I welcome you all for the second lecture in the series. In the first lecture, we started discussion on basic concepts of metrology. Now, we will continue with that. Today, we will see about metrology terminologies. The first one is accuracy of a measurement system. It is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantities actual or true value. So, we can understand the term by referring to this figure. We have x axis, x axis, on the x axis, we have values measurement measured values and along y axis, we have probability density and all the measurement points are scattered like this. Now, we can always take calculate the mean of these values. So, this line represents mean value of all the measured points and this indicates the reference value or the desired value. Now, we can see that there is a gap between reference value and the mean value. If the mean value coincides with the reference value, then we say the measurement system is very, very accurate. Now, we have another set of pictures here. Now, the center point represents the target value or the desired value and measurement points are scattered around the target value. Now, when we calculate the average of these measure points, it will be very close to the target value. So, we say the process is very accurate, but the process is not so precise because of scattering of the measure points. Now, in the second picture, we can see that all the measure points are very close to each other and when we calculate the average, it will be somewhere here. Now, there is a gap between the target value and the average value. So, we say this process, this measurement system is precise, but not so accurate. Now, let us try to understand the precision of the measurement system. It is related to the reproducibility and repeatability of the process. It is a degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results that we have understood when we studied these two pictures. This process is very precise and here the measurement system is not so precise. Now, the second term is sensitivity of an instrument. This refers to a minimum change in value of quantity being measured that an instrument can respond. If you take an example of a dial indicator, when we apply a displacement of 0.1 millimeter and if the dial indicator gives response to that signal, then we say the sensitivity of the dial indicator is 0.1 millimeter and we have another term resolution. It is also known as discrimination. It is the fineness to which an instrument can be read. In the figure, we can see a digital stop watch and we have two digits beyond the seconds. So, it subdivides time into hundreds of a second. Hence, 1 upon 100 of a second is the resolution of this digital watch. Now, calibration is the quantitative determination of errors of measuring instruments and adjusting them to a minimum. In the previous discussion, we have understood that all the instruments undergo wear due to continuous usage and due to wear, there will be an error in the instrument. So, at regular intervals, we have to compare the accuracy of these instruments with the equipment available at standards room of the plant and then whatever error is there, they should be recorded on the instrument. This process is known as calibration. Now, interchangeability. So, this is the components selected randomly should assemble correctly with any other mating component. This is possible when certain standards are strictly followed. Due to the mass production, all the mating parts, they are made at different places by different operators. When we try to mate them by selecting randomly, they will mate easily without any individual fitting operation. So, this process is known as interchangeability. This will be possible only when we use standard instruments and standard measuring methods. Now, what are the advantages of interchangeability? Now, since the mating parts fit easily, the assembly time will be reduced and assembly cost will be reduced. Now, since the parts produced in mass, they are available in the market readily, the repair work will be cheap and it will be very quick. We need not have to order for the mating part for a new fabrication process. Now, distortion is also known as a base law. The scale of a linear measuring system should be collinear with the displacement to be measured. If you take the example of this Vernier caliper, we can understand that we keep the workpiece between anvil and spindle. So, the axis of the workpiece will be here. It is collinear with the axis of the instrument. So, in that cases, the distortion will be minimum. When we take the example of a Vernier caliper, we can see that the workpiece is kept between the two jaws and when we apply pressure here, there are chances that the jaw may bend like this, introducing an error component shown here. So, the distortion can be eliminated by designing the instrument such that the axis of the workpiece coincides with the axis of the instrument. Now, we have another term known as 0 error. The instrument does not read 0 when the input is 0. So, this happens due to the change in the dimensions of the internal components due to variation in the temperature. This can be easily adjusted by adjusting a kind of 0 offset adjustment provided. Now, in this picture, we can see that when there is no signal applied, the pointer is showing some deflection. So, this is known as 0 error or 0 drift. Parallax error occurs when the pointer on a scale is not observed along a normal, a line normal to the scale. Now, this we can understand with the help of this diagram. We have the scale here and we have the pointer here and the observer is observing the pointer from three different positions. This is position number 1, position number 2 and we have position number 3. When the observer observes the scale and pointer from the location 2 is observing the scale normally, then we get the correct reading. When he observes from the location 1, now he may get the reading at this place which is incorrect reading. Similarly, when the observer observes from location 3, again there will be an error. So, this parallax error can be eliminated by reducing the distance between scale and pointer. Now, range of the instrument indicates the maximum and minimum capacity of measurement. What is the maximum physical quantity we can measure and what is the minimum capacity we can measure? The difference gives the range. We can observe this dial indicator. Now, for one complete revolution of this pointer, the displacement will be 1 millimeter. So, now we have in this small dial, we have totally 10 graduations are there. So, the range of this instrument is 10 millimeter. Now, we have the term traceability. It means that a measured result can be related to stated references. Usually, national and international standards throw an unbroken chain of comparison that is step by step comparison with better standards. So, this step by step comparison with better standards, we can understand by studying this flow chart. Now, this is the manufacturing area wherein the production is going on. Components are produced, assembled and then finally, we get the product. During the process of production, the quality control department will inspect all the components produced. Now, due to continuous usage of these instruments, the instruments are subjected to wear and the measurement error creeps in. So, to eliminate the measurement error at regular intervals, we need to inspect or we need to compare all the instruments used in the workshop with the plant standards laboratory equipments which are of higher accuracy. By comparing the workshop instruments with the plant standards laboratory equipment, we can always get the amount of error in the measuring instrument and that can be noted on the instrument. So, while preparing the inspection report, we should give consideration. We should note down what is the error that is indicated on the instrument. Then, the plant standards laboratory equipment should be compared with the equipment available at NABL accredited professional labs which are of superior quality. So, in turn the accredited professional labs instruments are compared with national bureau of standards. Like this, all the measuring instruments are compared with the higher accuracy instruments in step by step level. Now, the term readability, it refers to the ease with which a reading of measuring instruments can be taken. That means, what is the amount of easiness of reading is readability. Now, if you observe this diagram of dial indicator, we can see that we have a bigger dial and we have a smaller dial. We have a bigger pointer and we have a smaller pointer. We can see that this is the reference point 0 and then we have a graduations. So, this is 10th graduation. In between, we have 10 lines. So, each small graduation indicates 1 micrometer. So, now very easily we can read this dial indicator. It indicates that readability of this indicator is very good. In some cases, if the graduations are very fine, then we may have to use magnifying lenses or we may have to use microscope for reading the instruments. Now, nominal value or true value is the required value of the quantity or required size of the quantity. For example, if you take a shaft, the required quantity is 10 millimeter. So, 10 millimeter is suggested by the design engineer and that is the required value or nominal value of the component. Now, let us understand what is the error in the measurement. Error in the measurement of a physical quantity is its deviation from actual value or nominal value. Now, if we see this expression error is equal to indicated value that is the measurement given by the instrument and this is the true value of the component. The difference gives the amount of error. For example, say the indicated value. So, we are measuring the diameter of a spindle and the micrometer gives a value of 9 millimeter, whereas the true value is 10 millimeter. So, the difference is minus 1 millimeter. So, this is the error of measurement. Correction is the value added algebraically to the uncorrected result of measurement to get the true value. This has a sign opposite to the error sign. Again, we can take the example of measurement of diameter of the spindle. Now, uncorrected result of measurement that is indicated value is 9 millimeter. We need to add the correction factor. So, the error is minus 1 millimeter. So, we need to add plus 1 millimeter to get the true value that is 10 millimeter. Now, we can observe that error is minus 1 millimeter, whereas the correction factor is plus 1 millimeter. So, this is sign is opposite to the sign of the error. Now, the term measurement. It is a particular quantity subjected to measurement. For example, length, flatness, roundness, surface finish, etcetera, these are measured quantities or measurements. Now, the next topic is methods of measurement. Different kinds of measurement methods are used and we will discuss a few methods which are relevant to the metrology subject. So, first one is direct method. In this method, the physical quantity is obtained directly without any calculations. For example, measurement of length by 1 year caliper. You can see that we have the component whose dimension, whose length is to be measured. We keep the workpiece between the moving jaw and measuring jaw and then we slowly apply small pressure and then we get the reading in the display. So, in this case, no calculation is needed. The measuring instrument will directly display the measured quantity. So, it will be fast. Direct method measurement will be fast, but there are some disadvantage in this particular case. If you apply more pressure, then the moving jaw may compress the workpiece and we may get wrong result. So, sense of feel is very important in this case. Now, second method is indirect method in which the value of the quantity is obtained by measuring other quantities which are related with the required quantity. For example, measurement of angle using a sine bar. Now, this picture shows the setup for measurement of angle using sine bar. Now, the component whose taper is to be measured or angle is to be measured should be kept on the datum surface. So, this is the tapered component and we need to measure the taper of this component and now we have to select a sine bar of appropriate length and then it is placed on the tapered component. Now, you can see that there is a gap between this roller and the datum. We have to fill it using slip gauges. So, this h is the height of slip gauge and then L is the length of sine bar. So, this L is distance between center of this roller and this roller. The center distance is L. Now, we can calculate the taper angle of the workpiece with using this relationship sine theta is equal to h divided by L. So, this is how we calculate the taper angle. So, some calculation is involved in indirect method. Now, the third method is comparison method in which the value of the quantity to be measured is compared with a known value of the same quantity or other related quantity. In this method only deviations from master gauges are recorded. For example, use of dial indicator as a comparator. We can observe this diagram wherein we have mounted the dial indicator on the stand on this column and then we have inserted slip gauge between the datum surface and the spindle to set the desired value. And then we have to remove the slip gauge and we have to insert the workpiece whose height is to be measured. Now, when we insert the workpiece between datum and spindle, the pointer moves and it indicates the deviation of the height with reference to the slip gauge height. Now, the fourth method is deflection method in which the value of the quantity to be measured is directly indicated by the deflection of a pointer on a calibrated scale. Again, we can take the example of dial indicator when we insert the workpiece between the datum and the plunger, the pointer deflects and it gives the displacement. Now, the next method is complementary method in which the value of the quantity to be measured is combined with a known value of the same quantity. Example, measuring the volume of a solid by liquid displacement. Now, let me explain this complementary method. So, initially we have to take a beaker and then we have to fill it with some liquid say water. Now, say the water level is 20 units, maybe 20 millimeter cube or 20 centimeter cube. Now, we have a solid whose volume is to be measured that we have to insert into this beaker. Now, you can see there is a displacement of liquid from 20 to 30 millis 30 centimeter cube. So, this displacement gives the volume of the solid that is immersed in the liquid. Now, transposition method in this method quantity to be measured is first balanced by a known value and then balanced by another known value. So, by this method we will come to know about the value of the physical quantity that is to be measured. So, one example is determination of mass by balancing method. First four methods are very important from the metallurgical point of view. Now, let us move to another topic that is selection of instruments. So, how to select the instruments? In order to select the instrument we should know what is that we are measuring, what is the environment of measurement and what is the material to be inspected, what are the physical quantities to be measured. So, all those things we should study before we select the instrument. Some of the essential factors for proper selection of measuring instrument are listed below. The range of the instrument this indicates what is the minimum value we can measure and what is the maximum value that we can measure. If we take the example of a dial indicator the range of movement of the plunger is say 10 millimeter. Then in that case range of the instrument is 0 to 10 millimeter. Then resolution or discrimination smallest dimensional input that the instrument can detect. This depends upon accuracy level what we expect for the measurement process. If we try to measure the physical quantity to a very accurate level for example, length of a spindle we want to measure up to say 0.001 millimeter. Then we should select instrument accordingly. Then accuracy expected demand and accuracy of measurement higher than really needed higher the degree of accuracy higher the cost of measuring instrument. Now, what are the installation requirements sometimes measuring instruments requires certain amount of installation requirements like mounting requirement how the instrument is to be mounted whether any magnetic stand is required or a column is required or vibration isolation system is required or there is any requirement of compressed air for example, air gauges they require compressed air for their operation any wireless system is required. What is the distance between the place of measurement and the control room what are the ambient conditions like whether the measurement is required at certain temperature or pressure or humidity levels or whether we require some measurement to be taken under water or in space like that. And what about the need of telemetry so all these things we should understand and accordingly we should select the instruments for example, if it is necessary to measure underwater measurements then we need to have instruments which are leak proof. Then final data requirement whether the data required is immediate or later use whenever we require data to be read immediately then we should go for instruments having indicators may be mechanical indicators or dial indicators or digital indicators. So, that we can record the measurement result if it is required if the measurement data is required at a later for a later use then we can always store the data and we can use it at a later stage in that case we need to have data equation systems. Now, what is the data format that is required indication or recording accordingly we have to select if indication is required we should select the instruments with indications like the dial indicator with digital display and if recording is required recording of data is required then we have to select data equation system having necessary data equation speed and data equation capacity. And if the measurement has to be taken place at a very difficult to assess environment may be we have to select the miniature probes. So, that we can comfortably measure the difficult to assess places dimensions. Then whether single or multiple quantity how many instruments at a time we need to use if we want two three or four or more than two instruments are there which are taking measurements then a data equation system we should select accordingly which are having multiple channels of acquisition. Sometimes we may have to dump the data measurement data to the softwares data management softwares for getting the statistical characteristics. So, in such cases we need to select the measurement which are having the data transmission capability may be in the form of RS 232 or USB ports and then necessary cabling also we should select. Then cost factor is very very important supposing we need to have some advanced technologies like coordinate measuring machines or some laser based systems or some automatic measurement systems non-contract measurement systems. Then normally they are costly and we should see the financial health of the manufacturing plant whether it can support such advanced technologies and whether recovery the economic aspects we have to study. And then nature of measuring whether the quantity measure quantity is static or dynamic whether the signal or the physical quantity is slowly changing or rapidly changing. And what is the response of the instrument all those things we need to understand before we select the instrument. Then what is the parameter to be measured whether length is to be measured or diameter is to be measured, surface finish is to be measured, some form of the physical component is to be measured like taper angle or the shape of the component like the drum shape or barrel shape. So, accordingly we should select the dimensional measurement instrument or form measurement instrument or surface finish measurement instrument. Then what is the skill required? So, depending upon that also whether measurement skill is needed or any unskilled operator can use that is also another important point before we select the instrument. And what is the life expectancy or stability of the instrument if you want to use for a longer period then we should always go for instruments which have better life expectancy. And then what are the environmental effects whether readings are affected by the changes in pressure, temperature etcetera. So, environmental compatibility also we need to understand then any need for compensation for example, there is deviation from the temperature, then in that case we should know what is the amount of change in the dimension due to the temperature change. And we need to compensate for that where temperature errors due to changes or we need to calibrate the instruments at that particular temperature where the measurements are taken. Then let us take an example of selection of a pressure gauge to measure 6 bar. Now, if we select a pressure gauge having 6 range of 6 bar then it becomes exact range and it will be most sensitive less errors, but prone to overload. If the pressure increases beyond 6 bar then there the pressure gauge may be subjected to some damage. Then if we select 60 bar the if we select the pressure gauge having 0 to 60 bar range then it becomes excessive range low sensitivity at lower end of the range errors will be too high. So, if we select a pressure gauge between 0 to 25 bar then it will be alright. Sometimes we need to measure both pressure as well as vacuum in that case in that case we need to go for combined gauges. Now, there is another important term rule of 10 the measuring instrument should be 10 times more precise than the tolerance to be measured that means we the tolerance levels of the component are say in terms of 0.1, 0.2 millimeter. Then we in order to measure such a component we need to select the instrument which are capable of giving 0.01, 0.02 millimeter readings. So, magnification needed so magnification is the process of enlarging something only in appearance not in the physical size. So, we need to understand whether any magnification is needed. If the measuring instrument is very simple like steel rule we need not have to use any magnifying systems, but if we need to measure very minute dimensions like the lens in terms of 0.01 millimeter or 0.02 millimeter. In that case we need to magnify the quantity physical quantity that is measured. So, we can magnify the readings by using mechanical means or optical means. So, this picture shows how we can magnify the physical quantity using a mechanical means. We can use a rack and pinion and then the gear trains. So, that the physical quantity is amplified and we can comfortably read the readings. We can also amplify the signals using optical means in mechanical means the magnification of 100, 200, 300 are possible whereas, if we use optical means more than 300 magnification is easily achievable. Now, let us move to the next topic measurement errors. Now, measurement error is the difference between the actual size of the workpiece and the measured value. If the same workpiece is successively measured with an instrument each successive measurement will show differences in dimension. Now, what are the reasons for this? Reasons for inaccuracy in measurement are listed below. The inaccuracy may be due to instrument error that is calibration error or hysteresis, backlash, misalignment of the instrument. So, these terminologies we will discuss subsequently. Then the inaccuracy may be due to environmental effects like vibration or temperature changes. Inaccuracy may be also due to human error that means, sense of feel or it may be due to reading error like parallax error or it may be due to fatigue of the operator. The error may be due to bad assembly of the instrument that means, the measuring instrument is not assembled in a proper way. There are some slackness in the assembly of various components. So, due to that also the error will creep in and then imperfect datum used it is very essential that the datum we use should be very accurate. So, that we get correct readings sometimes the datum may be like this it has some errors. Now, we have the workpiece like this we have kept the workpiece on the datum and now we use an instrument to measure the height of this workpiece. Now, this is the spindle. Now, this is the depth measuring instrument. Now, if the datum is like this perfect flat then this will be the reading of the instrument. Now, there is some error in the datum itself. So, we will get an error which will be equal to this size. So, it is very essential that we always use good datum surfaces. Now, the measurement errors can be classified into controllable errors and non controllable errors. Under controllable, controllable error means we can control the amount of these errors by adjusting the working environment. That means under controllable errors errors are due to environmental conditions, errors are due to elastic deformation, deflection errors, alignment errors, parallax errors and error due to improper instrument. Now, under non controllable errors these are these cannot be controlled, but we can always measure what is the amount of error and then we can while preparing the inspection reports we have to account for these non control what is the amount of non controllable error we should know and accordingly we should present the inspection reports. Now, under controllable errors the first one is environmental errors. These are due to the effect of surrounding temperature variation in the surrounding temperature pressure and humidity or it may be due to vibration and shock electric fields. Now, we need to understand that when we conduct the measurement process we have to maintain a standard room temperature of 20 degree Celsius which is internationally accepted. When we keep the work pieces for measurement, when we take the work pieces for measurement we have to keep the work pieces at this temperature and we have to allow for temperature stabilization then only we should go for measurement. Then, if the temperature is deviated from this standard temperature say 22 degree or 23 degree then we need to compensate for that variation in the temperature. So, that compensation we can calculate using this relationship error is equal to L times alpha times T minus T 2 where L is the nominal value and then alpha is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material work piece material and T minus T 2 is the deviation from standard temperature. If T is 20 degree and T 2 is 22 degree then deviation is 2 degree. Using this relationship we can always calculate the error due to environmental factors and we have to account for this when we give the measurement results. Now, if we have two different kinds of materials then the error can be calculated using this relationship L times alpha minus alpha 2 times T minus T 2 where alpha 1 is coefficient of thermal expansion of the first material and alpha 2 is coefficient of expansion for second material. So, measurement error may be also due to improper datum surface which we discussed already and may be there is presence of dirt and presence of chips due to this also the measurement error may creep in. That means, we need to clean the datum surface properly so that there is no dirt or chip. So, this we can understand by the simple diagram say there is a dust particle or dirt particle and then if we use place the instrument like this then this much error will be introduced. So, we should clean the datum surface and then we should go for measurement process. Now, we are coming to the end of second lecture. So, in this lecture we discussed about various meteorological terminologies and what are the different methods of measurement. We also discussed about selection of instruments based upon the parameters to be checked and then we started discussion on measurement errors. In the next lecture we will continue this discussion on measurement errors. Thank you.


presents Hollywood bring you the Lux Radio Theater starring Bob Hope and Marilyn Maxwell in The Lemon Drop Kid. Ladies and gentlemen your producer Mr. William Keely. Greetings from Hollywood ladies and gentlemen. Through my association with various writers I can verify the old adage to be a success right about people whom you really know and understand. An outstanding example is the author of tonight's comedy Damon Runyon. He spent a great deal of his time talking to strange people strangely named Moose, Harry the Horse, sorrowful Jones and he has immortalized them in stories such as Paramount Pictures, The Lemon Drop Kid. In their original roles tonight we have Bob Hope and Marilyn Maxwell. Coming through The Lemon Drop Kid is a business for our hero is what is vulgarly known as a tout. An alleged expert on picking winners. If a horse wins he gets a reward. If a horse doesn't well he gets lost. But The Lemon Drop Kid has an infallible system. He simply touts every horse in every race. I'll come with us to Florida where on this fine December afternoon the kid is about ready to lower the boom. I tell you yours the horse that we should bet on is mince pie. But honey mince pie couldn't possibly... But I'll have a hunch. Remember when you ate that mince pie and the next day you were sick and didn't go to work and the office was struck by lightning? But sweetie that horse won't run any faster just because I got mince pie. That's a mighty good three-year-old has a lot of experience. In fact he's the only three-year-old out there that's 12 years old. Been chasing Phillies longer than I already show. That's a mighty good horse. Gonna win a lot of races. That is if his leg ever gets well. You think something's wrong with his leg mister? Think sir. I'm the track vet. It's a procrastinary infection in the pedisorial area. That's an inflamed ligament. He got it from wearing elevator shoes in his back leg so he could be running downhill. Imagine allowing a horse to race with a sore foot. Well half these horses should be in wheelchairs. Would you believe it man? There's only one sound beast in the race. Well good day. No no wait doctor wait. Hmm? If there's only one horse that isn't sick. Please doc which one? Oh that information is confidence with you know between doctor and patient. But we wouldn't have a sound. And we'd share our winnings with you. Oh no please that would be unethical in our orthodox. Oh however if after the race you'd like to donate something to the clinic we're so overcrowded we have two horses in every bed. Oh sir. Which horse doctor which one feels well? Well if I were a betting man I'd consider S-I-X a very lucky number. S-I-X. Come on honey we'll sink it all on stick. Oh and thank you doctor you're a credit to your profession. I never take credit just cash. Oh hi you gloomy. Here have a lemon drop. Thanks. How you doing? Not so good kid. I guess people nowadays are getting brighter. Gloomy the only bright thing about a horse player is the seat of his pants. Oh you don't know right today huh? Gloomy how many horses are running in this race? Fifteen. Fifteen I've already given 14 different winners to 14 different and grateful suckers. How can I lose? Okay I'll tell you how for one thing the cops can grab you.  Hey gloomy. Huh? Gloomy. What? Look. What? What's the matter kid, the lure? Do you see what I see? Huh? What? Oh yeah. Where the gorgeous maid is. Look at that gorgeous stuff in her hand. A cute little fistful of Truman turnips. This is where I cover that 15th horse. Yes. No no no. You don't know who she is. Next night kid, next night. I beg your pardon. Y'all are addressing me? Yeah yes. Ma'am did y'all just drop this $5 bill? Hmm. The urgent? It's easier to talk this way. All you have to do is gargle with a bowl of weevils. Oh I couldn't have dropped $5. You see my bills are all hundred. Oh neat mine too. I just cashed my relief check. Well you all must be as lucky today as y'all are beautiful. Y'all mean this little old bankroll? My gentlemen friend is betting all this on iron bar. I'm just buying the tickets for him. Iron bar? Well corn, marpone, and chip, not chitlins. I was going to drop a handsome figure in that animal myself until my uncle told me the race was fixed. Your uncle? That's old Judge Wilkinson. He's president of the turf club you know. He's been investigating of course. My my. But if the race is fixed for iron bar and lose, you all must know who's going to win. Yeah but I couldn't divulge information like that. I swore on a stack of black eyed peas and candied yams. It's messy but bindin. Cash money here. My gentlemen friend to take good care of you after the race. Well bless your heart honey child. Well you all bet number E-I-G-H-U-L-T. You mean dirt piles? None of the dirt piles really got a bloodline out of Hoover by vacuum clean. Well thank you sir. And after the race I meet you at the lettuce counter. We'll make a beautiful salad together. Did you all understand? Uh huh. We'll buy them. You didn't do it. You didn't tout her.  Two grand. Must be a lady butcher. You ever hear of moose moran betting any less? Well who's talking about moose moran? You mean that doll's with moose moran? Yeah I tried to stop you. You better be sure you gave her the winner. Winner? I don't know one horse from another. I'll grab her fast and make her change to take the doll. Go like that. The race is gonna start. So am I. That's where we found him moose. The lemon drop kid is with the cops. The race try cops. Put me in jail he says. Please moose moran's gonna kill me. You know something is right. Bring a bomb in. Okay kid. The boss is ready to chat with you. Moose? No no not here. My corpus will ruin your car. Sit down. Huh? Oh now kid you're shaking something Marvel. No I'm not scared. My goose pimple just came out to see what's going on. Here have a drink. Gee you're a real solid citizen moose taking your loss like this. Why should I get high blood pressure about 10 grand? Yeah that's what I say. It's not worth 10 grand. I thought you only lost two grand. I sent the doll down to bet two grand on iron bar.  Oh well come on in Sam. Kid I'd like for you to meet Sam the surgeon. Sam the lemon drop kid. Pardon to rub a glove. I have just come from the operating room. You want I should now give him a treatment moose? I think that's entirely up to the kid. Oh I feel fine moose. Nice to have met you sir. I think I'll just run along. Sit down. Oops. Moose honest all I got is 15 cents in a box of lemon drops. Here have one. Oh well look I haven't got 10 grand. I'm still making the payments on these lemon drops. Why if I had 10 grand I can make a sucker can be very painful. Shall we prepare him for surgery boss?  Oh now wait moose look I'll get 10 grand. Just give me a little Christmas moose and I would you'll get 10 grand. Well in New York I got a lot of friends on Broadway. Name one. Well there's the then there's uh no he's not out yet and there's uh I feel like a Democrat in Maine. Okay so they're not friends I tell you I can still raise the money. By totting two dollar horse players. Oh I'll find a way honest I will. It's all the same to you whether Sam kills me now or doesn't open me until Christmas. And if I get the money you're 10 grand ahead. Sure I've always wanted to be a man about town but not in little chunks. Besides.  What do you think Sam? It is moot boss very very moot. Dead I write 10 grand off my books alive. A possible asset. What if he runs away? Him? We'll find him. Yeah yeah I hear you find people so good that after you find him nobody else can find him. Now listen I just I got some property out on Long Island see a casino. Oh I know the place they close it down for repairs the roulette wheel started paying off. I'm coming north to pedal it see you have the money for me Christmas Eve or Christmas morning you'll find your head in your stocking. My head my stocking. Oh but that's not. Oh. The paper says I'm having a real cold spell in New York lots of snow blizzards but you won't mind you'll be sweating huh kid. Blizzards I don't even have an overcoat.  Hand tail it. Out of cement. I come in. Brainy you gorgeous doll you. You're late kid. Yeah but I came right over as soon as I hit town. Six months late you left with my fur coat you were going to pawn it for me. I waited for you to come back. Well it's like this I was on my way back with your money and all the once I heard about a big deal in Florida well I figured you won't need a fur coat in Florida. You went to Florida I stayed right here. Look I'm out at the racetrack with some wealthy friends and I get to thinking about the woman I love meaning you Brainy Baxter. Keep going kid. Actually I don't even wait to change my clothes I grabbed the first plane home my luggage is on the way.  Well I just told you besides as a horse in the second race named wedding ceremony wedding ceremony what a hunch couldn't mean anybody but you and me. You went to Florida I stayed right here singing my heart out every night in Oxford Charlie's nightclub. Gee that's great all that dough rolling in every week huh. Now look kid I remember how you operate. No holds barred. Let's not talk about any wedding ceremony unless you're on the level. Why is it nobody trusts me just because I once had a transfusion from a used car dealer.  That Florida son is stronger than I thought. A wedding ceremony and a job. That's the greatest long shot parlay of the year. Yeah I just wish I hadn't left my wallet my new cashmere slacks. Well you can't trust those moths as soon as my clothes arrive I'll take ten bucks and go right down and get a license that'll show you. I've got ten dollars see ten dollars and I'm calling your bluff kid we can get that license right now. Oh doll I'll go right down to the license bureau all right wait here while I change. Oh my purse I'd better take it with me if you don't mind. Brainy listen I got a great idea no need of you going alone you stay here and fix up the place. Remember this apartment's our honeymoon cottage get a lot of champagne and confetti huh and just stand there just like that beautiful all the way downtown I want to remember you smiling. But we both have to appear for license my ten dollars well he did it again.  Just a Santa Claus suit a pot and a bell thanks a lot dad you just gave me a great idea. Policeman John perhaps you'd like a little sample out of the pot sir and a private police officer huh stuff like Santa Claus whiskers and everything who'd you think I was Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer Ho Ho Ho Merry Christmas Merry Merry Christmas save a life kid you're under arrest oh you can't take me who am I in the store oh now wait a minute I'm innocent I'm just a small businessman I'm in the Santa Claus business you coming peaceful or do I phone for the reindeer no I'll take a cab and meet you at the station one more crack out of you and what does that mean let's go Sidney Milburn Sidney Milburn see imagine anybody with a name like Sidney hey that's me present your honor Sidney Milburn alias the lemon drop kid have a lemon drop sir out collecting money for charity without a license how do you please I plead poverty but your honor I was standing in the corner with my bell and kettle like hundreds of other every day average American Santa Claus is when this button that's all Milburn ten days or fifty dollars well if you don't mind taking it in small change I think there's enough in the pot to beat the rap this money is going to the children's home ten days yeah but I haven't gotten the other cash judge and I can't spare ten days to put such a hole in the week oh I rather think that can be arranged yeah but you don't understand sir moose Moran is what's that who oh nothing nothing your honor take him away oh but yeah can I make one phone call no I suppose oh get your fish hooks out of that pot with my call it's a long distance this way Sidney or that judge didn't look honest to me there's the phone go make your call let's wait until my lawyers get through with you here hold my beard but lawyers Duncan Munkin Schmunkin and Brainy you'll be wearing your brass buttons at half mass you'll be hello Brainy oh baby am I glad to hear your voice baby yeah lady lawyer gee honey what do you think I am now don't tell cozy no no no now look baby I started for the license bureau but on the way down I stopped in my old room at the Y to get your photograph I like to look at it when I'm not with you well a doorman wouldn't let me in to get us so one thing led to another and he poked me and I poked him and what do you think I am in the pokey so honey in the jug I want you to come down and pull the cork out Brainy baby you got to listen to me listen and remember if I don't get in touch with you she can't do this to me he's got a hidden every place in just a moment we'll bring you act two of the lemon drop kid of the lemon drop kid starting Bob Hope in the title role and Madeleine Maxwell as Brainy he owes ten thousand dollars to a very unfriendly gangster and any chance he had of raising the money has been shattered by his arrest for impersonating Santa Claus in jail the kid has a visitor Moose Moran special secretary Sam the surgeon well Sam the surgeon pull up a trustee and sit down you come to do your Christmas chopping early I have just come to remind Sandy Claus what Moose Moran wants for Christmas I remember I remember you can put your knife in moth balls I've got an idea I know I can come up with a 10 grand oh that is fine kid because some of the smart boys are starting to give Moose the laugh and Moose does not enjoy that hey you know that gambling casino Moose used to have out on Long Island with that joint the cops closed the weeks ago I know I know so all we have to do is open it up until Christmas Moose cannot open it up for high class gambling you cannot even open it up for a bingo parlor Sam my scheme is strictly legal but I think Moose will like it anyway you know an old doll named Nelly Thursday oh who does not know Nelly Thursday I ran into her yesterday she's selling papers selling papers that is awful that nice old tomato yeah she's broke she hasn't even got a place to sleep you know it gets pretty uncomfortable in those roller towels I know now here's my idea I borrow Moose's casino I pretend it's an old folks home see I put up a sign on a picture of Bernard McFadden then I stick Nelly in there and a bunch of old dolls with them in it I can tout the city and they give me a license to collect for charity good thing you kid I further figure I can get every mug on Broadway to help to do the collecting they all love Nelly and by Christmas Eve I'll have enough donations to pay off Moose what happens to the old dolls after you'll type well can I help it if suddenly the collection money just happens to get lost Moose will have his dough and I'll be in the clear see this sounds crazy but that is not my department I only start operating if you do not pay off where'd you intern at the finance company oh before you go there's a little matter of the $50 fine you advance it now Moose a nice round figure 10,000 and 50 no thanks kid we like having you in the deep freeze we can toy out in time for the holiday season Merry Christmas in just 15 days keep using those blue blades Christmas 15 days I'm a goner I can see my life passing before my eyes I only had some popcorn I could enjoy it I gotta get out of here I gotta get out of here say something Santa Claus yeah please let me out of here please I should have said please a long time ago there's a young lady waiting for you out there she just now paid you a fine paid my oh yeah well it's about time gee brainy I knew you'd come couldn't fight it huh I know I'm the world's biggest dolphin or maybe you've learned a lesson oh I missed you too brainy yes I'll bet incidentally is this how they dress you in jail now oh I guess you're wondering about the Santa Claus outfit oh I know sport you always were a flashy dresser I'll take off that phony beard will you that's not phony I've been using Sam's razor free for about five minutes because we're heading downtown for a marriage license together brainy you're making me the happiest man in the world and there be no more singing for a few measly dollars a week anymore not when you're my wife we'll make Oxford Charlie give you a raise reasonable one of us has to and just think in only a few short weeks we'll be mr and mrs lemondrop kid a few short weeks what's the stall this time come on honey let's walk just wait till you hear what I got to tell you you see brainy it's all for her it's all for nely Thursday oh Sydney that that's wonderful and to think that this was all your idea a home for poor old ladies well somebody's got to help them I got to apologize Sydney you know at first I well at first I thought you were working on some sort of an angle well I didn't explain it very well but I'm not used to this sort of thing it's honest I'm sorry kid I can't let nely down I still got a heart you know only because you couldn't figure out a way to hawk it now the first thing I've got to do is round up all of nely's friends I'll tell him what I've got in mind okay if we meet at your apartment tonight well well sure I'll be working but I gee brainy I'll bet you're proud of me well I am yeah me too playing just to give us this pitch about nely Thursday great flesh is dubious me likewise is like nely Thursday old owls who can't get into homes because maybe they rolled a lusher had a little homemade beer in the old days maybe even your own mother they never hung no wrap one of you citizens of nely Thursday hasn't helped okay then so everybody go home and get a good night's sleep we're all getting up at noon tomorrow maybe now you believe this huh yeah we told you had a new home in the country nely and here it is we even put up a sign the nely Thursday home for easy on those tears now this is a cheap suit if it gets wet it turns into rompers don't take it too large this is just a two-bit boarding house in long island nely polo field for a backyard hot and cold running petunias and we brought you a few things from center park now just in case you was to get loads look nely they're on the lawn why boys general sherman statue this was in the next row I would have brought the lake but the ducks put up a fight well it it is an old folks home isn't it the best we're gonna get the cream of the serotonin and any broken down old dollars welcome and you did all this for me every chisel on broadways knocking himself out for and you're sure moose maran turn this place over to us oh sure he did now you let me do all the work with you well it's just that moose never struck me as being well generous can't tell about people nely I guess you're right greeny some of the bad ones are good inside and some of the good ones are bad inside kid look there's someone here already I'll say there is okay ladies you can open up the front door to play peanut with her maybe a game of softball we loaded up on old dollars see that nely meets the rest of sorority with your brain well you remember mrs bomb garden and singing sapphire's mother-in-law singing sapphire donated there break out the beer professor we got this is the house one not only that they'll be happy when they wake up tomorrow I'm proud of you oh it was darling now can we go back to broadway we're all going back just one thing now we meet tomorrow at 12 o'clock that's when you all get fitted out in a santa claus soup oh and bring your own pot let's go brainy happy hogan's riding us back in his truck haven't you forgotten something hmm aren't you gonna kiss me sydney oh wait till I swallow my lemon drop you know this way young dolls become old dolls fine I'll order a rocking chair make it a two-seater huh honking during smooching just one more for the road just the lower lip brisk wrangle it's all a sin come on give out with your pitch just work your own neighborhood this is a legitimate business we got a license to collect I get out there in the street and put your heart in it just like you would if it was a shady deal hey kid kid what about all the mother-santies yeah you can't go putting the slug on other sandals even if they're in season I keep your pots open and your trap shut we gotta get 10 grand tension men go out and load your pots I'll be leaving the show tonight you see the kids appointed me had sheepdog to watch over the nally thursday home tell me brainy what does that guy got that makes everybody jump through a hook and the crazier his schemes the higher they jump a lot of people who love nally thursday don't think it's so crazy smart girl like you gives up a job every penny any character on the street blows his top hustling donations man you're all wacky maybe wacky charlie but not panty andy why in four days we've raised two thousand dollars what those baggy pants and has raised two grand uh-huh and it's all due to the kid just think yeah yeah I am thinking hey uh look uh you better get out on the floor honey I just thought of something I gotta do thanks a lot charlie yeah it's got a big idea bigger than us wearing the monkey suits and ringing them little bells all I said was we're muscling in on the lemon's wrapped chip if that lame brain can raise two grand in four days we can raise 20 but charlie the kid gets a city license the nally thursday home it says okay I got a home up in nyac don't I you mean we're gonna snatch a hospital of old dolls that said exactly now shut up and listen the first thing we're gonna do is get bless your kind sir bless you another day another dollar less active please help folks anything at all anything to help the nally thursday home I've got five dollars here if a little lady will sing another christmas song five dollars oh that's the one chorus treatment now for ten dollars she'll sing mockingbird hill while I lay an egg in this cup I'm afraid santa gets carried away sir of course I'll sing just ring those bells will you santa claus windy corner I hope brainy's waiting to defrost me have to piss me I thought you were holding out some loot oh yeah watch that bulge in your pockets chesterfield I got my own santa claus now come on in the house hey what goes on huh the house look the sign's gone the lights route the front door is open the joints deserted hey the door collecting I hid it here in general sherman's head I hid it I thought nobody knew about it but me maybe it's still there maybe it's empty huh nobody knew about it but me huh gloomy you see those footprints in the snow ox foot charlie who else wears a custom made 14 quadruple a come on gloomy we're gonna find oxford charlie we'll bring you act three of the lemon drop kid the curtain rises on act three of the lemon drop kid well it's nice to see your lemon drop hi boys how about a drink just pour out our old ladies and make it snappy hey straight flush you used to work for moose maran I'm gonna crawl moose long distance he's still in florida and you ask moose why the lemon drop kid is trying to raise 10 grand yeah but but that's so silly I mean you know how moose hates being disturbed okay pocky get moose maran on a floor yeah talk to him straight flush and this is straight flush oxford charlie is trying to tell us the lemon drop kid is uh something less than on the level don't say he did yeah you suck as an old day and thing in my little book you look to the back gate but why bother to open it just crawl under now look brainy I can explain everything you've been explaining dirty tricks since the first time I met you well I have to raise 10 grand did you want to see me rubbed out on Christmas Eve moose maran is going to mark me paid in full I'll be gift wrapped for the dead letter office that's not for three days yet what do you expect me to do steal the money back from a hoodlum like oxford charlie why not then at least somebody around Broadway might shed a tear for you that's more than I'll ever do again I'm sure glad to see you you got away from oxford charlie what about the others they're still there in nyak as if you cared one way or another yeah I guess they all think I'm an awful heel huh that'll do for a starter now look Nellie a bunch of swell guys collected a lot of dough for you I'm not going to let a cheat a chiseler and a crumb gum up the works I'll listen to your autobiography some other time I'm talking about oxford charlie how'd you get out and what about brainy the others are still there like I said I waited for my chance and I sneak down yeah well if you can sneak out I can sneak in we sound like president Truman and senator tass well if you're going to do any sneaking it better be out of the country huh I hear moose maran is coming back from Florida tomorrow moose maran back this is the bravest page I've had so far to sell the casino I also hear he's got another matter to take care of yeah well I'm still going to get that money from oxford charlie it's launched to you in the other old hour don't try it kid charlie's got gods all over the place yeah well who's going to know me I mean if I go up there dressed up like an old doll you dressed up like a woman well just give me a wig and a pair of glasses and well I got by a Santa Claus didn't I besides I got a great angle now listen to me now just this once more I want you to round up all the boys take them to the courthouse get a hold of them I warned you before to stay in line or the boys are going to listen to me charlie now he's gone she disappeared don't worry we'll find it and I may as well tell you I'm going to get out of here guys we can't ever go into the car okay mrs.


Okay. Well, thank you so much for the introduction and thank you everyone for attending. So let me just make sure I've got all the computer stuff you're working. I think you can see my screen and video and can you guys hear me? Hopefully. We can. Can all hear? Okay, good. Well, that seems like all the ingredients we need to get started. So I'm really excited to talk to you all about Rancher Continuous Delivery. So normally I would ask who here has heard of this but I can't really see if you raised your hand so that's kind of pointless. But I'll just assume most of you haven't heard about this. So we're going to start with a high-level overview of what Rancher Continuous Delivery is. Then we're going to talk about why we built this technology that's used in this new feature called Fleet. This is kind of the underlying engine. And then we'll go into some architecture and kind of tease apart the technicals. That's always fun. And then finally, hopefully the most exciting part, we'll do a live demo, which is always risky. But we like to live on the edge here at Rancher. So hopefully this will be fun for us all. All right. So what is Fleet? Well, Fleet is this engine that we have developed. It's an open-source project at Rancher. And it's designed for the problem of GitOps at scale. It's suitable for one or one million clusters. And that's one or two one million clusters. That doesn't mean one or one million clusters because obviously there's lots of scales in between that, I would assume. So this is a really important thing we think for the future of where Kubernetes is heading. And let me just take a step back, actually, and just bring up this other concept, which is when we started Rancher five years ago now, Rancher was developed to address the problem of treating our servers as pets. We, as a engineering community, have always had this tension of whether we're managing groups of servers as pets or if we can treat them and address them in a more scalable manner. And the analogy is, of course, the cattle. We can address servers as one single unit and modify them collectively and have consistency and repeatability. And if we lose a server because it fails, that's fine because we just replace it with a new server, which assumes that same functionality and role automatically.  And I got to rebuild it now. I got to go take care of the sick server and rebuild it. And that's a day of my time. We want to get away from that. So that's why we started Rancher. Also, we all needed jobs. That was part of it, I suppose, right? But more importantly, we wanted to do something meaningful at our career, which was improve technology for the engineering community. So we developed technologies to help solve this problem. We developed cattle, our first cluster orchestrator for containers. This is when we just had a docker back in the day. And then we developed Rancher for Kubernetes. When Kubernetes became sort of the de facto standard for container management, we built a technology to allow you then to manage Kubernetes more effectively and scale across many environments. Okay, so that's what we did five years ago. And that's been our evolution. What's happened now is we've sort of gone 360 again, back to the same problem, which is containers are no longer, sorry, servers are no longer pets. We've solved that problem. They're definitely cattle now with Kubernetes and containers and all the orchestration technologies that we've developed with the CNCF and what really the CNCF has developed at large, that's all solved. Now the Kubernetes cluster itself has become the new pet, right? It's replaced the pet that we got rid of, and it's just moved out the stack. So what we developed fleet to address this very problem of the cluster of Kubernetes is becoming the new pet and now becoming an administrative overhead, which is slowing us down as engineers from getting to the interesting problems, which are, once we get Kubernetes running, and we actually start using all the CNCF tools to build applications, like that's where we want to get to, let's be honest, it's not, we don't get excited about getting Kubernetes working anymore, at least I don't think so. We get excited about using, you know, service mesh and, you know, advanced logging and instrumentation and, you know, advanced CI CD methodologies and doing blue-green deployments and AB testing and, you know, doing proportional weight routing and circuit breakers between our microservices, that's what we want to get to. It's not this part. So again, we hope that we can help remove some of the burden and some of the administrative overhead that started to develop at the cluster level. So that's a long-winded way to explain that's why we think Kubernetes needs fleet and needs something because we have more than one cluster. We know engineering groups now that are, you know, thousands of clusters already and they need consistency across them. So how do you manage policy? How do you manage application deployment? How do you manage infrastructure maintenance? If you're using CRDs, for instance, you have to register, you need those CRDs to be consistently deployed across all of your clusters. Let's say you have special ingress settings. So many people now have to have, you know, Nginx tuned a certain way or they want TCP forwarding enabled. So the moment you do that, now you're going to need special yamls that have to be deployed at the CUBE system level for your ingress. Okay, who's going to keep track of all those files and make sure they're consistent across your clusters? These are the types of problems, you know, that need addressing. And then when you start to try to push those settings out, how do you make sure that they're consistently deployed? Monitoring the deployment of those things, making sure that there's eventual consistency. And that ties into, of course, with eventual consistency visibility, rule-based access control and, you know, a controlled rollout method, because of course, when you get to large cluster scale, you don't want to do these things atomically. You want to do them transitionally or gradually. Okay, so why millions? So maybe that's a question that doesn't even need to be addressed in some people's minds because you're already living it. But for those who haven't experienced this yet, the trend that I'd like to tell you about that is happening is as companies are embracing Kubernetes in more and new use cases like near edge and far edge especially. And it's not just these, but these are the ones that really kind of turn the dial up very quickly. Now all of a sudden, we have an order of magnitude increase in the number of clusters that are going to be managed by an organization. We know companies that are using Kubernetes, you know, on windmills and energy farms. You know, there's just hundreds and hundreds of endpoints and hundreds and hundreds of clusters now because of that. And, you know, you've got the telco space, which has got devices in the field everywhere, right? Telcos have cell towers, tens of thousands of them. A lot of them, have you guys ever driven up to a cell tower before and like peeked over the fence and looked at kind of the electronics there?  I'm not suggesting you interfere with anything there. But if you ever just happen to notice them, there's a full, there's usually a full like 42E rack or something or not, you know, or sometimes smaller.   And that's a data center right there. Those are going to become Kubernetes clusters. And so now we've talking about tens of thousands of clusters. So existing solutions, they get to about here. And why is that? Well, it's because the existing solutions rely on artisanal craftsmanship to maintain those clusters. They rely on a subject matter expert who is able to put together a Kubernetes cluster over a few days very well from their skills and from the tools they have, but they have to do it manually every time. And that just doesn't, you know, that scales to about the 10 to 50 cluster range before things start to become, have some friction. So that's why we're doing this, essentially. So let's talk a little bit about existing get off scaling approaches, because this isn't necessarily the only way to approach it. There is some models where people have built things, for instance, that try to have something inside the Kubernetes cluster just pull from a get repo. And so you have a repo per cluster. This can work. In some cases, there's a disadvantage of this, though, is you have a lot of repos to manage. You have a one-to-one relationship now between the repo and the cluster. And so you've almost just offset or transferred your, excuse me, administrative overhead of your clusters to a different system, right, to your get repos. And now you have to deal with the problem there a little. So that's not great. Furthermore, how do you visualize and see who's pulled what? If everything's just pulling asynchronously, there's, as soon as you commit it, it's just going to start getting consumed and you don't really know how fast and you don't really know, you don't have any control over the rate of that consumption. So that can be kind of a problem. So the kind of the reflection of that is people then respond by, okay, let's create one repo to solve the problem. And I have a single point of control. They don't have the repo sprawl problem. Okay, that's great. Still a disadvantage, though, is you don't have a way to control rollout. In fact, in some ways, you've created a new problem, which is now you've got an atomic lever is your only way to make changes. All I can do is make an atomic commit and all of a sudden, everything gets the change at once. And if you're talking about a global data center, sorry, a global cluster footprint, a thousand clusters in 25 points of presence across the world, which is kind of the minimum we're talking about before we get even into the fun stuff, that's not going to work so well. You don't want that to happen all at once because you really want to make sure that you're monitoring the impact and effect of those changes. And so then another way to solve that problem of control is, okay, let's not let it pull. Let's instead just push to it. So then we got a single repo and then in theory we can control it because we're pushing out the changes and controlling sort of when those things are seen across the world. Okay, that's good. The challenge there, of course, though, is the push model, it just doesn't scale well unless you have good tooling. And push also requires this concept of a network ingress. And if we're talking about distributed systems globally, the moment we start talking about WAN and EDGE, we're talking about links that are untrusted by nature, we're talking about going over significant terrestrial distances where we're going to have links that are not trusted and they're not going to always be on a private backhaul. And so the moment that happens, we have to be much more defensive about what things we let reach into that environment remotely. I don't want something reaching into my windmill generator station from across the world if I can avoid it. And so that's where ingress is a security obstacle, not impossible, but it makes it harder. So that's why we chose an agent model because an agent model allows us to have a agent that makes it, doesn't require ingress because it sits within the downstream cluster. So in the windmill, the agent will live there with the cluster and it's periodically checking for new updates that it might want to consume, but it's initiating an outbound request talking to a trusted endpoint. So that's much more secure. I don't have to have my firewall open at all. Right? So that's one advantage. But then because it's not just checking a GitHub repo or a Git repo, it's actually checking an internal engine that's making decisions and telling it if it should have updates. Now we get the control that we want. We get role-based access control, we get conditional deployment. So when this node or sorry, this cluster checks in with the master here, this master may say, Hey, you have an update. But when this one checks in, it will say, No, you don't have an update yet because it hasn't told, it hasn't decided to update to this one yet. So we get that control. And of course, now we also know, Hey, someone checked in and hey, this thing just reported back that it applied the change successfully. So now I have a transaction. I don't just have, you know, commit and see what happens. And maybe they got a phone call. Now I have a transaction, right, which has all the benefits of transactions that we all value in our data systems, right? Okay, so normally I would stop for questions here, but you know, with this webinar works as we do questions at the end. So I know this is a lot of information and just take notes if you can, if you have any questions, or just try to maybe have better memory than I do, because I know I would forget if I had to wait. So I apologize, but we're going to get to questions soon because I know this is a lot of stuff, but just just really high level here. This is the architecture of fleet. So we got our downstream clusters in a cluster group. And they're checking in with the fleet controller cluster, which has a definition set or a bundle definition of state that it's trying to propagate based on what's get what's in get so get or and you know, we got GitHub here because it's recognizable logo. It's not just GitHub, it's any get, but you know, extensively now, GitHub is just get, right? They've sort of claimed that nomenclature for sure.  It's the source of truth now. It's got all of the state that you want to see in your clusters. And the controller's job is just to follow the directions of that get repo, and make sure that they follow or are seen outside in the real world. Here's the roadmap that we're working on. Our 2.5 release, this is now GA. So you can use this today in Rancher. Now, Rancher, by the way, if not mentioned, is an open source project. Rancher itself is not a CNCF incubated technology. We have actually many others that are though. Longhorn is a technology that we donated to the CNCF, K3S is a technology we donated to the CNCF. So Rancher is an engineering group is very involved with with contributing to the CNCF and values that heavily. Rancher, the the product Rancher is an open source 100% open source product. So you can download this today if you ever wanted to try and it is available now with the 2.5. In future versions, we're going to add things for private get repos, you know, some kind of housekeeping things around different use cases like, okay, maybe there's proxies or advanced security settings or credentials that are needed. And then, you know, we're going to in the future versions really try to dial up the UX in our UI to make it more comprehensive. Although I think you'll see it's pretty good now. Things like automatic deployment rollback, you know, something fails, we can automatically rollback and probably much more because we're just starting this journey. And so that's for spring of 2021. That's kind of what you can expect. So, okay, we don't need any useful assets.  So that's a ton of information. Did I lose everybody? Okay, we still have people that's good. I have spoken into an empty audience for a long time before. So it wouldn't be the first. Okay, so what time is it? 1120? Okay, we can do this. So now we're going to do a live demo. Who likes live demos? The silence is encouraging. Okay, good. So let's take a look at our Rancher UI here. Why is it refreshing? Okay, that's not good timing. One sec. We should know that this would happen in a demo, right? All right, there we go. Now we got our cluster back. So imagine this world now we're in a Rancher server, we have two clusters that are downstream cluster one and cluster two. And I have a git repo on GitHub. And this git repo has some examples for fleet. There's a bunch of different examples here. We're going to do something really simple today because that's the best way to start one of these demos live. I don't know if I've had enough coffee to do anything more crazy. So this here is a set of Redis containers. And you can see here, these are actually just YAML files. Has anyone seen one of these before? I hope so, right? If you guys use Kubernetes, you've probably seen one of these. So one of the first things you'll notice here is, hey, there's no special syntax.  And it's going to be, you know, and it's a variant of TCL or something or, yeah, I hope you like semicolons or something like that. None of that. It's just YAML. It's normal YAML. You can just drop it into a repo. Now, being said, there are some situations we discovered where you might want some more metadata. So there is an option to do, is it here? Where's our bundles? Here's our fleet YAML. There is an option to basically have this metadata file and then do some more like metadata-y things like target customizations and specify all this stuff in the repo. So that's an option too. So that's more than just pure YAML, but it is pure YAML if you want it. And then finally, you can actually have just helm charts in here. So this is not a replacement for helm. This is not, this is not trying to do anything helm does. This just tries to take helm and use it for a greater purpose along with the other things we're trying to accomplish, right? Okay, so this is our repo here. So let's say we wanted to use this to control this. What would we do? I wonder if I know? I hope I know. We'll find out. Okay, I'm going to copy this get repo here and I'm going to first go to the cluster explorer because this actually all happens within our new UI called view, which is also known as the cluster explorer. So you want to go in here right away. And this is probably where you want to stay ultimately as you start getting used to Rancher 2.5. So now I want to create a get repo in fleets. And notice I'm going to continuous delivery. This is the new feature here, right? And now I'm going to put in a unique name, what should we call this CNCF rocks? How's that? No objections, good. Because we all love the CNCF. All right. And the repository is that, which is not that. It has to be HTTP probably. Actually, we might use get protocol, but why, why find out right now? I could use a branch if I wanted revision, you know, this is get base and expect to get like features. I am going to use the path simple, because I want to just use this one simple set of configs. I don't want to do the whole thing. Okay. And then where do I deploy to? So here's where some of the fun stuff gets. I can deploy all the clusters, I can deploy specific clusters, or I can deploy to a cluster group. I want to do a cluster group because that gives me the most control. So I'm going to create this. And now I'm going to use, now it's pointing to a cluster group. Now cluster group is just basically a pointer or a way to address multiple sets of clusters based on labels. So it's just kind of the classic legal selector idea, which allows me then to add and remove things without kind of messing with the actual repo parent setting. So this cluster group here is defined by did I already actually have these labeled? Ah, yes. Okay. They're already labeled. So this cluster group here is defined by cluster location equals North America. It's just a label selector, but any arbitrary, you know, is open source equals yes, right? Anything I want here or is not what happened. In this case, we did cluster location equals North America. My two clusters here, I have also, can you guess what I labeled them?  Cluster location equals North America, right? So therefore, this cluster group has a quantity of two clusters. So that's, that's how that works. But I could add and remove a cluster very easily just by adding labels. Okay. So since that's happened, it actually is telling me now what just has gone on. So when I applied that, it actually started deploying to those clusters in the meantime, then it just completed those two clusters, right? Let's go ahead and take a look at a cluster now and see if it's there. There we go. So where are we now? Cluster two. Okay. Cluster two has front end, reddest master, reddest slave, which is, let's see if that's kind of what we expected. Front end deployment, it's called front end, yeah. It's the reddest thing, great. There's a service, the service wouldn't show up there, but that'd be kind of the routing behind the scenes. There's another deployment, yeah, reddest slave, replicas two. Do I see two there? Reddest slave, let's take a look. Replicas two. Okay. Cool. So we just basically configured these clusters. Now, I know what you're asking is, hey, you never showed me the clusters before this. So how do I know you just didn't put all that stuff there and just, you know, or pull in my leg? Okay. Fair enough. Let's, let's keep me honest here and let's, let's remove one of the clusters from the, well, let's just remove the label and now let's go back to the cluster explorer. We should see if this stuff go away. Synchronizes. Why is it not, it not saved my changes? That is odd. Why is it not force update and see if that does it? Still thinks it's got two clusters and it doesn't. Well, let's just, let's just do it this way then. I'm going to delete those objects and they won't get recreated, hopefully. Because it's, it really should be ignoring that cluster at this point. Yeah. It doesn't even talk about that cluster anymore. So it's ignoring it, but it didn't clean it up. That might be a minor bug that we have to look into. Okay. So repo's ready zero. Okay. That's what we want to see now. So, yeah, there's nothing there. Okay. Cool. So let me just add that cluster back in though. And then now just to improve. And it is for cluster location North America. So let's see if these things pop up now. Oh, there you go. Okay. So that's good. All right. So let's try another thing. Let's let's do another kind of common workflow, which is okay, cool. So I got my, my, my clusters are connected here to get now I should be able to just control things to get right. So who wants to add another redis node to our, to our cluster here? I can just feel the excitement you all do. I get it. I know, I know the feeling you just redis needs more, more nodes. Let's, let's make that happen. All right. So redis has two replicas now. What do you say we go to three? All right. So let's just, again, try to make sure that there's no man behind the curtain here so we can all see what's happening. Redis replicas two, redis replicas three for red slave. Let's commit directly to the master branch, like all good DevOps engineers do. Right. No, this is not CNCF recommended. I'm, I'm being told right now by the moderators that I need to retract that statement. CNCF does not recommend committing to master directly. You always want to always want to pull a request. All right. So I'm going to commit to master directly, which again is not great, but for the purposes of this, and in time, it's going to check and say, Oh, look, hey, look, something changed. I need to go change the world around me. And look at that replicas three. And now there is three. So there you have it. That is that is now working. So what you see here is like, I just committed a change here to get, and it just changed it in two of my clusters.  Oh, by the way, do you want to look at the other cluster just to see what cluster one is looking like? What do you think is going to be there? Okay, same things, right? How many should be here? Three. Perfect. Right. So now we just have this identical state across all of our clusters. Now, admittedly, I'm really focusing on the example of red as an application. So you might be saying, okay, I could always, I've been able to use helm and just, you know, helm, helm update across five of clusters. No problem. Not a big deal. I can just have a script to sort of synchronize all my deployments with how not a big deal. Yeah, that's fair. That's not the only use case. Again, that you're going to want to think about, though, it's the problem is what have read as needed CRDs or modifications to the cube system or storage classes provisioned, right? Or system level things in Kubernetes. Kubernetes is now a complex piece of machinery. Those things can't be necessarily captured in a helm chart easily. That's where this is coming in, because now we're doing that in Git as well. So now the Git repo is cohesive. It's the whole thing. This goes right back to the Docker thing. Why was Docker so powerful initially? Well, one of the reasons was is because it just worked on, if it worked on your box, it worked on any box because there was none of this dependency injection that we've lived by for the last 20 years in engineering where it's like, okay, yeah, everything will work, except you need like, do you have the right version of, you know, libc and libxml on your box? Oh, yeah, if you don't have the right version, we will fail. And it's like, well, okay, but not everybody's going to have the same version. So that's a, that's not a complete solution. And Docker solved that by saying, everything's going to work, everything's going to be in the image. And it's a, it's a, it's a comprehensive solution, which, you know, it doesn't leave anything up for surprise. And that's the same thing here. Now the entire cluster can be described. And notice I said, can be, you don't have to, you're not confined to doing everything to Git. I can still edit these clusters. No problem. All my other tools are going to work. Nothing is, nothing's impacting my existing tool set, but I can if I want to. And if I have that pattern, describe everything through code. So this is infrastructure as code now for Kubernetes. So with that, rather than doing any more demos, I see some questions coming in. And I'd really like to get to the questions. If it's all right with everyone else, could we start answering some of these? Sounds good, William. Can you hear me? Okay. Yeah, we can. And everyone, this is Connie Lynn, our events manager at Rancher. And so thank you for helping us today with questions. Hello. Yeah, thank, happy to be on here. So we do have quite a bit of questions coming in. I'm going to kind of go down this list here. You know, there's some questions that came in earlier during your presentation, William. So Zolt here asked, which also is related to another question. How are secrets managed, especially ones that have to differ between clusters? Yes. Yes, that's a very good question. I'm actually, I'm actually thinking about our new backup operator, because our backup operator, we actually have a decryption engine for when we pull the secret out of state and we store it in the backup object. I think that's, I think that's the same thing we do here, because we actually are basically capturing every Kubernetes resource with our backup operator for preservation. So I think you can use that same encryption format. But I need, I need to double check on that. That's a very good question. Now, as far as secrets differing, you can still mutate things outside of fleet. Right? So the only, only fleet is only caring about the things it knows about. That that's part of the beauty of this. Again, it's not a, it's not an abstraction. It's not an abstraction. There's no opacity on your cluster at all. So what I would do in that situation right away is, okay, secrets are different. I'm going to deploy secrets through some Jenkins job or some other, you know, very secure control deployment tool that is just for that purpose. Because that's, you know, that's a small amount of entropy that I can deal with. So that's how I would address that. Great. Thanks, William. Next question is from Patrick. Patrick asks, can the continuous delivery configuration in Rancher also be done using code with Terraform? Terraform, for instance? Yeah. So using Terraform to, I mean, I'm just trying to think of how Terraform could be applied here because Terraform is largely concerned with the infrastructure below. And so by the time we get to fleet, we've already got Kubernetes clusters running. Now, Terraform could be producing the clusters that then get registered into the fleet agent, into the fleet system. So the registration of a working cluster again is kind of here, right? This is where I sort of assign clusters to now be registered to be assimilated by the Borg, if you will. Because any Star Trek fans, right, the board would come and assimilate you and now you're part of the collective. And that's actually not a far-fetched analogy because what I've read is the original Google technology was actually called Seven of Nine. And then later Borg, you know, so either of them are quite, you know, Star Trek meaning. So yes, the same, you can just really think of like something has to create the thing that is going to be assimilated by the Borg, if you will. And that could be Terraform, but Terraform doesn't have really a place once we've got the cluster running because now we're controlling everything through Kubernetes. So I hope that answers the question. Sounds good. Thanks. So a couple additional questions coming in here. Let's see. Can we create clusters on GKE ACAS or EKS from Rancher? Or should we register after creation? That's a great question. Yeah, you can do that. Basically, you can do both. So you're kind of asking an opinion question, which I think I would want to know a little more about your use case. But if I look at the ad cluster page here in Rancher, it's probably easiest in those cases to just do it right from Rancher. So I could go down here and just click EKS and choose the region, put your Amazon keys in, and have to fill out some more forms. And it will basically talk to Amazon and say build a cluster and register it. We are finding too that there's a lot of people who want to use something, okay, so ties into the previous question Terraform. They want to use Terraform because they like what that provides to build their infrastructure. So in that case, use Terraform to build EKS and then you can register it or import it into Rancher and continue on the journey with Rancher. So both are available. Easiest is just to use Rancher just to provision into EKS, AKS, or GKE one click. So great. All right. We have a few additional questions here. One attendee is asking will fleet obey HPA or scale down to manifest original replicas value? That's a very insightful and sort of like advanced question. That'd be like the advanced question of the test, wouldn't it? To know that. I like this and I'm glad they're keeping me on my toes. I would think that it would see the transaction completion as, so the transactions that are driven are driven by get changes. So in theory, if it made the transaction complete and the HPA is deployed, it's not going to necessarily be like seeing, oh, did the deployment number change from what was in get? It's not doing that because it's not trying to control those things. It's only going to be pushing down changes that get is signaling. So now if get, excuse me, if the HPA does its thing and mutates the scale of that deployment and then later you make a change in get, it's going to get reset back to that original number if you define that as a replica quantity. There might be a way in the HPA YAML to make sure that it doesn't do that. I'd have to look into that, but essentially it's possible that we'd have to figure out exactly the best way to do it. So let's definitely feel free to follow up with me, William at Rancher. If you want to discuss that further or just jump in one of our user slacks and ask them. Great. Thank you, William. Another question here. In case of build service, upload helm chart to the Helm repo and push image to the registry to use Rancher UI API to deploy the chart, kind of that workflow, what is the recommended way to use fleet? Yeah, so if you're using fleet, you aren't necessarily going to use the catalog in the same way. There is a bit of overlap there. So like adding a helm chart to a repository and then going to our sort of our classic app catalog. So our classic app catalog here where you can deploy apps. This is based on a repository as you build. You probably don't want to use both of these in the same way.  So you could if you basically, hey, I just want Grafana for this one cluster. That's fine. But if I'm doing this across a lot of clusters and I want consistency, I wouldn't do it through here. I would take this code and put it into a fleet repo and control it that way. So there are tools that can both do similar jobs, but one of them is better at a certain scale. That makes sense. Great. Thanks for answering that. The next question from Patrick asks, how is the replica change in Redis from two to three different using fleet than using Argo CD, for instance? Yeah. I don't know of any difference with Argo CD yet. And I don't know Argo well enough probably to make any comments on it. There is some difference in approach, I know, from how our engineering team developed fleet. I think Argo definitely does more of, is more of a top-down push model, less of an agent check-in model. But in terms of that one nuance, I don't know of any difference off the top of my head. Great. So our next, there's two questions here related to Git repos. Nico asks, can the Git repos be deployed in new Rancher project as well? And a second question asks, how can accidental or forgotten manual changes be removed to synchronize what's deployed with what's in the Git repo? Okay, I'll answer the last one first because that one I can show quickly. So I can just do a force update and that should override, that should override anything that was different now or out of sync. So if I did make manual changes, I could kind of force change them that way. The first question, I'm not sure I understand. Could you say it one more time? Yeah. So it asks, Nico asks, can the Git repos be deployed in a new Rancher project as well? So maybe the code, the applications and deployments represented here can maybe be deployed in a different project, I think maybe. And yeah, so right now these were, how did we define that? Right now, these were deployed to default. We could, we could define that, I think through the fleet bundle in Git. We didn't, there's none of that here in this example. I think we can also do that from the definition here. Let's see. I think we can say the name, target name space. Yeah, there it is there. So we can say the name space we want to deploy it into and the name space is just a member of a project in Rancher. The project is just sort of a container around name spaces. Okay. Great. So it looks like we have seen two questions left here. The next one is, I think, more of a general Rancher question. So does Rancher allow us to upgrade all nodes Kubernetes versions for a cluster group, whether it is managed clusters or K3S? So upgrading the Kubernetes pieces on them, managed clusters or K3S. So if the moment we're talking about managed clusters, like the moment we're talking about different Kubernetes infrastructure management, then it's not going to be the same across, right? So like if it's K3S, there's an upgrade path for upgrading all those nodes. If it's managed by, if it's Kubernetes managed by Google, by GKE, they have their own way of, they control that. We don't, we don't get to control that. We can make an API call, maybe asking them to in some cases, but we don't get to control how the update process works. So it is different than for different cluster types. You know, what, I think what you're, you're envisioning is a world where I kind of have one way of managing the Kubernetes distribution on every node across my infrastructure types. If that's what you want, then you want to look at something like K3S or RKE2, and then you're using that same technology to build even in the cloud. So like then I wouldn't use EKS. I would use RKE on EC2, just nodes, because then I control what the upgrade path is like, and I can have it consistent for EC2 and for my on-prem and for my edge. So you'd have to use the same technology across, and that's what Rancher provides, but we, we also recognize that a lot of people want to use, there's so much in the cloud that they might as well just use EKS, because they have so much in the cloud. So we support both of them. They're both first-class citizens for us, but if your goal is consistency across infrastructures, then you need to choose a Rancher technology as your distribution. Thanks, William. All right, so looks like you're getting close on time. One last question here. I do see additional questions coming in, but hopefully we'll be able to follow up with attendees here and get your individual questions answered that we won't get able to get to today. So last question here, William. What is the easiest way to try out fleet? That's a good question. Well, and important because I hope you guys can all try this ultimately. That's the best way to learn and see if it's right for you. Easiest way is to set up a Rancher server and then add more, add one cluster to it. If I had to do this with like two nodes, let's just say let's say I want to go to digital ocean or light sail or EC2 and just create two nodes, here's what I would do. I would I would actually check out Rancher D and this is actually not considered production ready yet. This is actually brand new, so don't use this for evaluation purposes, but this is really fast to get started. I would check out Rancher D and just Google Rancher D and this blog will tell you about it and literally to run the installer is this one command on a single node and that will install your Rancher server. It will look just like this and that's actually what I'm running here on a VM at my house. Yes, I'm at home. Don't tell my boss I'm not. I didn't come into the office today. Just kidding. We all know we're all, most of us are working from home these days. So yeah, this is my home network. This is a home VM single node running Rancher with Rancher D and then once I saw Rancher D, then I need one additional node to be my downstream cluster and what I would do for that is K3S because it's really resource efficient so I can run a whole cluster again on one node very efficiently and guess what? That's also one command. So I would run that command and then I would go into my Rancher cluster that I have running, say add cluster and it would be another cluster, Fubar and I would run, I would copy this command onto the other VM that I just ran K3S on so that it gets registered into the cluster and at that point now I have Rancher server and one downstream cluster and that's all I need to try out fleet and a Git repo, GitHub. And just go ahead and fork the examples from Rancher slash fleet examples just to try it out. You don't even need to like write your own YAML, just fork this one on our GitHub. So that's that's what I would do. Thanks, William. I hope everybody can give that a shot and William, if you do have any more comments or are we pretty much wrapped up here with you? I think I've done enough talking, haven't I? I'm sure you guys are tired of it. But thanks for everyone for participating and I hope we can help you guys with more things in the future. All right. Thank you so much, William. That was great. Thanks, Connie. And hope everyone has a great day. Bye-bye.