entrepreneurship Tuesday right here on Y in the morning at Y254 channel is where you can find us across all our social media handles at Michelle Ashira is where you can reach out to me. So in this particular session you know how we do that interview. So we are looking at eligibility criteria, criteria to study in our broad so if you are back at home and you are interested to just go abroad and pursue your studies, how far you study this is an opportunity for you so make sure you stick around for this conversation and you'll know how you'll go about it. In studio I am joined by Joy Atienu and she is the CEO of Epic. Thank you very much for creating time to be with us. Thank you Michelle, how are you? I'm doing good, I'm doing good, I'm doing good. So starting us off, yeah? For someone who is watching this conversation and you are mentioning an opportunity to study abroad, what is Epic? What is Epic all about? Epic is the Educational Path International Consultants and we take care of international education and sports science. So we support students and you know, I mean students doesn't necessarily mean only the high school leavers, we also support professionals who would like to pursue their master's degree and their postgraduate and their PhD degrees. Then we take them through the entire application processes and then finally pre-departure and into the university. So we've got a number of universities that we are Epic has partnered with, contract bases and those universities we fully represent them in Kenya and then entire Africa and we also support their educational projects, events, conferences and sports as well. We also take care of scholarship opportunities where we have a few universities who are willing to, you know, give a certain percentage of scholarships to students. All right, prior to this conversation that you have here right now when you were introducing me to Epic, I felt like it was way easier if I reached out to an educational agent than just going through the whole application on my own. What initiated at the birth of Epic? Well, first I like to give back and one of the ways I would give back is to provide a service that is a basic need, hence education and then hence Epic. So having also ready resources, ready market to support me through this course, I decided to start Epic and here I am trying to, you know, make it happen in Africa, all matters international education. Okay, so how long have you guys been running and? Officially since May 2020. Okay. So we are about how many months now? Quick number, quick check. Quick check. Yeah, but just a few months running and so far so good. I'm happy with the progress really. I'm impressed and my team is working so very hard to make sure that we get to the point where it's all about Epic. Go Epic. Absolutely. So for someone who is also watching us and wondering how do they go about it and how does the application process look like, how long does it take? Oh, what you do firstly is we really market ourselves on social media. We are very big on putting the word out there on social media. So the brand team would, you know, put flyers and offers and application calls to social media. And then we also work very closely with international high schools and their counselors. So once you get to understand what we are all about, that means we also pass on to the website. We would request you to write us an email with what your interests are, what you want to pursue. Then now we identify a university for you abroad as per your qualifications and also as per your interests. So you want to take a master's in journalism. I would, you know, definitely highly recommend the university for the creative arts in the UK. They are our partners. We show you what they offer, the, you know, the courses on offer. Some of them call them majors and also the prerequisites. So then you decide that, OK, fine. I'm OK with the UCA. We call it the university for creative arts. Then now we set the process. We apply on your behalf. All right. We just ask you for your papers. That's your transcripts, your passport. And then we apply on your behalf and now you'll receive an offer letter from that university. Now, once you receive an offer letter, that automatically means you've been accepted to join that university. And then they'll request you to make the tuition fee directly to them. Epic does not take any fee from any student and no charge. We don't charge. We don't charge any fee. So you pay directly to the university. And then after the payment, you receive the second, you know, the confirmations and then we start off the visa process, depending again on where you're going to. There's a UK visa process. There's a European visa process. There's an American visa process after that. Then we set you to to get into the plane and fly. All right. Jo, you'll agree with me, apart from this being you giving back. So there's also a business aspect of it when you look at it in a different angle. And my question would be, what gap did you see in the market space that you felt like Epic is going to fill that gap? Well, the uniqueness that Epic executes. So firstly, like I mentioned, we work with closely with international schools and their counselors. Why do we do that? Because we want to capture. We want to actually capture their interests. You know, it's not always about international education, but then there's sports, nurturing talent. I don't hear people speak so much about nurturing talent, but then Epic comes in and brings, you know, universities from I mean, the global universities to support this talent. So we hold sports tournaments. We haven't had any yet, but we are looking to have one next year, a big sports tournament for international schools in Nairobi. We also try as much as possible to, you know, put the students close to us. We keep following up on them once they even when they go abroad to study, we still want to know how is, you know, how are they adapting to that regional country that they've gone to study in. OK. And some of my wonder, why should I consider to study abroad and also considering the challenges that you're going through in the world with the global pandemic? Yeah, worldwide. No, it's tough for sure. Yes, it's tough now to even convince a student to study abroad because they do not know from what you've seen on news. They're not sure if they're going to be safe. And, you know, we've got I've got one one friend who is in security and he tries to make me understand that it's just, you know, a temporary situation, but we are going to overcome it. But again, why study abroad? Oh, please, international education, go global. The exposure. Exposure. Yeah, I mean, for myself, having to travel so many countries in this world for professional purposes, sometimes Malaysia, I tend to understand that traveling opens your mind.  So, yeah. All right. When you look at it, we have talked about how exciting it is to just move to, you know, a different country and the culture, expression, everything else. Are there pre-orientation departure session? Do you have with your students just to tell them what exactly to find on the other side? Absolutely, we definitely. And that's now is where the, you know, associate directors from those universities come together with with Epic and we pre-orient the students. We let them know that this is what you expect in the USA or Australia or the UK. This is the kind of reception you're going to have. This is the people who are going to take care of you in case you have any problems. You have the emergency numbers. I mean, I'm always 24, 7, I'm very more myself. My PA thinks I'm insane because I'm always super responsive. But it's because, you know, the time difference again. So you always have to be a part with whoever is where at what time. Yeah, so we take them through that pre-orientation. Are you into this full time? Am I doing this full time? Yes. Yes, I am. That's my full time job. What's the business plan looking like and the way forward? Considering like we just started this year. So what way forward what's the business plan looking like? Way forward. Well, we are currently trying to register Epic in Mauritius. And then we move to Rwanda and then we go to South Africa. And finally, I think we'll have another branch office in Arizona because I definitely work with so many US institutions. And I think having a physical presence there is is important. That's a way forward. That's one of the ways forward. But again, also starting 2021, hopefully the first quarter will be able to run our student recruitment to us across Africa. That means city to city about three days in each city, just trying to sell the universities to students in different countries. And that we also partner with the university. So they travel all the way to Africa for just that. And it's also fun, you know, city to city tour. Who wouldn't want to be part of that? So are there virtual classes that young guys can, you know, get involved in or apply and just be part of different experience from a global scale? That is absolutely. Currently, we are having so many online or you call them virtual classes. You also have in so many virtual conferences, virtual fairs. Everything that would be would have been done physically is now completely turning into an online platform. So definitely we have the online classes. But I think students are not really receptive about the online classes. But don't worry, we will take care of you as soon. We are going to be back on on on the air to fly and go and study. Do you feel like studying abroad gives you a better chance when it comes to job opportunities? Well, as a pick, we are trying to build very strong magnets with the corporations, especially in conjunction with our partner universities. So we work very hard to ensure that our partner universities are partnering with corporations so that students are having a high ratio of employability immediately after graduation. But that's entirely up to how the student works very hard and ensures that they get the good grades to be able to be recruited in some corporations abroad. But again, that's one of the questions we get from students. What is the value here? Are we, you know, after school, then what? So we try to make them understand that here are the corporations we are partnering with. And if you're taking IT, definitely there's IT for you. If you're taking engineering, there's engineering for you. And so on. OK, speaking about value, what is your niche in the market space when it comes to, you know, being an educational agent? Because we have a couple of them in Kenya. So what is your what is different about Epic? Like I mentioned earlier, we are trying to be as unique as possible and ensure that each student understands each of our services stepwise to the end and also introducing programs like sports science, where you don't hear so much about sports science. Do you? So now now here we are because brought in the aspect of sports science and we are going to make sure that as soon as travel allows, we definitely are going to run sports activities that are also going to benefit academia. What have you had students before in terms of just them asking for this opportunity to study abroad and have you how many of you like, you know, take into abroad and just take up their classes? Oh, well, we've got over 600 students who approach us for our services and also trying to figure out their ways out there. So currently, you know, as COVID happened, not so much was going on in terms of sending students abroad, but we've got tons of applications. We've got students who have applied, they've received their offer letter. So we're just waiting for travel to kick in and there we go. When you look at it in a different perspective, some of me say that it could be expensive. Is there an opportunity whereby like a council, a DPC council from the other side could just work with the student to just ensure that an opportunity that comes up to work within their budget? Yeah, and there goes the scholarship opportunities as well. But if you're not up to a scholarship and you just want to have a campus or university that is not very expensive, we identify that for you. We go through our options and we also send you the fee structure and then you will decide as per your budget what you can go for. But international education, for sure, is very expensive. But it's all worth it, definitely all worth it. What are a couple of financial lessons that you've learned along the way while studying Epic to the idea? So I'm not very good with spending. So I'm trying as much as possible to to keep the expenditures low and so that we balance the revenue that Epic brings in. But so far, I'm trying my level best. That's one of my weaknesses. But I'm getting there. We will get to a point where the finance team will allow me to stay away from that and and they take care of it as per their skills. I didn't study finance. All right. How many employees how many employees do you have and how have you guys been keeping afloat during terms of COVID? Well, I am outsourcing a lot. So each of my department is outsourced. I do not yet look into having permanent employees right away from the legal team to the marketing team to finance to, you know, it's it's just outsourced companies that can work for me. What is the intention behind that? Well, they've, you know, first of all, they are well, well established. You know, when you're starting a business, you have to ensure that you get it right from the beginning. So at this point, we've not gotten to the point where we understand, you know, as a as a recruiter, we understand what we need to actually identify in a marketer as good as what an established marketing team would have done it. So again, to save on time, you know, and then this is COVID period. But definitely in 2021, I look into having permanent employees to to I have some of them for sure, but then increase the number and then have them just to work for Epic. I love giving opportunities. So definitely, guys, look out for 2021. Oh, a couple of achievement stories that you have for us. Oh, well, this is a huge achievement.  Huge, huge, huge contracts with with this partner universities. The latest, which made me extremely happy is a Canterbury Christchurch University in the UK. They just appointed me as their education ambassador in Africa. Congratulations. Thank you. I can't wait for the party. I will be invited. You will be invited for sure, Michelle. And, of course, having to, you know, represent universities in Africa, it's a it's a huge role. At the same time, it's very sensitive. It comes with its own challenges. But I can make it together with my team. We are going to make the universities extremely happy in Africa. You mentioned something very important and I wouldn't want us to miss and that's that your links, your links in, you know, the international universities. How do you get connected to them? How do you get an opportunity to network to even get an opportunity whereby you actually get the opportunity of just being an educational agent out there? Well, so firstly, the networks I've developed before in my, you know, previous career and also being able to write proposals. I draft proposals and I send them out to universities that have hard are going to do well in Africa. And then you wait for the response. But again, some of the universities have been able to find them through referrals. You know, the partner universities are already in place. Refund me to their colleagues. And it makes me happy because when you're referred, it really means you're trying to make sure that things are in place. Just winding up, what are a couple of challenges that you're facing? Time difference. Time difference is a mess. My sleep patterns are a bit not very normal, but I do my six hours. They say eight hours, but I do six hours a day and I set my day at three a.m. Why? Because first of all, I'm very productive in the morning. And secondly, I am able to, you know, be at par with, for example, U.S. institutions. At that time, they're just trying to wind up their day. And then I would stay up all the way to 10 p.m. Because at 10 p.m. for them, it's in the morning. And then you look at Japan. You look at Australia. You look at Korea. I mean, the time difference is all over the place. So I have to make sure that I take care of all that between 3 a.m. and 10 p.m. But I look at stuff very positively. I, of course, I experience challenges like sometimes I get overwhelmed. The work is not very easy. Being a CEO of an international organization definitely is not one of the roles that you can easily navigate. But with positivity, discipline, being strategic, being systematic, and also being a very good planner, you definitely overcome them. And then you keep smiling. I'm a witness to that. You can smile there, yeah? Oh, I smile like this. So if joy is not busy, I'll not be able to take the empire. Oh, huge social life. What does she do? I have a great social life. I respect my social life. I don't work on weekends. So weekends are for me and my friends. Glasses of wine here and there. We also enjoy going out. Nowadays, the clubs are open. So I can do it an hour or two. Live Buns, Nyama Choma, Hiking. And you have a lovely body physique. Does that have to do with the fact? I do exercise every day. Yeah, I skip rope. I lift weights. Faithfully. Oh, faithfully. Yes, except for when I visit my mother. Because when I'm there, I'm a baby. She takes care of me.  I think we should never lose the girl side of us, no matter how old. Oh, yes. Oh, yes. And no matter how busy you can get, I get busy. Oh, Monday to Friday. Oh, my God. I get crazy busy. But weekends give me a call. Enjoy your show. Yeah. Beautiful spot. Okay, guys. Reach out to you if they want to give this conversation going. Well, I would leave our email info at epicl.org. Info at epicl.org. And we will be able to respond to you. No social media accounts? We have at edu path int. It's educational path international. But we've shortened it to at edu path int. Okay. On Facebook. On Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Twitter. Okay. Yeah. We are noisemakers there. Good to know because all guys are so very active on social media. So thank you very much, Joy, for creating time to be with us. Taking us through on how we can actually get an opportunity to study abroad. And please, just not study. Travel. Travel the world. That's true. Yeah, travel the world as much as you can. Thank you very much. And have the opportunity to get on that plane and take off. Very true. Yeah. All right. Thank you very much, Joy. So guys, back at you. Make sure you don't tap that down. Remember, you can follow us across all our social media handle. That is at Y254Channel. Add me so that Shirazou can find me across all my social. We'll be right back.


cases very often of each individual each individual case very often but few of these cases all of us are certainly going to encounter in our daily routine practice whether we are practicing in a big city or a small town or anywhere in between. Hence in this presentation I'll quickly talk about the different types of white matter disorders which are both inherited and acquired because of the multiple different types the diagnostic process is different while MRI is exquisitely sensitive for detecting the presence of white matter pathology because of the overlap of imaging findings because of the overlap of imaging findings and the white spectrum of imaging findings in many of these disorders the establishing of specific diagnosis is often delayed. In this presentation we will briefly discuss how to distinguish normal and abnormal white matter in children and formulate an approach to evaluation of white matter disorders radiologically using a pattern recognition approach. We will also briefly see the role of your imaging techniques like diffusion and spectroscopy.  In unmyelinated white matter the contrast is reversed while most of us most commonly see older children and adult patients in our routine practice the in the younger children the myelination when the myelination is not complete and the contrast is reversed it may sometimes be mistaken for pathology. So now I will talk about how myelination progresses in the in an orderly manner in the developing brain. This is a dynamic process that starts during the intrauterine life and continues after birth in a well-defined and predetermined manner.  The awareness of this changing appearance of the brain on MRI as a result of this maturation process is important to minimize misinterpretation of normal changes. The general rule is that myelination progresses from caudal to rostral from posterior to anterior and from the central to the peripheral regions from the central to the peripheral regions. It begins during the fifth month of life and continues throughout life in an orderly manner. However on imaging typically we will see the slight amount of myelin myelin appearing in the brain by around 36 weeks or around turn and then we see habit progresses. CT has very limited role in evaluation of myelination. Here we see the more watery content of the unmyelinated brain. It may be sometimes mistaken for edema or some other pathology also. So CT has limited role. MRI is a workhorse for evaluation of myelination and we see both t1 and t2 weighted images because they produce differential contrast and we evaluate the brain in different planes. In the neonates the sagittal plane is most useful because we are evaluating the dorsal brain, the dorsal brainstem and the posterior fulsar structures for the presence of myelin. In the terminal stages of myelination we evaluate the coronal images because we are seeing the subparticle u-fibers. For example here the subparticle u-fibers in the temporal lobes are not myelinated in an almost two-year-old child. In the intermediate state of myelination we will evaluate the axial planes because we are seeing the posterior limb of the internal capsules, the corticospinal tracts, the optic radiations, etc. On t1 weighted images, in a term neonate the parts that are myelinated are the dorsal, the brainstem, the cerebellar hemisphere, the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the ventrolateral thalamus and the corticospinal tracts and the perirolandic areas. By four months the myelination in these areas becomes more robust. We are seeing more obvious myelination in the optic radiations and in the centrum semi-oval and the perirolandic regions. We are also seeing myelination that is just beginning in the anterior limbs of the internal capsules at four months of age and myelination is also appearing in the basal ganglia and in the rest of the thalamine. By eight to nine months myelination is almost complete on t1 weighted images. We see myelination is spread in most of the white matter and it extends almost up to the subcortical ufibers and after 12 months there is hardly any change in the myelination on t1 weighted images. On t2 weighted images myelination follows a few weeks later. By four months we are seeing that there is some myelination and myelination is just beginning to appear in the anterior limbs of the internal capsule. By eight months myelination is appearing but it is not yet seen in the frontal subcortical ufibers. More robust myelination is seen in the posterior subcortical ufibers in the paritoxial lobes. By 12 months we are seeing that the frontal frontal and the temporal subcortical ufibers are not myelinated. The rest of the white matter is almost completely myelinated including this plenium of the body of the corpus callusum and the anterior limbs of the internal capsule and by two years myelination is complete even in the subcortical ufibers of the anterior temporal lobes which are the last two myelination on t2 weighted images. So in the initial period up to maybe around six months we will evaluate t1 weighted images and from six to eighteen months we will evaluate t2 weighted images to see how to see the progression of myelination. Nowadays we use fast pinnico t2 weighted images with longer eco-trail lengths, eco times and recovery images and myelination is seen earlier on these fsc t2 weighted images rather than the conventional t2 weighted images which are generally not even used now. So here we have a case of four month old child with vest syndrome and MRI was done outside and was sent for review and it was outside it was reported as vanishing white matter disease but we know that in a four month old child on t2 weighted images the subcortical ufibers are not going to be myelinated. So these are just normally unmyelinated normal for age subcortical ufibers and should not be mistaken for any white matter pathology like vanishing white matter disease etc. Apart from t1 and t2 weighted images we will see terminal zones of myelination up to a which are unmyelinated in the peritrigonal white matter up to a longer period. So there are three main types of white matter disorders. One is the demyelinating disorder in which there is destruction of intrinsically normal myelination. These are typically acquired disorders and are beyond the purview of this talk. We see that these these areas are patchy and almost always bilaterally asymmetric. The myelin has already formed normally and then it is destroyed. These are conditions like ADM etc. We will talk about this in another talk. In this presentation we will discuss more of the dysmyelinating disorders in which there is abnormal formation destruction or turn or round of myelin. These come in the white matter disorder bracket or hypomyelinating disorders in which there is decreased formation of otherwise normal myelin. So in the first major discriminator is the myelination complete or not? Is it a hypomyelination? Is it a hypomyelinating disorder or a dysmyelinating disorder? So we have to remember it is abnormal for the cerebral white matter to have hyper intense signal in a child beyond beyond 1.5 years on T2 weighted images. And if we are seeing hyper intense signal, we have to rule out delayed myelination or permanent hypomyelination or some other pathology within the white matter. So how do we define deficient myelination? In a patient with deficient myelination, the white matter will be hypo or iso intense on T1 weighted images. And on, it may almost look normal on T1 weighted images. In fact, on T2 weighted images the abnormalities are diffused. There is no focality and this is not very intensely hyper intense. MRI basically looks like a normal MRI of a very young child. And to define permanent hypomyelination, we need an unchanged pattern of deficient myelination on two MRIs performed more than six months apart and a child more than one year of age. So we need at least two MRIs. One MRI we cannot diagnose hypomyelinating disorders. So here we have a 15 month old child. When we study this MRI on T1 weighted images on T2 weighted images, it looks almost normal like an MRI of a six, maybe a six month old child. This is actually a 15 month old child. So if we are seeing only one MRI, we will call it delayed myelination. If we do a follow-up scan and see that it does not progress, then we will call it hypomyelination. So here we have this hypomyelinating disorder. And how do you distinguish it from other dysmyelinating disorders or leukodystrophies? There is no gradient in hypomyelinating disorder and the white matter abnormality is very homogeneous and diffuse, as I said. While in leukodystrophies or dysmyelinating disorders, either there is a gradient here, we have a patient with Alexander's with a gradient from anterior to posterior, or we will have very intense white matter disorders and volume loss in this patient with Krabbi's disorder. Here I have another patient, a six month old child. We see on T2 weighted images, there is hardly any myelinated white matter supra-tentorially or infratentorially. On T1 weighted images, at least in the posterior white matter structures, there is some myelination. And this turned out to be Pelusius-Mersbecher disease. I'm showing only one MRI, this patient had a follow-up MRI also. White matter, hypomyelinating white matter disorders may have or may not have peripheral nervous system involvement in the form of neuropathies. I'll just show another case. Here we have a six month old with delayed myelination and we see that with delayed milestones and we see that on T2 weighted images, there is hardly any myelin. On T1 weighted images, myelination looks almost normal for age, maybe slightly delayed. So this was diagnosed as delayed myelination for age. This is a T2 weighted coronal and surgical image which shows the delayed myelination for age. At 23 months of myelination, we see that myelin has appeared in the posterior limbs of the internal capsule, anterior limbs of the internal capsule, in the corpus callusum, both this plenium and the genu of the corpus callusum in the deep white matter. And on T1 weighted images also, there is robust myelination that has appeared, which looks pretty good for the age. Incidentally, we are seeing a cavernous hemangioma in the right parietal lobe. So patient underwent MRI because the patient had delayed myelination and patient was unable to sit. So this delayed myelination progressed over time. We are seeing the corpus callusum, almost the entire white matter is pretty well myelinated for age and this was diagnosed, this patient was diagnosed to have MCT-8 deficiency. Other causes of delayed myelination include this patient and with the basal ganglia are almost not seen. So this is hypomyelination with atrophy of atrophy of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, the cerebellum is reduced in size. And this was confirmed to have this tuba mutation. Then we can have cerebellar hypoplasia with hypomyelination and hypodontia, in which the teeth will be abnormal and the white matter is diffusely hypomyelinated. Apart from normal or abnormal myelination, the second MRI discriminator is the distribution of the MRI signal abnormalities, whether it is confluent, multifocal, symmetric, bilaterally asymmetric. We have already reviewed this, I will repeat it again. In a white matter disorder or a leukodystrophy, in an inherited white matter disorder or leukodystrophy, the signal abnormality will be confluent and almost certainly bilaterally symmetric, like in this patient with vanishing white matter disease. While patients with acquired white matter disorders or demyelinating disorders will have patchy, multifocal and almost certainly asymmetric signal abnormality, like here we have this patient with tuberous sclerosis. Apart from the distribution of white matter, whether it is symmetric, asymmetric, we also evaluate whether it is predominantly white matter involvement or gray matter involvement. If it is predominantly white matter involvement, the way brain will be typically swollen in the earlier period, and in the late stage there will be volume loss. While it is a gray matter disorder, like ECHID syndrome maybe, the cortex is thinned out with enlarged sulci and there is secondary valerian regeneration of the white matter and the cerebral volume loss appears at a slightly earlier age. The third MRI distribution is the localization of the white matter abnormalities, whether it is frontal, parieto-excipital, periventricular, etc. We will evaluate each as an example. If the white matter signal abnormality is more frontal than posterior, then we have to consider Alexander's like in this case or frontal variant of adrenal leukodystrophy. In patients with excellent adrenal leukodystrophy, we will see parieto-excipital signal abnormality. Other differentials of parieto-excipital signal abnormality include crevice, peroxysmal disorders, etc. Periventricular signal abnormality is seen in patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, among others. Then we have diffuse cerebral white matter in this patient with Canavan's disease. Deep white matter involvement can include involvement of the thalamus brainstem or we not have brainstem or corticostinal tract involvement. Here we have a patient with ganglioncytosis GM2 steroid disorders and with the thalamus is diffusely hypo intense, the basal ganglia are hyper intense and this gives a clue to white matter steroid disorder. Here we have a patient with brainstem corticostinal tract involvement, in which there is hyper intensity in the brainstem. Now we have to see whether the cortical ufibazine involved or the central periventricular white matter is involved. If the subcortical ufibazine are involved with macrocephaly, we have to consider Alexander's megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts or mlc and Canavan's. Patients may or may not have striatis basal ganglia involvement, so if patients have both gray and white matter involvement, we have to see if the deep gray matter is involved, whether it is striatin, globus pallidus or cortex. Here we have a patient with lase disease with striatal involvement, Canavan's with pallidal involvement and thalamic involvement, which is quite typical, methylvalonic acidemia with globus pallidus involvement and we also evaluate other specific MRI characteristics like cystic degenerative changes in this patient with lowest syndrome. This was a patient who also had cataract, we can see the patient has undergone excision of the cataract surgery and multiple periventricular cysts are seen in this patient with consanguinity. Then we can see multiple enlarged perivascular spaces like this patient with mucopalicecarylosis, other gray matter changes like polymicrogyria in this patient with Zellweger's, calcification in echidicuteus, spinal cord involvement like this patient with complex one deficiency and also we see evolution over time. In the late stage, because most leukodystrophies are generally progressive, there is diffuse white matter signal abnormality and atrophy and even highly characteristic imaging findings in the earlier period, like in the earlier period it's very easy to diagnose, relatively easy to diagnose metachromatic leukodystrophy but in the later stage the patterns become non-specific and it's really difficult to say what the pathology is. Also there is a white spectrum of severity depending on the degree of the functional gene product remaining. The same pathology, the same disease may present in the neonatal period, infantile period, here we have a patient with infantile crevice with typical imaging findings of periventricular signal abnormality and cerebral white matter volume loss and then we have another child with juvenile crevice, this girl at juvenile crevice in which the signal abnormality was typically peritrigonal and this could very well have be mistaken for x-link adrenal leukodystrophy except that this was a girl and not a boy and adrenal leukodystrophy is an x-link disorder. So Vandernapp and all have given a computerized pattern recognition system for differentiating these white matter disorders. They studied a large number of patients and it's a very interesting article you can look at up online. With this I'll come quickly to a few cases. Here we have a four month old child with extensive white matter signal abnormalities. So infratentorially involving the upper cervical cord, involving the cerebellar hemispheres and the middle cerebellar peduncles and the periventricular white matter and extensive restricted diffusion was also seen in these involved areas and long segment signal abnormality. So when we are seeing these changes this helps us to narrow down, this is complex one deficiency which was proven genetically. Here we have an other patient with extensive periventricular signal abnormalities, similar appearance with restricted diffusion and we are seeing a lactate pig. This is an other patient with mitochondrial disorder. Coming to the third patient we are seeing basal ganglia signal abnormality enlarged to sylvian fissures with incomplete apricula hystia of the sylvian fissures and this is eutoric aciduria type one. We also see dentate signal abnormalities. Here we have another patient with difficulty in walking white matter delayed development generalized hypotonia. So we are seeing white matter signal abnormalities, malformation of cortical development, polymicrogyria and we are also seeing some periventricular cysts and this was Zellweger's disease. Here we have another patient with white matter signal abnormality two-year-old with difficulty in walking delayed motor milestones and we also see cobblestone lisencephaliae white matter abnormality. The ventricles are enlarged. This can mimic Zellweger's but this turned out we see that brainstem abnormality and pontine hypoplasia and this turned out to be congenital muscular dystrophy mericin positive type. And another patient with extensive white matter abnormality with normal appearance of the brain stem and the posterior posa structures and this was the mericin negative congenital muscular dystrophy. Here we have a child with only brain stem signal abnormality and gliosis and neuro regression and this is the latest stage of mitochondrial disorder. This is a in this patient the genetic testing showed mitochondrial translation release factor mutation, MTFR mutation. I'll share another case a six-month six-year-old child born of congenital parentage when which EMG was done which showed polyneuropathy extensive white matter signal abnormality was done spectroscopy was also done which shows reduction in NA and increase in the choline peak and seroleno biopsy was done which showed enlarged neurons so this was confirmed to be giant axonal neuropathy based on the seroleno biopsy. So this is how the peripheral nervous system involvement helps us to come to a diagnosis. Now I'll share another patient a two-year-old male with neuro regression and spasticity extensive white matter volume loss with supratentrial white matter volume loss with expected dilatation of the lateral ventricles and extensive periventricular signal abnormality. At this in this condition it's very it's really very difficult to come to a diagnosis and this was proven to be NCL6, neuronal seroid lekofuccinosis. Here we have a one-year-old girl with again consanguinity with silvery hair we can see abnormal hair, delayed development neuro regression and delayed decreased vision and we see the periventricular signal abnormality and this was grizzly syndrome type one. Another patient with abnormal hair and delayed development with periventricular signal abnormality was phenyl ketonegia. They performed these urine test TMS studies which confirmed the phenyl ketonegia. Here we have another child with delayed development scan looks almost normal patient but we have other clues skin lesions and deafness when we see skin lesions and we are seeing white matter signal abnormalities and patient is having spasticity diplasia this is biotinitis deficiency which was proven genetically. Apart from T1 and T2 weighted images we also evaluate diffusion weighted images in which diffusion weighted signal changes may represent cytotoxic edema or sometimes which may be irreversible but not necessarily. It can also be myelin vaculation in which the diffusion weighted changes may sometimes reverse. Here we have a patient with classic maple syrup urine disease and another patient with similar distribution in the brainstem in the myelinated white matter which was proven to have beta ketothiolase deficiency. Spectroscopy also plays an important role in most conditions it is non there is a nonspecific increase in the choline to creatinine ratio and reduction in NA but in some metabolic disorders there are specific characteristics like canavans or congenital creatinine deficiency or non ketothi hyperglycinemia or MSUT. Here we have a patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy in which there is just nonspecific reduction in NA and increase in the choline to creatinine ratio. In late syndrome we are seeing this characteristic lactate peak. Here we have a patient with extensive supratentorial and infratentorial signal abnormality diffuse and also involving the globus pallidus and thalamus and we are seeing a very large NA peak prominent NA peak and this was confirmed to be canavans disease. Okay apart from spectroscopy diffusion also look at other changes like we saw one patient with biotinidase deficiency with skin changes. Here we have another patient with skin changes with ichthyosis also spasticity and developmental delay. We see extensive periventricular signal abnormalities and on spectroscopy we see large lipid peaks on short as well as intermediate T spectroscopy and skin changes along with lipid peaks on the spectroscopy help us to diagnose Jogren Larson syndrome. Then we have a 17 month old child with neuro regression with periventricular signal abnormalities and diffuse signal loss and diffuse volume loss in the cerebral white matter. Otherwise on T1 and T2 weighted images finding are nonspecific. However we see Icardi Gutierre syndrome we see that Icardi Gutierre syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of the presence of calcification or subtle calcifications were also seen on the SWI images which were actually missed initially and were picked up more easily on the CT. Here we have another patient with volume loss here and MRI was performed at 17 months and follow-up MRI after 4 months at 21 months shows progressive volume loss and this was another patient with Icardi Gutierre syndrome. These are these follow under the bracket of interferinopathies in which there is refractory calcification white matter abnormalities in the very young with white matter volume loss and CSF pleocytosis. So just to sum up first we have to approach these patients with white matter disorders we evaluate hypomyelination we see whether the involvement is diffuse versus multifocal the distribution of signal changes whether it is frontal predominance periventricular paritoxibital subcortical diffuse or whether the posterior foci is involved brainstem is involved and other findings like cis calcification spinal cord involvement and this helps us this pattern recognition approach will help us with an organized approach to formulate a narrow differential diagnosis. Thank you very much. Thank you so much ma'am. Just a couple of questions. Is MRI useful before complete the myelination before the age of 2 years in the case of delayed milestones? Yes we should do MRI just to make sure that first we are not missing any structural abnormality second we are not missing any other gross metabolic disorder for example zelvegas or any other peroxisomal disorder the other indication to do an MRI often if she patients with just delayed milestones we do MRI to rule out congenital creatinine deficiency the scan may be normal absolutely normal but the if we do spectroscopy we will not see the creatinine peak we will only see the two large peaks colline and nAA rather than three large peaks hence MRI should be done for in patients with delayed milestones. And the next one is how to differentiate between cytotoxic edema in an encephalitis and infarction on a vision. Infarction will always have specific vascular distribution that is how we can distinguish the white med the cytotoxic edema because of infection versus infection infection will never be in a vascular territory while infarction will always be in a vascular territory. Thank you ma'am. If I can ask you to hang around for a few minutes in case more questions come up in the chat room. I will do that. Thank you. Thank you ma'am. Thank you. Bye. Have a nice day.


Ladies and gents this is part two of the video you may have seen before called how to induce a lucid dream in nine seconds Now I made this video about a year ago, and it got a pretty big response I got a few almost two million views right and there were a lot of questions and comments in this video Which I'd like to explain an answer now. Okay, so I know this has been a bit of a late response But this is my response to all of the comments and questions first of all, thank you very much for the support the comments the likes and All the great feedback you guys have given me for that video. It's really appreciated So firstly, I'm just gonna quickly go over the technique and how it works because I don't think I was that clear before I was fairly Inexperienced with making videos, and I just didn't explain it as well as I'd like to have done So the technique is the finger-induced lucid dream technique the filed And I'm really quickly run over how it works So you do your reality checks throughout the day testing whether you're awake You write your dreams down every morning, but then on top of that you're gonna do this technique called the finger-induced lucid dream Where you just almost move your fingers, but you don't quite move them you you Get to the stage where you're just about to move them and you think about moving them But your muscles don't actually move and the idea is that you do this you do that in The early morning after you've had six hours of deep sleep already.  Hopefully it's a relaxing sound So it doesn't like panic you into being awake you turn it off and then you lay there with your eyes closed motionless You don't move any muscles then you do the finger-induced lucid dream technique You just gently Pretend almost like you're pretending to move your fingers And the only reason you're doing this is so that your mind is focused on the movement or on your intention to move your fingers But your body then in enters sleep paralysis really quickly All right, that's the idea So it's just to distract you while your body enters sleep paralysis because a lot of people have difficulty because they They get panicked or they think about the sleep paralysis too much. They try and Experience it they try and feel everything that happens during sleep paralysis when really you just need to relax and let it happen Because otherwise you'll never enter a lucid dream You'll just be panicked and trying to focus on the sleep paralysis Which is just a stepping stone to having the lucid dream in the first place So you need to ignore it you need to just let it happen the fastest and easiest way of doing that It's just to focus on something else in this case moving your fingers or the intention, right? The intentional thought of moving your fingers. You're not actually moving them It's just you just need something to distract you while you enter sleep paralysis And that's all the technique is guys. That's how it works. It does work really fast And it does when you do it it does work in about nine seconds, right? But there was a lot of confusion because you guys a lot of you said well the video was six minutes long Why is there a six minute video to explain a nine second technique? Well because the technique when you do it takes nine seconds to induce a lucid dream But in order for me to explain the technique it's going to take me longer You know, I can't explain a full-on technique and what you need to do step by step in nine seconds That'll be crazy. I'll be talking so fast that you wouldn't understand me. So hopefully that answers that Now just some little tips and bonuses I'd like to add to this technique. It's a great technique in itself And it does work very well. However, there are some problems with it Number one you need to meditate every day if you don't meditate lucid dreaming in general is going to be much harder to do Right, it's all about being self-aware and aware of yourself. If you don't meditate then it's like you're trying to Excuse me it's just making it difficult for yourself, right? You need to meditate in the same way that you'd need to drink water if you run a marathon It just you can do it without but it just is much harder and it's the same with this meditation makes lucid dreaming much easier to do And it's the same with getting enough sleep getting enough quality sleep and Just being in tune with your circadian rhythm waking up when the sun rises going to bed when the sun goes down Obviously, you can't go down You can't go to bed like the second the sun goes down because we've got stuff to do right Civilisation has evolved to the point where we need to keep ourselves awake in the evenings with lights TVs screens we have work to do things to watch, right? But then at least an hour before you go to bed try and turn off all screens So that the blue light doesn't enter your eyes and you can sleep better. You'll be able to sleep faster You'll be asleep. You'll be asleep Much quicker and in a deeper state than if you just watch TV right until the second your eyes close and you go to bed Right, so do that meditate every day turn off screens an hour before bed be in tune with your circadian rhythm Get exercise during the day. These are basic things guys, right? But we're just often so busy so wrapped up in life that we don't think about the essentials Drink enough water get enough sleep eat the right foods exercise These things seem so basic when I explain them to you, right? But most of us myself included in the past you forget life gets in the way So try and focus on that If you're worried about lucid dreaming and if you are struggling to lucid dream and that's it guys This is almost a six minute video as well But I just wanted to answer a few questions Explain things and this is like I guess you could say this is part two for how to induce a lucid dream in nine seconds inducing a lucid dream in nine seconds part two Lesson two, okay, so go ahead and leave a like subscribe if you're new and I'll see you in the next video


There's been a lot of discussion at the moment about the role of the group. So I want to spend this next couple of minutes just talking about the role of the group in CFA because it's been very topical and there's been a much said about it. But I think with the role of groups it is actually quite simple. We have to go back to where the origins of the group started. Now whether it was Westmere Group, whether it was West and Port Group, probably something starting with a W and someone will tell me where they originated from. The reality is as I understand it, the principles by which groups started were where a couple of brigades got together and said hey we can do things much better when we work together. Now particularly in the first instance on the fire ground. And I reckon our forefathers got it right and those principles around brigades determining the role of the group still hold strong today. So where do we go with that? I don't think the role of the group should be dictated or mandated by the chief officer or us here at headquarters. I think the role of the group should be determined by the brigades themselves. So if the brigades determine, as they did with our forefathers, there's a better way to deliver our services to the community, then let's use the groups for that. So essentially what I'm saying is a brigade should determine their own destination. So if we follow that through, if brigades think look we're really struggling to deliver community safety, the groups might then come together. The group of brigades could come together and determine let's do community safety. Hey we need some help doing some fuel reduction burning, some fundraising, some let's run a celebratory day where we all recognize the achievement of members in our respective brigades. Or indeed operationally, hey we need the group to help support operations. We need the group to help run the operations. The principle is what do the brigades need or want that will best support them to provide their services. I think it's that simple in regard to the role of the group but I would be interested in your feedback. I don't at any stage intend to mandate or dictate the role of the group. I think the model that we have at the moment which is brigades not groups, so groups I don't see determining the role of groups. I think the brigades that are in the group determine what do they want the groups to do is the way we should be going about the role of the groups. I've been interested in your thoughts, the role of the groups. I don't think it's that hard. Thanks.


Hello everybody, Lance here. Today I wanna talk about just like a way to think about coaching in general.  My ankle is really stiff. I'm not gonna, I try to avoid just saying, okay, here do this because it's easy to play whack-a-mole. You fix that and then every time something else comes up, they come back to you and they ask you to fix that. And it has this, there's like this context of I'm not happy with how my body feels so I need to change something about it. And I don't wanna encourage that, right? That's maybe more of a pain science talk kind of thing, but instead I'm gonna play a longer game and I'm gonna wait for the workout. So if I, if they say that to me, my calves are tight, I'm gonna, and I know that we're doing pushups later, I'm gonna cue them differently, right? So usually I'm not talking about the ankles at all during the pushup, but I can if I need to.  So the cue that I'll give is I want you to let your heels sag towards the ground. So we increase door deflection. I'm contemplating throwing my foot up in the air. Let's do it. Let's see if I can make it give you a little balance. Okay, so we're here, you're doing your pushup and maybe it looks like this and your toe is extended. And then I just say, hey, I want you to let your heels sag towards the ground. And then that does something like this. And maybe I even let them go a little bit further like this. And then they feel a little stretch in those calves. So when I'm doing that, I'm cueing one, I'm cueing the calf to release, but two, I'm allowing the abs to turn on even more. And so I'm gonna then follow up with, hey, do you feel your abs anymore? And they'll hopefully say, yeah, yeah, I do. Do you feel your calves kind of shutting down a little bit? And they're like, or, you know, I probably won't say that during the exercise, but I'll say it afterwards. Like take a walk around, how's your calf feeling? And hopefully it's better. It might not be and that's okay, but hopefully it's better. And that's just, you know, that's just kind of an example of my philosophy on training.  I'm probably not gonna change a whole lot unless it's like, it's just really stubborn. Maybe you do a split squat and it looks pretty good. And you're like, yeah, my knee hurts. Like, all right, I'll give up on the split squat then we can do something else. But for the most part, I'm not changing exercises. I'm just changing the way that they're done.


Honourable Minister of Commerce and Industry, Mr. Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, Mr. Shyam Bhartya, Mr. Hari Bhartya, Ms. Shureen Ban, Excellencies and our dear friends from India. A warm welcome and thank you for joining us tonight. We are here to put a spotlight on social innovation in India and to celebrate three examples of leading social enterprises in the country, our finalist from this year's Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award. For us at the World Economic Forum and the Schwab Foundation, social entrepreneurs are a special community. They are pioneers tackling some of the great societal challenges of our age. They inspire us through their vision, innovations and business models to serve communities that are often marginalized or disadvantaged in our society. The theme of the India Economic Summit this year is creating Indian narratives on global challenges. In that spirit, I am proud to say that social entrepreneurs in India have been leading the way in the field, not just in India but on the global stage and the Schwab Foundation has been honoured to elevate their stories through our platform. Beyond their direct impact, social entrepreneurs also represent a powerful idea, an idea that is relevant today more than ever before. That business approaches can not only create economic value but also make a significant contribution to building a fair and equitable society. India's corporate champions, many of whom are here in this room, can be powerful allies in helping the social entrepreneurs scale these innovations, broaden their reach and deepen their impact. In addition, the support of government at the national and state levels is essential in fostering social innovation and scaling it. We are especially delighted to have the presence of the Honourable Minister and many other dedicated government leaders with us tonight. The three finalists that you will meet today are tackling issues of utmost importance in the education ecosystem in India today. Madhu Pandit Dasa of the Akshaya Patra Foundation is doing incredible work to make sure that every child who goes to school is not studying on an empty stomach. Safina Husain of Educate Girls is helping to boost school enrollment of girls in underprivileged areas by engaging members of their local communities. And Urvashi Sani from Study Hall Educational Foundation is pioneering new methods of feminist pedagogy in schools to boost the confidence and leadership skills of girls. Through innovations in process, technology and social science, these finalists are having meaningful and sustainable impact at significant scale and changing the lives of countless Indians. Entrepreneurs like them are the reason why the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship is very proud to partner with the Chubiland Bhartya Foundation in presenting the Social Entrepreneur of the Year India Award every year. Let me now invite Mr. Sian Bhartya, Chairman of the Chubiland Bhartya Group to share more about the importance of this gathering and our three finalists. Thank you. Honorable Subesh Prabhakar Prabhuji, Minister for Commerce and Industry, Hilde, Shireen, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen. Good evening and welcome to the Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award for 2017. On my behalf and the behalf of the Chubiland Bhartya Group, I would like to thank you all for being with us today. It gives me a immense pleasure to specially welcome our Chief Guest, Suresh Prabhu, Minister for Commerce and Industry. An exemplary person with several feathers in his cap, Sree Prabhu, has won the hearts with his innovative and forward mindset. He changed the perception of the people about Indian railways from reactive to proactive functioning agency. As a railway minister, he initiated major reforms, bringing improvement in governance system, financial situation, customer satisfaction, cleanliness, information technology, and energy efficiency, and use of renewables. Mr. Prabhu's innovative model on development, the Parivartan Kendras, or Transformation Centre for Villagers of his constituency, aims at providing economic opportunities and sustainable livelihood to each and every villager at his place of residence and also work on development aspects of health and environment. He is associated with many social and charitable organizations. As a Minister for Commerce and Industry, Mr. Prabhu has hit the ground running. Just one month into his new role, he has already taken a number of initiatives and has travelled all over the world promoting India and make in India. We are delighted to have Mr. Suresh Prabhu today at this Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award Ceremony. Thank you, Honorable Minister, for being with us today. A very special welcome to Klaus and Hilde, who are deeply involved in the global recognition of the social entrepreneurs in their vision to engage with different communities, especially social entrepreneurs via a vibrant global platform for them to meet, share, and learn from each other. Thank you, Hilde. It has been a great pleasure and honour to work with you over the last eight years in recognising social entrepreneurs in India. Jubilant Bhartia Foundation, established by Jubilant Bhartia Group, is a not-for-profit organisation. Conceptualise and implement corporate social responsibility for the group and others in the area of primary schooling and rural areas, provision for basic health care, vocational training, promoting social enterprises in India. We have also taken new initiatives towards innovation in social development projects and new projects to promote digital India. In last eight years, we have received over 1,300 applications and witnessed that boundaries of the application are expanding in terms of sectors like healthcare, environment, water, and sanitation. The SWAP Foundation has a stringent selection process and provides vast exposure to social entrepreneurs through their participation in various global events, and especially at its annual general meeting in Davos, China, and various regional meetings. For this year's award, the overwhelming response, there was a overwhelming response and the qualities of the applications were very competitive. Out of the hundred applications, 14 entrepreneurs were shortlisted, followed by five for diligence lists and narrowing down to three finalists. I would like to extend my warm welcome to all the three finalists. Madhu Pandit Dasa, the Akshay Patra Foundation, Bangalore, Safina Hussain, Educate Girls, Mumbai, Urvashi Sahani, Study Hall, Education Foundation Lucknow. We look forward in collaborating and supporting all of you with linkages and network to increase our impact and scale. I now invite Sreen to tell the stories of the three finalists. Honourable Commerce Minister, Mrs. Suresh Prabhu, Mrs. Schwab, Shyam and Hari Bhartia. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you again for joining us here on a very special occasion. It is a very proud moment for us here at CNBC TV18 because today actually marks the 11th anniversary of our association with the SWAP Foundation as well as the World Economic Forum to bring to you the India Social Entrepreneur of the Year Awards. This is also our eighth year of partnering with the Jubilant Bhartia Foundation, so thank you very much for continuing this association. I still remember very vividly, I think it was 2006 that I watched Vikram Akula being honoured with the Social Entrepreneur Award for making India sit up and take notice of the microfinance model. Vikram has since moved on, SKS has changed as well, but the idea that social enterprises can be scalable, sustainable and, I dare say, profitable has gained currency. The women and men that we've honoured over the years have taught us that entrepreneurship is not just a race to a number, but a race to a result with the objective of creating a fair, equitable and inclusive society. Today, as a nation, we should be very proud of the fact that we are one of the fastest growing economies in the world, but we should not be lulled into a sense of complacency, because there is so much that needs our attention and our intervention. Inequality remains persistent, our public health care system is broken, participation of women in the workforce is declining and our infrastructure deficit continues to widen. These challenges are also opportunities and a lot of the entrepreneurs here in this room and over the past several years have ensured that they haven't remained a prisoner of their circumstances and have in fact delivered on each of these challenges. So without further ado, ladies and gentlemen, let me introduce you to our finalists here this evening, our first finalist today. If you've ever wondered what could be the possible drivers to push underprivileged children towards education, then some of the obvious responses could be basic awareness, exposure to opportunities and the desire for a better future. But what if we told you that one of the key drivers in this mission could in fact be a midday meal? That's right, and several surveys and research also suggests that midday meals help bring underprivileged children to school, particularly girls. Reports also indicate that midday meals can lead to not just an increase in retention, learning ability and greater social equity. That is the power of one meal and amongst us is a not-for-profit that identified this driver way back in the year 2000. Let's take a look at how Akshay Patra Foundation is slowly educating the country and conquering hunger one meal at a time. There are different kinds of inequities, which is a fact of life. But the inequity of opportunities for some children to get educated, hunger-free while other children sit in the classrooms, hungry. This is totally unacceptable to Akshay Patra. Born in Trivandrum in 1956, Madhu Pandit Dasa was inspired by the teachings of Srila Prabhupada, the founder Acharya of Iskon that established a kitchen to provide food to the hungry. But Dasa's entrepreneurial journey began when the then-CFO of Infosys, Mohandas Pai, walked into his office and appreciated the temple's efforts. He then inquired if it was possible to use the existing infrastructure of Iskon kitchen and prepare food for children of a nearby government school. That seeded the idea of the Akshay Patra Foundation, which started by feeding 1500 children from five schools in Bengaluru. Today the foundation has expanded its reach to over 16 lakh children across 12 states in India. Working in a public-private partnership, the cost of each meal is provided by the government while the deficit amount is raised from corporate organizations and individual donors. The working model is simple. The foundation works out of 31 centralized kitchens and two decentralized kitchens which supply meals to schools in the neighborhood. So the very first kitchen that we designed, we used steam cooking to see that the food is not touched by any human beings. So this was actually solved by steam cooking and also to maintain the quality of taste. We have a standard operating procedure for every menu that we have designed in such a way that there's no need for a cook in the entire Akshay Patra process. People are taught skills how to mix the ingredients in the right quantity at the right temperature at the right stage of the cooking. So we have a standard taste coming out of this food. Today these kitchens have become an employment and training hub for women from rural India. By taking them on board the foundation encourages them to improve their lifestyle and teaches them to feed their selfish team while feeding others. But it isn't just human power that makes things work. Like all other industries technology clearly has a major role to play at Akshay Patra and it's not restricted to meal preparation. To ensure efficient logistics all of Akshay Patra's vehicles house a GPS technology and the meal machines are tracked by the team during deliveries. The foundation claims that the rate of failure of delivering meals on time is as low as 0.2 percent. But while Madhu Pandit Dasa was busy staffing and equipping tech in operations the kids brought him back to basics. When we went from South India to North India in South India we our menu was rice based and we simply repeated it in the north but after a week the children refused to eat it. So that's when we learned that we have to cater to the local pellet. In spite of being hungry they didn't want to take it. That's when Akshay Patra took up the challenge of designing a chapati making machine. In those days the machine that we found was of 2,000 chapatis per hour which was nothing and we were feeding 50,000 children in in in Vrindavan which means even two chapatis means we need a lack of chapatis a day. So that's when we we got into R&D and we developed a machine today we have machines that make 40,000 chapatis per hour. Innovation was not restricted by local kitchens. To increase access and play a role in disaster relief the foundation has launched kitchen on wheels. This has been specifically designed to provide assistance in times of disaster and natural calamities. As part of this social commitment Akshay Patra contributed to the relief plans during the Nepal earthquake and the floods in Chennai. Apart from increasing the number of beneficiaries in different states and more and more partnership with you know states which have not yet partnered we would like to train other NGOs so that they can also come up to help the project. I mean the project is taken up by the government of India and the state government since the year 2002 to feed 110 million children in the government schools. It's a humongous task so I mean Akshay Patra can be a model. The road ahead involves setting up new kitchens in states where they're currently operating and also extending services to new states. Akshay Patra's big mission is to reach and feed 5 million children every single day by 2020. Change agents social entrepreneur of the year 2017 powered by young Turks. Ladies and gentlemen a big round of applause for the Akshay Patra Foundation may I request our guests to do the honours and may I request Mr Madhu Pandit Dasa to please come up on stage sir. Keep the applause going ladies and gentlemen it deserves it deserves every bit of that. Thank you very much Mr Dasa and congratulations to the Akshay Patra Foundation. Our next social entrepreneur this evening ladies and gentlemen is also on a mission a mission to get India's girls into classrooms. Safina Hussain has sent over two lag girls across different parts of rural India back to school. Her NGO Educate Girls tries to address the issue of gender inequality in India's educational system. Educate Girls believes in a model of community ownership which has helped improve enrollment and attendance of girls in classrooms. Let's take a look at the Educate Girls story. You know I was in a village recently and I met a girl her name was Nara Znaath and she's named Nara Znaath because everybody was so angry when a girl was born. I met another girl her name is Antim Bala because everybody hoped that that would be the last girl who would be born. One of our team Balaika volunteers who really struggled against all the odds and is now teaching her name is Archie the one who has already arrived. Not wanted but has arrived. This is what I hope we will be rid of in 10 years or at least in my lifetime. And Safina Hussain's weapon in this battle is education specifically education of our girls. Post her studies from the London School of Economics and Political Sciences Safina Hussain worked extensively with rural and urban underserved communities in South America, Africa and Asia. It was after 10 years of grassroots community work that Safina returned to India and in 2007 started Educate Girls. Leveraging existing community and government resources for girls' education Educate Girls today covers 21,000 schools across 15 districts of Rajasthan and Madhupadesh and works with 2 million children. Not just enrollment and retention the venture is also focused on improving the learning cycle of every child in educationally backward districts and has positively impacted the learning outcomes of 6.5 lakh children today. But the start wasn't easy. We would get a lot of backlash if we asked the women to speak in the meetings the men would walk away saying in ki himmat kaisi we humare saamne baat karne ki. When we would go door-to-door for our survey we usually do the survey just before the school year starts so it's in the peak of summer.  So there was a lot of push-back and very difficult from a community level but it got easier over time as we got better we kind of realized what are the strategies to use and what not to do. And one of the strategies that worked for Educate Girls was to facilitate community ownership through Team Baalika. Educate Girls has over 10,000 Team Baalika community volunteers who work as champions for girls education. Team Baalika not only helps identify out of school girls in their villages but also helps bring these girls back to school. The NGO trains its Team Baalika volunteers to implement creative learning curriculum using its teaching kits or gyan ka petara. Having enrolled 2 lakh school girls to date generating revenue still is a challenge. Our model is very grand-based you know there's there are very limited sources of revenue when parents are not willing to send a girl to a free government school there's not much you know they're not going to spend anything on her. In any case in most areas you know your goat is an asset and your girl is a liability so that's the framework that we're working in. So it's very hard to make an income generating model out of girls education. So everything is grand-based donation based however we have piloted an innovative financial tool which is a development impact bond a payment for results mechanism which can actually create more sustainability in terms of resources. A first of its kind development impact bond in education across the world Safina tells us that this innovative tool not only has the potential to bring in new revenues but also ties money to pure impact. Working only in rural remote and tribal areas educate girls has shown tremendous growth. The organization has scaled from 15 to a team of 1400 full-time employees from 50 schools to over 21,000 schools and today impacts 4.9 million individuals. Safina also claims that the educate girls result-based model is not only scalable and replicable but it's also low-cost and highly evidence-based. Our hope is you know that in in five years we're working with five million children annually so that is our own internal ambition is to grow and scale to that level but my bigger ambition is that you know we get to an India where sons and daughters are equal so there doesn't need to be an educate girls where a girl is valued as much as a boy. Safina's focus for 2018 will also be to scale to more districts and to reach over 2.5 million children. Moreover it is also now in the third year of the three-year development impact bond pilot project and is on course to achieve the deliverables promised. The organization's focus to bring systemic reforms is what will perhaps help bring India's three million out-of-school girls back to school. Change Apes, Social Entrepreneur of the Year 2017 powered by Young Turks. Ladies and gentlemen a big round of applause to Safina Hussain and educate girls. Can we have you up on stage please? Congratulations and more power to you Safina. And we're down to our final finalist this evening Urvashi Shani the founder of Study Hall Educational Foundation. Urvashi and her team have been working towards providing quality education to girls at risk, disadvantaged children and the differently abled for the past 31 years. Under SHEF Urvashi has established three K to 12 schools that directly provide education to over 4,000 students. With an eye on scaling up SHEF has partnered with 993 government schools in states of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. In the last three decade Study Hall's programs have impacted the lives of more than 500,000 girls. Here's a look at Urvashi Shani's story. The reason for starting is really was a discontent with education and actually my own education. I felt that I'd been gone to a very good schools and Mary's and Pune which was considered one of the best in the country at the time and I did very well and I was married off very soon after I was just 18 when I was married. I'm pondering on that I really looked at my education and felt that it didn't deal with any existential questions and it didn't really teach me how to live and to face some of the challenges I had. I started in a women's organization called Suraksha which is still alive and kicking. This was in 1983 and what led to the forming of that was my own cousin who had gone to a school like mine. She had she burnt herself. She was in Delhi married to a chartered accountant and the shock of that that an educated girl from a background like mine could do that or have it done to her we don't know exactly which one. How did her education serve her? She had a bachelor's degree. Very soon into it I understood that you know a standard academic education was not going to empower girls. It hadn't empowered me. I couldn't stop my very early marriage. It didn't empower my cousin. She couldn't face the circumstances the gendered circumstances that she had to and it doesn't empower many many many countless other educated women. So definitely the pedagogy had to be different and what we had the whole approach had to be different. This is how Urvashi Shani's quest to build study hall began. A school system aimed to answer the existential questions that children face. What started in her garage in Lucknow in 1994 with a handful of students is today an amalgamation of schools, digital learning centres, teacher education programs and partnership with state governments of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan that has impacted the lives of lakhs of youths. And through this journey the pillar of the study hall education foundation has been its unique pedagogy based on critical dialogues. I prayed now which is our school for girls very early almost a year or two into the school. There was high absenteeism, there were dropouts and we were struggling.  And I sat down and started to talk to them not about education but about their lives. And what I found that in these dialogues which we call critical dialogues the girls were not only telling their stories but in the telling of their stories they were finding a new understanding of themselves, a new almost construction of themselves and in that collectively as we were listening to each other's stories we were building a new sense of who we were as equal people. So it was in these informal dialogues so to speak though they were during school hours that I realised that this was a very very important way, direction in which our education of girls should, that education of girls should go. And then we formalised it and put it as part of the official curriculum. Once a week for one hour at least and normally trying to do much more than that. During the school day we would engage in these critical dialogues. In terms of measuring impact across all the cohorts that have graduated till now 97 percent of the girls have transitioned to higher education and 52 percent of the graduates are today employed. Interestingly three years ago the group founded the Prerna Boys School with 150 boys from very low income backgrounds with the goal of helping them develop a feminist consciousness as well. And it was to the same end that Study Hall established the Vidyasthali School, an affordable coeducational school in Malihabad village 32 kilometres away from Lucknow in 2005. The school presently educates over 500 children from 55 villages and the mission here is to encourage children to critically examine the prevalence of caste and gender based discrimination as well as focus on rural development. So while the Pedagogy at all Study Hall institutions involve students playing an active role in their own education, the role of the teacher as a pillar of support within the classroom and outside cannot be dismissed. In fact back in 2005, at a time when video technology and the internet weren't ubiquitous, Urvashi Shani started the Digital Study Hall program to improve the quality of classroom teaching. We put in place a very simple idea that we were videoing good classes and then we distributed these by putting into place a mediation pedagogy which means that at the user end the teacher is not just supposed to show the video to the children but she serves like a co-teacher, she pauses and she emulates what she sees in the video. We only have 2000 videos and more and we are serving a very large number of schools. We have put it online which is free of cost and we have over two lakhs of visitors to our site who are using the videos and very recently we've been invited by the National Teacher Platform, Dixia which you must have heard just got launched recently and all our videos will be taken up by them to be used by teachers everywhere in the country. Study Hall also manages 16 nurturing education centres in very low-income neighborhoods in and around Lucknow to help children who are currently out of school transition into formal schooling. Study Hall was also one of the first schools in Lucknow to have an integrated program called Dosti for children with special needs. Today it imparts education to more than 100 physically and mentally challenged children across the age groups of 6 to 21. We scale in terms of going school by school by school and we engage with over a thousand schools now which includes means over 100,000 students really and we want to do it online using technology and that is of course the numbers multiply enormously by that. We want to do it by approaching teacher training. We have set up our own college that's our latest venture and we want to have a very strong teacher training college there and we want to insult other teacher training practices and most importantly we want to work with governments so that we can influence the government school system because I believe that it is actually the government's mandate to educate its millions children. The private sector should it should only be supplementary. Ladies and gentlemen put your hands together for Urbashi Shani Study Hall Educational Foundation and with that we bring the storytelling to a close but if you do want to know more about their stories then do tune in to CNBC TV 18 tonight at 10 30 p.m. We have their stories being told for you again. Hildesh Wobb with the winner. Very amazing social entrepreneurs who made the job of the jury really really difficult and at this moment I would like to acknowledge the work of the members of the jury and thank them for their engagement. So the winner of the Social Entrepreneur of the Year India 2017 is Ms Urbashi Shani. So congratulations please please stay please would you share a few words with us. I'm still reeling but thank you very much to the Schwab Jubilan Bhartiya Foundation for this amazing opportunity but first of all let me tell you that I feel really very undeserving compared to the my other co-finalists and I would like to congratulate them and I wish they would be here right for with me. To be on the same panel as Akshay Patra and Educate Girls was honor enough. To be here I feel very humbled and thank you very much. I would also like to point my team is here all the way from Lucknow, from Didis, from Predna and my daughter. I want to the award really thank you so much for it.  Are you asked me to say a few words and I probably run out of many of them already but I do want to say this from chef from my Predna girls that you know gender discrimination is lethal. It has lethal consequences. India has now become and I say this with great shame the rape capital of the world. We in India girls are not safe in the womb. We have over 500,000 female infanticide per year. They're not safe on the streets. They're not safe at home and they're unwanted unsafe unequal and for how long will we let this continue? We keep saying every time there is a tragedy we talk about changing mindsets and yet we don't recognize the most important force of changing mindsets is education and we keep talking about quality education without realizing that we need to look at quality education better to define it again. If it is important to learn math, science, read and write, why is it not equally important to learn to think of yourself as an equal person? To reflect critically as an intellectual mode on things like caste, on gender, on communalism that we need to deepen and widen the definition of quality and which we do in our schools and I hope with the government we can work very closely with the government to do that with all your help. I just want to tell you the story of one of our students Lakshmi and to talk about when we talk about how education can change lives. This child is 13. She was 13 when her mother died. She was working in seven homes. She had five brothers and sisters and her father was an alcoholic so there was no support at all. She found our school and came because it was in the afternoon and she could spend the 10 to win because she could work in the morning and support her family and brought her children with us. If we had not worked at helping her think of herself as an equal person, she might not still be there today and today she is doing her MBA. She's earning 27,000 rupees. All the sisters are in school, one of them finishing college. Repeat one more anecdote that I was training male principals in Rajasthan. 71 schools, 71 principals, all men. Go ahead schools and so I asked him in the you know it's much harder to work with people who have privilege and have them give up their privilege. So I was one of them came with me, which is the most heartening thing at lunchtime and he said you know ma'am, I understood today that I used to understand that this is about gender. They make such a big deal out of it. Now I understand it is like cancer. I can't tell you how I rejoice and I want to bring his voice here again that really you know we if education is a very strong very powerful transformative force but if we wanted to do its job then we must transform education. We must transform pedagogies, we must transform curricula and we must give it the power that it should have. We have narrowed it down to reading, writing, maths, exams and careers and now we want to further narrow it down to skill development. Please let's not do that. Education should be broader, deeper, wider and it should help us learn to be democratic citizens. We will not achieve full democracy unless we do that. I think exhausted my quota of words but thank you very much once again and I must say that I want to once again congratulate Akshay Patra and educate girls and I think they deserve this as much as me perhaps more. Thank you. Thank you Urvashi. We love your passion and compassion. Let me now ask Minister Prabhu to address us please. Good evening friends. What a wonderful function. I'm sure all of you are enjoying the evening because you could just hear one of them but you could see the work of three of them, the work which has really tried to change the lives of so many people and there is one very interestingly though three different activities, three different individuals, three different institutions common thread is only one and that's education and one single thing how much it can change the lives of people so I really wish to congratulate each one of you for doing such a splendid work and in the process helping so many people to realize their own dreams I also wish to congratulate the organizers and particularly Hilde for thinking about instituting an award of this kind and of course thanking both Shyam and Hari for instituting an award to make it happen and of course I can't, I mentioned everybody and not to mention Shirin being in politics, giving in TV business not to mention them is inviting trouble so thank you for these doing this. It's very interesting that this is happening at a time of annual World Economic Forum functions when all the top leaders of industry business come here, debate, talk to each other, interact and the presumption is they try to find out how can they further their business more so that they can make more money which is presumed to bring in more happiness and of course I'm a strong proponent and also being an industry and commerce that's my job so people ask me what is your job as a commerce industry minister I said my business is to let people do their business and I'll be happy if they make not only business but they make business with profit so they are earning more money I can earn happiness so that's my job but at a time when people are meeting for that primary purpose to have an award like this which is to promote recognize and reward social entrepreneurs which is actually normally we'll believe that why social entrepreneur should be there to begin with if all the problems of the society can be solved by the business or by the government and I hope they do that then there is really no need for social entrepreneurs to come in but a normally step in when we recognize the gap that exists the vacuum that is created because of inability of both institutions the business and the government to take care of all the social needs even if you provide classrooms not necessarily education follows even if there are classrooms there are teachers there are everything available still there is something more we just you mentioned and that is the huge need for education itself to reinvent and to find out how it can meet the needs of the people and therefore social entrepreneurs are needed they don't make profit but they definitely earn the goodwill and they don't reward the shareholders but they definitely make societies happier and therefore the need for social entrepreneurship is far for greater at a time when we are creating new institutions are trying to make meet with several new challenges we really need such kind of individuals who have really motivated and I know entrepreneurs normally take risk and therefore they say reward is inevitable because risk and reward relationship is well known but probably in this they don't take risk but they plunge into a problem and try to offer themselves as a complete offering as we do it to the god and say that this is what I am giving it completely totally and that's why I should help I should get what I really need to do out of my effort education is as you mentioned something very interesting and very interesting part of these three awardees is that they are dealing with different aspect but it's the same commitment in fact sometimes we wonder why what is the difference because we are running midday meals program for a long time when my good friend Jyotirathesh Indra has been in the government before that and after that we are running it for a long time what has made a difference is the commitment that you come in and a commitment make the difference the same food is cooked everywhere why some food tastes better what is the reason very interestingly there was one jail all the inmates were doing very well so Jyotirathesh was a very happy man because they are behaving as if they are not in the jail but they are in some institution like religious institution where they are behaving so well and he used to always tell with pride that look at my inmates they are so disciplined they are doing everything that is even normal people outside the jail will not do and suddenly gets a rude shock he wakes up in the morning to find out there's a lot of commotion in the jail everybody's trying to hit each other there's a lot of violence so he starts finding out what must have gone wrong the same people same environment suddenly overnight what had changed so he starts looking into the situation he appoints does not appoint an inquiry committee but he looks into the situation and then discovers that everything is same he keeps asking people what has changed it's nothing then he comes to the final round goes to the place where the food is cooked and he discovers there's a cook has changed so he calls the cook he said what is that the same why should he change the ingredients are the same the same utensils you're using what is changed so he does little bit of spends time with him does a session with him and he discovers that his cook who has just come in has come from a very unhappy background he has been very angry within himself if he has he feels that society has been very unjust so every time he's cooking the food is thinking about dad in thinking i'm going to kill this man very soon and doing that so end of the day the meal that he cooks also get the same feeling and if you really look at it it is not just a story but why is the home cooked food is better than what you get in the best of the places of course that may be better but why do you get it like this and therefore the reason is obvious that a commitment with which the mother cooks food for the child the sister makes it for the brother or the wife makes it for the husband that makes the difference because she comes and with emotions and she makes the food so what is the difference between Akshay Patra and the other midday meal scheme the difference is you are doing with a devotion and you are thinking that Akshay Patra which Lord Krishna give it to somebody you are trying to do it and that makes the difference so why is the social entrepreneurs are doing a better job is because they come with this commitment which makes the difference otherwise the rest of the things are the same the same type of food same ingredients because i think there must be a protocol how you must make the food everything but you are made the chain the same with the education institution there are so many schools in the country but you decided to make the change and you decided that i'm going to do it because i want the child not just to be coming to the school but must leave the school as a much better person a whole personality to be developed and that's what makes the change so this is something that's why we really need to recognize social entrepreneurs who come with this commitment passion dedication sincerity which really brings the end product completely different than what a normal process will bring it out and therefore i really wish to congratulate you and i'm sure you will continue to do this good work but only commitment will take you some far but not beyond what is also important here is an extensive use of technology and that is something which is very interesting and that's what i think you organize this event alongside our world economic forum because those all the bhajajis and others and many of these industrialists who are present here will bring in technology which they use in the shop floor to make profit but it's the same technology can be used and leverage with the commitment that you have can transform societies and that is why bringing technology with commitment and passion is a sure recipe for a social change that we are all looking for so i think i'm really very very happy and i'm very excited about the fact that i know the juries must be having a very tough time because they've selected three and to choose one from three was the most audio stuff so i must congratulate them first for doing that but there will be so many such great individuals and institutions who are working around the country around the world here this is an india world i'm sure we'll be finding so many such great institutions and individuals around the world they are doing something which is really going to make a real change in the lives of people and that is what is really we are looking for because changing life is far more important than doing something else and therefore facilitating it enabling it to happen is something is a great achievement i'm really happy that i could be here and something a politician always feel that i must do something good but if you cannot do that the second best that you can do is to give award to good people so thank you very much and congratulations to you before i propose my vote of thanks my my congratulations to the winner urvashi ji obviously and of course our finalist madhu banditaji safina ji you know every time for the last eight years that when i come to this function it's a great reminder to us we call ourselves as business entrepreneurs but the amount of passion and an impact that i see from the kind of work that you guys do with so little resources is amazing it's always a great learning it's always a great reminder because we are in our own world of quarterly results and making profits but sometimes we need a very strong reminder that there is a large social impact that needs to be made if even our own business has to be sustainable so thank you for this this amazing work and and i see the challenge for the jury really to see choose the best winner they are amazing all all three of our finalists are such have done such amazing work such large impact in in their areas of course i must thank claus and hilde for partnering and creating this amazing platform for social entrepreneurs you take them to divorce expose them to the world give them different opportunities really indeed thankful we are honored by this partnership thank you hilde please do convey my regards to claus of course to our jury members for for their time and effort our partners hd media cnbc 18 shireen you've been with us like you said 18 11 years now eight years with us thank you for for being such a amazing partner i would like to thank manisha gupta of startup for doing all the work manisha please stand up thank you and and ravi kanaria of schwaap foundation ravi and from our jubilant bhartya team vivek prakash and uh runa pathak thank you and uh i i must not forget that our master of ceremonies ajay kanna who really uh provides leadership to this whole to this whole event and ladies and gentlemen i must thank suraj ji you know when i reached out to him i got a response in 12 hours that you will be with us thank you you're you're really a great friend and for taking out time and then being with us in this very important function so a round of applause for our winners and for suraj ji thank you


Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton has signed the legislature's operating budget into law. The governor's office announced the signing Monday night. The House and Senate approved a bill to restore the $130 million in funding last week. Dayton last year vetoed the same amount in legislative funding. The move triggered months of court cases and forced the legislature to go into the 2018 session using emergency funds. The Democratic governor wanted to rework costly tax breaks and other measures last year, but eventually, relented. In a statement Monday, Dayton says he's glad to put the matter behind so that lawmakers can turn attention to the issues important to Minnesotans. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.