A very good evening aspirants welcome to hindi newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankarae's Academy for the date 26th of July 2022 and displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today and without any delay let's get into the article discussion. Today we are going to start our discussion with this friend page article. See this article states that Madam Traupati Murmu took the oath of office as the 15th president of India yesterday. She said that the post of president is not her personal achievement but it is the achievement of every poor person in India. And in this context we are going to discuss some of the provisions related to president office. We are going to discuss about eligibility criteria, oath and vacancies related to president office. See in India to be eligible for election as president a person should meet certain conditions. Now what are they? Firstly he or she should be a citizen of India. Secondly he or she should have completed 35 years of age. Note here upper age limit is not mentioned. It is just given as they should have completed 35 years of age. So in prilams if a statement is asked like the person contesting the election for the president office should not be over 65 years then it is a wrong statement. Why is that? Because upper age limit is not given. Now coming to third eligibility criteria the person should be qualified for election as a member of Lok Sabha that is the person should meet the qualification of MP of Lok Sabha. And finally a person to be elected as president should not hold any office of profit. Know that the word office of profit has not been defined in the constitution or the representation of people act of 1951. See office of profit has been interpreted by courts from time to time. Basically it is a position that brings to the office holder some financial gain or some benefit. And with this we have finished seeing the eligibility criteria for president office. Now let's move on to see about the oath. See before entering upon the office the president has to make and subscribe to an oath or affirmation. The oath of office to the president is administered by Chief Justice of India. If Chief Justice is absent on that particular day the senior most judge of the Supreme Court will administer the oath. Now coming to the vacancies see a vacancy in the president's office can occur in many ways. Firstly the vacancy may be created on the expiry of his tenure of 5 years. Now secondly the vacancy may be created by his resignation it may occur on his removal by the process of impeachment or it may be created by his death. Finally the vacancy may be created when he becomes disqualified to hold office or when his election is declared void. Note that when the vacancy is going to be caused by the expiration of the term of the sitting president an election to fill the vacancy must be held before the expiration of the term. But in case of any delay in conducting the election the outgoing president continues to hold the office until his successor assumes charge. Now in this case he continues to hold office beyond his term of 5 years. This is provided by the constitution in order to prevent an interregnum and in this situation the vice president will not act as president or discharge the functions of the president. Now apart from this if the office falls vacant by resignation removal or death then the election to fill the vacancy should be held within 6 months from the date of occurrence of vacancy. The newly elected president reminds an office for a full term of 5 years from the date he assumes charge. In this case the vice president can act as president until a new president is elected and also when the sitting president is unable to discharge his functions due to absence or illness then also the vice president can discharge his functions until the president resumes his office. So that's all about this article discussion. See in 2023 problems you may expect questions regarding president election. So be thorough with the provisions related to president office. Now with these learnt points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. Now for our next discussion we are going to take this editorial article. See it is a lead editorial article and this article is about evolving new global order in the world arena. Today I'm going to try something new. Instead of discussing and displaying the practice main's question at the end what I'm going to do is I'll first display the practice question and I'll discuss the article and side by side I'll also tell you how to use the points in the editorial in your main's answer. Now before starting the discussion I want to share something with you. Once in a while you come across a very rich lead editorial and this editorial today is like that. See most of the time after reading the lead editorial I'll be able to extract only 2 or 3 points in total. Now you may ask a question. A lead editorial will be around 1000 to 1000 hundred words. How come only 3 points can be extracted from it? See it is a reasonable question. See through the author's command over English they'll be able to write a whole essay with just 3 points. But today's article is rich in every sense. It is easy to understand and it is also easy to comprehend. See this lead editorial is written by MK Narayanan and look at his profile. He is a former IPS officer, a former director, intelligence bureau, former national security advisor and former governor of West Bengal. No wonder he wrote such an article, right? See your GS answers must be like today's lead article. It must be crisp to the point and must be substantiated with examples. So after listening to the discussion go read the today's article then you will understand what I'm trying to convey. Now enough about this. Let us get into the discussion. See I have displayed the main's question here. Let me read it out. In the recently concluded G7 Summit the German Chancellor Olaf Scholz said a time of uncertainty lies ahead of us. We cannot foresee how it will end. Illustrate. Here the keyword is illustrate. Illustrate means to explain something with examples. So for this question what you have to do? You must prove Mr. Olaf Scholz statement with example. That is you must substantiate with example that the world is heading towards uncertain times. See since this is an illustrate type question you cannot take the opposing viewpoint. You must support the statement with examples. First of all, let us look at the introduction. For introduction you can write about the evolving global order. How the world was unipolar at the height of the British Empire and it turned bipolar with US on one side and USSR on the other side after the World War One. And then again it turned unipolar after the collapse of the USSR. And finally in the recent times the world order is going through a shift after the emergence of China. And this will be an apt introduction. Now coming to the illustrate part. First of all let us take the changes taking place in Europe. We are going to cover it geographically. First of all we are taking Europe. Currently the political environment in Europe is quite turbulent. To stabilize it a leader who is strong is required.  The current German Chancellor Mr Olaf Scholz lacks the foreign policy experience of Ms Merkel. And not just Germany the United Kingdom is also currently in a political crisis since Mr Johnson lost the majority in the lower house. See the only European leader with good experience as far as the foreign policy is concerned is the French President Mr Emmanuel Macron. But he too will not be able to act independently as the opposition has secured a majority in the French National Assembly. So basically Europe is rudderless boat heading into troubled waters. Now next is that there is an economic crisis looming in Europe. See inflation it is at an all time high. The cost of energy, food and fertilizers have skyrocketed. This has taken a hit on the foreign exchange reserves of various countries. So many European countries are economically unsound. We saw before that as far as the foreign policy is concerned, Europe is heading towards troubled waters. Now from this point it is clear that economically also uncertainty is there in Europe. Now finally the major event that is unfolding in Europe is the Russia-Ukraine conflict. See the conflict even after six months has not produced any results. The Western powers economic sanctions have not resulted in desired outcome. The conflict only increased the economic worries of Europe as the many European nations depended on Russian gas. See as the conflict is still undesired and multiple dimensions each day, the power structure in Europe will undergo a major reshuffle in the coming days. So these are the evidence of uncertainty in Europe. Now let us come to the Eastern Hemisphere. Here firstly let us look at the evolving Russia-China relationship. The Russia-Ukraine conflict and the Western sanctions they brought Russia and China together. The current friendship of China and Russia reminds us of the close Sino-Soviet relationship of the 1950s. This relationship between Russia and China is born out of necessity. So what is the necessity here? See European countries they are trying to isolate Russia and the US it is trying to contain China through its various initiatives like AUKUS and the Partners in Blue Pacific. Here Partners in Blue Pacific is an informal mechanism and cooperation between the US, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. So from this we can infer that the pressure on both sides has brought the two countries that is Russia and China together. Now how the Russia-China relationship will evolve in the coming years would be an interesting thing to witness. So this is about Russia-China relationship. Now let us take the West Asia. See the relationships between West Asian countries have always been a tangled web. The situation there is only getting more complicated. Here the conflict between Saudi Arabia and Qatar and then the normalization of relationship between Israel and UAE after the 2020 Abraham Accords are the reason developments. And the next major change that is taking place is the weakening of US-Middle East relationship after Mr Biden came to power. While this is happening on one side the Russia-Iran and the China-Iran relationship are growing stronger. The western powers they are trying to isolate Iran and this help pushed it closer to China and Russia. So here also the situation is evolving. Having seen the global politics now let us turn our focus on India. See the foreign policy of India is also undergoing major change and is getting towards the uncertain future. Here firstly let us take Russia-India-China relationship. India has considered Russia to be its all weather friend. See India though it has not endorsed the Russian actions in Ukraine it has also not condemned it. India has also started using rupee ruble route to import oil from Russia. This is on one side. On the other hand Russia and China are also getting closer as we saw earlier. China is mainly focused on exerting its dominance in Asia and sidelining India. China is also trying to establish a new world order and dismantle the US from its position. So how India is going to handle Russia on one side and China on the other side is still undecided. India is also concerned about whether Russia will remind us its trusted friend even after its growing closeness with China. So the evolution in this aspect is also uncertain. Next is with respect to relation with Afghanistan. See with Taliban coming to power in Afghanistan how India will engage with Afghanistan is still not clear. In this case India must soon accept the reality and start the engagement process soon. Now the next one is relationship with respect to growing uncertainty in Sri Lanka. We all know Sri Lanka is undergoing both economic crisis and political crisis. So how India will engage with the new government in Sri Lanka is still not clear. Only thing that India must ensure while engaging with Sri Lanka is that actions of India does not result in the emergence of an anti-India atmosphere in Sri Lanka. Now the next is India's engagement with the Middle East. Here India has enjoyed historically good relations with Iran but due to the pressure by US the relationship has now deteriorated. On the other hand India is enjoying fruitful relation with Israel and UAE now. See the recent I2U2 initiative comprising of India, Israel, the US and the UAE is a positive development. Some see I2U2 as a counter to Iran's influence in the region. Here the uncertainty is how India is going to balance the relationship between Iran and Israel. With Iran it had good ties historically but with Israel it is enjoying good relations currently. So how India is going to balance these two is still not clear and here also the geopolitical relations are evolving. So these are the various evidences from all around the world and some evidences involving India that says that what lies ahead of us is uncertain. So this is how your answer should be and everything must be substantiated with examples. Now lastly in the conclusion part maybe you can take the opposing view. Here you can state that even though the situation is evolving the superpower status of the US is undeniable with its resilient economy and strong military. So even though there is some uncertainty presently everything will come back to normalcy very soon and global order will be maintained and that is all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw how to take points from the editorial article and use it in your minds answer and I hope this session was useful. Now with these learnt points let us move on to the next article discussion. See this next news article here it states that a black buck poaching racket has been busted and five were arrested including a priest who was running the racket. In this context let us see about black buck from Pralim's perspective. Black buck is an antelope found mainly in India and Nepal. In earlier times the distribution of this animal extended all over India except for west and coast but presently its distribution is restricted to Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and other areas of Peninsular India. Now with this information let us see about its physical characteristics. Black buck is covered with dark brown or black fur. The chest, belly, eyes and chin are covered in white fur.  The females also have horns but they are not ringed or spiraled. In addition to this the females are much smaller than their male counterparts and the next important thing about the black buck is that they basically have strong eyesight and they are also fast runners. So using both of these abilities they are able to escape from their predators.  They also live in dry scrub areas, thinly forested areas. They are generally seen in the area where there are good sources of water throughout the year. They prefer to live in thinly forested areas because only in thinly forested areas they can run away from their predators. They also cannot handle low temperatures. So they do not inhabit colder regions like Himalayan ranges. Moving further let us look at its social structure and lifestyle. See black bucks or social animals meaning they live in groups. The black bucks live in herds that include 5 to 50 individuals. The herd of black bucks consist of an adult male and numerous females with their young ones. In the cooler season the black bucks are diurnal while during the hot season they spend most of their day resting in shady areas and in hot season they will be active mainly in the morning and late afternoon. See the black bucks by nature they are very cautious and shy animals. Now having seen the social structure let us see the conservation status which is very important from Prillim's perspective. See earlier the black buck was listed as vulnerable according to IUCN but due to conservation efforts the population of black buck in the wild has increased. So in the year 2017 the black buck was reclassified as least concern as per IUCN red list and in the case of wildlife protection act 1972 they are placed under schedule 1 and in sites they are placed in appendix 3. One more additional information see the black buck is the state animal of Andhra Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. For our final discussion we are going to take this image here. This image is with reference to Agumbe in Shivamoga district of Karnataka. See western guards it is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites and Agumbe is known as the Chirapunji of the south due to large amounts of rainfall in the region. Now taking this as an opportunity we'll revise about UNESCO World Heritage Site from Prillim's perspective. See World Heritage Site is a site or place inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. We all know about the expansion of UNESCO right? It is United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. So it maintains a list known as the World Heritage List and in that list only World Heritage Sites are inscribed. See World Heritage Site is nothing but a location with an outstanding universal value. These sites are with distinctive cultural facets such as geological formations, physical, biological and cultural landscapes. It provides a framework for international cooperation in preserving and protecting cultural treasures and natural areas throughout the world. See there are three types of sites. It includes cultural, natural and mixed sites. Now let's see them one by one. Cultural heritage sites include hundreds of historic buildings, town sites, important archaeological sites and monumental sculpture or painting. Now coming to the second category to be classified as natural heritage site. The site should furnish outstanding examples of earth's record of life or its geologic process or it should provide excellent examples of ongoing ecological and biological evolutionary process or it should contain natural phenomena that are rare, unique, superlative or of outstanding beauty. Or it must furnish habitats of rare or endangered animals or plants or otherwise the sites should have exceptional biodiversity. So these are the criteria required for a site to be classified as natural heritage site. Now coming to the last category mixed heritage site. See as the names are just the sites contain elements of both natural and cultural significance. Now these are the three classifications under the world heritage site list. Know that the ratio of cultural to natural sites on the world heritage list is roughly 3 is to 1. And also know that several new sites are added to the list at the middle of each year. Now coming to India specific information you have to know that there are 40 world heritage sites located in India. These include 32 cultural sites, 7 natural sites and one mixed criteria site. I have provided the list here just go through it. Now that's all for this article discussion. Now with these points in mind let us quickly recap what all we saw today. Firstly we saw about important provisions related to the office of president. In that discussion we saw about the eligibility criteria required for the election of president. We saw that the person who is contesting the election should be a citizen of India. He or she should have completed 35 years of age and qualified for the election of member of Lok Sabha and they should not hold any office of profit under the government. We also saw that office of profit has not been defined in constitution or the representation of people act of 1951. And after that we saw about the oath of office to the president. See the oath of office to the president is administered by Chief Justice of India and in the absence of Chief Justice of India the senior most judge of Supreme Court will administer the oath. And after that we moved on to see about the vacancies regarding the president's office. Vacancy is created by expiry of the term which is 5 years. It is also created by resignation. It may occur because of removal by the process of impeachment. It can be created by death or it can be created when the person becomes disqualified to hold the office of the president or when the election is declared void. And after that we saw the situations where the vice president can act as the president. In the case of expiration of the term of the sitting president the outgoing president continues to hold office until the next president assumes charge. In this case vice president will not act as president. But in cases of resignation, removal or death the election should be held within six months and here vice president can act as president until a new president is elected. And also know that the newly elected president reminds an office for a full term of 5 years. And after this article discussion we moved on to see about the editorial. It is about evolving global order. For the introduction we saw the world was unipolar at the height of British Empire and after that it turned bipolar with US on one side and USSR on the other side after the world war one. And again it turned unipolar after the collapse of USSR. And in the recent times the world order is going through a shift after the emergence of China. And we moved on to see about the evidences regarding the uncertainty in world order. Firstly we saw about Europe. See Europe politics was guided by Germany and Germany was headed by Angela Merkel. But now the German Chancellor Olaf Scholz lacks the foreign policy experience. The other problem is that United Kingdom is facing a political crisis because Mr. Johnson lost majority in the lower house. And the last hope is the French president Emmanuel Macron but he also will not be able to act independently because the opposition has secured a majority in French national assembly. And this is the concern regarding foreign policy. Now coming to the economic crisis inflation is at an all-time high in Europe. The cost of energy food and fertilizers are increased and this confirms that Europe is economically unsound. And the another major event that is unfolding in Europe is the Russian-Ukraine conflict. This also adds to the economic worries of Europe because most of the European countries are dependent on Russian gas. So these are the evidences of uncertainty in Europe. And after that we saw about the Russia-China relationship. See the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the Western sanctions brought Russia and China together and this closeness is because of two things. See European countries they are trying to isolate Russia and US it is trying to contain China through its various initiatives like Quad, AUKUS and Partners in Blue Pacific. So this pressure led to a close relationship between Russia and China. And after that we saw about West Asia. Here two major recent developments have happened. One is the conflict between Saudi Arabia and Qatar and the next one is the normalization of relationship between Israel and UAE after the 2020 Abraham Accords. And apart from this another major change is the weakening of US and the Middle East relationship. See US it is having a bad relationship with Iran and the Western powers they are trying to isolate Iran and this has pushed Iran closer to China and Russia. And after this we moved on to see about the uncertainties regarding India. We saw about Indian foreign policy. The first one is with respect to India, Russia and China relationship. India is considering Russia to be its all weather friend. We saw that it has started using rupee ruble route to import oil from Russia. On the other hand China is focused on exerting dominance in Asia and sidelining India and it wants to establish a new world order and dismantle the US from its position. And earlier we saw Russia and China they are getting closer. So there is uncertainty in how India is going to balance Russia on one side and China on the other side. The next aspect is with respect to Afghanistan. See Taliban has come to power in Afghanistan and India has to accept the reality and start the engagement process soon. And after this we moved on to see about the Sri Lanka. We all know Sri Lanka is going through economic crisis and political crisis. Here India should engage with Sri Lanka but it should not result in an emergence of anti India atmosphere in Sri Lanka. So here also India should be very careful. And after Sri Lanka we saw about the Middle East. Here India enjoyed good relations with Iran historically. But now it is having fruitful relationship with Israel. It is evident through the recent I2U2 initiative which comprises of India, Israel, US and UAE. So here also it is not very clear how India is going to balance between Israel and Iran. So these are all the evidences for uncertainties all over the world and an Indian foreign policy. And after this we concluded by saying that the superpower status of US is undeniable with its resilient economy and strong military. And even though there is uncertainty now everything will come back to normalcy and the global order will be maintained. And after this editorial discussion we moved on to see about Black Buck. See it is an antelope found mainly in India and Nepal. Earlier the distribution was all over India except for the western coast. But now it is restricted to Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and other areas of peninsular India. And after this we moved on to see about the physical characteristics. We saw that Black Buck is covered with dark brown or black fur. The fur of male they are darker than the female and the males have prominent spiraling horns. Generally females are smaller than their male counterparts. They have strong eyesight, they are fast runners and using this ability they escape from the predators. And after that we saw about habitat. They live in open grasslands, dry scrub areas, thinly forested areas. And they prefer areas where sources of water are available throughout the year. They cannot handle low temperatures so they do not inhabit colder regions like Himalayan ranges. And after this we moved on to see about the social structure in lifestyle. See these animals they are social animals meaning they live in groups. They live in herds which includes 5 to 15 individuals. A herd consists of one adult male and numerous females with young ones. And we also saw that during cooler season the black bucks are diurnal that is they are active during the day. But during hot season they spend most of the day resting in shady areas. They are active in the morning and in the late afternoon. In general they are very cautious and shy animals. And finally we ended this discussion by seeing the conservation status. Initially it was listed as vulnerable as per IUCN Red List. But after conservation efforts in the year 2017 it was reclassified as least concern as per the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 they are placed under Schedule 1. And in sites they are placed in Appendix 3. We also saw that black buck is the state animal of Andhra Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. And after this we moved on to see the final article which is about the UNESCO World Heritage Site. See it is a place inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List. World Heritage Site is a location with an outstanding universal value. It may have distinct features such as geological formations, physical, biological and cultural landscapes. And after that we saw there are three types of sites. One is cultural, it includes historic buildings, town sites, important archaeological sites and monumental sculpture or painting. The next category is natural site. It includes examples of earth's record of life or its geological processes. It includes examples of ongoing ecological and biological evolutionary process and it may contain natural phenomena that are rare, unique, superlative or of outstanding beauty. It may include habitats for rare or endangered animals or plants or it may be sites of exceptional biodiversity. And the third category is mixed heritage site which contains both natural and cultural significance. And we saw about India specific information also. There are 40 world heritage sites located in India. Out of them 32 are cultural sites, 7 are natural sites and one is a mixed criteria site. Now with these key takeaway points let us move on to the next part of the discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. Today we have three prelims questions. I'll solve two of them and one of them is a quiz question for you. Now let us solve this first question. Consider the following statements with reference to precedent. Statement one, the impeachment resolution of president should be passed by a majority of total membership of the house and a majority of two-thirds of the members present and voting. See this statement is incorrect. Then what is the majority needed for impeachment resolution of the president? It is the majority of two-thirds of the total membership of the house. The majority given in statement one is special majority. So it is incorrect. Now coming to statement two. If the vacancy is created in president's office due to resignation, removal or death, then the chief justice of India acts as the president. See the statement is also incorrect. If the office of president falls vacant by resignation, removal or death, then the election to fill the vacancy should be held within six months from the date of occurrence of vacancy. And in this case, the vice president act as the president until a new president is elected. So both of the statements are incorrect. Question has asked for the correct statement. So the correct answer here is option D, neither one nor two. Now moving on to the second question. Consider the following statements about Rani Benur Blackbuck Sanctuary. Statement one, this sanctuary is located in Telangana and statement two, the sanctuary has dense evergreen forest. See statement one, it is incorrect because the sanctuary is located in Karnataka. Now statement two, this is also incorrect because it has very less dense forest. It mainly consists of open scrubland type vegetation. See in our discussion we saw right Blackbuck's they generally live in thinly forested areas. So from that itself you can come to the conclusion that the second statement is incorrect. So what is the correct answer to this question? The correct answer is option D, neither one nor two. Now coming to third question, consider the following statements regarding UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is a three statement question and this is the quiz question for you. Now read the statements carefully, think about it and post your answer in the comment section. I have displayed a main question here. We saw this question during editorial article discussion. So interested aspirants, write it and post it in the comment section. And if you have any queries related to the articles that we discussed today, post that also in the comment section. And with this we have come to the end. If you find the video useful, like, share and comment and do subscribe to Shankar Ayes Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.


Hi, everyone. Welcome to SIG multi-cluster intro and deep dive. The three of us here today to give this presentation, for me, I'm Laura Lorenz. I'm from Google. I'm Paul and my name appears second in the list. And I'm Jeremy Omsett Thompson. I'm also from Google. All right. Hello. Let's talk about what we're going to talk about. So as Laura has just introduced, this is an intro and deep dive to SIG multi-cluster. So we're going to cover what is the SIG about. We're going to talk about what is the current state of play? What is the current activity within the SIG? We're going to touch on cluster set and namespace sadness. We're going to talk about cluster ID and cluster set membership. We're going to talk about multi-cluster services API and multi-cluster DNS and more than that, as you will see in the coming moments. We're going to do a deep-ish dive and we're going to have some demos. We're going to talk about the about API, also known as cluster ID, cluster property. We're going to see a deep-ish dive and demo on multi-cluster DNS. And we're going to talk about how to contribute to this SIG. Okay. So what are we about? Multi-cluster is still a new space. We're seeing more and more multi-cluster deployments in the community. And it's clearly where the community is going. But we still don't have those best practices or tools that we have in single cluster. If you want to know how to do something in a single cluster today, there's tons of documentation, tons of best practices out there. We just don't have that yet for multi-cluster. We're trying to work on, as SIG multi-cluster, we're trying to work on building the tools and primitives and workflows that you'll need to safely deploy your applications across multiple clusters. We want to work with you to help figure out how to connect services between clusters, how to replicate workloads across clusters, and how to manage the rollout of the deployments across your multi-cluster group. We made some great progress in areas that we're going to talk about here shortly. But we really need your input. Real-world use cases help us pick what to focus on next. Many of our projects are still fairly early stage in a room to steer in new direction. We're looking to figure out what the next set of projects should be.  Tell us what you're working on. Tell us what problems you have so we can help you solve them. So really important to the SIG multi-cluster group is our approach. And this has been learned over the years of just trying to make sure that we're focusing on problems that we can really solve right now, the use cases that people have today, and set ourselves up well for the future. So just a couple points about our approach as a SIG is that it's important to us to avoid premature standardization or to solve lots of optional problems. Multi-cluster is so new, but also there's so many new variables that come into play when you're dealing with multi-cluster deployments. It's really important for us to kind of focus in on what problems people have today. And we really try to focus on specific functionality that we want to build, some of which we'll be downloading for you later. And then if we can work backwards from these specific problems into something bigger, then that's the direction that we want to take that gives us something that's really applicable up front, but it can give us some insight and information that allows us to work backwards into the larger abstractions. So let's talk a little bit about the current activity and the projects that we are working on today. So the first conceptual basis and foundation for a lot of the multi-cluster work that we're doing is this term called cluster set. And cluster set is a word to represent a pattern of use that we see all over the place for people with multi-cluster deployments. It's some group of clusters that are governed by a single authority. And importantly, they have a really high degree of trust within that set. And this is something that we can leverage when we're describing different multi-cluster tooling or APIs that we want to come up with. We can kind of focus on this cluster set basis, this foundation, as this group of clusters that have high degree of trust in our governed by a single authority. So one kind of important side effect of the cluster set or item about cluster sets that's really relevant to all the work we've been doing is the multi-cluster is the idea of namespace sameness. So once we get into multi-cluster deployments, we need to say something about if the same namespace is in two different clusters, how, what are the properties about both of them now that these clusters are working together. And the link in here is for the position statement from say multi-cluster about what namespace sameness is. But basically the short version is that for a given namespace in different clusters, they're considered to be the same. Their permissions and characteristics should be consistent. And even though the namespace is in a cluster set, not every namespace has to exist in every cluster in the cluster set. If they do, they should behave the same across the cluster set. And this is what gives us the ability to operate on a multi-cluster deployment in some similar ways as a single cluster deployment. And a new update for this round of QCon is about the cluster's cluster set membership being stored in this about kates.io cluster property called clusterset.kates.io. So we're going to talk about it on the next slide and deep dive later. But this is where this actual property about a cluster set membership will be stored. So when we think about sets of clusters, one of the things that we need to establish that concept effectively is to talk about the coordinates of clusters within that set. The name that we have given to that concept is cluster ID. And if you want the details, you can look at cap 2149 or you can look at the 6.kates.io about API link, which will send you to the git repo where the about API is coming together. So about, if you haven't guessed, about is the name of the API group. There's one resource within this API group called cluster property. It's a cluster scoped CRD. And there are two special cluster properties that are meant to allow discoverability within the cluster of information about the cluster set and cluster identity of the cluster within the cluster set. So the first one is id.kates.io, which allows a cluster to identify itself. The next one is cluster set.kates.io, which allows a cluster to identify the cluster set that the cluster is part of. The cluster ID uniquely identifies clusters within a cluster set for the lifetime of membership within that cluster set. And it provides a reference for multicluster tooling to build on within a cluster set. So for example, it allows to disambiguate backends for headless services between clusters. It's a coordinate to use for scheduling work and it's a possible annotation for metrics and blogs associated with that cluster. Now I'm going to talk about the multicluster services API or MCS, which some of you may have heard us talk about before. The MCS API was the first reset into this new approach that Laura mentioned before where we just focus on specific problems. And here services seem like a logical place to start. You have services deployed in multiple clusters. You want to connect them together. This is the basis for a multicluster deployment. And it's a specific problem that had real use cases for us to focus on. So the MCS API builds on the concept of namespace statements that Laura mentioned and lets you consume a service just by knowing its name across multiple clusters. And we actually use the service name and the namespace to link services together. So you can even deploy a service with the same name in the same namespace in multiple clusters and consume them as a single service with just distributed backends. The API focuses only on the API and common behavior. We don't have a de facto implementation. And this is by design. We wanted to allow room for various implementations. Different platforms, different environments have different needs. Some have flat networks. Some have many networks that need to be stitched together. We wanted to leave room for implementers to do what works best in their area. But provide a common API that you can use to describe how you want your services to be exposed and how you want to consume them. This leaves room for centralized or decentralized control planes depending on what you need. But the idea is that a consumer of the service only ever has to rely on local data. So they get a familiar interface and they don't need to understand the topology of all the clusters. The result is that we have the extension of cluster IP and headless services that just basically work as you would expect across clusters now with a new name with a cluster set name instead of a cluster local name. And Laura is going to dig into DNS in a little bit here. We have some other initiatives going on as well. We are continuing to work with MCS to figure out how to extend the multi-cluster services API to work with network policy in a multi-cluster environment with policy applied across clusters. We are working on figuring out how to address the multi-network scenario where you are stitching together clusters on different networks. And whether or not that even needs to be something that gets represented in the API or it can be left up for implementations. Again, we are trying to just focus on the core problems that need solving and not be too descriptive about how exactly the problems need to be solved. So we don't shed any doors unnecessarily. We are also looking into what it would take to build multi-cluster controllers with replicas and multiple clusters. And I think the big thing that has come out here is we need some form of distributed leader election. This is something that is very new as an idea, but we are looking for help building it. So come join us. Come help us figure out what to do here. We have the work API which is focused on spreading groups of resources to different clusters so you can roll out your deployments. And, of course, we have CubeFed. CubeFed has been around for a while. It has some users who have been interested in a long time, but we have seen it kind of go a little bit into maintenance mode and we are considering archival as we have some new alternatives emerging. So come join us. Help us figure out what those alternatives should look like. All right. So I'm going to take us through two deep dives and demos of some of the work that's been going on. And we're going to talk about the About API and show you what that looks like and multi-cluster DNS and give you a demo of that as well. So first off with the About API. So as mentioned before, the About API is the source for the entire design is in Kepp 2149. And it's now available at sigskates.io slash About API, which is what I'm going to demo for you today. And again, we mentioned it's a cluster-scoped cluster property CRD of just name and value used for the purposes of uniquely identifying clusters and their membership in a cluster set. And more concretely over here, I have some examples of what those About API resources may look like. So again, they're in this About Kates.io API group. They're a cluster property kind and they just have names and values, right? Names and values. And also down here, names and values. And the two special names that we've been talking about is id.kates.io, which these two examples up here are referencing and clusterset.kates.io. And id.kates.io is to represent the name of the cluster, whereas clusterset.kates.io is to represent the clusterset membership of that cluster. So the exact specification of these values are actually quite flexible. So you can see there's actually two examples up here of what it might look like for an id.kates.io resources value. We recommend the cube system namespaces uuid for uniqueness purposes, which are described in some more detail in the cap. But as long as the values meet the properties laid out in this cap, regarding uniqueness for the length of the membership in the cluster set, then it can technically just be any value that meets those properties, even though this one is a likely candidate. So what I want to also mention here is that this cluster property kind, this just name value, where value is very resource specific and only those two id.kates.io clusterset.kates.io have any specific properties defined in the cap. It's important to point out that actually in the cap other uses are allowed for this API. So you could store any arbitrary properties that you want in this cluster property CRD. And as long as the names follow the cap guidelines, which is basically not to conflict with any of the well-known properties of which again we have those two id.kates.io clusterset, but they must use a suffix and cannot use the reserved kates.io or kubernetes.io suffixes. But this means that you could use this to store any arbitrary properties that you want to about your cluster in sort of the centralized CRD and make it a little bit easier for you to access them using the about API. Some ideas that were mentioned over the course of the cap were, for example, if you wanted some sort of fingerprint for some specific company or implementation, the important part is just to name it whatever you want dot your suffix and then you can put whatever you want in the value field. Or under discussion right now regarding multi-network, there's an idea of potentially storing network information. So this is just a potential way that that might look in the CRD. So any sort of structuring use in here is possible and we're definitely interested to hear what people might want to leverage cluster property for and happy to brainstorm with folks about that. Both for single cluster purposes and of course for multi-cluster purposes. All right, so I want to give a quick demo of the API right now and major shout-out to Ishmit who did a lot of the work on this implementation. I am just the messenger, so let me change my screen. All right, so to demonstrate this, I am using a kind cluster here that doesn't have any CRDs installed at all. And right now I'm in a local copy of the about APIs. I've cloned the about API from case.sig.io here and I'm going to run this make file to install the CRD into this cluster. So this CRD was built with cube builder, so folks who have used cube builder before, this will probably look very familiar and all the boilerplate that's inside and generated because that's inside this. This GitHub repo, but if you haven't used it before, once you get into this cluster property directory, you have this make file that you can run, make, install. As long as you have controller gen and customized in the right places, then the make file will apply the CRD. So we can see now that the CRD is here, clusterproperties.about.case.io. And again, it's just that name and value. So I actually have the source here from the CR, the custom resource definition in this repo here with everything being just these two values, right? Or these two fields, I should say, right? Okay. So what I want to do next is to actually switch over to another terminal where I'm in the samples directory because in here I have this example cluster property, which I also have opened up here, which is again, from the slides, like very simple, just this name and value. And in this case, I'm using a value that looks something like a cube system, namespace uid. So if I go ahead and apply that in here, then now we have this cluster property in about the case.io API group that's called id.case.io. So the whole thing here is that now I can get my cluster property called id.case, got to spell it right though, id.case.io. And I can give myself a look at it all here. And this is how I can directly access this value right through this cluster property API now. So I'm doing here from cube cuddle, but you could of course do this from any Kubernetes API client. And this is how you can just access whatever id resource that you or another implementation has put in the CRD. So that's the idea behind the about API symbol and suite. This is a demo with again id.case.io that needs to follow some certain properties. But again, you could put any cluster property you want in here and use it in your controllers as you like. All right. So next I want to talk a little bit about multi-cluster DNS. So I have some slides here that show two of several parts of the specification. So we have the cluster set IP case that Jeremy mentioned earlier for MCS API and just switching to the next slide really quick, the multi-cluster headless case. So I've just pulled up the a and quad a record definitions. But the specification also has information about serve records. But the idea here is that for a cluster set IP service, one that you have exported with the MCS API. So that for example, over here in cluster A, if you have some pods that we're calling blue, number here in cluster B, we have some more pods that we are calling blue. We want to be able to treat them like they're the same service from cluster B, we should be able to get back ends, blue back ends from cluster A, from cluster A, we should be able to get blue back ends from cluster B, etc. And from a DNS perspective, how this works is that the cluster set IP is that we have a DNS name that looks very similar to the DNS names that you're used to for single cluster, blue.test.svc, but you'll see the change here is that it ends in cluster set.local instead of cluster.local. So the idea here is that this is very similar to what you are already used to when single cluster deployments and you can just sort of seamlessly drop in this cluster set.local zone at the end and the MCS API and the MCS controller will route this DNS name to the VIP that will go to any of the associated back ends in any cluster. So same idea for yellow, if we have yellow back ends over here and yellow back ends over here, one DNS to rule them all, right, we can get to the cluster A back ends or the cluster B back ends with just yellow.test.svc.cluster set.local. And on the multi cluster headless side, for the aggregate DNS names, same type of story, you can get all of the information from cluster A and cluster B. How headless A and quad A records work is you get back all of the individual IPs. So this works the same for multi cluster headless, if you query blue.test.svc.cluster.local for back ends that are all headless services, then you'll get back all of the IPs, the pod IP for cluster A1 here, the pod IP for cluster B blue 1, blue 2, and blue 3, right, you'll get all four of them so that you can do what you want with them. Same thing for yellow.test.svc.cluster.local. And then the example down here is showcasing how we handle pod DNS. So for individual, to access the IP for just an individual pod, in normal single cluster headless services, the host name plus the rest of the normal aggregate DNS, the service name, name space, svc.cluster.local is how you can disambiguate between the different back ends by DNS in a single cluster, but in the case of two clusters or more clusters, right, multi cluster, we need one more piece of information to disambiguate. We need to know which cluster pod we want to go in. Go what clusters pod we want. So you can kind of see the problem here of cluster A if it has blue 1, cluster B has blue 1, then just saying blue 1.blue.test.svc.cluster.local is not specific enough. So you just throw that cluster name in there too. So this single IP gets pulled back from blue 1.cluster A.blue.test.svc.cluster.local, whereas this pod IP over here in cluster B, even though it has the same host name, we get just its IP from blue 1.cluster B.blue.test.svc.cluster.set.local. So this really clearly showcases the use of that cluster ID for the ability for a cluster to know what its own name is so that we can actually put this cluster name into the DNS records for the purposes of multi cluster headless services. All right, now I would like to do a quick demo of the multi cluster DNS plugin for core DNS and major shout out to Jeremy who did all the work on this one. All right, so over here I have a version, I have a same kind of cluster and I have a version of core DNS deployed that has the multi cluster DNS plugin installed and I have it configured, you can see here, to forward the cluster set.local request to the multi cluster plugin. So with this configured and overall the core DNS installed on my cluster here, having this plugin in here, now any request to a DNS name that ends in cluster set.local is going to be sent along to the multi cluster DNS plugin and what it will do is then base the IP that it's going to respond with on the service imports that are present in this cluster. So I also have a service import that I have dropped in here and actually think up here. Yep, I have an example of what that service import looks like. So my service in the demo namespace, it's a type cluster set IP and it has this fake IP attached to it. But the combination of our multi cluster DNS plugin and being able to see the service import that has this name and namespace and knowing that this is the VIP for that service import, this is what we're going to get the response back for a DNS name of the form my service.demo.svc.cluster.local. So we can go ahead and actually try that out because I also have already deployed this little DNS utils pod in my demo namespace and it has NS lookup installed. And so I'm going to request that very DNS name my service.demo.svc.cluster set.local kind of crossing over here. And we'll see that the response we get back is that address that's in the service import 1234. So this is again a property of a multi cluster DNS plugin that's in the core DNS that is deployed on this cluster that's using that plugin to resolve any DNS names that end in cluster set.local. So that is what that looks like. All right, let's talk about how you can get involved in SIG multi cluster. This is the part of the intro and the deep dive where I tell you that one of the most important things that you can do, it has high value. It should be fairly low effort is to share your use cases, your problems, your ideas. Note that use cases and problems super valuable. If you don't have any ideas and you just have a nice big shopping cart full of use cases and problems, we'd still love to hear about it. So I want to just make a personal request to you if you're seeing this and you've thought about this functional area like that we're talking about, we'd love to know your use cases, your problems, your ideas. Check out our homepage. It's on the community site SIG multi cluster. Give us a ping and slack. The channel name is I hope you're sitting down for this. It's SIG multi cluster. And you can hit us up on the list, which is called Kubernetes SIG multi cluster. We'd love to have you join the meetings. They're bi-weekly on Tuesday. They're at 12.30 Eastern, 9.30 Pacific in 16.30 UTC. If you have something that you'd like to present, feel free to put it on to the agenda and just come and talk to us about it. I'd love to see you there. Hope to see you soon. Thanks for joining us today. Thanks everybody. Thank you. Have a great QCon experience.


This paper outlines the development of a study designed to estimate sexual violence, SV, prevalence among applicants for international protection, AIPs, in Belgium. The study was conducted prior to the implementation of the EU's General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR. As a result, the authors had to develop a recruitment strategy that would allow them to reach AIPs in a randomized and anonymous manner, while also ensuring compliance with the GDPR. The authors adapted their approach to conduct the study beyond GDPR, and discussed the implications of these changes for future research on sensitive topics in hard-to-reach populations such as AIPs. The authors concluded that to achieve reliable prevalence numbers and provide high-quality data on SV and AIPs, studies will require an approach that has become significantly more time-consuming and resource-intensive to implement. This article was authored by Latte Districhver, Adina Sismaru Inescu, Bastion Ha Haout, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Good morning, everybody. My name is Jean Monnier. I'm software engineer since 1999. And I'm mainly involved in the Linfon project since 2010. So in a few words, the Linfon project is the voice of our IP software developed for Linux in very early 2000. So what I'm going to talking about is how to use the voice of our IP technology to build an intercom system for the entry. OK. So the presentation will first start to introduce the use case, so what it is about when you want to build this kind of system. What is the voice of our IP technology that we suggest to use and how to build a very simple voice of our IP network using Raspberry Pi as an example and with the Linfon software and what would be the next things. OK. So the simple use case is like this. So you have an intercom doorbell in front of your building and you want to open the door. So in the past, the very simple solution is to have a camera in the front of the building and to use a simple coax cable to link the camera to the home screen. OK. So it's pretty cool, but now if you want to have multiple displays at home, like the home screen, but also why not a mobile device or a PC. So we start to be in the multi-display use case. OK, so same thing. I have the coax, but what if I want to bring the video to a mobile device, for instance. So it's become much more complex. And what we can also imagine that the same kind of use case, so you want the video to be display at home, but also in the street on your mobile device if you want to know if something is happening in front of your home. So the good thing is that we can leverage on digital infrastructure to do this kind of thing. So no more analytic audio or video, but we can use IP to carry audio and video packets from the door entry panel to the home screen or even a mobile device or even a mobile device connected to the public internet. And when it's about IP, voice over IP is a good idea. And especially to protocol, which are SIP, SIP, and RTP for real-time transport protocol. So voice over IP technology that I'm going to use for this presentation are based on two main IETF standards. The first one is SIP, Session Initiation Protocol. And the second one is real-time transport protocol. So SIP, well, in a few words, it's a text-based protocol that is inspired from HTTP standardized in 2000. There are two main components in the SIP network, the SIP user agent and SIP proxy, which are about writing SIP messages between different clients. And RTP in short, basically, the idea is to send audio and video in a packetized way over internet. OK, so now we want to use IP. We will use SIP and RTP. So what we need is a SIP user agent located in a door entry camera and a SIP user agent in the home screen for the software. For the hardware, at the door entry camera level, what we need is to be able to capture audio, video. And for the home screen, we need just to be able to display video and capture the audio, because most of the time there is no screen in the front door. So for the software, what we need is what we propose is to use VIN phone, which is a SIP user agent with RTP capabilities. And for the home screen, so we can do exactly the same. OK, so now we have the hardware. It can be Raspberry Pi or any small hardware running ARM or any other processor display, a cable. And on the software base, we can use the Raspbian distribution of the Raspberry Pi with Linux with LIN phone on both parties. OK, so at the door entry camera level, what we can use is a command line is LIN phone demo, which is a command line interface for being able to place or receive call with early media feature. I'm going to explain what it is about. So early media is a specific way of initiating calls. For a regular call, you wait for the call to be established before exchanging media between the two endpoints. In the case of early media, the idea is to be able to send the video before answering the call. Because when someone is in front of the door, you want to be able to see this video. It's a kind of preview, but not necessarily accepting the call. So LIN phone demo, it's an open source project derivative from LIN phone. It's available on our public git repository. And also, something interesting for the embedded case, we provide some Yocto recipe to integrate LIN phone demo within a Yocto distribution. OK, so how it will work? Just a button connected to the GPIO. I just start LIN phone demo in the background with a unique spike. And with a couple of lines of Python, it's pretty easy to handle the button and just to open the socket, communicating with the LIN phone demo and to initiate a call. That's it. On the display side, it's almost the same. You can just start LIN phone demo in auto answer mode. And it will automatically display the video. So it's for the very simple use case. So now, if you want something a little bit more complex, you want to be able to distribute the video, not only to the home screen, but to the home screen and to another equipment, which can be, for instance, to a mobile application. You need to add another equipment in the SIP world, which is the SIP proxy. The purpose of the SIP proxy will be to route the call on both the SIP and actually the agent which is in the home screen and on another user agent, which can be a mobile application, for instance. So now, we suggest to use another equipment, which is called the SIP proxy. As I said in the beginning, it's the matter of the SIP proxy is to route the calls. And with a special feature, which is the early media call for hacking, because as I said at the beginning of the presentation, what we would like is to have the video coming from the Doron 3 system to the home screen or to the mobile application before establishment of the call. So we need a SIP proxy, which is able to duplicate the audio stream in order to be displayed on both devices. It's what is called the early media call for hacking, than the video previews, from the collisator to all ringing devices. OK, so FlexSIP, it's a simple process running on Linux with a very small configuration file, so just a couple of sections to authenticate. I need to set the domain of my house and a smaller configuration file with the password in order to authenticate the user. If we want to go in deep into the SIP protocol, so I have the smartphone app which is registered to the home screen, to the home screen SIP proxy, the home screen panel, which is registered as well. And when the Doron 3 camera want to invite a call, the invite goes to the SIP proxy, which fork the invite to both the smartphone application and to the home screen. And the RTP with the video can be displayed on both devices at the same time. OK, so now if we go a little bit in deep in the complexity, I want the video of my Doron 3 system to be seen on my home, but also if I'm outside, it would be cool if I could be able to see who is pressing the button in front of my house. So now what we need is two cascades, two SIP proxies, one at home and another which can be located anywhere on the internet. So we can do it with FlexiSIP the same way. So we had a small configuration file which explained which state where to fork the call on the public internet. So as you can see, we have a first SIP address, which is everyone at my house, which is fork to home screen and to bob at sip.info.org, which is an IP address available from the public internet. OK, so more or less it's the same. Just the end is different. The SIP proxy from the home screen is forwarding the invite to the public internet SIP proxy. And at the end, the video can be seen on the local network and on the device connected to the public internet. Security consideration, so it's very sensitive data, which is coming from your apartment and from the doorbell. So make sure to use SIP TLS and SRTP everywhere to secure the communication. And also if you put some password in the local network, it's still better to hash the password. OK, so it was for the presentation of a very big network for the video intercom system. What next? We can also imagine to do the opposite. I mean to call the door entry panel from a smartphone. It's also something which can be doable. It's also possible to add action to the system. I mean if you want to be able to open the door, you can, as an example, use DTMF to pilot some switch at the door entry panel level. An interesting thing that you can also use is MDNS to be able to automatically discover the door entry panel or the home screen without having to configure IP addresses. Another interesting topic that we could discuss is how to use push notification to be able to wake up mobile application when someone is pressing the home entry button. This is something which also is available from the FlexSIP proxy. Another interesting point is interworking with existing door entry camera. I'm pretty sure that on your building there is a door entry panel. And what we experience is that most of them are using SIP as the protocol to bring the audio and video from the door entry panel to an equipment in the house. So if you want to be able to use existing equipment and just to change the display, it's something which is possible as they follow the SIP standard. And the last thing is, in my presentation, I introduced Linfundiman, which is a command line tool. But if you want to have deep control of the application, you can use the library version of Linfundiman to do the same. It's available on C, C++, and on many other languages, even on Python. OK. Thank you. I think I'm three minutes ahead, so if you have questions. OK, any questions? Yes. OK. Thank you for the presentation. So is that a commercial project or is that your personal hobby project? In fact, there is no real project for this kind of application yet. I would say that I'm part of the Linfund team and there is a company backing the Linfund project, which proposes this kind of service. But there is no currently, there is no project dedicated to this kind of application. It's more a usage of Linfund and PlexiSip for this kind of application than a real project dedicated to the entry system. Was it your question? The question was really like you were talking about having your proxy and then sip on the stationary tablet to display the incoming call. So would you put proxy on the same tablet as? Oh, the proxy which is in the home? Yeah. Yes. The idea is to use the same hardware for both the home screen and the sip proxy. OK. So let's say you're streaming the video to proxy and then it goes to the tablet itself and mobile phone. How do you deal with video decoding? Is that hardware supported on both phones and tablets? Or can proxy do recording? Or how do you do this? Video decoding? Video decoding is a diamond software. Is it hardware decoding? The proxy is not decoding the video at all. It's the same RTP stream which is forked to both the home screen and to the mobile application. And the mobile application is supposed to be able to decode either H.264 or VPH depending on the protocol which is used. Most of the time it's H.264 because it's possible to leverage on the hardware implementation of this kind of codec which is available either on Raspberry Pi or many other embedded hardware. OK. Cool. Thank you. You're welcome. So how is a link phone compared to other web softwares like Zivo and Elastics? The question is, is there any? Zivo. Zivo, yes. It's an open source project around Asterix. I would say that we have no experience in this kind of scenario with Zivo but link phone works with Zivo for regular phone calls. So as Zivo is based on Asterix and Asterix is following the same protocol, I don't see any kind of issue to use a Zivo with this kind of deployment of link phone within the doorbell. On the type of hardware that you've been talking about here, what sort of latency do you get between somebody actually pressing the doorbell and a mobile phone getting an image? And then what's the quality of communication between the two ends like in terms of delay between one speaking and the other hearing? Oh, I would say it's a matter of network quality. So if the quality is good, if it's a wire cable, if it's cable, there is almost no delay. You have the encoding time at the doorbell level. But if it's hardware encoding, it's good. And it's a ping time or more or less. There is no, I would say 50 milliseconds, 100 at maximum, but not more on the local. If you are speaking about the public internet, it's a little bit more complex. But on local network, there is no problem at all latency. Thank you for the presentation. My question is, I use voice over IP product like a service from a service provider for a few years ago. And I have it always connected in my Zuiper or something. Have you considered giving the doorbell, for example, a connectivity directly to the internet or through some proxy with some general voice over IP telephone number so that I will only set the telephone numbers of me and my family members and it will act as a standard voice over IP video call in their mobile clients? Why not? Why not? I don't see any issue with that. As I said, it's standard SIP. So if your network provider, your SIP network provider follow the standard, you can simply configure the SIP address that you have and directly connect the doorbell to your public. So if the provider keeps all the standards and supports DTMF, everything would be possible using a standard client. OK, thank you. OK, this has all the time we have now, so thank you very much.


In this section, I'll explain what is market price to book ratio. So as the name specifies, we have to take into account the values of the market price of a certain stock or a share. And then we compare that with the book ratio or the book value of that particular stock. So we calculate the ratio by dividing the market price to and by the book value. And this is how we get this market price to book ratio. So if we look into the details, companies use this particular ratio to compare a firm's market to book value by dividing the price per share by book value per share, which is abbreviated as BBPS. And the asset's book value is simply the carrying value on the balance sheet and we call it the book value. And companies account for their accumulated depreciation and take out the depreciation value from the asset's value and determine the particular book value. Now, book value is also the net asset value of a company calculated as the total assets which you have minused the intangible assets. Now, the question arises, what are intangible assets? In intangible assets, we account for the patents, goodwill of the company and then you have to consider the liabilities also. Initial outlay of the investment, book value may be net or gross of expenses. So you can also net the expenses or keep the expenses. And then you have to consider the trading costs, sales tax, service charges, you account for all these things and determine the value of the overall market book value. Now, some people may know this ratio by its less common name, which is price to equity ratio. So the name used for the market price to book ratio which is not so famous is price to equity ratio and if we look at the formula of market price to book ratio, then to take out the price to equity ratio or market price to book ratio, we have to keep the market price per share in the numerator and we consider the book value per share in the denominator and if the value of the market price to book ratio is greater than 1, it means that the value of the book is less as compared to the excess demand of the market. It means that the investors want to buy the excess demand or the particular stock although the actual value of the stock is less, but due to the excess demand, the market value is higher than that of the stock. And this is what it is indicating. But if the two values are equal to one another, then the market price to book ratio will become 1 and if the market price to book ratio is less and the market price is smaller, then naturally the market price to book ratio will be smaller than 1 and it is indicating that although it carries a higher value because of this demand and supply interaction or because of the preferences of the investors, the market price to book ratio is less. So this means that if the actual value is higher, then there may be a chance that it will pick up later in the stock market that the market price to book ratio will increase.


What is up, everybody? Jason here for jaspyscasebreak.com. We just sold out 2023 panini obsidian football This is a six box half case break PYT number five guys and Here we go guys There's everybody in there that bought in Well, you have four teams not sell straight up So we put that on an R&B there There you go, so open up the case One two three there for the left side guys four five six for the right side Three one two three, so again this half here would be for Number six Here we go guys Sam held at 35 Starts off commanders gonna Andrew We got Dalton Kincaid for the bills going to Ron and then Michael mayor for the Raiders going to Ryan 75 I've got Daniel Jones four out of five. How about that? That's that a new variation color deep-sea mojo's out of five Look at that Giants straight up rich Got the jeeman. We got Jackson's been to Jigba to 199 Seahawks, that's going to Jeff Gordon. We got Gary Clark For the Washington commanders When Andrew and then out of 75 Dalton Kincaid For the bills going to Ron Josh Allen to 135 equinox Or I should say yeah 135 T Higgins and then Chase Brown Bangles going to Eric for both of those that one's out of 25. This was just the base Out of 25 where Mondres Stevenson nice little laundry tags triple relic trifectas It's gonna go to the Patriots when a Karen at a 75 a.d. in O'Connell, and then we got a chase Brown to 75 Another one there for the bangles But Eric the last one here. How about a Josh Jacobs matrix materials two color patch an autograph for the red is Raiders, it's going to Ryan No, didn't the singer die Christian McCaffer to 75 Take one and then be the zappy Zappy's out of 49 where she rides to 199. Wow, that's cool So then who's doing the singing? There's got a new guy or did somebody else wait didn't someone die from From that band recently. Well, so I'm tripping out trumpet. Someone died recently Can't see the cheese gonna Charles at 199 AJ Brown go birds, baby 140 to 199 zero that's going to Andrew who am I thinking died them? No, I'm not thinking of Lake Park. I could have sworn if it was that bad or someone else the singer had just died Like not even like six months ago Commander's gonna Andrew, but I don't know maybe I'm tripping us. I don't know Marvin Mims All right, Denver Broncos. That's gonna Joshua Larson. I don't know how to look it up You know who you know passed away. Sorry not a little biscuit the the singer from smash Smash mouth. I think whatever passed away. No, that's what I was thinking of I think that singer passed away That's what I was thinking of Somebody wants to that's my like I love that song dude every time I see that here. That's why I just think of Shrek I knew someone had passed away, but yeah, maybe I was getting confused obviously We're shot wide orbital at a 35 That's bucks gonna Emma. Yeah, I think he had like honestly had like cancer or something, right? I don't remember, but I just remember recently just passed away That's what I was thinking of mania Forbes Hello there for the commanders Miami Dolphins Jalen waddle and that's gonna go to a mark Laporta to 75 That's gonna go to the Lions and mark We have a redemption and then Quinton Johnston for the charge is gonna Adam Chodges rookie Jersey Inc. Number 37 Jonathan Mingo for the Panthers going to Andrew Whoa, it's really pouring right now in Dodger Stadium. They might actually postpone this for a little bit Dude, how are they still playing this game, bro? This storm is passing anyway So it's gonna go away like in like 10 minutes. It's pouring over there in Chavez ravine Jackson Smith a jig with a 135 all the Dodger fans. I've definitely started leaving their seats and going to the concourse DJ more and then Mark Andrews Mark Andrews Ravens is Jacob the 25 Tajie Spears I'm just afraid for you. I'm also because I feel like He's been going on a groove right now. Now you're gonna have to wait to pitch again Titans Andrew Dude, the field is super wet. They have to count that the postpon this right now They flowers. Oh, wow And we got a Justin Jefferson. How about that for the Minnesota Vikings going to Douglas? Little JJ and last one here is out of ten ten of ten Marvin mims Broncos going to Joshua Larson. Alrighty guys last box here Number second half is in the store Really thick one here. It's really really thick Either an extra hit or Something but it looks like no color blast here guys. So No case it potentially in this first half. So that means second half you be pretty loaded guys Cowboys that's gonna be mark Whoa, we got one of those One of those case those new colors deep sea mojo coming up guys and it's for the Giants Jalen Hyatt. That's beautiful, man Numbered one out of five. So Giants is gonna go to rich very nice, buddy Beautiful, you know, see what we got here We got to 199 Zach Charbonne See how it's going to Jeff and then a three out of ten CJ Strout Nice two color patch spot three is going to Jason K Nice at least we got one Little hit there for the Houston Texans Now again, they're gonna still be a lot more in the second half too guys But this will definitely help Josh Allen is 75 Tanner McKee for my Eagles and actually This is gonna go to the R&B, but I don't think it's a number So we have to randomize that with any other base potentially. I don't know if there wasn't any base But we're on my zap and last here guys is a ze flowers Raven's gonna Jacob and there you go guys So let me double check that there wasn't any non-numbered base for those teams So it might just be that non-numbered Tanner either the hits here for the straight-up teams guys some nice names Flood is nice out of ten Marvin Minnes Justin Jefferson Some solid stuff there five there And then of course R&B not number will randomize everybody at a ten cutting edge CJ Strout I'm gonna AJ Brown. So appreciate it guys. Thank you. Let's switch scenes and let's do the randomizer guys And again, obviously the second half. I feel like it's gonna be pretty loaded guys I'd grab some teams right now if I were you just because it seems like there could be some pretty massive hits hiding in there So let's try to get that second half going guys tonight Let's get a quick little list randomizer for that non-numbered Eagle and Click roll full 12 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten Joe you're gonna get that ten or a key buddy. All right, I appreciate you guys. Thank you