So this is a great question for Mark. He says, what are your best tips for keeping people engaged in online teams' calls? I'm constantly trying to improve my personality, keep people engaged. There's a lot of work to do. That'll take a while. Mike, possibly you're helping me with that. You're mentoring me. Don't have calls if you don't need to have calls, cover interesting material, high value. One of the favorite things is that, have an agenda and walk through that.  We've got an hour book, so we must use that entire hour. If you have an agenda of what you're trying to accomplish and get through that in 30 minutes, it was like, all right, and that's it, any final items and we'll wrap early and go. You're done. Don't fill the time. Also limit your audience, right? Do we need to invite 800 people to talk about a topic that only four people care about? Maybe we could record that and publish it out for the other 396 people who don't care. Let me ask this question. The two examples that you just gave, you both Sharon and Christian gave, how is that any different than in-person meetings? I mean, you should have an agenda at a person meeting. You shouldn't have a lot of side conversations in an in-person meeting. Running a Teams meeting is not a lot unlike running an in-person meeting. I mean, they should follow the same. Now, if you can't engage people in an in-person meeting, yeah, you have a little bit more distractions with the online meeting because they have multiple windows, they got their messenger going on, they got their phone sitting here, they got all of it in-person meeting. You know how you have some people that will sit there and type on their laptops while you're in a meeting? Pet peeve, annoying with me. Or looking at their phones or whatever. Exactly. You have the same issue magnified in an online meeting. But the basic having a effective meeting principles, I think still apply. Correct. But can I start this by saying, we should have said at the beginning of, well, it depends on what, because for most of what we're talking about, like a team meeting going in there and let's say there's 10 of us in there being focused, having a shared understanding of here's our goals, here's the outline, not waste people's times, being respectful of that, moving through what are our outcomes, like all of those kinds of things which are like project management 101, meeting 101. If you're doing a longer session, if you are instructing, you're presenting on something which, it's much more of that presentation mode. If that's kind of what Mark is asking, like that side of it, like there are things to do. I've seen some people that are more on the education side of industry, the field, that do things where they break up their content. They make sure that they're not eye chart PowerPoint slides that they have visuals and their specific things. I love for classes with students where you can actually go and I love when this is done well, have a presentation that's broken up by short video clips and then gets to a certain point and you can actually have a form created where you quiz people and insert quiz at intervals within the presentation to get people then that they have to go respond to these polls, to these surveys and answer questions to see if they're paying attention. Again, I think these could be done in an in-person meeting as well. I think if what you're saying, yeah, they apply to the same, but doing the whole forms and polling and stuff, that's a lot easier online because otherwise people have to get out a phone and they have to go to a website and they have to, you know, or they do the raise hands, you know, let's, you know, whoever's done that kind of a thing. I am working on a top secret project. I will share a little bit. It's IOT related that sends basically, you send it to all your employees, they affix it to the bottom of their chairs. You're telling us about it so it's not top secret. I know it was previously known as top secret. I now use like the same symbol Prince had previously known as top secret. No, but it sends an electrical, mild electrical, mild electrical shock to people that aren't paying attention. The shocking dog color, I said that first. That's right. So what I hear Mike saying is that this is a facilitation question, not a team's question. Yeah, a lot of it is. Look, I mean, there's a lot of things you can do to go and dazzle it, but I, like I jokingly said at the beginning is have a better personality. But there's something to be said about. There's something to be said about working on your presentation skill. Get third party opinions on whether you are boring people to tears every time you open your mouth and develop your skill set to get better at presenting. And include feedback options so that your audience can participate. Yes, that's the key. You want to break down barriers and try and turn that top down meeting where the organizer's the only one talking into a place where you can have a conversation about it. Of course when it's appropriate, time and setting are appropriate, but conversations are the best meetings. You know what else works? Food. Yeah, free food. Well, and and money. Food or money. Yeah, money. I mean, I can definitely share. Or electric. Send food, money, Starbucks, get parts, I can. Food, money, electrical shocks. I want to, you know, it's again, it depends. Ha ha. We prefer reward based systems. Yeah, yeah. Well, half lost stock, you know. That's what I just there in the meeting every every few minutes, ding a bell and then, you know, give people a little. Thank you, sir. May I have another?  You represent the lollipop guild. Well, it is true, though. It is absolutely true, you know, in the non virtual world when we're in person and we're having meetings and I've done a ton of facilitation stuff. I'm the first person to bring a bag of candy, right? Because it's absolutely true. Like, ask people, answer questions. Throw them a piece of candy, right? We can't do that in the virtual world. And so there is there is some things. There are some things that are different in the way that we facilitate virtually versus facilitating in the real world. But ultimately, Mike's point is, is, you know, taken in terms of if you're going to, if you have good tendencies in a real world meeting, you should pull those over to you. But there are some limitations. There are some limitations to that for sure. Well, and we're joking around around this, but I'm sure this is an important topic. And in fact, I've even with some of the, like the SharePoint Saturdays and other events from time to time, where some of the organizers of those events have offered as a session, like how to present sessions. So if you want to strengthen your skills around presenting, which I think is a great thing. We need more of that out in just community. And so if that's something you need to work on, the other things that you can do, especially within the MVP and RD communities, is if there's somebody that you really like, they're presenting style, generally, RDs and MVPs, we're very approachable. And say, hey, you know, I really like your style around this. I like your style, Mike. There, yeah. But is, you know, you could reach out to them. Any of us would say, you know, sure. You know, hey, like, hey, could you mentor me on this? Can you have a conversation? We'd all, answering for all of us, Mike will probably shake his head, no, he refuses this kind of stuff all the time, but help people within the community to improve their skills and mentor. In fact, a lot of the conferences- I don't know why Mike is so against mentoring, but I guess we'll take that offline. You have to stop because this is gonna go against my MVP award if you keep pushing this narrative. I'll add a smiley into the text. People will know I'm joking. I do know that there's a lot of, well, I don't know a lot of, I've noticed that there are conferences that are offering the ability for new speakers to come in and have a buddy, have somebody who can kind of review their presentation before they do it the first time. And I'm noticing this in user groups, I'm noticing this at conferences. And I think it's really important because there's kind of this thing where you think like you gotta know what you're doing to be able to present. And I think it's fantastic that they're offering these tracks and they're offering these buddy systems and things for people to come in. And we do that in our user group. So we always recommend it. I'll actually go talk to people and be like, hey, if you wanna do this, come. We'll look at your session beforehand. We'll give you some tips and tricks. It's okay if you feel kind of clunky the first couple of times, but I'm really happy to see that people are starting to help with that. Yeah, and user groups are the best place to go in. And that's what it's meant to be for to allow people that are out in industry, in the field that are not professional presenters to come in and share their work and get feedback and start that process. And it just takes practice, it takes time. For most of us, it doesn't come naturally. It's something that we learn that skill over time. I wanna say one word of caution though is like you had mentioned, everybody has their own different style of presenting. And if they've been presenting for a while, depending on who is mentoring you, you don't necessarily, you may wanna do your own thing. Put your own, mix in your own personality. Don't try and mimic the person that you think is the best presenter because they may be the best presenter in your eyes, but they may not be, like Christian is one or two people who think he is, but the rest of the world pretty much just says, we don't need that. Well, that's why there are laws in certain countries because of exactly that. So I'm aware of that. I think this is a very important subject that we've been talking about as we move out of the, how to make a meeting engaging in teams. Yeah. Like for most people, especially in IT, to get up and to talk in front of a room and to be articulate and engaging, it's so contrary to what most of us are by nature, introverted, coding away. So for a traditional technical person to be outgoing, like it's a massive accomplishment. And many of us have presented, and as a courtesy to the person who's got the floor, we all disable or turn off our video cameras. And so the presenter now is just seeing initials across the top of the team screen, and they're talking to the little dot on their monitor for their webcam, and they're just like, they're trying to be engaged with no feedback. And it is so difficult for presenters. So now this is just a thing that I like to do now is make a point of giving feedback during the meeting, not interrupting, not talking, but a thumbs up. Thank you, Mike. And like, I think it's also incumbent upon viewers to help talk, especially when you're an IT person and you're not used to this like I am. Yeah. Well, that's one of the reasons like we just utilized it and we all just have used it now, but the emoticons and the other things throughout to provide that feedback, that's why I love things like having those real-time polling to have the emoticons, the other things, to feel the comments, the chat and the side and share with things. So there's whether you're direct or indirect feedback throughout. So you think about as a marketing guy, I mean, that's why we constantly do things, whether we're for a company or within an industry, research projects where you do polling, you do surveys, you do focus groups, you do like all of those kinds of things to get feedback. Finding out ways to integrate those types of feedback loops into your presentation is a great way to get that level of engagement up. I still think, and again, it's true whether in person or online, it's because I've watched presentations where it's a guy sitting up in front of the room with his face in a laptop, never looking up once, but microphone walking through a very technical demo and it was riveting because of the technology and what they had built and what they were demonstrating. So know your audience, know the room. Read the room. Yeah, and if you're finding that people are, no one's coming on camera, no one's providing feedback around that, being very concise in and being structured in and maybe have a shorter meeting. Well, and you both have a really good point in terms of feedback. I would definitely say also, I really encourage people to be on camera when whatever meetings I'm doing, whatever presentations I'm doing, because Norm, to your point, we try to be kind by going off, but frankly, I would prefer that everybody stays on their camera and we all focus on the content that we're presenting or we can spotlight people for anybody who doesn't know about the spotlight feature. In teams, everybody can be on camera. We can simply spotlight the person that we want to pay attention to and that will kind of keep them at the top of the list. It'll make it so that everybody knows who's talking, but nobody really wants to talk to a blank screen. And so I think that encouraging people giving them the permission to be on camera in this, I know this is a weird topic, right? Because we don't want to get into the discussion of should we force people to be on camera, but I definitely want to provide the encouragement permission for people to be on camera. I do find in my clients that when they're on camera, we tend to have more engaging meetings. We tend to get more done. We tend to be more productive. We build more better relationships as opposed to the clients where we're just simply all talking and all you can see is the letter bubbles. So I think it's a good point, Norm.


Hi, welcome everybody. We would like to talk today about research projects we did, hacking traffic lights and we would like to share our findings and our, well, the things we found in our research. Well, first of all we, my name is Wesley Nele and my colleague's name is Rick van Duin and we both have been mainly pen testing in the past years for about seven, eight years. Of course we also have our own interests. For example, I like to play around with Internet of Things and the security of it and innovations like that. Rick likes to play with malware and investigate that. I would like to, at least one disclaimer, we are no smart traffic experts. We're just, well, two guys that are interested in this kind of innovations. So we decided to do research on it. We do use bicycles because we're Dutch, but that doesn't really help us in our investigation, in our research. Well, a small introduction. Well, what we've seen, they are creating a platform, multiple vendors are creating a platform to exchange information between traffic information. For example, road signs can report dire states on a network, the parking spots, how many are still available and how many are occupied. Traffic status, for example, is there a traffic jam and stuff like that. But they are even trying to connect the traffic lights, the actual traffic light systems to the same network so it can act, well, on the messages that are sent on the network. And one of the examples is that they actually want to connect the road users to the network as well. For example, cyclists, cars, trucks and even the rescue vehicles, the emergency vehicles. Well, I have to mention that in this research we mainly have been focusing on the cyclist. And the reason for this is that, well, there was an app available that allows you as a cyclist to install it. And if you're cycling on a road, you will get, well, the time to the green will be decreased or maybe even instant green. So because it was available, we focused on that. Well, important fact is that in the Netherlands, there are a lot of bicycles, 23 miljoen en we have a lot of cycling infrastructure. So, well, imagine that on every intersection, there's almost a cycling traffic light. So it's quite important in our country. Well, like said, we see multiple apps being released. So we are mainly interested in the fact that we are able to talk to traffic lights somehow. And for example, how are we able to talk to them? And what if we are able to manipulate it? What is possible? And what can we manipulate? So that was pretty interesting and the reason why we started the research. Well, one of the things we see in the Netherlands, there is an ongoing partnership. And the goal of that partnership is to realize smart traffic. And the goal is to improve the safety, comfort and traffic flow. Well, a lot of things are happening in that partnership. But some of the things are, for example, the cyclist app that I was talking about. They are trying to give the user the ability to install an application on its phone. And when he's cycling on an intersection, the cyclist light time will decrease to go to green or maybe even instantly go to green if there is no other traffic at the intersection. But another thing is, for example, for trucks. They are trying to realize a green flow on multiple traffic lights. So the trucks have to stop less, which is, of course, a great idea. And the emergency vehicles, well, that's maybe even the most interesting one. Because those will get instantly green if they will be passing a connected traffic light. But also other users of the road users will be notified so that there is a vehicle coming. I'm coming up, emergency vehicle. A important thing within the partnership is VRIs. VRIs are the systems that are actually at an intersection that are actually, well, controlling the actual traffic lights. And they are replacing the old systems for intelligent ones. So that it is compatible with the network and that this is possible to communicate to it. But also that it is able to send its own information to the network. And what we've seen that currently about 500 IVRIs or VRIs have been replaced for IVRIs, which is about 10% of the total amount of VRIs. And to give you an idea how the things are connected to each other, on the right you will see the road users, for example, cars, cyclists or trucks. And they are connected to the network, for example, by using an app. Like I said earlier, but it is also possible that it might be an onboard computer within the truck, for example. And those systems are talking to the, well, to cloud services, which are also like the apps created by multiple vendors. And in the cloud, the information that they send to the cloud can be sent onto the network. And for example, to traffic lights. And one of the important things in there is that mostly this is done by using common objects, which is a standard that allows you to, well, to communicate with each other within a traffic light network, a traffic network. And Rick will be explaining more on that. Cool. So when we initially looked at the first app that allowed users to get the green light, we saw lots of references to common objects. En we saw that the app was building gum objects with the position, stuff like that in it. And for us, it was unclear what those were. So we started googling and we figured out that it's actually part of the intelligent transport system standard, which is a European standard. There's a different one. As far as we know, there's a different one in the US. And it might even be a different one in your country. So important part of this standard are the cooperative awareness messages, so common messages. In the US, they're called basic safety messages. These contain all kinds of information about the intelligent transport system. So could be a car telling you its speed, stuff like that. So when we looked into the objects itself, we noticed that they contain lots of different information. So we can see the position, what type of vehicle you are. Important to note, we'll later, we can see why you shouldn't use the station type to determine what a user is and what they can do. But there's also a different container. So there's a high frequency container, which contains data that changes often. So stuff like data, the direction, information like that.  But more importantly, we came across a special vehicle container. En this container contains information such as I am transporting dangerous goods, or I am in an emergency vehicle, and I need to have green lights right now, stuff like that. So this for us was the point where we were like, okay, can we manipulate this and can we send this to the traffic lights that are connected to our apps. We started looking into this. We actually figured out that the intelligent transport system standard already has a security standard in it. It's based on public infrastructure, where, very simplified, your vehicle receives a certificate. The certificate contains information about your vehicle, well, not necessarily your identity, but that you are a vehicle and what you are allowed to do. Which allows other systems on the road to actually validate what you are sending to them. So part of the COM messages and the certificate are the SSP and the ITS-AID. So the ITS-AID is the intelligent transport system application ID, and it describes some basic permissions such as you are allowed to send COM messages. En there's a service-specific permission that's also in there that allows you to actually say, I'm allowed to do this. So for example, I'm in an emergency vehicle and I'm allowed to tell the world that I need green lights right now. So every message you send out, you sign and is combined with the certificate in order to let other systems on the road identify that the message you are sending them is actually valid. You are allowed to send it and that you actually have the correct permissions to request this. So when we were preparing this presentation, we actually came across some interesting work already that's being done on this. So there's a cool paper by Joseph Kamel, which goes on to assume, let's say, our authentication authorization is already correct. What can we do with a valid car? So can I say to others, I'm putting on the emergency brakes right now. Will other cars immediately start breaking? So there's really interesting research being done. There's also some cool software being released in order to look for abuse on the network already. So the security for this exists. However, when we started looking into the apps that Wesley will talk about soon, we noticed that there's still some work to be done. Like earlier mentioned, we saw multiple Android applications that a cyclist could install on his phone. And if he installs it and he's approaching an intersection, he will get green. The time will be decreased to green or able to instantly get green. So when we saw that, we were like, OK, what's going on? How does this app work? And what is it exactly doing? And what we did, we decompiled the applications and we saw that common projects are being sent over MQTT. And that was pretty interesting because if we are able to create those common projects ourselves and send it over MQTT, for example, using Python, we might be able to trick the system. The thing was, at that time, we didn't know what common projects exactly were at that time. So we had quite a hard time imitating the behavior and doing it in Python the same. And also because of the ASN and the protobuf encoding that was done by the application. So during that time, we decided to take another approach and let's use another tool, which was called Frida. And at that time, it was the first time we used it. Well, and it's really an amazing tool that allows you to hook into an application, for example, an existing Android application that's running on an Android device. And for example, print the information that's in the function or call other functions and do modifications, for example. So, well, after trying, we were able to print out the common object. And on the right, you can see a snippet of that information.  So we were like, this is pretty interesting. What and how the system will react if we are going to manipulate this information. So in order to do so, we also used Frida. And we were able to write the script that's on the left. And what it is doing is, again, just hooking before the published COM function is being called. So the common project is published on MQTT. Just before that, we modified the information. For example, the speed, the GPS coordinates, and information like that. And our goal was to imitate the behavior that you see in the right in the image to let the system believe that there is a cyclist cycling on the intersection all the time. And that in a loop. The thing was at that time, we weren't just recognized as one cyclist. We wanted to bypass it. We wanted to be continuously, well, a loop of cyclists that are passing the intersection. So we are trying to bypass that. And well, the way to bypass it was quite simple. Because we found out that just before the COM is being published, disconnect and connect on the MQTT channel, we are recognized as a different and a new cyclist. So by just disconnecting and connecting, we were able to, just before every common project was being sent, we were able to act like we are a different cyclist instead of one. So that was cool. We were able to get that flow continuously. Later on, we found another similar application, which is also an application. And if you install it as a cyclist, you will get, well, the time will be decreased or you will instantly get a green, depending on the situation at intersection. But this application was even easier because it was just sending one post-request, as you can see in the slide, with similar information that we saw in the previous app, like speed, GPS coordinates, and information like that, also the station type. And that was being sent to the server. So somehow, this is probably converted, for example, to COM by the backend. So we didn't have to take care of that at all. We just have to send one post and the system will react on it. And the interesting thing, there was no authentication. So there's no way to distinguish cyclists from each other within the system. And that was quite an interesting part because maybe we can, well, fake a lot of cyclists in the city, for example. Well, we wrote a pie-descript to just send this post with the correct information. And, well, we recorded a demo on it, and I would like to show the demo. Here you will see a video where we are at a connected traffic light on an intersection. And in this video, there is other traffic at the intersection. And you will see that the system reacts and the waiting sign turns on. But, well, it will wait until it goes to green, well, when it's saved. So that's quite important to note. The safety system stays intact. So it will never turn two lights at green at the same time. So that's just luckily and good that that's still in the place. Also, we recorded a second video also at a traffic light, but in this case without any other traffic. And as you can see, well, it reacts quite quickly and instantly. If we send one post request, the system instantly turns to green. So it just goes quite quickly. So what could we do with this vulnerability? Well, it's abuse of functionality. But, well, like we mentioned, it is not able to see multiple cyclists. It's just, well, using every request and doing an action on that. So what we could do is use the previous script and do it on a lot of traffic lights at the same time because that system was running in 10 cities currently. So you could just interrupt the traffic in a complete city at the time. So in conclusion, I think as we are, the place we are now is that there's no real use of the security part of the standard. They are using cooperative awareness messages to determine where vehicles are.  Luckily, now we're working with public betas where cyclists are being used. But there are some closed betas going on for trucks, for emergency vehicles, and especially those who could pose a real threat for traffic. Luckily, security systems will stay intact so there's no hacker style, all the lights green at the same time, cars hitting each other, stuff like that. So just currently we're able to annoy you, which is already fun. So the reason we are giving this presentation is we really believe that this is something that's coming and we need to be sure that this is actually working properly, meaning that authentication, authorization are correctly implemented. We've seen it with email, we're still having issues determining if a mail you've received is actually from the person you received it from. And so it's really important that the moment our physical lives, the traffic is being controlled by these systems, that this is something that's actually properly working. We would recommend that these apps start to use some form of authentication, at least knowing that there's one person operating one app. If they choose to spoof whatever it is they do, at least we would know they would only be able to control one digital cyclist. And it's becoming more and more important to detect and monitor abuse on the back end of things, meaning that the central system receiving all these messages and distributing them to the different traffic lights would need to look for unexpected or implausible behavior and block users accordingly, which would reduce the impact of somebody trying to manipulate this. And I mean, after that we'll need, if the moment we have the authentication of authorization under control, we will have to see and look into abuse from a allowed user. But that's the next step. So this is as much as our presentation encompasses. If you have any questions and you want to join in the Q&A, it will be on the 6th of August between 1.30 and 2 o'clock. Or if you need to contact us directly, check it out on Twitter. Thank you. Thank you.


Good morning. Thank you all for being here. Yes, I would present some brief insights about what public spaces are within major settlements and with some case studies from both in Iberia. So if we look at, if we're moving specifically into public spaces, we like to look at what is often called as empty spaces within settlements. And these empty spaces that are known in settlements serve a variety of economic and social purposes. So often when we look at excavation plants and the areas where there are no structures, we tend to think, well, nothing here, but actually these areas were very, very important, socially speaking. They played a fundamental role in the acquisition of control over people and resources. And in fact, these open spaces constitute a very widespread phenomenon caused in the ancient and the modern world. So in some cases, when we have settlements with large, empty areas, people have tended to interpret them as a reflection of unfinished projects. So large open spaces that were supposed at some point to be built with structures, but they never finished that. But I think, okay, this might be the case for certain sites, but in many other cases, they were just an intrinsic part of the settlements in terms of social functions that they fulfilled. In my presentation, I will focus on the late Iron Age opida on the continent. So large 45 settlements from the second and first centuries BC. The opida are large settlements of thousands, sometimes even hundreds of hectares. And in some of them, we have significant internal occupation with neighborhoods, marketplaces, very intense craft production, evidence for long distance exchange. So many of these opida can be considered towns or cities. Not all, I have to say. There are also some opida that are virtually empty inside the fortified space. So, but even in those opida that present a significant internal occupation, they are still large open areas, so-called empty spaces. When we look at the fortified spaces, well, the walls were often determined by the topography. And this might also explain sometimes why we have sites that are really huge, but then with a rather restricted internal occupation. But in addition to this, these empty spaces, as I said, served a variety, could serve a variety of purposes. We have areas for agriculture or for keeping animals inside the fortified spaces. Also, these spaces could serve as basis of refuge for the population for a wider environment in case of danger. And also they could serve at least some of them as areas for assemblies, seasonal markets, and religious celebrations. And in fact, we know that the opida, or at least many opida, serve as important political and religious centers. And in my opinion, and I have argued this in a number of papers, in many cases this political and religious functions were even more important than the economic ones. So traditionally, research has focused a lot of this idea of opida as proto-industrial towns, but I think at least primary political symbolic significance was more important. From written sources, we note that many opida actually are central places for different political entities, and that this late Iron Age society had a variety of political institutions, large public assemblies, and then also more restricted councils that there were voting happening. So in this sense, we can see the opida as the centers for this, and the discovery of sanctuaries underlines also these rules. But for a long time, the question of public spaces inside the opida has been a very difficult one. We knew about a craft production, we knew about houses, but it was very difficult, has been very difficult to identify actually, what we can define as public spaces. And in fact, in 1993, Greg Paul published a very famous article, we think in the opida, which is full of very great ideas. But in that paper, he argued that the absence of recognizable public spaces in the opida was an indication of their rather non-urban character. So that was in 1993, but since then, many things have happened, and archaeologists all across Europe have identified numerous public spaces within the fortified space of several opida, and some of the most important examples are Titelberg, Madberg, Manchin, Corot, or San Silvan, I will refer to some of this here. It's a pity that Professor Matipu, who was planned to have the final paper, is not here today because actually the opidum of Corot, which is shown here in the image, which he has been excavating for a long time, provides one of the best examples of these public spaces. So just to name here a few examples of recent public spaces that have been published, Corot in France by Matipu, Titelberg in Luxembourg by the team around General Metzler, and I will refer to this site very briefly, and I have been dealing with this also in a number of papers, for example, one in the offer journal of archaeology, and a paper with Nico Roymans, where we try to exemplify several case studies, the role of public spaces. In the case of Corot in France, excavated by Matipu, we have here in this area a large public square that could be used for large meetings, gatherings, maybe this public assembly that we know from British sources. Next to it is an important sanctuary for evidences of feasting, riches, and so on. We also have a building, which you can see the kind of reconstruction here in the previous image, that Matipu has identified as the meeting place of the council, the synod of the al-Bernie, and we also have a marketplace around. So basically we have here an intervention of public, so political meetings, assemblies, the sanctuary, and the market area, and this is a model that actually we can find also in many other time periods, for example medieval Europe, where we have the casserole marketplace, council house. So in the case of Corot, it has been documented very well through the excavations, and there are a number of many other elements, for example, some archaeological orientations, the sanctuaries in relation to landscape features, and so on. The gatherings that were held at these public spaces in the opida will have been key elements in creating social cohesion, self-awareness, and shared identity. So these public spaces were fundamental arenas for social interaction and collective negotiation, as in comparable to what is known as plazas in different parts of the world, for example, Miss America, and there's a lot of literature on that. From Britain sources, we have references to the existence of public assemblies and councils among a later in ancient early medieval societies in different parts of temperate Europe, and it's important to emphasize, as we already mentioned here, that these meetings would be held sometimes within large settlements in closed spaces, but sometimes also just in natural features in the landscape, as is the case, for example, of the Altyn in Iceland or many other assembly spaces in Scandinavia. But these public assemblies were really crucial for the function of communities where people came together to negotiate collective affairs for laws, a very important judicial function, election of leaders, a regulation of control over resources, also communal defense, and usually they were always also linked, very closely linked to religion in the sense that, in many cases, we can even not distinguish really between this two kinds of political and religions, so that it also means that these large communal meetings were mostly held at or next to communal sanctuaries. And in this case, I fully agree with Ian Arnott's presentation, the role that some have decided to show in the brain and also some other smaller ones, and it's important to emphasize that these political institutions exist in societies that are highly hierarchical, but also in others that present much flatter social hierarchies. And I will argue that many of these public spaces, well, I'm not the only one, but I have tried to develop this in last year, that these public spaces were many cases used for these large communal assemblies. The opium of Tittleback in Luxembourg, I think, is a prime example, and it has been a way where researched archaeologically by Janu Metzler over a long period of time. Here we have a large area of 10 hectares that was separated from the rest of the opium. The opium is about 40 hectares large, and 10 hectares were separated from the rest by a ditch, as you can see here, and a Madrid wall. So it was clearly an intention to separate the profane and the communal sacred area that was used, apparently, just for political and religious purposes, but not for daily life, living houses. And the ditch itself contained abandoned remains such as animal bones, fibula, miniature weapons, coins, fragments of human skulls, and so to testify that this was not only physical, but more importantly, a symbolic boundary. Inside this, here you can see the opium of Tittleback and the separation of the public space about 10 hectares. And it is a huge public space, one of the largest that we know in temperate Europe. And Janu Metzler has identified a number of installations that he interprets as voting installations of the first half of the first century BC, so before the Roman compass, providing evidence for political decision taking. And then another feature of this public space is a huge amount of animal bones, more than 150,000 that have been documented. And the detailed study of them suggests that this is testifying the existence of large-scale communal feasting. And on the highest point of the site, there was a monumental building. And this site has a long history, as many of these places. And then, obviously, we have the Roman compass, process of integration in the Roman world. And in the first centuries AD, in this area, an important Roman temple developed. So even when the opium was later decayed in later times and lost its primary political function and economic function that was transferred to Tria in Roman times, it still remained a very important religious location until late antiquity. So Tittleback is located in the territory of the Trevery in eastern gold. Although its public space is the most prominent one and the largest one, we also have evidences for specific religious practices and assemblies in six of the seven Trevery and Opida. And the only one for which we don't have it is the one like this, where there has been very little research. So it might have existed as well. If we look at the distribution of this opida in the landscape, we see using the rather old-fashioned decent polygons, which are sometimes still less somehow useful. We see that they're distributed in a rather regular way in the landscape and although decent polygons obviously don't define territories not at all, but it still shows in a way that this role of the opida has the central places for wider areas. And as we noted as well that in five of the six public spaces known in the area of the Trevery are located on the highest point of the opida, which I think is important also for a symbolic point of view, this idea of the highest point. From written sources we know that Julius Caesar describes a large public assembly among the Trevery. Some also have suggested that this might have taken place in the public space of Titelberg. This is something that obviously we probably will never be able to prove, but nevertheless it's a further testimony of the existence of these large communal gatherings. And this is just a recreation of this gathering described by Caesar that was published in a magazine on opida earlier, well at the end of last year. Going a step further, we have several examples of sites where it seems that the use of a place for political and religious gatherings preceded the development of the agglomerations. And we see this for example in Manishing in Southern Germany, Grune, Mulle, and so other sites in Gold, also in Southern Gold, in the Mediterranean area, for example, in Tremor, Glanum, or in the very Peninsular sites such as San Siro and the Las. It's obviously often very difficult to prove, so I will expect that there are many more examples than those that are named here, but these are examples where we can actually say it, where we have archaeological evidence that there was the use of a space for religious political purposes, and then later the development of an important settlement on them. And a similar situation can also be observed in other regions and time periods, for example, in Scandinavia, there are several towns that they develop on the locations, the next two locations, or in assembly places, or think places. In the case of Manishing, for example, one of the best research, Oppida, there was a temple in the center of the sites that dates back to the end of the 4th century BC, and next to it there was also a space that also seems to exist since the very beginning of the site that probably was used as a meeting place and also several votive deposits around it. There are even some indications that the importance of the area of the temple might go back to the early Iron Age, and there are even evidences for links with earlier funerary monuments, so ancestral landscapes, and how this shapes the sites. Actually, it's very interesting that in many cases these public spaces integrate some earlier monuments like Bronze Age, Tunguli, so or this direct relationship to them, so it might be that people were constructing narratives about what earlier past. My last case study I want to mention is San Sivan de Galicia in Northwestern Iberia, a very interesting site, and I have been working on the publication of the excavations here with several Spanish colleagues in the last couple of years. This is one of the latches of Pida in Northwest Iberia, and on the top of the site you see here an enclosed space. This is the so-called Acropolis of Croa, Croa is a collision term, and through the excavations and a large set of radiocarbon dates it has been proved that the significance of the site can be traced back several centuries before the development of the opidum and even continued after the decline of the opidum. So what we seem to have is a gravity of a place in the long term, and the existence of a large agglomeration of an opidum is only one state within a much larger sediment history, sediment biography as Ian was also saying for the brain with different stages. So as I said the site is dominated by this world area of the Acropolis located on the highest point of the opidum, and this Acropolis covers approximately one hectare, which is equivalent in size to many of the hillforts of Northwest Iberia. The Acropolis remains free from living structures in the Iron Age, and actually for the Iron Age itself, basically what we have is an enclosed space with some radiocarbon dates indicating that people were going there at certain points, but we don't have much more evidence, such as to say that for example animal bones are not preserved here due to the acidity of the soil, so we will be lacking the evidences of feasting, for example, that we found in case they existed, which we don't know, but in any case it's a very special area, and then we also have some stone sculptures that are probably representing deities, and then in Roman times what we find is several inscriptions with the names of different deities coming from the area of the Acropolis, and there's also other features such as the orientation of one of the main gates, so what the sunsets, but the sun has all the stars and so on. So we have a space here, a delimited and enclosed space in a very prominent landmark location with a religious and probably also political function, so a public space for communal gatherings, warships, and assemblies, and although San Siber and the last is the best explored, the most impressive case study of these public spaces on the highest point of Anopidum in West Iberia, there are many other sites where in a smaller scale we have exactly the same phenomenon as we presented this recently at a conference in Leiden and we're preparing a paper on this, so this is not exceptional, it's just the most prominent one, but there are many other similar sites. So to conclude, one of the main purposes of public spaces, at least public spaces of the type and the scale I have been presenting here will have been to serve as a setting for communal gatherings, and probably also the commemoration of foundation men's stories about the communities that created the sense of collective identity. In a world where most of the people live dispersed in the countryside in small hamlets or dispersed famsters, these public spaces will have been the key arenas where people came together, negotiated collective affairs, created collective identity, probably in many cases also undertook economic transactions using the opportunity of people coming together. To quote Dersen Roymans, this site will be the concrete anchoring point in the landscape where the politics core values as exemplified in its tradition of origin were transmitted to the wider community through recitals, dramatic performances, and collective rituals. So in a way we can say that this is probably the place where the creation of traditional good place. Thank you for your attention.


This is the Daily Tech News show for Friday, December 27, 2019 in Los Angeles on Tom Merritt and from studio Redwood I'm Sarah Lane from studio snubs. I'm Shannon Morse From Oakland, California. I'm Justin Robert Young and from the pod feet podcast Empire This is Allison Sheridan and I'm clever. Oh, sorry Roger. Oh, it's okay. And I'm Roger James shows produce The clever folks among you may realize that this is exactly the same assemblage of people that we did last year For the predictions episode and this is something I love to do. We did it at buzz out loud. We do it At daily tech news show. We did it at tech news today It's a chance for us to look at the predictions we made last year and see just how great we did How amazingly accurate all of our predictions were? Thanks everybody for being able to come back together today and look at your predictions straight in the eye and Decide whether they were true or not. We'll sort of take a community approach to that and and sarah will start with you What was your first of your two predictions last year? The first of my two predictions Was henceforth apple will start stop rather selling the home pod and instead insert seri into competing smart speakers I didn't have a lot of faith in apple at the time not because the home pod isn't a good product But because they were late to the game and it was also very expensive I did not get this correctly Uh what ended up happening over the last year as you might recall back in april apple lowered the price of home pods Down to about 299. It was 349 And do you think okay? Well, maybe they're you know, maybe they're hurting a little bit Not that I would be rooting for the home pod to die But I was kind of thinking of my type prediction thinking i'm so smart No one else thought that this was going to happen And the market share as of august um, according to certain data Had not really risen based on that price cut home pod. It was about five percent way behind obviously amazon and google competing products, but This did not happen as as I thought it would home kid has been added to variety of smart TVs over the last year But uh, but apple did not do the 180 that I thought might happen I think that was a logical guess I would have Maybe they should have I feel like stopping selling the home pod was a decent bet I could see them pulling it off the market possibly or or replacing it with something new like home pod too, right They didn't do that. That's surprising to me siri. I feel like eventually they might do that, but it was I just wasn't going to happen the soon Yeah, I uh, I can't take credit for this. I thought Can I sort of take credit for them at least? Give it a little bit of price drop. No, I got this one wrong. I just got it wrong All right. What about your next one? Did you do better on your other one? I wish I could say yes, tom I predicted in the smart video devices category such as facebook portal They will be shunned by the public and will not last the year Now I will say facebook portal Hasn't gotten a lot of love by anybody that I know, but it is alive and well And a lot of black fratty deals for facebook portal And competing video products, um echo show for example Nest home alive and well, alive and well I don't uh, and I think I believe that It was either in our tech predictions of last year or some sort of a episode of dts around that time I kind of said I just don't really get it and I got more than one frustrated Emailer in just saying well just because you don't get it doesn't mean that it's not really helpful for me And that is true and that is why I will go ahead and eat my lunch here because I'm o for two Yeah, and this one went the opposite instead. We saw more models We saw amazon come up with multiple versions of different screen sizes and the same for for google And in fact integrated into the nest brand and and all of that So so it's you know, sometimes you make a bet and things just go the opposite way Has anyone on our panel Either bought the facebook portal or had a lot of experience with it because I have not I know that there's been some kind of well, it's facebook You know, this is the last company that aren't going to buy one of these things from But I get the impression that the company feels pretty confident that it's going to Continue to capture some market value. Yeah, I I have not but it's more Because I don't trust facebook's hardware because they don't really have a track record with it Then it is necessarily any particular A fear of facebook data harvesting considering that the other key players in the space are amazon And google what you're doing the same thing just in different way I also have not had any experience with the facebook portal But I have tried other devices like Lenovo has a smart hub and also the google one as well And I feel like that market is kind of exploding right now We've seen a whole bunch of them I mean not just from the major players But some of the smaller players as well because it's so easy to integrate The smart voice assistants now So I think if anything we're going to see that market grow larger and larger I didn't realize that it was really taking off until one of my family family members asked for an echo show for christmas And I was like really? And and you want to know what uh allison that has been the gift that I have gotten for It's all of my my wife's family out in ohio and and my mom and brother Out in in florida. They're all getting echo shows. Uh, so sorry to spoil christmas if any of them are listening Well, but it's december 27th, justin so they already know You know, I think I think part of it is A it's just another device and especially for my my brother and his wife that have two kids It's just another device that they can use either in the kitchen or to distract the kids and then it's also It you know, it is one of those form defines function kind of things where yes, of course We all have FaceTime or or duo or something like that to do voice chat but having a little dedicated Mirror where you can communicate with friends and family is Uh an attractive idea. I think for whatever reason 2019 it clicked just by the fact these things have been out for years I think if you'd narrowed it to Facebook portal wouldn't last the year. I would have I would have supported this it still did Uh, but I I can't imagine Facebook portal last another year like that. Come on I well I thought a year ago Right, I believe that this prediction came from Facebook portal because at the time it was brand new And it didn't make a lot of sense to me. And so I sort of said well this, you know, Facebook portal dies It's probably because The form factor is not necessary for a lot of folks. But as we're hearing now, uh, people love it All right, Shannon, let's move over to your two predictions. Uh, how'd you do? Yeah, well speaking of user security My first one was paranoia will create regulations in the privacy and text sector Sweeping more countries than just the eu's gdpr So I suspected that we would see major tech companies hit with large-scale fines from GDPR now for that last part if I said just large-scale fines I would have gotten it right because we did see the ftc find facebook five billion dollars For a privacy settlement. So we did see that We also did see a real estate company in germany get fined via the gdpr for 14.5 million euros So, you know, that's a decent amount of money, but it's not a tech company. It's not a large tech company Um, and as far as hearing about sweeping more countries with gdpr-esque type of legislation We haven't seen that yet. Um, it's been very slow. I mean, it's government work So go figure, but we did see the ccpa in california That is going to be enacted in january and that's the california consumer privacy act. I believe it's called And a lot of people are suspecting that that might end up making the rest of the u.s States start to take security more seriously and maybe create other legislation But we haven't seen anything sweeping for any other countries like we have in europe So I there's some things moving there's traction as far as my predictions go, but none of it I could say like straight up like yes, I got this right We are seeing a lot of movement for proposing federal legislation now that ccpa is coming in On both sides of the aisle. So so you may see that still happen. What do you think panel? Do we give her partial credit on any of this? I think we have to give her partial credit because of the cpa stuff Yeah, I'm I'm I'm I'm awarding partial credit I too believe you deserve partial credit Thanks. All right. Well, uh, you may you may go for a win there. How'd you do on your other one? I don't think I'll go for a win on this one My second one was that AI will be used in cyber espionage campaigns and social engineering Which may have happened But we did not see any kind of public publicized news about anything like that happening I did read that there are a lot of businesses trying to start using AI to thwart hackers But nothing really vice versa So I'm still waiting for this to happen. I feel like it's still going to happen But 2019 was just not the years for hackers to figure out AI. So we're we're still waiting on that fact Keep this one rolling. Hi, Shannon. Yeah, we'll keep this one rolling Now Allison, you did make a was it a prediction that you made in 2017? Well, this is bad for me to try to remember but according to our notes We say that Alice gets a quarter of a point if evidence proves AI was used as social engineer hacks and campaigns in 2017 But that doesn't make any sense. We must have met 2019 or 2016. Yeah I'm not exactly 16 Yeah, so if we say it's 2016 I mean technically the conversation uh reports that uh highly sophisticated micro targeting operations Uh, I lost my place for a light on big data and machine learning to influence people's emotions Different voters receive different messages based on predictions about their susceptibility to different arguments That would suggest that I got credit. What do you guys think? I would think so Yeah, I'm not sure I even understand what I said before so I'm stretching here I mean, yeah, so so basically the only thing is that whenever these kind of things who wind up getting reported You have to sort of take a grain assault with sophisticated micro targeting because it probably just means they bought facebook ads But did it use machine learning if it used machine learning then yeah, no, they were they were crunching the the numbers and again it was probably fairly Routine of just saying like if you're in a facebook group that uh, or people from this facebook group Uh, would probably be peoed about a certain language. But yeah, I I think it's I think it it it tracks I don't know. I I think you you you would have had to have an election break in or something like that Uh, I might I might hold the line a little bit on this one. I'm not sure because this is just emotions not actually Attempted manipulation of of behavior is different than than a hack into a campaign or social engineering As far as my context goes, I was thinking more along the lines of hackers hacking into like industrial control systems with ai And we didn't see anything like that. Um, so I wasn't thinking along the same lines as allison But I think both of those Have a place. I mean, it's definitely Going to become a concern if it's not that much of a concern yet. Yeah, you may have just been too early on that one I'm afraid I'm I'm gonna have to side with Tom on this. I don't think I get the quarter Well, you were trying to surf in on shannons anyway, so it would have been just bonus material All right, allison. Let's actually look at your predictions yourself starting with your first one. How'd you do? I may not even need that quarter point My first prediction was google will finally come out with a single Unified messaging service that actually works It will fail to get immediate adoption because no one trusts them not to drop things anymore Eventually it will be widely adopted, but not till 2020 so And they did start to move people to messages and they did They did something with rcs where they're they're trying to improve messages Yeah, so they got rid of aloe and hangout. So they consolidated down to five messaging apps That was that was clearly in the direction. I was going. Um, I mean, it's not like they invented rcs or anything, right? They're just saying let's put rcs And they only did that uh, what a month and a half ago the middle of november Um, so technically it might be the single unified messaging service that actually works And it was not universally that widely adopted What do you think and and they are retiring hangouts? They haven't done it yet, but they've announced that it is sunsetted Duo, they've turned into like this isn't a messaging service. This is FaceTime. This is a phone colleague Video calling. I think you get at least partial credit on this I don't give her full points, man. That's I mean, it was a very good prediction if you think about rcs I've already adopted rcs for my non signal You know non pro encryption friends and family And uh, so far it's working great. So I I do think that we're gonna see pretty good adoption next year Uh, given that message messages does work and I can say that from experience So actually works Not widely adopted because they just did it a month ago Yeah I give you I give you thumbs up on this one. Yeah, I think I think we're all in the same boat We're gonna give you thumbs up on that one. What about your next one? Well apples tv app will come to another service like roku or amazon That is that is a 100 you are number one got two for two Wow, and and it came to roku and amazon and amazon. I know How did I samsung just of you know, I used to go in the cake How did you know these things? Oh, I crowdsourced my predictions. I'm terrible at this. I didn't write any of these Well, this this was the pick because uh, uh at this point last year We we were aware of apple tv that they were Probably going to launch in the next year and that would be the reason that is the reason why they wound up putting There their tv app on the other services, but still full credit for for knocking this one out of the park This may be I you know, we'd have to go back and double check This may be the most correct prediction that we've ever had like there's no room for interpretation here like apples tv app Did come to roku and amazon And it was specific too Man, wasn't a general one, right? Yeah. No, it was pretty it was very specific. You even named names. So Well done 110% uh and credit with the no silicast a ways who wrote it They had to do this too. Like they it's possible that they they might not have done it because they're apple But to make apple tv plus successful. They had to be doing this and and so it makes sense to me that they did All right, justin robber young we turn to you now. How did you do with your first one? Not so good al That will sell Which not only did it not sell to anybody, but it has uh tripled its stock values since I made this Making it less likely to be sold far less likely. Yeah, I mean this was pretty much at the height of Uh, you know, there was another push on the spectacles last year instagram had so thoroughly kind of uh taken a lot of the the uh market share at least of those stories thing But that being said stories have endured. This is just a a tremendous way that people like to share. So if uh, uh, every other service is adding stories ask versions, uh of of themselves so they can continue to add Users then snap has not only, uh gotten themselves, uh into a good space, but the the business seems to be thriving I feel like i'm surprised how well snap is doing a year later. I really did I wasn't sure they would be sold, but I really did feel like snap was fading away and uh, they haven't In fact, if anything they they've reconsolidated their position and and and weathered the storm and seemed to be on the rise again a little bit Well, they did have a big surge in those lenses You remember there was there was a like a couple of week period where everybody was a woman turning into a man and vice-versa and looking Old or whatever everybody went bananas at least for a couple of weeks in a row there I mean, I know my family all we did was sit around make each other laugh for a couple of weeks with it Yeah, you know, it certainly was able to maintain its its relevancy and also, uh, there is Uh, just a very winning position for them as their user base does get a little older and we've something that I've noticed a lot in in 2019 is a social strata for Demographics and social networks that it's like it in the early days. We were so used to it's like Oh, no the the the youth will go to the new thing and we will all move in a herd and that was just the early adopters because Facebook is an older demo Twitter is a Middle-of-the-road demo and now you're seeing snap and instagram and uh tiktok be Their own kind of social strata for age-wise. So snap will just live on and as they get older You know people who are selling cars will be able to sell them cars I wonder how much the the the tiktok folks and the rise of tiktok will eventually Eat into snap to the point that it is suffering hasn't happened yet Even though tiktok is has the the the thing that snap has no matter how Weird it is to use It is a vital messaging app for its key demographic and that is something that as of now tiktok really isn't tiktok is shooting editing watching videos uh and Snap is just an integral part of life for many uh for many people I wonder if tiktok isn't helping snap In an odd way where people are looking at tiktok consuming the videos and then wanting to talk to someone about it in a similar form Yep, they seem to kind of go hand in hand sort of like facebook and twitter for us old people Yeah, i'm calling old how many people here use snapchat I haven't opened up snapchat in over a year Yeah, it's been i even get notifications when someone's added me as a friend and i'm so lazy I just haven't turned those off So i've i've gained quite a few friends over the last year and i haven't opened it once Sarah that is that is a big mood big mood Mind you these are not friends that i actually know No, no, so there's so there's that i don't actually We are living on snap and you never friended me back so oh crap. Oh, it's an ellen de generous moment I think it's probably the let's open now. It's great. There's a lot of activity I think we use our um we use snapchat in the family Maybe once or twice a day And it's sort of like, you know, you want to I think part of what i'm doing is i'm pulling away from posting a lot of stuff publicly I'm getting tired of like when I send stuff to facebook My immediate reaction is that I get drawn into well, how many likes did I like did anybody comment and And so I the people I really care about is my immediate family And so we send funny pictures to each other and and use it use it like that That's cool. All right, Justin. What about your second one? All right now we're we're we're in the market for partial credit My prediction was Amazon will be hit with an antitrust case Which I use the strong language because those always make for the best predictions as of now With the recording of it of this episode They have not been officially hit with an antitrust case. However As reported by bloomberg There is a looming possibility that an antitrust that antitrust scrutiny could come to amazon's aws service so I and that was only uh, uh yesterday As of recording as well This is a prediction where we definitely are going to have to drop the veil for a second and admit We're recording this on december 5th because This could become true still by the end of the year You could Have the ftc bring the case and I would venture to say that the fact that the ftc is sniffing around not only in retail But in aws means they are going to bring Something whether it's an actual antitrust case or some kind of like out-of-court settlement of a fine that That remains to be seen But i'm going to give you 90 credit on this because something is going to happen And and specifically the reason why I made the prediction was because there were so many targets with amazon specifically And I thought it was going to come to the store Where they are not only The the judge of who gets to list but also the creator of their own products So I assumed that's where it would come but the fact that aws is also there You know gives me a little bit rounder of a target, but but i'm feeling good about this one I don't I don't want to be a hard nose here tom, but i'm going to challenge you a little bit is I agree that it probably is going to happen But I don't think it's we have any indication that it's going to happen in the next 25 days We don't you're right It could or it might happen next year, but I I bring that down from 95 All right, all right, you can't you can't give him close to full credit when it hasn't happened I want credit on layaway, you know I was thinking you want an advance on your salary Listen, just if you just sign up for my credit card, I will give you 120 credit I will be the credit card and uh demand credit immediately Uh, yeah, I this is one of those where it's like you are right. You're either We're either recording too early or you're right too early. Uh, it's I mean, yeah, it's one of those there I add this to yet another uh bits of my frustration about the slow moving wheels of government Yeah, yeah Not their horse and rode a little sooner Having done these predictions episodes shoot every year since 2005 Uh, I I have learned to try not to make the prediction that'll be true in five years because You know, so I've had really good predictions that do end up becoming true, but not for years after my prediction show Uh, so let's turn to my my predictions from last year. The first one I think is 100 wrong in every way I can look at it. I said Because I was caught up in this story in December of 2018 I said lots of hand-wringing that food delivery will kill traditional sit-down restaurant businesses Which there was a little bit of hand-wringing in December of 2018 Uh, I don't think the hand-wringing actually got any larger over the course of 2019 There's still a little bit of it. Uh, we also haven't seen any big businesses go out And and the number of food delivery only businesses Hasn't really made a big impact. We haven't really heard about like, oh, there's that one business that only exists on postmates Or anything like that they exist, but they aren't like top of mind Instead what we're just what we're seeing is the traditional retailers of food like mcdonald's taco bell, etc Just moving into partnerships with all of these food delivery services Yeah, I think there'll probably be some restaurants ring in their hands And and watching inroads being made At the same time, I think that this is all being adopted more and more universally and Not that there's anything to be nothing replaces the restaurant business. It's two different things, right? I mean, you could order food every night and never go to a restaurant But you probably were already doing that some other way, you know But before, you know, a lot of these apps came to your town So so yeah, I don't I don't feel like anyone's really talking about saving the restaurants well You are missing the hand ringing. So obviously that is the the the operative phrase here. However You have seen, you know the uber push to to create more of these headless restaurants Yes, sir You they are just there for uber eats. You don't have any sit-down area and that in the very cost conscious of Volatile world of restaurants would be a tremendous way to cut down costs and to actually get things off the ground So in that in in in a weird way, you're wrong only because you thought people would be upset about it like Well, yeah, I thought it would start to like, you know, we'd see closed up apple bees Across the across the country and that's that's not that that didn't happen bees will never close down The place will exist after the apocalypse All that will exist is our cockroaches and yes the lime chicken Should we get him a a quarter of a point then? What do you think? Yeah, I think so You guys are too generous.  Like what yeah, what kind of fiction was this anyway? Well, I really I had seen a couple stories about Food delivery it's it's causing problems for restaurants that aren't adapting and I really and and saw these headless restaurants starting to pop up Which we still have and I thought okay. This is going to be a trend We're going to see a lot of a lot of think pieces, you know deep dive from vice about the decline now We didn't see any of that sort. I think I think you might be right next year This may be an example of I was too far too far ahead of the game I do think what's happening is that food delivery is stealing from different areas than we thought People still like to go out to a restaurant because they like to go out to a restaurant Where they're ordering food Sarah, I you you touched on this they're ordering food instead of making a frozen dinner instead of You know going through the drive-thru It's not it's a burrito not a not I would like a nice dish of pasta with a glass of wine And the place with the drive-thru can easily start doing the food delivery through uber eats and postmates So they're not negatively affected now, although Allison I do sometimes order a nice pasta and a glass of wine through postmates and I pay dearly for it Just a glass of wine I just in general you sometimes you're like, you know, I feel like being fancy But I don't want to leave the house and then later you're like that was 70 dollars and it was To me, huh, that was a bad idea. I had a plate of pasta and a very mediocre red All right, I think I did better with my other prediction though I said that 2019 would be the year of wearables The category will be successful higher shipments multiple new form factors Now you can argue with me whether it was the year of wearables Certainly didn't see as many form factor changes as I thought But as of q2, which is the most recent idc numbers I could find here We have seen a 28.8 percent year over year growth and wearables and we certainly are starting to see wearables Treated as a growth opportunity to the point of Fitbit being purchased by google Now when you talked about wearables, did that include hearables? No At the time I wasn't really Yeah, I was thinking more about the wrist worn devices But yes now that you say it, of course it includes hearables because that is also taking off and and it's not a new form factor, but yeah, yeah Yeah, have we seen any new form factors announced? Not really not really. I mean earbuds without wires on them is the newest form factor. I think we Really seen it's not and it's not that new so sorry tom monitors tom sorry, I thought one of the Wireless earbud manufacturers has a heart rate monitor in it Don't they yeah, but that's not really a form factor. Is it that's just a feature Headphone, I mean it makes it more like I'm really trying to throw you a bone here It makes it a different form factor and it's more of a wearable than a hero Yeah, it's a different form factor than on your wrist. Yeah, but maybe not crazy successful. Yeah I I think I deserve at least Majority credit because this this was the year that wearables really did Start to come into the foreboard. We talked about it a lot more often than we had been Previously on dts we would talk about wearables. Is it ever going to catch on? Is there going to be anything besides the apple watch and and this year we saw Big rises from Huawei and Xiaomi and even Fitbit and Samsung doing doing better all raising their market shares. So It was a good year for wearables Yeah, I give them some credit, but uh, I don't know. Justin's our toughest judge No, I think I think you get you get credit here. Um, you know, I I don't know exactly how bold of a prediction it was but I don't know exactly how bold mine was so no one asked to judge it on boldness No, it isn't although I will I will say that uh, allicens is is the the like highest boldness to correct ratio because That definitely even if there were signs it went against long-standing apple tradition whereas like A successful and growing market will continue to be successful in growing or a company that has Sprawled without regulation will hit Uh, you know hockey waters are are more They are they are good earners, but they are not You know explosive no the apple tv app coming to I mean, I'll even say like yeah, there's precedent for this They they brought iTunes to windows. They they brought apple music to android But those are the exceptions that prove the rule without yeah, so this was definitely a uh Highest risk to highest reward prediction. I don't know if we've ever given a prediction of the year before but if we did I think that would definitely this year stand out from the rest for sure The nacella casue is gratefully accept your praise Well, this has been super fun as it always is so thanks everybody uh for joining us around the horn Let people know where they can find more of what you do shannon starting with you Uh twitter.com slash snubs i'm at snubs on the twitter's and that's where you can always follow me and find out where i'm going What i'm doing what convention i'm going to be at i'll be at cnet by the or cnet i'll be at ces by the way Cnet will be at ces too i assume. Cnet will yeah a lot of my friends work over there So i'll definitely be stopping by their booth as well And also i wanted to mention snubsy.com slash threat wire I did just open up a new store where you can buy t-shirts and stickers and stuff like that for threat wire All of the contributions go directly back into the show. So uh since it is the month of giving I wanted to say thank you so much to my patron supporters of threat wire and everybody who watches and subscribes to that content as well Because I love doing security and privacy and threat wire has been very successful because of our community. So thanks everybody awesome Joseph robber young what about you Well friends, I have a brand new history podcast by the name of raise the dead and you can download it at raise the dead podcast.com It's also where you can find links that go to all of the pod catchers of your choice Uh, you know, of course we're we're several episodes into the series by the time that you are listening to this and Everyone loves it. It's the biggest hit of the season Boy, it's it's good. Just be alert. I wish I had predicted how dominant it would be Oh, my god. Yeah, those last two episodes I listened to were amazing. Thank you. Oh, wow unrestrained praise uh for raise the dead episode three By the way, the nixon episode Definitely my favorite that is the nixon episode. Yes.  How does someone become a nocilla castaway? Well, you go over to pod feet dot com and my flagship show is the uh, the nocilla cast where the nocilla castaways come from And uh, you can also catch uh chitchat across the pond Which is an interview show and one of my favorite things to do every other week Is the programming by stealth series with barbou shots where he's teaching us to program in an audio podcast Whoo, sarah lane, uh, we're steaming towards the end of the year. Can you believe it? I I You better believe it. Yes. It's uh, it's uh, it's been a wonderful year. Um, especially with with uh Plethora of guests not least of which are still with us here on this here show I'm a little salty right now because my predictions didn't go as planned But you know, I was first so I got my shame out of the way and then got to listen to everyone else Glow and get partial credit for stuff that they didn't even deserve Enjoy that postmates red. You'll be fine Yeah, no, well, they they don't deliver out in the sticks where I live now So I really made some interesting traces this year But no, it's been it's been a really good year. Hey, you know studio redwoods going strong Excellent, uh, folks, we have new patreon reward merchandise to celebrate our six years of dtns Len Peralta created a special six-year anniversary dts logo You can get it exclusively through our patreon On a stick or a post or a mug or a t-shirt depending on which level you back You just have to back that level for three months find out more at patreon.com slash dts slash merch Our email addresses feedback at daily tech news show dot com write us right now We're live monday through friday at 4 30 p.m. Eastern 21 30 utc in our regular show You can find out more at daily tech news show dot com slash live See y'all back on monday with our tech predictions for 2020. We're gonna do so much better. I swear This show is part of the frog pants network get more at frog pants.com Hope you have enjoyed this bro


news update. Hi everyone, Basel Chapman on this 19th day of January and this is the 10 a.m. Tiger Financial News Network update and we're looking at the market with a down up 137 at 35,500 off the yesterday's really bad red candle underneath all the support levels. This is a balance as I said to my subscribers to my opening call. We remain short the down and see what happens after this. We're looking at the S&P up 29 at 4606 it's holding it's gone under but now it's holding the chat wave inside track it should be the propellant zone it went underneath the let's see if it's able to get to 46 22 over the next two days that's going to be important because a new low would be very negative especially on the weekly chart because the QQQ so the S&P is up 0.71% that does up 0.44% and the Q's up 1% that's good up 362 at 374 we're looking at also an inside bar so far yesterday is very interesting the down the S&P and the IWM both broke the left side lows the QQQ and DX100 did not that's a good sign but the weekly chart has gone outside below the inside track propellant zone now it's a repellant zone beginning to be watched as very closely all I can say is a movement below 367 in the next few days would be very negative we're looking at the IWM the Russell 2000 excuse me up 29 cents at 08.16 is taking out all the left side lows it's made a low yesterday in the 07 this right now it's a 08 not a good chart pattern the rectangle formation talking about the rectangle formation what we were talking about on my show is that the dollar should go out of the rectangle formation below 95.52 and they come to revisit it back into the 95.67 area and then go back out under it and it's a 95.58 we're going to be watching this closely why because gold is a good opportunity here to move sharply higher it's up 15 at 18.27 if gold gets to the 18.35 area that's going to be a good sign and the TLT we'll talk about in my show coming up the tiger conditions hour just way down with yields going up I'll be back for the tiger conditions hour in a moment and check up openly call my daily news items see you soon hope you can stay thank you


Hello, everybody. Welcome back to esoteric Atlanta. Of course, my name is Bryce. This is just a little bit of a channel update. Once again, if you hear banging outside, that is that's the continual work on the high rise. That's being literally built like less than 10 feet from my window. So I apologize if you hear some of that noise. Nothing I can really do about it. This week's scheduling got a little bit off because of the storms that we have been having here in the southeast. For all of you guys that are a little bit west of me in the southeast, I hope that you're okay. I understand that a lot of you guys have lost a lot of power for many many consecutive days. A lot of trees are down. I am so so so sorry. I know it's sweltering hot outside and you guys are dealing with no power, have been dealing with no power. So by the time you get power back and you're able to watch this, I hope that you're doing okay. I hope your family is okay, and I hope that you're getting your power back very quickly. I know there's crazy fires in Canada. There's also been some crazy storms down in South Africa as well. And so a lot of the shows that I typically do regularly during the week have had to be postponed or rescheduled due to the weather, not just here in Atlanta, but also in other countries as well. Also this week, Catherine Edwards is not available. Her schedule was different this week. So that's why we talked to you guys last week, but there will be no coffee chat this week. It will resume next week. And also I will be traveling for the next next week for the next couple of weeks. Now with that being said, I am going to try to pre pre-plan some videos to pre-film, to have them pre-scheduled to drop, but I will probably be doing some filming on location. But just expect for the schedule to be a little bit more sporadic for these next couple of weeks due to, yes, again, the weather and me traveling. I also I've done this call out before many, many years ago when I first started this channel, I talked about the phenomenon called shadow people. And I've something has recently happened and I want to re-re-investigate this topic of shadow people. Shadow people, of course, is a modern name for a very, very old phenomenon that has been going on from my research since the beginning of time. I experienced a shadow person again last night and it was the second time in my whole life where I've actually experienced a female shadow person.  Again, there's hat men. I've seen the hat man before. There's shadow people with red eyes. And then, of course, only twice in my life have I actually experienced the female, which is different from a hag. Some people will refer to the female as the hag. The hags are different. And I can get that into that into my episode. I am very familiar with hags because that's something that we deal with here in the Southeast a lot. Sorry, I had to stop the recording for a little bit because my boyfriend actually came home. And so anyway, I was just chatting with him, telling him about telling you guys about the shadow person in our bedroom last night. And yes, hags are very different from the female shadow people, hags. I can get into that deeper, as I said, in our deep dive of what a hag is. That's very common. The phenomenon of hags are very common down here in the Southeast. It's very much talked about in the Gullah and Gechi culture, which is the culture that resides in the low country of South Carolina and Georgia, where my mother's family is from. And so they speak a lot about the phenomenon of hags. And again, that's very different from a female shadow person. Female shadow people appear to be a lot younger than a hag. And they're very female. And from my experience, I've only seen the female shadow person twice. The first time I was 24 years old, I was living in Los Angeles. And the second time was last night. Now, I have seen the other types of shadow people. I've seen the hat man. I've seen the one with red eyes multiple times.  The females, even though they're all, in my opinion, they're all nefarious and malevolent, the female is more hypnotic.  So he got up and started pacing around. He thought someone was in our house. And he kept hearing a female speaking. And our dog started to bark. I remember our dog barking. And then I got up and that's when I saw her standing at the base of my bed, our bed, and I told her to leave. And she left. So there's that. But shadow people is interesting. I woke up and I started looking back into it again. I remember that I had talked about this earlier on my channel when I first opened my channel. And so many people responded. It's weird if you look at articles from modern scientists, they will say, oh, it's a figment of your imagination or it's happening between states of being awake and being asleep. And so therefore, it's really just you projecting an image. And that anybody who's ever experienced the shadow person or the hat man will tell you that is just not true. And that is an extreme arrogant position to take with the hat man. The first time I experienced the hat man, it was daytime. Like I was, I was, in fact, most of the times that I've experienced the shadow people or the hat man, I have been fully awake. And it's been in the daytime. So that that's not true. It's not always in states between your your sleep and you're being awake. The woman I saw last night, yes, it was in the middle of the night. Yes, my boyfriend heard something got up. I got up. We were awake. When he heard her talking, he went out and checked the house to make sure no one was in there. Our dog was barking at her. And I also when I woke up, I was fully awake saw her standing there myself. So so no, we were not asleep. And so what I want from you guys is I it's interesting because the internet, the world of the internet will tell you that this is like kind of rare and that people don't, you know, some people have experiences and some people don't. But from my my perspective, all the people I know in my personal life have all experienced this at some point in their lives, they've all seen this what we call the shadow man. And in my perspective, shadow man is not something that's not really a really good description of this entity. I understand why they call it a shadow person, because it's kind of like Peter Pan's shadow. It's like it's it's it's it's fully black. It's but it's an actual entity. It's not it's not see through. Right. And I was thinking this morning, I told the story about my grandfather, my dad's father, he had a near death experience when he was in his mid 40s. And he I'll go ahead and briefly tell you guys this story again if you've missed it. But my grandfather who's no longer with us, but this this was in his mid 40s. He passed he passed away for the second time, the final time in 2017 in his late 80s. But when he was in his mid 40s, long before I was born, he had a major heart attack. And he was rushed to the hospital. My grandfather would tell us the story a lot, his grandchildren, the story a lot. He actually remembers floating up above his body when they were working on his body. After the heart attack, they were doing surgery. They opened them up. And he was floating above his body. And he was listening to the conversation between the nurses and the doctors. And then he saw a bright light, as people often say, he walked into that bright light. And he saw a man, he said it was Jesus, I think it's whatever you in this life, whatever is your comfort, if it's Ganesh, if it's Hanuman, if it's Muhammad, I think that's who you'll see, right?  You have to go back. You have to go back. It's not your time yet. And my grandfather said that it was such a lovely place that he didn't want to go back. Would you hear that a lot from people who have near death experiences, right? That they don't they don't want to go back. It's so nice where they go that they don't want to leave. And he actually kind of threw my grandmother into the bus, you know, like, they were in their 40s, they were close to my age now, and they had these three children, my dad and his two sisters. And my grandfather was like, no, Mary Ann's got this, she can handle it. I want to stay here. And Jesus, Yeshua was like, no, you got to go back yet. And so the next thing my grandfather remembers waking up in his bed, the doctors and the nurses did not believe him at first. They thought it was just a product of his mind because of the stress of having a heart attack. But then he started telling them, having a conversation with them about what they were talking about in the emergency room or the room they were in, where he had flatlined, right? And they were like, there's no way he could have heard us talking about that. So I guess that proves that there was something about the experience that it was very real. And my grandfather used to always say that the light that you, he could never describe that light. He could never describe to a human being, the only thing he could say about the light was that it was, it was bright because he said, it's a light that's unlike any light we see here on earth. It's indescribable. And that's how I kind of think about shadow people too. On the opposite end of the spectrum, these shadow people, these hat men, these hags, these with the female shadow figures, the shadow figures with the red eyes, these figures, the darkness of their body is a darkness that's not common. It's, it's indescribable. So the best way we can describe it is a shadow, but it's not that because it's a full blood. It's a full apparition. It's a full, you, it's solid. It's not like a, like you could put your hand through it. It's not a ghost. I've seen ghosts before too. It's not a ghost. It's an actual body, but the darkness it carries is not a darkness that I believe is common to the human psyche or the human awareness. Just kind of like the light you walk into at death is not, as my grandfather said, it's not explainable. So is this darkness. All right. So shadow is just the best way we can describe it. And so, and these entities all have different physical, like the hat man is usually really tall and really broad-chested. And it looks like he has a hat on and he looks like he has a trench coat on. The other types of shadow people with the red eyes, they're the more malevolent ones. They're the ones that will really, I mean, they're all malevolent, but the ones with the red eyes are the ones that will physically attack you. The female, the two times I've seen the female and I will place pictures here of how I went and Googled image like other people who had seen this female. And so, I pulled a few images of what she kind of looked like. So I'll put those images up for you guys to see. The younger female is more, from my experience with her twice now, is more hypnotic. She doesn't strike you with the fear like the hat man does or the red-eyed ones do or the hag does even. She's more hypnotic and she more kind of stares you down. So, and I just told her to go. And so, the reason why I'm bringing this up is because I do want to do another deep dive into this because this is from everybody I know in my life who has experienced this. None of them are psychologically crazy. None of them had, they're all very sound people. And when you do the research, you realize like on Art Bell's Coast to Coast show and he first started talking about it back in the early like what 2001, he got like over 4,000 emails or our 4,000 letters, whatever it was back in 2001. It was over 4,000 responses to this phenomenon of the shadow man from other people who were like, yes, I've seen this as well. And so, I'm putting that call out to you guys. I want to know if you guys want me to read your story, when we go over shadow people, if you want me to tell your story about your experience with the shadow person, send me an email at esotericatlanta at gmail.com, put shadow people in the subject line. If you would like for me to change your name, then please put that in the email and I will not say your name just so you can share your story because this like I said people I know in my real life like outside of YouTube have all had experiences with this, all of them have had experience. It's not rare. This happens. Now some people think they're aliens. I don't think they're aliens. I think they're interdimensional demonic beings. Some of them might actually be poltergeist ish. I was talking to Mr. Fox the other day preparing for a show when he was saying how the Cassiopeans recently said that these groups of nefarious people will actually conjure and create their own entity to go out and do damage. That could be what this is. I don't know. So I would also love to hear what you guys think it is from your own personal experiences with dealing with shadow people. Let me know in the email what you think it is, what your hypothesis is over what this entity is. We know it's bad. Like whatever it is, it's not here for your highest good, right? And it's not necessarily a demon either. There's a difference. So anyway, so call out to you guys who would like for me to share your story. Once again, send that email to esotericatlanta at gmail.com, put in the subject line shadow people. I will again be doing a deep dive again going over the history, what different cultures in our past times have called these these entities, like I said, modern times, you call them shadow people, but there are past cultures that have spoken about this with their own names, and they have their own theories on who these entities were. So just let me know in the email, send me that email, and we will talk about this together and jump into this, especially since we're coming to like, what do the Native Americans call this time, the quickening, where time is speeding up and the veil is becoming thinner. So more and more and more metaphysical or paranormal phenomenon is starting to happen more mainstream. So so yeah, we'll start looking into that I also because I really want to get back to the root of this channel is the root of this channel is researching and looking at folklore and legends and really trying to figure out the truth behind them. So please if you want to be involved in that just send me that email. All right guys, once again, I will be traveling for the next couple of weeks. So just be very, very patient as the videos might be a little bit more sporadic. Again, I'm going to be trying to get some videos pre filmed for you guys while I'm away as well. And once again, special, special, special love and light to all the people out there who are struggling with the weather right now. Just breathe and know that Mother Earth is detoxing and keep yourself safe. Do what you got to do to keep yourself safe and to keep your neighbors safe and let us know if you're in a situation where you're out of food or you don't have power and you can't get to the grocery store or something's going on where you need help, please reach out for help. You can send me an email and we'll do what we can to get you safe and get your family what they need. As Mr. Fox has said many times, when the dark ones go low, we go high when there's more friction in the air caused by this nefarious polarization of darkness, then we go high and we create more service to humanity. So please let us know what we can do to help you if you are in one of those situations where you are dealing with this with nature right now and with whether it's the fires, whether it's the storms, whatever it may be, just let us know if you need that help. All right, you guys, I hope you're having a wonderful day and I will talk to you all soon. Bye, everybody.


Non-viral vectors have complex challenges in practice despite being simple in theory requiring overcoming barriers in production, formulation and storage for effective gene transfer with no one-size-fits-all solution leading to continuous development and investigation of new compounds. This review highlights promising advancements that improved non-viral gene transfer efficiency from bench to bedside. This article was authored by Murli Ramamurth and Aparna Narvekar.