In this episode of Mind Pump, the world's top ranked fitness health and entertainment podcast, we talk all about knee pain, you know, about a quarter of Americans suffer from chronic knee pain. If you're listening to this episode, you're probably one of those people. So in this episode, we give you solutions, not band-aids, but rather solutions, how you can fix your knee pain. Now, we talk a lot about a lot of different things, talk about stability and strength. In particular, we spend a lot of time about talking about mobility, in particular, hip, ankle, and foot mobility. When those joints aren't working the way they should, it places a lot of stress on the knee, which is not quite as dynamic as those particular joints. So a lot of knee pain comes from issues in the hips, ankles, and feet. Now, we do mention in this podcast a webinar that we did a while ago where Adam goes through and teaches, he actually instructs some of his favorite hip, ankle, and foot mobility exercises. So if you're listening to this episode and you're here as referring to those movements, I highly recommend you go to maps, excuse me, primeprowebinar.com, so that's primeprowebinar.com, and you can watch Adam teach you how to do some of these movements, apply them on yourself, and you probably will find that your knee pain will feel a lot better. We also talked about systemic inflammation in this episode, and we mentioned gut health. Some things you can do to improve your gut health, you can drink or take supplements that contain prebiotics or compounds that help heal and protect the gut. One of our favorite products is Olipop. This is a company that we're sponsored by. Now Olipop makes sodas, no joke, these are sodas that remind you of some of your favorite sodas when you were a kid. They have like five grams of sugar, very, very low calories, they're naturally sweetened, but they contain compounds that are prebiotics, they feed the healthy bacteria in your gut. They also contain compounds that help protect and heal the gut, things like slippery elm, which you find in Olipop. The best part is that their drinks taste amazing, no joke, they're incredible, very low calorie, like I said, very, very low sugar, naturally sweetened, but you're actually drinking something that's good for your gut health and indirectly that helps with inflammation.   And then again, we did mention the webinar where Adam teaches hip ankle and foot mobility movements where you can follow the class, it's totally free. One more time, go follow it, go check it out, it's primeprowebinar.com. You guys remember when we did the Prime Pro webinar that long ago, right? Yep. So one of the, I think, I would say the number one question that we got during that webinar was people asking, what about the knee? What about the knee? You guys, you guys talk about the ankle, you talk about the hips, shoulders, back, neck, all these other things, but you guys didn't talk about the knee. And I've been meaning to get with you guys and do an episode where we talk a little bit more in depth about knee pain and how to address that, how to prevent that, or how to fix that, and people that are either dealing with it or want to prevent potentially having it. It's probably the second most common chronic pain issue that people suffer from, probably second to back. Back pain is super common. Knee pain is also super common. And I would say that when I would train clients, I'd say a majority of them would say that they had some form of knee pain. Yeah, or bad knees, right? How often do you hear that one? Bad knees was a big one. That was the limiting factor when you're trying to do any exercise. They would always bring that up. First, like I feel this pain in my knees, so I don't want to go down too far. Or, you know, I don't want to do that move left to right. I don't want to do that because then I feel my knees and hurts. Yeah, one of the big things to understand about joint pain, I think first you want to kind of understand the function of that joint because it helps you understand what may be going on. Now before we get into that, I think it's important to distinguish between acute pain and chronic pain. Acute pain is the kind of pain you get from an injury or injured. Something is torn or bruised or you hurt yourself. So if you have knee pain because you twisted your knee last week, that would be considered acute pain. Chronic pain is the kind of pain that you just have all the time.  Or if I sit down for a long period of time, my knees hurt. Or if it's cold outside, my knees hurt. Or if I run or walk too much. Every time I do this, my knees hurt. And so it's just something you deal with all the time. And the reason why that's important to distinguish is because acute pain is typically solved with healing. So okay, your knees hurt, let's heal for a second. Or if there's torn ligaments and things that require surgery, then get surgery and they can help fix that. But chronic pain isn't fixed by sitting around and allowing something to heal. I know that sometimes can temporarily relieve the pain. So if you have chronic pain every time you walk or every time you stand for a long period of time or sit for long periods of time, the fix isn't to rest your knees because you're not solving the root cause. The fix is to figure out why you have this chronic issue in the first place. And by the way, chronic issues can show up on imaging like MRIs where you go to the doctor and the doctor says, oh, you have, for example, conglomalacia going on, which is underneath the kneecap.  And yes, you can look at those things and say, okay, that's causing some of my pain. But something caused that to happen. And fixing what's causing that is going to fix the problem, not curing just the byproduct. For example, they could go in and shave off some of the kneecap and say, now we fix the conglomalacia. It'll come back if you don't solve the problem. I think that's an important distinction. I think that people still have that because if you go to the doctor's office, they're going to try and prescribe you things that are going to give you some relief. And it's like this immediate thing that you're going to feel and experience. And people are still drawn to that mentality to be able to go into either a chiropractic office or a doctor's office. And they want to get that relief for their injury or whatever they feel is something that they can solve. But really, chronic pain is a totally different subject matter in terms of how we treat that. Well, most if not all of this is caused because the knee is not tracking properly. I mean, the knee is a floating joint that's held together by these four major ligaments. And if it is tracking properly, you shouldn't have any chronic pain. But when you start to get this chronic pain, it's because it's not tracking properly, right? Because because of the knee is a bit of a complex hinge joint. It's called a synovial joint, not to get too complex. But essentially, the knees movement does two things. It either flexes or extends, right? So if you look at your knee right now, there's only two things that the knee can do. You can straighten your leg out, or you can bend your leg all the way back. That's it. That's all the knee does. Now what's happening in the joint, a little more complex, you have your kneecap that floats on top of the knee and helps with that particular part of the knee movement from flexing and extending. But the knee doesn't bend laterally.  You pour some stuff, right? It doesn't hyperextend. It doesn't bend in the opposite direction. And it doesn't twist. It doesn't rotate, right? All it does is straighten out or bend. And all the ligaments and things that surround the knee joint are designed to keep it from moving in any other direction. So in other words, there are ligaments that prevent the knee from bending sideways. There's ligaments that prevent the knee from hyperextending or bending backwards. And there are there's tissue that prevents the knee from twisting at the joint. So all that stuff is put in there to keep it so that it only moves by straightening or by bending. And now here's where the problem happens when those ligaments and the knee itself is placed under strain outside of what it's supposed to do. So if the knee is supposed to straighten and bend, but because you have issues in other parts of your body, and we can think of the joints that are closest to the knee, like the ankle and the hip, when those aren't moving the way that they're supposed to, now those ligaments need to support the joint prevent the knee from bending in the way it's not supposed to prevent it from twisting because it's not supposed to twist or the kneecap which is supposed to track nicely on the knee every time you bend and flex. If other joints in your body is not doing what it's supposed to, now it's going to track a little bit to the left, a little bit to the right. It's going to wear itself out and cause a lot of these problems. So oftentimes the things that solve knee pain are things that solve issues somewhere else. Oftentimes it's working on other parts of the body to get the knee just to work the way it's supposed to because it is a big joint. It can handle a lot of work, but if it doesn't move properly over time, you're just going to have this chronic pain. Now it goes even deeper than that because I think that's the first step is understanding that and many people that suffer from chronic knee pain, if they've had it long enough, have figured out there's certain remedies that tend to help it or alleviate it. And I think as a young trainer, this was the direction that I moved in because I didn't have a full understanding and grasp of where the root cause was. I knew things that were causing some of the issue and so even I would lean clients towards things like foam rolling and massage to relieve all the tight muscles that were around the knee that was maybe pulling on or causing some of this pain, but what I didn't realize I wasn't doing my clients a real favor because I wasn't really addressing the root cause. I was giving them a band aid. Totally.  Yeah, and that's the same analogy when I was playing football and I would get in from when I was smashing into somebody else and I would get this headache and it was this ringing headache. I could get temporary relief by just squeezing certain areas of my hand really hard and it just sent a different signal away from that really loud signal that was telling me my head is pounding and it's hurting. So there's ways to sort of divert and take that attention away from that signal, but are you really changing, healing and addressing the root of the issue itself? No, think about this way. This is an example I've used many times, but think about the way that a sliding glass door tracks on a track. If you've ever installed a sliding glass door, if you look down at a sliding glass door, you see that there's a track that the door has to run across every time you open it and close it and if it's balanced properly, that track isn't going to have a lot of wear and tear on it. Now if the sliding glass door is offset just a little bit, now it's pushing a little bit in one direction and it's sliding on that track. It's grinding. It starts to grind and it starts to chip away or fray that track and starts to cause problems. Now what you can do is you can add more WD-40 and more grease to it and that might prevent it from grinding right now, but over time it's going to still grind and cause problems. Instead, what you should do is figure out why it's not lined up. Oh, let me fix this sliding glass door, let me line this up so it doesn't grind and now this track is going to last a very, very long time. Well, in a little bit, to thinking of the knee, and I like the analogy of the sliding glass door in the track, but also too, like there's two points. So two competing points. There's one there, an ankle and one at the hip. And so depending on where your feet are aligned is also what's going to determine two. The hip allows for that rotation. The more I keep the toes and my hips kind of going in the same direction, the less stress I'm going to put on my knee. So when they start to compete with each other, that's going to create that torsion where that torsion goes is right there and it's weak point in the knee. To give you an example of that, female athletes are at risk of tearing their ACL, I don't know how many times more than male athletes. It's far more common in female athletes and a large part of that has to do with the angle at which their femur, the top of the leg attached to the hips, because women tend to have wider pelvises, slightly wider hips, and the femur comes down in at the knee. So it's a stronger angle, therefore placing more stress on the knee, therefore making them more susceptible to tears. So it's just giving an example of what is moving around the knee that tends to cause lots of issue. But you can definitely throw band-aids on it, right? You can take pain killers, which reduce inflammation in the body over time that actually contributes to more knee degeneration or joint degeneration, because the inflammatory signaling process is an important signaling process that tells the body to heal and when you block it full stop or effectively with a drug like ibuprofen or a leaf, for example, naproxen, then you're not just alleviating the pain because you reduced inflammation, but you're also limiting the signal. And so the joint doesn't heal like it did before. So what they've done studies on athletes that take NSAIDs regularly and they find that the joints get worse faster. And then the other reason why it gets the joints get worse faster is because you've blocked, now that you, now that it doesn't feel as bad to move terribly, you move even more terribly and you cause more problems. This can be said for things like knee sleeves or knee wraps. I was going to talk about those as being like this external stability. And so you're providing this, this false sense of stability and security where you do have that when the sleeve is on, but when it's off, it becomes even more susceptible to being able to stabilize properly and being open for injury. Right. There's also that your knee is designed or evolved to handle a certain amount of load when you're doing certain movements. And then other joints and the muscles attached to those joints are designed to handle a certain amount of load. So I'll make up some arbitrary numbers, but let's say you're going into a squat and the muscles and the knee joint itself is designed to handle maybe let's say 30 or 40% of that load. The rest of the load is distributed between the hips, the ankle, and maybe your back. Well, let's say your hips are really weak. Well, that doesn't mean you're not going to squat. It just means your body's going to transfer some of the load to some of the other joints. So weakness or imbalances then can place more of a stress on the knee joint, but it's not the knee joint itself. It's the fact that other parts of your body aren't doing what they're supposed to. So now you're moving around with more stress on your knee than it's prepared to handle long term. So you continue to develop problems. The analogy that comes to mind when I think of that point that you're talking about is, you know, you can have these door hinges, you know, built and to sustain these swinging the closing and opening of a door of a really heavy wood door. And it could last a lifetime of swinging open completely fine. And then if I were to take somebody our size 150, 200, 300 pounds and hang them on the, let them hang on the edge of the door and do that. How long do you think that door tracks without eventually breaking or bending or bowing to the point where it can't close and open? Well, those hinges are designed for a certain amount of weight or a certain amount of work. And the joints, the joints work that way as well. So I think we're making a pretty good case for the fact that most chronic knee pain has less to do with the knee and more to do with the things around it and how the knee is working itself. And if you address those, you solve tremendous problems.  My studio, I used to own a studio that was next to a hospital. And I remember one lady in particular loved her. She became one of my favorite people. She was a general surgeon, very intelligent lady. She came in to hire me. And when we did the assessment, I said, do you have any areas of pain and any exercises you can't do? And whatever she said, Oh, I have knee pain. I can't squat. I can't lunge. I can't do anything beyond, you know, even I can't even get down to 90 degrees. So those are the things we have to avoid. So I asked her, I said, okay, now why is that? Who told you that? She said, Oh, my friend is an orthopedic surgeon. And he said, don't do lunges. Don't do squats because you have bad knees. Now I took that information knowing what I know about how we can strengthen other parts of the body and whatever. I thought, okay, we're going to take this slow. But I knew in myself like I felt like I had with all my other clients, we're probably going to see a lot of your knee pain go away. Sure enough, into our training and correcting some of these issues.  I didn't change her knee joint. The knee joint stayed the same. It was how she moved and the stress that was being placed on the knee that changed. She didn't lose any weight. It wasn't anything like that. It was literally had everything to do with her movement and solving those root cause issues in his six month period. Somebody who had chronic knee pain for years who was told don't do these exercises was not only able to do those exercises, but no longer had pain doing them. Well, this is so common that more than one in four people suffer from chronic knee pain and the unfortunate part is exactly what you just said. They get told that they have bad knees. I don't know how many times I had to overcome that objection of squatting, lunging, deadlifting, doing any of these movements that I knew were so beneficial to my clients, but because they were told by some doctor or some surgeon that they have bad knees, they avoided doing all these movements. But the reality of it, it really is, and this kind of goes back to the point that Justin was making in our first point in addressing knee pain, is the stability in the hip and the ankles. I think that's the number one root cause from this is that you either have unstable hips or unstable ankles or like most people, both. Both of those areas are unstable and because they're unstable, it puts all the stress around all the ligaments that are supporting the knee. That's right. So think about it this way. So you get the hip, it rotates, it moves laterally, it flexes, it extends. It's a very dynamic joint. If that's not stable, if I take a sideways step or I step up onto something and my hip is not stable, well, my knee now wants to bend in that direction. What's holding it there? All those ligaments.  So step number one is to become stable in your hips, in your ankles, in your feet, and in your body. How do you become stable? You become stable with slow, purposeful, balanced stability type exercises. This is very important. It's literally lateral movements, slow and stable, control. Make sure the knee isn't taking the brunt of the load that it's coming to the hips and the ankles, strengthening. Some of these muscles that maybe not these big gross motor movement type muscles, but rather these muscles that stabilize the joints. This is where mobility work is insane. This is phenomenal for this kind of stuff. Exercises like 90-90 or modified 90-90s and exercises for ankle mobility. Those help build stability in those joints so that the knee ligaments don't have to give you all the stability you need. Well, this is also where the tools that I think we've even bashed on this show, because I think we got out of control with them like your bosu balls and foam pads and stability exercises actually have a tremendous amount of value. I think that the fitness community went over the top with it when it got popular, and then it became this thing that we did with every single client, even if they didn't have any hip or ankle issues. But I do see tremendous value with stepping up to a balance or a lunge to a balance or putting one of your feet on a foam pad or a bosu ball to create instability while you're training for this specific issue. If you're somebody that has issues with your knee and it's because you lack stability in the hip and the ankle, this is where it does make sense for that client. Well, and too, I think we kind of briefly went over posture and anatomical posture. Really, we start with that to assess where your comfortable stance is. How you stand, how you sit, how you do things is going to determine where all the stress goes, and to be able to understand or at least start to work on immediately where you see deficiencies. So if I see that my foot just automatically wants to rotate all the way out just to gain that stability, that's a sign for me if it wants to do the opposite of that. And my knees want to come in to just keep my stance in an upright position. These are all things to pay attention to, to then bring in to address and add mobility exercises, add things to make it more comfortable so that your body will properly stabilize. Here's a simple stability exercise.  Is your foot collapsing? Is it turning out or does it facing straight? Is your knee turning in a little bit or turning out a little bit? What's happening with your hip? Did you have to shift your weight dramatically to be able to balance? Can you even balance? So the idea with this exercise is to stand barefoot facing forward, keep everything perfectly aligned, keep the foot active all the way up throughout the entire body, and then balance with that perfect position until that position breaks down a little bit.  What you're trying to do with stability is you're essentially trying to connect to all these other muscles to give your body that stability that it needs so that your knee joint doesn't have to give you all the stability that you need. Did we ever shoot on YouTube? Do we ever shoot the Miguel planes? Do you know if we did? They're in our program, but no. No, we didn't shoot that on YouTube. That's something we should shoot. That was one of my, was so one of my favorite moves to address stability in both the ankle and the hip is to do what you said Sal, strip down to bare feet, balance on one leg, and then do these Miguel planes. I think you address both the hip and the ankle stability in a situation like this. Absolutely. It makes a big difference. Go ahead. Oh, I was just going to say too, in terms of like the planar movement, like I know that people are pretty familiar with left to right, you know, lateral and sagittal front and back, but you know, in terms of the rotation and finding stability, that's a little more challenging. And so one thing why we pay attention so much to where the feet are pointed is because I want to see if I'm rotating now at the hip, my entire leg. I want to see if my foot and my toes can travel with that in unison. So that way I'm not now competing like I was trying to explain earlier where my toes might be in a different position as I'm trying to stabilize where my hips still going. That's going to cause problems. Totally. Here's the next one. And this one is a really big one. It was my favorite way to surprise a client with immediate pain relief. And that was just to get them stronger, just to get them stronger overall, but in the right way. Okay. So if I see someone with chronic knee pain, what I'm going to do is I'm going to focus on getting their hips stronger, and I'm going to focus on getting their feet and their ankles stronger. And just by doing exercises that strengthen those areas, oftentimes they would notice less knee pain. I'll give you a great example. Here's a good example. A hip bridge off the floor without any weight, keeping everything in line and in balance, and just pressing up and squeezing the glutes and activating the glutes and strengthening the hips. That simple exercise with somebody who has knee pain, just doing that on a consistent basis, having them then move throughout the day and find that, wow, my knees don't hurt as much. Why? Your hips are stronger and now they're taking less of the load that's happening on the knee. This is why balance strength is so important, right? So when I say get stronger, it doesn't mean go jump into a bunch of leg exercises because if your knee joint is handling a lot of the load and you don't address the other joints that need to get stronger and you just go work out your whole lower body, what may end up happening is you just continue with that strength ratio. So everything gets stronger, but your knees are still handling that much more of a load. Well, the muscle supports that. I remember, man, when I had my, I tore my ACL and my MCL and I remember when I went and saw the surgeon and I remember talking to him like, it's so weird. I can walk around, I can do it. And he was attributing that to all the muscle that I had developed in my legs. He's like, if you did not have all this muscle, you would feel all over the place without those ligaments. He goes, but the fact that you've developed so much muscle around the knee, it's actually helping support that. And it doesn't feel like you've done as much damage as you really have. I'll show you the MRI. You've got all this damage that you've done, but you don't feel it the same way as somebody who is deconditioned because that they rely so much on those ligaments to help them because they don't have the muscle to support. That's how important getting stronger and building muscle around the knee is and keeping yourself from getting bad knee pain. Oh yeah.  That happens all the time. And I know it sounds counter, right? Like you don't work out.  And then you hear a trainer say, well, we need to work out your legs. Like, well, that's going to make my knees hurt even more. How are we going to do that? Now, if you do it the right way, everything gets stronger, knees no longer hurt because the muscles really do support and protect the joints. It's like if you have a strong back and a strong core, you're not going to get so much back pain. Well, I mean, we have bigger muscles for a reason. Like our glutes are one of the biggest muscles in our body and we need to give them more work. I mean, that's what they're designed for. And so to put all that responsibility on the stabilizing muscles around the knees is, you know, something that inevitably it's just going to wear and tear and it's not designed to take up all the brunt of the force. Yeah. So let's go with the next one, which is, you know, we're talking about getting stronger, getting stable. But let's talk about the joints that are that, you know, most often contribute to knee pain. One of them is the hip. If you lack hip mobility and hip strength, you will almost almost guaranteed to have knee pain. You're almost guaranteed to maybe even have back pain. Because remember the hip, it connects to the back as well as to the femur, which goes down to the knee. And like I said earlier, the hip joint is very, very versatile.  That's the hip that's doing all of that. The knee only does, it only bends and straightens out. That's about it. Have you ever done that as just an exercise with a client and how challenging it is? You sit them on the floor like that and do all those movements you just said. It'll light most people up. That's always a sign too that you're neglecting not addressing that.  You know that's an area that you're neglecting and if you're neglecting that and that's unstable and that's weak, you have to understand that that has been directly causing stress in the knee. Totally. And it's funny too because this is a big one for advanced athletes or lifters, you know, that they, they have such poor connection to their hip joint or to the muscles that control the hip joint. They don't even realize it. Like you'll get, you know, you'll get one of, this happened to me. In fact, I went to Dr. Brink. He put me in a position and he said, okay, rotate and lift your foot up. So I rotated.  And I said, and he goes, can you go any higher? I said, no, no, my, my, my joint doesn't move any further. And he grabs my foot and literally lifts it up and brings my foot next to my head. Now he was highlighting that my joint had way more movement than I could control.  The capacity was there. It didn't hurt. Nothing was preventing me from doing that aside from the fact that I didn't have the strength and the mobility to control that range of motion. What do you think's happening in my knee as a result of that? So hip mobility is extremely important, strengthening the hips through its fullest ranges of motion, connecting to those ranges of motion, which include rotating in both directions.  All those include, involve muscles of the hips. And if those muscles aren't able just to do that, you're going to cause a lot of problems. And we did some really good, you know, Adam did a really, really good mobility class. I think it's called what was it called, PrimeProWebinar.com? Yeah. So PrimeProWebinar.com, it's a free class. And he actually takes people through a couple hip mobility exercises. Very easy to practice, but they're phenomenal at improving connection and mobility in the hips. And I would say a good 30 to 40% of people get just incredible results just from working on this alone, just the hips alone. And then they're able to twerk, explain that. Exactly. And that's just this right here. The next one covers, I think, everybody else, right? I think when you're looking at the hip or you look at the ankle and the feet, this is a big one because all, I'd say, most people have very, very poor connection, especially to their feet because we wear shoes all the time. And our feet have a lot of muscles that do certain functions in them. And because we wear shoes all the time or we wear heels all the time or shoes with really strong structure of them, those muscles are just weak and they don't do much. And so now we're walking on stilts almost. Oh, man. I just remember when I would come back from the off season and come back to football, I just remember when I would start getting into running and so I was trying to build up my endurance initially, I would gain all this weight and then now I have to go try to cut it, cut down and get back in shape. And my feet were so flat I would run and stomp everywhere I went. My entire foot would just stomp. And the gain of weight was definitely a factor, but I just not working on my foot strength, my forefoot, getting my heels up off the ground and then also just the overall function of my toes and my ankles, that was just not even a consideration. It was just lift weights and get as big as possible. This is the biggest contention I have with my family right now with my son.   But the rest of the time, as soon as we get somewhere, I strip his shoes right off and all of my family are like, oh my God, there's rocks and he's going to hurt his feet, put shoes on him, put shoes on him and I'm constantly going back and forth with him and trying to explain this right here because I didn't understand how important this is. And I see it and I don't know if it's now being a father. And so I look at other kids and how they walk and they move and it's crazy that you start to see it that early. You can see kids that when parents right away have a child, they throw shoes on them all the time and they literally learn to walk with shoes on. Imagine trying to write cursive with snow gloves on. That's literally what you're trying to ask the feet to articulate and control and to be able to grip the floor and to stabilize the ankle really well. But yet you've put snow gloves on them the entire time you've ever been using them. And imagine how difficult that would be. So this is an area that I struggle with with my family grasping how important it is that he walks around barefoot and touches the dirt and feels the grass. It limits the responsibility of the foot in how to react to certain situations in the environment and our shoes. We tried to make it easier. We tried to make running more comfortable. We tried to make activities more comfortable so everything supported. But we lose then the ability to be able to navigate in that and have strength and control in our feet. Yeah, no in the ankles too. Especially because most shoes have some type of a heel on them. Even men's shoes when you look at the type of tennis shoes or sneakers that we wear. There's always a little bit more of a rise. Typically a little bit more of a rise in the heel than there is in the forefoot. And what that's doing is that's compensating for ankle mobility or lack of ankle mobility. And then because you're always walking in them it trains that your body kind of forms to that. Now this doesn't necessarily mean take your shoes off and socks off and now it's going to fix all your problems. It's not going to work that way. You've already developed these patterns. Your body already moves this way. But what you can do is play special focus on ankle mobility exercises. One movement in particular. Combat stretch. Very easy to do. We've got videos on our YouTube channel. I believe Adam goes through some ankle mobility. This is the single biggest thing that allowed me to be able to get into a squat deeper than 90 degrees. The first thing I addressed was hips in the 90-90 and having good stability and strength in my hips I knew was important. But it wasn't until and you referred Dr. Brink already. I mean this was this is what he did for me and he showed me the breakdown in my ankle mobility. And this is especially true. This is true in everybody but this is especially true in those of you that have long limbs if you're taller. You have to have the ability for your knees to track over your toes comfortably.  You can improve it tremendously. Oh tremendously. I mean and this was what was keeping me from breaking 90 degrees was my knee would track to right about to my toes and then I'd feel stress in my knees and so then I would stop the squat. That's as deep as I'm going because any deeper than that and I feel that. And part of that is our fault too was trainers. I mean we were taught this way most all certifications especially you know two decades ago would teach trainers to teach their clients to not break 90 degrees. And they would teach us to do that for safety reasons because most clients couldn't get their knees to track further over their toes without having direct stress right on the knee. And so instead of just saying oh I can't squat past 90 degrees because I have bad knees or my you know ankles won't allow me work on the ankle mobility so it then will allow your knees. I mean I gained a good five to six inches. That's a huge difference in the ability for my knees to track over my toes to allow the hips to drop down into the squat. Did you address any ankle mobility in the Prime Pro? Oh yeah that's where I start with. Oh good so in that webinar it's free and you know the reason why I'm pointing in that direction is because you want to do these movements properly. Once you understand them they're easy to do but you might need instructions. It's very hard to explain on a podcast right. You might need some instruction. You need some visuals. Watch visuals and how Adam does it. He teaches a phenomenal class on it. It's free and you go on there and you'll learn some of these things that we're talking about. And literally I don't honestly you don't even need to go any further than that. Most people listening if you have knee issues watch that webinar and he does the hip mobility and the ankle mobility. He also does some shoulder stuff on there if I recall correctly. And just do that and practice that every single day and then you can see what happens with the knees. And the ankle stuff is one that people miss all the time. I mean hip one isn't that popular but at least they see some people work on that. Ankle and foot nobody talks about. But that's like I said earlier. I bet you 30% of people with knee pain comes from the hips. 70% probably comes from the feet and ankle. It's actually a bigger cause of knee pain. And since you're bringing up the webinar if you watch it I do put emphasis on this but if you don't watch it and you decide to just go look up the combat stretch or the 90-90 and do this on your own it's so important that the intent that you do it with. So you don't just do it like a passive stretch. You don't just sit in a position. You don't just sit in a position and like you would stretch like a passive type of stretch. It's a very active exercise. So when I am doing like the combat stretch and I'm driving my knee over my toes to the in range of motion I'm trying to connect. I'm trying to squeeze. I'm trying to intensify that position. I'm not just moving to that position and then stopping because if you do that you're not going to gain the greater range of motion. It should be something so active that if you spend 10-15 minutes doing you will heat up. You'll break a sweat from doing this and you'll see in the webinar I'm sweating by halfway through this because even though I'm doing like a mobility drill or what looks like stretches for most people it's not. It's an active exercise and movement that I'm performing and there is an intent and intensity behind it in order to gain that new range of motion. 100%. Now the last one really has to do more with inflammation in the whole body. Now this can be a problem and can cause knee pain but typically you also notice other parts of the body that hurt as well. If you have systemic inflammation if you're just in an inflamed state which we can talk about you know in a second what causes that not only will you notice knee pain but you'll notice overall stiffness throughout the whole body. So things just generally hurt because your inflammatory system of the body is out of balance okay and and real quick the inflammatory system of the body is an important system of the body. If you eliminate it you get joint breakdown, tissue breakdown, very dangerous. If it goes too far in the other direction same thing. Joint breakdown and things start to get pretty bad. You want inflammatory system that's balanced and if it's out of whack it can definitely cause problems. One of the main causes of systemic inflammation is lack of sleep. In fact one night of poor sleep typically can be measured by measuring someone's inflammatory markers. Sleep is extremely important at helping your body regulate its its own natural systems of inflammation. So prioritizing you know seven to eight hours every night don't eat about an hour before bed, an hour before bed make sure you have all the lights turned down maybe wear blue light blocking glasses make sure your room is is blacked out and you take that you know seriously you go to bed an hour after everything's winded down you're relaxed maybe drink some chamomile tea and get good sleep because lack of sleep even in the healthiest person can cause inflammation to go in the wrong direction. Yeah I also think too of inflammation like how some of my clients it would show up as you know like swelling and fluid and things like that you're going to notice in your knees that right away is like okay how am I going to deal with this and like you know how was your sleep and also nutrition is one of those factors that you have to take into account what you're eating and putting in your body that you're you might be reacting to that might also you know open up any part of your body that is already fighting things within is going to really exaggerate that you're going to feel that even more. Oh yeah if you eat something if you eat anything that causes any gastro distress so it could be as simple as like flatulence like oh every time I eat this I get lots of gas or bloating or stomach pain definitely constipation or loose stool if you eat anything that causes gastro distress you are causing a your inflammatory system to ramp up a little bit every single time you do that now if you do that every single day which a lot of people do you know heartburn is another one I know people that deal with heartburn every single day and they just take tums or roll aids every single day it's just what they do I know people who you know they have constant gastro issues and this is just how I am oh this is without really paying attention to what foods is causing that and that can be very individual by the way for some people it could be some foods for other people it can be other foods but if you are constantly having gastro issues regularly you are giving yourself a higher than than a healthy level of inflammation of the body it does compound and it does cause more pain. Well to Justin's point about fluid being sent to these areas too okay so I had bursitis in my hips and what happens is if your your knee or your ankle isn't tracking properly then the the body receives that as a signal that there could be pain in that area and so it sends fluid there fluid there to help it out and then it builds up in these sacs and then it causes all this systemic inflammation and so that was something that just was mind-boggling to me is that oh here I am this exercise guy I work out but then why do I have all this bursitis in my hip and it was because I lacked the mobility the stability and the strength in my hips and so my hips were not tracking properly my body then thinks that there's an injury or something going on there so it then sends fluid to that area to help protect the joints in that area which just ends up causing all this pain so when you have things like bursitis or you have fluid being sent to joints the body is recognizing it as if it's injured and it's trying to help you yeah it's trying to medicate it by sending all that which is just causing even more pain and the inability to move properly and the the way to fix it is not to avoid it and stay away from it it's to actually address the mobility the stability and the strength in that joint to alleviate that problem right now let's let's to go back to diet here's another one this is very common if your fatty acid profile is way out of balance if you eat lots of vegetable oils or processed vegetable oils if you're not getting enough omega threes or healthy fats because the the fatty acids are help are part of what make the inflammatory system work if those are out of balance you can have more inflammation sometimes people can actually supplement with fish oil and notice a reduction in overall inflammation other times it needs to be a little bit more dramatic where they have to change their diet maybe cut out some dairy or definitely eliminate those those vegetable oils like corn oil soybean oil those processed you know vegetable oils get those out of the diet replace them with things like olive oils avocado oils butters you know healthy fats animal fats ghee from from you know from well sourced uh sources and they start to notice their inflammatory system starts to balance out and they start to feel a little bit better to that point so do you see value in things like prebiotics and probiotics to to help people with their gut because if it helps their gut for sure because poor gut health is going to make you feel inflamed everywhere and that can even show up as anxiety and in a bad mood uh high inflammation if you've ever had a fever or a mild fever and you feel just kind of crummy and you're taking anti-inflammatory all of a sudden you feel so much better that's kind of what happens right your your inflammatory inflammation is a little high you feel just kind of crummy overall you bring it down from healing your gut and those things can be a part of a of a gut healing process other supplements um turmeric uh can be a good supplement that could reduce inflammation ginger is another supplement that can help with inflammation now one of the problems with uh with those supplements however is they don't replace a good diet or good sleep or good stress management but you did make a very good point adam you know making sure you consume things that promote good gut health tends to reduce inflammation overall in the body um you know things with prebiotics or things that contain compounds like slippery elm for example uh marshmallow root these are things that help keep the gut healthy because the gut definitely can cause inflammatory uh signals to rise um and oftentimes it's from you know poor poor gut health look mind pump is recorded on videos as well as audio come check us out on youtube you can find us there you can also find us on any podcast platform uh we're also on instagram if you want to find us directly you can find uh dug at mind pump dug justin at mind pump justin me at mind pump salin adam at mind pump adam the first step of overcoming anxiety is is recognizing that it's self-inflicted um which you know and i don't know if it's this generation or this time that we're going through right now but a lot of this is like we're always pointing at the things that are happening to us but it's us who allows ourselves to feel anxious


Okay, so our next speaker is Etienne Lijoux, who will talk about fragmented visions of sterile relativity and the ontology of time more serious. Yeah, so yeah, so thanks everyone for coming. And so my talk is titled, as you said, from the vision of general relativity and the ontology of time. And basically, my goal is going to show that if you adopt a vision of general relativity where you are to consider just one formulation of the theory, this is what I call a fragmented vision. This is going to bias the ontology of time you are going to consider. And I think we shouldn't do that. So just to give a brief outline, first I'm going to give some brief reminder on the basic physics of ontology of time and how it works or not in a relativistic theory. And then I'm going on building on that to present an argument, a recent argument, by Romero. And the argument is based on the existence of an original way, basically. And then we are going to dive a bit more into the argument. And we are going to do that using two formulations of general relativity. And my point is going to be that the argument is wrong. And to see that, we are going to study it first in one formation and then in another. And so in doing that, we are going to see where Romero is mistaken. And using this example, I'm going to argue for a more general idea is that if you, like Romero, if you only use one formation of the theory, it will tend to suggest one thesis on the ontology of time. In that case. And I'm going to propose to conclude a solution to that. So first, so the ontology of time, it can be reduced to one question. What is the extension, or at least in my context, one question. Ontological extensionality of time. So right now we are in the present, but does that mean that only the present exists? Or do events in the past and in the future already exist? Also, even now? So there are two main phases on a more broad level. So intuitively, we have a presentism that says that only the event in the present exists. And then there is the opposite view that all the events exist even now. Like right now, the event in the future for me, they already exist. And it forms a sort of block. And of course, I say main phases because there are variations on that. But I just talked about the present. But as you know, in special and in general reality, the present, this doesn't mean anything. And this is because if you consider one observer, and let's say we have two events, E and E prime. And they are at the same time for this observer. Well, in special and general reality, we know that for another observer, they are not going to happen at the same time necessarily. And so we can say that because of that, the extension of the present is for independence. So the present doesn't make sense. And from there you could say, okay, so presentism is just wrong in special reality. And you could be very inclined to go to eternalism. And actually that's what many people do. But some disagree with that. And there is one phase which I'm going to focus on. So to be clear, I'm not going to defend presentism and this. I'm just saying that this is the ontology we are going to study. So this was done by Inge Cliff and Bourne, this proposal. So what they say is they say, okay, we present without many other things. But we can still define sort of presentism relative to the present of a certain frame. So a sort of relative size presentation, you could say. So just a bit of graphical explanation on that. If you have a certain observer and a frame, you can in his frame, you can always slice space-time events into slices, surfaces, special surfaces. We are going to represent the events at a certain time. So as you can see, they are at some time events.  And then what is surface presentism is going to say is that at present time t, only the event on the surface that's defining the present exists. And just a bit of technical precision. There are actually two kinds of surface present. So the first is you say this slicing and surface ID, it's relative to each observer. So the ontology is just a little bit dependent. But if you don't want to do that, you can say there is a frame, a metaphysically privileged frame that is not physically privileged, but it can be metaphysically. And so it's relative to this one that event exists or not. But actually for the argument we are going to study, it doesn't matter which kind of surface present we are going to, you consider each one. So now I come to the argument. So as I said before, it's based on the original way. And it starts from the following application of presentism, is that if presentism, and it implies surface presentism from now, then the ontological extension of the world is fundamental. The world is fundamental because you have just the special surface that contains the present. And from that Romero in the article I gave here in 2017, he proposed the following argument. So he says, and for now I'll just focus on the logical structure, not the term that I used. First, there are gravitational waves. We have detected a gravitational wave, and so Romero says we should incorporate a gravitational wave into our ontology. So we can ground this one, this premises. And then he says, gravitational waves have non-zero value, okay so I don't define this term but just take it for granted. And third premises, non-zero right curvature is only possible in four or more dimensions. And you can see that from a logical standpoint, if you combine the last two, you derive that if gravitational waves exist, well they have to live in a space that has four or more dimensions. But then if you come back to the presentist view, you see that this is not compatible because if surface presentism is true then the world is dimensional. And so for Romero, this is an argument that refutes this ontological position. Just before going a bit more about the gravitational wave argument, I just wanted to mention that there is another Mauritian argument by Marron and LeBion. And it's quite similar structurally, but it's based on black hole this time. If you want in the Q&A, I can come back to that, but I just don't have time to analyze it deeply. Okay, so for Romero's argument, first let's present the standard formulation of general relativity, which I think many of you know. So how do you do general relativity usually? You say that you want to determine the geometry of space-time and you say using what's called the Einstein equation, four-dimensional in that case, that the geometry of space-time is determined by the matter content of the universe, basically. And we do actually in the physics, write it in this way schematically, and you know the physics behind, you know that T here is the matter content, it's the stress energy tensor, and G, an object that characterizes geometry, this is the Einstein tensor, but for us you can just call it G and T. Okay, and I just wanted to remark about here, because we are adopting a sort of four-dimensional view, we have a global perspective, basically. We determine the geometry of the whole space-time. So you can do that with gravitational wave. So in general, in any space, gravitational wave, this is defined as a perturbation of the geometry that's due to the oscillation of gravitational force. So the basic example which empirically is how we know gravitational wave exists is that if you take two neutron stars or black holes that are orbiting one around another in what's called a binary system, they are going to attract each other and come closer and closer, and in doing so they are going to perturb the geometry and make it oscillatory, and that's how gravitational waves are emitted and reaches. So because they are perturbation of geometry, if you want to have a gravitational wave in a space, this space has to be curved. So for example, to give you a contra-example, sorry, in Minkowski's space there are no gravitational waves because the space-time is just a rigid structure that cannot be modified. And there is a mathematical general condition for any space mathematically of dimension D to be curved is that either the G-quantity we introduced earlier but adapted to the space is non-zero or another quantity that's called the vial curvature and we come back to the object in Romero's argument is non-zero. So to put it in another way, a space-time is flat if both of these quantities are zero and if one or both of them are non-zero, it's curved. So using that, we can treat gravitational waves in the standard formation and here I'm following what Romero is doing. So here we are sort of a hypnotic view, you could say, because we are just saying we are going to find a space-time where there are gravitational waves, not from time to time basically, which we are going to do later. So what you do is you say I'm going to put myself in a vacuum because gravitational waves usually they travel in the interstellar space where there is no matter basically. And if you come back to the inside equation I wrote earlier I said that G4 is equal to T4 because there is no matter you just put T4 is equal to zero and then you have this equation that G4 is equal to zero. But then using the condition of the existential gravitational wave the space-time of dimension 4, because you have G4 is equal to zero for it to be curved you need to impose that C4 is non-zero because if both were zero the space-time would be flat basically. So given that, so that was the first approach another more local approach you could say what you could say a snapshot view a description of the gravitational wave and intuitively we see how we think about it is that you are going to want to study how the spatial geometry of the universe will evolve from time to time. So this is really a shift of perspective because instead of considering the geometry of zero inter-space-time as a block that doesn't evolve and just creates a wave in it you want to start from a configuration and see how it will evolve basically and to give a graphical impression of that if you start from a spatial surface at some time what you want to know is how it will evolve given the matter on or its configuration and if there is no matter it just evolves because it has a certain spatial curvature. But that's now where the objection of Romo comes in is that the issue is that the vitality it vanishes in a lot of dimension and basically due to its symmetry I'm not going to prove that I'm just going to give an analogy so considering a standard Euclidean space of the dimension you can always define a vector so imagine that it has the components a1, tata, tata, until ad and we subject it to the following constraint the nature of the constraint is not important it's just an example and so you can see that you can define a in any dimension but as it turns out if you do that in d is equal to 3 it's very easy to show from this constraint that all the components are 0 and actually it's true for also d is equal to 2 and d is equal to 1 and on the contrary if you do that for d is equal to 4 or more it doesn't vanish so that's kind of the same idea basically it's too constrained in low dimension ok so with that let's come back to the older approach I was talking about and what's called actually the Frippes-1 formation of general relativity so the idea is that instead of looking at the spacetime and under hold you want to know the evolution of space in time so how do you do that technically what you do is you want to find the counterpart of Einstein equation but on the surface that you consider and what you find in doing that in projecting Einstein equation is that first you find two constraint equations which are really energy conditions it just states that if you have energy on the universe at some time it doesn't vanish at a later time which is kind of obvious and what you get is this equation and the thing I want to point out is that you do not get the kind of counterpart of Einstein equation the intuitive counterpart where you just change the dimension and that's because Einstein equations are nonlinear basically and so you get an additional term by nonzero and so the takeaway message is that on the surface the dynamics is not given by the same equation the same form for the equation as its version for dimension so with all that let's come back to Romero's argument so just a brief recall on the premises here and the issue actually one is that the second premise is not right and why is that it's because on the spatial surface you consider in the surface presentism this surface can be curved even though C3 is equal to 0 and to see that let's come back to the general condition of that space is curved so remember that all we have to impose is that either G or C is nonzero so if G is 0 you have to impose that C is nonzero but so this is the case in for dimension but notice that in free dimension in the surface when you put the material content to 0 you don't get G3 is equal to 0 actually you get another term which is nonzero is equal to 0 so this means that G3 is nonzero and so you see that you can have a curved space because G3 is nonzero and so the fact that C3 is 0 is not a problem actually so can you go back just to be slightly before yeah just because I yeah it's fine that's fine okay so let me come to the last part so the thing I want to point out is that of course you are you can choose to work with either of the formulation I have talked about and actually there are more formulation of general utility which I am not going to evoke but this doesn't mean that you have to restrict yourself to 1 and that's why I am pointing out relative to Rommel's argument is that for him what I have called the external formation this is how you define the general utility and you have no other way basically this is the general utility and I don't think that's right I don't think you should think that way and that's why I called the bias metaphysics because in thinking that the external formation is the only way to do metaphysics in this theory you conflate two things you conflate the fact that presentation is a compatible general utility which is what Rommel wanted to prove but actually this is not what his argument shows what he shows is that external formation because you take a sort of global view it's not apparently suggestive of a presentation but that doesn't mean that it's not inscribable so the overarching point I could say is that when you have this fragmented view where you consider only one formation you get a confusion between the specifics of the formation you are considering and the physical core what's common to the formation and I think this can lead us astray because if you identify the theory with the formation you consider then you would tend to use concept outside of that reach and this is what Rommel was doing because when he said that basically his argument implicitly stated that the form of the Einstein equation is the same on the surface that it is on the four dimensional universe but as we saw that's not the case and so if you do that the apparent inequality of the formation you are considering with a particular ontology view which is okay in appearance it doesn't seem to suggest some ontology but you can conflate that with the fact that it's a real incompatibility to illustrate that you can say it's true and Rommel and other people are defining that that the four dimensional perspective on the general entity this does not suggest a more eternalistic view and conversely if you take the local time from time perspective you could say this seems to suggest presentism but what I want to point out is that because you can do either actually you should be careful that when you say that it proves that some ontology is right or at least that some are wrong and the solution for me is that you should accept basically all the formulation and so I propose to adopt a sort of holistic stance where you say metaphysics I should consider or at least not one formulation and then general entity is going to be defined not with respect to one formation but with respect to all of them at least several okay so I come to my conclusion so what we affirm I mean on the more basic level is that you cannot refute surface presentism with Rommel's so okay so where is that but why it's interesting to refute it I think is that the mistake of the argument is very interesting basically because I think Rommel is in that case is showing that or is mistakenly saying that the manifest feature of the standard formation this is the core of the theory basically and so I think that the lesson from metaphysics should be that it is important as to not draw ST on its conclusion to keep in mind that the specific features of one formulation they may not be enough so for example the fact that you have a global view in the standard formation is not there in the 3 plus 1 formulation and just to come back to the title of the conference so should we go from science to metaphysics I don't have an answer to that but just wanted to point out that if you want to do that consider all of the formulation of the theory and just to extrapolate a bit on that not only should you consider several theory but maybe you should because they are certainly really see that what is physical what is the core of the theory is only what is common to them so for example you cannot say that generality is an interesting theory because it's not there in our formation it's still a lot of time for discussions so yeah oh thank you that was really interesting so I have a couple of questions maybe the last one first so yeah so basically I wanted to know why do you think that the 3 plus 1 formulation of general relativity suggests presentism to me it might also allow for a view like moving spotlights so it's not so the 3 general well the standard formulation seems to suggest eternalism the 3 plus 1 just leaves the possibility it doesn't suggest a specific yeah maybe that was not well formatted by me but I only wanted to say when I say it suggests presentism I should maybe I say it does not subject eternalism because in this talk yeah it's kind of maybe they call to me but it's not but I would say it's very it's not you have some that is in many other phases so I just wanted to clarify this okay so well that wasn't a real question yeah so so my question and this one might be naive but I really not very knowledgeable about the physics why is there a specific reason why the 4 dimensional formulation is the standard one as opposed to 3 plus 1 like is there a specific physical reason or historical reason so first it was the first that was formulated historically I call it standard because it's the one that you find it more like it's predominant you could say and also it's you know it's a kind of feedback loop that most people are taught this formulation first because it's maybe more it's easier then they they can't be taught all of the relations so if you there is no intra-interdictionary textbook on generality that would not stop from being done so that's why I call it that no but I mean is there like a debate in the physics at which formulation is? oh okay so yeah something I mentioned is that each of these two foundations can be useful in center context and not so useful in all so for example suppose you have a very symmetrical situation like a spherical star then the standard formation will be very useful because it's very good at solving very symmetrical IELTS case but now suppose you don't have you don't want analytical solution but you want to do numerical computation well then the four dimensional case it's useless basically so you will take the purpose one to do the incrementation on the computer quantum and actually to take the example of gravitational wave to the table of gravitational wave we have to model or to start colliding one and two and over and there is not analytical solution to that and so you have to resolve two so you have to so you can choose either in this context no because in this context there is no in this context you have to do numerical simulations so you have to do the purpose one the standard one no three percent yeah I want to come back to what you just raised at the very beginning so the previous one could just as well work with moving slope light to you and I think it is actually so I mean I think you are fully right that remember sorry but against present but I would make your conclusion even stronger I don't think it's the case that given any interpretation of in this case general relativity a clear ontology of mind follows yeah and I think it's even stronger than that even within a certain general relativity you can't compute what the correct ontology of time is the ontology of time is going to remain undetermined by any interpretation of general relativity or special relativity I wouldn't think that just wrong I would go I would go to the science of physics I am digging more of a statistic you can get to the methods I think you are just for science yeah, here I didn't want to make a statement as strong as that but I just wanted to point out that you should not consider formulation, but I agree that, yeah, the moving spotlight theory is, physics is a good example that even in one you cannot decide, or at least along those lines. But really, this talk was about a trend that says that aims to show that, tries to show that geneticity shows that some are wrong. But yeah, you could infer the inverse statement that actually no physics can be inferred. This just was not the precise aim. I agree with your conclusions completely. Maybe I'm not sure that the 3 plus 1 and the four-dimensional formulations really are just two different formulations of the same theory, I think maybe we agree maybe on that. Okay, so maybe it's worthwhile just like get the reasons out of the open, right? So not all, the models of gender relativity can be decomposed in this 3 plus 1 way, and the way that you decompose them requires the addition of a structure that is a bit analogous to the preferred frame you started with in the case of special relativity. Choice of shift and lapse functions. We don't have to go into details about that. So one could have a response to like these are just two formulations in the same way that one could have a response to claims that special relativity versus special relativity plus a preferred frame such as like the Lorentzian theory, right, are equivalent formulations because one has strictly more structure. Now for those reasons one might say there's actually an argument for preferring the one over the other. To be clear I agree with your final conclusions so I think that even but I think that I have some hesitation in this particular case about these two being equivalent formulations. Well, yeah something I didn't have time to, yeah actually I had time. It was that when you do the slicing into a surface, this is specific to one observer and a different observer will do, will get announced slicing, but the important thing is just that they agree on the prediction basically, like true they will not have the same but they will, at the same space I mean they will do the same thing. And even in the formational case you could say okay there is the global view but you still have to choose a frame when you do physics I mean, when you do the physics of, well I mean at least in practice you always choose a frame in a cocoon or something else. Yeah but I would say that has to do with the fact that when we want to do experiments it's because we want to see like what is this device going to predict and so then you have to it's convenient to model things in that way. I don't think we have a disagreement about that but there's a question about whether or not the contingent features about this physical device add like a special ontological status above say that device or that device. Yeah thanks. I'd like to come back to the suggestion you made in the very end. Yeah right, all of the fibrillations of this theory are relevant for its physical core and then I take it only the physical core is like relevant for metaphysical inferences, right? Sorry. For metaphysical inferences, so if you want to learn about metaphysics then we have to protect the physical core, right? I was wondering whether, I don't know what I understand correctly but wouldn't that mean that I have to find just one formulation that is incompatible with a certain metaphysical view to show that the physical core is incompatible with this metaphysical view and in this case it seems like the argument against present to them would go through because we have this one from the relation that's incompatible. Maybe I will reverse the idea that what I call the physical core is basically the physical prediction that do not vary from the information because if they would vary it would just be different theory. For example, if I put a clock on the surface of the earth and I put a clock far into space, I know that the clock at surface of the earth would go far in the slower relative to the other one and this temporal delay is even quantitatively is the same in any formulation, right? So you could calculate that in 3 plus 1 or in the standard or any other we are also for those who know that, like the quantitative spin-to approach to general utility which is completely different but also you could calculate the same thing and that's why I call the physical core basically the prediction that are invariant in between formations and what change between formation is basically how you articulate measurable quantities but not the value you could say. Okay, many thanks. I absolutely agree with the conclusion so many thanks for this. Just one very question about what you think, would you extend your view to other physical theories? I mean think about quantum mechanics or other views in which there are a little bit of physical discussion and everything again everything seems to be depending on, okay formulation is a probably tricky word and probably is not the right way to say it but in any case you have different views right and there are different claims and they claim to reject different things but okay so at some point we should do something and also in quantum mechanics there is this people doing what they call neutral quantum mechanics or the overlapping strategy and they seem to be in this direction at at least some point which we should focus on the agreements between neutral agreements but so I want to know if you if you would be happy to extend this view to other. Yeah actually this I think I would because this is a general worry area that we tend to be trapped into the version of theories we know and sometimes we forget in doing so we forget that some part of the structure of the formulation of the sets of the conceptual framework can be changed and it wouldn't change anything. And so yeah I think I think a similar in quantum mechanics could be rather than like yeah but the maybe thing you could object or be worried about my my proposal is that all of the formulation what does it mean because for example probably there are formulation of general utility that we don't know yet but we'll be finding sometimes from now on. Yeah I don't think I know this one but I agree with you mostly so so of course if you want to think about time at a very abstract level you look at different version of version I don't know if version for me there are different theories but at least different theories of general utility compatible with stuff that we believe good but it's exactly like Aristotle thinking okay let's think about time and change time depends change but there's another part in Aristotle is that we don't live in this general universe we live in a particular universe compatible with these principles so would you say okay we have to check for every version of general utility but also every cosmological model that is compatible with the specific observation we have because we don't live in the world of general utility we live in a certain cosmos that is compatible if these theory of truth of course compatible with the equation so would you add a cosmological systematic studies do you mean like a cosmological metric? Yeah the kind of model that are compatible with with our universe big band model well you can you you can do you can find metrics in either formulation for the universe yeah but you see you see you see maybe it's because of my history Aristotle spends a long time to say that you know time is strictly dependent on change so time is a little stuff but the cosmological model he has there's this customer's time that just percolate to so he has a tension between time in general super time contingently necessary in yeah us so in general utility you have the equation of general utility that are real more metaphysical abstract let's say level and there's the specific model representing our cosmos yeah and you with nothing that we should be careful to explore systematically also time more locally or we're just interested in his present is and seems to be to be not just at the highest level of physics but do you mean locally like in like not to consider the universe at the bigger scale but just here I don't know I don't do that I'm asking you I'm not sure I understand the question I understand the question because let me start again so you have general utility it's like pure formalism we say metaphysical stuff about that okay and we are we have quantum things in our world which are not just not just governed by quantum mechanics in general by specific conditions yeah and we do metaphysics at the looking at the space but it's not impossible that some particular stuff yeah contribute also to our our reflection about metaphysics so you did a very convincing arguments that we have to be careful if you look just at the 40 level general theory because there's also other variation that could be important but you never you talk of general duty I need to be independent of the universe with it yeah well like it's a it's a it's a metaphysics of all the possible world where general duty is true yeah and I worry that in our specific universe there's maybe contingent condition that will make your exploration of what is time okay well what you're asking I think is ready to the questions for example when once you have the answer to the question this doesn't in itself give you prediction because you have to set a model so for example you are going to say the matter is distributed in this way in our universe and this implies geometry but then it's just a question in general of if I have a set of physical law we in general in general physical law how do we apply then how do we choose the condition of the sets of the configuration that applies in our universe but I think this is not specific to general entity like it's it's the same thing is in Maxwell equation okay so what is the distribution of charge in the universe well I'm test on models and see if it but I don't worry about the ontology of Maxwell equation I don't worry about time I'm not sure everything about time is captured at the highest abstraction level especially direction of time okay


Arpita ma'am, tell me one thing, should I sit for set exam? I am unable to clear net exam, can I give set exam? I am in my master's first year, can I give set exam? I am from Rajasthan, can I give set exam of Gujarat? Hi friends, welcome to my channel, I am Arpita Karwa. In this video, I will answer all these and many more such questions. I am also going to talk about the similarities and differences between net and set. Plus, I am going to talk about all the questions that you might have in your brain if you are planning to give your set exam. Towards the end of this video, I will discuss who should ideally sit for set exam. I will also talk about a few other FAQs which are frequently asked by students. So please make sure that you watch this video till the end. If you are new to this channel then please hit the subscribe button and press the bell icon so that every Sunday as soon as I upload a new video, you are the first one to know about it. We are proud to share that we are India's largest YouTube channel in the field of UGC net set exam preparation. Without further ado, let's get started. To begin with, let us quickly see the difference between UGC net and set exam. The first thing that you should know is the full form of these two exams. Net stands for National Eligibility Test whereas set stands for State Eligibility Test. In a lot of places, set exam is also called SLIT which stands for State Level Eligibility Test. Don't think that set and SLIT are two different exams. Both of them are same exam. The only difference between them is their short form. Now let's discuss the similarities between the two exams, net and set. If you have completed your master's or if you are doing your master's and you want to become an assistant professor or want to pursue PhD, you have to give either net or set exam. Both exams follow the same paper pattern. Both exams have two papers, paper one and paper two. Paper one is a general aptitude paper, paper two is a subject specific paper. There is no negative marking in any of these exams. Both these exams are computer based except for some states where set or SLIT exam is still happening in pen and paper format. Still, there is no difference in the exam pattern. Both have got the same number of marks, same number of questions. Paper one has 50 questions for 100 marks. Paper two has 100 questions for 200 marks. Total exam is of 300 marks. Now let's look at the syllabus. Friends, syllabus is also the same for both the exams. There are 10 units in paper one in both the exams. This is teaching aptitude, research aptitude, information technology or data interpretation and what not. Syllabus for paper two is also the same for both net and set. If I talk specifically about English literature, there are 10 units which include poetry, fiction, non-fiction, drama, literary theory, criticism and all of this. Set or net, both have the same syllabus. Similarly, the eligibility criteria is also same for net and set both. In both, you have to get a minimum of 55% marks without rounding off. This is for general candidates. It has 50% in case of STSC, OBC and PWD. You can avail GRF opportunity in both the exams. GRF is basically junior research fellowship. It is given to students based on their merit. Benefits and eligibility for GRF is also the same for both the exam. A student who is under the age of 30 can avail GRF. Also, a relaxation of 5 years is given in some special cases such as females, STSC, OBC. Now after looking at so many similarities, it's time to look at the differences between net and set. The major difference in both the exam is the scope. Net is national level exam. After clearing net, one can apply for the post of assistant professor in any college or university throughout the nation. Suppose I have cleared my UGC net from the city of Rajasthan, let's say Jaipur. I can apply for the post of assistant professor in any state be it Maharashtra and the Pradesh, irrespective of the place from where I have given UGC net exam, I can still become professor of any other state college as well. On the other hand, the set exam only permits you to apply for the post of assistant professor in that state in which you have cleared your exam. Suppose I have cleared set exam of Gujarat. This means I am eligible to apply for the post of assistant professor in only Gujarat. Currently there are 15 states in India that conducts their own set exams. It includes Andhra Pradesh, Sam, Jammu Kashmir, Kerala, Maharashtra and few other states. Every set exam is denoted by the name of the state. For example, Rajasthan set is known as R set, whereas Maharashtra set is known as MH set. Another difference between this exam is about the number of time this exam is conducted. Net exam is ideally conducted twice a year. It is conducted in the month of July and December, whereas set exam is conducted just once a year. Difference number three is the difficulty level of these two exams and it is the most crucial difference and because of this difference, many students prefer to give set exam instead of net. Net exam is quite difficult in comparison to the set exam. Despite having the same syllabus, same level of questions, set is relatively easy. Before I move on to the next point, here is something that I want to share. If you are preparing for paper one, UGC net paper one, paper two, MA entrance, PHJ entrance, PGT, TGT, UPSC gate set or any other competitive exam related to English literature, I have amazing news for you. We offer detailed online video course for all these exams. In our online courses, we provide you topic-wise video lessons with rich animations covering all important topics in step-by-step manner, which works even when you have not done any previous preparation. We also provide very high quality PDFs and revision notes that covers syllabus-wise topics comprehensively and ensure you qualify your dream exam in just one attempt. Along with video lectures and PDFs, we also offer test series that consist of more than 3,000 unit-wise questions that comes with detailed exploration. Plus, after every test, you get a detailed performance report and you are ranking in all India leaderboard, which will help you spot your weak and strong areas. We cover all these important topics, writers and works in our online course. The detailed list of all these topics that are covered in our online course is available free of cost on our website at pithakarva.com. Even if you are preparing for these exams on your own, we would highly recommend you to visit our website, download this detailed list of writers and check out Solved Past Year papers of all these competitive exams. The link of our website and all our courses are given in the description box below. You can check out the course details from our website and even watch free demo lectures and attempt a demo mock test before you decide to enroll in the course. For more information related to the courses we offer, feel free to shoot your queries on WhatsApp number displayed on the screen and me and my team will be more than happy to assist you. Now I'm going to talk about a very important topic. Who should sit for the set exam? Personally, I would recommend said to those students who are preparing for UGC Net, but who are not able to clear UGC Net in their previous attempts. If you would like to request them not to quit their dream of becoming a professor, they still have a chance to redeem themselves through set exam. Another thing I would like to mention here is that most of the aspirants, they try to find a job in their hometown only after clearing Net or set. Thus, if you are not able to clear Net, you should definitely give set exam because both the exams hold similar value from a career perspective. If you clear Net, then how does Net and set make a difference for you? Another thing I would like to mention here is that if you have already cleared your Net exam, you don't need to sit for set exam because Net allows you to apply in any college pan India. Also, UGC Net cleared candidates will be given an added advantage over set cleared candidates.  Do you also feel that those who qualify set are academically weaker than those who clear Net? Comment below right now. In the next segment of this video, we are going to talk about two frequently asked questions but before that, a small reminder for all of you. If you are looking for past year papers of UGC Net paper one or paper two, then we invite you to visit our website right now. We have provided past 10 years papers along with answer key, free of cost on our website. You can simply go and download the paper and start your preparation right away. Now let's quickly look at the first commonly asked question. Can a student give the set of any other state other than their own hometown? For example, if I have a student who belongs to Rajasthan, can I give set exam of Gujarat? The answer is yes, Y-E-S. I can apply for Gujarat set and give the exam. I can also apply for Maharashtra set for Kerala set. In fact, I can give exam set I want to give irrespective of whether it's my hometown or not. Second question is from students whose states don't conduct their respective set exams. For example, states like Bihar, Jharkhand do not conduct their set exam. How can such students sit for set? How can they sit for set exam and clear it? As I have already discussed in my first question, a student can give set exam of any state. They can give the set exam of state which is near to their hometown or they can give it according to their convenience as well. Basically, the state where you have to go to become a professor, or any state you can give the set exam there. If your state doesn't conduct your set, then any state which is attached to your state, for example, if you live in Bihar, then you can give UP set exam. So you can give that set exam. I have answered most of your questions related to differences, similarity, syllabus eligibility criteria of set and net through this video. With that note, I would like to end this video. I hope I was able to clear the confusion that you had in your mind. If you found this video helpful, then please like this video by giving it a big fan thumbs up and also share it with other fellow aspirants who are struggling with similar kind of questions. I am quite eager to know how you felt about this video. Did you like it? Did you not like it? Did you find it helpful? Share your views in the comments below. Also, if you have any questions, any doubts or if you want me to make video on any other topic, feel free to put that in the comment section as well. That's it from my side for this video lecture. I will meet you very soon in the next video lecture. Till the time we meet next, happy learning, keep loving literature and stay tuned to arpitakarva.com