The feature map function here now we are saying it is depends on both x and a right. So, now let us take the example of again your recommendation system. Now what you are going to do is users that are coming to a system you are going to categorize them. Maybe you can say through different different category you can say like you it could be male, female, a old, young or from this geographical location this geographical location you can just atomize and the movies or whatever the product you want to recommend you can also categorize them. For example, if you are going to show a product you can say that this is related to sports, this is related to some academics or this is related to some daily use material whatever you can put them into different different category. Now depending on what is the context that context we have observed and now what is the corresponding arm the phi of x, a is going to tell what is the common feature for this pair. For example, let us say you let us take this example ok. Now let us say you have a some product and there is one guy here. This product you have come up with a categorization of this product. Let us say this is sports or it could be movie related or it could be let us say sports what whatever movie or some joy some something this product can be anything I mean but you are going to put it in one of this category and this users you can put in a category like you can say it is x its age group maybe its location different ok. Now how you are going to make a feature map out of it? So, suppose let us say this is for a so for every guy you are going to set this features and for every product you are going to set this feature. For example, you will have a collection of products and different different people are logging into you. For example, let us say you happen to show a DVD which correspond to some movie. Now for that how you are going to assign definitely it is not a sports related item that component you are going to set it as 0. It is related to movie maybe you can set it as 0. Joy I do not know you can set if it is thinking it is a good movie enjoyable let us say could be 1. Now for this person let us say a girl happen to enter this website for her it could be let us say sex can take 1 or 0 it could be like let us say 1 for female we have this and also you have class of age you have two things very old and very young and let us say it is a very young you can get this and location also maybe you would have categorized and let us say you got it. You see that depending on that user and depending on the product now you have this feature map like this which is given by this guy phi x comma. So, this whatever the feature map I have written here right it depend on what was the user and what was the product right. So, that is why it depends on both the user and the product and I can generate such features and it is all like all the recommendation systems are exactly working based on this features extracted right when you are going to log in the way it stores your information may be through such categorization and generating features out of your profile information yeah. Yeah, known, known a priori this is what like you have already built in like you have already by some experts you have already built in how to map a given pair of context and a product like featuring like this and I have just given them like this feature of extra can run in a have dimension of millions in it right because you can have so much of categorization. If you want a very more precise narrowed on information you will have lot of features you could be logging in monitoring what is the time of logging in what could be the season so many information right because more information you have may be better decisions you can make, but that is a known map that you have come up with offline somehow with lot of discussion with your product team how you should be generating this feature maps yeah. Sir, these are the inputs to the feature map. No, this is the output of the feature map for feature map this is the input you have that is what I said right like so in this case here product is the one you want to sell. So product is your kind of arms here when a user comes you want to see which product you want to sell him ok. Let us say you have thousands of product now your goal is to show him the right product. Now users log in right like there could be so many users now given a user and given a product you should be able to come up with the features like this if instead of this so here I said it was a DVD right instead of DVD let us say it is a tennis ball. Now in that case this feature will change to 1 0 1 may be right. So depending on the product and the user this feature can change. Ok, it is called it is together together so you can decide like how you want to come up with this vector but only thing is I need to tell you what is the context and what is the product for which you are want to generate this ok and now this theta star is unknown and this part is known. Now what it boils down the problem boils down to determining this theta star if I know this theta star I already know my reward functions right. Now the question is how I am going to determine this theta star from the interaction with the environment which is generating this context. Now what is that? It is a constant it does not change over time and it is independent of context and actions it is but for a given environment it is fixed if your environment is going to change maybe it can potentially change right. So, you remember in the bandit instance how we identify a bandit instance through the mean values right of the arms and if the mean values of the arms change it is a different bandit instance. Here if I have one theta star that is capturing one instance here and if theta star changes that it may be a dealing with a different band different instance. Feature maps we will we will freeze it like because that is known to us right there is nothing you this is only unknown this is known to you whatever you are going to use it is fine you do not care about it ok. What matters is the one the quantity which I it is not known to me it should not change while the game is going on we are going to assume that that this remains fixed throughout the game and ok in that in that sense we will also assume that once we fix the feature maps we are going to stick to them throughout the game. This reward map I have written in such a way that this guy does not depend on x and a and this guy depends on x and a but it is known to us ok. If you for this setup here it is making it linear but you could assume anything. If you do not assume anything about this values as I said I mean it is as good as like you have to treat each pair as a different arm and you have to learn over all possible pairs that could make the regret too large right. So we want to that is what and we also said that in such when you have such contextual information it is natural to assume that one context to reveal some information about the other. So that is why we have having this common parameter which will make whatever information I am going to get about one arm I mean one context and arm fair to extract some information about other context arm fairs. Now as I said now in this the problem boils down to like if I know this theta star I know my reward function already and then I have I can know how to play optimally but I do not know this theta star. Now how to find this theta star? In general whatever dimension this theta star it is right we assume that that dimension is known ok and we are going to assume that further this theta star the norm of this theta star is bounded. So we will further assume that like if you what does this mean we are basically saying that this I do norm of this is going to be some bounded quantity you know the bound we assume that this bound is known to us ok. Now what is this basically saying that suppose now if I am going to look this suppose let us take one context pair and take another context pair. So let us say x a and one pair and x prime a prime is another pair. If I have this assumption this I can write it as so this theta star is common right it does not depend on what is x and a I can just apply my standard order equality on this to get and then I can just now treat as if I know putting this assumption like this theta star is upper bounded by like this is like some assuming that this function has this kind of lipstick lip ships property on it you understand what is the lip ship function. So what is this basically this function here is nothing but as somebody said this is a linear function in theta star right ok. So I am just so what is the lip ship function if I have f of x minus f of x star what is this? So in the appropriate dimension whatever right so this is now similarly what we are basically doing is for a given theta right now if I am going to look this as a quantity as a variable now what I am going to get is just this quantity where now I am just putting a constraint on this theta star norm to be bounded is basically saying that this function is lip sheet with that constraint L ok. So we are just going to assume this and that L is known to us ok. So it basically limits that my theta star lies in some bounded space ok. So now I want to look at a slightly. So now we are going to stick to this assumption that my rewards are linear or they are parameterized by some theta star ok that is unknown to us. Now we are going to look it in a slightly different angle and that is going to that is another well studied setup. What we are going to now do is what is basically happening to us when a context came to us when a context came to us this was my arm 1 arm 2 arm 3 right what I am basically doing what I am basically doing is first I am looking for I have already pre computed them let us say my feature maps give me for every action pair what is that. So what I can do whenever a context comes to be I can think of for every action A I can look for this feature maps for that context and then what I have to basically do is look for a action or look for a feature. So I have this many features now which I have extracted from my feature map for a that particular context. Now I have to basically what I have to do is now because I know my reward is inner product right. So all I have to now do is find a feature now x is fixed because x have observed now I have to do this find that feature map that maximizes this product ok. Now the problem has boiled down to looking for a feature vector that maximizes the product ok. Now because now I have kind of abstracted out this abstracted out this arms through the features now. Now it is about looking for which is the best feature that optimizes my function in that round T. So now it is about like now I can think the problem forget throw away the arms now. Now it is about which is the best feature I have in that round ok. So in that way I can now think of in every round I have a bunch of features right and I have to decide which is that feature which maximizes this function right. Because I assume that already I have told you I know this feature map and every whenever a contest come I have this feature vectors. Now the problem boils down to maximizing this linear function for those feature vectors ok. So now we then we can just forget this and now we can think of as a linear optimization problem over a feature feature set is that makes sense. So what we are now basically saying is now forget about my arms and the context coming. Now I am thinking that in every round I have a feature set every round I have a feature set like this. So xt give me this feature set right because I knew already a I knew this phi function. So I have this feature set. Now I can think of in every round I have basically a feature set and let me call this as dt. So now I am going to think this as in in every round in round T I have this feature set and I have to decide which is the feature that maximizes my product ok. So what I am I am saying is I what I was doing earlier in this setup I am trying to find in round T I was trying to find an at star that is maximizing this linear function right. But now this feature vectors this set I am denoting it by set dt. Then this problem boils down to see this dt is or a collection of features now. This entire set as I said I am I am calling is dt right. So this set is collection of features that has come to me in round T. Now I am looking for a feature now I can equivalently write this as look for whatever it is a feature or let me call it as yeah dt. dt star which is arc max of d belong to dt times d theta star. And this can I do this can I map my problem of. So whatever the initial setup I give we are going to refer to that as. So this setup where we have k arms and the context are coming we are going to refer to this as stochastic k arm bandit ok stochastic contextual k armed bandit right. Because this was like exactly the same as my stochastic k arm bandit. But it was just like we have the context there. Now after going through once I made my assumption that my reward function is linearly parameterized through this theta star. Now arms has no I can I do not worry about what the arms what I have to worry about the features ok. So if I know which is the feature vector that maximizes this function I already know what is that arm that is good for the that particular context X. So that is why what we are now saying is I can think this problem ok. So now I am going to say that I am going to now going to abstract this. Now we are going to abstract this. Now in every round I have a decision set DT that I am going to call it as simply decision set which involves set of vectors which are feature vectors. And now that is revealed and now what I have to do is in every round I have to pick one feature vector from them which maximizes my inner product. So now I have to choose a DT star belonging to. So this is I want to do this and now I want to identify this feature if I can identify the feature and now through this mapping I also know which is the action that is good for that feature. Now we are going to call this setting we are going to simply call this setting as stochastic. So we will just in every round I have this decision sets this theta star is unknown. Now my goal is to identify what is the best feature from that ok. So now what I am going to observe I am going to observe like in every round if I am going to play if I am going to. So this is I have the set DT which involves set of features let us say if I am going to play xt belonging to DT in round T the reward I am going to observe is now simply xt times ok. So let me not call this xt because that is confuses that with that. So now it is going to be DT times theta star plus the noise this noise term is same as earlier. So now I am going to call this set up as simply stochastic linear bandage but now you see that this is nothing but again this is just an abstraction of our stochastic KM stochastic contextual KM banded ok. Now what is the regret in this setting? The regret setting for this is simply what I have to do? I want to play select the best feature from my decision set in every round and if you are going to do this in every round you are going to get the best actions but you do not know always what is this theta star. So you cannot play this in every round. So the best you are getting here is max over A this is what T equals to 1 to T and this is the regret you are going to incur and this is nothing but this is the RT you are going to incur. So simply DT and so if you are going to play DT in round T, so the environment you are this is the value you are going to observe right, D know that that arm has concept has gone right now we have abstracted out and now we are saying it is every term thing in terms of the features now because now for any arm pair we have this set of features now in every round. So when I have a feature XT in round T I had got this set of features using this feature map. So this is what matters to me right now I do not care what are the arms now. So now arms identity do not matter to me only the features I have this set and then from what matters to me is can I identify a feature that map optimizes this theta star. If I know which is that feature that optimizes this I already know what is the arm that is giving me the best reward. So that is why now I am saying that instead of worrying about what are this arm I am only worrying about in every round instead of saying XT has come I am going to say that feature said DT has revealed to me and now I have to identify what is the best feature that maximizes this ok. But so if I knew theta star this is what I have done in every round but I do not know so I would have whatever my policy would have played DT in that round.  So let us look at quickly a couple of cases. So now suppose let us say this set DT I said these are vectors right suppose let us say feature vectors right let us say these are my unit vectors you understand what I mean by this what is E 1 1 all 0 E 2 is 0 1 all 0. So each E 1 is a vector of dimension K the vector of dimension D where only the ith component is non 0 1. Now suppose let us say all my decision set in every rounds are like this my decision sets are like this ok. Now what is this now what is the arg max this is going to give me so whichever which are the component the largest in theta star it is going to give that right. Now suppose this theta stars assume that the theta star is a vector where each component corresponds to mean of an arm right. Now this operation is just telling that I am pulling that arm which has the highest mean right and what is this telling whatever the component you pulled. So now if I have this kind of decision set is it not the same as my stochastic K I am banded problem. So here what my decision sets is such that they have only unit vectors in this and now I know that if I am going to take E I of theta star this is nothing but I am going to be theta I right. So now you can just think that this is not always going to be just if my decision sets are like this this is just going to give me the corresponding component in my theta star. So if I am going to just treat in my earlier stochastic K I am banded problem if I am going to just think that the mean arms means of all the arms I am going to concatenate and write it as a vector theta star. Now it is about now your decision is is about which unit vector to pick from this decision right but this unit vector is it is just telling that which arm to pick in this case. So you see that this stochastic linear banded if I am restricting this dt to my unit vectors this already captures my stochastic K I am banded setting ok where this theta star this unknown parameter here is nothing but the vector of the mean values of the arms which were which were characterizing the environment there. Now this theta star here is characterizing the environment ok. So in that way for the special set of dt, dt which unit vector the stochastic linear banded is same as stochastic K I am banded. So K means d, d I am banded because it is dealing with d arms here. If theta star has dimension d that means it is dealing with d arms ok and but the thing is that dt need not be always unit vectors like this they could be anything each dt could be any subset of my id prime whatever is my feature space that I am looking into ok. So if you are going to take this theta star to be belong to R d ok. So naturally this dt each element I am doing any product. So each of them has to be of dimension d. Yes. But you have to require that K is less equal in the small d. Now what is K? K equals to d. K equals to d for us in this case. Yes. Yes. A belongs to K. Yes. So now we have K by dimension. K by dimension will have to be that right. Right that is right but so that is when I did this. Now I am saying that forget that like for each arm you have a feature. Now only look at a feature vectors. Now the dt is nothing but the collection of feature vectors. Where is the K number of features? If there are K number of features vectors. Yes. Yes fine. Exactly. So each arm whatever this theta star here right I want each of this unit vector corresponding to one component in this. So I want as many unit vectors as there are as the dimension of this theta star. So that is why like in this case I want K to be same as d. Yeah there are that many unit vectors. So is this clear why this is giving me back if my dT's are like this why this is giving me back my stochastic KM bandits. So yeah clear it has d has to be K for this mapping to happen. Okay so let us stop here. We will continue this in the next class.


That's a new one. How are we doing? Great. Yeah, absolutely. I mean, I think that that's indicative of who we are. I think that a lot of this game was won tonight early in the week for us. We're really proud of the way the guys came in and prepared early on Monday. We went in there on 12.30 on Monday, and I told them that this was a Wednesday or Thursday. And I think they bought into that and continued to invest time in a short week. And I think it showed. Yeah, I mean, I think that once you can see us start to strain to get the first first down, good things happen. You start to get some complimentary plays. You get some opportunities to run some things that you've been trying to set up or that marry with one another. So really, that's what it comes down to. And that was a huge key for us. And I guys did that. Guys went out there and executed on third down and then led to more opportunity. Each and every week, we just have to try to figure out ways to move the football offensively and defensively as long as you don't give up big plays and stop to run, which was a huge key this week. Give yourselves a chance. So I felt like guys executed. We protected the quarterback for the most part. There's a lot of really good things. Give all the credit to the players on a short week. We were a more physical team on a short week. Well, it was huge. I think that just showing them the Washington game, them going into Philly on the road and their third down conversions and the length that they had to gain on third down and the success and the ability to sustain drives, to help them win that game. And that was something that we tried to show them and explain to them what you have to do on the road. How much of a shot in the arm was it? Well, being able to progress through and hold up in protection long enough to move the ball down field. It's great. Trailing has to have that for us and getting him going. I thought everybody that played, contributed and helped in a huge way. I mean, moved the ball down the field and go up in a 50-50 ball and come down with it. In a critical time, it was great. He did. He did. He threw some really nice passes. And we gave him some time to progress. I'm sure he'd like to have that one back there to trailing. But give them credit for getting out of there. We thought we had something and it didn't end up happening. Well, I mean, he's only been out there for a little bit. We haven't had that much practice. And with just the way that the week came and I would say the mistakes that were made during the week were corrected. And that's the most important thing to me about with trailing was that he put a lot of time in from the time that we left Nashville until the game started of working with Rob, making sure that those things that came up throughout the week were corrected. So give him all the credit for fixing those things and understanding that mistakes are OK in practice as long as you get them corrected. I thought it was executed perfectly. I had been lobbying for that one. I wouldn't get that one called as soon as we could. Protection, meaning the ability to protect and scheme and progress through. And the guys made some plays. Probably when you can protect the quarterback and he can get some seams, I thought that there was some good design. I thought that the execution was good. So that's what happens when you're able to get X plays, it's either probably a little bit of both. There's a good design and it's great execution. I thought I did call time. I just didn't give it to me. They weren't set, but that's never getting called. So giving them credit, they went fast and made a play. On defense, I don't know. We didn't have the right look. I wanted to call time out. I think we need it. I think we need it. I think there's some guys that have been playing through a lot of stuff. There's a great demand that gets put on these guys. And I know that they're looking forward to the rest. They've earned it. They've definitely earned it. And we have to come back on a holiday week and make sure that we're prepared to play great against Cincinnati. I think that our coaches do a fantastic job of being ready to go. I think we give them a great schedule and I think they respond and they trust the schedule that we have for them. I think that they probably looked at me like I was nuts when we were running at 4 o'clock on Monday, doing striders and doing things and lifting to try to get the soreness out. But I think after the way they feel on a short week, I think they trust us. Man, I think they handled it great. There was some plays that we had where there was the Wildcat and Silent Snap and I'm sure there are going to be some plays in there after having watched it. But put up at a lot of yards and that starts with the center. So hopefully we can get Ben back and see where things go. Well, I mean, I hope so. I think that's the plan. We had talked about just if there's a three and out, if there's mistakes, everybody just coming over, figuring it out, having great body language, great demeanor. Guys are getting up on a bench. We're kicking off and offense is getting up. Everybody's into this thing. And I really appreciate just everyone's commitment to the team. That was good. I think it took advantage of the opportunities there. That first third down really got us going. Did a good job of beating his man, had an opportunity down the field. He's been doing some good things for us all year. And hopefully we can build on this, get some momentum going. Obviously he's a talented player and made big plays for us. So I want to keep him going. Yeah, I was really alert through that progression. Backside safety played low and gave us some space there across the field. So it was a good opportunity once backside safety played low. Guys are making plays. We had opportunities and took advantage of some underneath stuff that they were giving us. And then when we had opportunities down the field, took advantage of those as well. So we're just proud of our guys the way it came out and competed, played efficiently the entire game. We came in and wanted to be the more physical team. I thought we'd work. Up front, guys came with a purpose, started the game that way, and then carried it through throughout the game. Yeah, it felt like we had a great plan coming in. Then it was a good execution on top of that. Guys that I have a lot of confidence in. We saw a lot of contested catches too, right? Where some underneath things where the coverage was good and was able to give them a chance with the ball and strong hands catches and made the play for me. So you see those things happen. It gives the quarterback a lot of confidence to cut it loose in those guys' direction. I was able to do that. And they made plays for me. Yeah, no doubt I wore them down. That's the way we wanted to play. Wanted to come in, be physical, establish the run. They did a good job. They didn't give up the big run. They made us earn it and keep just plugging away. We're getting four, we're getting five, getting three, getting six, but we stayed with it. And we had opportunities to hit them down the field. We did. We were able to sustain drives, keeping ourselves in third and manageable. And they converted a lot of those. So that's exactly the way we wanted to play. And we came out and did that. I mean, the formula was still there. We still ran the ball a lot. I don't know how many rushes we had, but we still handed it off a lot. So I think we played the game the way we wanted to play. Yeah, we're a resilient group. We've said it all year. We faced a lot of adversity. And this week was no different. Come on on a short week, banged up, had some guys out, and came out. We set our intentions on Monday. Came into the building after a hard-fought game on Sunday, really got ourselves ready to go early in the week, set our mind that we're going to come up here and win this game. And we did exactly that. He's consistent. He's eager to learn. He's a young player, eager to learn. I think his confidence is growing, which is huge. Just want to keep progressing him and let him continue to make plays like he has been. I think it's huge. Anytime you can make some plays, it gives you a lot of confidence as a player. So I felt like that was coming early on in the year before Andy, when he went out. Then now he's getting back into it. So I'm definitely happy with the way he played the game, made some big plays for us. He's obviously a talented player, and I want to keep him going. I didn't get a great look at it, but it was successful. So yeah, that's all that really matters. I don't know exactly. I think at the end of the day, it's tough, right? It's tough mentally, it's tough physically to turn the page from the last one and get yourself ready to go on a quick turnaround. And like I said, on Monday, we came in, set our mind to it that there was going to be no excuses. We're going to find a way to get yourself mentally and physically ready to go and come out and win. And we did that. Yeah, I don't know, you have to ask them. But we were going to have to get it first down there in order to run out the clock, right? With the clock stopping at the two-minute warning. So I had a one-on-one look out there with Traylin and was able to give him a chance. And Traylin made the play. So I'd love to see it. Yeah, we want to be a balanced attack, right? We're going to run the football. We're going to be physical and then try to take advantage of some opportunities that arise from that in the pass game. I don't think the formula is any different than it's been for the past four years. Be physical, establish the run, and have opportunities in the pass game off of that. Yeah, that'll be weird. I'll be resting, trying to heal up. I think our team will find a way to play no matter when the next game is. But the extra for us will be nice.   So definitely want to take advantage of this extra rest. Yeah, as last year, it has no effect on this year. But to come out and get a big road win in a playoff environment, cold game, I'm proud of our way our guys came out and competed and found a way to win. So at the end of the day, it gives our offense, our team a lot of confidence to keep stacking these wins. Yeah, it was great to see Ben. As soon as I came up the stairs, Jay Rob had him there on FaceTime. So great to see Ben. I told him I was surprised he's awake. He's an old man, and usually asleep by 9 o'clock. So great to see Ben. I wish he was out there with this, but great to get a win and be able to see him after the game. After the two. Good enough. Good enough. I think I'll try to take advantage of this break we have coming up this weekend. Heal up as much as I can and be ready to go next Sunday. It felt good on a short week. Came in all week, focused, determined, paying attention to the little details of small things in all three phases. Focus on getting better. Came in a great environment, hostile environment, and was able to get the win and play the complete game at the team. Yeah, man, it's proud of everybody on offense, man, sticking together. Focus, making plays. Just being in tune, no matter what happened in the game. Ryan did a great job. Rashid did a great job. Aligned to do a great job blocking tight ends. Tori, Chig, and Traylin making big plays for us. Very happy for them, man, making some big plays and some really important drives in the game. And I'm just happy all around as how everybody played. It felt great, man. I got two of them now, so that's three. I thought it was two, damn. I called myself a young Peyton Manning, so it felt good. And I was happy Hoop caught it. And we were able to get a score. I'm like, damn, I got to make it. I got to make it. Good thing, we were running the ball pretty well and got him into a bite. And he was about up and in zone. I tried to do my best, try to hide as much as I can. It worked, so we were happy. You see the hunger in him. He wants to get in there and do whatever he can to help the team. And I think you've seen that today by the plays he made. He got that mindset that he wants to be great. And he works out every day. We're happy to have him back and we're happy to see him out there making plays and doing what he loves. Yeah, I mean, that's why he's here because he has great talent.  That's all you want as a rookie. Like you say, he may be a player today. Make some very big plays, make some big catches. We're just happy for him. Just happy to see him making plays and we're just rolling the offense. I think if we just stay focused and continue to be locked in and just try to sustain every single drive, strain and finish, getting first downs, staying in drives, moving down the field and eventually getting in the end zone. I think we just keep focused on getting better and improving, you know? And I think as long as we do that, then everything will happen the way we want it to. It was definitely colder in 2020, I'll tell you that. It wasn't too bad. I thought it was gonna be colder, but it wasn't bad. It wasn't that bad. Yeah, this definitely helps. Gonna give guys some time off to heal up, get some rest, get away from football for a little bit and then get right back to it. So, it helps. It was week by week, man. Don't get too far ahead. Just, it was week by week, man. And, you know, continue to focus on things you need to get better at and, you know, keep pushing each other. Keep striving to do great things, the offense and, you know, just being tied in together each and every day. Yeah, I think it's something that's gonna continue to drive me. You know, if y'all ask that question and I say 2009, 2012, then I go out there on last Sunday and feel like I play terrible. That motivated me. So, you know, I'm always motivated.  You know, it never stopped. So, you know, I just wanna be the best I can be to help this team and do whatever I can, you know, to help this team win and be the best player I can be. So, I'm always self-critiquing myself, always looking for something to fuel me and that's how it always ends up in playing this game.


Welcome back to this course on English language and literature. As you are aware, we come to you with a series of lectures. In fact, four modules comprising 40 lectures in total on English language and literature. You have already seen the scope of this course and we are in module 2 of this course. As you are well aware, module 2 is devoted to an exploration of the history of English language. These courses are being brought to you by NPTEL, the National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning. The courses are by faculty mainly from the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institute of Science. Let me remind you once again that the target audience of this course comprises students in now do a quick recap of Old English, which was our topic of discussion in the last lecture. Well, you would remember that whenever we talk about the history of the English language, we need to refer to three marauding tribes from Europe, the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles. The Jutes are supposed to have come to England from Jutland, Saxons from Holstein and Angles from Schleswig. In fact, here you sign this in this just a moment please. Well, you will find here that the word English had other you know variations from for instance you can see that it comes from the word Angles from the tribe of the Angles and we have these names for instance England was initially called England and English had this particular spelling. So, the Old English replaces as we saw in the last lecture, replaces the largely Celtic language and that was there in Britain and we also know that you know after the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons settled in Britain, the Celtic language moved really to places in Cornwall, in Wales and parts of Scotland. So, Old English is the English that came about after the use of the language that came along with the Jutes, Saxons and the Angles and we call this period is also known as the Anglo-Saxon period. Then we found that some of the characteristics of Old English are as follows that definitely the pronunciation of Old English words differs hugely if we may use the word from that of the modern equivalence. You only need to go to Google images you know you can look for the Old English script and you can look at some of the manuscripts from Google images and for copyright reasons I have not brought them here those here, but you can have a look at you know some of the recordings, the readings of from the Old English scripts that are there on YouTube for instance and you can then have an idea of how different the pronunciation is, how different the vocabulary you know the words are from you know the kind of English that we use today. Then there is also a difference in grammar of course, Old English is called Synthetic while Modern English is that in analytical language and this is what we have analytical language sorry, this is what we are going to look at in the R lecture on Modern English later on. For grammar also there was a distinction of number, singular and plural and case and grammatical gender was not dependent upon considerations of sex. For example, Mona moon is masculine, sun is feminine, make them girl, with and child are a neuter while with man, woman is masculine because the second element of the compound is masculine. So, you can knew we saw in the last lecture how these you know how Old English differs tremendously from Modern English. There was also the twofold declension if you remember of the adjective, we have strong declensions used with nouns were not accompanied by definite article and we this declension used when the noun is preceded by an article. Next we also look briefly at Old English literature and following AC Bohr who says, who said that the literature of the Anglo-Saxons is fortunately one of the richest and most significant of any preserved among the early two tones. One of the most well known texts is of course, Beowulf which is a folk epic and many of you have at least heard of the name Beowulf, the Dior poem and the Seafarer. So, these are some of the examples we are not going into the literature part of Old English, this module being devoted only to language. Then when we talk about literature, most in a module on literature and the various age is of literature, you know for instance age of Chaucer beginning with I think the age of Chaucer, we would have occasion to look through Professor Krishna Bora more into detail, where she also begins by talking about Beowulf. So, then also we found that there were war poems and the tragedies like the wanderer and translations under the famous king Alfred in that period. So, well let us now talk about Middle English and let me again say that whatever we discuss here in this lecture is by no means or is by no means going to cover everything that may be said about Middle English. I will be just pointing to some important characteristics of Middle English and some important political events that led to the rights of Middle English and ending with talking about the importance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer for instance. So, this really is let me warn you are the elementary in content, but this is just an introduction to a phase of in the history of the English language namely Middle English. So, as with the previous lecture, A. C. Bohr's book the history of a history of the English language features prominently in you know as a source text for my lecture. So, thus Charles Barber's the English language historical introduction published by Cambridge University Press and Inrani Ghosh's edited volume history of English language a critical companion. Now, in talking about the Middle English period this is one of the I would say the rare times really when we can you know pinpoint a certain date. We will look at a certain date as far as the beginning or how an event can really change the trajectory of a nation can change the trajectory of the development of the language of a nation. Middle English is generally here you know it is really not it is not really you know one long homogeneous period. You have early Middle English you have late Middle English, but this being this lecture being an elementary one what I have done is simply referred to Middle English as one of the important periods of the English language in the history of the English language. And I have gone by the usually accepted dates of 1150 to 1500 it is a long period of time if you notice 1150 to 1500. So, well I have said just a while ago that one can at times when one is speaking about the history of a nation or the history of the development of a language though rarely one can point to specific a specific date or a specific event that holds tremendous influence or is really the core starting point when we begin to talk about a certain period. And in that there are many scholars who in fact say that if you are to point to the single most important event in this discourse then that would be 1066. Let us look at this here please 1066 is the date when William who was a duke of Normandy the duke of Normandy. Normandy is a place in you know the part of modern France and William was then the duke of Normandy. In fact the people in that part of France preferred to call themselves the Normans. The historians say that they basically they were part of an earlier Scandinavian sorry Scandinavian intrusion if I may use the word intrusion into France and people in that area chose to call themselves the Normans. So in 1066 there was an important event known as the Battle of Hastings when William the duke of Normandy became King William the first of England. So this was this is known as a Norman conquest of England and this is extremely important to us because it brings in you know in a very important way the French element into not only the language but also into various aspects of even the culture of Britain. It was a time when French language and culture held tremendous you know political power in the lives of the people and most of this lecture here today would be would take off from this important event that is 1066 the Battle of Hastings and the conquest by you know King William who we in turn to became King William the first while duke of Normandy. So we are now and you know that is why we call this a separate phase a very important separate phase called the Middle English phase of the one reason why we divide Middle English into two phases Middle English into early Middle English and late Middle English is because of this event the beginning sorry the Battle of Hastings and the you know subsequent very you could say a very rapid growth of prestige of the French language and for late Middle English is really something else is the growth of nationalist feeling etcetera we should talk about later and ending with Geoffrey Chaucer and you know the rise of early national language. So in the early period however it so happened that once the French began to have political power what happens is French becomes the language of the royal court language of the royal court. Now once it becomes the language of the royal court it is quickly you know taken up by the three most most important and you know apart from the royalty the important sections for instance this would be the time when there would be a sort of the first beginnings of class as far as language was concerned many scholars are of the opinion that old English did not have at least as compared to Middle English the division of language on language based on class I mean there was a marked very discernible division of you know the people of the populace of Britain based on class for instance we would you know it is quite logical for us to you know to imagine that the business class the business class would want to learn the French language why because French was as we know the language of the royal courts and because of the need to be connected to you know to the royal courts to for instance to people in you know to the ministers to the royalty to people in power it was important for business class to learn French. So, basically you have the ruling class and the business class you know speaking French and what happens to English? English is then spoken by a class which begins to be recognized as a lower class. So, you have the upper classes speaking you know the powerful classes and the rich classes speaking French and English being spoken by the lower classes. This is again let us remember this is more far more pronounced with the beginning of the middle sorry the of middle English than it was before if at all it was there before. The next important point that is related to this division of classes or you know on the basis of language is another phenomenon the phenomenon phenomenon of now you have to realize that they are two they are two languages side by side one was you know the old English old English that was extant during the time of you know when William of Normandy finally became King William of Britain and the old English was used by as we know the so called common people the common populace and also also the nobility and the people in power. Now, what happens is we know that in middle English French becomes the language of power and self. Obviously, old English is or English is not replaced by French altogether. So, we would have the phenomenon of people using two languages and of you know two languages running side by side though in different class or different stratifications of class. So, this was an important phenomenon which is a of course, we found is a replacement of the existing language by a foreign language that is French and b the simultaneous use if not by the same person. However, the simultaneous use of two languages and really you know the middle the middle English period could also you know could be viewed in two ways you can view it as the you know the acculturation of French and English and you could also view it as a constant contest with sometimes you know in the earlier period at least the French language being dominant and towards the end of the middle English period you know the attempts at kind of reviving English or having English as one's national language. So, you had the juxtaposition of two languages during this time. So, fine the middle English dialects some many scholars say there are five dialects and some scholars say there are four dialects but at least the important dialects were the northern dialect sorry the northern dialect the east middle in dialect the west middle in dialect and the southern dialect. You remember that the Northumbrian, Mercian etcetera were the dialects that were the chief dialects in the time of old English. So, here in middle English the dialects are northern east middle and west middle and the southern dialects. So, let us read then from Barber from Charles Barber whose text is one of our source text here. He says Barber says old English did not disappear overnight. This is a point which I had mentioned just a while ago old English did not disappear overnight at the Norman conquest nor did it immediately stop being written. Obviously, you know it is common sense to think that you know a language fills up disappear just because power has been taken over by somebody else. So, old English did not disappear overnight at the Norman conquest nor did it immediately stop being written. For the west Saxon literary tradition was continued for a long time in some of the great monasteries right. So, the you know that the west Saxon dialect of old English was alive and it was you know maintained sustained by the great monasteries even though you know elsewhere as far as business was concerned as far as power was concerned the court was concerned the language may have been French. So, we are not to think you know in an erroneous way that with the coming in of the Duke of Normandy as King William and you know along with him so many of the French nobility it does not mean that old English disappeared. And it is for you know it is for simply for convenience in into to which is one of you know the hazards are really dividing you know time according you know historical time into different periods. So, these are some of the hazards that we have to bear in mind. Therefore, old English did not disappear overnight at the Norman conquest nor did it immediately stop being written nor the way for the west Saxon literary tradition was continued for a time in some of the great monasteries. But in the years following the conquest changes which had already begun to show themselves and in the less in less than a century we can say this is important in less than a century it did not even take 100 years for the old English period to be declared over and the for the middle English period to have considered to have begun. So, further also scholars call this a period of great change. For instance, they were more extensive and fundamental changes because of the Norman conquest and the conditions that followed more about this in a while. Continuation of tendencies that had begun to manifest themselves in the earlier period in old English and changes affected that affected the grammar and the vocabulary of the English language. This being most important at least for our lecture here I am going to spend some time speaking about the changes particularly in vocabulary with the coming in of you know the French language. You know for about close to close to 200 years but close to 200 years we see this we see that you know the language of the people the language of the common people. So, to speak remained English though there were attempts at you know at a certain fusion English at that time was not exactly a language that was despised by the French. There were elements of some sort of a culture that I said between French and English and for instance the merchant class merchants would speak both English and French and this continued for you know continued for quite some time till the conscious development of nationalist feelings which again happened because of political reasons and if I am going to talk about talk about in a while. Now, as I said we are going to talk about and let us look at this page here we are going to talk about the influence of vocabulary the coming and it is very interesting to notice the patterns. For instance if you know if I ask you know if you knew that French was the language of the court French was the language being learned by the business class then which what kind of words are going to be borrowed there was we know a lot of borrowing from the French language. So, what kind of words are going to be borrowed and made part of the English language many of those words remain with us today.  Now, for instance the church right the church being the third important you know third component of power for instance you have said we had we talked about political power we talked about business power and the third is the church and apparently the number the largest number of words that came in during this period were from the church and for instance ecclesiastical words like religion prayer words of vocation like pastor then chaplain. These are some of the words that as you see has become part of modern the modern English vocabulary it has stayed with us and also in the church for instance things that are associated right for here for instance you have words that have come in based on vocation or you could say based on status regarding to vocation in the church and we also or say general words like prayer we also have words that are associated let us see here words that are associated with the service church service the words that are associated that are that have were borrowed from French and associated with church service are for instance in sense in sense lectern lectern now it is from this religious you know religious background that today we use the word lectern also in academia for instance when a person gives a lecture right from a podium we also refer to it as a lectern then abbey convent these are some of the words that are to do with service with church service then the important next important domain is in the domain of law right obviously now with the coming of the Normans with the Duke of Normandy you would have a number of words that are borrowed from the French language into the legal you know into legalese or you know the language that we use in the legal system and now let us look at some of the words here and these are crime arrest depose innocent decree decree felon from which we have felony proof complaint fine all these words you will realize are important words even in you know the legal language use even in our country so these are words that were borrowed from the French after with the coming in of the Normans next we can look at say words to do with culture or and cultural artifacts music image prose romance ok tragedy sorry tragedy palace palace paper pen ok so this is another domain in which we find a number of borrowings from the French language further we will also talk about fashion ok fashion or social artifacts right social artifacts apparel embroidery emerald sapphire right these are some of the words that come from the word dress for instance ok these are words that are that belong to the domain of fashion next food there are several food you know words in the vocabulary that were borrowed from French and these among these are appetite sugar trickle blanche mince gravy etcetera ok now when we look at you know these borrowings when you look at the number of French words that have in what are the domains that we looked at we looked at culture or an intellectual production we looked at food we looked at fashion we looked at dress we looked at law for instance ok and you know you I am for a person who knows this for the first time and you would find she would find it find it tremendously you know interesting that so many of the words that we call English words appetite trickle or the words in law for instance church words for instance laws of government ok that is something that I missed out and talk about that in a while words of government for instance all these words are words that were actually not English these are words that have been borrowed from French following you know following the Norman conquest right so next if we look at at grammar right the most important points that are to be noted here is that in English grammar the changes they mostly general reduction the general reduction of inflections or endings right let us read from here in English grammar the changes were mostly general reduction of inflections endings of the noun adjective and to some extent verb of the verb were altered in pronunciation in a way that these almost lost their distinctive form and hence their usefulness the grammar of the English language was reduced from a high this is most important the grammar of the English language following the Norman conquest was reduced from a highly inflected language to an to an extremely almost extremely analytical one when you compare the scripts of old English and middle English this is one of the first things that that is going to strike you and as I said go to you know look it up in Google images look it up in you know YouTube and you will find that one of the first things that strikes you is that you know there is a certain levelling there is a certain levelling out and it removes or it does away with the inflectional system so as a result of this what happens is prepositions become very important prepositions become important word order becomes important and there is a replacement of grammatical gender with natural gender we looked at you know gender just a while ago strong verbs become regularized right and the strong weak adjective disappears as a result of the loss of inflectional endings this you know image shows you how there was the loss of inflections and here you will find there was reduction of these endings a u e and to a uniform e right so it is perhaps from this you know period from middle English that the the characteristic of English as being member I think we will be talking about this in one of the lectures is the simplicity of the language. So, we may even use a word from agriculture and gardening here which is pruning pruning of the inflectional endings and reducing it to simplicity this is one of the most important characteristics of change from old English to middle English. Now, Bob AC Bob whose text a history of the English language is a seminal text here it is it was published long ago, but still remains one of the most important words here he says that in early middle English only two methods of indicating the plural remained fairly distinctive the ending s or e s from the strong declension and the e n from the week by the by 1200 and the early 1250s the ending s was accepted as the standard plural ending in the north and the middle ends and by the 14th century it had become the normal sign of the plural in English nouns. So, the with the loss of other inflections finally, things were streamlined for instance the s ending for plural is one of the most common and one of the most important you know replacements of other inflections right. Also for instance here you will see the adjective also you know getting the e ending from their previous forms also with the pronoun you just skip this here the verb. Now, Bob further says that with the disappearance of grammatical gender the idea of sex became the only factor in determining the gender of English nouns if you recall because of the ending you know in in movement in movement in movement because of the because the ending was masculine it was considered masculine, but now in you know with the disappearance of grammatical gender now comes in the idea of sex as the only factor in determining the gender of English nouns where woman becomes feminine right not masculine as it was in old English. So, Bob says further by making English the language mainly of uneducated people the Norman conquest made it easier for grammatical changes to go forward unchecked this is also an important aspect. Now, we talked a while ago ago on the French inference on the vocabulary and we would look here at what war has to say his comments on French inference on the vocabulary. English presented an inferior culture and this was one of the factors involved for the inference of French words upon the English language. Why was English considered an inferior culture why because the culture of royalty the culture of business and eventually the culture of the church began to be dominated by French culture which led on to the ready acceptance of borrowed words borrowed from the French language. So, we saw a while ago that English was used by the so called common man while the French language people were you know for reasons of you know social climbing people would learn French and particularly people who were moving from you know the say the lower middle classes to you know to the merchant business class who had to sort of you know who had to have nob so to speak with people in the court the church and the royalty had to learn the French language. So, in English as Bob says represented an inferior culture and this was one of the factors involved for the inference of French words upon the English language and he says a stream of French words poured into English with a momentum that continued until toward the end of the middle English period right. He too is making this difference between early middle English and later middle English. Now, a stream of French words excuse me poured into English with a momentum that continued until toward the end of the middle English period. In this movement two stages can be observed and earlier and later with the year 1250 as the approximate dividing line and you shall see you know why why particularly early 13th century was an important water shed dividing line between early modern sorry middle English and later or late middle English. So, earlier borrowings that is Bob says prior to 1250 were words like Baron, Noble, Dame, Servant, Messenger and the usually scholars agree that the number is roughly around 900 and later borrowings were borrowings that were governmental and administrative at least statistical legal military and familiar words of sorry fashion belonging to the realm of fashion food art learning and medicine this is something we have seen earlier these this is important why because these are markers of class division. Look at the word like servant right as compared to noble or Baron right look at the word messenger. These are words that are indicative of class division and I said it is to middle English that we have to look if we really have to look at the beginnings or at least part of the beginnings of the class system in Britain. So, what are the these governmental and administrative words this is something that left out we talked about ecclesiastical food fashion etcetera. The government and governmental and administrative words are the word government itself governor, administer, crown, state, empire, subject, rebel, tax, alliance, prince, princes, duke, minister, noble, manners, slave, servant, peasant etcetera so these are now for a person studying this from a political angle would find this a most interesting data again I said the division of the people into slave, servant, peasant words like manner and it is said that you know many of. So, these were some of the words that were borrowed from the French language and you find this really infuse into so many different domains. I would like to quickly end by you know talking about the rise of standard English and you know this again happened with the loss you know of Normandy the loss of Normandy which led to interestingly the re-establishment of English. In around 1204 or 5 Normandy was lost by the you know by the royalty in Britain and with the loss of Normandy came about subsequently a feeling of nationalism. Evens like the loss of holdings which we find happen in you know by the end of the 13th century in England would lead to the gradual you know loss of prestige of a language right. Then there are many other you know reasons why finally a person like Chaucer Jeffrey Chaucer could determine the growth and establishment of a kind of language of English which was known as the national language. More about this in Professor Borra's lecture on you know the age of Chaucer and finally we will end with the importance of London English. By far as mentioned by Bob by far the most influential factor in the rise of standard English was the importance as London as the capital of England. London English took as well as gave it began as a sudden and ended as a Midland dialect. The London standard had been accepted in most parts of the country inviting in the latter part of the 15th century. So by the time just before Shakespeare we already have a language in place right with a standardized dialect which enable the flowering of the English language so to speak in the hands of great writers like Shakespeare, like Ben Johnson, like Christopher Marlowe for instance. The background to the flowering of that language is this you know in late middle English the growth of nationalist feeling the so you know if you may call it the separation of the English nobility from the French nobility around 1200, 1200, 4, 5 and by 1250 really as said French being almost regarded as a foreign language a language that was so important now regarded as a foreign language. This is the historical background to the great works and the person who is you know who figures most prominently here is Geoffrey Chaucer and you are aware of the famous Canterbury tales. These are the works you know that finally went on to bring back the English language. However it was sort of already infused with French vocabulary and however it is earlier inflectional system being diminished a lot. This is the new language so to speak or the London standard of language that was established and forms a backdrop to the next age which is modern English right. So we end here today and you know one of the most important things which will you know important questions which may be posed here is you know about the battle of Hastings and the coming sorry the Norman conquest and what happened with the coming of the Norman French right. What changes happened and you should always mention the importance of the class factor that even as far as language is concerned they will find new terms being borrowed from the French terms that are indicators of class status, the terms like noble for instance like servant like peasant. Apart from that you may want to learn up some of the words that came. So if you get a you know came with the Norman conquest for instance if you get a question like the Norman conquest led to the borrowing of several words from French in various domains. So name those domains and give examples of you know those words then you would talk about important domains like government and administrative domain like ecclesiastical domain of the church then of the business class right. Then terms leading to cultural life in general for instance fashion food right terms leading to again as said class. So these are some of the domains that you you know can build up like an inventory and learn up the respective words that fall into these and show how you know all these law was another important thing you know domain that we talked about and show how these words continue to be some of the most important words. So how do you have words in law without using the word crime for instance without using the word plaintiff for instance or you know complaint or complainant for instance. So that English by now is truly you know language that has that is what linguists call a borrowing language. By now it was you know it is a language which is borrowed heavily from the French language and the middle English period now remember we are talking at an elementary level the middle English period is largely the tale of story of two things. One is the Norman conquest and the importance and prestige of French language, French culture. Second part is the diminished prestige of French with the coming in of the spirit of French of sorry English nationalism following the laws of Normandy by the royalty in Britain with I also forgot to mention the black death which were which led to the death of many people in Britain and with the labour class working force becoming important because of the lack of the paucity of labour and what kind of words were what language you know was used by the working class the language used was English. So again now more than the business class you have following the black death the language of the working class being important and finally the establishment of a standard London dialect finally to Geoffrey Chaucer and through literature the final establishment and re-instantiation of the English language. So let us end here in the next lecture we would we shall be talking about early modern English thank you.


Hi everyone, Sean with jaspyscasebrakes.com here doing a 2020 Leaf Best of Multisport Premium Edition box number five Where we're gonna open it up and actually randomize the four hits to the four people in the break We did give away one spot in the break In a filler. So here is the list of customer names From Dave down to Ryan Shackleton with the spot he won in chronic fat pack break number 13 Here is the box. So let's go ahead and open it up we're gonna pull out all the hits and then Enter them in in the night in the order that we pulled them and randomize the list of customer names and the list of Hits and see how it all matches up. Dude. You you did it wasn't me You got into the break and you won the spot It all works out sometimes like that, right? I guess you can't really see it, right? I'll just leave that back there. Nice little backdrop First hit you got a graded card. That is Brett baddie 2019 chrome draft autographs gold refractor 48 out of 50 graded a bgs 9 5 10 Brett baddie very good prospect Corners centering and edges all nine and a half surface a nine and The autograph of 10 so overall nine five time very nice first hit second card another graded they all graded I haven't done these yet, but This one we're gonna go this way And that is rookie ticket autograph von Miller That's from 2011 playoff contenders PSA 10 Von Miller is pretty good, right? No numbering there He looks younger, but same-looking scary guy all four are graded this one's a little bit older 1957 tops Frank Robinson PSA 6 For a 63 year old card Pretty good grade. That's pretty cool and last hit 2012 Panini prism Kawai Leonard PSA 10 That's a big card right there Very nice There you go guys. Let me go ahead and pause the video. We're gonna go ahead and enter the names and the hits into the Randomizer go ahead and match them up and see who's taking home one. So we'll see you in a minute. Hi everyone. We're back here's the list of Hits like we said in order that we pulled Brett baddie bgs 9 5 10 von Miller PSA 10 Frank Robinson PSA 6 1957 Frank Robinson and Kawai Leonard PSA 10 And here is the list of customers From Dave Dolman down to Steve with the spots. They bought up straight up and Ryan Shackleton with spot He won in chronic goals 13 dice roll here randomized both lists same amount of times Three and a four seven times. Good luck. Everyone one two three four five six and seventh and final time James Connell down to Ryan Shackleton. You can see that was seven times Seven on the dice and now seven times on the hits. Good luck one two three four five six and Seventh and final time from von Miller down to Brett baddie and here's how it stacks up James Connell congratulations von Miller PSA 10 rookie ticket auto Dave Dolman Kawai Leonard rookie PSA 10 Prism base Stephen Cobra. Po Cobra Frank Robbins in 1957 PSA 6 and Ryan Shackleton with spot He won in Chronicles 13 fat pack break Brett baddie bgs 9 5 10 gold refractor auto bowman first That's going to Ryan Shackleton Congratulations von Miller Rookie ticket auto go into James Connell Frank Robbins in 1957 tops PSA 6 Going to Stephen Po Cobra of Po Cobra and Last but definitely not least Dave Dolman in the chat. Congratulations Kawai Leonard 2012 Panini prism PSA 10 There you go guys that was The 2020 Leaf Best of Multisport Premium Edition box number five One case left box number six in store now We have one filler for it three spots straight up Jaspies case breaks calm. We'll see you next time


Welcome to the USU Special Collections and Archives website where you will find information about SCA. At the top of our page, you can find our daily hours. But if you have additional questions about visiting SCA, you can select Visiting Using at the bottom of our page. This page will help you plan your visit and give you information on using and copying SCA materials. Back on our home page, if we select Search the Collections in the middle of the page, it will take us to a search engine where we can search by inventory through the library catalog or through our digital library. Let's try a search by inventory for true Aggies. It looks like we have many collections with information on this folk tradition, and you can select the collection title to learn more. You'll also know that we are on a page called Archives West. This is because USU belongs to a group or consortium that hosts our inventories. Another great tool on our website is the section overview. Here you can explore each Archives page and learn about our preservation efforts and exhibition programs. For more information about the Folklore Archives, you can visit the Five Folklore Archives video. Finally, no tour of Special Collections is complete without meeting our staff, which you can do by visiting our Get to Know the SCA staff page. Here you can learn more about our staff, such as Curators Randy and Clint. If you have any questions about Special Collections and Archives, contact us at scweb.usu.edu.