaning they're crazy enough to pursue new ideas. Startups and youth is where innovation comes from. This is why large corporations like Facebook and Amazon and Microsoft, this is why they acquire young organizations. This is why they acquire startups. It's a, because once you become so big, it's very difficult to innovate. And so you, at that point, you have to acquire startups in order to bring innovation in-house. So that's the advantage. Startups, the advantage is that you get to do more with less as long as possible. And I would leave, I would say just one more thing. When it comes to a startup, you want to go as long as possible without taking on investments. How long can you continue to grow your client base, to grow your business, before you have to take on investments and hire out? You want to do as much as possible just by yourself and by your co-founders. Great advice. Thanks, Eric. Another online viewer asks, how can you use entrepreneurship to encourage people to become active leaders in their respective communities? Yeah, no, that's a great question. You know, I define entrepreneurship as problem solving. And so, when you engage young people around entrepreneurship, you need to direct them toward their community, what they're familiar with. Because entrepreneurs are successful, they always start out in a field that they're familiar with. I mean, Google is Google because Larry Page was a thought leader in search before it was as easy as we have it today. Same thing with Bill Gates. So, you want to start young people out in their communities, where they're familiar. Get them thinking about ways to identify problems. That is where you start. Great. Thanks. As a reminder to our audience, we have Graham Marsden in our chat space to help ask questions. So, now let's get back to our live audience in Cairo. We have a question from Susie alumnus Mustafa Shahat, founder of Goal-Oriented Learners, an organization that provides employment skills training to Egyptian youth across the country. Mustafa, we're over to you. Okay. Hi, Eric. As you know, I started GOL in 2011 after receiving a grant from a Shilka youth venture. And for GOL to continue growing up, what type of business model would you recommend? Mustafa, that's a great question. And for those of you who are not familiar with GOL, I would tell you to check it out. I had a chance to visit with Mustafa and they had, I think, over 1,400 applications for their last workshop. And if that's not a market indicator, I don't know what is. So, really well done. Okay. If you look at business models, the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship gives us three sort of general categories.  So, and I'm going to give you an example of all three of those really quickly. So, for your non-profit model, this is when your target customer base is at the lowest level of the economic pyramid. They don't have an ability to pay for your product or your service. And a great example of that is the Hippo Water Roller Project. So, essentially, the UN says that a billion people on the planet don't have adequate access to water. And, oftentimes, women and children are forced to travel great distances and carry that water physically. So, it's bad on their bodies. It's inefficient. It takes time away from other activities like education. So, it's a big problem. So, back in the early 1990s, this social entrepreneur named Grant Gibbs saw this firsthand when he was traveling in Africa. And he brought to market a very simple solution called the Hippo Water Roller. It's a big plastic barrel shape. It fills 90 liters of water, and you can roll it. But his customer base can't afford to pay this, so he reaches out to governments, nonprofits, businesses to sponsor these barrels. So, the World Food Program would buy 1,000 of them and put their logo on it and then distribute it to the community. So, that's an example of a non-profit model. Now, let's look at a hybrid non-profit model. Again, this is targeting a customer base at the bottom of the economic pyramid. They don't have any purchasing power, but the hybrid model is where all the experimentation happens. This is the most creative business model you can do because you want to constantly be looking for new ways to sell your services or your product to new markets. And a really good example of this is the Aravind Eye Care System in India that was started over 30 years ago by this really incredible man who goes by Dr. V. And essentially, in India, there's an estimated 12 million people that suffer from blindness, and the majority of those are caused by cataracts, which are a curable disease with surgery. And so, what they developed was they brought in new technologies and new systems to make their business more efficient. So, their doctors see 80 to 90 patients a day each one, and what they found was that with a large enough volume of patients, they could charge wealthier patients more and poorer patients less, and it would allow them to make a very sustainable national network of eye care clinics. So that's a really creative business model. Social business, the third one. This is when you set it up as a for-profit, but you're pursuing a double bottom line, meaning you're looking for a financial return, but more importantly, you're looking for a social return. The greatest example of this is the Grameen Bank, and Mohamed Yunus actually deserves credit for helping make social entrepreneurship mainstream. We're actually probably talking about it because of him, because when he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, he kind of, social enterprise became a global topic, and so he pioneered microfinance, giving loans to people that didn't have collateral. All right, very, very innovative for-profit business model that serves the working poor. So those are three examples that I would tell you to look at as you approach who's your customer base and what problem you're solving, and look at those three options. Great. Thanks, Eric. That's really useful. And thank you, Mostafa, for your question, and also congratulations again on the over 1,500 applications that we hear you got for your next training for youth leaders, so congrats on that as well. We'll now take another question from our online audience. A viewer asks, Eric, do you have any advice for social entrepreneurs who are interested in crowdfunding? Do you have any crowdfunding tips or crowdfunding suggestions? Yeah, no, that's great. So when it comes to crowdfunding, there's- don't- here's my advice. Don't depend on the internet to take it forward for you. I would really- crowdfunding requires a campaign style approach to this. So you want to tell a powerful story online. There's a number of different web platforms that you can use to crowdfund, but the biggest thing is telling a powerful story and empowering your friends and your network to push it out. These things don't happen naturally. Every once in a while, you get an outlier story that takes off, but it requires you to push it. And I think the great thing about social entrepreneurship is that when it comes to crowdfunding, you have an advantage because you're trying to- people are going to be more likely to give if they have an opportunity to get involved with a mission that they agree with around a social purpose. So I think crowdfunding works really well with social entrepreneurship. Great. Thanks, Eric. We have a special treat, actually. We now have a pic, a picture, from a viewing party in U.S. Embassy, Colombo. Thanks for joining, and hopefully we can get that up and show folks the engagement out in Colombo. We'll move back to questions. An online viewer, Malik, asks, Eric, what is the best way of marketing value-based products to people? The best way of marketing value-based products to people. So that could cover a wide range of products, but I'll try to answer. I think the best way is- so Reid Hoffman has this great quote. Reid is the co-founder of LinkedIn, and he says that if you're not embarrassed by the first version of your product, then you launched too late. What he means by that is don't wait for you to have a 100% perfect, beautiful product. Get it out in front of people as early as possible. And if people like it, if they use it, they're going to share it. We live in a very mobile world. Not only will they share it with their friends, but they'll share it online. So the best way to market a product is to make a good one. And the only way to make a good one is to have the customers help you design it. That puts a burden on you, though, to listen to your customer and adapt your product to what they're saying. It's really important, and you want to create those changes as quickly as possible. We have a really interesting question from our information resource center, the US Embassy Information Resource Center in Lagos. Eric, what role does mentoring and networking play in incubating business ideas? Huge. So it's important for a couple of reasons. Number one is that as much as we would like to think, we never have all the answers. Entrepreneurship does not happen by yourself. And so it requires you to bring people to the table because you don't always have the best ideas. And so when it comes to networking, and particularly for those that are going to the Global Entrepreneurship Summit next week, you want to surround yourself with smart people. There's this saying that we're the average of the six or seven people that we spend the most time with. Remember that. The people that you surround yourself with influence you.  And don't forget to support their causes as well. So networking is a huge deal. There's obviously benefits from friends opening up doors for you when it comes to business dealings. But at the end of the day, it's about surrounding yourself with smart people that care and bringing them into the discussion. Great. And many of you too, who have started your own businesses and who have really excelled in this entrepreneurship space, offer the opportunity to be a mentor yourself because there are a lot of folks who can learn a lot from your own experiences. So don't discount that as well. The next question is from the Crystal Fun team from Tbilisi, Georgia. They ask, Eric, how should an entrepreneur approach failure? You should approach failure with a smile on your face. As difficult as that is, this is not a cliche. Failure is the greatest educational opportunity for you. And in particularly, so in the U.S., we have, this is unfortunate, we have this culture where we celebrate successful entrepreneurs where they're at right now. And we don't do a very good job of celebrating the mountain of failures that they went through to get to where they are now. So when we read these autobiographies or these news stories, it seems like this perfect path that they took to this successful story. But there, I promise you that every single entrepreneur goes through a sea of failures. And your job is to make sure that when you do fail, ask the right questions. Why did this happen? What could I have done differently? How can I apply this to my next venture? So approach failure with a smile on your face if possible. Great. I think we'll take another question now from one of our study in the United States Institute alumnus from Tunisia who asks, Eric, how do I measure the impact of my social enterprise? That is a great question. Actually, there's no set formula. Nobody has an answer for you. But here's the thing. If you're starting a social enterprise, you have to identify two units to measure, two metrics. You want to identify a revenue metric and you want to identify a social metric. And it's really important for you to do this. I talked about the Hippo water roller company. Let's use that as an example. The revenue metric comes from corporate and government and nonprofit sponsorships. That's how they get their revenue. There are social metrics that they measure. They measure hygiene that comes from access, better health and hygiene that comes from access to water. They measure the number of hours that are saved by women and children. And those are two big things. And also just realize that your social metrics, those things that you choose to measure, they're going to change. And that's why you need to constantly be asking yourself, are we measuring the right things? So make sure you identify something because in social entrepreneurship, you're held accountable by your customers and your investors and your employees to the things that you tell them that you're impacting. So if you say you're impacting youth unemployment, you've got to hold yourself accountable with them and give them specific things that they can see how you're changing. Great question. We have another online viewer who asks, how can governments around the world empower social entrepreneurs? Wow, you guys tell me. So that's a great question. I think the role of government is to create an environment that encourages and incentivizes entrepreneurship, specifically social entrepreneurship. And and admittedly, we all need to do a better job of it. So because government isn't built and large businesses aren't built because they're so large to innovate. So I think you want to create grant making opportunities like they do here at the State Department. You want to encourage educational institutions to open their doors and programs to entrepreneurial type programming. I think the role of government is to help create the environment for this to take place. But those are a couple of things. Great. And part of the effort next week at the Global Entrepreneurship Summit, which is in fifth year, was sparked by President Obama back in 2009, is to try to create that sense of international community among governments, the private sector, the public sector, young people to be able to provide that ecosystem, that global ecosystem for entrepreneurship to really flourish. So we look forward to also hearing from you all in terms of ways that your respective governments and also the United States can help create that atmosphere for you all as entrepreneurs to flourish. We have a lot of online questions coming in. The next question is, my community project is not for profit. How do we take care of day-to-day administrative costs? Well, so I'd be curious to find out what your project is. But if you're a non-profit, then you essentially have a few different routes you can take. You can do private donations. You can find grant opportunities through governments or large nonprofits. And you can also look for corporations that can maybe sponsor your initiative. It's essential that your job is to identify partners that can help fund your operations. That's the big challenge. So I would look at those three buckets and identify the ones that align with your mission, because they're going to be the ones that are interested in supporting you. Great, thanks Eric. We have a question from Camilia who asks, how can we move from the business plan development to the implementation phase? And this is back a little bit touching on your business plan question. Yeah, so I would reverse that question. Implementation phase happens immediately. Business plan happens down the road. You want to begin operating as quickly as possible. I really do think for startups the business plan is a waste of your time in the early days. There's three different phases for a startup. The first phase is problem-product fit. The second phase is product-market fit. So you have a product is the market coming to it, is they using it. And then the third phase is acceleration. And I think a business plan is more appropriate when you begin to transition from step two to step three. But when you're just starting out, problem-product fit, where's the problem, is this the right solution?  Great. Good question. We have a guest at the information resource center and Lagos who asks, how do I go from being a government employee to a social entrepreneur? Great question. Leaving a relatively safe job can be scary. Do you have any advice on how to make that transition? Well, it is scary. You know, so I can't take away the fear. There's no hiding the fact that entrepreneurship is risky. But at the end of the day I think entrepreneurship has gotten a little bit easier because of technology and access to resources. You know, every day I see entrepreneurs, I talk to them and I read about them all over the world where they're doing incredibly, incredibly creative projects. And it's become so much easier to start a business and begin creating transactions.  And I know that seems normal right now, but two decades ago it wasn't. It was really hard to start a business and now you can do it over a weekend. So if you feel like this is your passion, I would encourage you to start out with a side project. Keep your job at your government position and start out with a side project. Some of the greatest businesses in the world started out as an entrepreneur's passion on the side that they worked on at night and on the weekends. That should give you enough time to figure out if this is a real thing and hopefully build some confidence before you fully transition and take the plunge into entrepreneurship. Great. Thanks, Eric. And I'm sure that question resonates with a number of the folks who are out there thinking about making that move from the public sector into the entrepreneurship private sector space. Before we move on to more questions, we want to give a shout out to our viewing parties joining this program at the Information Resource Center in Lagos and the Embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan. We actually have a question from a viewer in Embassy Baku right now who asks, Eric, is there one preferred business model for selling a product that benefits a community? No, no, there's not. So it depends on who your customer is in the community. So if they are at the bottom of the economic pyramid, if they can't afford the product that you're selling, then you're probably better off looking at a nonprofit or a hybrid model. But if they do have purchasing power or you're creating a market change, you can consider developing a for-profit social enterprise. So it really starts with the problem and it starts with who your customer is. That'll tell you what type of business model you need to create. Thanks. I think we have another question from one of our colleagues out in the field, Leonardo, who has a question and asks, Eric, what is the role of a college education and education more generally in becoming an entrepreneur? So this is here in the, I think, you know, you can't open up the newspaper without reading a headline about asking what is the role of college in entrepreneurship. You know, quite frankly, you cannot teach entrepreneurship. You have to learn it through experiences. And I think colleges have a, you know, they are the most fertile ground for innovation in the world. However, they have to do a better job of adapting to more experiential type programs. I think, you know, I'll quote Paul Graham again from Y Combinator. I think he makes a good point when he says you can either be a really good entrepreneur and a poor student or you can be a really good student and a poor entrepreneur. Because if you're starting a business, it's all consuming day in and day out. Some of the entrepreneurs I've talked to over the past few days, you know, their business is on top of their mind 24 seven when they wake up and when they go to bed. If you're in college and you have to stop and say, I have to go take Econ 201 now, when it's not relevant to your business, it becomes a distraction. So I think colleges are going to have to change and adapt if they're going to welcome real entrepreneurship on their campuses. But right now, I mean, it is an incredible, I mean, they do play a role, but there is an ongoing debate. So I'm going to be watching just as closely as you guys are and to see what happens. And there's some of the, just to follow up on that, some of the entrepreneurship skill sets that I know you do for the renewable impact and elsewhere should those be applied to a high school and even middle school or grade school level as well? Yeah, you know, I think so. So when think about this, when you finish, when you finish actually in your conversations at the Global Entrepreneurship Summit, are you going to introduce yourself and say, Hi, you know, my name is Eric Wilson, and I got, you know, the following grade point average in high school, or I majored in, you know, economics in English when I was in college. No, I don't think anybody cares about that anymore. They don't care about what you majored in. They care about your skills. And they care about how you have applied those skills. So I think in for young people and even programs like GOL, when they go and apply for jobs, they're going to be telling them about the skills that they've acquired and how they've used them. That's how you sell yourself to businesses and to colleges. It's really important. So it's a great question. Thanks. Eric, our viewers want to know, do you have any recommended books to learn about social entrepreneurship? Anything, any other resources that you recommend to the folks in the field? Yeah, of course. So there's, if you go to the relay links, there's a public Google doc that lists a lot of resources at the very bottom. I've listed out a few books. The first one is the entrepreneur's playbook. And this sort of walks you through some very specific tactics on how to pressure test, plan, and launch your social enterprise. I would start with that one. It's really good. Great. Thanks a bunch, Eric. All right, let's take one final question from our online chat space. Our viewers want to know, Eric, what are some steps we can begin to take this week to begin implementing our ideas? Okay. To begin implementing? Implementing. Getting right to work. So, you know, I think if you want to begin implementing right now, you can do that. So, you know, it really starts with having a conversation. And have a conversation with the customer that you think has this problem. And this can be in your home. This can be in your school. This can be in your place of work. It can be in your community. Have a conversation. You start by getting information, seeing how people react to your idea.  And I think, you know, one of the biggest barriers that we see in first-time entrepreneurs is fear. They're afraid of people reacting negatively to their idea. So, I would encourage you to have a conversation and begin having lots of conversations. And then the next thing is, you know, I really think it's important to whatever this service or product is, you want to create a version of it that as quickly as possible. In the startup world, they call it a minimal viable product. And it's essentially a rough version of what you want to do. And get it in front of people as quickly as possible. Great. Thanks, Eric. All right. Well, thank you all very much for your fabulous questions. I think we've learned some really great tips on how to become successful social entrepreneurs. Eric, do you have any final thoughts you'd like to share with us and the group? Yeah, sure. Can I give out a homework assignment? Absolutely. Okay. Absolutely.  And in it, I write down problems. So, here's my challenge to you guys. Everyone watching this, particularly the international exchange alumni, we all have a task. Our job is to create a generation of problem solvers. And to do that, you have to create this muscle, this habit of being aware of what's around you. And so, when you're walking down the street, when you're sitting in a cafe with your friends, even at your place of work, you need to become aware of problems and get in the habit of writing them down. And you can do it the old-fashioned way by writing it down in a book or you can do it on your phone using an app like Evernote. But day in and day out, you need to begin creating this habit and encouraging your students and the people that you mentor to write problems down because that's the first step before you ever begin solving them. So, if you're online right now, in the next coming days, send a tweet to me, make sure you use our entry exchange hashtag. If you buy a notebook or get a piece of paper, take a picture of it. Or tell us how you're using it on your phone. But this is, we should all be writing down problems and identifying them in our community. Because that's how we're all going to build a brighter future for ourselves. So, our task is to build a generation of problem solvers. So, that's your homework assignment, is to go online and tell us how we, you know, specifically, how are you going to begin writing down problems, whether it's on a notebook or on your phone, and begin sharing them. Great. That's a great note to end on. It's a great homework assignment. Many thanks, everyone. In closing, I'd like to thank Eric for taking the time to engage today. And also, Mohamed, Camilia, and Mustafa, our colleagues in Baku, and Tbilisi, and Lagos, and Colombo, and all international exchange alumni who joined us from around the world. Thanks also to Graham Marsden's contribution in the chat space. My sincere thanks to the enthusiastic viewing group at our US Embassy in Cairo as well. Thanks also to Mustafa and Mohamed once more. Thanks also to everyone who logged in to watch, including our viewing parties at the Information Resource Center in Lagos, again Baku, Yerevan, the US Embassy in Colombo, and others. A recording of this program will be available on the International Exchange Alumni website and the Facebook page. Stay tuned for our next Entrepreneurs' Exchange interactive web chat on December 10th. Thanks again, everyone, and we look forward to talking to you in the days ahead.


Gravely wounded service members frequently have lingering career issues after the bandages are removed. In fact, research shows it can take decades for a family to recover from additional financial problems associated with combat, making college difficult to pay for. But tonight, in Chicago, the Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation is announcing a new initiative called the Heroes Tribute Scholarship for Children of the Wounded. It covers 100% of college costs for every child of every gravely wounded Marine or Corpsman. Today, more than 550 children qualify for the new Heroes Tribute Scholarship. For more information, log on to marine-scholars.org. From Washington, I'm Private First Class John Tucker.


Okay, in case you're just joining us, it is the Friday edition of the Breakfast on Plostivy, Africa. And it's time for the press, and we have been joined by Judy Johnson, Chief Lecturer at the Jordan Institute of Journalism, Lagos State. Good morning to you, Mr. Johnson. Good morning.  Thank you for having me. Pleasure having you too. Well, let's go straight and begin with the Punch Newspaper. And the Punch Newspaper is leading with Chicago Record. Tinubu betrayed me. I'll fight till Supreme Court's verdict. That's a tickle, a boobacar. Details of that, you can find on pages two and three of the Punch Newspaper. The writer's there, Tinubu's supported Yerrodoa, PDP in 2007 presidential election, says ex-Vice President. Tico's political career has ended. He got nothing from Chicago Vestity, APC. Let's start with this one, Mr. Johnson. Well, yeah, I'm listening. Yeah, go ahead. This case. Clearly, we haven't seen the end of it. No retreat, no surrender. That's what the former VP is saying. However, APC is saying he's been on a wild goose chase. He hasn't gotten anything from his Chicago endeavor. Well, until the Supreme Court in Nigeria rules on the matter, we'll actually know the true situation of things. Because the outcome of the deposition and the judgment by the various courts in the United States of America concerning the status of the president as a student and concerning the Sabbath kid was going to be subjected to different interpretations by legal scholars. The legal scholars with the highest kind of qualification, you can think of SCN on either side. On either side of the divide, we have had different positions being taken. Well, until the Supreme Court rules on that matter. But will the Supreme Court admit it? That's another thing. Will they admit it? That's not what we should be suggesting. Well, in this matter and in this situation, I think that if indeed there are no smoking guns, I see no reason why the Supreme Court shouldn't admit it. It is a response, it is abuse on them to admit all evidence and prove beyond reasonable doubt and clear all doubts surrounding the legality of the certificate the president is parading as well as the studentship and clear these ones and for all. As far as I'm concerned, it is international embarrassment that subjected us to as a nation and as a people. And people don't know the long run implication of it. I have a book on public relations written by one of the foremost scholar, Frisa Seter. In 2011, the edition was given to me by Atabed the Gift. Now, in that book in chapter 11, when we were talking about writing for PR, specifically, the author in that book said, even if a former Nigerian guy can know how to write, how much more youth that you are practicing PR. Next week, I'll screenshot the book. After this, it's on my desk as we're talking about. I'll screenshot it and post it online and I'll share it with you. So, people don't know the implication of the need for us to put this thing with. This issue has gone beyond politics and the issue must be clear. And all the legalese surrounding it should be explained in such a way that an average person should understand. And that critical role of the watchdog of making an interpretation of clarified issues lies with the media. And I think to a larger extent, the media is shying away from its responsibility. With respect to letting Nigerians know the true nature. Because just check out the way the headlines are being framed. Just check out the narrative that has been given to the story. For example, look at the way Ponte Niswapakasi, like Tinumbu, are fighting the end. The way Tinumbu betrayed me, are fighting the Supreme Court. Now, you look at the way Ponte reported it. It's from the point of political betrayer, not on the substantive issue. With respect to the status of the president, his educational qualification. And you take across media spectrum. And then the president himself needs to clear this issue, not to speak to his audience. He himself needs to clear this particular issue. As far as I'm concerned, whatever I say now, people would tell me to be opinion because I'm not a lawyer. I'm not a judge until the Supreme Court in Nigeria rules over that particular matter. And if it's not an issue in 2023, if the president is successful as a Supreme Court in 2027, it will become a major issue. But I've shared it within France. Let's say there's a cloak of controversy around the nominee for a minister. Let's say this cloak of controversy is around the nominee for a minister. Or around someone that is meant to be employed probably as the GMD of NNPC. Or is meant to be employed as the MD, CEO of one of the multinational corporations. What do you think the Board will have done with respect to this particular matter? It's become something which, as a Nigerian, as a legatian, as an African, I am ashamed of. Because this student, even trapped to this matter, asks me, if I'm in the office, if he asks me for my credentials, for all of my credentials, if I'm in the office, because it's in the office, I'll bring everything out and I'll share everything with you. So there shouldn't be too much fuss about this particular matter. This matter has generated lots of interest, home and abroad. Everywhere you go, it's a topic of discussion. Yes, Punch must have taken their headline from the question that was asked. The former VP did hold a press conference addressing this matter. One of the journalists asked him a question, saying he betrayed that President Tenubu helped him sometime in the past. And he's betraying him by going this route, and then he gave the explanation, which is where Punch took this from. But the VP made it clear, he was explaining, that this is about upholding integrity of that office and has called the other presidential candidates from other parties to join him in this fight. Why was the jury not reported from that angle? Why was it not true that Nigerians are no longer further confused? Why was the narrative taken from the political betrayal? And I knew quite right that he said, as far as his concern, that there's no base of betrayal on this matter.  He actually did say, just as the writer here captured, Tenubu supported Yara Dua, PDP in 2007. He went back to explain that, contrary to what people may have thought, that President Tenubu did not support him back then, that he supported Yara Dua, which is why Yara Dua won. So he's saying it's contrary to what the journalist thought, that he's the one betraying Tenubu, that in fact it is Tenubu that betrayed him in 2007. So it's their fight. However, as you have said, this thing has gone beyond the political connotation. It's become a national embarrassment for all Nigerians, and indeed it's something that should be trashed out, so that, you know, what exactly is it? The deposition we had hoped would give more clarity, but as it stands today, the different lawyers from the different positions are giving different explanations to it. The historians also are divided on it. Those who like the President are saying, oh, he did not this, he did not that, this is what the deposition says. And those who do not like the President are saying, well, let me not say do not like the President. Others are saying, no, it shows that he forged the certificate he presented to INEC. It shows that the secondary school he claimed that he attended, he didn't attend it. It shows that. So it's just going here and there. It's all about the place, and it's so embarrassing for the nation, as you have said. Yeah, some certain facts are clear. Some certain facts are clear. And these facts are not something which just came up now. They came up 24 years ago, precisely. Some of these facts are in the public domain. Now, what you require now to make them become the truth, the acceptable fact is the courts in Nigeria ruling or accepting some of the facts in the deposition got into this ago as becoming facts. Because it's clear that there are issues that are raised by that deposition. And I have said it, if this issue was raised concerning the nominee for the VC of UNILAC, or for the VC of UNN, or the VC of Biorea University, if these issues were raised concerning such nominee, what do you think will happen to such nominee? Definitely, it will be dropped. But what also do you say? As someone in academics, it is very clear. If someone has this baggage, and the baggage is not clear, and the person is seeking an admission, the person will not get an admission, it's clear. There's no need for us beating around the bush. And it's, as far as I'm concerned, it is more or less like shooting oneself in the foot. Because in 2019, the Supreme Court saw what had down the qualification for the office based on their interpretation that if you present anything, and you say it is equivalent to that, it becomes, you know, we still don't know what the bar with Bwari's nomination and issues surrounding the certificate, whether it's certificate or not certificate, and loss of certificate and presentation. It got to the point that Wayak reproduced a certificate with the image of the president, whereas I had graduated before the president, long after the president graduated from school. My certificate does not even have my photograph on it.  Yeah, that was legendary. That was legendary. But what do you say? What do you say of those who say that this whole Chicago State University certificate thing is a major distraction and should be thrown aside so that we can move the country forward? No, no, no, no, no, no. They are playing. Whoever that has seen, they have been an economic car with the truth. The bottom line is that whatever claims, if you make a wrong claim to an office, that's your lean, a wrong foundation. There's nothing you can build on foundations of life. These are eternal principles. There are some principles that cannot. So beneficiaries of the system will be telling you that, no, it doesn't make any sense. Less history. But this country went, went a gog with hysteria. Now, the largest, then you can even call it hyperbolic hysteria. When a young girl forged allegedly forged a jam resource. And then everybody had a comment. The National Assembly looked into the matter. The chairman, the jam registrar called the press conference and the issue even further heightened the divisions between the two major ethnic groups in the southern part of Nigeria. So as far as I'm concerned, even though it lives in glass houses, must not throw stone. It is very, very clear that whoever wants to lead us must be clean and crystal clear like a glass, not having any spot or wrinkle on him. So with this matter, as far as I'm concerned, this matter, I'm looking at it with the way my children will be treated in future, with the way my grandchildren will be treated, with the way I'll be looked at as a Nigerian. One of the things I took out of the deposition, because there's no need to play into the gallery on this particular matter, is when the registrar said it is a Nigerian thing, it's clear. There are some things that are very, very clear. One, the certificate the president paraded was not issued to him by the school. The school affirmed that, well, Wala E. Chinungu graduated from their school. The one from, what is the name of this, which is daily school, South Western College. So that the question concerning the gender can only be answered by South Western College. Was that a typographical error or not? And then there are elements. There are elements in the certificate presented by the president to INE that does not reflect or represent what it's in the same version of the certificate of Chicago State University. And so if you put that together, it is very, very clear. And then I have seen the video, not was too, because as a journalist and teacher of journalists, I belong to the fourth estate of the realm, which is an institution of order, not disorder. There is an institution of order. It's an institution of checks and balances. It's the one that is meant to hold people accountable. I have heard the president himself doing the course of the course. In Tata Mouse, where he said that the school issued him certificate on the basis of fidelity, on the basis of trust. Look, we have had, we have required people in the past with questionable credentials to throw the part of honor and dignity. And those that refused to do the part of honor and dignity were to the instrumentality of the state, were asked to take their leave. So that's around the way I started. Look, this matter is before the Supreme Court. Let, within the next 45 days, the Supreme Court will rule on the matter. Let's listen to what the courts in Nigeria will say concerning the matter. And whatever the court in Nigeria says concerning the matter, whatever the outcome, I think that good parties should accept whatever the outcome. That even if it favors the president, people should allow all Nigerians to join in and support him to complete his tenure. If it's otherwise, then there is a need for us to start all over again. However, one thing we must take clear out of it is that those that have clamored for the breaking down of INEC into various bodies, there must be a body, a body that screens credentials or that we do the proper screening of candidates so that we don't face these kind of problems again. That what due diligence when it comes to due diligence? Since INEC cannot do it. Since INEC, because we have encumbered INEC with a lot of responsibility. So there's a need for us to look at electoral funds so that those that were elected into higher office, we also have higher responsibility. We are higher integrity and will present the right level of trust and credibility that is required. And there's the need for this constitutional amendment, the one that must present its cusat and its equivalent. I think we need to look at that constitutional amendment and resolve this particular matter. And there are no issues. All litigations concerning electoral matters should be resolved before swearing in. Because there's no doubt, like some have argued, this is a major distraction. This is a major distraction for the president. This is a major distraction for the country. This is a major distraction for every one of us because instead of governors, in the last 100 days Foucault has been on litigations, clouds surrounding the legality or illegality of the presidential, the president presented for his election and it's across the state, even across the 36 states, 29 states actually, where we had elections. And then even for the National Assembly members, they are still facing litigation. So the National Assembly members are still facing litigation. As you can see, members are still facing litigation. And then the president is still facing litigation. Governors that were elected in March are still facing litigation. For almost six months, within the four years tenor, which they have, you'll be facing litigation. What kind would you now have for governance? And I think that there's enough for us to review this particular issue. That's what Ulysses Bakoba had advised. That's what Ulysses Bakoba SA& had advised. Yeah, so that we can really face governors and these people accountable to the promises they made while they were campaigning for public office. Alright, let's move on. Above the master, you have, they were deserted as petrol-landing costs heat 720 naira a litre. Well, there's no doubt that that is your first subsidy removal or non-remover of your first subsidy and the unified exchange rate of the dollar will be revisited. Like I said last week, and I've said over time, sometimes making progress might mean you retracing your step. No matter how long you travel on the wrong path, you never get your destination. Now, on this particular matter, I think that there's a need for the president and his economic team to have a rethink and look at what is there to be done. Look, some of the things that were done that really caused immediate disruption and dislocation of the economy when the president came in his inaugural speech to cardinal policies of his administration was read out during his inaugural speech. That's one removal of first subsidy to unified exchange rate and then also by the actions, the next thing the president did was to go after, or the administration did, let me put it in that perspective, was to go after the regulators of the monetary policies in Nigeria. The central bank governor, as we speak, is still under custody, allegedly is resigned, and the new governors, even the deputy governors themselves, also devolved, resigned. A new governor of the central bank has been sworn in and the deputies, they've been nominated, confirmed, and have resumed their duty in the central bank. If you look at that, those actions caused immediate disruption and if I had to it, that it took the president up to the 60th day that was allowed by the constitution with respect to him sending his nominee for minister. So for a long while, our monetary policy was floating because there was no substantive central bank governor and then the fiscal policy was also struggling because there was no economic team in place, there was no minister of finance and minister of budget and the rest of it in place for almost, for more than 60 days after resumption of the president. So there are some basic principles, part one plus one, it's true. So the effect we are seeing in every sector and in every strata of our economy and that there were decisions that were taken, those decisions don't necessary, but were taken in the East without having an adequate understanding of the true nature of the problem. That's, look, the president has never had public office after 2007. That's for a fact. The last time he had public office was in 2007 and then he assumed the presidency 16 years after and without having an understanding of the workings of the trappings of public governors after leaving office for 16 years it took some certain policy and some people are floating and with some of us said, the president needs to have a full, what we have said concerning that matter is in the public domain that anybody can assess anytime. We discuss this particular issue on this particular program at the same time. So it's very clear that those that were elected to public office was understand why they are elected for a four year term for a four year term and they are four years to program and every day counts and it's important for them to understand that they are long term get-hold that will guide you in your decision making. Decision making is aided by intelligence. Intelligence is information gathering and making sense of the information you have gathered. It is not subjected to your whims and your caprices. It is not subjected to your emotions. The public governance is not by emotion or by feelings and it is as a result of the emotions and the feelings and the phobia surrounding that that we have found ourselves in this. Yeah, and there is said to be one of the worst performing currencies on the continent right now that's according to the World Bank. Now let's move forward and look at the other topics on the headlines on the punch newspaper just beside that one which you're talking about still on the punch newspaper manufacturers experiencing toughest period in history. Now as according to the manufacturers association of Nigeria I've been talking about there's a lot of them have closed shop a lot of them have had to sack people the devaluation of the currency is not helping matters at all. Manufacturers experiencing toughest period in history. Ministry of the works ministry 6 217 billion Naira to repair 260 roads and on the front page you have the picture of the vice president along with the labor leaders as the math teachers yesterday you know being the fifth of October the annual celebration of teachers in Nigeria and across the world. NUT demands more reforms teachers who undergo internship details of that you find on the inside of the punch newspaper. All right so we're going to move on from there to the next newspaper the Guardian newspaper. The Guardian newspaper leads with silence guns not trade their big story. Africa's entrapped trade corridors was an AFC FDA implementation you find that details of that on pages four and five of the Guardian newspaper. They always do this they have their big story and then they give us very very beautiful pictures with summaries you have each country's top exports in Africa highlighted here if you get a copy of this paper you see all of that and the list of gender led states Burkina, Faso, Chad, Guinea, Mali, Niger Gabon and Sudan then you have they are saying here that Africa traded less with itself than other world regions in 2022 that is definitely not a good record. Inter trade has been a major issue on the continent. I wonder why it continues even to 2023 Tito Johnson, what say you over this? We have argued and some have argued even before us the leading light, the leading scholars in Africa have argued that for Africa to truly have economic emancipation and Africa to be truly independent there must be collaborations and not competitions among African countries, there must be an economic integration for you to get to some countries in Africa you might need to travel to Europe and then join a connecting flight to connect with Africa the way it's been structured and the way the colonial is structured in it if the colonial is structured more than 60 years ago 62 years ago 65 years ago, what has African countries done with respect to bringing about economic integration? That is a billion dollar question, what has AU done what has Echo has done to fix this? We've been talking about this over and over again and it's also disheartening to see that this has persisted. And then you see African countries going to Russia for Russian summit going to Washington for U.S. African summit. Africans are treated, a continent is treated as non-nation, that's the way they treat us when people want to refer to us, they refer to us as Africans, they're not Nigerians when it comes to and it's important for Africans to wake up because more than to talk, in fact to record out the natural resources in the world comes from Africa and there's a need for that integration to take place, it's important. If that's no, that economic integration look, if for example, if you want to go for vacation, where would it be best for you to go for vacation? To go to the cold regions of western Europe or America or to go to the beautiful safaris in Uganda in Kenya, in Tanzania and then to enjoy the warmth and the beauty of the coastline of South Africa or West Africa. So as far as I'm concerned, there's a need for African leaders to really look in in world. The security begins at home, development does not to cool down from the top, development starts from from the bottom, you build it up from bottom up so for African and African countries to really develop there's a need for us to build infrastructure that leads African countries together. I see no reason why there shouldn't be any road network linking Nigeria to West Africa and linking Nigeria to Central Africa through Cameroon and linking other Africans we connected together with one with one another. So we always have these challenges until we have visionary leaders and leaders that have come up with that idea you know what happened to them Mama Gaddafi you know what happened to Kuala Lumpur you know what happened to Mama Gaddafi you know what happened to Partis Lumumba you know what happened to Partis Lumumba all this, all this visionary all this visionary leader even if you listen to speeches given by Kafa Baliwa you will date you will be feeling goosebumps in your body with the eloquence with the policy trust of I recall one that went to United Nations and said Nigerian we stand on its own we don't rely on the colonial masters and we decide wherever we want to relate with as a country and then you look at the crop of leaders we have in the 60s in Africa in terms of their intelligence in terms of their exposure in terms of their education in terms of their nationalism and you look at the crops of leaders we have now you would know that in terms of quality in terms of intelligence in terms of character in terms of competence and in terms of certificate you just had to drum that alright Junior Johnson time will not permit us to continue without the press but you've said you've said beautifully spoken beautifully well today as always thank you so much for your time thank you very much Maureen have a wonderful weekend and seem to have you as all over the world thank you Junior Johnson Chief Lecturer and Nigerian Institute of Journalism has joined us in Lagos and of the press we'll be back in a moment with a very very first hot topic the Naira the major issues how did we get here from grace or from grass to grace let's talk about that on our very first hot topic


Hello everyone, welcome to today's lecture. Before we proceed further, we will briefly look at what we did last time and then go to new aspects of the reactions that we were discussing. So, last time towards and we looked at many aspects of the Samp and Ramp based CC bond formation as you can see that this is a Samp based hydra zone and when we carry out a CC bond formation next to this hydra zone moiety then of course, we induce asymmetry. Likewise, we of course, we have done the reactions with the Ramp. Now once we have got this particular product in which a CC bond has been formed then of course, we did several reactions to release the auxiliary. First one was of course, the hydrolysis to go to the ketone. The second one was reduction of this particular hydra zone moiety to release the corresponding amine. The third one was to convert this into a thio ketal and the fourth one was the case in which R1 was hydrogen then of course, we threw an oxide bond formation here. We got the corresponding nitride. In all these cases, we had this carbon bond formed in an asymmetric fashion and which of course, was high enantioselective products. Now we also looked at the camphor seltum based auxiliary as introduced by a polser and saw the Diels-Alder reactions and Michael reactions in highly enantioselective fashions. Now towards n, we looked at the aldol reactions and directed aldol reactions under basic or acidic conditions. We saw that if the aldol reactions are not directed then of course, we keep on getting different mixtures of the products. But if we have a directed aldol reaction then of course, we get only specifically these types of products in which the two enantiomers of the syn product and two enantiomers of the anti-products are formed and if the reaction is highly Diels-Alder selective then of course, we would get one as the major over the other one. So, that is how we looked at the reactions of the directed aldol reactions. Now we will go further for today's lecture. First of all these syn and anti-products these are the syn and anti-products we need to sort of define them and as you can see here, it is a syn product which in which the two hydroxy groups are oriented in the same direction and the same is the case here. And first of all what you have to draw is a main carbon chain in extended in a zigzag form. So, this is the RCCCR prime, this is the main chain of the which is written in zigzag form and in such a case when the two substituents at C2 and C3 like this is C2 and this is C3. If suppose these substituents are oriented in or disposed in the same direction like as you can see here they are in exposed in beta direction or alpha direction here. So, that means these are called syn products. When the C2 and C3 groups are oriented or disposed in different directions like here this is an alpha and this is beta and here is alpha and this is sorry, this is beta it is not correct, this is beta, this is beta and this is alpha and this is alpha and this is beta. So, they are opposite to each other therefore these are called anti-products. But some people called it as erythro although not many people accept it but some people call such arrangements as erythro and this arrangement as 3U. It has also been found that good stereo selection is noticed using lithium and boron inolates which have been widely used. The stereochemical course of reaction depends on thermodynamic and kinetic conditions. Different kinds of thermodynamic and kinetic conditions are employed. It also depends on the geometry of the inolates and for example this is a Z inolate and this is an E inolate. So, the R1 group is opposite to the inolate here and therefore this is an E inolate whereas R1 group is in the same direction as inolate and therefore this is Z configuration. And it is noticed that the Z inolates lead to syn products and E inolates give to anti-products. It also depends upon the size of the R group here. For example, if the size of R2 is large then there is a better selectivity or higher selectivity that is observed. So, that means everything boils down to the fact that how can we ensure that Z inolate is formed or E inolate is formed depending on what we want to do it. So, selectivity in terms of formation of E and Z inolate is therefore important. Now, for example, if we take a compound like this in which there is if there is a tertiary butyl group here and ethyl group is here and if the reaction is carried out in THF at low temperatures like minus 70 degrees using a base like LDA lithium diisopropyl amide then the enolization would occur from this position here obviously and we get the enolate like this which is a Z enolate. Now, when this is reacted with benzaldehyde for example, the product that is formed is syn product which is more than 98 percent syn and the group that you can see here is bulky R2 group. So, this is what we were saying that the R2 group should be bulky. So, here as you can see that this bulky tertiary butyl group has been put and therefore the selectivity turns out to be very high. Now, if we take in contrast we take this diethyl ketone where the tertiary butyl group is now replaced by the ethyl group then we of course will get this as Z enolate. However, this Z enolate gives 70 percent of syn and 30 percent of the anti-product. So, that means now since the bulkiness of the R2 group is reduced. So, this is the R2 group and here it was tertiary butyl. So, it is ethyl versus tertiary butyl group as R2. So, clearly the size of the R2 group makes a lot of difference in terms of selectivity of syn versus trans. So, in general it has been found that reactions with E enolates are less sedoselective than with Z enolates. Now, on the other hand reactions conducted under equilibrating conditions give mainly 2, 3 anti-aldols irrespective of the geometry of the enolate. That means that the thermodynamically 2, 3 anti-aldols are formed if the reaction is allowed to continue or the reactions are conducted under equilibrating conditions. So, eventually it forms thermodynamically more stable anti-aldol product. But if the reactions are not performed under an equilibrating condition then of course the Z enolates give better selectivity than the enolates and then we will see how does that happen. Now, here a little condensation that you can see is generally reversible because unless and until it is worked up the reaction is worked up with acidic conditions or basic conditions depending on what kind of enolates are used and the reactions are basically reversible. And sin anti-ucalyptium is noticed if the aldol is allowed to stand for a long time in ether solution. So, now why is it that the Z enolate gives sin product more and E enolate gives a kind of mixture that we can see. Suppose you allow this aldehyde to react with Z enolate like this, Z enolate. So, we can make this kind of 6-member transition state where we have this particular Z enolate path shown in here for example and aldehyde can orient itself in such a way that the R group is in equatorial orientation and the carbonyl group is now having a chelation with the metal. So, this particular OM is oriented here so that the boron or the lithium or whatever the metal is can have a inter chelation with this and this 6-member transition state which is a cyclic chair form can be anticipated. So, if you can see now here that the R group is equatorial and this R 1 is axial of course and this R 2 is hanging here below. In such a situation when the aldol condensation takes place then we can anticipate that this particular geometry is formed. For example, this the C-C bond when it forms in here then what we have is a hydroxy group pointing it upward and the R 1 group is also pointing upward therefore these two are beta and therefore this is 2, 3 same product. Now this is most likely the product between the two of them. In the second possibility we can orient the aldehyde in such a way that R group now becomes axial. So, now we have two axials here the R as well as R 1. Here the R 1 being axial does not matter much because we do not have any substituents on this particular position and therefore there is no 1, 3-diaxial interaction. On the other hand when this becomes axial here then what we have is on 1, 2 and 3 now we have a 1, 3-diaxial interaction and therefore we can expect that such a static hindrance would create a problem. At the same time the ligands attached to the metal will also have an interaction with the R group that is here or even R 2. And as you can now see that the R 1 group is pointing up as in the previous case but now if we turn around this R group so that it audience in this particular fashion then of course the OH will come down and therefore this is anti-orientation of the aldol product. Now this is what we call it as least likely and that is because of the tremendous static hindrance that the R and R 2 groups and also the ligands on the metal are basically experiencing. Therefore this is least likely and this is most likely. Now we turn towards the E enolate and as you can see the same type of orientation that we can show and but in here now since the E enolate is there therefore R 1 group is opposite to the OM and therefore it is orienting in a equatorial position. Now if we put the aldehyde in which we have the R group here in the axial orientation and of course there has to be a double bond O and in such a situation when the reaction occurs as you can see R 1 is pointing downward and if we orient R up then OH will come down and therefore this is 2 3 sin. Now here there is a possibility of the same sort of interactions as they are here in this case and therefore it is also not a very choice product for choice and when we convert the other orientations where the RCHO group is such that the R group is equatorially oriented. Now we have R as well as R 1 group both are equatorially oriented and then now if you look at the product that is formed in this case if R group is already in the same direction as up and this particular part is also here therefore as such you can see that the OH is pointing upward and the R 1 group is pointing downward and therefore they are also anti to each other. So now this is 2 3 sin and this is 2 3 anti and therefore what we expect that in this case since the steric hindrance is not there therefore we expect this product to form in a larger amount to some extent this product is formed and larger amount of this particular product is formed and therefore we say that Z enolate is very good enolate to lead to the 2 3 sin product and in this case we get somewhat mixture of the products because in this case this is less but still likely why do we say still likely because R 1 group is in equatorial position whereas in this case the R 1 group is in the actual position therefore between the two of them this one and this one this is little bit likely to be formed more but this is less likely to be formed. Therefore in this Z enolate case when there are 2 possibilities clearly the 2 3 sin product is most likely and therefore the selectivity turns out to be high. In the case of E enolate because the R 1 groups are equatorially oriented therefore both the possibilities to some extent one large one less is there and therefore selectivity becomes somewhat less. Now the C C bond formation via boron and silicon enolates have been very much used in the aldol chemistry and we will look at some of these things in little bit more detail. Excellent diastereoselection has been observed using vinyl oxyboranes as we checked before that we can make the enolates the way we want it. Now if we take diethyl ketone for example something like this something like this then if we use dibutyl boron triflate and in the presence of this unique base that is diisopropyl ethyl amine at minus 78 degrees then this is the enolate that is boron enolate that is formed which is a Z enolate which is 19 more than 99 is to 1 ratio of the Z and E enolate and when this reacts with benzaldehyde then of course you get sin product sin aldol which is more than 97% in terms of its ratio. Now why is it that Z enolates are formed in most cases one of the product one of the reasons for this is that if we look take the that the kind of Newman projection of the transition state then as you can see it here that this particular methyl group and this ethyl group are away from each other and whereas if we look at this below here then the methyl group and the ethyl group are towards the same side. So obviously there is a tremendous amount of steric hindrance here and that allows the methyl group to be away from the ethyl group and it prefers to remain in this direction and when that particular orientation of the methyl group is preferred then when the deprotonation occurs of course you get the Z enolate as the major product. Here you will get the E enolate but E enolates are generally not easily obtained and they have to be obtained under carefully chosen conditions. Lot of work has been done in this area and especially by David Evans and also to some extent by H C Brown in this case. Now we will see what exactly happens when we change the substituents or we change the bases or we change the kind of size of the bases or the size of the substituents on the boron or even the living group. So as you can see here the same thing I have written here now except that we have dibutyl this substituents on here and we have put here X as a living group. So it could be say for example a triflate. So what has been observed by David Evans, David Evans, DA Evans that everything being equal, everything being equal more bulky base like DIPEA that is the isopropyl ethylamine which is what is used in many cases and that allows anti deprotonation. Now anti deprotonation means this is the anti complex in which the methyl group and the ethyl group are away from each other. This is the here the complexation is taking place with the boron triflate. Now what has been found that if we take bulky base such as DIPEA. So you have isopropyl isopropyl and you have N and of course ethyl. So this is what is Unix base or DIPEA diisopropyl ethylamine. This is a large base and therefore when this reacts with a boron triflate say for example this BU2 then it forms a kind of complex like this which is in equilibrium with the free form. That means you have AIPR to N and ethyl and of course you have the boron here BU2 or triflate. So this actually it is in equilibrium with each other. That means it attaches to the boron and it dissociates from it. So in that situation when it comes in contact with the carbonyl group then the when boron attaches with it and boron then tries to be away from the methyl group here. That is where it is shown as a in the beta orientation. That means it is coming towards us and avoiding the interaction with the methyl group. So the methyl has a choice either it remains in this direction or it goes into this direction. If it goes into this direction then of course you have steric intense with the ethyl group. But if suppose it remains in the same position here as a methyl group then the since there is an equilibrium between the two of them the boron gets attached to the oxygen but from away from the side of the methyl group. And now the large base which is a Hoonig s base goes and deprotonates the hydrogen from there which then leads to the formation of the Z enolate. And if the methyl group goes into the other direction then of course we would expect the enolate to form. But then that does not happen in the case when we have large bases such as Hoonig s base or diisopropyl ethylamine because they are in equilibrium and therefore the boron can easily interact with the oxygen and keep itself away from the methyl group. But if the base is relatively small then such as triethylamine, lesbelky then there is a possibility of the deprotonation from the syn complex here. In that situation what happens if methyl group goes on to the left hand side it has an interaction with the ethyl group that is fine. But at that time the boron actually with the lesbelky groups, lesbelky bases form irreversible complex with the boron. So, you have say triethylamine and it forms irreversible say like this you have minus and plus. So, this does not dissociate readily and therefore it remains attached to the nitrogen and since the base is required for the deprotonation. So, therefore this particular orientation that means oxygen boron bond is going back side. If it goes back side then it will have a steric hindrance with the methyl group therefore methyl group goes away from it and it prefers to stay here. And in this situation in a relatively small base that is triethylamine then picks up the proton from here and the deprotonation leads to enolate formation. So, you have a choice where the steric hindrance between this methyl and a ethyl versus the methyl versus this group obviously this group that is very large therefore methyl group tends to prefer to go away from it and has some interaction with the ethyl group but then this is how enolate are formed. And since this is a situation where it is not a very easy situation and therefore one gets the enolate as a product but with not a high selectivity. That is the reason why Z enolate is formed with high selectivity when the large base is used in the deprotonation. Now this is how it is summarized. So, we will stop it here today and we will take the reactions of these for condensation and see how these are leading to the formation of the syn and the anti-products in aldol reactions. So, please study whatever I have told and I have also given you some references you can check more in detail and till then bye and see you in the next class.


Welcome to All Hands Update. I'm Petty Officer Andrew Johnson. Fleet Week San Francisco ended October 13th. The commissioning of the Navy's newest amphibious assault ship USS America was the highlight of Fleet Week. America's sailors participated in several community outreach events at various local schools and at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The Navy also used this opportunity to exhibit its energy and environmental programs. Exhibits aboard USS America and USS Kidd highlighted the Navy's efforts to become more energy efficient and combat capable using technology and alternative fuel sources. Sailors and civilians had the opportunity to learn about the new Energy Warrior app, which includes videos, facts and articles that explore energy issues. Download the free app for your iPad or Android device.


Hey, this is Brett and this is a 2018 Ram 3500 Crew Cab Long Box Dual Rear Wheel Laramie. This is stock number 12472Z. We're here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, near New and used heavy duty truck headquarters. This 2018 Ram 3500 Crew Cab Long Box Dual Rear Wheel Laramie has the 6.7 liter high output Cummins diesel engine. It also has the Eisen heavy duty transmission in it and it also has the auto leveling rear suspension. This truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change. The fluid tab has been checked and tapped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. We're going to go inside, underneath, under the hood, started up in this video and we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality condition and options of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you like the video and how we do things here at Summit Automotive and want to subscribe to our YouTube channel, the upper right hand power screen is a subscribe button. Click that and then click the bell notifications and you'll get updates every time we do videos of our new and used inventory here at Summit Automotive. So this one comes with the polished aluminum rims, they're in really nice shape and it comes with Nexon, Rodeon, HTX tires, these are LT 235 80R 17s and the front ones have probably about 60% of the tread left on them. Frame and underbody is exceptionally clean on this truck. As you can see, it does have the two-tone paint, brilliant black over bright silver, good look and combo. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. It does come with the projector lamp headlamps and LED running lights. Front bumper is in excellent shape, no dents or dings on that and it does have the front bumper parking sensors. You get the chrome trimmed grille with the Laramie package and the hood is in really nice shape as well. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there. Other side front fender, excellent shape as well and the passenger side rim, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. As you go down this side of the truck, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the truck, you can see the truck here, the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make a buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video that it was helpful and that Brett sent you. Back rims are in really nice shape and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires, very, very good tread on these back ones I'd say probably 60 to 70%. It does have the rear airbag suspension and so when you get a heavy load, it pushes this up and then it'll automatically pump up those airbags to level up the rear end. Frame and underbody is an exceptionally nice clean condition and it has all the remaining factory exhaust so it hasn't been altered in any way and the lower rockers and cab corners all look really good on this truck. The front of the dually tubs don't have very many rock chips or anything and it does have the 3M tape guard on the front there. Box side is in excellent shape but I didn't see any major dents or dings in there and coming around to the back, rear bumper is in great shape, does have the backup parking sensors full towing package of course which comes with the receiver hitch 4 pin and 7 pin wiring and the tailgate is in excellent shape but I didn't see any dents or dings on there. It does have the 5th wheel and goose neck prep package back here, very nice spray and bed liner and it does come with the 7 pin wiring back here as well and you can see that that bed is in excellent shape. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly and as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger's side. No major dents or dings on the box and for full disclosure this back rim is in pretty nice condition as well. Driver's side doors look really good and it does come with the heated fold up tow mirrors they fold up like so they have built in directional signals and I would imagine they power fold in as well. Enter and go system inside the Laramie package gives you the black leather interior no rips or tears on the seats they are in excellent condition get the Laramie embossed on the backrest memory driver's seat lumbar both these front seats are heated cooled and power and factory formats inside auto headlamps power windows power locks power mirrors you get the leather bolster and the wood grain trim and these mirrors do power fold in like so I always like showing both sides so you know that both sides are working properly hop inside check out the miles radio and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior you get the nice Laramie animation at the beginning there this one does have the digital speedometer right there you get compass range to empty time trip and you can change all those corners to read whatever you'd like and you can see 14355 miles on this truck instrument cluster is very nice and clean does have the heated leather wrapped steering wheel no major scuffs or scrapes on there cruise controls on the right bluetooth and information center controls on the left and remember it does have those audio controls in the back so this one does have the ison heavy duty six speed transmission it does have the optional tap shift on there as well comes with the 8.4 4C radio AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities also has the factory navigation system on there there's your Sirius XM you can do your climate controls here as well as your heated and cooled seat buttons and notice you do get the dual climate controls if you go here you can check out your backup cam you can also check out your cargo cam which is really nice to see what's going on in the bed of the truck and then you also have all your different apps on here including a projection manager where you can project your cell phone to the screen via android auto or apple carplay we actually did a demo on an 8.4 with apple with android auto if you want to check that out it's in the upper right hand part of the screen but you have that system as well down here is your turned off four wheel drive factory brake controller this is alternate trailer height so that is part of the rear airbag suspension system so you can have two different trailers programmed stability control tow haul mode factory exhaust brake front and rear parking sensors and this one does give you five auxiliary up-fit switches keyless entry remote start notice you get the wooden rain trim on there 115 volt 150 watt plug-in and then you get the alpine premium sound system as well passenger side format and seat are in excellent conditions truck smells very clean inside i don't think it's ever been smoked in and the headliner is in great shape no rips or tears you do get the power sunroof map lights power sliding rear window button and home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems does have sos and assist buttons in the rear view mirror we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up and take a look under the hood back seats are just as clean as the front seats these back seats are heated on the outboard side you do get the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may want to put back here power sliding rear window with built-in rude frost once again those seats excellent condition does have a load floor which is a nice feature you got money boots or tools put them on there you're not going to wreck your nice leather seats also if you have pets put both sides down they got a nice flat place to lay and they're not going to wreck your nice leather seats storage underneath there in-floor storage on each side with removable bins for easy cleaning you can put ice and drinks in there it's like you have too many coolers wherever you go and your heated seat buttons are right there side curtain airbags in this truck child safety locks on the back doors bottoms of the doors are in excellent shape and we will start it up and take a quick look under the hood starts right up no check engine lights or anything like that i would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this hd video you will have been able to verify the quality and condition of this truck all the way around inside and out under the hood we have these 6.7 liter high output Cummins diesel engine day is very clean runs very smooth once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100 percent ready to go i would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks scvs minivans wranglers half tons recorder tons one tons you name it we got to go to that website right there www.summonauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com if you want to check out more hd videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there click the bell notifications you'll get updates every time we do videos here at summit automotive in fact in a second you'll see links to subscribe to our youtube channel in the upper left links more ram 3500 truck videos like this one the upper right link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and links one of our latest youtube videos in the lower right click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2018 ram 3500 crew cab long box duly Laramie with the high output Cummins diesel and the ice and transmission and brilliant black over bright silver thanks again for checking out the video remember to like subscribe and share