much for stopping by. I appreciate you. Now let's get into the Q&A and I'll answer all your questions, the best of my abilities, and then we will go from there. So what do we have? Matt said, please, the news FTX was suppressing Bitcoin has to be bullish. We covered this yesterday. There's a link, that actually, I don't think there's a link for yesterday's video, but we took a look at what the former CEO, Caroline, I forgot talked about in the latest trial. And she said that yes, it was her and Sam Wakeman fried jobs. Job was to suppress the price of Bitcoin and keep it under $20K. We talked about it yesterday and I said, it's amazing to me because that last bull run just seemed so wonky, so weird. And I think it was because the people behind the scenes pulling a lot of strings. And you can see it was billion-dollar strings they were pulling. It wasn't just some random thing, but it was amazing to me that FTX made it so far. Or Panda, thank you. I appreciate it. Let's see. Yes, that's right. Caroline Allison, how could I forget?  I hope that works for you. Let's see. R.D., I just hope that question is a joke. Can you major change? I don't know what that is. Brody, if you had to guess, do we go to 28.5 or 24.5 in the short term? It all depends on escalation in the Middle East and what's going to happen. We talked about this three days ago about wars and how the market usually dips, but then it rallies significantly going all the way back to World War II. Usually what happens is we'll have a significant dip. So 24.5 could be on the table and then things rally in 28.5. Again, I can't control the events that are unfolding. The only thing I can control is my actions and reactions to them. So I just talk about the things that I possibly can. I know some people will say, well, how could you just talk about this? Why don't you talk about everything over there? I'm not a geopolitical expert. Again, I don't know exactly what's going on. So why would I talk about this? This is like the Sunday afternoon armchair quarterback. He talks about how Brady should have done this or somebody should have done that. All right, whatever. But yeah, to answer your question, if we see an outbreak, we'll probably have quite a big dip and then things will rally up again. That's it, especially with the Fed pausing rates. Meme says, I swed today a little something for the effort. Yeah, I'll give you one sweat coin. All you got to do is walk. Well, when I first talked about it was 1000 steps, you got one sweat coin. Now I think it's 4500 steps, you get one sweat coin. So that's my gift to everybody. All right, irrational. Hello. Yeah, look at that. First livestream in weeks. Congratulations, B-man. This wasn't as jam packed as the other ones. This one was kind of like just to kind of give people a little bit of a bump and elevation of mood and go from there. Wenla, I have no idea. Thank you. Remind Rob, much for your insights to have a like button. Yes, that'd be great. You know, it is amazing, though, this last one, this last thing that I showed just how accurate the funds rate is when we're looking at recessions. It just seems like we're just due, right? It's always the Fed's funds rate jumps up. Wow, look at that. 89. I didn't know it was that high, almost 10%.  And then the same thing. The Fed's funds rate runs up, they pause, and in this case, they pause, then pivoted, then they get a recession. And this one, the same thing, the Fed funds rate ramps up, they pause, then they pivot, and then recession. Same thing over here. Fed's funds rate goes up. There's a pause, they pivot, and then a recession. Same thing over here.  Phase two, they're pausing. Phase three, they pivot. Phase four, recession. It seems like the most easy, I'm not a big chartologist, but even my genius, geniusness that is severely limited can figure that one out. But who knows? Rusty Bot. Today's SB, of course, wild type prostitutes with OKX accounts trying to get back money that was seized by China. Yeah, yeah, that was pretty crazy. And that's happening in our market. In some days, in the bull market, you're pretty proud to be in crypto. You're like, see, this is good stuff.  I work at McDonald's. W says, DCA, don't be like me and regret not DCing all year, waiting until one month ago. If you dollar-cost average for the next 10 months, you will stay in good position as long as you pick. Well, that's the last sentence. The last two or three words is true. Or four words, you pick great ones. Make sure you do that. That's the most important. But it's true. I'm dollar-cost averaging right now. And my only winners for this year are Bitcoin and Solana. But on Sunday, if you want to see what I'm dollar-cost averaging and which ones are down and which ones are up, just come back on Sunday. We do that every Sunday and take a look at it. And we use, we steal from Ben's website and use the dollar-cost average tool, which is free. So if you want to sign up for that, you can get our free crypto seven, please recap if you can, three X by having, I think we just talked about this, didn't we? So actually it was like a four X. So it was the funds rate. Back in the previous cycle, 2017, here's the funds rate right here in red. It goes up. And then as soon as they paused, this was at the low point of Bitcoin. It was $3,200. And they paused all the way over here. Actually, right here, it's 13,000. So they're in the whole time for the pause when the market's like, cool, that's not raising rates. Let's get down on this. Let's make some money. It went up, actually, four X. So that's your recap. You're welcome. Trademate says, Rob, why is near showing so much weakness? Just give me one dollar. I've been dollar-cost averaging near for this entire year, actually last year too. And in my opinion, of course, we can go lower, but I'm not for sure. So that's why I dollar-cost average some every day, some every week. And why is it showing weakness? I have no idea. Pick any project out there. Why are they showing weakness? Do they all suck? Are they all Ponzi's? No, it's just because we're voting. And we're voting because we're speculating. It's the same thing with Amazon when it went in the toilet back in the early 2000s. Jeff Bezos came out and said, it's very strange that we're going down so far because we keep building. We keep expanding operations. We keep opening up warehouses. We keep decreasing the actual delivery time. We're doing the right things, but yet the market has decided that our stock sucks. It's the same thing with crypto. Some are actually building the bear and doing the right things, and some are not. And it just seems like it doesn't matter because once we get into, as we move forward into the next bull market, we'll see which one's actually the right things, which ones did not. So don't know what to tell you. There's more sellers than there are buyers. That's a pretty good one. Render. Ah, the AI play, sure. Mr. Sunday Funday.  The higher it goes, the more we get a bear. Yeah, once we get into the bull market, everybody in the stream will call me Dan because they won't know my first name, which is great. I'll respond to Dan. And then of course, that's when we know that all the rookies and the tourists are here, which is fine. It's a big tent. You're welcome to come. He was just, I think people are too optimistic. I think we're coming down closer to 20K. I thought we're going to go to 12K, quite honestly. I mean, if you take a look at the past, like, look at this. This is my favorite bearish thing to show people when they get too bullish, cycle highs and lows. So again, this is November 2013, Bitcoin hit $1,000, a thousand bucks. Then roughly one year later, roughly 2015, a year and some change, two months, it was 172. That was an 85% drop. Then 2017, it was roughly 20,000 December. Then about a year later, 2018, which we just took a look at, it was 3,217. That's an 84% drop. Then we thought this was the bottom. In 2021, we hit 67,000. Then in June, all the chartologists and everybody in TA and everybody that didn't know anything about anything or even the smartest people out there were like, yep, this is the last chance you could buy Bitcoin under 20,000. Remember that? It was all over the place. That was June 2022. It was 19,047. Everybody was right. No, they weren't. They were wrong. It actually went down to 15,742, but I will remind you that from the high from 67 to 15,000, the timeframe is the same, roughly a year, right? 9th of November, 2021 to 9th of November, 2022. That's a year, 15,742, but that's only 77%. So 85% would be roughly 10K or 12K, just so you know. And yeah, that's my favorite thing to show people when they get too bullish. Why do I do it? Because I wanted people to have some balance. That's all. Hey, I heard your joker says I ordered my tangent cards. I'll be arriving today, excited. Oh, yeah. I'm just waiting for them to update the app so I can redo the video. Christian says Bitcoin is going up 15,000, no matter what. That'd be great. Because here's the thing. Does anybody think we'll stay at 15,000? Does anybody think that in 2025, 2026, that we won't see some, at least the previous all-time high? Just saying. Damn, I'm dead. Dan's fine. Alan, in the sense that hold the line, folks, we're going to try to shake us out. Could be. Oh, no. Ben just posted a video called the Cardano Outlook.   Cardano's going to increase exponentially this year. Get in now. I'm just going to take a wild stab at it and say that Ben's video is going to be pretty negative on the price action of Cardano. But there's one thing I would like to remind everybody about, about Ben. The reason why he does those videos is because he's been where you've been, and he did the same thing you did. And he hates the fact that, that people have to go through it. When he can just, you know, you don't have to learn from mistakes. You can just learn from others mistakes. And he's telling you, like, look, this is what happened before. This is where I see things happening. And that's it. You have to remember also, when we talk about price action, that has nothing to do with the project themselves. Every project that you're invested into, not every project. A lot of the projects you're invested into, they're probably good projects. They're probably good people doing good things, trying to make things happen.  Let's be honest. I think the majority of people right now in the bear market are trying to do the right thing at the right time. So when we talk about the price might go down, it has nothing to do with the price itself. It could be awesome. I love Bitcoin. Bitcoin is great, obviously. But the price does not reflect the potential it has on the world economy and just having been a hedge against this crazy inflation. So just remember that. Peter says, 2020, let's see no highs. I hope so. Cardenza. All-time high, always during the bull no way we don't go above. I'll be honest with you, everybody. I'd be happy if we just went back to the previous all-time highs because since I've been dollar-cost averaging these last couple of years, I'm pretty happy to go back. Like, let's take Solana. What is Solana now? 23 bucks? Maybe 22? Let's see. Damn it. I'll always pass it. There. Number eight, Solana. Yeah, 21 bucks. I think it was worth like $224 at some point, something like that. So like, I mean, I'll take that all day long. And I buy this every day. And I buy Cardano. I buy Dogecoin, I buy Dot, Polygon, Chainlink, Avalanche, Cosmos, dipping into ICP potentially. Gotta do a little more work on that. Optimism, Arbitrum, Nier, of course Bitcoin. So yeah, like I don't don't happen, doesn't happen, but I'll be happy just going back to those all-time highs. I gotta tell you, just going back to the all-time highs of the previous cycle is great. It's a heck of a lot better returns than, say, like an S&P 500, just saying. Demetrius. Bare mark for the next 10 years. Who knows? BlackRock won't let Bitcoin hit $15,000 for long. No, but Gary will. I could ask him. Julio says, can you ask Ben to put on the Black Friday deal for his website? I can ask.  Oh, I'm going to have somebody on. We're going to go back home to Puerto Rico. And I've got a really good, really good guest who was doing things before even Simon Dixon, buying Bitcoin at, like, I don't know, two bucks or something. Something crazy like that. And I'm going to give you guys some perspective of just what things were like back then. And actually, I'm going to do it in my house. So that'll be a good interview. Yes. Well, remember, Shady, I mean, I try to do the best I can. Remember, this stuff is extremely risky. And a lot of these things will go to zero. And will the entire crypto market go to zero? I mean, sure, it could. I think it's unlikely, but we always have to plan for that. That's why we did the rules, right? The rules, the rules keep us in shape. It's all gone. Never invest more. You can afford to lose. That's why, like, even though I'm down and for the DCA does not affect me, I don't freak out. I don't sell too early. I don't, you know, do something crazy. Because the money that I put into it, it's like, I know I can lose it. And it's not going to crush me. Like, I didn't put, you know, my kids, well, kids are gone.  Everything's a scam. Don't use exchanges. As far as like, keeping your crypto exchanges, take them off. That's why I do, I've done three videos on cold storage devices on ledger, on tandem, and on ellipal. It's very simple to do. And, you know, don't use leverage. I mean, two to three X, I think it's fine, honestly. But 1500X, you're just playing with fire and then take profits along the way. And that's it. Those are the rules.  Don't listen to them. They're like Texas Longhorn Bulls, which is true. We took a look at it was, it was a document that they put out about about how Bitcoin should be your first choice. And then when you get into other altcoins, it should be something different.  I mean, they, I think they put out like price predictions of like 100,000, like last year or something crazy. I can't remember. But it was always a little bit and ridiculous. But it just, it really took a look at why Bitcoin will work, how it is different from say like gold and traditional equities, and how you can buy on the sub layer, kind of like how TCP, IP that built, that built the internet, how you could actually buy the base layer of the internet with Bitcoin and the nodes and the miners. And of course, everything that builds on top of that will be awesome too. So it was pretty, pretty good one. And that was, that was two days ago. You can find that in on my channel. And it just talks about fidelity. Just do fidelity and did you listen to the show come up. Brian said, Hey, Rob, how do you determine which value your stake with on near? So I did a video on that as well. You can look for it. You know what, all these things that I'm talking about, well, except for that recent fidelity one, there is a link in the description. And it takes you to this website, Dan teaches crypto. And then when you log in, it's free. It's 100% free. It's always will be free. And I don't even spam you. I just tell you when I update some things. And then in the module three, which is login members area, oops, actually be how do I module five, how do I stake my cryptos? How do I use the metamask wall? How do I use simple swap? How do I have to have the firmware? How do I stake theta and so on and so how do I stay Cardano? So all those videos are right there. So check that one out. Let's see. Harry Dent says it'll go to $3,000 and it goes way up. You know what I like about Harry Dent is that he never fails. He never met a catastrophe he didn't like. Every time I see that guy, it's the same thing. It's almost like Peter Schiff who talks nonstop about how gold's going to the moon and it's going to be awesome. You got to get in now and you got to do it. And you know what? He was right one time back when gold took off, but it's been pretty stagnant. Now I own gold and silver. I don't see a problem with that. But I do have a problem with everybody who's saying all the time that this is it. This is the time. This is the time because you know at one point they get it right. They'll ride that out for the next 50 years. That green screen looks very real today. It does looks pretty good. The only thing on his zero is my trust and purity. W says it right. The strong will survive as people want stability, people lose and people win. One thing I do know is when everybody hates crypto, good time to buy and has been proven. Yes. I remember very well, 2018, 2019. And it was you were the dumbest person on the planet for buying anything related to crypto. You were laughed at. You were ridiculed. And the same people that would laugh and ridicule you were the same people that were texting and calling you at towards the end of 2020 and of course 2021. And that's why like when people say you shouldn't dump on people, I have no problem dumping on people, especially the people that you know, you're going to deal with on Thanksgiving. Your families will be like, Hey, how's that crypto going? We heard about Sam Bankman freed and FTX. You get Bitcoin, the crypto at the price you deserve. And that's it. Ah, see. Yeah. There's a new report about Genesis and the loans that they were doing with FTX. I don't want to get into it. The whole situation snickets me, but it's a good reminder that, you know, even though we take a look at these individuals and these institutions, we think that they're good for us and they're going to do the right thing. Remember Sam spam, Bankman freed, how he would talk about how he's altruistic and want to just save the world. Well, behind the scenes, he was some megalomaniac who didn't care about anything. So remember, everybody's lying. And you have to assume that everybody's lying. Maybe even I'm lying. Don't trust me. Don't trust anybody. That's it. So look, everybody, thanks so much for stopping by. I appreciate it. If you liked today's video, give it a thumbs up, consider subscribing, all that great stuff. And then tomorrow I'm going to do something different. I think it's going to be a watch along and I'll explain it tomorrow. But that's it for today. Thanks so much, everybody. And I'll see you on the next one. Appreciate it.


Good day, film investors! Today we're going to discuss a comment that is so important about the stock market because it discusses the risk, the fear of missing out, following the herd, and what are the most important psychological effects when investing. So let's see the comment. Nick Hill discussed this. Thanks, fans, for the video. I solved all my stock positions, including 401k, when the SAP 500 got to 1750 and sitting in 100% cash. I asked my family and friends to do the same but they didn't listen to me and now I'm the laughing stock of gatherings. I still insist them to sell but just made fun of calling a crash that never comes. I like your approach very much as sitting in cash can be a big miss so I have learned painfully. So this is very, very important because the SAP was at 1750 and our fellow investor said okay it's too risky for me, I'm going to sell everything. Now if you're a speculator and you sell everything then that's a different story because then you hope for a crash and that's something very difficult time the market. However if at that point Nick Hill said okay this is too risky for me, I don't like it, I prefer cash, then you sell and you stay in cash. Others might be getting rich. However this is something very important, something very important few people understand. If something doesn't happen doesn't mean that the risk wasn't there. The stock market didn't crash at 1700, it went to 2700 so it increased another 50%. However was there the potential that the stock market crashes back then? Yes there was, was there a risk? Yes, was there a risk for recession? Yes, was there a correction? Yes, didn't lead to a bear market? No, but this doesn't mean that there wasn't the risk.  Okay there is a 25% 22 whatever 20% chance for that being a successful trade if you go to Vegas. However does that mean that there was no risk because you succeeded? No of course if everybody goes and does that there will be exactly 20, 21, 22% of chance that they succeed. However in the stock market things are different. If most people do the same thing the odds change then the risk suddenly becomes much lower and the rewards also much higher. However this doesn't mean that two years, three years, five years ago the risk wasn't there and also if stocks continue to go up in the next five years it again doesn't mean that the risk isn't there. Nobody knows what will happen in the stock market. However you have to see whether you sleep well by owning stocks or not. It's all about risk reward again in relation to your personal goals. Nikil thought okay I cannot stand now a crash if it happens it won't be good for my finance it is what won't be good for me. So he sold everything. Okay he sold everything he slept well I hope for the first five years he think I think know what he's doing he's really balancing the risk between cash and not cash if the stock market crashes or it's always better to think in valuations and do that not so abruptly but in stages so rebalancing risk that's a different story which allows you for the upside and allows you for the downside. However moving such abruptly isn't really what has to be done but that's a different story. My message for today is really think about risk even if it doesn't happen the risk is there so that's something very important to learn. Secondly the fear of missing out are you watching the stock market from an absolute perspective what do I need where do I see myself and will the stock market lead me to my goals or are you watching the stock market oh my neighbor my brother-in-law my sister-in-law they do like this they do it like this I should catch up I should do like them and so are you following the herd or are you investing for yourself and your investing goals. When you're investing for yourself everything is much much easier if you know what are your goals you can find the vehicles for the risk or even no risk in the very long term that will lead you to your goals you have to be patient you have to diligently look for them and not care about what others do as I said some people go to the casino and win however this doesn't mean you should do the same so really assess the risks assess the potential rewards and doesn't matter what happens then the important is that you made the right call the investing life cycle lasts 50 years if you do good investment decision over the whole 50 years I'm sure that you will beat all of those who take too much risk who chase risk who chase yields who do whatever even if you are 100% in cash or so because you will not lose money and that's the key to investing the key rule not lose money so Buffett always keeps saying that it gets very easily forgotten as people chase risk and especially when the risk doesn't materialize because people then forget oh there is absolutely no risk so such a correction that happened is good to remind us of the risks and really see thankfully the market went up so it gives you another probability to cash out if you want if that doesn't feel good to own stocks now for the risk reward looking forward to your comments as there is a lot to discuss here how do you feel its emotions its personal goals its investing is is what stocks can give and the risk reward thank you for watching i'll see you in the next video


Okay, I will assume you're all familiar with existing methods of transferring files on the internet, but basically what I was delving into here was that FTP has basically been relegated to the purpose of anonymous FTP, where you have a central file distribution server, and you have to give a large number of files out, and then HTTP has sort of evolved into a general purpose file transfer protocol as well. And one of the problems is that these current methods are entirely client server, and so the server must therefore have sufficient bandwidth to be able to handle all traffic requests. So, that will move. Wait, that wasn't even the first slide. Okay, this is Gimpy. Can anybody lend me their laptop? You'd rather really sit me, like, watch me stand up here and mess around with my iBook and give me open source software. Alright.  Hey, it changed. There we go. Alright. Here is the basis of what my protocol is. It's a next generation file distribution architecture. It's basically trying to merge the concepts of peer-to-peer protocols and client server protocols. It's intended primarily as a replacement for anonymous FTP for large distribution sites, like, say, Debian's, like, master distribution servers. And more than that, which I'll get into later, it's a way of replacing, like, large networks of mirrors where someone manually has to choose which mirror they want to get a file from. So it provides a much more effective way of coordinating a large number of servers to coordinate large file transfers. And, yeah, I'll get into that later. But primarily it's for when you have a large number of anonymous FTP mirrors transferring files. And, yeah, that's sort of what the second thing is there is that it uses server networks rather than individual servers that are just functions on an island and use R sync or something along those lines to sync content. And primarily what it is is intended as a quasi-side-by-side replacement for BitTorrent. And it provides the full client server experience while still utilizing BitTorrent-like content distribution where peers take place in all transfers and upload content to other peers. And I assume you're all familiar with BitTorrent, I hope. No, not at all. Not at all.  I'll get into that. He asked about seeding. And I'm actually taking a much different approach to that. So here's a little bit of background on what BitTorrent is. PDTP is very similar and I'll get into the exact differences in a bit, but as I explained earlier, the whole idea of BitTorrent is you have a tracker that various clients can post which pieces they need, which pieces they have, and then other clients can look up what pieces need to be transferred where and transfer pieces of a single file to each other. And I take the same approach in PDTP. I break files into pieces which are hashed and transferred between clients. Yeah, let me go into a little bit of why I started writing this. In early 2003, I started writing a SEO library for BitTorrent. And as I was writing that, I ran into a number of fundamental design flaws with BitTorrent, which basically drew me insane. The first one is BitTorrent serves static file groupings where if you want to put a torrent on the internet, you have to generate a torrent file from a preset group of content. And because of that, all data within a torrent is entirely static. And that just does not work for something like the web where you do have dynamic content or dynamically generated content. Or if you have, say, a large distribution server where people need to pick individual files out rather than, say, the entire, like, the entire FTP repository, if you were getting updates for a Debian system or FreeBSD upgrading your ports tree, you probably don't want everything on the entire server. So that is the main problem I saw. And one of the other problems is, you know, there still isn't web browser integration for BitTorrent and people cannot use BitTorrent to serve websites or any sort of dynamic content like that. And probably the main problem, which I'm sure any of you have experienced if you've tried to download a popular torrent, is BitTorrent uses HTTP for its tracker protocol and uses it asynchronously to where a client will make an HTTP request whenever they have completed a piece transfer or need to find a new piece to download or upload. And because of that, the web server can get exhausted by too many clients trying to transfer a torrent once. And while Bram Cohen promises limitless scale ability to BitTorrent, the problem is a web server just can't handle a load of, say, 10,000 clients all making several hundred requests every second. So I have taken a different approach, which I will get to in a bit. I'm not sure if any of you have heard about BitTorrent to you, but one of the main things they'll be moving to is hash trees where you can check different parts of the file rather than just a set number of pieces. So right now with BitTorrent, every time you resume a transfer, it hashes the entire file again to see which pieces you have and which pieces you don't unless you have a client like Gazarus that tracks that externally and it's incredibly slow and annoying. So they're trying to introduce that feature to speed it up. And oddly enough, they decided to go to UDP for their new protocol. I have absolutely no idea why because how do they intend to manage drop packets along those lines? I have absolutely no idea and I think it's just going to end up needlessly complicated. So, yeah, so what PETP provides is dynamic directory mappings that are updated on the fly whenever the file's explored by the server change. The server I'm writing automatically hashes files as they become available. I know there are various scripts for BitTorrent that will use a program like denotified automatically generated torrent files, but if you have a large master distribution server for something and you have, say, tens of thousands of files, that's tens of thousands of torrents. You have to run it once. And BitTorrent has issues running more than one torrent at once on most servers due to scalability issues. And the other nice thing about PETP is I provide all sorts of components like a proxy server that would allow you to use PETP behind a firewall. And it would also allow several users behind, say, an ad gateway to share a single incoming port and automatically direct incoming connections to the proper computer on your local network. You know, I'll get into how that works in a little bit. And as I mentioned before, BitTorrent uses HTTP asynchronously and connectionlessly. And BitTorrent 2 will move to UDP and PDTPE uses a lightweight TCP-based transaction protocol, which I think is the best choice for this job. Okay, this gets into your Tracker Cedar question here. If you're all aware, BitTorrent uses trackers, which are basically either Python or PHP scripts, which is usually talking to a backend database. And then you have to run at least one BitTorrent client, which is called the Cedar, that has all the pieces you wish to serve to the network. And PDTPE structured quite a bit differently. There are two different components to the protocol, which handle the Tracker and Cedar functionality, but they also do different things and are structured a little bit differently. And I'll get into those in a bit. I don't think OpenOffice can read the name of this slide. Okay, never mind. If any of you have ever tried to implement a BitTorrent client of your own, one of the problems you're going to run into is Bram Cohen has not documented the protocol. Like, he has about a two-paragraph description of how it generally works, but for the actual mechanics of how BitTorrent functions, you're not going to find any documentation besides the code itself. And I have an entire IATF Internet Draft and HTML and RFCAT69 XML format, which is on your handy-dandy DEF CON CDs if you have those with you, which you probably don't, and most of you seem to be sleeping soon. All right. But if you really care, you can pop in that CD and check out the entire protocol specification. It's also on the web at PDTPE.org. And we have applied with IANA for port assignments. BitTorrent kind of jacks some ports and called them there. All right, so here's where we get into the actual components of the protocol of how to build a PDTPE network, and I have some diagrams of this coming up. There's two primary components of the system. The first is a server which acts like a BitTorrent tracker. Now, the nice thing about this is you can have multiple servers on a single PDTPE network. So where before with BitTorrent, you might exhaust the resources of the system you have doing the service with PDTPE, you can say what used to be an FTP mirror is now another PDTPE server, and it manages a subset of the available clients and routing pieces to and from each other. And then instead of a seeder, there are hubs. How this actually functions is all the servers connect to the hub rather than having a seeder connect to the tracker. Every network must have a hub, so if you have a server disconnected from a hub, it won't serve any files, and it's basically useless. So if you are connected to a hub, you will be able, if the server is connected to a hub, you will be able to access all the content of the network as opposed to BitTorrent where you might run into a dead torrent where there's no seeders for it. And the hub manages the directory listings and serving of the initial pieces to the network much like a BitTorrent seed. An additional component of the system are piece proxies, which can fetch pieces from the hub and cache them to serve to the network. So if the hub's upstream bandwidth is exhausted, you can use proxies to mitigate that. Yeah. And that's basically what I just said. I'm sorry, this is all really boring intro. Once I get to the diagrams, it should be a little bit better. It should be a little bit easier for you to figure out how this all comes together. Okay, there are two types of proxy servers. The piece proxies I mentioned earlier and the actual just proxy servers, which I mentioned at first. The proxy servers use dynamic protocol translation to allow multiple clients behind a firewall or otherwise or just on a common corporate network to share it downloaded from a single server. So if say one person, all large corporate network is grabbing a software update, they will actually serve that to all the other clients on the local network. So if Windows update or something were to eventually make use of this, it would replace SOS basically that they can fetch an update and then every other computer on the network that needs that update can get it from the first person you've fetched it. And it also allows people behind a firewall to make outgoing connections to other computers or receive connections from other peers. And this is what clients can basically do. They can browse available files. They can transfer files and they're either passive behind a firewall without a proxy or active where they can make both incoming and outgoing connections. And that becomes really important because you need a large number of active clients on the network for it to be able to function. I did look into some ways of getting around that. I don't know if any of you know about Beep. Yeah, okay, one guy knows about Beep. How about, who knows about JXTA? One person knows about JXTA. Okay. There are several ways of getting past the incoming outgoing connection problem with firewalls using protocols like Beep and JXTA. But apparently no one here knows about this, so I'll just move along. Alright, here's what I really wanted to get to you. Here's how it all comes together. So basically, this is the smallest possible configuration of a PDTP network you can have where you have a single hub and a single server that serves several clients. The server manages who's getting what from whom and the hub actually has the pieces of the content the clients are interested in. If there's no clients on the network that have an available piece, it will fetch it from the hub. Otherwise, the server will try to locate the piece on the best available client and tell that client to transfer it to the other client. Much like BitTorrent. And there's actually a very complex ranking algorithm that goes into that. You probably don't want me to delve into that because it's a lot of set theory and I'm sure you don't want to hear about that right now. You'd much rather get on and get trashed or something. Does anybody actually want to hear about that a little or not? No, okay. Alright, this is the next step up and this is where we actually get into probably something a little more interesting which would be corrupting the law. In this configuration, well this configuration still has client fetching from the hub but okay, I'll get into that part a little later. In this, there's just multiple servers. So multiple servers can allow more than one system. Say you had a big network of FTPers you could designate several of those as servers and you would have a single hub that would manage all the clients on the network. Yeah, okay. And in this configuration, the peace proxies are being used to basically shield the hub from the clients themselves. So the upstream bandwidth of the hub will not be utilized except if they're transferring the peace the peace proxies don't have or just for serving directory listings. So in this configuration, the only bandwidth that's really being taxed is the bandwidth of the servers and the peace proxies in the hub is largely minimal. It's bandwidth consumption. Okay, I'm not sure if you were... What can I do to liven this up? Everybody is just out there zoned out. I'm sorry it's boring the subject musical but there's not really much I can do with it. Does anybody have any questions? Any thoughts? Anything? What? The what? Yeah. No, I haven't read that. The mean paper I have read on that is the one Bram Cohen read on the properties of randomly selected networks. Okay. Somebody else has given us a better eye about here. So let me have that. I'm sorry about that. Do you want to just come up here and use the mic? Because I can't really hear you and all of this other laptop, huh? The question I had was just about... The paper suggested that there was a number of potential flaws or vectors for attack from the Microsoft perspective on content distribution networks and one of the things they said was around the servers that would host the directories of the databases so if you had a database of all the content you could find in the network because if a client can find it where that database is the lawyers could find it where that database is that would be where they would focus their efforts is being able to bring lawyers against your database of your directory server. Yeah, I'm not really sure if you saw that on the last diagram but in the configuration I had there the hub server, which manages the directory listings and the available pieces is actually entirely shielded from the client network through the peace proxies and the PDTP servers. And, okay, if you're saying if someone has, say, elicit content being served through a hub how would they shield that from the lawyers or the company that wants to take it down? Well, what they would have to do is take down all the actual servers the PDTP servers and the peace proxies so if you can find people to run those for you we'll just take them down on request you can actually keep the addresses of where the actual content is hosted separate. All right, okay. Who did any of this again? I have a picture of a motorcycle up here. Oh, do one now? Oh, yeah, which I can't see. I've just got a picture of a motorcycle up here is the thing. All right. Well done, all right. So, yeah, this is kind of what I was talking about before Bram Cohen's paper. Bram Cohen, who developed BitTorrent wrote a paper on the advantageous properties random networks and that's what he depends on to handle things like clients who aren't really contributing to the network. He uses a algorithm called choking where the tracker will either say this client is doing a good job transferring pieces on the network and it will be unshoked or this client is just leaching pieces off the network and not uploading anything and then it becomes choked. PDTP is a weighted scoring algorithm where it basically keeps track of every piece that a given client is uploaded and multiplies the score of the destination host by all of those values to compute a new score every time the transfer finishes. So clients have been successfully uploading a lot of content, will be ranked higher and then clients who may be slower will have a lower score and therefore if a client experiences a slow upload to a crappy client with a low score that value will be weighted lower in the average. So that's basically how it tries to select the best peers. The actual protocol format is binary like most modern protocols. It's fully bi-directional. It supports synchronous operations and asynchronous operation operations. And who here knows what ASN.1 is? Okay. It's used primarily by the X.509 public key architecture. It's a standardized binary format and I did consider using it at first. But I just decided it was far too complex and given a large series of input validation errors in both open SSL and Microsoft SSL implementation I decided it's probably too complex for its own good for me just starting from scratch. So I developed my own binary format, binary protocol format. It's pretty simple here. You have a length value, a serial number, whenever you have synchronous transactions you give them a unique serial number and then when you get a reply to that it will have the same serial number. On opcode this is just a value that determines which command you're executing on the server. If you look down at the bottom it uses the first bit of that to determine between a request or a reply. And then after that it takes an arbitrary number of binary objects which can be strings, integers, basically strings and integers. And it lets you basically have variable arguments to any given operation. And that's the format of the objects. They just have a length identifier for what they are and then the actual payload. And one thing if you look at this the length of the entire transaction is the first thing that's given and then every object has its own explicit length. So there's no need to compute lengths which dramatically decreases the complexity and input validation. And then it also uses existing standards for authenticating either clients or servers on the network, servers to hubs or proxies to hubs. And who's familiar with HMAC here? Seeing few people have been raising their hands every time, okay. It uses the HMAC hashing algorithm with the secure hash algorithm to authenticate. One of the mean things I've seen missing in Internet file transfer for years is integrity validation. I'm sure many of you have heard about when SunSight got broken into the University of Alberta got broken into and the master distribution about the SSH was charging. And nobody realized it at first. PDTP provides a way for clients to get a signed X.509 certificate for the server. And it will also, at the option of the server administrator, let you compute and apply DSS signatures to files which will be given to clients after or upon request. So after a file is finished downloading it can compute the DSS signature for that file and check to see that the signed key for the server or with the signed key for the server and then check to see if it matches the pre-computed signature given by the server. So there's a formalized mechanism to prevent file tampering. So hopefully you won't run any Trojans using PDTP. Another feature this hasn't gone to IANA yet. It has its own decentralized search system. Who's familiar with Hotline? Okay, more people. All right. It's sort of based on the idea of Hotline where you had trackers that would keep track of servers. But what it allows is for clients to query large numbers of servers at once by just sending a single search request PDTP datagram which they'll resend a few times if the server doesn't reply and if they don't get any reply after that they'll just assume it's down. And after they've given that datagram and the server's done doing its search they'll fire back another UDP datagram at them telling the search is complete. They'll also have a key for them to fetch the search results from the server then they connect by TCP to fetch the search results. So the nice thing about this is I will be keeping a master list of all trackers and then the trackers only keep track of the addresses of servers. Nowhere in the first two tiers of that entire system is the actual content being searched for or exposed. So hopefully no one will have any sort of legal recourse to try and show a system like that down. And yeah, there's what I just said about how the search process works. They send a UDP request and then the server responds if it's up and then the client's can fetch the search results by TCP. These are the actual implementations that I and a few other people have been working on. They're all available on Sourceforge. There's a client library. It's designed for use in both single and multi-threaded applications and it's written in C. Everything is all portable across Win32, macOS 10, Linux, any BSD you want and Solaris. I'd like to support a few additional EX operating systems like HPX and IRX, but I don't have access to those systems so I can't really do testing. If anybody wishes to help with the development and volunteer in HPX or IRX system, that would be great. The server component, well the server components are all part of a project called Squal which is also available on Sourceforge. There's a Squal server which is a PTP server, Squal Hub, Squal Peace Proxy and Squal Proxy. And again, everything is portable across. The server is limited to NT-based Windows. We run on Windows 95, 98 or anything. It uses file system R and features found in NT only. I'm also in the process of developing a GUI client written using QT4. That just released the developer preview of QT4 which has a number of features I really need for it including anybody know QT or should I just not go into this. One guy it uses that is not present in QT3 is the cross thread signals and slots where you can call signal in one thread or invoke a slot in another. And then, because I have far too much known not invented here I'm developing my own Apache portable runtime application library which supports a lot of features that APR doesn't. Who knows actually like an avid programmer which you consider yourself an avid programmer. Not many people. Of you three people raise your hands. Are any of you familiar with continuations? Okay I just won't go into that. But USRI provides a cross platform implementation of continuations and file system monitoring. So it's got a lot of cool features. Getting involved considering not many of you are programmers you probably don't want to do that but we're certainly looking for documentation writers if you're all interested or tester, yeah. Sign you up all right. I know everybody loves writing documentation but yeah basically right now all we have is a deoxygen output which probably no one here knows what that is three insane three guys.  Who knows what JavaDoc is. Okay a few more people. Deoxygen is basically an open source counterpart to JavaDoc for whatever language you want. But the main thing you need are unit testers and there's no programmers here so I'm probably not going to find any of them. It had one more slide but it seems to have vanished. All right. Okay so that's the basic overview do you have any questions? Two minutes. No questions on anything you I've got a question you've got a question. Okay Yavitch you come up here and we'll get you mics for your question. And now is the actual file that's being distributed on the PDTP server itself now it's on the hub oh so there's actually a central file for this it's not like big tour where it's actually on a client's file um well the clients will fetch it initially from the hub and then transfer it to each other or they can fetch it from the piece proxy so in order for it to be served our PDTP it has to actually be uploaded first to the server yeah um one of the nice things is all you have to do to put the file on the hub is just drop it into a directory that you're exporting so there's no generating a torrent file you just upload it to that directory and the server will automatically pick it up through file system monitoring and generate hash list for it All right. My question is how does PDTP bypass stateful inspection firewalls to be able to establish the connection to be able to transfer the file? Do you have a proxy server that can be used to do outgoing connections and also receive incoming ones? Everything's keyed by IP2 so it only allows one connection per host so anybody behind in that firewall who wants to transfer the same file from the same server pretty much needs to use the proxy server but yeah it will route the incoming connections since the proxy server has complete access to all the protocol, the whole wire protocol from the client to the server it knows which host is going to be making an incoming connection or what's going to need to make an outgoing connection and it can route the connection appropriately All right. Yeah, multiple questions All right. Last one. Yeah. The client library basically runs each thread each transfer its own thread and then it allows you to multiplex directory listing traffic or multiple file transfers through that connection so you can still browse all the content on the server while multiple transfers are going It's all written in C so it has its own server that you can run on any Windows, Linux, BSD, Mac OS X or Solaris system Thank you.


Email message from Lyle Naismith to Overseer Council. Subject, Isaiah Henderson. My colleague and friend, Dr. Henderson, has been exposed to a FAAF NIR type Info Hazard at Site-59. The effects will be dormant for the next 72 hours, but their severity warrants his termination prior to the Rage State event. Other than the standard protocol, he is requested to be killed by SCP-173. Consider this my request for permission. I can say with certainty that he always had a particular fascination with 173. Dr. Naismith. Permission granted. This is an unusual request, but after 37 years of his loyal service, it's only fair. Take at least 3D class with you to maintain the line of sight, internally or externally, as you see fit. Please understand that the Overseer Council will hold you personally accountable for any breach incidents that may come of this. 05-11. Just outside SCP-173's bulkhead, Dr. Henderson held a cardboard box in his sweaty hands. Are you sure you're ready? Said Dr. Naismith. No, said Henderson with a chuckle, but no one is ready for this type of thing. Like when I was going to the dentist as a kid, my mom had a saying for it. What's that?  Naismith grinned. Sounds like courage in a nutshell. The 4D class behind Naismith rolled their eyes. Just one question, said Naismith, indicating the cardboard box. Why those? It's something I've always wondered, Lyle. The answer seems obvious, but scientists don't deal in seems-obviouses. The 5th D-Class, D-42749 next to Henderson, just barely stifled and, it's been 50 minutes, jerk a**, just let him in or marry him already. Naismith patted Henderson on the shoulder. Godspeed, Isaiah. You too. Now, if you would be so kind, Naismith threw a switch at the side of the room, opening the bulkhead, maintained direct eye contact with the object at all times, a buzzer sounded, and the locking mechanisms of the bulkhead clicked, and word. F***ing finally, said D-42749. Once the door was locked behind them, D-42749 and Dr. Henderson found themselves face to face with the good ol' concrete and rebar god of destruction itself. Due to a recent cleaning operation, the floor was mercifully white for a change. Dr. Henderson sighed and tightened his grip on the box. Excuse me, 42749, would you do me a quick favor? D-42749 grunted. Close your eyes, give your eyelids a rest. Dr. Naismith said to, only one person has to do it, and I am a seasoned staring contest professional. Are they closed? Yeah. Taking in a long deep breath, Henderson decided to get it over with. He blinked. Just after he overturned a box of ol' banana peels at 173's feet. Clang! In a fraction of a second, Henderson's eyes opened, and SCP-173 was face down on the floor on the other side of the cell. D-42749 let out a scream. He never stopped screaming. Now I can dine peace, said Henderson, closing his eyes.  End of file. To learn more about the SCP Foundation, subscribe to SCP Orientation today and turn the notification bell on so you don't miss any of our videos.


In Geraldine Fitzgerald, the an artist to the wounded. On the cavalcade of America, sponsored by the DuPont Company, maker of better things for better living through chemistry. Springtime is home decoration time. The time to use DuPont speed easy to brighten up those dreary winter weary rooms. Speed easy is an oil type paint. You thin with water and apply with a large brush or roller. It dries in less than an hour to a beautiful rich finish. Then you're ready to use your room again. No long wait for walls to dry. Use speed easy for your redecorating this spring. It costs you less than $3 for the average room. It's speed easy made by DuPont. The DuPont cavalcade presents Artists to the Wounded, starring Geraldine Fitzgerald as Anne Jordan. The day the bottom fell out of my world, I fell too, a long, long way. And I thought I'd never stand on my feet again. But I did, and that's my story. It happened early one afternoon in January. Miss Anne Jordan? Yes? Telegram for you. Sign here. Thank you. Thank you, Miss. Board apartment. Sergeant David W. Anderson. Missing in action. Missing. Dave missing. Gone. I realized only then how I'd clung to the thought of Dave all those 15 months he'd been overseas. My belief that he'd come back to me had made it possible for me to go right on working. You see, I'm an artist, a commercial artist, and I love my work. But without Dave, suddenly my work's without meaning. Nothing had meaning. And I needed desperately to talk to someone. So that night I went to see Helen. But you have to keep busy, Anne. What do you think other women do? I don't know. I only know I can't go on drawing senseless pictures of clothes and perfumes and... There's still plenty of war work for an artist. Elton Clark's been doing war work in the hospitals, drawing portraits of the wounded. Drawing portraits? Yes. He says it does wonders for their morale to get the portraits to send home to their families. Of course, Elton says it isn't an easy thing to see these boys. Crippled.  Oh, I couldn't do that, Helen. But you've always wanted to do portraits. I could do the drawing all right, but you know how I am about talking to people. I never know what to say. Oh, you won't feel so shy, Anne, if you're doing something useful. Do you think so? Well, I think so. But why don't you try, Anne? Then if it's too difficult for you, well, give it up. I might try. Oh, but how do I start? You apply at the USO camp shows. And if you qualify, you could be on your way in a few days. In a week, I reached my first hospital. The special service officer took me to the traction ward. I went in nervously, clutching my pencils and sketch pad. And I suppose it was just bad luck that the first soldier I talked to was the cynic. Hello, soldier. Well, that's all. Would you like me to draw your portrait? Do you want to draw my mug? What for, are funny papers? No, you can have the picture when I finish. How much? Oh, nothing, it's free. I get it. The government pays you. No, I'm a volunteer. Yeah, sure, sure. That's right. The USO camp shows a range of diamond artists, and now I get a kick out of it.  Oh, but you're wrong. Is your real brain... Now, this guy's got one leg killing us with no hands. No. Another one you can't see anymore. Oh, please stop. You know I don't feel that way. Sure, that's your racket. I ain't buying any, sister. Just go print your papers somewhere else. Well, don't you understand English? Yeah, what happened? It's that soldier in there. The big corporal? Has he been barking at you? Yes. I just asked him if he wanted me to draw his portrait. I know. He gets pretty rough sometimes. For these boys, we have to overlook a lot. You'll have better luck with some of the others. But I can't. I can't go back in there. It's up to you, Miss Jordan, but you'll feel better if you do go back. I know. Once you break the ice for these boys, well, you wouldn't trade the satisfaction for anything. I guess it's because I've always been shy. Well, I used to be shy too, but in wartime, I think shyness is the luxury we have to do without. There's just too much work to be done. You're right. There's so much to do. Thank you, nurse. I'll try again. You're looking for someone, ma'am? No, I, uh, no one's special. I don't be bashful. What do you do? You're not one of the nurses. No, I'm an artist. An artist? Really? Yes.  Oh, ma'am, I just really appreciate it. And no, I guess maybe I'd better not at that. Why? What's the matter? I guess you'd better draw some of the other fellows. I'm sorry. I thought you wanted it. I do, but I wouldn't want... What? Ma'am, you wouldn't put my leg in, would you? I mean, would there isn't any leg? I saw, then. His right pajama leg was pinned back. Empty. Hit me hard, that sight. But I tried not to think about it as I began sketching. And then I became aware that an audience was forming at my back. A quiet, skeptical audience. Mostly on crutches, a few in wheelchairs. There were so tense I could scarcely breathe. Then one of the onlookers spoke, and the ice was broken. Hey, the girl's good. You said it, but ma'am, he's not that good. So what are you going to do with the pictures, Johnny? Are you framing? I never mind. How's it going, ma'am? Am I still sitting right? Oh, you're doing fine. Let me know when you're tired. Who are you going to draw when you're finished with him? Well, you don't have to figure that out yourself. Draw a straw or something.  Time, ma'am? Well, we got all the time in the world. Hard day. From while I was finishing my last process, I realized it had been hours since I'd thought about days. Deep down, there was still pain. But it wasn't so sharp, so unbearable. And I was wonderfully tired. I knew I'd sleep that night. I felt suddenly grateful to the boys for still crowding around me. Don't tell me you're quitting after this one. What about me? I'll get around to you tomorrow. I think eight in one day is my limit. Are you finished with mine yet? I think it's finished. And can I get copies of it? Oh, yes. The U.S.O. will make a photostatic negative. Then you can get as many copies as you want. Would you do something else for me, miss? Would you write across the bottom of it? Sure. What do you want me to write? Write to the only girl in the world. I think to the only girl in the world. There you are, soldier. And now would you have 15 copies made for me? That's all, soldier. Good night, sir. Good night. I'll be back early. Good night. I had a busy day. Busy enough. Yeah, same. You had a great time with the Romeo's in this war, didn't you? Romeo's? Yeah, let me be eager beavers. You haven't tackled a real tough customer yet. Who are the tough customers? The Sykes. The guys who got what they call, uh, battle fatigue. I think they'd like the drawings, too. And I think it would help. Yeah? They'll take more than your doodling to help those boys. I just lay you plenty of odds, sister. You couldn't come within 10 miles of a guy like Harry. Who's Harry? It's my buddy. And I really need help, too. Isn't a psycho ward.  That night, I thought about the cynic, his bitter voice, and his hatred of me. And I decided to take up his challenge. The next morning, I went to the head mess. Yes, I know who he was talking about, Miss Jordan. The corporal's very bitter about his friend. They were buddies overseas. Then can I see Harry? It wouldn't be any use, Miss Jordan. There's simply nothing he responds to. But could I possibly do him harm? No. No, but failure may depress you again. It's difficult for a layman to accept or understand a neuropsychiatric case. I think I can stand it. Please, let me try. Well, all right, Miss Jordan. I'll arrange for the doctor. You can see Harry right after lunch. Just open, Miss Jordan. There's a chair beside his bed. Thank you. Harry? Harry? There's someone to see you, Harry. I don't think you'll answer, Miss Jordan. It's all right now. If you leave me alone for a little while. All right. I think you'll be disappointed. But if you want anything, ring the bell. Thank you. The nurse told me you were from Minnesota. I started a picture this morning that's a little bit like Minnesota. The lake and the meadow and the hill. Would you mind if I finished sitting here? You know, I think there's nothing more beautiful than the big pine trees growing down to a lake shore. Like this. Or the green farms cleared out of the woods. Did you live on a farm, Harry? I sketched and I talked. And once in a while I looked at Harry, lying still as deaf with his eyes closed. He was a big growl bone blond boy. Very thin and pale. And he lay so quiet. It was difficult to know if he was even breathing. But I felt I believed he heard my voice. And I kept on talking about the flowers and the hills and the waters of the North Country and about the farms. Harry, I saw a place just like this.  See, I'm drawing it as if I were standing in the cornfield looking toward the lake. Let me... What did you say, Harry? I said, let me see. Of course. I'm drawing it for you. It's wrong. Wrong? I never saw corn. Anyway, we got all wheat. Back home. Of course, you're right. You see, you can help me, Harry. You can tell me what it's really like. Back home. You are listening to Geraldine Fitzgerald as Anne Jordan, in Artists to the Wounded, on the Cavalcade of America sponsored by the Dupont Company, maker of better things for better living through chemistry. As we come to the second act of our play, Anne continues with the story of her work as an artist, drawing pictures for and of the Wounded G.I.'s military hospital. It was evening again when I went back to the traction ward. The cynic was propped up in bed. His left leg and a cast held rigidly at a 30-degree angle. He watched me all the way to his bed, but he didn't speak. I...I saw Harry this afternoon. Yeah. Yeah, I know. Well? I heard all about it. Well? I know you think I've been a first-rate punk. No. I think I understand you, Corporal. Yeah, but I've been calling you all sorts of things and being mad and sore, and it was you that got through to having me. You know, you must think I've been a punk. No, I don't. Look, tell me all about your outfit, the one that you and Harry were in together. What was the year, 36th Division? The 36th? Yeah, the good old 36th infantry. Best outfit in the whole army, too. That's the one that...that he... Oh. Did you know somebody in the 36th? Yes. He's...he's missing in action. Oh, no, no. Wait a minute. Maybe the jury's talking about prisoner. Maybe he was wounded. No. They let me know of you in the hospital. What did you see in me? His name was... Sergeant David Anderson. He was in Germany. David Anderson. Tall, dark guy sort of thing. Yes. Do you know him? Do you? Wait up now.  Was he a tech sergeant? Yes. Yes, he was. Sure. He used to call me Old Picklepuss. That guy's not missing in action. I saw the medics carry him back from the lines. It was something to go on. It gave me hope. And with the cynics' help, I began my search. Who made all sorts of suggestions to whom I should write and what hospitals I should visit? But it was several weeks and many hospitals later before I knew. I'm sorry, Mr. Jordan. Sergeant Anderson doesn't want anyone to see him. But...but why? Is he crippled? Doctor, is it his eye? No. He's one of our neurosciatric cases, Mr. Jordan. Oh. He's deeply depressed. He believes he's mutilated. Is it? Yes, it looks like a pencil line. But his fears have made him believe that people will find him repulsive. Especially you, his fiancee. Oh, can't you make him see that... No, he won't listen. And he refuses to look in a mirror. His fears are deep-seated. Especially a fear of pity. If I could only tell him, maybe from me... No, you see, Miss Jordan, all we hope is that he completely trusts us. If we take you to see him, you'll think we betrayed him. You won't believe you, either. Doctor, I have an idea. I want you to let me try just one thing. Yeah? What's your idea? Is there any place where I could see Dave without his knowing that I'm there? Oh, no, really, Mr. Jordan... Oh, it's not morbid curiosity, Doctor. I want to draw his portrait. Draw his portrait? Yes. Every line of his face, the scar and all. And then... I want you or the nurse to show it to him. That's all. I think he'll accept a drawing. I don't know. I only hope. Since he won't look in a mirror. I don't want him there. I don't see how it could do harm. I'm sure it wouldn't. Well, Miss Jordan, you come along. If Sergeant Anderson is on the sun porch, you can begin right now. At the end of the corridor on the third floor, there were wide-glass doors. And beyond them was the sun porch for the wounded sat dosing in their wheelchair. The doctor and I went through the doors for the emotion for me to stop behind the screen. I don't think we can go closer than this, Miss Jordan. But...but where is he? I don't see him. Fourth man down. Looks as though he's sleeping. Tim, I'm terrified of him. Yes? Why can't I speak to him? I must speak to him. It was your own idea, Miss Jordan, to draw his portrait. Yes. But now... I want to injure him. Retard his recovery. Oh, no, no, of course not. Unless he's first convinced about his scar, seeing you will do nothing but harm. Now, you must understand this. Yes. Yes, you're right. You're right. I'll try.  And I could see the scar. A thin, but vivid line across his right cheek. His hair was uncoined. He hadn't shaved for days. And he was slumped in that lethargy I'd seen so often. The lethargy of a man who has accepted death in life. More than anything, I wanted to go to him. But instead, I sat down trembling and began to scare. I knew it was the most important portrait I had ever done. I worked carefully. And I didn't notice when the doctor went away. It was more than an hour later when he returned. Out through, Miss Jordan? I think I've finished, Doctor. It's hard to know. Let me see. Why say? That's a photographic likeness. It was difficult. It's hard for me to see in objectively. I tried to get it all, the scar. Certainly not flattering. Well, now we'll see. Yes, we'll see. But Doctor, let me take it to him. I must show it to him. I have to. He'll know it's my drawing anyway. He knows my work. So that if he sees me... I suppose he'll have to know you're here. We'll have to tell him. Farewell, Miss Jordan. Go ahead. But for his sake, keep cool. Oh, I will, Doctor. Thank you. Hello, Dave. Annie. Annie, how did you get here? How did you know? I looked for you and I found you. I... I don't want you here. I don't want to see you. You know that... No one wants to see me. No one. So go away. Please.  Well, did you hear me? All right, Dave. I'll go. If you want me to. But first, I want to give you something. I don't want anything. It's only a drawing. Please, look. I've seen it. So what? Don't... don't you know who it is? It looks like... You're lying. It isn't me. Look at it. You're lying. Where's the scar? See? A line across the cheek. But my scar is bigger. This isn't me. I have a big scar. My face is worse than this. A lot worse. Dave, put your fingers on your scar. Feel it. Now, look at the picture. It was bigger, I tell you. Doesn't it feel the same as it looks in the picture? Just a line? That's all. Just a line. A thin line like that. What color is it? It's a little red. But it'll turn white. That's all?  Look at me. What's wrong with you? Nothing, but...any. Tell somebody to bring me a razor. Can't you see I need a shave? I'll get you a razor. But...but even with the beard sergeant. Would you give me a kiss? Our thanks to you, Geraldine Fitzgerald. And to all members of tonight's stupa, Cavalcade cast. Here is Geng Whitman. The P-80 shooting star, the new jet plane developed at Lockheed for the Army Air Forces, is said to fly 700 miles an hour. 700 miles an hour is almost 12 miles a minute. Very nearly the speed of sound. At that speed, the air doesn't feel soft as it does when a summer breeze gently touches your cheek. It feels, pilots say, like ramming at full speed into a pile of cordwood. The pilot is bounced and banged around inside the ship. The plane itself takes punishment. Inside and out. This problem of moving objects through air at high speed is one our forefathers never anticipated. When the steam locomotive was invented, you may recall, it was gravely predicted that no human being would be able to live at the terrific speed of 30 miles an hour. Because speed that great would draw the air right out of his lungs. Today, man is traveling at more than 20 times the speed of the early locomotives through the air. You can prove for yourself that air resists an object moving through it. Make a ball out of rags, the weight of a baseball. Throw it as far as you can and then throw a baseball. The ball made of rags was on earth long before the baseball. Because it's rough surface, you might say, tears a rough hole through the air. To make its way through the air at high speed, the projectile must be smooth. An arrow is smooth. A bullet is smooth. For the same reason, the shooting star jet plane is smooth. As smooth as the finish on your piano. A special airfoil lacquer developed by DuPont Research based on the P-80, buffed and polished until it's so lustrous you can actually see your face in it. This new finish for the P-80 shooting star is only the latest of many special finishes perfected for wartime tasks by DuPont chemists and engineers and made with scientific accuracy by the men and women in DuPont plants. The team whose year in, year out effort to create new materials of old ones brings you the DuPont company's better things for better living through chemistry. Let us not forget in this hour of victory in Europe that our battle is but half won. There is much more to be done both abroad and at home before America can return to the ways of peace. Let us rededicate ourselves of the things we must do at home. Things that may have become commonplace in our thinking, in our success. Continue to be careful of the use of your car to save it from the scrap heap. Continue to save all the waste paper and fats and most important stick to your job. On this momentous occasion we at DuPont pledge that we will not slow our effort one minute until the last gun is fired and peace has once more returned to all the world. That is the pledge and promise of the men and women who work for DuPont. Mark Twain said everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything about it. That was many years ago and Mark Twain can be forgiven for knowing nothing about the United States Army Forces Weather Service. Next week the DuPont Cavalcade will bring you an exciting new play about the AAF Weather Service and the vital part it played in the Battle of the Bowls. Next week's play is called Weather is a Weapon by Dana Andrews. The music for tonight's DuPont Cavalcade was composed and conducted by Robert Ambruster. Our Cavalcade play was written by Bernard Rans and was based on material supplied by USO Cam Shows. One of the vital agencies you helped to support by contributing to your local United War Fund campaign. This is Frank Graham inviting you to listen next week to Weather is a Weapon, an exciting play about the AAF Weather Service by Dana Andrews. On the Cavalcade of America brought to you by the DuPont Company of Wellington, Delaware.


Hello and welcome to the Circular Metabolism Podcast. This podcast is hosted by the Chair of Circular Economy and Urban Metabolism held by Aristide de Tannassiades and Stefan Kanpermann at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. In this podcast, we talk with researchers, policymakers and different practitioners to unravel the complex aspects of what makes urban metabolism and economies more circular. This podcast is produced by the Chair of Circular Economy and Urban Metabolism at the Université Libre de Bruxelles held by Aristide de Tannassiades and Stefan Kanpermann. In this podcast, we discuss with researchers, administrators and practitioners to clarify the different aspects that make the economy and metabolism of our cities more circular. On the fifth episode of the Circular Metabolism Podcast, we had the opportunity to chat with Matthew Gendi, one of the pioneers of urban political ecology. Matthew is professor of cultural and historical geography and fellow of Kings College at the University of Cambridge. He was founder and director of the UCL Urban Laboratory and also has been a visiting scholar amongst others at Columbia University, the University of California and the Humboldt University in Berlin. Matthew's research topics range from environmental history, urban political ecology, urban water infrastructure, epidemiology, as well as rethinking existing understandings of urban nature. He is indeed an eclectic researcher led by curiosity, attentive observation and sometimes by serendipity. His work is sometimes inspired through art exhibitions, asking unusual and unpredictable questions which social sciences tend to overlook or not address. His article, Rethinking Urban Metabolism, Water, Space and the Modern City and his book Concrete and Clay, Reworking Nature in New York City published at the MIT Press really helped me broaden my urban metabolism horizons by adding some social, geographical, historical and political layers. In this episode we discussed how our choice of words and metaphors is extremely important to describe complex social and environmental challenges. For instance, Matthew used the Urban Metabolism metaphor to describe for the double circulation in water infrastructure, meaning the circulation of water and capital, as well as the interlinks between the material and immaterial flows. However, the use of this metaphor has been highly controversial and almost divisive between critical geographers and industrial ecologists. Matthew also mentions how he actively changes the focus of urban political ecology by bringing different actors and protagonists at the forefront of research such as flies and over-matured trees to question our current discourses on biodiversity in the urban context. He argues that one of the weaknesses of urban political ecology is the lack of direct engagement with the ecological sciences. In the future, a more radical interdisciplinarity is necessary to tackle wicked urban problems. He believes that grounded theory and the use of a practical case could enable us to explore the combination between social, historical and ecological sciences. Enjoy this episode and don't forget to visit our website circularmetabolism.com to find all of our productions and activities. Also make sure to subscribe to your favorite app including YouTube, iTunes, Spotify and Stitcher to avoid missing any new episodes. Finally, leave us a comment or a review to help us improve our podcast. Yeah, it was really a pleasure to have your insights and your advancement of this urban political ecology because you talked about fields that I think are new to me and for a lot of people. When I did my master thesis on urban metabolism, I typed urban metabolism to find out what it was. The first things I figured out was a quantitative aspect and then there was your paper about rethinking urban metabolism and it was a completely different one and I didn't understand, oh urban metabolism is not what I thought at the first place and you continue to have some interesting insights such as the re-nature re-natering New York and with a concrete and clay book and for me you opened up some pathways I didn't know before and I guess this is urban political ecology but could you please explain us a bit what's urban why do you use urban metabolism or what is urban metabolism to you in your work? Sure, I mean I think that the term metabolism which obviously has a scientific origin has subsequently been applied in different ways so you have this circularity of metabolism which has been picked up particularly within fields such as industrial ecology and some of these systematic models of raw materials and energy and so on moving through urban space so a kind of technical quantitative or model-oriented approach but then there's another strand which links back to Marx's original reworking of the idea of metabolism which really picks up on this notion of the transformation of the raw materials of nature through human labour but also and perhaps more significantly this circularity of the flow of capital through urban space and what really struck me in some of these attempts to work with the neo-Marxian concepts was the first attempt of people like Eric Swingerdale to look at this very interesting constellation of ideas so I guess that it's really via some of the Marxist ideas and their reformulation through the worker Swingerdale and others that I arrived at a particular conceptualisation of urban metabolism looking particularly at water infrastructure because that's a field that I've looked at for a number of years. Curiously though the article Rethinking Urban Metabolism I wrote rather quickly and didn't pay much attention to and one of the strange aspects of academic life is that individual essays suddenly get picked up in unexpected ways but so I think what's interesting as well with this neo-Marxist strand is that for instance David Harvey talks about you know the capital fix and I think it's very much actually an urban metabolism idea as well I mean the stock you know is a capital fix and he never or I didn't read too much after a moment but I've never seen him use this metaphor I mean the metabolic metaphor too much so it's interesting to see why for a certain individual this metaphor sticks even if you're in the same discipline or background and for others it does not do you know why I mean some of your critical geographer colleagues might use it some others might criticize it because it was heavily criticised as well as a metaphor I guess from an industrial ecology point of view. Yes I mean I think for me what I found rather interesting was this sense of a double circulation so the in relation to water infrastructure so the circulation of water and then the circulation of capital and this very interesting combination of the if you like the material the metaphorical and in terms of political economy of course the way in which capital flows are linked to global markets and perturbations within investment stocks and flows and financial capital so this in a way this tension between the material and the immaterial I think is captured in an interesting way through this application of urban metabolism but some of the other if you like rival formulations around industrial ecology and some of the engineering approaches are really utterly different if we trace that back particularly to Abel Wollman's essay 1965 and its subsequent reformulation I think these approaches have certain weaknesses which a number of people point and pointed to a particular focus on the measurable sort of the quantifiable aspects of urban space exactly and also if you like the simplification of urban space into these administrative units so in a way that the the idea of the city is never critically interrogated in relation to other spaces and sort of constitutive elements and there's also this sense of an ideological continuity I think with the 19th century sense of the of the organic city precisely and trying to reconceptualize urban space as a set of organs and the use of medical metaphors such as and disease or dysfunctional limbs or organs and so on and somehow there was this for me at least there was an odd combination almost of this emphasis on quantitative model building linked with this ideological continuity with 19th century conceptions of the city so very husband and very cleaning the the poor and cleaning the yes this this sense of kind of enabling the flow of space to work more effectively as a as a modern capitalist city so I think in a way in terms of articulating an alternative conception of metabolism it works at different levels it's not just a material level but it also links with an ideological and even the philosophical realm as well but it's interesting because he's a sensational engineer right yeah and you know us men and all of all of the likes in Brussels as well so we had the river that was crossing just around here that the Zener river and again it was an infrastructure challenge so in both challenges it was actually a re infrastructuring the entire city by using this metabolism term is like exactly as you say the arteries and you know the the clogs and yeah so and but you don't only use urban metabolism as a metaphor you use many others from cyber urbanization to aliens yes the couple of days ago so what's the power in this complex reality of you know urban economy and urban flows and urban and also global you know challenges how do these metaphor help us to understand these challenges or how do you go from one to the other I mean I think that our choice of words and concepts is extremely important so I'm very interested in the use and application of language and I think that theory and language go together and I think it worries me when terms are used indiscriminately or without enough careful attention to their cultural historical specificity I think one enduring theme in my in my work is the connection between the body in the city and in this sense there's a connection between discussions around metabolism and various difficulties with organist analogies and then what you might turn the neo-organist city and the digital space or thinking space of the city algorithmic space I think this is perhaps where the cyborg metaphor becomes quite interesting in terms of for me that the whole cyborg question is really conceptualizing what paraphernalia of modern infrastructure systems enable the human body to flourish in an urban environment and it's a complex set of sequences within the modern city in that sense I quite like this analogy with the Cold War astronaut and enabling if you like the fragile human body to survive in a hostile environment and then thinking through these complicated relationships between the body and infrastructure within the modern city but at the same time expanding our conception of what infrastructure really is and thinking about the the historicity of infrastructure and state formation its fundamental role if you like in the ideologies of modernity and really the possibilities for life and in that sense I think questions around a cyborg urbanization and these flows within space they link with different kinds of ideological conceptions of the possibilities for life and also perhaps biopolitical discourses as well when we think about the body and health and human well-being you know it's really interesting to know because I think your presentation on Thursday was challenging for a lot of people because they didn't have this evolution of urban political ecology and how it's actually can and it went from putting the actor in the flows or in the urban metabolism let's say discourse to to rethinking nature to questioning you know you question how this specific fly is an actor or is not in this discourse of biodiversity so you're really kind of changing scales and changing actors in this discourse as being the protagonist and I feel for us we had we didn't have time to digest your you know your your thoughts because you have been going from one strand of urban political ecology to another one I guess but could you tell us a bit or is there a logical evolution in urban political ecology did it start by branding itself like this one day and then we said okay we're gonna continue from then onwards I mean by way of context I mean the the presentation I gave here in Brussels relates relates to this larger project this European Research Council funded project Rethinking Urban Nature and it has a series of thematic or conceptual strands to the project one of which is to critically reconceptualize aspects of urban political ecology and in particular look at urban biodiversity because in terms of my previous work has tended to be focused around questions of landscape and infrastructure but in the last few years I've become increasingly interested in biodiversity and especially in an urban context so the the presentation here in Brussels concerned this accidental chance discovery of a rare invertebrate a rare fly and then thinking through all of the curious kind of philosophical and political questions that arise from this small discovery in north London and one of the things that I was particularly interested in is trying to think through what kind of arguments can be used to protect vulnerable aspects of urban diversity in a highly contested complicated and fast-changing urban arena and trying to think through some of these discourses about biodiversity in relation to urban political ecology because for me one of the the weaknesses within urban political ecology as it's been constituted is actually a lack of direct engagement with ecological science or specific fields such as entomology or evolutionary biology so in a way it's an attempt to bring some rigorous aspects of scientific discourse into the frame of urban political ecology but that's then super interesting because there are these ecologies that we keep talking about and urban political ecology is one of them industrial ecology is the other one the urban ecology is another one but so is that the way to go forward by integrating or finding you know the intersections and working on these intersections and make them more more logical and use the same kind of discourse do you feel that you had to relearn I guess all of the discourse of an urban ecologist to be able to carry out a good research and now you're trying to bring it back to urban political ecology to repopulate this field I mean in a way thinking about my own work I've kind of had a double life as a geographer and an entomologist oh you were okay I'm very interested in this field so it's really a way of bringing together these disparate elements in terms of creating a new kind of conceptual synthesis but I think that the implications for urban political ecology are I think a need to be more radical in terms of its interdisciplinarity because the term interdisciplinarity or multi-disciplinarity is talked about by everybody including funding agencies but what does that actually mean in practice and I think for me it's really with the urban political ecology and urban biodiversity and what I'm really trying to do here is to think through a kind of radical interdisciplinarity that really engages very directly with the sciences aspects of the social sciences the historical sciences but also the humanities as well because if we're talking about phenomenology not just the human sensorium but other than human nature then really there are many different strands that we need to try and bring together within a conceptual synthesis that works effectively yeah yeah of course I mean you you put it right that well biodiversity is a human a man-made concept and we want this type of biodiversity and we exclude the the most logical biodiversity I mean this bumblebee oh no well no this fly that resembles like a bumblebee yes is a very fantastic opportunity in terms of biodiversity and of terms of something that we will lose and it will not be endogenous and all of this so but we keep the trees are not to our liking so you know we want the I don't remember the expression in English but we want to eat the pie and have the pie whole or something like this yes yes but you know it I don't know how we will be able to bridge you know our our lifestyles but also our philosophical aspirations because right now they're they're going into two separate paths and I don't know if you did you find in your exploration ways to bridge them but you said that local people or we're involved into this project are they the vehicle for bridging this yes and I think it's um if um nature conservation or the protection of biodiversity is to have any prospect of success it has to involve um a profound engagement with grass grassroots ecology public culture and so on I think that the the protection of nature can't be a purely abstract realm of discourse so that direct contact with nature especially in an urban context I think is extremely important for mobilizing people's interest um in terms of the particular study that I did in north London I was interested in especially vulnerable habitat types what I refer to saproxilic geographies which in particular refers to um very old or over mature trees as expression used because they have an extremely complicated topographic structure that supports um hundreds if not thousands of different species of invertebrates but these very old trees are a source of anxiety because if it's windy there's a possibility that part or even the whole tree might collapse they're very complex and difficult to look after there's often a lack of expertise in municipal governments to really know how to handle these kind of trees so we're talking about a vulnerable species related to a vulnerable habitat in some ways in an anomalous urban context so all of these things really came together in terms of looking at this particular study and how did you go from let's say looking at landscapes which are always a bit more far away and right now you're focusing on a specific case study which is let's say in London so before in the case of Lagos or New York or you know many of your case studies you looked or Paris you looked a bit at the hinterland or you know all of the supply area and now you're really looking at a specific case study is there um you know comparable findings that you can find from you know very local to very wide studies or does the one inform separate things than the other right i mean i would say that um my research agenda is fundamentally curiosity driven um if it's useful or interesting for other people that's great but that's but i'm not trying to prefigure that um in the case of abby park cemetery in north London is actually located very near to where i where i've lived for many years um and initially my engagement with the site was simply as a effectively an ecological volunteer helping to collect data meeting people giving occasional public talks so local involvement but then i began to realise actually there's a lot of very interesting things going on in relation to this site so it sort of gradually became part of these these large intellectual questions that i've been looking at in terms of the the broader structure of my research certainly i have looked at a variety of different locations and sometimes the reason for looking in greater detail at a particular location or engaging with the topic can be really through serendipity for example art exhibitions have often been a sort of great inspiration for me in the sense that um artists often ask those um unusual or unpredictable questions which if you like routine social science or particularly um social science is concerned with the measurable or quantifiable simply overlook or tend not to address so the work that i started to do in the history of urban infrastructure particularly water infrastructure in paris when that was inspired by an exhibition of the photographs of nadar but i happened to see in in new york on working on a very different project but having thought about it taken notes and looked in more detail i suddenly realised that this was a kind of a portal into a whole series of interesting questions so i think in terms of research design for me sometimes there's a there's a kind of magic key or some entry point sometimes completely unexpected that opens up a whole series of interesting questions but do you reckon this is only possible because you had this dual background and your kind of your um stimulation your stimuli come from different directions and it's the overlap that make the you know this interesting and curious research possibly i mean i think um one term which which springs to mind is that of attentive observation and i think because of my um long-standing interest in natural history ecology and entomology um i tend to be always noticing things so if i'm walking through a city and i notice some plants growing on the pavement i'm often hesitating taking a closer look you know what what is it well how did it get there so that all of these little um clues within the the fabric of the city can become very important um points of connection with larger arguments and how do you construct them because you you're always i think what's interesting as well with your work is that and with urban political ecology is developing this narrative because you know water could be just said like abba woman it's just water and we were talking about a virtual city of one million inhabitants and we can be very dry about it yeah but you make really and i think the historical perspective really helps for that to make a narrative and to you know take the reader by the hand with and help him understand well new york was before like this and they did that for that and as soon as we do a historical perspective things become obviously clear and we don't guess them it's you know we don't go the opposite way where we try to guess things it's most the the reality instead of well the reality what what people give us as a reality and we read it as reality but uh yeah yeah i mean i think a historical perspective is absolutely fundamental um and it's extremely useful particularly in terms of trying to understand the the processes behind the production of space and the emergence of particular kinds of um cultural or political constellations or ideas equally i think the historiography of ideas and the terminology that we use is very important and is linked to material and historical and change but this question of history i've also been thinking about recently because um if you like the overwhelming focus of urban political ecology or environmental or urban historical discourse has been on on the modern era but with recent debates about the Anthropocene i'm interested in also thinking about how we might locate cities in relation to deep time and really what would a much longer historical lens and provide in terms of thinking through the contemporary politics of the biosphere and other fields so this is really at an early stage but i have begun to think about if the temporalities of urban nature at a different at a series of different scales or levels if you like but deep time you mean in the past or potentially in the future as well well i'm i'm cautious of trying to project into into the future um but i but i think that um clearly at the moment there's a lot of interest in what we understand the city or urban space to be and i think it is helpful to to take a longer view um of how how urbanization emerged um how it's uh interconnected with different um energy transitions which have been a fundamental importance um so at the moment there's a lot of interest in uh post carbon futures um different types of topographic or technological formations uh in relation to urban space and i think again i think taking a longer view can be immensely helpful um one topic i've looked at quite recently is that a light pollution which which is something that interests me partly because it relates to um invertebrates and urban ecology very very important but it also poses a very profound questions about um technological path dependencies and also um those areas of technical decision making that are effectively excluded from the public realm or democratic discourse yeah and so in this deep time i guess brodel and you know this long durée is something that you probably will take on board or something like this is that the future for you i mean it because you're you say that you are you observe and then that sparks your curiosity and that sparks your future research what's your latest uh let's say uh curiosity or have you find something that really is intriguing you and you think it's really important to continue researching i mean at the moment i'm completing a book on urban biodiversity where i want to explore these different themes um i've been very impressed for example by isle vightsman's forensic architecture um project with his colleagues and i would also like to think about the implications of this um post positivist um collaborative methodological approach and what it might mean for um urban ecology and urban biodiversity is something i'm thinking about um so i'm thinking through um also what the anthropologist tim choy refers to as ecologies of endangerment and ecologies of comparison um so i'm developing a series of conceptual themes but with particular uh empirical examples that that interest me so in a way you try to to set more in stone the theory of what's urban ecology or urban political all of this you try to actually lay out the more uh a common vocabulary or a common idea framework from which people can then collaborate yes i mean i i like the idea of um a ground of theory or exploring philosophical dilemmas through a series of um practical problems or political issues i find that very illuminating so in relation to the protection of endangered invertebrates as i mentioned in my in my lecture i've been intrigued by if you like the limits to a neo-benthemite uh deridian approach in terms of concern with the suffering of animals and affinities if you like between the human and the non-human and thinking can we articulate some kind of effective philosophical positions that maybe go beyond the limits of this uh neo-benthemite um paradigm and this is where i brought in the ideas of the the vulnerability of these so-called baitsian mimics associated with saproxilic geographies and trying to bring some of the scientific discourses uh interline with some new thinking about environmental ethics and other than human nature so these are some of the ideas that i'm currently working with yeah well thank you very much i think your guests are here so again thanks for your time okay