Okay, great. We minimize this. Okay, so what we're gonna go through today as we talked about was really using your resume cover letter and LinkedIn profile and how to maximize those materials to make a huge impact. And as we discussed, my name is Lindsay and I'm a career coach and resume writer. So what we're gonna go through today is the intro, resume best practices, effective cover letter and leveraging LinkedIn for success. And then we can get into any closing remarks and questions at the end. So my name is Lindsay and as we talked about, I've had seven years of experience as a career coach and resume writer and how I got into this, I think is a huge part of why I love what I do. I got into this to help people. And to be honest, I pretty much stumbled into this position I was applying into pharmaceutical sales five, six years ago and really figured out what it is that recruiters wanna see, hiring managers want to hear and how to tailor my resume to get myself into a door where I wasn't qualified. I wasn't quite valued at that point. And I didn't necessarily have the credentials and I was told by recruiters to go sell printers first. So I learned everything that there is to know about exactly what we're gonna talk about today. And I started this path and this journey doing resumes, cover letter, LinkedIn for free for friends, for family. And now it has grown into a full business. So I'm really excited to share a lot about my expertise today. So why does a resume cover letter in LinkedIn matter? One, it's gonna help you with faster job placement. This will help showcase your skills because let's be honest, they don't know you yet. You don't know them. So we need to show them what it is that you bring to the table. And it also helps make sure that you have an amazing first impression because we all know that first impressions are everything and you've got one shot to make an impact and honestly probably about five to 10 seconds while they're bruising your resume to make a difference or even get through these ATS systems. So if you want those dream jobs and that dream career and a lot of success and more job offers these three things are key. So first we're gonna dive into resume. So what you wanna first do is always focus on impact and results. And how we do that is we use bullet points strategically. So instead of saying in your bullet point responsible for dot, dot, dot, we wanna make sure that we showcase impact and results and we'll get into that more later. The other key part is to tailor your content to the role. What I mean by that is go to the job posting and use their words and make sure that those buzz words are on your resume. That said, you do wanna be concise and each bullet point should never go past two lines and we'll jump into that more later but you don't want a whole paragraph. You wanna leverage bullet points within those job bullet points to make the impact there. Also a structure is really important. You always wanna organize the information with your contact information at the top, summary, skills, work experience and education and making sure that you use relevant information. So what that means is making sure that bullet points that matter most are at the top and then ones that aren't super heavy impact or maybe towards the bottom of that job and education and certifications come after work experience unless they've come recently. So say for example, you're graduating in May, 2024 your education will come before your work experience if you have not worked. Then the other key thing and I have been guilty of this even when doing resumes for clients I realized my spell check was not on. So take it from me, make sure your spell check feature is on and word and that you are checking for typos because one wrong error can mean that they will ax your resume or your cover letter. The next key thing is a readable format. I feel like we've all seen formats that are either menu style meaning they're two sections, not straight down, up and down and those are difficult to read and they're also not ATS friendly. We've also seen the people that like to use the bright pink on their resume. We don't wanna do that. We wanna keep it professional but also use dark blue features to help stand out because just a black and white resume will not stand out. And last, the most important thing in my opinion is making sure you submit the resume and cover letter as a PDF because what happens when you submit is a word doc is you will basically they can change the document. You're gonna run the risk of them changing the document by accident. So save as your first and last name and resume or first and last name cover letter and that way no changes can be made. And let's get into this a little bit more as far as the structure. So your name and contact info should go right at the top and your name needs to be larger than the rest of the resume. So I'm talking size 20, 25 and the other key parts so many people don't do is they don't add their credentials right after their name. So BSN, RN, MD, PhD, whatever it may be right after their name. So comma and your credentials and the other really great secret is to add a subheading. So what that would look like is adding in your specialties and headings, maybe registered nurse, managed care, EMR specialist. Some of those things that you know you specialize in that'll make a difference. Now as far as the skills sections go we wanna use hard and soft skills. So that means some technical skills such as EMR, right? And then soft skills need an occasion focused. Work experience, I've been a lot but you wanna use action verbs and you wanna use present tense or past tense depending on when you've had the job and certifications and education can actually be combined at the end if you need to save space because remember your resume should never exceed two pages. And if you have some room you can add volunteer affiliations or interests at the end. I will say from experience I put on a resume that someone was interested in traveling and in Peloton and for the first 20 minutes of this interview with the CFO all they did was talk about Peloton and she got the job and that was the final interview. So humanizing yourself can really help and making sure that you stand out. Now how we wanna showcase these unique differentiators on our resume is we want to understand what it is that makes us unique. So I want you all to think right now what are three key things that make you better and more unique than any other candidate. And I want you to be so confident in what it is that you bring to the table and that's also what you wanna focus on in your interview. So by doing this work now it's actually gonna help you a lot in your interview. That said one of the best ways to format your bullet points is focusing on challenges action result because when you think about your interview you're telling a story. And when you think about your resume you have to condense that story down into two lines. So where you wanna focus is the action results and that will actually help you in your interview and also help you get a better offer as well because they can see just by your resume what it is that you bring to the table without even talking to you first. And what that means is really focusing on the impact versus responsibility because nobody really cares what you've done they just wanna know how you've saved the company money how you've helped patients, how you've made an impact how you generated money what ideas you came up with. Because that means you can do that for them. So how do I identify my differentiators and uncover my personal brand? Because at the end of the day whether it's your cover letter your resume, your LinkedIn or your first day on that interview you have to showcase your personal brand. And these are actually questions I ask clients all the time. And like I said earlier what is it that you do better than anybody else? What makes you so unique? Is it because you're really passionate about patients? Why is it that you do what you do? What's your favorite part? What do people always come to you for? Even if it's in your personal life that also always trickles into your life and work. And what is it that you're most proud of? So I want everyone to really think about a moment or an accomplishment throughout your career that you're really proud of. And that's probably gonna be an amazing example to use in your cover letter or your resume. These are really specific questions to help you uncover those accomplishments because what I've noticed the biggest mistake on resumes people make is they focus generally on general, hey I've helped a hundred patients and it was more general. We wanna get specific about projects about moments about recognition. This is how you do it. You wanna get very specific with these bullet points and not be so general and responsibility driven. So you have to ask yourself what problems did you encounter and how did you overcome them? What did you do to make the company better, stronger, more competitive, more efficient? That's your opportunity to use some percentages or more profitable, which is your opportunity to use some dollar signs. How did you benefit other coworkers? How did you collaborate? How did you help patients? And what did you come up with or create that helped make your work more efficient? Those are the questions we always wanna ask and obviously let's get to the bottom line here. People love, they need to save money. We're running businesses here. So how did you save money, cut costs, improve productivity, increase efficiency by how much? Again, getting as specific as possible and pro tip, you gotta quantify. So wherever you can't quantify, even if you're ballparking it, because let's be honest, they're not gonna call those previous managers and ask for specifics. So if maybe you can't quite remember how many patients you took care of, but you're like 50, you could say 50 plus and keep it really simple. Or if you think that maybe you probably increased productivity by 10% and that sounds reasonable, you can put 10%. So you always wanna quantify where you can to show impact and really help them understand the capacity of what you were handling and what you were doing. Proper resume verbiage is huge. And we're gonna dive into this a lot right now because like I just mentioned, you have to quantify accomplishments. You have to be really strong and decisive because every single word on your resume matters and counts. And if it doesn't and it's filler, get rid of it. You don't need to fluff your resume. And you also wanna make sure it's tailored to the role. So you wanna highlight experiences that directly relate to the job posting. And they'll even tell you on the job posting what they're looking for. They're going to say seeking role or qualifications and right under there, that's the bullet points they're looking for that you wanna use on your resume to help you stand out. Here are some amazing bullet points that I have personally used for clients that will help make sure that you land these roles. And you can see here, it's exactly what we were just talking about. We have an action verb in the beginning. So spearheaded, collaborated, selected, consulted, developed, you get the point. And then you have maybe the system that you use or what it is that you did or how many patients you saw to help make that impact. And one of the biggest key things here is we're not just saying you helped patients. We're talking about how many patients and in what disease states did you focus on? One of my favorite bullet points is right here. It's developed and implemented a workflow process and policies to improve patient consultations which reduce patient wait time from four months to four weeks without need for additional staff. So you can see right there, you might not think that that's a big deal that you created a new process, but it is. These are things that matter. Any awards, any recognition, that matters to people. And that matter to the company, that matter to the patients you made an impact by implementing a new workflow process, maybe even a new EMR system you train somebody on, those are the things that matter. And that is really what we want to focus on there as well. So some key skills. When you're in your resume, like I mentioned before, you need your name, your subheading, your contact information, then a summary, right under that needs to be your skills section. So many people put your skills at the bottom of the resume or on the second page, but that's not helpful. You need it at the top because right when they look at your resume, they need to be able to say, what can they do to help me? They can take one look at your skills section and know you're qualified and move right on. That skills section is key. And for you specifically being medical professionals, these are some skills you want to name drop. So you can see here we have a mix of some hard skills, which is ACLS, AED, Epic, CERNR software, EMR, those are hard skills, HIPAA hard skill. Now the soft skills are critical thinking, problem solving, teamwork, collaboration, written and oral communication. Those are things every single person, every single hiring manager is going to want to see from you guys. So feel free to use these skills because they are going to be required of you and they're most likely going to even be in the job posting. And don't be shy to look at the job posting and see what it is that they're looking for and use those words as well in your skills section or even throughout your summary as well. Let's dive into cover letters. So your resume and your cover letter are going to get you in the door. I love cover letters and the biggest question I get asked is do cover letters even matter? Are they even relevant anymore? Does anybody read them? And the answer is yes. Because when you don't do a cover letter and it's optional, they can immediately act your entire application just because you didn't take the time to do a cover letter and they might be testing you. The second reason it's really important to be done correctly is because when it's done incorrectly, it can hurt you. So I do not want you putting through an entire page, paragraph, long cover letters. I promise you, no one's gonna read it because if you remember, nobody really cares what you've done, they just wanna know how you can help them. So your resumes all me, me, me, your cover letters, telling them what I can do for you and two or three key transferable skills and accomplishments that I want you to know that I've done that can help you as well when I get this job. It helps show your written communication skills and also make sure that it tells them, hey, I'm not lazy, I'm taking this seriously. So the format for your cover letter is the same. You want the same font size, your contact information all to look the same. And all it is is four simple concise paragraphs to showcase your credentials, skills and accomplishments. And the biggest thing I always say is if they're giving you the real estate to explain yourself, you might as well take advantage. Even if one of your paragraphs is talking all about how patient focused you are and why you are doing what you're doing. People love to hear that. And then you can carry that over in your interview and talk about how passionate you are about position and excited you are for the position. Now, key tips. Like I said, we wanna keep this concise. So what does that mean? Your first paragraph needs to talk about maybe three key transferable skills or your education certifications, that background that you want to highlight to show them how confident you are and your ability to do the job. What that might sound like is one of your sentences could simply say, my career overview aligns well with the qualifications you're seeking. And I'm confident I will make a valuable addition to the team. See how this is about them even more so. I'm talking about what we can do for the team. That is a great sentence to wrap up that first paragraph. Now the second and third paragraph, I call it story time.  And it helps showcase, again, those transferable skills. And again, a great way to wrap up these paragraphs and these stories and to start it off is by saying in my current role as exposition for insert company, I have honed my skills in critical care and demonstrated capacity for managing complex patient cases. And then you get into three sentences to tell the story and share the impact. And then you move on to your fourth paragraph. Really simple, you thank them and you have a really strong close. And what that would sound like is saying, wow, my attach resume highlights my achievements. A personal interview will convey my well-spoken, professional and unwavering work ethic that will ensure my success as a member of your team. Again, making it about them, either in the beginning of the paragraph or at the end of the paragraph or better yet, even both. Let's dive into LinkedIn. LinkedIn is a powerful tool. And a lot of the questions I always get and a lot of the comments I always get are people saying that LinkedIn is just another social media. I don't feel like it. I don't have one. I don't understand why we even need LinkedIn. LinkedIn is a super powerful tool because it can actually help you reach people that you know and also don't know to get jobs. Also reach recruiters. I have personally had clients where I've revamped their LinkedIn.  My first question was, how did you get the job? Did you apply places? What did this look like? They never applied anywhere. They just had recruiters doing the work for them. That's their job. So when you update your profile with certifications, you maximize the skills section, you leverage the about section.  These are people that maybe work at the current company.  And if you feel like it, it's obviously not required but you can share articles, you can write comments and you can even engage on recruiters posts or engage on hiring managers posts to get you jobs as well. So message recruiters, message hiring managers, let them know that you're available to work and that you're looking for that role or that you have applied to a job is going to help you get in the door. So LinkedIn is your online resume because not everybody has it in hand. We need to connect with as many people as possible. Now in the center here, I have key profile tips of things that I personally do for clients that'll make a world of difference in people understanding what it is that you bring to the table. First things first, professional headshot and cover photo. And I don't mean a picture of you cropped with your hands over someone. You don't need it professionally done but at the bare minimum, just take a picture in front of a wall. Certifications, positions and you need to max out your skills section. There's over 50 skills that you're allowed to add to your skills section that'll attract the attention to your profile. Make sure you add them. Add in any awards, recognitions, memberships, publications, your resume is your highlight reel and this is your opportunity to dive even deeper and give them an understanding of the things that you could not fit on your resume. That's really important as well. The last key tip is there's a button on your LinkedIn that'll say open to work. And that button right there, you want to add in the areas that you're willing to work. If you're open to work right now, you can even add the banner across your profile photo and that will allow recruiters and hiring managers to know that you're now ready to join the workforce and you can add in specific jobs that you want and titles and that'll make a huge difference. So if you don't already have that on, make sure you go to the top of your profile. It's right underneath your head shot, right in that top part of your profile to say open to work and you want to turn that on. Next is you need to leverage your network that you're building on LinkedIn. The last thing you should be doing right now is blindly applying. And luckily, you guys are in a pretty great industry where everybody really does need help right now versus tech, not too great, but you still don't want to blindly apply. You want to reach out to hiring managers, employees and recruiters prior to applying to the job and let them know you're looking to apply. I want you to leverage current employees that work at that company and ask them for time. Say, hey, do you have 15 minutes at your time? We'd love to learn more about the company, the culture and your experience. And a lot of the times if you ask at the end of that call, can you refer my resume in the system? They will do it and that gives you a leg up into the entire company. And that way they're putting your resume in and also adding that as a referral. So it's an online platform that is essential for you to showcase what it is you can do and your story. This is actually an example of a LinkedIn profile that I completed for an RN BSN. What I think is so important is right here at the top and so many people do not do this. If you look right here at the top, we actually have a whole cover photo of mountains. He loves the mountains. It gives people a good sense of what he's all about. Personally, I'm more of a beach person. So mine actually is a picture of the beach. It can be anything you want, but I love that. It could be a city skyline. But see how it makes the profile pop? Now look at his profile photo. How professional does he look? You immediately, he's welcoming, you wanna hire him. And then also we put right at the end of his name BSN RN. So we're showing the credentials immediately. Then what I put under that is the subheading, which you can take directly from the resume with the subheading, patient focus, registered nurse, managed care, EMR specialist. Those are the things that people always want to see. And remember, I referenced the open to work. You can see here, I have that turned on for him and I have all the credentials or all the job titles he's looking to have. The other key part here is if you have more years of experience. So say for example, you have five years of experience. Right in that subheading here where it says patient focused RN put five plus years of experience as a registered nurse. People will come to your profile. The second part that people always miss and it tells a lot about you is your about section. So this is a summary just highlighting your clinical experience, patient care philosophy and what it is that your expertise is. And also maybe even why you're doing what you're doing. And just really giving a summary of you as a person. So think about what it is if someone were to describe you, what it is that they would say and let them know what it is you're seeking to do for them as well, I'm seeking to contribute extensive expertise to a really dynamic and collaborative healthcare environment. And honestly, I put that right on his resume in his summary at the top except I didn't use I or me or anything like that just seeking to contribute extensive expertise. Here's the next section that's so important is your experience section. A lot of people really miss on this part because they don't take the time to elaborate right here on these bullet points. And again, these are action result bullet points. And why I love this is because people don't have your resume in front of them. So how can they know to take you seriously or what it is you can do for them unless you showcase this work experience here? So we always dive in a little bit deeper don't just post the job and just say, I'm done. I have the title, I have the position dive a little bit deeper. And also you can see here, I added 13 skills or more that were relevant to what he had done. And I will tell you right now what they say it's gonna say training employees. It's going to dive into his cross-functional experience his ability to collaborate, communicate, EMR, Epic all of those skills I dropped right there. So people know exactly what skills it is he mastered in that role. For you all licenses and certifications are going to be huge. This is your place to put credential IDs, put it where it is that you received your certification and also the title as well and relevant coursework. There are so many sections you can add on LinkedIn that a lot of people always forget. That said, that is the presentation. I know we covered a lot but we really focused on tailoring your resume, your cover letter, your LinkedIn profile. So that way you can show up is the best version of yourself. And if you have any questions, it is a judgment-free zone. There's no dumb questions and you can always reach out to me after this presentation. That is my personal number there. You have my email as well as my social media and my website to reach out. But thank you all for attending this workshop and I really do encourage you to implement these strategies or even reach out because a lot of the times it's really difficult to talk about yourself. And I can help uncover these key achievements and create the resume, the LinkedIn, the cover letter for you and also offer any interview prep or any career services you may need or just general advice I'm here for you. Thank you so much, Lindsay. This was a wealth of information. I know I'm taking notes myself to learn how I can upgrade my resume when I do get back on the workforce. We do have one question from a participant and it is if you are in the process of getting a certification, should you put that on your resume? Yes. So what that would look like is saying anticipated. So you'll put the name of the certification or maybe the school you're in and you'll say anticipated, colon, month and year that you'll be receiving the certification. Absolutely include it because it could be something that's coming up in a couple of months and you need to let them know what it is that you're working on. But that's a great question. Thank you. I don't see any additional questions in the chat. So please feel free to post your questions in. I do have one for myself at least and hopefully others can relate to this question. You mentioned pulling some buzzwords from a job description to add in your resume. A lot of times I find that people just copy and paste which isn't always the best strategy. You have to approach it from really looking at the job holistically and selecting the right words to choose. From your experience, how do you know which buzzwords to choose and add to your resume so you make it across at least the AI phase? It's really going through and they'll always give you responsibilities. They'll say this is what the job's going to look like. Here's your responsibilities. To be honest, you don't wanna look too deep into that because like I said, we always wanna focus on impact. There's a couple of key words they might have in there but what you always wanna do is go to the section right below that that's going to say key skills and qualifications required for the job. And those are the buzzwords and usually that's really concise. But like I said, it's going to be those words and those buzzwords that they're looking for somebody in an employee. So it looks like a filler word and it's not that important, don't worry about it but if it looks like it's directly related to the responsibilities listed above, absolutely make sure it's in your resume, anywhere in your resume at any point but just make sure that word is in there to help get you through the ATS system and make sure you're checking their boxes. Thank you. I see we have a couple more questions coming in. We have one from the participant that asks if your previous working experience has nothing to do with the job you're applying for, what can you do? That can be tricky. So sometimes you need more experience on there that fills your resume because if maybe you've only had one job that applies to medical you might need the serving job, right? You might need those jobs but my biggest question to you is did you make an impact at that job? How long were you there? Did it show loyalty? Did it show you were there for a long time? And what transferable skills do you have from that job that will help you in this new job? So for example, I was a server at one point in the summertime and I didn't add that to my resume because I had other positions I could add that were more impactful within that one page but somebody else that's maybe trying to get into a position and they don't have other experience that is a really great position to add on there because there's so many transferable skills. I mean, that's people skills, that's customer service that's multitasking. There's so much that goes into its sales actually as well. So when you really think about it you have to ask yourself what type of skills did I bring to the table? What types of problems that I saw the type of impact I had? And you can feel free to even email me, message me, text me and I can help you out with that one off. I'd be happy to. Thank you. For this next question you sort of touched on it with your previous answer but I'm going to ask anyway this participant says I'm a pre-med student and I'm looking for a medical scribe job to gain clinical experience. I haven't had a job before but I am medical scribe certified. How do I showcase my skills on a resume if I haven't had a job before? So no job before. What you really wanna do there if you haven't had any job at all is showcase your education and your certifications. And I would take the skills from that job posting. So I'd find any job posting if there's not one you're really looking for yet and I'd make sure that you have those skills that they're looking for and I would really leverage a cover letter to explain maybe why you haven't had a position and why you haven't had that work experience. And then also maybe two if you can try to go out and get that extra work experience that'll help you get that job if you feel like you're under qualified maybe even go pick up a part-time job. But I'd be curious if there has been even one position that you thought was no big deal that could be added to make sure that we kind of have enough space because that work experience is pretty essential for job applications but it's not always required for a lot. So I'd look at the requirements and make sure that whatever the requirements are you're checking the box through your certifications and through other experience that you may have or maybe even your education. I dive into your education as well and think what extracurriculars did you do? What type of positions did you hold? Were you affiliated with anything? Did you have any internships at that point? Those are things that I would add as well and leverage leadership roles even fraternity sororities like we're in those things for a reason to build a network to show leadership. So that can help you there as well. Thank you. Another question asks is there a disadvantage for those who receive medical certification online? I don't believe so. No, and I think in today's world especially with COVID I think a lot is online and virtual. Now it's how you showcase what it is you achieved virtually that will matter but I do not see that being a disadvantage even if it's under read. So many people are getting things online right now and certifications online that being in person it doesn't matter. It's honestly a preference and a convenience. It's the only reason why people would do things virtually it's convenient and it's a preference and they have other things going on. So people do understand the virtual environment at this point. Thank you. I do not see any other questions in the chat or the Q and A bar. Oh, looks like one just came in. I recently graduated from college and will begin the job searching process as soon as my gap year ends. Would it be a good idea to make a LinkedIn right now or wait until I have more experience working in the real world? I would add your LinkedIn now. If anybody does not have a LinkedIn I would encourage you to go sign up for one today. The reason being is it's never too early to start building that network and building that environment and curating and connecting with recruiters and connecting with people at different companies and that way when the position does open you're ready. It's all about being prepared. If you fail to prepare you'll fail. You need to prepare. And I think that that'll be a huge part of your success is starting that now because it does take a long time to get a job and it can take a while. So the sooner that you start doing the work making the connections the better you'll be. And I think this applies to all of these questions as well. This is huge. I want everyone to make sure you have letter of recommendations whether that's from a professor, a previous manager and you need to at least have one or two of these recommendations. This will help your job application especially once you get in the door if they don't ask for it in the application when you get into the door they will, you can pull that through with your interview and you can send it in your follow-up email as a thank you and say this is attached because you can say whatever it is that you want about your great work ethic or how amazing you are but when someone else says it on your behalf it's going to help you get in the door because it has a lot more weight and a lot more leverage and it helps validate everything that you're saying. So this could help whether you haven't had a job maybe that person can go to their professor and ask for that letter of recommendation. So leverage people that you know even outside of LinkedIn and have people also endorse you on LinkedIn. So that's your virtual letter of recommendation it's called an endorsement and I encourage all of you to ask people to endorse you on there. It can be kind of awkward just like it can be kind of awkward to reach out to hiring managers or employees on LinkedIn but I promise the more you do it the better you'll be and the more confident you'll be in doing that. Thank you and speaking of letters of recommendation I know it can be awkward asking from strangers or people you haven't worked with in the past what are your thoughts about that any tips, recommendations you can share with our audience? My biggest piece of advice and this is true in negotiating and in this answer a closed mouth does not get fed. So if you don't ask you won't receive. My biggest piece of advice is reach out to them on LinkedIn their phone number, their email whichever way you can connect with them and ask them mostly it's gonna have to be somebody you know for a letter of recommendation like a full blown letter but for just asking for a referral you can ask strangers that no problem once you talk to them and they realize how great you are tell them a little bit when you talk to them for those 15 minutes and get them to understand what it is that you can bring to the table and they'll happily refer you but letter of recommendation should come from people that you know previously or have worked with previously. Thank you. Any other questions from our audience? I think we've gone through all the questions we have in the Q&A bar. Okay, great. And as a cherry on top I really would love to show you the format because I think I'm visual and I have this extra slide and if you are not born in the 90s or maybe early 2000s you might not know who Slim Shady is but that's Eminem and he's the best but this is actually the format I'm talking about this pulls it together and everything I just said is really right here within this format. So if you would like me to send this to you I'd be happy to share this with Janny and she can send this to you all this is the format we're talking about it's concise it's to the point we use dark blue and black to help you stand out we have education certifications towards the bottom unless you've had them sooner we have the hard skills soft skills that are gonna be listed under that section we're using no more than four lines in the summary we have all the contact information right at the top and as well same thing goes for your cover letter remember how I said I'll concise this can be that's how simple your cover letter can be it can even be a couple of lines longer than this on the center paragraphs on the second and third paragraph but this right here is gold and the other part that I love that no one else is doing is putting this subheader right here patient registered or whatever it may be your title seeking to leverage clinical background these things help you stand out immediately and you can see what it is that you bring to the table what it is you wanna do for them and it says, hey, here's what I've learned as well throughout these experiences. So this is a cover letter and also a resume format I'd be happy to send and share with you all as a thank you for joining today. And if you would like it just feel free to reach out to Janie and we can get that connected for you. Absolutely awesome. Thank you so much Lindsay and thank you all so much for joining today's session. I found a lot of valuable information and I hope you all did as well. I don't see any additional questions in the chat so we can close out for today. Thanks so much again for your time and we hope to see you all at our next webinar. Thank you all. Have a great weekend everybody and feel free to reach out if you need anything. Thanks. Bye.


Dr. O'Hare, everybody, Dr. O'Hare here. Hopefully, you remember from our first chapter together that the body is designed to maintain homeostasis, the maintenance of a stable internal environment. And most of the time when it does, so it uses negative feedback. For positive feedback, we talked about a couple of examples, blood clotting and labor and delivery. So, there are some hormones that rely on positive feedback. So, I'm going to just quickly talk about that, oxytocin, which is the primary hormone that leads to the ejection of the baby, I guess you'd say, during labor and delivery is actually, so it's going to, the initiation of labor and delivery is going to trigger more and more oxytocin being released and more muscle contraction, which is going to push the baby onto the, onto the cervix, which is going to stimulate more oxytocin release, which is going to push the baby harder. That's an example of a positive feedback system driven by hormones. But other than that, almost every other hormone we're going to talk about relies on negative feedback. So, let's talk about that. Negative feedback means that there's a change right in the body. There's a change to a concentration of a hormone. The response will be to negate that change, to keep it from getting out of, out of control.  Let's start here with number one. We'll start with low, so you have low thyroid hormone levels where hypothalamus is going to sense that and it's going to release what's called a regulatory hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone that's going to tell the pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone, which is going to tell the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones, which are called T4 and T3. We'll cover them in more, more detail later.  Well, the, the higher levels of T3 and T4, your thyroid hormones is going to tell the hypothalamus, okay, we're good. We don't, we don't need any more thyroid hormone right now. So the thigh, the hypothalamus will stop producing thyrotropin releasing hormone, which will tell the pituitary gland to stop producing thyroid hormone. You see, so the end result is that you keep your thyroid hormones pre-level. Now if it starts to dip again, then you're going to see it go up.  That's negative feedback trying to maintain a stable amount of thyroid hormone. Now you notice here in the middle, if there was already too much thyroid hormone, then these, the system would shut off and allow that thyroid hormone to be used up. So that's a really good example of how negative feedback works. So we can use this if we're going to be diagnosing thyroid conditions. So if someone has hypothyroidism, for example, you'd want to know, is the problem in the pituitary gland or is it in the thyroid gland? Well, you can sort of tell by looking at the lab results. If someone has low T3 and T4 levels, you know that they have hypothyroidism. They don't, they're not producing enough thyroid hormone. But the question is, why not? So the typical person that is hypothyroid will have low T3 and T4 levels, but they will have high TSH levels, thyroid stimulating hormone. This means that their hypothalamus is working fine because it's telling the pituitary gland to make thyroid stimulating hormone. It's telling you that the pituitary gland is working fine because it's churning out excess thyroid stimulating hormone. It's begging the thyroid gland to start making thyroid hormone. So we know in this case, the problem is the thyroid gland. It could be the person is iodine deficient, so they can't make thyroid hormone or it could be an inflammatory condition. The most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. So now, but what if someone comes in? They have low thyroid hormone levels and they have low TSH levels. Now we know the pituitary gland is not doing its job. Now it would take further imaging and work to figure out why not. But so the thyroid gland is sitting there not making thyroid hormone, but there's nothing wrong with a thyroid gland, or at least we can't tell because the pituitary gland isn't telling it to make thyroid hormone. So you see how looking at the lab results, you can actually see where in this negative feedback system something is wrong, something's broken. On the opposite side, if someone has hyperthyroidism, their T4 and T3 levels will be elevated. They will have too much thyroid hormone. Their TSH level should be really, really low because their pituitary gland should be saying, wait, there's already like too much thyroid hormone. I'm not gonna keep making more. So that's an example of negative feedback. So Ruby's having a dream, my dog there. Another example would be your sex hormone. So maybe you've heard that when let's say we'll just use men, when men use anabolic steroids, that their testicles will shrink and that there will be testicular atrophy. Well, that is true because normally the hypothalamus would be looking for sex hormone levels and if the sex hormone levels were low, then it would tell the pituitary gland to produce what are called the gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, which would tell the gonads, in this case the testicles, luteinizing hormone would say make testosterone. So which the testicles would do and a man's testosterone would go up. That's what would happen if someone has too little. If someone has too much testosterone then the system's gonna shut off and say we have to use the testosterone that we have. There's no reason to keep making more. Well, if someone is injecting themselves with anabolic steroids, their testosterone levels are gonna be through the roof.  So the testicles would atrophy to some extent because they're not producing testosterone, they're not being used. This is also why though, that long-term use of anabolic steroids can lead to sterility, make a man's sterile.  So sperm count could drop and there are drugs that can be used to try to counteract that but I'm just giving you another example. So this is how negative feedback is used to control almost all of your hormone levels plus that one example I gave you of positive feedback with oxytocin. Okay, I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.


Sharks have always been fascinating creatures with their sharp teeth, streamlined bodies, and fierce presence. But among hundreds of shark species out there, some stand out more for their unique features and their impressive hunting skills. Today, we're going to be talking about some of the coolest sharks in the world. First up, we have the Bull Shark. The Bull Shark is one of the few sharks in the world that can survive in saltwater and freshwater environments. The Bull Shark is an impressive and adaptive predator. Their powerful jaws and sharp teeth make them a force to reckon with. They are also known to travel far up rivers and in some cases, as far as 700 miles from the ocean. Next, we have the Whale Shark.  Not only is it one of the largest fish in the ocean, but it's also one of the safest to be around, making it a popular attraction for tourists and divers. The Whale Shark can be found in open waters in tropical oceans. And the largest recorded Whale Shark had the length of 62 feet. Next, we have the Hammerhead Shark. With its unique hammer-shaped head, this shark is an impressive sight. Not only is it visually striking, but the Hammerhead also possesses incredible senses. It can detects and locate prey in all directions. Hammerheads are listed as endangered as a result of overfishing and the demand for their fins, which is an extremely expensive delicacy. Next, we have the Mako Shark. This speedy predator is known for its incredible agility and powerful jaws, allowing it to hunt a variety of prey. It is the world's fastest shark, with speeds up to 60 miles per hour. And it is one of the fastest creatures in the ocean. The average lifespan for this shark is around 30 years. This shark is popular to fish as they put up a great fight, however this makes it deemed as endangered. Lastly, we have the Great White Shark. No list about sharks would be complete without this iconic predator. Known for their incredible size and their fierce predatory behavior, they have become one of the most recognizable and feared creatures of the ocean. The Great White Shark can swim up to speeds of 16 miles per hour at short bursts and to depths up to 3,900 feet. The lifespan for the shark is around 70 years or more. Being featured in jaws and other movies throughout the years, it has definitely become one of the most feared sharks in the world. I hope you guys enjoyed this video about sharks and I hope you guys are also enjoying Shark Week. I will see you guys in the next video. Please take care. Peace.


So, in the last class, we have been discussing certain definitions for heat of reactions. We discussed the standard heat of formation, then we discussed the bond energies and then we started discussing heat of reaction. We did a thermodynamic analysis for the heat of reaction. We defined heat of reaction and towards the end of the last class, what we have shown is that if we consider a general chemical reaction given like this, where A by is the species. So, there are n species that are present and these are the stoichiometric coefficient for the reactants. This is represent the reactant, this represent the product. So, this is the general chemical reaction that we have been discussing. Now, we have also shown towards the end of the last class that the heat of reaction at standard temperature T naught, then for this specific chemical reaction will be nothing but the heat of formation of all the products minus the heat of formation of summation of heat of formation of all the reactants. And this is this definition at the standard temperature is applicable, because our heat of formation is also defined for standard temperature and pressure. So, if the reaction is carried out at that standard temperature, then the heat of this reaction is nothing but the difference of heat of formation. So, we have discussed up to this. Now, very rarely actually always never the reaction will actually occur at that temperature, which is standard temperature is 298 degree Kelvin. Most of the time the reaction will be occurring at some other temperature typically higher temperature. So, the question arises is that if the temperature is different from the standard temperature, how do we estimate the heat of reaction? So, what we have said is that looking at the thermo chemical laws, whether the reaction takes place in one step or multiple steps, we are going to have as long as the initial and final stage are same, we are going to have same change in the enthalpy. So, based on that we devised a schematic. Let us say that initially the standard state or say the reactants are at state T 1. And we say that we know the heat of reaction at this state T 1. Now, we have to find out if the reactants were at state T 2, what will be the heat of reaction? We said that we can take two paths to reach from T 1 to T 2, we can have the reactions occurring at temperature T 1. Because of that some heat is liberated and then this heat actually sorry we said that first we supply some delta H amount of heat to the reactants which are at temperature T 1. So, that heats up the reactants to the temperature T 2. After that we carry out the isothermal reaction at temperature T 2, so we reach this state. So, we call that path A. Another path can be that the reactions occur at temperature T 1 itself. So, because of that the products are formed and some amount of heat delta H is liberated. Now, this heat delta H goes to heat up the products, so that they go to temperature T 2. So, this is my path B. So, once again if I have to summarize the two paths, path A corresponds to two steps. First heat the reactants to temperature T 2 that is run here, for that we need to supply some amount of heat delta H. And then second step is isothermal reaction at T 2. Now, isothermal reaction is important because if you recall the way we define the heat of reaction, heat of reaction is defined when the chemical reaction is taking place at constant pressure and constant temperature. Only changes in the number of modes, the composition. So, therefore the heat of reaction is defined for isothermal reaction. So, therefore we consider the reaction to be isothermal at temperature T 2. Path B on the other hand is an alternative path where first we have the isothermal reaction at temperature T 1 and then products heated to temperature T 2. Now, however for both these cases we are going from state 1 to state 2. So, the initial state and the final stage is same for both these cases. Then according to the Hess's law which we have discussed in the last class, the total heat evolved in this path is equal to the heat evolved in this path because the total heat is independent of the path. So, therefore it will just depend on the initial and final stage. So, therefore according to Hess's law heat change for path A is equal to heat change for path B. Now, what is this heat change? Both path A and path B are two step processes. Let us first look at path A. Path A what we are doing is first hitting the reactants to temperature T 2 which were initially at temperature T 1. So, let us say that involves some change in enthalpy. So, delta H for the reactants going from temperature T 1 to T 2 and then the reaction is occurring at temperature T 2 here. So, that is delta H R at temperature T 2 that is the heat of reaction. So, there is some delta H R at T 2 here it is delta H R at T 1 and this is delta H. So, this is the path taken in path process A or path A where first we have we heat the reactants from temperature T 1 to T 2 and then have isothermal reaction at T 2. On the other hand if I look at path B here first I have isothermal reaction at T 1. So, that is delta H R T 1 and then hitting the products to temperature T 2. So, that is delta H for the products going from temperature T 1 to T 2. So, this is according to the Hess's law the left hand side and the right hand side of these two are equal.  Here I have four changes in enthalpy out of them two that is hitting the reactant from temperature T 1 to T 2 and hitting the product from temperature T 1 to T 2 does not involve the reaction it is just hitting whereas, these two involve the heat of reaction. So, now let us look at the enthalpy little more closely. We are talking about the working substance which is a pure substance and ideal gas. So, if the working substance is an ideal gas then we know that enthalpy is a function of only temperature and D H D T is equal to C P which is also a function of temperature. We know this from thermodynamics. Therefore, looking at this expression D H is nothing but integral for this process hitting the reactants from temperature T 1 to T 2 is nothing but integrating C P D T from temperature T 1 to T 2. So, this will be C P T D T from temperature to T 1 to T 2 and of course, this will be per mole basis. So, now with this if I now come back to this equation delta H for the reactant sorry we come back to this equation. We come back to this equation now and put this back into this expression then we get. So, this term is delta H for the reactants taking it from T 1 to T 2. So, I will write it as delta H reactants which will be equal to this was for every species in the reactant. So, the total change in enthalpy will be the sum over all of them. So, therefore, that will be equal to sigma i equal to 1 to n there are n species multiplied by the stoichiometric coefficient for the reactants integral T 1 to T 2. And now we represent C P for every species by C P M i and M i as I have said at the beginning represents a particular chemical species. So, that is the total change in enthalpy of the reactants. Similarly, this term here is changing enthalpy of the products. So, I can write it here as delta H products is equal to once again sigma 1 to n mu i double prime integral T 1 to T 2 C P i M i C P M i d T. So, this gives me the total change in enthalpy of the products in heating the products from temperature T 1 to T 2. Now, we take all of this and put it back once again into this equation. Then what we get is by rearranging that equation delta H heat of reaction at temperature T 2 is equal to heat of reaction at temperature T 1 plus this term which is the change in enthalpy in heating the products from temperature T 1 to T 2 minus change in enthalpy in heating the reactants from temperature T 1 to T 2. So, we are just replacing this term and the less term with those expressions and then just rewriting this equation. Just let us look at what are these three terms? As I can see that the heat of reaction at temperature T 2 consist of three terms. First is heat of reaction at temperature T 1, then there is this term. What is this? This is nothing but change in enthalpy of the products when they are heated from temperature T 2 to T 1. So, T 1 to T 2 and this term here is change in enthalpy of the reactants when they are heated from temperature T 1 to T 2. So, we can see here then that delta H R T 2 is equal to nothing but the heat of reaction at temperature T 1 the change in enthalpy of the products minus change in enthalpy of the reactants. So, here what we are listing actually at two ways in estimating the heat of reaction. If we know the composition and the C P values for every species we can use this equation and get the heat of reaction. On the other hand if we know even the species we can find out the total enthalpy of the species at different temperatures. So, for the product we can estimate for the reactants we can estimate. So, from the thermo chemical table depending on whether this enthalpy values are given or C P values are given we can estimate the heat of reaction. So, essentially is the same different representation of the same thing. Now, let us take a step backward. Let us consider if the pressure is 1 atmosphere the reactions are occurring at 1 atmosphere pressure and the initial temperature T 1 which is equal to T naught that is the standard state 298.15 Kelvin then what happens the conditions at which now the reactions are occurring are standard temperature and pressure. Therefore, this term here heat of reaction occurring at standard temperature of pressure. So, that can be then projected as the standard heat of formation. So, now if I combine all these together I get heat of reaction at any temperature T. So, the way we are saying it is that we know the heat of formation. So, what we say is that for estimating the heat of reaction at any other temperature we say that the reaction occurs at the standard temperature and pressure. Therefore, the heat of reaction is the heat of formation for that species and then we account for the enthalpy change for the reactants and products. So, therefore, at any temperature heat of reaction is equal to standard heat of the heat of formation. So, therefore, in that case my delta H R becomes equal to the heat of formation. So, I can write it as this for every species of course. This is the heat of formation for the products. Similarly, I have heat of formation for the reactants. So, that gives the total heat of formation plus the change in enthalpy. So, first for the products. Now, the temperature now will change from T naught to T, but T naught is the standard temperature plus minus sigma equal to 1 to n mu i prime. So, integral T naught to T C p m i d T. So, now this is the expression for heat of reaction at any temperature, but still at one atmosphere pressure that you have to understand. If I look at this expression then this is nothing but the enthalpy change at standard temperature, delta H R standard temperature plus a function of temperature as you can see that both these terms are function of temperature T. So, this is the function of temperature. So, if I take a closer look at this, the heat of reaction at any temperature is the heat evolved by the reaction at standard temperature or heat of reaction at standard temperature plus some function of temperature. Then once again if my this temperature T is the standard temperature then F T is 0. If the standard temperature F T is 0. So, therefore, this term here is essentially the heat of reaction at standard temperature. F T is a function of temperature. So, I can write an expression for F T which is equal to essentially sigma i equal to 1 to n mu i double prime T naught to T C p m i d T minus sigma i equal to 1 to n mu i prime integral T naught to T C p m i d T. So, that is the expression for F T. Now, C p is the specific heat at constant pressure. So, once again these values for different species or chemicals are given in thermo chemical tables. C p can be given as a polynomial of temperature. So, typically as we have seen that C p should be a function of temperature and it is typically expressed as alpha plus beta T plus C T square plus sorry gamma T square etcetera. So, depending on the accuracy we can choose the order. So, typically this values of alpha, beta, gamma etcetera are given in standard thermo chemical tables. So, this is how we estimate the heat of reaction. Let us look at an example to make it little clearer. The example I will be looking at is evaluate the heat of reaction of ethane gas at T naught which is 298.15 Kelvin at standard temperature and pressure. So, here the heat of reaction of methane with oxygen. So, this is my chemical reaction giving me 2 CO 2 gas plus 3 H 2 O gas and this is the reaction this is occurring at 298.15 degree Kelvin. So, we have to estimate the heat of reaction for this. Here this is straight forward because F T term is 0. We are talking at the standard temperature. So, you just have to get delta H R T naught heat of reaction at standard temperature. So, here what we have is only this term which is nothing but this. So, delta H R T naught H R T naught is equal to this according to the derivation which we had just walked out. Now, let us see first let us start with the product. We have 4 species here ethane, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. So, in the product side we do not have any ethane. So, it is 0 times this. We do not have any hydro oxygen also. So, once again 0. We have some carbon dioxide. So, just 2 moles of carbon dioxide are there. So, 2 times heat of formation of carbon dioxide plus 3 times heat of formation of water vapor. That is the product side minus let us come to the reactant side. We have 1 mole of ethane then plus 3 and half moles of oxygen plus 0 mole of carbon dioxide plus 3 and half moles 0 mole of water vapor. So, that is my thermochemical equation. Now, oxygen in its molecular form is the standard state. So, the heat of formation of oxygen is 0. So, that is 0. So, what I will have now is a very simple expression. It says that delta H R T naught is equal to 2 times, let me see here, 2 times heat of formation of carbon dioxide, which is minus 94 kilo calorie we have seen before. So, this is 2 times minus 94, roughly approximately 3 times heat of formation of water vapor. Heat of formation of water vapor is minus 57.8 kilo calorie per mole that again we can get from the thermochemical tables minus 1 times heat of formation of ethane. So, that is 1 into 20.24 minus 24. So, now, if I just do the math, it comes out to be 341.16 kilo calorie. So, this is the heat of reaction at standard state. Notice that this value is coming out to be negative, which means that this reaction is exothermic. So, this explains how we estimate the heat of reaction. Now, if it were to be at a different temperature, we get the C P terms in, which I will walk out later. The value that we are getting here for standard state has a particular significance. If this product at this species, which is ethane here, which is burning is a fuel, then we call this the heating value of the fuel. So, heating value of the fuel is defined as a positive number that is equal to the enthalpy of combustion, but of opposite size. So, here this value here is the enthalpy of combustion, because we are burning ethane in oxygen. So, this is the enthalpy of combustion, but with opposite sign, because if it is a heating value, we always mean exothermic reactions. So, therefore, only the magnitude of this, that is this 341.16, this value with the positive sign, that is the heating value of ethane. So, when ethane is burned in pure oxygen, this is the amount of heat it is going to give. Many possible heating values are there depending on the phase of the products and the reactants. For example, here we have taken everything as gas, right, but for some other reactions, we may have solid, liquid, gas all combined. So, depending on the phase, we can have different heating value. So, we have to specify the heating value for a particular phase and of course, depends on the condition of combustion. Here everything is a standard temperature and standard pressure, but if pressure and temperatures are different, particularly temperature is different, we are going to have different heating value. So, heating value is defined for a given temperature. Now, on the other hand, as a special case, if I consider again this reaction, ethane is burning with oxygen. This is a special case of heat of reaction. So, when heat, the heat liberated, when a fuel reacts with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water vapor, which is done here, then the heat of that reaction is called heat of combustion. So, combustion is defined as something burning oxygen, pure oxygen. So, therefore, that is how it is defined. Now, heat of reaction can be deduced by using the Hess's law as we have just discussed to and we sum the appropriate reaction for which the heat of reaction is known. We can also get heat of formation from heat of reaction. That is another thing. Many times, we do not know heat of formation, but we can estimate what is the heat of reaction. Then, we can get the heat of formation from there. So, this is the basics of the heat of reaction. Now, let us look at another thing. In all our discussions so far, we said that the reaction is occurring at a standard state temperature T naught. Some heat is liberated, which is my heat of reaction. Here, this was the standard temperature was at the standard, the reaction was a standard state. So, I have given delta H at T naught, but if it was the final temperature was something else, it will be delta H at T. So, that is how much heat is liberated. Now, for the argument sake, let us say that we know how much heat is liberated. We do not know how much is the temperature, then how we are going to handle it and what will be the final temperature, how is it defined. In order to do that, we have to not define the process. So, if I consider a schematic of a reaction path, let us consider a reaction path like this. Let us say that we have reactants initially at some temperature T and then we want to find out what will be the final product temperature. Let us assume that this temperature is greater than T naught, but T naught is the standard temperature. What we are saying now is that the standard heat of reaction is something that is known to us because we know the heat of formation of all the product species, product as well as reactants. So, we can estimate the standard heat of reaction. So, we are saying that our reaction is occurring at standard temperature. So, if that is the case, only then we know how much is the heat at revolved at that condition. That is the case, then what we will do is first let us say we change the temperature of the reactants and take them to the standard temperature. After that, we say that the reaction occurs. So, now the reaction is at standard state and because of that some delta H is the reaction at temperature T naught. After that now we have the products because the reaction has occurred. We have products at temperature T naught. Now, let us see this entire schematic. In cooling these reactors from temperature T to T naught, we have to take out some heat. Let us say we take out some heat delta H 1, which we are not giving anywhere. We are keeping it in safe deposit. Then when the reaction is occurring here, during the reaction some amount of heat delta H R is released delta H R T naught is released. So, that is also with us.  They have been produced. So, what happens is that this heat goes in and hits the products. Therefore, we get products at temperature T, where T is the final temperature, where all this heat is now going to heat the products. Now, how much heat is taken out and how much is actually utilized depends on the process. So, depending on that, let us say that when we will get the maximum heat or the maximum temperature, when all the heat that is generated here is completely supplied to this, we get the maximum temperature. So, in other words, if some a part of heat is given to this and the part goes out, let us say delta H that is going out, then this temperature is going to be less. Only if delta H is 0, nothing goes out, everything is used up in the system, then this product will be at higher temperature. What is the process where no heat is leaving the system? That is adiabatic. So, therefore, that process when we have delta H T is equal to 0, this is delta H C is equal to 0, we have we call it as adiabatic process and for that we get the maximum temperature. So, now this temperature that we get is actually given a name, when we get the maximum temperature that is called adiabatic flame temperature. So, let us now look at what is adiabatic flame temperature. This is the temperature that we would like to achieve in practical combustion systems, a practical rocket motor that is why we put that is why we put lot of insulations to prevent any heat transfer out of the system. So, that we trap all the energy that is produced by our chemical reaction to heat of the products. So, we get the final temperature because of the fact that we have discussed in detail that higher our T C naught is, we get higher characteristic velocity C star that increases the I S P. So, we get higher I S P or higher thrust. So, therefore, we want to maximize the temperature and we know from now from this discussion that temperature will be maximum if it is done adiabatically, that is why we need to have good insulation. So, now let us look at adiabatic flame temperature. If a combustion reaction occurs adiabatically then delta H T is equal to 0 that is delta H or the enthalpy that is going out of the system is 0. So, therefore, no heat leaves the system. So, the total system enthalpy remains constant. So, therefore, Q dot is 0 which implies for this is a constant pressure process. So, the enthalpy of the system remains constant. Now, this is something that how can that happen because we know that the chemical reaction most of the combustion reactions are exothermic. So, the chemical reaction is going to liberate some heat, where is that heat going? So, that heat is going to heat up the products. So, the reaction which is supposed to have occurred at a different lower temperature then the heat of reaction that is evolved is going to heat up the products to a higher temperature. So, we get a higher temperature and so that the enthalpy of the system remains constant. So, whatever enthalpy was initially the same enthalpy remains at the end. So, because of that the temperature of the system increases the this temperature, if it is done adiabatically as I have just said the temperature this temperature is going to be maximum for a given composition. We cannot have temperature more than this because as far as our energy conservation is concerned this is the optimum amount of energy that is available to the propellants. So, that is going to be the maximum temperature. So, for a given composition depending on the heat of reaction we get the maximum temperature is power adiabatic flame temperature. So, therefore, this temperature is called adiabatic flame temperature designated by T f. Now, this value of T f then depends on what? Depends on heat of reaction. Now, heat of reaction depends on what? The reaction always will be at stoichiometric condition. It will essentially heat up all the fuel or air depending on whichever is higher quantity it will the reaction will always be at stoichiometric. Now, if we have a condition where we have either excess air or excess fuel then that excess air or fuel does not take part in the reaction. Only the stoichiometric amount of fuel and oxidizer will take part in the reaction. Now, this excess amount of air and fuel then work as a heat sink. So, the heat that is generated is not only heating the products, but also this excess air or excess fuel. So, since the composition is now we have more number of molecules the overall temperature is going to be less. So, therefore, the adiabatic flame temperature is going to be maximum for a stoichiometric mixture and for any other mixture the adiabatic flame temperature is going to be less. So, therefore, now what we can say is that we can control this adiabatic flame temperature by controlling the ratio of fuel and oxidizer. So, fuel oxidizer ratio will control this temperature. So, if we now let us look at how do we control. So, first of all what I have just said if I plot the flame temperature versus equivalence ratio then at equivalence ratio of 1 when we have stoichiometric mixture we get the maximum temperature and on both sides that is fuel lean and fuel reach the temperature drops. So, therefore, depending on what fuel oxidizer ratio we have we get different temperatures. Now, therefore, since we want to operate a rocket always at its maximum temperature then what is our ultimate objective is to operate at stoichiometry. So, we would like to operate at stoichiometric condition as much as possible and unlike a gas turbine engine where we do not carry the oxidizer it is freely available as air is freely available. There we operate in the lean side because the freely available air is there which will give us this advantage. Whereas, for rockets since we are carrying both oxidizer and fuel both of them are part of propellant. So, we do not want to waste any of them. Now, if we are working on this side we have more fuel that is required. So, therefore, the fuel is wasted. Here on the other hand we have more oxidizer than that is required. So, oxidizer is wasted. So, we do not want to waste because we have to carry them. Therefore, for the rocket we would like to operate here. So, therefore, for the rocket our operating condition should be such that it should be as close to the stoichiometric as possible and the temperature then will of course, be the maximum temperature. So, then what happens now this maximum temperature as we have seen is depending on equivalence ratio. Now, it will depend on the propellants heat of reaction. So, we have a direct relationship now between the heat of reaction and the final flame temperature for the rocket application. Whereas, as I have just said for air breathing applications this will be typically operate towards the lean side, but for rocket we would like to operate at this point. Now, typically this final temperature or the adiabatic flame temperature is quite high. It can be 3000, 4000 degree Kelvin and that is what the rocket temperatures are. The problem is at such high temperature there is a possibility of dissociation of products and that do occur. So, we will discuss that that how the dissociation is going to affect the performance. The dissociation involves changes in the amount of heat because dissociation reactions are endothermic. So, they absorb some energy therefore, we may not get this temperature because some energy is gone into dissociation. So, essentially what is dissociation doing? It is changing the final composition. So, once again this temperature is depends on the composition. If the composition changes this is going to change. So, dissociation will bring down the final flame temperature and that is why I said that the final temperature depends on the composition of the products. Typically then the adiabatic flame temperature for non dissociating products. So, if the products are non dissociating for non dissociating products the adiabatic flame temperature is called adiabatic frozen flame temperature because if the dissociation is not occurring we are consider we say that the composition is frozen. So, we say is a adiabatic frozen flame temperature. So, this is the temperature that is going to be our T c naught for our rocket motor. So, now we have discussed what is this temperature? The next step will be how do we estimate this temperature? So, remember for the last few lectures we have been talking about heat of reaction etcetera heat of formation etcetera, but now we are coming back to what we intended to do to get the temperature. But the temperature as I have just mentioned is function of the composition. So, that also needs to come up during our discussion. So, I will stop here now in this lecture. In the next lecture first we will talk about how do we estimate this adiabatic flame temperature? Once that is done then we will see that the composition and temperature are interlinked. So, therefore unless we talk about temperature we cannot talk about composition. Similarly, unless we talk about composition we cannot talk about temperature also. So, we will bring out that interlink and then go into the estimation of the composition as well. So, I will stop here now and in the next class we will continue from here. Thank you.


Today's Cobb Highlight is all about the F820WX Charge Pipe Kit. The key part of upgrading your top-minute intercooler is the charge pipe that actually connects the bigger, better core to the turbo. The Cobb charge pipe is required for our top-minute intercooler, but it's also compatible with the stock intercooler, which is why we provide this extra silicone coupler for that purpose. Plastic charge pipes always suck. They do their job at first, but they're restrictive and like pretty much all OEM plastic parts, the older they get, the more prone they are to fail. That becomes an even more prevalent issue for parts that are under pressure, especially when tuning to raise that pressure even more. So the mere fact that the Cobb charge pipe is made from aluminum and uses high-quality multi-layer reinforced silicone couplers with strong clamps means that this upgrade is a no-brainer at any point in the modification journey. But those aren't the only benefits. The charge pipe starts at a larger 2.5-inch diameter from the intercooler core to make the most of the increased flow while gradually tapering down to 2 inches around the middle section. The thing that you can't tell easily due to the wrinkle-black powder coating is that this tapered part is an actual billet aluminum piece, so that produces a really consistent and smooth transition between the different diameter pipes to make sure it provides the most flow possible, yet still has enough clearance for the larger aftermarket radiators and fits properly with the turbo inlet diameter while still being able to handle plenty of power. Plus the kit includes this silicone piece that connects to this turbo two-bolt flange, which allows it to work with stock or aftermarket bypass valves, and the entire thing is compatible with our off-the-shelf maps to boot. Honestly, this charge pipe kit is something that every single FA20WX owner should get for their car if they're not using a front-mount intercooler. And you can do that on CobbTuning.com right now.


Terrible missile strikes await Russia. Ukraine develops domestic Himmars and Nassams. Ukraine is actively developing a domestic equivalent of U.S.-made Himmars rocket artillery platform, The Washington Post reported, citing unnamed Ukrainian officials. More than two years into the war, Ukraine desperately needs a wide range of military equipment, including advanced munitions such as long-range missile systems, fighter jets and bombers, to continue defending against the Russian aggression. Air defense systems and high precision missiles, similar to the U.S.-made high-mobility artillery rocket system, are being developed. The report adds, The Washington Post notes that despite Ukraine's manufacturing capabilities and specific raw material resources, it has been quite challenging to establish arms production quickly. This is because after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the defense industry in Ukraine practically collapsed. Unfortunately, I can say that without the help of our Western partners, our friends, including from the United States, we will not be able to fully meet the needs of the armed forces of Ukraine, said Maxim Polyviani, Deputy CEO of Ukrainian Armour. Ukraine's Minister of Strategic Industries, Oleksandr Kamyshin, also stated that Ukraine has deployed a locally produced missile with a flight range of over 640 kilometers. However, he did not provide details about these missiles. According to officials, Ukraine is also developing air defense systems with precision missiles, similar to the advanced American and Norwegian Nassams systems. Nassams is a mobile anti-aircraft missile system capable of firing 72 missiles in 12 seconds. It is used to shoot down aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles within a radius of up to 40 kilometers. President Volodymyr Zelensky previously stated that Ukraine must become strong and efficient enough for Russia to know that there will be a response to every attack. Strengthening domestic arms production is necessary to achieve this. Ukraine already produces its long-range weapons. For example, specialists have developed a new version of the Neptune missile. It has also recently been announced that serial production of drones, which are analogues to Iranian Shahead drones, has begun. On the night of March 20, there was a drone attack on the Engels airfield located in the Seratov region of Russia. The Russian press reported on this. The governor of the province said that the anti-aircraft defense system was activated and Ukrainian drones were shot down, and there were no casualties as a result of the incident. Local residents say that explosions took place in several places. According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, for drones were shot down over the Seratov region, IT should be noted that Engels airfield is home to strategic bombers that launch missile strikes on Ukraine. IT should be recalled that there was a drone attack on the Engels airbase in December 2022. As a result, 6 soldiers died, 2 planes were damaged.


Senator representing of your South Senatorial District caller Balogu has formally defected from the PDP to the APC. Balogu's notice of defection was contained in a letter addressed to the president of the Senate Ahmed Lawan and read at the start of plenary on Wednesday. According to the lawmaker, his decision to defect from the PDP was due to the lack of internal democracy in the party at the state level for the emergence of leaders and representatives. These developments led the foundation for the failure of the party at subsequent polls and also stand to jeopardize the political future and the interests of my people who had worked assiduously to get me elected in 2019 February elections. Rising from the meeting of the key stakeholders in my district on 27 April 2022, my people unanimously decided that I should resign my membership of the People's Democratic Party as they were ready to also reign and come en masse with me into the old Progressive Congress with immediate effect. This notification becomes exigent in order to intimidate the distinguished members of the Senate with the recent political developments in the PDP-led administration in your state and the direction in which my people and I are presently focused. Yes, thank you, Senator Kola Balogun, APC. Kola Balogun, the faction, brings the number of APC senators in the upper chamber to 70.