All right, folks, let's get started. I'm going to go real slow here with the introduction so people can settle in. Once again, I think you'll see that, like the first two presenters, we've just got a solid panel here with our last speaker. Professor Jay Famuetti is a hydrologist and a professor of Earth System Science and of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Irvine. He is on leave from teaching through 2016, probably longer, to serve as senior water scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. In 2013, he was appointed by Governor Jerry Brown to the Santa Ana region of the California State Water Boards. His research using NASA satellites to track down dwindling global freshwater availability has garnered international attention. And as you'll surely see, he's a skilled communicator and lecturer who's writing, government advising, speaking events, and media appearances are transforming how we look at water both at home and abroad. All you got to do is Google this individual and you'll see that he has appeared as a featured expert and critically acclaimed water documentary, last call at the OASIS and has been covered by, and among other outlets, New York Times, The Washington Post, The Guardian, and The Economist, as well as by 60 minutes Bill Maher and Rachel Maddow. He is a regular contributor to National Geographic, writing currents in The Huffington Post. He is currently working on a book on groundwater depletion and immersion threats to the global water security. Please help me in welcoming Jay Familletti. Thank you so much. It's great to be here and great to share the stage with Jay and Felicia. Hopefully we'll give you some different perspectives on some of the critical problems that we've been facing. So I don't have many salmon jokes that I don't have any talking salmon. I think that if we're gonna use the sandwich analogy, if Jay's on top, he's like the surface water top of the bun, right? And then Felicia is like the peanut butter and jelly that gives us like the substance, right? Today I'm really gonna talk about the bottom. I'm on the bottom, I'm talking about groundwater, okay? Now it's ironic because I'll be talking mostly about work that we do using satellites. So as some of you know, we've been using a gravity-based satellite, which I'll talk about today, to get a big picture view of what's going on with our groundwater resources. And it's not just in California, it's really around the world. So you can get a flavor, although I think in this particular slide, the color's not great, but you can get a flavor of where I'm gonna go with the color scheme there going from the blue, meaning a lot of water in 2006 or so, and then get it progressively drier throughout the drought period. So I will start off by talking about defining water security. We have a lot of different ways to define that, and I go with a pretty straightforward definition, but we'll loop around at the end of the talk and see how it applies to California. Then we'll talk about what some of the satellites are telling us about. Water availability will focus on California, but then I'll show a few slides that zoom out and look at the rest of the United States and the rest of the globe and what's happening in many of our aquifers. And then what the implications are and try to tie back into some of the policy issues, some issues that we really haven't talked about that much, and I think you'll see a lot of overlap with what both Jay and Felicia have been talking about. Okay, so I'll start off by this definition of water security. And I use one, I mean, there are many. State Department has one, and U.S. Geological Survey has one, a lot of people are defining water security. I wrote a proposal a couple of years ago, and I just wrote down my own definition, which goes something like this, water security. I define it as if a region or a government can provide a reliable supply of potable water, both now and into the future, for that region to meet all of its demands for the various uses, and those various uses can be agriculture, it should be environment. That's my one salmon joke, so I put that one in for you, okay? I just had the bear in there before, so I went this morning and found a bear in a stream eating a salmon.  So we have our varying needs, right? And we have to grow food, we have to provide water for the environment, and we have to be stewards, and we have to have water for people. These are some of our neighbors in Porterville, who've been sort of following through the cracks, as well as for economic growth and energy production. And so this is not, as Felicia said, this is not a sort of us versus them, in fact, I will admit that while she was speaking, I was eating almonds, okay? I'll share that with you. So anyway, now the other definitions are important too, because they deal with some of the things that Jay was talking about, and Felicia was talking about. So how are we gonna be dealing with these extremes? How are we gonna be managing water? And Jay's point about going from very dry conditions to very wet conditions shows up very well in our data, and I'll show that to you. So these are challenges that are part of, you know, water management is part of water security. And there's the terrorism threat now too, that we have to talk about. So in the State Department definition, there's discussion of protecting water supplies against terrorist threats. So it's a different world that we live in, now more than ever, had to get that out there. And so that's all part of our thinking when it comes to water security. So what are the satellites telling us about water availability? So those of you who've heard me speak before know that this particular satellite mission, which is called GRACE, the Sense for Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, has really transformed the way that we look at freshwater availability at large scales. It was launched in 2002, excuse me, just a second while I reorient myself. So it was launched in 2002. It's composed of these two satellites that are not very big. They're each about the size of maybe a couple of those, one and a half of those tables and maybe double the width and one and a half the length. So they're not particularly big. They fly up at 400 kilometers and they're separated by about 200 kilometers. And I like to say that they act like a scale in the sky that helps us understand changes in total water storage, meaning all of the snow and the surface water and the soil moisture and the groundwater together. So it gives us a very holistic look at what's going on. It helps us understand things that are happening at monthly and longer time scales in over large regions, 150,000 square kilometers and greater. So why do we say that it acts like a scale in the sky? This is really the key. So most satellites, when we think about satellites, we think about that street cleaner or whatever it is that's right. We think about satellites that are up in the sky sort of looking at the surface, taking pictures or sensing electromagnetic radiation or bouncing radar beams off the surface, but grace is different and that it's sensing mass changes in the following way. Those two satellites, which again are not very big, orbit around, they follow each other around the poles. And as they fly over a region that has gained water weight, has gained water mass like the Sierras this winter, right? A lot of snow, a lot of extra mass, the region has gained weight, it's gained water weight. That region exerts a greater gravitational tug on the satellites as they orbit over and the satellites get pulled on just a little bit towards the surface as they orbit over the Sierras. So the first one comes in and gets pulled down, second one comes in and gets pulled down, okay? Likewise, when they fly over a region, so that's the same thing that really, if you think about it, I won't go into it here because I haven't quite worked out the analogy, but it's basically the same way a scale works. But when those satellites then fly over a place that's lost water weight like the Central Valley during the last four or five years and actually last century or so, places that lose water weight exert less of a gravitational tug on the satellites and so they float a little bit higher in their orbit as they pass over that region. So the primary measurement that's being made is a measurement of the position of the satellites and by mapping out those positions of the satellites as the orbit around takes about a month to make a complete picture globally. So by keeping track of the position of the satellites, we can map out the regions of the Earth that are gaining or losing water mass on a monthly basis at this resolution of about 150,000 square kilometers, which is about the size of the Sacramento, Simaquin and Tulare Basin. So I'll show you some of those images. It's allowed us to see some things that I think are eye-openers. And the accuracy is one and a half centimeters, which means that the water storage change would have to be sort of the equivalent of one and a half centimeters spread over this area of 150,000 square kilometers, which is pretty incredible when you think about the fact that these satellites are 400 kilometers up in space and they're monitoring changes of a centimeter. Okay, oh yeah, so the satellite was launched in 2002 and it was meant to be a five-year mission. And well, it's 2017, so it's been going for 15 years, and so that's been incredible. Now the batteries are running down. We're only collecting about nine months of data per year for the last couple of years, but help is on the way in terms of what we call a grace follow-on, which we'll launch at the end of the year, a grace follow-on or grace FO. It's the same mission, it's not gonna get us any better resolution than what I just described to you. We call it, in NASA speak, it's called the Climate Continuation Mission, and the justification was these measurements of things like the ice sheets and the groundwater storage changes and ocean mass changes that lead to sea level rise are just too important to stop. So that will be launched at the end of 2017 or early 2018. So we just had our 15th anniversary or 15th year birthday party for Grace and had some celebrations, and so it actually was launched in 2002 on St. Patrick's Day.  And so these are some of the, or this was one graphic that was released. So 15 years of grace, two satellites, 137 miles apart, two, whatever, billion, 2.3, 2.4 billion miles traveled. Ice loss measured, 3400 gigatons. So one of the prime achievements of the Grace mission has been monitoring the ice mass losses, right? The melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet which are contributing about three millimeters a year to sea level rise. So 3400 gigatons. A gigaton is a cubic kilometer from Greenland and 1500 from Antarctica. And I converted that to a sea level rise, equivalent of 13.75 millimeters of sea level rise just from these two ice sheets just in the last 15 years. For those of you who don't know, the ice sheet melting is actually accelerating because they're getting to a phase where there's more brittle fracture and rapid fracture and some of the outlet glaciers. So that's not good news. And so I was actually, I was pissed when the ice sheet picture came out and they didn't have a groundwater one. So I made one myself and this is it. So same stuff at the top. The groundwater completion measured 300 trillion gallons of water from the mid-latitude aquifers which I named here and I'll show you in some of the graphics a little bit later. And so if that's not bad enough, they also contribute to sea level rise. And so they've contributed to about three more millimeters of sea level rise. Of course, then we've got the alpine glaciers that are contributing to sea level rise. So we're able to quantify this stuff now in ways that are better than we have previously. Okay, I wanna show you what some of the data look like and I'm going to, I don't like this particular animation that I have so I'm just gonna be very bold. And because I'm a bold person and I'm gonna move this because I also can't see it from down there. But I'm gonna go out of PowerPoint. When I put my preferred animation into PowerPoint, it didn't really run well and I think it's, here it is. I think it's because the resolution is pretty high. So here it is. And so it's not that we sit around and watch animations all day. Some of us look for pictures of talking fish. And... But this is an animation that's gonna show the ups and downs of water storage in California. Basically, over seasonal time scale, started in 2002, right up until the present. So we're gonna look at, really is an animation of this yellow line. And so this is 2002 and then things get a little wetter, 2004, 2005. The first phase of our drought, 2006 to 2010. Little recovery around 2010. Then like the last four or five years had been really bad. And then some of this recovery. So let's take a look at what that looks like. I hope it looks good. Okay, so we're getting wetter now, 2006. First phase of the drought, starting to get a little red, a little bit scary. 2010, 2011, or a little mini El Nino. Here's the epic drought, right? And so, bang, that's... Okay, so that was, that's what I wanted to convey to you. This is a different animation. I'll skip that, but it was that period there in 2015. I'll show you another still image of that. That I think really expresses the situation, the rough situation that we were in. Okay, so here's the time series. So this is the time series of the Sacramento, San Joaquin, Tulare Lake Basin shown. It's outlined over there. You can see it in the upper, you can see it in the upper right. And Central Valley is shown in blue. So what are we really looking at? We're looking at the ups and downs of total water storage from grace on a monthly basis. Going back to 2002, right up until January of this year. So wet season, dry season, right? Winter, here's the growing season. Then we get into the fall. This is by November. So really we're looking at sort of peaks in March and troughs in November. So right, we've got that uphill climb there up to 2006, first phase of the drought, little mini El Nino, and then the real plummet that happened over the last few years and then the recovery. So we're getting information that we've never had before. These are some outtakes from that animation. So looking at the dry seasons, getting drier through the years. Here's the, this is the sort of crescendo that I tried to show you in that other animation. So this was around the summer of 2015, going into the fall. So that's probably, I think when things were at their worst and Felicia was talking about panic and that's what was happening. So we can see some other things too. We can start to quantify with numbers in millions of acre feet or cubic kilometers or whatever your favorite units are. How much water California has been losing or gaining in these different periods. So that period from 2011 to 2015, we were losing about 15 to 20 cubic kilometers of water per year, about two thirds of which were from groundwater. We could really look over that period of 2006, going back to 2006 and say that the drought was really a 10 year, nine or 10 year drought.  Really, from 2002 to through about the end of 2015, we've been losing water. And then we've got this little uphill here recovery, which is important for a couple of reasons. And so Jay talked about it, Felicia talked about it. It sort of gets to, in this timeframe from here to here, we've gone from basically the driest ever, right? The lowest ever water storage to probably the greatest ever water storage, okay? So that points to, we can quantify some of these things, we can check them against some of the other numbers to make sure they make sense. We can also understand, is this gonna help us with groundwater replenishment or not? And the answer is probably no. Is the drought over? Well, yeah, the drought's probably over. But what we have to come to terms with is the fact that we actually use more water than is available to us on an annual renewable basis. So we use it to grow food. Again, okay, this is not us versus them, I eat salmon too, by the way. I was sitting over there eating my almonds. So we just have to come to terms with how we're using our water in California and how we wanna allocate it. And scientists like myself and Jay, I think the burden is on us to provide better tools, to give to decision makers, to give them science-based options. So there's a message here in this time series because what I expect is basically just another, just like we see a drop here and a drop here. This is gonna flop over and my guess is we're gonna see another continued downward trend here in the data. And so luckily we have this other satellite, the grace follow on mission coming along to help us understand that. And the reason I say that is because of the groundwater, okay? And so when Jay said we only dropped whatever 30% of our water supply or something like that or maybe there's only 30% less. I'm not sure you were including groundwater in there. And so from my, and we can talk about it in the panel. And so from my perspective, the reason we didn't have, well, I know, I mean, and we all know the reason that we didn't have much of an economic impact on agricultural productivity is because we use groundwater, right? We're statewide using two thirds of the state water supply was coming from groundwater during the drought period. So basically we're stealing money from the bank, right? And using it to fuel agriculture. So, you know, that food production that we do in California exceeds, right? Our water availability. So what we really face is chronic water scarcity. From a security perspective, we don't really have enough water to do all the things that we wanna do. What we do for now, but we're showing the signs of the sort of house of cards, meaning the subsidence and the falling water table which I'll show you and the depleting streams. So groundwater, as many of you know, but some people don't. So don't be offended as I read this slide to you. Groundwater is the water that's stored underground in aquifers in these blue layers here that are soil or rock units. It is the primary water source for about a third of the global population. It provides almost half of the water for irrigation. And in many cases is not renewable, especially in these deeper layers. Those ones that are close to the surface can be recharged although we typically use more than the replenishment rate. And the ones that are deeper are just, you know, just take a lot longer to recharge like thousands and tens of thousands of years. So we've been burning through this groundwater. As you can see from this chart that combines USGS data shown in red and our grace estimate of groundwater depletion in green goes back to 1962. The colors in the background represent whether we have a wet period. And I need to update the chart and put in a nice dark blue line here. So wet period, the tans, the darker tan are dry periods or droughts. And the colors in between are moderately wet to moderately dry. So the message of this slide is at least twofold. One of course is the continued trend, right? Continued downward trend. So average water table depth in the central valley is somewhere around 2,500 feet, right? This is the problem, right? Because the wells, thousands of wells are going dry and it costs $250,000 to drill a well that's 2,500 feet deep and not everybody, most people can't afford that. And there's a wait now that's over a year long. So we're headed towards the bottom. Of course we know that there's subsidence which I'll show you in some of the next slides. But the other one sort of has to do with this very wet period and the overall replenishment. I mean what we see here is very clear. By the way, the full story here is double this figure. So there's the other half of this chart which really goes back to 1932 and it's the same thing to the 1930s. So we use a lot during dry periods and we only get modest recovery during wet periods, even the wettest periods, okay?  So that's our history. Will the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act change that? We'll talk about that a little bit later. So we've got a problem here and it's been exposed. We knew it, the satellite data helped us understand it a little bit more. The data that I'm gonna show you now are not graced data, they're radar data. And we're gonna talk about subsidence for a little bit. So here's this famous Joe Poll and USGS scientist picture that Felicia showed. He's standing next to a telephone pole in the San Joaquin Valley with a telephone pole that has the 1923 sign at the top and the 1977 sign at the bottom and that's where the ground was in 1923 versus 1977 when the picture was taken. So there's subsidence there that's happening at about a foot per year. I'd like to compare subsidence to the deflation of a tire, right? You let the air of the tire, bicycle tire, car tire, the tire flattens out. You let the water out of some aquifers, in particular those that have clay minerals. Clay minerals are flat. When you take out that water that's pushing them apart, they flatten out, they stack up in the ground subsides. So of course there's damage to infrastructure that may be lying on top of that and a lot of that storage is really unrecoverable. So we talk about recharging and replenishing an artificial managed recharge. We're losing a lot of storage and it is happening at some of the fastest rates ever. I'm gonna show you this little region here shown in the box. And so these are radar images. The top one is showing the cumulative subsidence. How much the ground dropped from 2007 to 2011. So really sort of the first phase of the recent droughts. And the blue colors there correspond to a couple of inches per year, up to about six to eight inches per year. But then we get to 2014. Now we're sort of in the throws, right? Peak drought. This is the growing season of 2014. And we see that those subsidence rates jump up to a foot or more per year, foot and a half per year in some places. Updates. This is from my colleague Tom Farr, by the way. So the updates to this report, which came out in January 2016 and January 2017, showed in these regions subsidence in some of the most rapid spots, there's some of the spots shown in red, was up to a meter per year, okay? So about a quarter of the Central Valley has clay minerals, it's susceptible to this. Okay, so here's Joe. And we're gonna Photoshop him and take him from 1977 to 2015 or so, okay? So he's gone from there to here, all right? So this is what we're dealing with by having not really managed our ground water. You know, Felicia also talked about panic. And I don't know if any of you have seen this, but, and Jay, I thought your comment was a great one. You know, how do you control the behavior of 39 million people with their hands on the faucet, right? Or the spigot or whatever. And so it's a real social science problem, but you know, this is what typically happens. It rains and things are cool, right? And whatever, it hasn't rained in a while, it's drought and yeah, we kind of become aware of it. So we get concerned and then we just kind of freak out. And that's where we were in 2015, at the end of 2015, okay? And then it started raining. And you could see that in that grace figure that I showed you, the drought, you know, the lowest point was at the end of 2015 and then 2016 went up and 2017 went up. And so we've forgotten a lot of this stuff and we can't. And it's the complacency versus the other thing, panic. Was it panic and complacency? Panic and complacency, right? Because we can't do drought planning in a crisis, right? We know this is coming. We're here telling everybody we're messaging up and down the state. So this is an issue and you know, I do a lot of, Tommy mentioned, you know, I do a fair amount of writing and so this is one that I just wrote for the LA Times. Basically the same message, the things that I'm talking about today. We face chronic waters, everything that I'm talking about today, you can read in this op-ed. We use more water than is available to us on an annual renewable basis. We make up the difference in groundwater. The groundwater is disappearing. It won't be there forever. We're showing the signs. That's the same op-ed that I write every year, by the way. That's the secret, okay? The only thing that changes is the date and some of the numbers. Okay, so let's move away from California. We'll come back to it. I just want to show you that, you know, we're not alone here. It's not like we're anomalous in any sense. So Colorado River Basin, basically the same deal. We did a study a couple of years ago. We looked at our Grace Time series from about 2005 to 2013 or so. Again, wet season, dry season, wet season, dry season for the whole basin, but there's a trend. Where's that trend coming from? Is it coming from the water that we're taking out of our reservoirs? What's the role of groundwater here? Is it a problem in the Colorado River Basin too? And so that's what we see here in this lower figure. So we did some research to split apart what was happening in this time period with the surface water in Lake Powell and Lake Mead, that's shown in red, and groundwater, right? Which is shown in blue.  There's nothing about groundwater, right? And so the groundwater is disappearing at a rate of about six or seven to one. So while we're very focused on the surface water, the groundwater is quietly disappearing, still hasn't appeared in any interbasin discussions. This is a big issue. Let's look now at the United States. The blue, these are trends, okay? These are trends in water storage over the whole Grace period. Blue is getting wetter, red is getting drier. So we see a couple of things. Upper half of the country is getting wetter, lower half is getting drier. And we've got these hotspots. That's the Central Valley. This is the Southern Ogallala. These are our two big food producing regions, right? These are the Alaskan glaciers melting. Okay, so this is a problem, right? Because this is where we grow the bulk of our food. It is not a problem that is just happening in the United States. Now this is our global map. So I took that US map, same US map, but now we're looking globally. Again, red is losing and blue is gaining over the lifetime of Grace, which started in 2002, up to the present. Biggest losers, Greenland and Antarctica. After that, the glaciers, Alaska, Patagonia, and just about all these other red spots are the world's major aquifers, okay? Which are also coincided with our major food producing regions. They're all, over half of the world's major aquifers are past sustainability tipping points. It's not just the Central Valley. And we know that we've done a lot of work on this. We've taken this map, we've mapped it to the maps of aquifers and done stress tests and stress studies and all that. And so this is a paper that came out in 2015 that showed that over half of the world's major aquifers are past sustainability tipping points. And those red and yellow colors are the ones that are being depleted. There is a global change component to this. And it goes like this. And that diagram I showed you of the US fits right into this picture. So climate models suggest that the wet areas will get wetter, wet areas of the tropics and the high latitudes in the Arctic. So climate models suggest that this is gonna happen and that the dry areas will get drier. Okay, here's the IPCC models. We see this every time a new IPCC report comes out. Changes in precipitation by the end of the century. Blue is more precipitation, red is less precipitation. And I used to ask, oh, maybe we're seeing it now. And then we finally wrote the paper where we could say, oh, we're seeing it now. So this is a plot of all the red areas getting drier. And that's after we pull out the groundwater depletion. So this is just the background. And here's the wet areas getting wetter. Okay, so what are the implications? So that's, you know, I don't have to say anything. I got a freebie here, right? Yeah. Okay, chronic water scarcity, right? It's not a drought. So the point there, we have to get into our thinking that droughts come and go, wet seasons come and go, but we just use more water than is available. So it's a persistent state that the drought sort of brings attention to. And, you know, we use most of our water to grow food. It's important for all of us to grasp that there's really no end in sight for this. Sigma, you know, not withstanding, which we can talk about. What are use in our cities may be sustainable. I think that that's true. I think that with, and, you know, the portfolio stuff, just think back to Jay's and Felicia's slides about the portfolios, and, you know, in particular things like sewage recycling and desalination and pricing and, you know, on and on, I think are great. And we showed with our conservation that cities can be fine, even in very tough times. But agriculture, not so much because we're pulling that water out of groundwater. So there are many solutions for metropolitan regions but fewer for agriculture. So, right, here's the portfolio, right? Conservation, efficiency, pricing, innovation. Either we move water to California or we move agriculture out of the state. And that's already happening, right? And so if farms are moving to Idaho and to South Dakota and to Florida and, you know, acres are being felled. We do have the new groundwater legislation, which I'll talk about in a second. But again, it's not just California food production, but, you know, study in California has made me personally understand what's going on around the rest of the world. So it's been a very important case study that food production due to water scarcity is gonna be a really, really major global problem. Another one that we don't talk about very much, given that California grows food for the nation, you know, it might be time for some help from the rest of the nation, right? We do it just by using our groundwater, right? We're paying the price for that agricultural productivity, but mostly California water. But yet this food, right?  So it's just food for thought. Come on, that was pretty good. Okay, Sigma is a landmark piece of legislation, but I think sustainability is a misnomer in the sense that classic resource sustainability means you don't mind, you don't use more than is replenished, okay? But we do that and the proof is in the drop in groundwater. So really what we may be talking about with Sigma and other states are doing this, so it's not like a crazy comment. Really what we may be talking about is managed depletion, right? If we wanna keep agriculture at today's scale, conversely we may be talking about shrinking agriculture to meet our sustainability goals, but again, it's not sustainability in the classic sense, unless we wanna ditch agriculture. So this is, and this is something that Jay's talked about, the shift away from an agricultural economy. It's just the accounting. Don't shoot me, by the way.  And so Sigma is also an opportunity to embrace conjunctive joint management of surface and groundwater together. And this is a chart that I've never published yet, but I've just showed it in talks. And it shows our grace estimate of groundwater storage changes shine in black. And the colors, the red and the blue are the surface water allocations, right? On an annual basis, starting about 2002, 2003, right? So allocations in the Central Valley Project and the California Aqueduct. And so this is a lot of surface water availability, 80% allocation, 90%, 100%. And this was the first phase of the drought and then this is the more recent 2010, 2011, up to 2013 or so. So it's pretty darn clear that when surface water becomes available, we use less groundwater. Groundwater recovers. That's what that block line is showing us. That's the groundwater versus the surface water. When surface water availability decreases, those bars are shrinking, going down to 0%. Then we just hit the groundwater super hard, okay? So this is not rocket science, but we shouldn't fool ourselves that we're actually doing a great job managing water because all we're doing is shifting from the managed part to the unmanaged part. Does that make sense? I hope so. Okay, so the swing from the driest ever to the wettest ever points to really, really incredible challenges with water management. And just like Felicia, what Felicia was talking about, I just wanna have the perfect amount of water. That's like the Goldilocks, right? We want it to be just, right? What the Goldilocks, right? Delivery of water. So we have this, it's very, very complicated to protect against flooding while saving as much water as we possibly can, right? To help us with resiliency during drought. So do we need more storage? Maybe, I don't know. More conservation and efficiency? Absolutely, okay? So everything is on the table. Climate change, by the way, is just not our friend. And I'm working now in an agency where it's not gonna be long before they tell me I can't say climate change. So we're just gonna say that and pissed about 50 times right now. I'm pissed, pissed, pissed, pissed about, well, I can't talk about climate change. It is not our friend, right? We're gonna have so less precipitation overall, right? More of that precipitation falling as rain, which means that we don't get to store it, right? The mountains act like an extra statewide reservoir system that holds millions of acre feet for us. So when we don't have that, we don't have the capacity to store, even if it rained the same amount, we don't have the capacity to store that water. And so by definition, our water supply because of climate change will shrink. So we need to get on it. And so here's a note to me and to other researchers that might be in the room besides Jay, the research community really needs to contribute. I mean, we do a lot of this stuff, but we need to engage a broader swath of our community to get engaged in this problem. This could be one of my last slides. Can NASA help? Well, I hope so. That could be out of a job. No, so we have an immense, so this is the plug part of the talk. We have immense capabilities. People don't realize that the investment of NASA in water is probably greater than all the other agencies. I mean, it's billions of dollars on these satellites. And so it's probably greater than most other agencies.  So we have these immense capabilities for monitoring and modeling all aspects of the water cycle. But, you know, we do a pretty terrible job of distributing the data. They're inaccessible and, you know, there's no reward for us as scientists to do it. So, you know, people like myself have in headquarters, which is in Washington DC, certainly recognize now the importance of societal relevance. And, you know, we're sort of turned a corner where we know climate change is happening and we can see all these changes with the water cycle. And, okay, let's now make an effort. Now that we've shown that we've got these satellites that work, let's make an effort to get broader uptake by the community. So we launched an office called the Western Water Applications Office that's our logo over there on the right to try to match NASA capabilities to stake all their needs. However, our bandwidth at present is limited.  But, what you can do is express your interest. Let me know if you think that, if you wanna learn more about this work, if you think that what I've talked about today can be of value to you because the more interest we can demonstrate at NASA headquarters, the more we can grow the program. So we need to hear from you and I just talked to some people this morning while I was finishing this slide and was late for my pickup. E-mailing my colleagues saying, hey, we need to have like an expression of interest form on our website so we can document the interest. Because we really do want to be able to be of assistance at the smaller scales at which water management decisions are actually made. And these are just some of the things that I showed you today when I didn't show you some of the aircraft measurements that my colleague Tom Painter makes when he flies around in his, it's called the Airborne Snow Observatory. So I will, I'll finish there. And I think that's my last slide. Yep, thank you. Let's take a few questions for Jay and then we'll get everybody up on stage. So questions right here in the front. So it depends on, so the short answer is we're working on that. And the longer answer is it depends on what kind of data that you're interested in. So we're not really that good at it now but we are really accelerating the development of a website. So within a year, yes. Right now, no. But in part depends on which specific satellite data. None of it's integrated. That's another thing we're doing with this office to put it all in one place. There are some satellite images like soil moisture stuff that you can get at small scale. So we can talk later. But the integrated sort of holistic picture is six to 12 months away. But we are in the trenches on that. Question over there. Yep. Yeah. The man was right for this. Yeah, yeah, well, so that's not a, first of all, it's not a great Greenland image when you flatten it, when you flatten out the map like that it, yeah, it doesn't look great. So the people that actually work, so I don't work on Greenland and Antarctica myself. So if you got slides from the real Greenland people, they would look different. But that being said, there is accumulation in the middle and most of the melting is occurring on the edges. Absolutely. It wasn't a research quality picture, but that is what's happening, probably maybe not as pronounced as what's in my slide. Yes. And from the small scales of local water districts to statewide and federal, it's received pretty well. I mean, I don't think I'm telling anybody anything that they don't know, just sort of pulling it together and putting some numbers on it and putting this sort of, putting it in a comprehensive context. So, you know, it's generally frightening. Actually happening. Oh, it's happening. Yeah, yeah. Now it's too far. It's too far down the, yeah, it's not. There are one satellite that is really on the blocks because of, so, you know, just a few seconds on politics, we expected to get a modest cut in our budget, not the cutting of NASA Earth Sciences, like we heard in the news. We expected to go from 19.3 to 19.1 billion total NASA, you know, including all the space stuff. But we actually got an increase. But one satellite that may not make it is a CO2 satellite. It's called OCO3. And I think everybody in that community saw that coming. They actually have one that's orbiting right now so they're not like dying or anything. But their future, you know, their grace follow on may just be a few years ahead. All right, let's thank Jay for his presentation.


खुक करच्य मिस्ठल, बेहत ब हैड पूँइन है, प्रभार मन्त्री का, ये ड़ारां, गादी ग्राम में पहुशका, दिन्टिगुल का गादी ग्राम, डानुश, संच्तां. यह पाँशका भी बेहत महत्रवूं है चात्रों के वीच में पाँँँवन्त्री पूँँँँ� अगर ख़ाजाय के पबलक पावले बीचाखार रहा हैं तो गलत नहीं होगा और यहां पहुचे हैं प्रदान मन्त्री परमपरागत दंख से उनका श्वागत के आगा हैं और ब मन्ज पर पहुच्टे बहुप प्रदान मन्त्री नवेंज्र मुदी भी वेंज्ट्री धब विगढिए और मुडी जी हैी हम से लिए वो बने सब अगर वॉप दभर क्या जुभाणे से आरन द्जावी, भी लेगा आगा पो प्रदान मन्ज काडागे नवें चीमनिरे से जागन क्या वेंच्टिय लेगा वेंगिजा बन्जाबसिण्द्गुजरात्माचलयमुनागंग वूथ्चलयचलगिदरंग दबशुबनामे दबशुबा आशिश्यमाजिरभज्यगा धबशुब वूथ मही भी इस के वित्वाँट्य आप एक दोक्तडेगन्गर्ट्घ स्वृसात्सारउमए वोढ़ करत्टास्तार्यास्वृसात्सात्सात्सिउभूश्प्वूँए प्रस्विश्टूणिच्योगुजरात्माचल्गिदरंगुजरात्माचल्गुगुग you ishuh the degree diploma certificate for which you have declared eligible. Let the candidates stand. To you solemnly promise and declare that as holders of degree diploma certificates it will be your utmost standover to prove yourself worthy of the institute. By promoting and supporting a casteless and classless society through non violent means.utar any by working for integrated rural development and the social order of the conducive to the welcoming of the fellow human beings. Thank you. Candidates please be seated. Presentation of the gold medals by the honorable prime minister of India Shree Narinder sir ॐ ूrade ूrr jana desigan ॐros dhow jhu 1943 ो ॐis an outstanding musician, film composer, orchestrator, conductor, lyricist, and singer. during his career spanning 45 years, he composed approximately 8,500 songs for over thousand feature films. In 1986, he became the first Indian composer to record the soundtrack with the help of a computer for the film Vikram. In 2006, he composed Thiruvashagam in Symphony, the first Indian oratorio. In 2013, in a poll by CNN-IBN, he was voted the all-time greatest film music director of India. In 2014, the American World Cinema Portal, taste of cinema placed him at the ninth position in its list of 25 greatest film composers. He is known as Isenghani and is also referred to as Mastro by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra London. In 2012, Sri Ilayaraja received the Sangit Nadak Academy Award. In 2010, he was awarded the Bhatma Bhushan and Bhatma Vibhushan in 2018, the highest award. In July 2022, he was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the Government of India as a Member of Parliament. In recognition thereof, the Board of Management of the Gandhigaram Rural Institute, deemed to be university, compared to Sri Ilayaraja, the degree of Doctor of Letters, Honour is Kasa, given this day, the 11th November 2022, under seal of the Institute. Sri Umayal Puram Kasi Rishwanathra Sivaraman is a Mirudangam Vidwan. Born in 1935, Sri Sivaraman belongs to the Shishya Parambara of Saint Yajaraja. His maiden concert at the age of 10, launched his illustrious career spanning more than 75 years. His extraordinary skills in percussion have led to his accompanying the legends of Carnatic music, including Madurai Maniayar, Semangudi Siniwasaayar, T. R. Mahalingam and Balamurli Krishna. Apart from his extraordinary achievements in Carnatic music, Sri Sivaraman has collaborated with the masters of Hindustani music. His experiments in fusion and western music have led to interesting collaborations with contemporary jazz musicians and bands from the west. He is the first Mirudangam Vidwan to be conferred the Bhatma Vibhushan in 2010. Other honours include Bhatma Bhushan in 2003 and Bhatma Sri in 1988. The Kali Mamani Award from the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1977 and the Sangit Natak Academy Award in 1992. In recognition thereof, the Board of Management of the Gandhigaram Rural Institute deemed to be university, conferred on Sri Umayal Puram Kasi Rishwanathra Sivaraman with the degree of Doctor of Letters, Honourist, Kasa. Given this day, 11th of November 2022, under the seal of the Institute. Ladies and gentlemen, we are truly blessed to have two outstanding musicians with us this evening. Addressed by the Institute Chancellor, may now invite Dr. K. M. Annamalai, Chancellor of the Gandhigaram Rural Institute deemed to be university Gandhigaram to deliver his address.  पंगलिं वेर्कल्वीने उक विक्छ पुदुम्माइप्ठ यंगर बूवुलर अमामिर्दाम मुमम्मयाज पेरिल वेर्कल्वी उरुटिथिट्टम अरसलपली मानवरगल पैंपूर मखयल वेर्कल्गे येडूपली आएंद भिलुकाड उलूदिकिट। IIT, IIM, वोंडर वेर्कल्गे लिए प्यले प्यले निदिवोदबे तिट्टम प्वोड़वक्त। It is the duty of a state government to impart the wealth of education hence I appeal to the Union government to support and encourage such efforts to state government to bringing back education under the state list. When the constitution was framed and came into force education was originally placed in the state list. it was moved to the concurrent list only during the period of emergency. I request that the union government especially honourable prime minister shall attempt to move education back to the state list. I request that the union government especially honourable prime minister shall attempt to move education back to the state list. I request that the union government especially honourable prime minister shall attempt to move education back to the state list. I request that the union government especially honourable prime minister shall attempt to move education back to the state list. I request that the union government especially honourable prime minister shall attempt to move education back to the state list. I request that the union government especially honourable prime minister shall attempt to move education back to the state list only during the period of emergency. Congratulations to all the young minds who are graduating today. I also congratulate the parents of the students. Your sacrifices have made this day happen. The teaching and non-teaching staff also deserve appreciation. Friends, coming to a convocation here is a very inspirational experience for me. Gandhigram was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi himself. The natural beauty, rural life, simple but intellectual environment. One can see the spirit of Mahatma Gandhi's ideals, ideas of rural development here. By young friends, you are all graduating at a very important time. Gandhian values are becoming very relevant. Whether it is about ending conflicts or the climate crisis, Mahatma Gandhi's ideas have the answers to many of today's challenges. As students of the Gandhian way of life, you have a great opportunity to make a big impact. Friends, the best tribute to Mahatma Gandhi is to work on ideas close to his heart. Kadi had been neglected and forgotten for a long time. But through the call of Kadi for nation, Kadi for fashion, it has become very popular. In the last eight years, the sales of the Kadi sector saw an increase of over 300%. Kadi and village industries commission has had a record turnover of over Rs. 1 lakh crore last year. Now, even global fashion brands are taking to Kadi because it is an eco-friendly fabric good for the planet. This is not a revolution of mass production. This is a revolution of production by the masses. Mahatma Gandhi saw Kadi as a tool of self-reliance in villages. In the self-reliance of villages, he saw the seeds of self-reliance in India. Inspired by him, we are working towards Atma Nirbhar Bharat. Tamil Nadu was a key center of the Swadesi movement. It will once again play an important role in Atma Nirbhar Bharat. Friends, understanding Mahatma Gandhi's vision of rural development is important. He wanted villages to progress at the same time. He wanted the values of rural life to be conserved. Our vision of rural development draws inspiration from Gandhi. Our vision is Atma Gaon ki Subhidha Sheher ki. Or Gramatin Anma Nagaratin Vasude. It is fine for urban and rural areas to be different. Difference is fine. Disparity is not. For a long time, inequality between urban and rural areas remained. But today, the nation is correcting this. Complete rural sanitation coverage, tap water to over 6 crore homes, 2.5 crore electricity connections. More rural roads are taking development to the people's doorstep. Sanitation was a concept very dear to Mahatma Gandhi. This has been revolutionized through Swachh Bharat. But we are not stopping at delivering just basics. Today, even the benefits of modern science and technology are reaching villages. 6 lakh kilometers of optic fiber cable have been laid to connect nearly 2 lakh gram panchayats. Rural areas have benefited from the low cost of interim data, internet data. Studies say that internet usage is growing much faster in rural areas than urban areas. This opens up a world of opportunities. For the Swamitra scheme, we are using drones to map lands. We also provide people with property cars. Farmers are getting connected with many apps. They are getting the help of crores of soil health cars. More has been done but there is much more to be done. You are the younger, brighter generation. You are greatly capable of building on this foundation. Friend, when it comes to rural development, we must take care of sustainability. We must provide leadership in this. Sustainable agriculture is crucial for the future of rural areas. There is great enthusiasm for natural farming, for chemical free farming. It reduces the country dependence on fertilizer imports. It is also good for soil health and human health. We have already begun work in this direction. Our organic farming scheme is doing wonders, especially in the northeast. In the last year's budget, we came out with a policy related to natural farming. You can play an important role in creating awareness about natural farming in villages. Regarding sustainable farming, there is one more important point youth must focus upon. The time has come to save agriculture from monoculture. Many native varieties of grains, millets and other crops need to be revived. Many kinds of millets are mentioned even in the Sangama era. They were loved by the people of ancient Tamil Nadu. There are nutritious and climate resilient. Moreover, crop diversity has saved the soil and water. Your own university uses renewable energy. Solar energy installed capacity has increased almost twenty-four in the last eight years. If solar energy becomes widespread in villages, India can become self-reliant in energy too. Friends, Gandhian thinker Vinoba Bhaved once made an observation. He said that elections for village-level bodies tend to divisive. Communities and even families end up breaking over them. In Gujarat, to counter this, we had started the Sambhra's Gram Yogara. Villages that choose leaders through mutual agreement were given certain incentives. These greatly reduce social conflicts. Young people can be worked with villagers to develop similar mechanism across India. If villages can be united, they can fight problems like crime, drugs and antisocial elements. Friends, Mahatma Gandhi fought for a united and independent India. Gandhi's government itself is a story of India's unity. This is where thousands of villagers came to train to have a glimpse of Gandhiji. It did not matter where he was formed. What mattered was both Gandhiji and the villagers were Indians. Tamil Nadu has always been the home of national consciousness. Here, Swami Vivekananda received a heroic welcome on his return from the West. Even last year, we witnessed the change of Vir Vanakkam. The way Tamil people show their respect for general Bipin Rava, but deeply moving. Meanwhile, Kashi Tamil Sangamam will soon happen in Kashi. It will celebrate the bond between Kashi and Tamil Nadu. The people of Kashi are eager to celebrate Tamil Nadu's language, culture and history. This is a Bharatan action. This love and respect for each other is the basis of our unity. I appeal to the youth graduating here to especially focus on encouraging unity. Friends, today, I am in the region which has seen the power of Nani Shakti. This is where Rani Vellu Nathya stayed when she was preparing to fight the British. I see young women graduating here at the biggest change makers. You will help rural women succeed. Their success is the nation's success. Friends, at a time when the world faced the worst crisis in a century, India has been a bright spot. Be it the world's largest vaccine trial, food security for the poorest or being the world's growth engine, India has shown what it is made of. The world expects India to do great things because India's future is in the hands of a can-do generation, youth who not only accept challenges but also enjoy them. Youth who not only question but also find the answers. Youth who are not only fearless but are also tireless. Youth who not only aspire but also achieve. So, my message to the youth graduating today is you are the builder of New India. You have the responsibility of leading India in its amrit called the next 25 years. Once again, congratulations to all of you and all the best. Thank you. Thank you, sir. Gandhigram Rural Institute deemed to be university is truly blessed to have you with us this evening. Sir, we will cherish your visit and your words for a long, long time to come. Ladies and gentlemen, we now have the signing of the register of graduates by the institute chancellor. May now request the chancellor of Gandhigram Rural Institute deemed to be university, Dr. K. M. Annamalai, to sign the register of graduates. The solution of the convocation may now request the chancellor of Gandhigram Rural Institute deemed to be university, Dr. K. M. Annamalai, to dissolve the 36th convocation of the Gandhigram Rural Institute deemed to be university. So, I dissolve the convocation on behalf of the Gandhigram Rural Institute as a token of love and affection. We would like to honor our Honorable Prime Minister by Dr. K. M. Annamalai with a shawl, please. A moment to, as a token of love and affection, we would like to honor our Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu with a shawl and a moment to. I request Dr. K. M. Annamalai to honor our Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu with a shawl and a moment to. As a token of love and affection, I would like to, we would like to honor the Honorable Governor of Tamil Nadu with a shawl and a moment to. I request the Vice Chancellor Dr. Gurmeet Singh to honor the Governor of Tamil Nadu. As a token of love and affection, we would like to honor Sri L. Murugan with a shawl and a moment to. I request the Vice Chancellor to honor Sri L. Murugan with a shawl and a moment to, as a token of love and affection. We are indeed blessed today, the Gandhigram soil is blessed with all the dignitaries with their presence and the blessings. Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, we have come to the close of this program. We now have the departure of the dignitaries. Departure of the Honorable Prime Minister of India, Sri Narendra Modiji. Departure of the Honorable Governor of Tamil Nadu. And departure of the Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Ladies and gentlemen, please rise.


Hey guys! So today I thought it might be helpful for some of you to see how I do my edits for my self-tape auditions on iMovie. I've used iMovie for many years. Recently I transitioned to using Premiere Pro because I have a YouTube channel and I like to explore different ways of editing and filming and things like that. But I did use iMovie, which I got for free with my computer for the longest time and it's really easy and I wanted to show you what I do. If you're a beginner actor, exactly all of the shortcuts to do what I cut, how I label these files, do I put my name on the screen, how I do the transitions, all of that. For this one in particular, we're going to be editing a commercial audition that I recently got from SF Casting and it was a self-tape audition request from SF Casting and we're going to edit that on iMovie and I'm going to show you every single step. I'm going to do my best to not edit too much out so you can see everything and put time stamps in the description so you can see exactly what I do if you're interested in, you know, the end. How do I transition out of the video? Do I do an abrupt ending? I think my self-tape auditions are pretty good as far as, you know, how professional they look and I don't think it's very hard at all. I use iMovie, nothing very fancy. I use some of their transitions, some of their title cards, so let me show you. So let's pretend you never even have got open to iMovie so what you can do is actually search it a few different ways. If you want to go to the top right and get the magnifying glass here, you could search iMovie and then it should load and if you haven't ever opened it, it's going to say welcome to iMovie. You just can click ahead or look at those videos or description of the program and it looks like mine is loading right here but as soon as it loads, I'm going to tell you, I'm going to teach you how to import some of the footage, import your audition in order to edit it. You can save it onto your desktop if you want to have a really easy, quick way to find it. I like to have it on my folder because I have a drive, I have an SSD drive. I have an SSD so I have my folder in there but I highly suggest making a folder on your desktop or on some kind of drive where it says auditions so that you always know where your auditions go to. You don't want to randomly save your audition and then you can't find it and you'll have to download it again but I suggest keeping your auditions organized and then you can also refer to them in the future or reuse some portion of it if you can like this late if you're wearing the same outfit but make sure you have a folder on your desktop or somewhere that you can put all of your auditions in and refer to in the future and this shouldn't take too long. Definitely when you first start editing your auditions, it's going to take a while for you to get used to but after a bit if you are confident with the takes that you have and you know which ones you want to select it shouldn't take you more than like 30 minutes to edit it but that's after you've had plenty of practice. When I first started recording my own auditions and editing my own auditions I took a long time but now I know roughly which shot I liked while I was filming it and I know which ones I want. So this is the basically the home page of iMovie.  So to import your media this time I'm just going to click on this one to show you if you had it on your desktop of course you can select desktop and then grab it but mine is on this drive so I'm going to find it here. Okay so I found my footage I'm just going to control click on the first of the videos control click on the last one and that one will select all of them and then I'm going to put import all and then all of this footage it might have a circle that's basically like it's loading and you can start editing. Sometimes if you start editing before that it's complete before it's completely uploaded on to iMovie it'll be a little bit slow but don't worry sometimes when you do things on iMovie it's just a bit slow. So I have my general footage on here I can tell on here that this is my slate because like I said it's a commercial audition and they asked me to do my slate a full body shot everything that you're seeing on here they asked me they specifically told me to do these shots they wanted a close-up a wide one even closer a full body shot everything you're seeing on here but today of course we're going to focus on editing I have other videos on how to do the actual auditions so I'm going to start by selecting my which slate that I want and let's see okay this is the this is a shot of my slate that I took so I'm just going to take that and then I'm going to click right here and if you do command B that's going to snip it right there so command B I'm hovering my mouse exactly where I want it to be cut command B and then you see how it's so highlighted yellow you can just press delete and that'll delete that and now I'm going to look at my slate and select the pieces that I do want and then I can cut it and put my full body shot. Hi my name is Belchika Rodriguez I'm in San Jose 5-10 and I'm auditioning for Mikayla. Okay I don't love that I didn't I wasn't able to see my ear on the first one I really thought you could but you couldn't it's okay next time we'll do better so again I'm going to click on this clip and then command B to cut it I know this is what I don't want and then I need a full body shot because they wanted a couple of seconds of a full body shot and I like to move a little bit during this full body shot just because it looks less like a picture in an actual video so I'm going to select a piece when or I'm not moving too much but you can see my entire body. Again I selected the clip and then I command B okay I think that's good enough so command B again and then I'm going to delete the rest of this because I don't need any of this and then if you wanted to see your clips further or closer like you want to zoom in you can use this up here okay so this is going to be my slate let me see if it's too long okay this one I think is a little bit too long another way that you can cut your clips or just shorten it is if you go towards the end and just hover above you'll get two arrows you can just shorten it like this and I think I'm going to make this it's almost three seconds I think that's good enough yeah okay so I like that so now I'm going to quickly go back to the beginning and add my name now that I have my slate and I go up to titles and then I like to put my name on the lower left so I like this one reveal lower third double click on it and it'll appear on here and then you can whoops you can just click on it and then it'll be highlighted like this or you can just delete it and then put your name I really don't hate this font or style and I like how it fades out Hi my name is Belchika Rodriguez I'm San Jose 5-10 and I'm auditioning for Mikayla so that's I like how that looks I'm just going to make it a little bit longer so that my name goes away as I'm showing my profiles for Mikayla I like to put my name because it's not a name that a lot of people know it's not as common as other names and also they don't have to look at the name of the file or the email or anything they can just see on the screen this is this actor's name and it's really easy okay so now I'm going to go back to my media up here and I'm going to select the actual audition and in the description of this audition they did say that first they wanted a little bit more of a wide-angle shot me working on my computer then a tighter shot working on my computer satisfied at what I'm doing and then the last one is as if I was on a zoom call the last clip that they want to see is as if I was on a zoom call talking to a co-worker so I know that my next one is this I'm trying to remember which one is the one that I like the lighting for the best yeah I believe it was this one so oh yeah and you can preview your clips by just hovering over them like this and you can play them too if you just keep your mouse on it and go and click on the spacebar then you can take a look but I know this is the one I wanted so I'm going to select a few clips they did want to see me walking in so I'm going to start it right there command B okay I think that's long enough command B again to clip it and then I'm just going to click on that one and press delete to delete it now that I have my first clip I want to put a transition right here between my slate and my actual audition just for it to look more professional so I'm going to go to transitions and big shout out to Ronjeeve from the mind center center because I took a self-tape audition course with him and one of the things he said was you know you don't want to just end things abruptly or you want to put transitions and just make it nice and I don't know why but in the past I thought oh it's just a self-tape like they don't really care about how professional it looks but it does really look so much nicer so why not do it so big shout out to him for him to like you know showing me like hey like this obvious thing of course you want it to send it looking good so he's like put transitions and just don't make it so abrupt and leave a little bit of time so that the video doesn't just like all of a sudden end you know so they can enjoy watching the audition more so I'm going to put a transition right here I let's see what do we want cross blur I like cross blur I'm going to put it so I'm going to just click it and then drag it over here and then now you have a half second transition I don't know if I like that one for this actually I want something maybe a little bit more chill cross dissolve yes okay I like it so I use cross dissolve for that one and then again I'm going to go back to my media and now I'm going to do a tighter shot of me working let's do the second one and then for this one I already am working on something so I'm actually going to see where my eyes were and then start the next one where my eyes were just so it makes a little bit more sense like story wise okay my eyes are looking down so I'm going to start with this one my eyes looking down a little bit I think that's a little bit lower than not completely down below or okay I like that I don't know if it's too long yet but let's delete that okay it's only 43 seconds so far sorry I keep trying to use the premiere pro shortcuts that's why it's like okay and then the last thing is this line and I it's a line that I just improved and usually for me the last few takes are the takes that I like the best so I'm just going to look at the last takes really quick it just feels like my slate is going to be ours and it was just that was debugging okay I like this one because it looks like I'm paying attention to somebody that's talking and then I react to them so let's delete that I was debugging I was debugging for hours and it was just that one line so you by the way you don't have to select the clip in order to command B but I personally like to because I just like to know exactly what I'm working on I've clicked on other things before but this is the one I chose so I'm paying attention and then I say my improv line for hours and it was just that one line and I'm going to leave just a little bit of a drag so right before I start moving or a little bit of time just that one line okay so I'm just going to leave a little bit of time at the end so that again I can transition it out so I'm going to go back to transitions and I'm going to fade to black do I have fade to black yes right here fade to black at the end and then it looks nicer it looks like it you know it finishes and this is the entire audition and I'm auditioning for Mikayla when you do it make sure you can see your ears both of them darn I was debugging for hours and it was just that one line okay and now to export it once you're done with everything how do you get this out of iMovie into a file so you can send it you can click on the top right right here and then export file if you want to give it to them through we transfer or a raw file gDrive whatever you want you can do it through here and this will save it onto your desktop or wherever you want it when you get a self-tape audition they'll tell you what to title it but usually it should be your name and the job and role or the job and your agency video or audio because you can also edit your voiceover auditions here if you wanted to and then the size of the file 1080 I usually try to make it as nice as possible and it's already pretty fast so I'm just going to leave that as is and then click next and it will ask you where you want it to be located again if you want it to just be easy on yourself be able to find it quickly put it on your desktop so it's done it's been maybe like a minute or so so it's successfully exported but that is how I edit self-tape auditions on iMovie let me know if you have any other questions and at the end of every video I feature another channel this is today's feature if you would like to be featured on my next video make sure subscribed like this video and leave me a comment


Welcome back to Tennis Talk my name's Cam Williams and the Cincinnati Masters is on next week It's a big tournament on the ATP It's an ATP 1000 event and it goes into the US Open It's the last chance for a lot of these players to get form going into the last major of the year And we've put some big names playing but some massive names are not playing so let's go to the withdrawal list So a long list of withdrawals with some real big names in this one Chorich. He's not playing Novak Djokovic the defending champion He's also out Roger Federer is not playing Manorino is not playing Nadal is also out injured Nishikori Rownich Dominic team the reigning US Open champion He's not in it and Vavrenka is also out of this one All right, starting at the top of the draw and we have 16 seeds in this one And the top eight seeds get a buy in the first round that I'm ever dev The number one seed just had a really good week in Canada this week He also won this tournament back in 2019 He gets a buy in the first round He'll play an American in the second round no matter what because we've got two wild cards going at it With Nakashima taking on McDonald couple of good informed players as well Then we have public versus a qualifier winner of that match takes on the winner of the battle of the veterans Dmitrov takes on the number 13 seed Batistra Guru very fun first-round matchup We've got the number nine seed her catch He takes a Fakina in the first round winner of that match takes on either a qualifier or the wild card Andy Murray in the second round so Murray he's back in action Then we've got Milman versus Strouf winner of that match takes on the number seven seed Karinia Buster in the second round So the players were watching out for Medvedev made the semi-files of Canada this week So he's in some good form also won this title as I said a couple of years ago So he loves playing here also keeping an eye on Karinia Buster the bronze medalist at the Olympics Let's see how he can back that up and also who be her catch Miami Open champion very unlucky this week Not to beat Medvedev in Canada so got to keep an eye on him He might be able to sneak through this part of the draw and maybe get some revenge over Medvedev in the quarter finals Second quarter of the draw now and we have the number four seed Rublev He gets a buy in the first round he'll take on the winner of Carrots of versus Chilich Which is a very intriguing matchup circle that one is one to watch because Chilich Grand Slam champion Carrots of having a great 2021 interested to see how they play against each other We've got Lyubic versus Monfice winner of that match takes on either Crianovic or the number 14 seed Diminor in the second round then we've got the number 11 seed Sinner taking on Delbonus winner That match takes on either Isner or Norrie in the second round and John Isner just made the semi-finals of Canada last week So he's in great form as well keep an eye on him We've got catch Minovic versus Pear winner of that match takes on the number six seed Shapa Valov the players I'm watching out for in this one Rublev didn't have a great week last week actually got upset by Isner in Canada so interested to see how he rebounds beat Federer in Cincinnati a couple of years ago So he does have fond memories at this venue also Shapa Valov very disappointing week last week So let's see how he can rebound this week in Cincinnati and also keep an eye on John Isner Like I said played very well in Canada last week Causing a couple of upsets along the way to keep an eye on him in this part of the draw very dangerous unseeded player And he loves playing on the hard courts in America So definitely got to keep an eye on Isner going to the bottom half of the draw now We've got the number eight seed Caspar would had a pretty decent week last week in Toronto He gets a buy in the first round he awaits the winner of Opelka versus a qualifier and of course Opelka getting to the semi-finals Of Canada last week. He's in good form too So very interesting matchup rude versus Opelka if it happens in the second round Then we've got TFO the wild card versus on Bear winner of that match takes on either Evans or the number 10 seed Schwartzman in the second round Then we've got the number 15 seed Goffin taking on Pella winner of that match takes on either Finini or Basilash Vili in the second round then we've got the qualifier versus Harris winner of that match takes on the number three seed Alexander's Varev first time we're seeing Varev since the Olympics So of course we're going to be watching out for him this week Alexander's Varev the gold medalist at the Olympics also Caspar would Interested to see how he can convert the game that he has on clay the very effective game onto the hard courts did Okay last week making the quarterfinals of Canada lost to Sidney pass in the end So not a terrible loss so interested to see if he can continue converting his game onto hard courts and also Riley Opelka got to watch out for him made the Canadian Semifinals last week with some big wins over guys like Kirios and Demetrov So got to watch out for him as a dangerous unseated player in this part of the draw going to the bottom quarter of the draw now We've got the number five seed Baratini haven't seen him for a long time He gets a buy in the first round he awaits the winner of Fritz versus Ramos Vanoles We're going at it in the first round then we've got a qualifier versus Hashinov winner of that match takes on either Fuchovich or the number 12 seed Ozealia seam in the second round Then we've got the number 16 seed Garin taking on a qualifier winner of that match takes on either Sonny Go or another qualifier in this part of the draw then we've got quarter versus Jera winner of that match takes on the Number two seed Stefano Sidney pass so players were watching out for obviously the big seeds Got to watch out for Sidney pass had a really good week in Canada last week Seems to be doing really well in the hard courts this year as well Remember made the semi finals of the Australian Open earlier this year So got to keep an eye out for Stef and also Baratini haven't seen him since Wimbledon So didn't play the Olympics had a couple of months off a couple weeks off So we should keep an eye on him this week see how he can play on the hard courts made the semi finals of the US Open a couple of years ago So we know he can play on them and also Hashinov the silver medalist of the Olympics He lost the Sidney pass in the end last week so very unlucky with his draw as he has been this week But let's see if he can actually make a bit of a run going into the US Open because of course made Final of the Olympics got the silver medal in the end So let's keep an eye on him this week and see what he can do in Cincinnati So there it is the Cincinnati Masters for the ATP. It's an ATP 1000 event We don't have the defending champion Jokovic playing We don't even have the defending finalist Milosh Rayonich playing few of the goats are out as well It's a very bare tournament to what it used to be with a lot of those great players not playing this event Let me know down in the comments below. Who do you think's gonna win this one? It's gonna be interesting because Medvedev is the pseudo defending champion after you know winning it two years ago and Jokovic not playing this year, but let me know down in the comments below Who do you think's gonna win because it could be anyone's game? All right So having a look at the draw very interesting to see how this one actually plays out because like I said anybody could really win This one, but I'm gonna go with Alexander Zverev I reckon Zverev can get the win here in Cincinnati He's in great form great confidence beating Jokovic at the Olympics got the gold medal and has a really good drawer as well Not too many difficult opponents in his part of the draw So I am gonna go with Zverev to win this one and back up that Olympic gold medal that he got a couple of weeks ago Again, let me know down in the comments below Who's gonna win this event? So the last chance for a lot of these players to get some warm-up form going into the fourth major of the year the US Open


Welcome to Spotlight. I'm Colin Louther and I'm Katie Blake. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand no matter where in the world they live. Ankit Talwar worked on the streets of Delhi, India. He sold clothes for children. This helped him learn business skills. But this was not Talwar's main job. He was also an engineering student. Talwar wanted to continue his studies in Europe. Although he studied to take the test of English as a foreign language, the Tefl. Talwar studied very hard and he won scholarship money to study engineering at a university in Spain. The scholarship paid many of Talwar's school costs. Talwar won the scholarship for hard work in many areas of his life. But he mainly got it because of his high score on the Tefl exam. Not all people do as well as Talwar on the Tefl. But many people around the world take this test every year. Today's Spotlight is on the Tefl test. Experts at Stanford University in the United States created the Tefl in 1964. They saw that many people wanted to study in universities in the US and other English-speaking countries. But these schools needed to know that people coming from other countries could communicate well in English. The schools wanted to accept international students. And they wanted these students to be successful in English-speaking universities. So they needed to test international students' English language skills before admitting them. There are different tests to determine a person's English language skills. Each university decides which test it will give. However, most choose the Tefl. Another test universities may choose is the International English Language Testing System, or IELTS. To get a job or enter a school, most English-speaking universities require international students to pass these tests. That way, they can learn well in classes that are taught in English. Most people who take the Tefl are students. But some people take the Tefl or the IELTS for other reasons. Some workplaces require a language test. It can be helpful for moving to an English-speaking country. And many professional programs require a test too. For example, a doctor who is moving from India to the US may have to take the Tefl. This may be needed for approval to do her job in a new country. No matter what a person's reason is for taking the Tefl, he or she takes the same test. The Tefl is standardised. There are over 4,000 places that give the Tefl. People in over 100 different countries take it. But every person takes the same test. Experts then mark the test and give the person a score. The experts do not know whose test they are marking. This kind of test is more fair. People taking the Tefl must go to an official testing site to take the exam. They must pay to take the exam. They usually sit in a room at a small table or at a computer. The room may be very full of other people also taking the test. For many years students took the Tefl on paper. Sometimes people still take the Tefl this way. But since 2005 most people take the test on computers. The Tefl looks at 4 different skills in English. Reading, listening, speaking and writing. Students read or listen. Then they answer questions about what they have read or heard. They must also record themselves speaking English. And they must write some longer essays in English. It usually takes about four hours to take the Tefl. But people prepare for much longer than that. Madison is a student from Romania. She spent six months studying for the Tefl. After the test she was afraid that she did not do well. She tells her story about studying on the website urch.com. I needed to take an English test in order to study for a degree in the United Kingdom. I bought a Tefl preparation book. I found this book very useful. I honestly could not have prepared without it. Whatever mistakes I made I do not think they were caused by a lack of preparation. Unfortunately I am not satisfied with my performance. But me and everybody in the same position we must try again. Failure cannot get us down. Madison did not have to try again. One week later she found she had a good score on the Tefl. But doing well on the Tefl can be difficult for some people. They may not be as prepared as Madison. Or they may have been distracted in the testing room.  Many people are recording themselves speaking. It can be difficult for students to do well in this environment. Studying for and taking the Tefl can be stressful. But many people must take it. And lots of people have already used the Tefl to follow their plans for work or study. We end today's programme with some good advice from people who have taken the Tefl successfully. Kim Min Woo is a student and scholarship winner from Korea. In the Korea times he talked about his experience. He told people taking the Tefl that it is important to practice hearing, reading and speaking English. Try to hear and see English often. Speak as much as possible. The best way to improve speaking is to practice. Speaking to one's friends and English teachers would definitely help. Always keep in mind that practice makes perfect. Anna Babu from Romania found a way to study while enjoying television shows and films. She told US news. Subtitles on films helped me increase my understanding of English idioms. I learned how native speakers used the language. Rather than just reading whatever English manual we had or listening to a teacher. Alice Chen from Taiwan is a very successful test taker. She won scholarship money for her Tefl score. She gives simple but good advice to test takers. Take it easy but be prepared. What about you? Do you plan to take the Tefl? If you have already taken it, what was your experience? What is the best advice you have heard? You can leave a comment on our website or email us at radio at radioenglish.net You can also comment on Facebook at facebook.com slash spotlight radio. The writer of this programme was Reena Dam. The producer was Bruce Gulland. The voices you heard were from the United Kingdom and the United States. All quotes were adapted for this programme and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this programme again and read it on the internet at www.radioenglish.net This programme is called Taking the Tefl. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight programme. Goodbye.


The Attack Aircraft Carrier, a floating airfield capable of carrying and operating six squadrons of the latest aircraft over 90 planes, an airfield that can move at speeds well in excess of 30 knots, appear where it's needed in any part of the world, a giant aircraft launching platform loaded with ultramodern electronic equipment and devastating weapons. She's a vital link in our national security, a potential for power, for peace, for war, but still just a potential until her crew is on board. Then and only then is her potential realized. She means a lot of things to a lot of people. The air group and airfield, a home away from home, to the crew, a place to work and live. She shows a face of reassurance and friendship to friends, a face of controlled power to others, and she provides a flexible wide-ranging addition to the country's strength. Her reason for being is to get her 90 aircraft into position to destroy a given target, no matter how remote or well defended. This is her job and the job of the men aboard her. The pilots in the hands of the flight deck crew from the time he starts engines to the instant the catapult lets go. You've never seen more precise teamwork than these guys show and you've never seen more rugged working conditions even with their Mickey Mouse helmets the jet engine noise is overpowering and the heat you get out on that deck working with those jet planes on a hundred degree day like you get in the South Pacific of the Mediterranean and you feel like you're flying. There's always a 30 knot wind down the deck they walk leaning into it tough job yes there's a word for it Harry a mixture of hard work uncomfortable conditions and always the pressure of knowing a man's life depends on your job a lot of them are only kids 18 19 years old but they're the best they have to be every pilot's life depends on them and they send these planes off to ship like clockwork a plane in the air every 30 seconds and at the precise minute they're scheduled to be over target they'll be there between every flight operation detailed plans are made to shift aircraft between hangar and flight deck position planes in the right order for the next launch ensure proper fueling and maintenance there's not a whole lot of time because recovery of aircraft returning from a mission is usually scheduled to follow a launch within minutes when air operations are underway the huge hangar deck almost as large as the flight deck is busy around the clock here aircraft are repaired and maintained the job is a tough one but it gets done these maintenance men work as hard as anybody in the ship if it weren't for them and the extra effort they throw into the job the planes just wouldn't be ready to fly when the ship is conducting flight operations keeping planes in the air from seven in the morning to 11 or 12 at night many times five or six days in a row any minor maintenance or repairs must be done quickly and these guys stay ahead of the game conducting even major repairs like fast engine changes the only way to do it is to work 12 16 20 hours a day catch a map when you can wherever you can and eat a sandwich somebody brings you if there's no time to make the chow line the peacetime Navy operates at maybe 15 to 20 percent below full strength but when flying practice missions taking part in a NATO exercise or involved in a conflict like Vietnam well it's all out everything goes and these men have to deliver even though they may be shorthanded it's a tremendous job keeping these modern planes ready to fly things have changed a lot since World War two and Korea one of today's high performance aircraft with advanced electronic equipment and the most lethal armament can do the job of several 1940 and 1950 vintage planes we have more going for us than ever before but it makes maintenance and repair a bigger problem and the technicians have to be a lot sharper these men are top-notch real pros they keep them ready ready to fly ready to fight and ready to complete their mission stand by to recover aircraft stand by to recover aircraft all unnecessary personnel thank you for catching up to learn there's a problem landing signal officer ready arresting wires in position the pilot's landing aid system on bringing these jets aboard at speeds up to 140 knots is another tough operation for the flight deck crew here to the precision teamwork under difficult conditions is remarkable and the crew takes them on as fast as two every 60 seconds sometimes a plane misses the last wire and goes around again sometimes the problem is more serious that's why an emergency crew is always there and it's a good feeling to know they are they're trained to go into a burning plane get the pilot out safely put out the fire and quickly clear the deck great guys all of them after every recovery planes must be refueled re-armed and re-spotted for the next launch and always there's that pressure of time the pressure of time the commitment to be on target with pinpoint accuracy and precision it's something every man on an attack carrier lives with from launch to recovery especially the pilot carrier flying takes real professionals because it's a unique demanding job after every flight one of the first things pilots do is check with the landing signal officer he's the one the pilots depend on to evaluate their landings once in a while there's a little controversy over that evaluation but it's all settled with a videotape playback every landing is covered by TV cameras it gives them a chance to see what they did and to plan any changes that will make them more proficient these guys are always trying to do a better job when a carrier is on station a pilot makes two sometimes three flights a day including a night flight it's a rugged 24 hours it's a job even to put on all that gear let alone fly in it for two or three hours but the pilots need it all of it it's still a tough way to dress for work you know it's not like it used to be in the old days where a pilot jumped in a plane and took off flying off a carrier it's just a job to these guys so they say but they'll also tell you it's a kick they wouldn't trade for anything in the world no question they love it planes in the air on their way to the target the attack carriers potential is realized and this potential includes attack bombers capable of carrying nuclear and conventional weapons with the supersonic speed range and maneuverability to penetrate the stiffest defenses and deliver a devastating blow to the most remote targets and low level attack bombers capable of providing effective aerial support for ground troops on these planes the pilot is teamed with a highly trained bombardier navigator who operates the ultimate in electronic blind flying aids regardless of the type of aircraft frequent practice missions prepare the crews for the real thing to be effective the attack carrier must have a defensive capability equal to its attack potential the answer to this is fighter aircraft and early detection fighter aircraft to provide air cover air superiority over any enemy attacking planes for early detection carrier-based radar picket planes stationed in a huge circle around the ship and the long-ranging advanced design ships radars which keep up a constant search for unidentified aircraft the data from these two radar sources fed to the ship's combat information center provide the ability to detect enemy planes hundreds of miles away making it almost impossible for enemy aircraft to penetrate within striking range of the ship without being detected when an attacking force is discovered pilots flying the most advanced fighter aircraft in the world street toward the target at speeds over 1600 miles per hour fast enough to engage the enemy long before he can do any damage the carrier's modern complex computer system the naval tactical data system works out fighter deployment and intercept problems in millions of a second allows the combat information center to evaluate any threat and vector fighter aircraft to the target in this day of modern warfare enemy aircraft or missiles may approach a task force at speeds of thousands of miles an hour and simultaneous attacks from several directions at once are to be expected some fighters carry such advanced electronic equipment and weapons that a second crew member is needed a radar intercept officer who works closely with the pilot together they're capable of intercepting and destroying enemy aircraft under all weather conditions they may never even glimpse the target if necessary a plane's range can be extended by air-to-air refueling specially designed clip-on belly tanks transform many carrier planes into tankers and if a plane returns to the carrier low on fuel these tanker planes are always available when a mission is completed and it's time to go home the floating airfield has changed position because it's always on the move but it's where the pilots expect it to be an attack carrier he's a place of business for the crew some time name in the paper to the public a job well done to the shipyard worker a most welcome site to a returning pilot she presents many faces to many people perhaps the most significant face she shows as to a potential enemy to a hostile country the attack aircraft carrier is an unwelcome site and for good reason one of the most difficult to neutralize weapons is the attack carrier it's always on the move difficult to keep up with hard to pinpoint and hazardous to attack what does a potential enemy do well he goes to a limited war concept Korea for example the enemy finds himself confronted with the attack carrier aerial cover in support for amphibious landings at Ponyang and Incheon cover for the successful evacuation of 100,000 troops and their equipment at the Choson reservoir even when the enemy captured the airfields in South Korea he didn't achieve air superiority carrier pilots were right in there flying thousands of sorties 1955 attack carriers cover the evacuation of the Tachin Islands 1956 cover during the Suez crisis for the evacuation of 1700 United States citizens 1957 a show of force in the eastern Mediterranean 1958 Kimoy and Matsu simultaneously in Lebanon carriers provide air cover for Marine Corps amphibious landings 1960 carriers off the Congo for possible evacuation of citizens and on the alert during the Berlin crisis 1961 off Guatemala and Nicaragua to help prevent any invasion from the sea 1962 Cuban missile crisis quarantine and the readiness to aid in forcing missile removal if necessary plus constant surveillance of inbound ships plus constant surveillance of Cuba itself and 1964 the Tonkin Gulf and Vietnam in crisis after crisis carrier aviation has met the challenge the advent of nuclear-powered carriers and escort vessels has made the carrier task force even more mobile even more frustrating to an enemy as ships and planes become more and more sophisticated they will demand more and more of the men who serve in them and this challenge too will be met night or day east or west no matter where an enemy may initiate a crisis no matter how remote and inaccessible no matter how far from the United States land base a face of our nation will appear the attack aircraft carrier and the men who make her what she is