Good morning everyone. Welcome to Cambridge and welcome to the actual programme. Okay, so this is now the second year that the programme is running. And I actually thought that I can't hear the part of the staff here as well. So there's a... my name is Peter Sillalli. I actually prepared a popular slide but it doesn't matter. Sorry, I'm guessing it's on the call sign. I'n fy nellaud. It's pronounced, C-D-A-D. It's a long iron, so people to support please call me Tila. Yes I'm a lecturer at a business school in finance and I have actually been involved in my 70 years teaching accounting at finance at a university, at a business school at the engineering faculty and now at the law faculty. Rydyn i dweud o'r hynny yn ei bod yn ddweud y cyffredinol, ac mae'n ddweud y cwrs ond rydyn yn neud eu chyfnodol. Felly, yna'r cyflwydfa mhagor yma, a maen nhw'n amser i'n meddwl y cyflwyfau ar gyfer eich cyfal iawn o fod yn cyflwyfiau, ac mae yna yn cyflwyfiau ar gyflwydfa mhagor yma, ac mae'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'r cyflwyfiau ar gyflwyfiau ar gyflwyfiau, I ac mae'r broses yn cwilio ar gyfer cael ei hollwch yn rhan o bobl, yn cael eu bobl i'n rhan o bobl i'r hollwch yn rhan o gobl. Yn y gallwn y dyfodol, yn ei wneud hynny i'w adrwysau ar gyfer Cymru, yn cyfaluio'r hollwch yn rhan o bobl i'w adrwysau ac yn cyfaluio'r hollwch yn rhan o bobl i'w adrwysau. The challenge we will try to achieve in the course is to understand how elements actually work, how representations and various parameters can actually be achieved. How many of you have done accounting or finance? Just two of you. So all the more important that we actually do this course. Y account is basically the collection processing and dissemination of financial information by companies, and with that there are two major areas of financial accounting and other accounting. Financial accounting basically collects and disseminates the information, and then four and disseminates information to all stakeholders involved with the company. that doesn't just include shallow loans and creditors, it also includes customers and supplies and most importantly the government, the tax service. Whereas E等 Y Llywodraeth neu Hanfeyd, which we're not actually looking at the official agenda of Hanfeyd, it basically is specifically related to the completion of the information for management or the implementation of the system to make decisions. y cwmhwyl yw'r duitondol yw y cyd-moedd yma d-gallu iawn, ychydw i ysgrifennu cael rawr o fwy o ddweud gael bwysig o'r cyfrifiadau bwysig n Mathiaspan yn ymddangos o'r cyfrifiadau bwysig yma. Mae'n gallu yw'r cyfrifiadau bwysig o dweud gael bwysig ymddangos o'r cyfrifiadau bwysig a feeio ar gyfer eu cyfrifiadau bwysig? Mae roeddwn i'n cyfrifiadau bwysig ar dweud. so byw, first, Laura, and body Third gave financial statements of the company are. Ha! What are they? Anyone? Joan chair who shows the company's financial positions, Clara statements show the company's performance ... and then the cash flow statement in shows the company's ability to generate cash. Now the cash flow statement arche wasn't But now it is because for a company to survive, they actually need cash, so no matter how profitable you are on payback, if you don't have cash, you just go bankrupt because you won't be able to cover your inner-file duties. Yes, in the three key financial statements, we will also learn how to construct from information that companies can have. You can imagine that TASCOS has billions of transactions a year, so it is actually quite a formidable task for the company to actually come up with the non-residential statement, so we will actually learn how to construct all of that. And then we will learn how to actually analyse the statements. We will look at various financial ratios related to, well, the specific five key areas that we will be looking at, so we can actually learn to process the information that the company provides us ourselves. I wonder about finance. I'm actually actually a finance at the business school, so as you can imagine I find this area much more exciting and hopefully you will find it the same. In particular, a lot of you will think, what am I doing in this spot? Well, I do actually like to look at current events, so I do actually like to start the evening of each lecture talking about what is going on in the financial markets and the financial world. Of course, since the global financial crisis hit, we have had a range of issues arising along the way, and you shouldn't be surprised if Hungary comes under the discussion. Hungary has been in the press quite a lot recently because we have a government that I'm not very happy with. So hopefully a few distinct examples from Hungary will also help you to help us hide certain issues in finance and financial markets. Okay, so what are we going to be looking at in finance? What is finance actually? Finance is basically the science of a valuation on the one hand. It is called asset pricing. It basically deals with the pricing of financial assets in particular. What are the P-financial assets? Corporate law. What are the P-financial assets in relation to the company? Financial assets. Yes, finance deals with the valuation of all assets in the economy, both financial and non-financial. This is actually really cool to understand how much the company actually works. In relation to companies, there are two key types of financial assets. These are actually two financial assets that the company has had, which are the companies and debts. Yes, debt and equity. Yes, debt and equity. So what is that? It is the money owed to the company's creditors and equity is what? The claims of the shareholders. The claims of the shareholders. How do you actually get the claims of the shareholders? This is actually very critical for the understanding of how companies actually work. On the one hand, the company has assets. On the other, it has liabilities, right? Yes. Then it has equity. Now equity is your so-called residual or shareholder's so-called residual claim. This is not necessarily money that they can take out of the company. Basically, the company has a certain amount of assets that it has a certain amount that it has to pay back and whatever is left goes to the shareholders, right? So this is actually a critical issue. The company has a certain amount of assets. It has a certain amount of liabilities to pay back and whatever is left goes to the shareholders. And fundamentally, the company's objective should be to increase the value of equity, the value of the crew to shareholders, right? And you will find that in the context of taxation, this actually has very serious implications. So the first thing we will do in finance is basically look at the valuation of assets in general, meaning the valuation of non-financial assets such as land, the valuation of debt, as well as the valuation of equity. You will find that these are actually priced quite differently because they tend to have very different cash flow streams. Now, does anyone know where the value of an asset comes from? Why does an asset have value? Why are you prepared to pay for a corporate bond or assets? So what is the benefit? It depends on the financial instrument. But what do you get? Future cash flows, right? So you will find that the fundamental idea of valuation in finance is that the reason why you are prepared to pay money for assets is because all those assets will impact the future future cash flows. So the current value of asset is basically the discounted present value of all the future cash flows. So this is actually very, very critical as you will find. And you will find that depending on the types or the patterns of the future cash flow streams, the valuation of assets can become very, very critical. So we will actually learn the very basics of valuation, of course. What will be then critical for us to discuss is basically the three key areas of corporate decision making, which are investment policy, financing policy and payout policy. Now, what is investment policy? Investment policy is basically the investment decision making process or capital policy process. The objective of the company is to generate wealth for shareholders. So the objective of management is basically to undertake investments then generate higher cash flows than the initial or higher wealth than the actual cost. And the context of corporate decision will be very important to understand that when the company makes investments, the investments themselves are not actually tax deductible, right? The capital, the expenditures that the company makes to invest in assets to generate future income is not actually tax deductible, but instead you will basically get depreciation or in the UK a capital allowance that allows you to account for the loss in the value of the investment that you have made. But the investments themselves are not tax deductible. And this, of course, has very critical implications for corporate behavior. Now, the second area is financing policy. By financing policy, I mean that the company is fundamentally fund themselves with debt collected from creditors and the equity, which is basically money put out by shareholders. The question is, is it important where the money comes from to fund the company itself? And you will actually find that it is in fact critical. For one, the money that you get from creditors, that is basically a fixed claim. So you know exactly how much you pay back. As in the case of equity, as we said, shareholders basically hold a residual claim. They just get whatever is left in the company. And this will actually create massive conflicts of interest between creditors and shareholders with respect to how the company's cash flows should be distributed. Another critical issue is that it's basically taxation. Whatever the company pays up to shareholders in the form of dividends or share purchases comes out of its net income. Which basically means that all of that is taxed. That's what Peter also discussed earlier. Whereas credit, the interest that the company pays on debt to creditors, that is actually tax deductible. And again, this completely, may I say, screw up, can actually completely screw up the incentives of companies with respect to financing themselves with debt and equity. And again, there's this massive conflicts of interest between creditors and shareholders that affect company behavior. So in terms of financing policy, we will look at the choice of debt versus equity. And how that actually impacts the company's financial performance, financial position. And how that actually potentially can affect the behavior of management, as well as all of the state that is involved in the company. At a third area, payout policy, I have just alluded to two critical issues here. On the one hand, the money that the company really distributes to shareholders is not tax deductible. There comes out of the company's net income and can basically take two forms. How can companies share their currency by shareholders? Does anyone know? There's dividends and... Which kind of capital? Capital gains? Capital gains? Capital gains? Yeah, and how do you trigger capital gains? Immediately payout policy. The company wants to distribute a certain amount of cash to the shareholders. How does it do? Share my debts, right? If the company pays dividends, that money will actually be taxed at the level of the shareholders, right? Because they will entertain you without cash. Now, what about share repurchases? How do share repurchases actually compensate shareholders? Well, you have a certain amount of equity, and if you actually reduce the number of shares that represent this amount of equity, then the share price, the price of the individual share has to go up. This is what we call capital gains or capital depreciation. The company is compensating its shareholders by increasing its own share price by repurchasing some of its shares from the market. And the critical issue here will be that obviously from the perspective of the individual shareholders, dividend tax and capital gains tax will be very, very different. And this will actually very much depend on the country and on the type of shareholder you're talking about, whether it's an individual shareholder financial institution or a non-financial fund, etc. So, you will see that in the context of corporate taxation, the relative taxation of dividends and capital gains will actually be very, very critical in influencing company behaviour as well. So, these are the three areas of finance that we will be able to look at in relation to us. So, what is this? So, we have 16 hours. So, what I will actually try to do is do six hours of counting. And we just know the basics so we know where the company information actually comes from, what the company actually looks like, and what each individual item means in the company's financial statements. And then we will spend eight hours of finance, where we will first look at valuation, then we will look at investment policy, and financing policy, and finally pay out policy. So, these are really just the very basics, but hopefully you will find that the course is actually instrumental in your understanding of corporate law basically. I understand that we will be meeting on Wednesdays between 1 and 3, but at some point we might actually have two letters to read at the request of the faculty. So, we will actually have one letter, I guess, later on. And we will have the exam on the 11th of December, which will actually be a global exam. And don't forget that obviously both accounting and finance are quantitative, so the question is really my congratulations. There will be basically four or five questions of which you will have to answer two. And one accounting and one finance, yes. And you will have, or maybe three questions out of five. But the bottom line is that you will have to do two hours to do it, and hopefully get it. And we will actually be preparing for the types of questions that you can get, because I will actually get you to give you basically homework practice questions that you can take on and that we can go through them together in class. And I will also give a lot of the answers to all the questions in the book that we will be using, which is a Roswell Cynthia Depp. What answers that? Any questions? There's always the issue about calculators. So, the university is very strange and about this. The university has a certain list of approved calculators. And as a general rule, they will only allow one of these calculators into the examination room. And you will actually come to go to the university centre and have a label stuck on your calculators. It has actually been approved by the university. So this is actually very critical. Obviously the idea being that you should use calculators that are too programmable. If we only equation them all together. Okay, I think I've run out of time. Any questions or anything? I hope that we are accommodated as you make the course interesting for you. We have a great passion for bias, so we don't talk about it currently. That is to put everything into context. And are we able to send you other course and ministry reports etc. As well as hopefully provide an understanding of how accounting and finance is relevant to corporate taxation. So thank you very much and I'll see you on Wednesday.


We offer the ability for you to have protection from the air on the front lines. Training devices are Soldiers' number one way to be non-complacent. This is the integrated moving target simulator.  Anything with video games, you know, Soldiers want to do, right? It's real easy. It's virtual reality. Wherever you look, you're going to see something you might see in combat, and you're going to see an aircraft, and you have the ability to engage that in real time without ever firing a single bullet. That's pretty cool. My job right now is to be an instructor to all the new Soldiers coming in, it's MOS. What is this dome designed to do is to simulate a lot of environment, a rainy environment, it's no environment, and it gives them a chance to be in those areas while being here. It is extremely easy to get complacent or lose perishable skills. This is giving a Soldier knowledge that they might have learned three years ago, right back in their brain, and I think that's really important.


But online shopping is very beneficial when you're overseas, you know, but I'm here to tell you I Enjoy going into the thrift store for things that I need, you know for Maybe a temporary time period that is gently used Particularly overseas. I mean I've gone into the thrift store and been able to get a toaster that is you know with European power Versus US power and that's very helpful because I'm only going to use it for a year and a half or so And then when I leave here, I'm going to make sure it's still and it goes in the condition that it was when I got it And clean and looks near new and put it back into the thrift store So another couple that's coming here and recycle that through and I think that's really important the acronym means Americans working around the globe they started a WAG as a training Connecting and strengthening the volunteers and bring together Organizations, but training is the most important thing Don't wait for things to happen to you make them happen for you


Okay, welcome to Intro to AI, Constraint Satisfaction Problems with Tokyo EdTech. That is me. Today we're gonna take a look at a simple type of constraint satisfaction problem, a seating chart. So constraint satisfaction problem is a problem where you have lots of different possible solutions to whatever it is and there are constraints, some limitations to which ones are acceptable. So in this case we're looking at a seating chart for three people. We're gonna add a few people later. We have Adrian Blair and Chris and so they are seated at a conference or whatever the occasion might be and we have to figure out which seating arrangements are acceptable to these people and we're gonna add some kind of constraints to limit the seating arrangements that can be possibly acceptable to those people. So you can see here, we've got a seating chart, again, three people, Adrian Blair and Chris and the first constraint is that Adrian cannot sit on the end. So for some reason Adrian does not like to sit on the end of the stage or whatever that thing is. So let's go ahead and solve that simple constraint first. Then we'll add a few other people to the mix and then we'll add a second constraint which is a bit more complicated, okay? So let's say that, well let's think about the problem first. So looking at this particular problem, let's say we have A, B and C, so Adrian, Blair and Chris, that is one possible seating chart. We have Adrian, Chris and Blair and we have B, A, C, then we have B, C and A, we have C, A, B and C, B, A. Okay now, obviously as intelligent human beings, we say, okay, well Adrian can't sit on the end, so I gotta get rid of that. Adrian can't sit on this end, so I gotta get rid of that and Adrian can't sit on the end, I have to get rid of that, okay? So we can obviously do this ourselves because there's only six possibilities but as the number of people increases, the number of seats increase, so do the number of possibilities, they're called permutations. So the number of permutations comes from the number of seats slash number of people, so three times two times one gives us six possibilities. If we increase that to four seats, that would be four times three times two times one, that would give us, so three times two times one gives us six, four times six is 24. If we go to five people now we've got, I think seven hundred, seven hundred and 20, five times two, hundred, 120, sorry, 120. If we go to six seats now we've got 720 and then if we keep going, this seven times seven is 49, so 51, 40, so you can see how the number of possible permutations increases pretty rapidly. So at this point, I don't wanna sit down and figure them all out and do this on paper, so we're gonna figure out how to do this with Python. And Python, of course, makes it very, very simple. Now again, we can't do every type of constraint satisfaction problem this way just because there's too many possibilities. But for a simple problem like this, up to a reasonable number of seats, we can do that. So let's go ahead and figure out how we're gonna do this. So first we're gonna start with what we're given. So we're given three people and I'm gonna make a list, so I'm gonna make it. I'm just gonna use A, B, and C just to make it simple, okay? So we need to find all of the possible seating charts that can be made with this particular combination of people. And to do that, we're gonna use something called iter tools, okay? So iter, I believe it means iterates, iter tools. So I'm gonna go ahead and import that, import iter tools. And the way to do this, it's very, very simple, is we do iter tools dot permutations and it's gonna be people. So let's go ahead and print that and see what happens. So seating charts. See if we get the result that we expected because we know what the result should be because we just calculated it, okay? So you'll see here, it says iter tools permutations object at blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. Okay, so that clearly is not what we expected, but the information we want is inside that object. So an easy way to get to it is to just convert this to a list, okay? By wrapping this in list. Okay, let's go ahead and try that. And now you can see we have a list of tuples and you'll see that there are six and just the way we calculated earlier. Now it might be easier, I find it easier to do this because we're gonna need this later anyway, for seating chart in seating charts. And that is a for each loop. Okay, so we wanna print each seating chart on its own line. Okay, so now this gives us what we had before, what we'd figured out on our own, okay? So now that we've found all of the possible permutations, so we'll say, you know, find all possible permutations. We need to determine which of those permutations is valid. Okay, so what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna create a method, I'm gonna create a function called is valid, go figure. And it's gonna take one seating chart and it's gonna tell us, is that seating chart valid or not? So if it is valid, if valid, return true. So we're gonna go ahead and just, let's just go ahead and return true. So for now, we'll just assume that every single chart is valid and we'll test our code. And what I wanna do here, is I'm gonna go ahead and do if is valid. So if it is, oops, if is valid seating chart, this is why we test. It's really hard to talk in code at the same time, believe it or not. What I wanna do is, I wanna find all valid seating charts. So I'm gonna go ahead and create a new list, empty list called valid seating charts. And then what I'll do is if it's valid, we will say valid seating charts dot append, the current seating chart. And then down here, I'm just gonna copy this in valid seating charts, print seating chart. All right, let's try this. Okay, so let's just make sure it works. Okay, at this point, we should see the exact same thing we saw before, okay? So what this does, let's keep that up there a little bit, is, okay, we start with what we know. We know who's involved in the seating chart and how many we have. We know we're creating a list, an empty list to hold the valid seating charts that's what we wanna find. We find all possible permutations of the seating charts. Okay, we've got a method to check. And then for each seating chart, we're gonna check, is it valid? If it is valid, we're going to append it to the list of valid seating charts. And then we'll just print out the results. So let's go ahead and try our first constraints. This one says constraint. Adring cannot sit on the end, okay? So if we look at our data here, and look at each seating chart, we have a tuple, okay? So remember, each tuple index starts at zero. In this case, one, then two. So Adrien can't sit here and Adrien can't sit here. So what we can do, we cannot sit on the end. So we can say, if seating chart zero equals a, let's just go ahead and do it this way. We'll do it separately. Return false, okay? Also, if seating chart two equals a, remember, we're looking for negative examples here. Return false, okay? So basically it has to get through each of these checks to become valid, okay? So let's go ahead and run it, okay? So you can see here, we've got BAC and CAB. So out of our seating charts, out of our six possible seating charts, it eliminated the four charts where Adrien was either in the zero-width index or index two. So this gives me a lot of confidence that my overall coding structure is correct. I've tested it with something relatively simple, okay? The other thing I wanna do is I wanna go ahead and print out the percentages, okay? So to do that, I'm just gonna say print F, you know, let's say what we call it, it's valid. Let's put a percent sign in there, okay? And what we can do in here is we can say the length of valid seating charts divided by, divided by the length of all seating charts. Let's go ahead and test that. So we got two out of six, so we should see 0.33333, okay? Now I should probably multiply that by a hundred just to, you know, because it does say percent. Let's go ahead and do that so it looks proper. Okay, so we have 33% of those seating charts are valid, okay? So now, let's go ahead and test this. Let's go ahead and add a fourth person. You can come up with a name that you like. Let's go ahead and add a fourth person and see if this code still works, okay? Now those of you that have coded before a little bit more from the coding, you realize this is not going to work correctly. Let's go ahead and run it anyway and see what happens, okay? So it says that 50% of them are valid. Now what we need to do is take a look at some of the so-called valid seating charts. Do you see anything weird here? And hopefully you have a sharp eye. You can see that there is an A here in the last seat. And the reason for that, okay, and pause the video if you wanna think about it, but the reason for that is that now we have four possible seats and the index of the end is now no longer, it's no longer two, it's three. So we would either have to change this, which is inefficient, we don't wanna do that, okay? So what we can do is we can say the length of the seating chart minus one, okay? So the length of this seating chart is four, so one, two, three, four, but the index is three, so it's the length minus one. Okay, so let's go ahead and test that again, okay? Now we still got 50%, but as you can see, there are no A's in the last column or in the first column, okay, so the first spot. So that gives me pretty good confidence that this is working as expected, okay? So that was one of our constraints coded. That's a pretty simple constraint. So the next constraint is also that Adrien and Blair cannot sit next to each other, okay? So Adrien cannot sit on the ends and Adrien cannot sit next to Blair, so clearly Adrien has some problems here. It's very difficult to satisfy. So let's go ahead and add a few more, well actually let's not add, let's do this first. And then let's think about that. Now there's a couple different ways to do this constraint. So let's say Adrien and Blair, Blair cannot sit together. All right, so what we need to do, so let's look at one example where they are next to each other. So we have A and B here are next to each other, but we know we can't have that particular situation, okay? So what we wanna look at here is the index of Adrien and the index of Blair. So to find that we're gonna do index of A for Adrien equals seating chart dot index A. And we also need index B, seating chart dot index B. Now I know a lot of you, especially my students are not gonna wanna type index out, they're just gonna type A and B, but I strongly encourage you to use good full variable names. It will help you when you come back to your code later. So what we could do, okay, one of the things we could do, is we could do something like if let's say seating chart, actually I don't actually need this part yet, we could do something like if seating chart index A plus one equals B, return false. So if the seating chart index A plus one, so in this case the index of A is actually one, one plus one is two. So if that were a B, it would not be valid, okay? And then we could do similar thing if seating chart index A minus one equals B, return false. So in this case A is one, minus one is zero, and that's B, so this would be an invalid seating chart. Let's go ahead and try this, just to see what happens. Oh, forgot the parentheses. Let's try that again, probably you guys noticed that. Okay, so in this case it does appear that it worked properly, okay? So there's no A on the ends, which is what we expected, and A and B are separated in each case. Now this, now you might wanna say okay, I've done it, hey, great, I'm a genius coder, no problem. But there's one little, this is where testing comes in, if you study computer science you'll learn a lot more about that topic. Let's say I remove this constraint, that Adrian cannot sit on the end. Let's go ahead and comment that out. Now I'm gonna go ahead and run this and see what happens, okay? And you'll see here we've got an index error. It says, tuple index out of range, okay? So what's happening is that in a case, let's scroll down here, so let's say we have like, we have B, let's say we have D, C, B, A, okay? The index of A is zero, one, two, three. Three plus one is four and there's nothing here. Okay, so we're trying to access an element that doesn't exist and that gives us an out of range error, okay? So, okay, there's a couple ways we can deal with this. All right, one of them involves index B, which you'll see in a minute. What we could do is we could say, if, you know, seeding chart, sorry, actually so we just say if index A plus one is less than length of seeding chart, we could do E and there as well. And then for this one, oops, if index A minus one is greater than negative one because we want it to be zero or higher, you can use greater than or equal to zero if you prefer. So, we only check this if it's less than length of the seeding chart, oops, minus one. Sorry, that'd be still be off by one. So, it has to be, you know, like say four, three, it has to be, so if it's the last one, oh, this actually, this might be a little bit easier so index A equals length of seeding, you only see how complicated it's getting, right? Minus one, so if it's the last item, it doesn't work. And if index A minus one equals zero, actually, I think I had that backwards anyway. Oops, control Z. All right, it should be greater than zero, sorry about that. So, it has to be greater than zero and this has to be less, so, sorry, if this, ah, it's greater than zero, we can check if this is less than the length of seeding, yeah, it's even confusing me. Let's try that, I think that's right. Let's see, let's see, charts. Yeah, see how we gotta do all kinds of stuff here now. There we go, finally. So this, I think, is good, okay? So you can see A and B are separated, A and B are separated, A and B are separated, A and B. So this, I think, is working properly and that gives us 66%, okay? But you can see how, especially while I was talking and doing this, I got a little confused about the condition under which we would test it, okay? So there is a much, much, much, much, much easier way to do this, okay? So what we can do, if, is it math.ABS? Let's try ABS, see if ABS works. Index A minus index B is not equal to one. I'm sorry, is equal to one. So if the absolute value of index A minus index B equals one, we will return false. And what I mean by that, let me come back down here. Actually just look down here. So the index of A and B, oh, actually it didn't work because that shouldn't have been printed out. So the index of A and B, I'm not redoing the video because this is my third time doing it. So yeah, I'm losing patience for this one. So A minus B, so we've got one minus zero. So if one minus zero equals one, then they are next to each other, okay? So in this case, this is zero and this is two. Zero minus two is negative two. Absolute value of negative two is two. So it doesn't equal one, okay? So that, I think that one is working. I think I can live with that one. So yeah, so in this case, we've got zero, one, two minus three is negative one. So they are next to each other because the absolute value of negative one is one, okay? So let's go ahead and undo that one and do that. Yeah, let's run it and see what happens, okay? So let's see if we have met our constraints. So we have no A's on the end, correct? And A and B are not next to each other, okay? So in that particular case, they're only 16% are valid seeding charts, okay? Let's go ahead and just add a few more people and just see, make sure we are getting about what we expected, let's go ahead and run that. So in this case, 40%. And what we could do is we could add a constraint where they must be together. So let's go ahead and just copy this. Let's go and add a constraint since, you know, if you made this far, you're probably interested in this. So let's go ahead and say that, let's say D and E, whoever they are, D and E must sit together. D and E must sit together. So let's go ahead and do the same thing. So index of D, index of E, D and E. And then D, oops. Okay, so in this case, since D and E must be next to each other, the index of D minus E must be one. So what I can do is I can say if it's not equal to one, so this distance is not one, okay? So in this case, D and E, so in this case, D is zero, one, two, three, five. Three minus five is two. That is not equal to one, so it is false. Let's go ahead and run that again. Okay, now we're down to 10%. Still a lot of possible permutations. Okay, but we can look here. Okay, no A's in the first column. No A's in the last column. Okay, I'm pretty happy with that. We said that Adrian and Blair cannot sit together. So A, B, okay, B, A, B, A. You can kind of go down through. You can see that here's B, there's no A. A, there's no B surrounding it. I think it works pretty, pretty well. And then we can just check one more time and see our D and E together. So D and E together, D and E together, D and E, D and E. Okay, you can kind of go down through. You can kind of see that yes, in every case, D and E are together, which is pretty cool. Okay, so that is that. So I know I got a little mixed up in the code there in the middle, but that is the name of the game, especially when you're talking and coding, excuses, excuses, and then I'll go ahead and put this final constraint in, constraint D and E must sit. Sit next to each other, okay. So just to review real quick, we start with what we're given. Then we create an empty list to contain what we're looking for. We find all possible permutations using iter tools.permutations. And we've created a function that tells us is a particular seeding chart valid or invalid. And what we're looking for is any false. So any violation of the constraints returns false. So once Adrian is on the end, I don't need to check and see about Adrian Blair. I don't need to check and see about D and E, okay. It's just as soon as I find one constraint that is violated, we're done, we return false. If we get through all the constraints, we return true, because then we beat the constraints. So we just iterate through, I'll put that in there. So iterate through, through all seeding charts and check and see if they are valid. If they are valid, add them to our valid seeding charts and then we just printed the results and the percentages. So that is that. Thanks again for watching. And as I like to say, keep on coding.


In the last lecture we were solving goal programming problems using the graphical method for those problems that had only two decision variables and the rest of the variables were the deviation variables. Now today we will take an example that has more than two decision variables and more deviation variables and try to solve this using the simplex algorithm. So the objectives are minimize eta1 plus eta2 plus rho3 and then rho4 and eta5 subject to these set of constraints. Now because eta1, eta2 and rho3 are part of the objective function, the objective function has three parts. The first part contains these three which implies that these three constraints are the rigid constraints. So we start the simplex algorithm by considering this objective function and only the rigid constraints to begin with. So we can set up the simplex table like this which will have x1, x2, y1, y2, eta1, eta2, eta3, rho1, rho2, rho3 and a right hand side. So we can start the simplex table this way with when we write this x1 plus y1 plus eta1 minus rho1 equal to 20, x2 plus y2 plus eta2 minus rho2 equal to 20, 4x1 plus 3x2 plus eta3 minus rho3 equal to 90. Now we could start with this and we want to minimize eta1 plus eta2 plus rho3. So this is what we want to minimize, so this is how your first simplex table will look like. Because every constraint is an equation and every constraint has an eta or a rho, simply starting with eta1, eta2, eta3, the etas will always qualify to be initial basic variables and etas will have an identity matrix associated among themselves. For example, if you can have eta1, 1 0 0, 0 1 0, 0 0 1, you can do that and then your first simplex table will look like this with a 1 for eta1 with a 1 for eta2 and a 0 for eta3 with value equal to 40 here on the right hand side and then all these are 0s. So you calculate your Cj minus Zj or Zj minus Cj, you could calculate any one of them but you should remember that it is a minimization problem and also remember that we have not converted it to a maximization problem, we are solving the minimization problem as it is.  So it is a minimization problem, you have calculated Cj minus Zj, so for a minimization problem what will happen? A negative Cj minus Zj will enter, so you could enter either this or this or this or this and so on and maybe you can start with this and then compute your Theta's and proceed in your simplex iteration till you reach the optimum solution. For want of time and because of our own familiarity, we will not go through the simplex iterations, we will only give you the optimum table and then see something interesting from the optimum table. So the optimum table alone will look like this, this will actually happen after three iterations and you will finally get something like this, you will have X1, Y1, X2 with 0, 0 and 0, you will have 1, 0, Y1, you will have 0, 1, 0, X2, you have 0, 0, 1, Y2, minus 3 by 4, plus 3 by 4, 1, eta 1, 0, 1, 0, eta 2, minus 3 by 4, 3 by 4, 1, eta 3, 1 by 4, minus 1 by 4, 0, rho 1, 0, minus 1, 0, rho 2, 3 by 4, minus 3 by 4, minus 1 and rho 3, minus 1 by 4, 1 by 4, 0, 15 by 2, 25 by 2 and 20 with Z equal to 0, the Cj minus Zj values will be 0.


Buy muck coins is the best place to get your men 20 coins super quick delivery awesome customer service Build the team you always wanted and of course my code MMG is 15% Okay, sorry, what do you came? Yes, I was screeching did you not hear me?    What do you want? Oh, okay fine All right came Jordan Why don't you We've been watching the Saints with you've been watching Drew Brees with Just kidding. What do you want here?  Oh, Mark Lee.  All right. That's all three. Yeah, okay. I love you You have the best man in the world. Okay. Yeah, but who do you think all right? I kind of cheated for this Jerry rice, so I'm definitely throwing him a bomb first thing first and tad first play of the game We are gonna throw a bomb to Jerry rice. I gave him a streak because he has streak specialist and Then we're just gonna lob it up. Let's see what happens.  All right. Let's try that again All right, Jerry rice single coverage, of course, he's gonna catch it All right, I'm gonna do the same thing except I am gonna give it to Barclay this time this wheel route should totally be there Depends if he's in a Tampa 2 again.  This is our two-point conversion I could rifle this into rice But we're just gonna hand it out to Barclay. Let me do a sting. Let's go. All right magicians Let's play some defense. I'm sending a big-ass blitz off that right side. Oh good time to blitz wait Maybe not. Oh my god. Oh my god. We got this is an easy clamp. I know these routes. This is verticals, right?  Okay trail shake.  We can't let him get the two-point.   Oh, he didn't do it.  Let's see if we can do this boys. I got such a good team I can't I can't let this team down first play starting on offense, which is honestly not good Let's see what we can do here Yep, it's there. It's totally there. Oh, not so great of a block, but a great move by say Kwan All right, we're gonna go cover three match.   Let's end this game boys Let's see if he if he goes with rice.  Oh my god How did he not catch it? Oh, I can't believe you didn't get that. Oh, oh, that was a wasted play I only got one play left. Let's see what he does here All right. All right. He wants underneath. I knew he was going there. All right What do I do here? Do I try and feed Jerry Rice again? Or do I just take some solid yardage and hope we can win straight up? All right, Jerry. I have so much faith in you. Oh Be wide open terrible ball. What are you doing?  Well, we have to stop him here. It's over. He only needs seven yards I'm covering it. Let's go for the game. Oh my God, we won. How did we just do that? Oh my god, that was the worst win I've ever had Dude, I'm seeing stars right now for some reason. I think that was so intense. I'm seeing stars. Kayley I won an absolute thriller. All right. All right. All right. All right You can pick between Byron Jones, Fletcher Cox, Miles Garrett, Chris Jones, or John Randall You uh, Jones? Which Jones? Which two? That one. Chris Jones? Yeah Thank you so much. I'm sorry. No, you're good. Starting out with RPL Big Zone Mubble. The best way to start out a football game Oh, he's gonna sink on to it. So we're gonna go with the handoff to Delvin Cook. Nice juke.  Let's see if he sinks on it again. Nope doesn't easy easy read Oh my god, that might be a touchdown depends what we can do here.  I got tackled by the secondary. I assume he's gonna sink on to it this time So we're probably gonna go with the handoff here. Oh No, he's on the wrong guy. He can't get to it. He was so far off That was sick.   I Can't tell if that's a QB spy or not. It's not whoa.  You're getting clamped on this two-point conversion Absolutely. No way you're getting this.  I couldn't move Patrick Schumann. We still stopped it. Good defense boys Whoo. Oh, I wasn't stuck my controller is dead. I stay racked Wait, why did I get taken out of Superstar KO again? Why does it do that?  It did this to me last time too. I'll be like mid game And it'll just boot me. What did I do?   I was been booting me recently. I'm trying to get back to where I was I guess I should have Kaley do this too. Kaley. She's getting she's getting mad at me calling her in here You gotta reach out my team. Yeah, I kicked me out. I'll pick quickly. Uh girl Thomas Lawrence Smith Bosa Lawrence nice. That's a soft pick. Oh Hilton Cook Mahomes Rogers Rogers Rogers I recognize also. He's really skinny.  That's me like 45. Nice. Let's keep roast them Back hurts Julio Jones Z Galli and Michael Thomas Thomas All right. All right. This is a solid team. Yeah, it's a solid team. I'll get you back. He's 13 Cool number 13. Yeah, her favorite number is number 13.  He's got Mike Vic, bro I Think if we beat him and we get an option to get this Mike Vic that Kaley Kaley would what what?  I should have picked that off I think Kaley will know to pick Mike Vic though. I think she'll recognize that name So we got to get a win here corner out corner out corner out corner out. No way Let's go. There's that pick I deserve wait Oh, that was such a good juke with that receiver was right next to me Oh, yes, I love this pitch play this pitch play is so good Doug Martins Honestly, not bad and Michael Thomas should be able to throw a pretty good block here. So love this place Set those blocks up boys. Nice blocks. Oh my god. Wait. Oh, I was told to happen I could have a touchdown Mercedes Lewis is so open here. This is the play I have to make right there boom Beauty first in ten Tyree kills coming on the block here. I don't know how I feel about this Let's see how it goes though. Oh, beauty beauty beauty. Oh, oh, dog Martin with the broken tackle. Oh my whoa, I Didn't I trust me. I did not run out about there. I don't know what just happened I'm not really sure what I want to go with here. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Oh, yes Let's go What a beautiful fade route from Michael Thomas with the Air Jordan one pink cleats up It's a defensive pick so we couldn't get Michael Vick anyway Kaley Kaley fall asleep on the couch and I'm at a moral dilemma of whether to just wake her up and make her do this or not And I'm not gonna do it. I'm gonna be I'm gonna be a good boyfriend And I'm gonna let her sleep that means I get to close this one out. Sorry boys Hey boys, it doesn't matter if she comes back anyway because it's no not November So what do you need to serve?  Oh Philly special Come on throw it I'm no idea why you'd go with the Philly special Philly special is such a bad play because it's so easy to see it Setting up 39 no RPO here. He's probably gonna look Julio Jones right here. Oh, he knew he couldn't throw it We're gonna stay in the cover three match, but we are gonna blitz a few guys and I'm gonna cover the left side myself.  Oh Why open JD McKissick and more and way more? Oh Dude, I oh He totally thought I was gonna cut hard inside. Oh, that was sick. Gotta go to the ground here. Yes This game's over this half back dive is going maybe not this one But I'm gonna do three straight half back dives and one of them is going into the end zone Not that one here we go Doug Martin. Let's see those blocks boys.  I do this all day I don't ever get bored. Let's go down to the one and one final half back dive. Can't go goal line That's game beauty I was just rude brother. They just ran half back died four straight times. Hi six cell victory You know what I really want. I actually want delvin cook. Yeah I think who we are Odell are probably the better pick here But I do want a half back and delvin cook is sweet. Yeah, let's do this Dalvin cook is new to to this. Holy squaw Ultramarco Mera Yachty Jerry Rice Derek Brooks. Damn. That's such a good team. Oh, we're playing that city Get ready for some more half back dives boys. Come here. Throw it here. Throw it here. Throw it here Okay, he's lobbing it up the Jerry Rice first play.  I'm gonna half back dive this thing until it's in the end zone and I got delvin cook now I'm sorry to do this But guys if you play someone who is dot city and you are not abusing the run then you're just doing it wrong This is a guaranteed win for me right now. Let's try half back toss this play looks terrible. I Look terrible. It's not terrible. Got a juke. Oh, oh I love juke box There's another half back dive gonna go for ten. I totally understand how corny this is to guys Like I'm sorry, but it's a guaranteed win if I do this I feel just like I feel like I deserve that I deserve that I totally deserve that Whoa, whoa. No, no, no my battery just came out. No, no, no not the time No, no, no, okay. Wait, that's not the end of the world. That's not the end of the world Thank God Oh Oh my god, I almost just freaked out That is so funny. Why don't be delvin cook underneath? Let's make a move Let's get it. He's on his feet. All right. Where's Jerry Rice? Okay, here's Jerry Rice. I see Jerry He throws underneath the Jerry Rice great juke move. I got no pressure on me at all I can take my sweet-ass time here. Honestly Michael Thomas is so open I almost could have rat-caught that but I'll take it. I'll take it. We're across to 50 So as I keep it like this, we're good because I get the final play. Let's see what he goes with here I assume he's gonna go Jerry Rice Yeah, Jerry Rice Do it throw that post That's kind of open Let's go. That's game. I'm already across to 50 and that's my final play. All right So long as Derek Brooks doesn't light me up. This is game. I'm gonna definitely cover this ball And just go down Maybe not Maybe it'll be a day Let's go I got more This is my final one. Oh defense. Give me a free agent. Give me his Derek Brooks Let's go Let's go. This Derek Brooks is a beast final game He has two legends and I don't know he either of those are all right. We're in the championship Let's see it first play. I'm in a hat-back dive wait a minute. Are you kidding me? What? All right, cool. That would cook continuing a track record playing like a beast. I this was a great pick I knew it was the right pick. Oh good juke. I Thought for sure that was gonna bust these ankles and I go for a touchdown You know, they say if it ain't broke don't fix it and for some reason I'm not listening to that right now Cuz I'm going to a pass. I might just lob one up to Michael Thomas Let's see what he looks at here. Oh Cooper Cup in the middle Get in there. Oh that was sketchy and for the two-point the two-point conversion. I think we got up He's definitely blitzing. This is gap press. We should need those blocks to hold up boys Let's see it. Let's see it. Let's go Now we just got to play some solid defense and this game's in the books. No run play He's looking underneath. I'm fine with that third and five. I'm using Derek Brooks. He's going to pitch Fill that hole. Let's go. I think he runs this ball You think he runs it Jim Brown inside zone. He doesn't he wants underneath. Oh Wow on fourth and one he makes that throw Third and four. He's looking right here. Let's go. I knew he was looking at that. All right fourth and ten I might sign a blitz. I'm doing it. I'm doing it. This is the championship go big or go home, right fourth and ten Does he block the halfback? No, he's going for a route. He goes it right up. Ah, that's my man.   We still got him. He's coming right side. He's coming right side Yes, there's the pitch. I'm out here at Martinez. I don't even know who you are, bro I'll take it fourth and eight. All right. All right. This is it championship fourth and eight We've had this man on what to fourth down cell. This is his third fourth down. He's gonna do that same route He's gonna do the angle route with that Jim Brown. Yes. Yes Right, I think all right, there's the dog. I'm trying to remember if that was the last game I'm defeated champions. We got a legendary the final one Dalvin Cook is slept on. He is so good in Superstar KO Hi boys, that was a blast. I hope you enjoyed big. Thanks to Kaylee who is now napping So I should try to be quieter, but thank you to her for joining in this one. I'll see you guys next video Thanks for watching peace out


Hello everyone, I am Rahul Patil, assistant professor, department of mechanical engineering Walshchand Institute of Technology, Solapur. Today we will discuss about projection of square plane. At the end of this session, student will be able to draw the projection of square plane. For understanding the projection of a square plane, consider the problem. A square plane A B C D with sides equal to 30 mm has its surface inclined at an angle of 30 degree to the HP. One of the sides say A B is in HP and makes an angle of 45 degree with the VP. Draw its projection. Now before starting the problem, read the problem carefully and note down the given data. Here side for the square is 30 mm, second surface inclined at an angle of 30 degree to the HP. Now inclination with the HP is given. Now inclination with the HP is drawn in the VP. Now second condition is the side A B is in HP and makes an angle of 45 degree to the VP. Now second condition with the VP is given. Inclination with the VP is drawn in the HP. This is the basic criteria for drawing the problem. Now start the drawing problem. First draw X Y line name as X and Y then mark VP and HP. Then first for first stretch the true shape of the object is drawn that is square and name it as A B C D. Now pause the video and try to answer the question what is the front view for the given object or given square. It is simple, it is a line view. Now how line view is appear, just go through the procedure. Here draw the projection from point A B and point C D so that we can complete the front view. Name it as A B and C D because A and B lie on a single line that why projection from point A and B appear at a single point. Similar way projection from point C and D will appear at a single point. Now in front view you will get two points A B and C D join this point you will get the line view. This is the first stage for solving the problem. Now in second stage before starting the second stage first find out which condition is fulfilled that is in first stage true shape is drawn HP that is why in second stage condition with the HP is drawn that is inclination with the HP is given. If inclination with the HP is given then it is appear in the VP that is why on XY line only take a first point as A B from this point draw a inclined line with same distance as a C D this A to A B to C D distance must be same with inclination as per given problem that is 30 degree. Now for completion of the top view in second stage draw the projection from point A B and C D similar way draw the projections from A D and B C so that you will get projections from both front view and top view so that you will get top view for the second stage. Now intersection from the point A and here again point A you will get first point as a point A similar way intersection from projection from point B and point B you will get second point as a point B similar way you will get point C and point D. Now join this A B, B C, C D and A D here second stage for the problem is completed. Now again for third stage condition with the VP is prepared because in second stage condition with the HP is carried out for the third stage condition with the VP is considered. Now for third stage again inclination is given and for the third stage as per the problem side A B is on the inclined line which is given in the problem so that draw a line with the inclination of 45 degree and draw the second stage top view of a second stage that is this A B C D object on this 45 degree line such a way that A B must be lie on this 45 degree mark this will appear like this mark it as A B C and D now similar way draw the projection so that you will complete the front view for the stage third now draw the projection from point C and D here A and B lie on x-axis so that similar way for obtaining point A B C D in the front view draw the projections from point A intersection between projection point A and here again from point A you will get first point again from point B and name it as a B again from point C and point D now join A B this is A B again BC CD and AD this is the third stage for the problem side A B is inclined 45 degree to the VP because inclination with the VP is drawn into the HP and inclination with the HP is drawn in the VP now total solution is like this where square A B CD is given with first inclination with the HP is 30 degree and inclination with the VP is 45 degree this is the total solution for the given problem these are the references thank you