So I'd like to spend just a very little amount of time at the moment looking into those six workforce Megatrends that were identified in the report and the impacts that are predicted as a result on the work on workplace safety Before I'm going to just give a bit more detail on one of the megatrends. So megatrend one Advanced automotive technologies offer a plethora of challenges and opportunities to workplace safety Robots are getting smarter cheaper more common They're going to become more prevalent in our working places The cost is going to fall. We're going to see them a lot more But automation can make workplaces safer a great recent example for out of Australia is that one of the state work health safety regulators Offered farmers the opportunity to access a virtual reality training package to improve their safety on quad bikes Quad bike fatality and injury in Australia is a significant issue both in the agricultural industry and in the recreational industry New works going to involve evolve So while artificial intelligence and robots might be able to take on the load of repetitive routine work that humans find boring Without doubt new types of work requiring skills will evolve Jobs that aren't replaced by technology are going to change and humans are going to have to redevelop and redefine their skill sets and This is going to have an impact on worker mental health So if machines can do the least stimulating the least satisfying jobs in the workplace The positions of value will increasingly be the ones involving more human-oriented traits such as interpersonal skills creative reasoning, etc But this may result in people spending a greater proportion of their working lives on higher functioning and more stressful tasks and Additionally, we anticipate that automation will enable employers to more frequently deploy Automated worker surveillance and time management systems. This could also cause stress for workers In Australia sedentary behaviors are observed across most industries and could can lead to chronic disease including depression diabetes cardiovascular disease Chronic disease is the leading cause of illness disability and death in Australia Sedentary work is increasing and will likely further increase as new technologies push humans away from physical work as we look Into the future. We see a trend towards a service oriented economy that coincides with a growth in white collar occupations And white collar occupations are often the most sedentary associated with higher risks to health Telly works increasing in popularity This means and this means employers increasingly have very limited visibility or control of the physical workplace There's also a complex relationship with mental health if it's not managed correctly telly working can can be quite It's stressful. It can make the employee feel a further or greater distance from the workplace and from the employer There can be increased workloads. There's a number of issues that come with telly work The gig economy so we all know about the gig economy It operates under an entirely different business model to that which we are used to and in particular that which traditional work Health and safety is used to There's a lot of discussion about whether gig economy workers are contractors or employees under the Australian work health safety laws That's pretty much taking care of they're either going to be a person conducting a business or undertaking or they're going to be somebody who is Under the control and direction of a PCB you The test for Australia will come in relation to workers compensation So we are eagerly watching the US and England in particular who have had some cases Come come before the courts But as with the other megatrends there are mental health impacts for the gig economy as well There's a precariousness inherent to gig work that we know can cause significant mental health impacts Aging workforce since the 90s There has been a steady increase in the number of older people participating in the workforce and this trend is likely to continue There's some very interesting implications for work health and safety here Firstly those aging workers in the workforce are going to need more support from the health care sector to keep them fit and healthy to Participate in the workforce in Australia that accounts for 13.5 percent of our national workforce and It has the highest rate of workers compensation claims for serious disease and injury. That's the highest rate of any industry in Australia Also older workers are in the main more likely to encounter age discrimination bullying and mental health issues This brings me to the last or the final megatrend So the rising issue of workplace stress and mental health issues So each megatrend I've described will disrupt and change the face of work health and safety in Australia over the next 20 years And all have a potential impact on mental health in the workplace The most important thing is the work-related stress and mental health issues are Increasing in the Australian workforce they cost more it takes longer to treat people it takes longer for people to return to work This is a significant issue


So, now we have discussed a bit about eigenvalues. So, now let us switch to focus to discussing about eigenvectors. So, basically we start with a small definition of something called eigenspace. So, let A and C to the n cross n, then for a given lambda, the set of all x vectors x such that Ax equal to lambda x is called the eigenspace, which I will abbreviate immediately as e space of A corresponding to lambda. And we will denote it as e space of lambda. So, for example, if I take the 2 cross 2 identity matrix, it has only one eigenvalue lambda equal to 1. And the eigenspace corresponding to lambda equal to 1 is the entire R2 plane. And the other thing is that every x, x in the eigenspace of a particular eigenvalue lambda eigenvector of A corresponding to lambda. And it is basically obtained by finding the set of all solutions to, so basically e space of lambda is the set of all solutions A minus lambda i times x equals 0 and is equal to the null space of A minus lambda i. So, in fact, if lambda is not an eigenvalue of A, then what can I say about the null space of A minus lambda i? Suppose lambda is not an eigenvalue of A, so we started out saying lambda is one of the eigenvalues of A, lambda belongs to sigma of A. But suppose lambda is not an eigenvalue of A, what can I say about the null space of A minus lambda i? It only contains the 0 vector because A minus lambda i is a non-singular matrix that is the determinant is not equal to 0 if lambda is not an eigenvalue of A because by definition all the lambdas for which determinant of A minus lambda i are eigenvalues of this matrix A. So, all other lambdas are not eigenvalues of A. So, for any lambda that is not an eigenvalue of this matrix A, A minus lambda i is a non-singular matrix and therefore, its null space contains only the 0 vector, okay. So, but if lambda is indeed an eigenvalue of A, then A minus lambda i is non-singular, sorry, A minus lambda i is singular and therefore, the null space will contain at least a one-dimensional subspace, okay. So, definition, one more definition. The dimension of eigenspace of lambda is called the geometric multiplicity. So, geometrically speaking what it is saying is that corresponding to the eigenvalue lambda, how many linearly independent eigenvectors can I find? And that is called the geometric multiplicity of lambda. And of course, we also know that lambda is a 0 of the characteristic polynomial of A. And so, the multiplicity of lambda as 0 of P A of t, this quantity is called the algebraic multiplicity. So, this geometric multiplicity is basically the maximum number of linearly independent eigenvectors associated with an eigenvalue with lambda. So, one fact which is not difficult to show is that the geometric multiplicity of lambda is always less than or equal to the algebraic multiplicity of lambda. So, for example, if I take the two, and the geometric multiplicity of the eigenvalue one is also two. So, they are equal in that case. And the dimension of the eigenspace of this eigenvalue one is going to be 2. The entire two-dimensional space is span by the set of all linearly independent eigenvectors corresponding to eigenvalue lambda, okay. So, if the matrix A has some eigenvalue lambda for which the geometric multiplicity of lambda is strictly less than the algebraic multiplicity of lambda, then we say that A is defective matrix, okay. Otherwise, of lambda equals the algebraic of lambda for all we say A is non-defective, okay. Now, what this means operationally is that if A is non-defective, it means that the geometric multiplicity is the same as the algebraic multiplicity. And we know that if we add up the algebraic multiplicity of all the eigenvalues of an n cross n matrix, we will always get n because an nth order polynomial always has n zeros. And so, if the geometric multiplicity equals the algebraic multiplicity for every eigenvalue of A, then it means that the sum of the dimensions of the eigenspaces corresponding to every eigenvalue is equal to n, which means that the matrix A has n linearly independent eigenvectors and therefore it is diagonalizable. So, we have that A is diagonalizable if and only if it is non-defective, okay. So, we have defined eigenvectors and seen a property of it. Here is one more definition of a left eigenvector, left eigenvector of A corresponding to lambda, which is in the spectrum of A if y-harmation A equals lambda y-harmation. Okay, this definition allows us to state one result which is known as the principle of biorthogonality. So, it says that if a in c to the n cross n and lambda and mu belong to sigma of A, they are both eigenvalues of A and lambda is different from mu than any left eigenvector of A corresponding to mu is orthogonal any. So, the normal eigenvectors we defined so far are also called right eigenvectors because the multiplication by the eigenvector is from the right of the matrix corresponding to lambda. What does this mean? It just means that if I take the inner product between a left eigenvector of A corresponding to mu and the right eigenvector and a right eigenvector of A corresponding to lambda, I will get 0. So basically, if I have distinct eigenvalues of a matrix and two distinct eigenvalues of a matrix and if I take the eigenvectors, the right eigenvectors corresponding to these two distinct eigenvalues, we know that they will be linearly independent but they need not be orthogonal to each other. On the other hand, if I take a left eigenvector corresponding to one of the eigenvalues and a right eigenvector corresponding to the other eigenvalue, those two vectors will be orthogonal to each other. So, this we show like this is a very simple proof. So, let y in c to the n, the left eigenvector of A corresponding to mu and let x in c to the n be a right eigenvector of A corresponding to lambda. Then if I consider y Hermitian A x, A x is the same as lambda x because x is an eigen, is a right eigenvector of A corresponding to lambda. So, it is the same as y Hermitian times lambda x which is equal to lambda is just a scalar. So, I can pull that out lambda y Hermitian x and I can also use the fact that y is a left eigenvector of A corresponding to eigenvalue mu. So, I can write this as mu y Hermitian times x which is equal to mu times y Hermitian x. So, I have written y Hermitian A x in two different ways as lambda y Hermitian x and mu y Hermitian x but lambda is not equal to mu. So, the only way these two can be equal is if y Hermitian x equals 0. So, that means that x and y are orthogonal to each other. Another thing is to relate eigenvectors of similar matrices. We know that similar matrices have the same eigenvalues but how are the eigenvectors of similar matrices related to each other? So, that is the following result. Let A and B be matrices in C to the N cross N. Sir, corresponding to eigenvalues do we have a right eigenvector as well? I mean all these properties do they hold for right eigenvectors also? Sorry, left. So, you are asking basically if so actually if you go back to the original definition right and okay so this is actually a good question. Let me let me maybe answer this a little carefully. Say if we if you recall we started with the equation A x equals lambda x and we said that this implies A minus lambda i times x equals 0 which implies that lambda is an eigenvalue of A if and only if determinant of A minus lambda i equals 0 correct. And here x is a nonzero vector which means that this matrix must become singular. So, for any eigenvalue of the matrix A, A minus lambda i is going to become a singular matrix. I could have done the exact same thing by starting with y Hermitian A is equal to mu y Hermitian which means that y Hermitian times A minus mu i equals 0 which means that this and so and y is not equal to 0 which means that this matrix has linearly dependent rows or in other words it is not also again non it's also a singular matrix. So, which means that mu is an eigenvalue of A if and only if determinant of A minus mu i equals 0. So, basically corresponding to any eigenvalue you will always have at least one nonzero left eigenvector and one nonzero right eigenvector. What the result above is showing is that these two eigenvectors if they correspond to distinct eigenvalues they will be orthogonal to each other. Does it answer your question? Yes sir, but those vectors will not be related. I mean they could be any correct in row space and column space. I mean they are related in the sense that they are for distinct eigenvalues they are perpendicular to each other. But for the same lambda if I look at the left eigenvector and the right eigenvector they need not be related to each other. So, in particular if A x equals lambda x and if I take the Hermitian of this then what I get is x Hermitian A Hermitian equals lambda complex conjugate times x Hermitian. In other words x Hermitian is a left eigenvector of A Hermitian corresponding to eigenvalue lambda star. So, they are not the left and right eigenvectors are not directly related to each other. They are related through Hermitian or transpose cross relation between them right eigenvectors of A. You can't write a direct relation between them. So, if I take A x equals lambda x and if I take the transpose I will get x transpose A transpose equals lambda x transpose which means that x transpose is a left eigenvector of A transpose corresponding to lambda. It's not a left eigenvector of A corresponding to lambda. Yeah, I mean related through transpose means f x is the right vector of A that means x transpose will be left eigenvector of A transpose and vice versa. Correct. But if I take a matrix A and I take a particular eigenvalue lambda I know that this A will have at least one left eigenvector call it y. So, there will be a y such that y Hermitian A equals lambda y Hermitian and there will be an x such that A x equals lambda x that x and y are not really related to each other. Yes sir, I got it. So, now here's the relationship between eigenvectors of similar matrices. So, basically if x is an eigenvector corresponding to lambda, it's an eigen, lambda is an eigenvalue of the matrix B and if B is similar to A through this similarity matrix S then S x is an eigenvector of A corresponding to the eigenvalue. So, basically this allows you to compute the eigenvectors of similar matrices very easily. So, if you take, if you know the eigenvectors of a particular matrix and you know another matrix is similar to that matrix then by just multiplying the eigenvectors of the first matrix by S you can get hold of all the eigenvectors of the other matrix. So, proof is practically one line. So, B is S inverse A S and B x equals lambda x. This means that I just substitute. So, S inverse A S x equals lambda x and now I just left multiply by S which implies A times S x is equal to, now when I multiply by S I get S lambda x but lambda is just a scalar. So, I can take that scalar out and write this as S x and since x is not equal to 0 and S is non singular implies S x is not equal to 0 and so S x is an eigenvector of A corresponding to lambda. So, I have a few more remarks I can make. So, for example the eigenvalues of a real symmetric matrix complex Hermitian matrix are real. So, if you take a complex Hermitian matrix or a real symmetric matrix it will always have real valued eigenvalues. So, if I take, suppose I take A in C to the n cross n and it is Hermitian then A Hermitian equals A and so if I consider A x equals lambda x then if I pre-multiply by x Hermitian A x is the same as lambda times x Hermitian x. X Hermitian x is already real and positive because x is a non zero vector. Now if I take the Hermitian of this which is actually the same as taking its complex conjugate x Hermitian A x whole Hermitian is equal to if I take the Hermitian inside it becomes x Hermitian A Hermitian x but A Hermitian equals A so this is the same as x Hermitian A x but if I do the same on the right hand side I get lambda star times x Hermitian x. So, from this you can already see that lambda star and lambda are equal because this Hermitian is the same as this x Hermitian A x. So, these two must be equal so and this is a real and positive quantity so they must be equal so yeah another way to say it is that if I take if I look at this and this I'm taking a number and taking its complex conjugate I'm getting back the same number so that means that x Hermitian A x is real value and Hermitian x is also real value and positive so that means that x Hermitian A x divided by so I'm just taking this down there x Hermitian x is equal to lambda is real value. If I take the ratio of two real valued quantities I cannot suddenly get a complex valued quantity. So, another property is that let be an operator norm or an induced norm on c to the n cross n and let lambda be any eigenvalue of A in c to the n cross n then mod lambda is less than or equal to the norm of A. We have seen this before already that the spectral radius is a lower bound on any matrix norm you can define on A and this is basically restating something we've already seen before. So, but looking at what we have done here it's a small exercise to write a small proof out for this so I mean it's as simple as if A v equals lambda v then it means that norm of A v is equal to mod lambda times norm of v and this norm is the norm that induced the matrix norm then so that means that if I take A v over norm v this is equal to mod lambda and this is true for this particular v which is the eigenvector of A corresponding to lambda and by definition the matrix norm of A is the maximum of a quantity like this over all v not equal to 0 and therefore by definition of the matrix norm mod lambda is less than or equal to norm of v. So, basically any operator norm gives an upper bound on the magnitude of the eigenvalues of the matrix A. So, I think that's all we have time for today.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Inezor Education. Well, today is a very special day, and there are two major reasons which kind of coincide. The one is, today is a total solar eclipse, which is a very remarkable event by itself, obviously, and also to commemorate that particular event. This is my last lecture of the course of Advanced Maths for Teenagers and High School Students. Most likely I will add to the course certain exams where they don't exist and maybe some other little details. But generally speaking, I consider the theoretical material presented in the course to be relatively complete and my plans are to go to start Physics 14. That's another advanced course of physics for high school students, primarily, and teenagers. Alright, so back to business. This last topic which we have discussed before is about double integrals, double integrals, and I have exemplified this particular topic in the previous lecture with the volume of the cylindrical cylinder, basically. Now, in this particular lecture, I would like to apply exactly the same kind of technique to have calculated the volume of the pyramid. Again, we know the volume of the pyramid from the geometry course, so we will just check if we will get exactly the same results using integration. Now, I have to add actually that the volume of the pyramid, as it was explained, presented in the course of geometry was, how should I say it, it was a sneaky way to introduce integration, basically. Because I remember where we were talking about this, we sliced the parallel planes, the pyramid, and basically went to a limit whenever the difference between the different planes is going down to zero, the distance between them. So it's kind of a, I would say, sneaky way to introduce the same concepts which integration puts on a solid mathematical foundation. So I'm going to do straight integration in this particular case using, as I was saying, the same approach as in the case of the cylinder. So again, what's complicated in this particular case, that our base is not rectangular. So whenever we are dividing it, we are supposed to choose one particular dimension, let's say x as a primary, and have x actually varying from the leftmost to the rightmost. But for each particular x, my y has certain limits which depend on the x, and here is y. Now, this is the pyramid, which is basically inscribed into the coordinate system. So I just chose three points, a, b, and c, on x's, x, y, and z. And the lengths from the origin, all point a is lowercase a, point b lowercase b, and point c is lowercase c. So we have to calculate the volume of this pyramid, and as we know, it's one-third of the area of the base times height, right? So area of the base is, it's a right triangle, let me just write it down here. So this is x, this is y, this is my point a, this is my point b, this is a, and this is b, and this is my triangle. So this is my base. So the area of the base is a times b divided by 2, and then we should multiply by height. Since all these angles are right angles, obviously, the height is c. So my total, the volume will be one-third of one-half of a, b, c. So the volume is equal to one-sixth a, b, c. This is six. All right. So that's what we have to get. Now, how are we going to integrate? Well, the same way as before, we will divide our base into small rectangles. Obviously, not exactly, because this is a triangle. So the edges are obviously not coinciding with the edge, with the size of rectangles. However, as we are increasing the number of these dividing lines and decreasing the dimension of the largest of them, obviously, the sum of these rectangles will be closer and closer to the area of the base, right triangle. And whenever we are on each particular rectangle, we will build a parallel pipette to the intersection with the plane going through a, b, c. Obviously, the sum of these parallel pipettes will be closer and closer to the sum, to the volume of the pyramid. So let's just calculate what exactly are the volumes of a particular rectangle, which is based on x and y. Here is x and here is y. And we will integrate it. So what's the process of integration? Well, we have to summarize from 0 to a, right, by x from 0 to a. This is all. So my integration by x will be from 0 to a. Now, for each particular x, what is the y? It depends on where exactly I am intersecting my perpendicular to the x-axis with this line. Now, obviously, what I have to do, I have to find out, to find out y, I have to basically find out the equation which describes this line. Now, equation which describes line which intersects x and y axis at points a and b is very simple. It's x divided by a plus y divided by b is equal to 1. Now, let me just explain why. Because if x is equal to a and y is equal to 0, so this point, point a, point a has coordinates a, 0, right? If you will substitute a, 0, x is equal to a and y is equal to 0. This would be 1 and this would be 0. So 1 is equal to 1. So the point satisfies. Now, b, b has coordinates 0, b, right? 0 by x and b by y. So if I will substitute coordinates 0, b as x and y, this would be 0 and this would be b divided by b1. So, again, corresponds. So both points a and b have coordinates which satisfy this equation. Well, two points determine the line on the plane. So this is a correct representation. Now, from this correct representation, I can find very easily y. So what is y? It's b times 1 minus x divided by a, right? So what my point right now is that I have to integrate by x from 0 to a, but for integration by y, I have to integrate only until from the point x, I integrate only to the point where it intersects this line. So from this point to this point, which means I have to integrate from 0 to 1, no, b times 1, x divided by a. So that would be my integration by y. Okay, great. Now, what exactly I'm integrating? Well, I'm integrating, it would be dx times dy, right? That's my base times the height. What's the height? Well, we also have to determine the equation which determines the plane, which connects these three points, right? And it's very similar to this one because if you will write an equation x divided by a plus y divided by b plus z divided by c equals 1, you will see with exactly the same clarity that all three points, now, this one has coordinates 0, 0, a. This one has coordinates 0, b, 0, and this one 0, 0, c, right? So if you will substitute any of these three points, let's take points c, for instance. So the x is equal to 0, y is equal to 0, and z is equal to c. 0, 0, that will be 1. So point satisfies. Similarly with b, in this case, this will be 1 and this will be 0, etc. So this is an equation of the plane. And if you define x and y somewhere in the base, then the height of the, how is it called? Well, no, it's not a prison. It's parallel to Pippet. Yes, forgot the word. So the height of this parallel to Pippet would be exactly determined by this particular equation. So what is this for z? That's the height. Well, it's c times 1 minus x divided by a minus y divided by b. So that's my function, which describes the height. So what is the element of the value? It's dx, this little piece, dy, this little piece, that will be my base of this parallel to Pippet, times height, which is this. So dx and dy would be here. So this would be dx, this would be dy, and here I will have c times 1 minus xa minus yb. So that's an integral, which I'm supposed to calculate, double integral obviously, which I'm supposed to calculate, which will give me the answer to the question about the volume of the pyramid. All right, let's take this integral. So how do we do it? Well, first of all, we have to take the inner integral, considering x is a constant. So it's only dependent on y. So it's basically a linear function of y. So this integral would be equal to, so let's preserve the outer integral, and inside I will have, well, in this particular case I can do it the following way. I can break it into integrals, from 0 to b times 1 minus xa of c times 1 minus xa, because this is the constant, right? c times 1 minus x dy. Plus another integral, well, actually minus, minus, this minus. So minus the same limits of integration of cy divided by b, dy. Equals. Okay, now again, this is retained outside. Now the first integral, now this is a constant, because x is a constant. So it goes outside of the integration, and I have integral from 0 to this of basically function which is equal to 1. And as we know, the M2i derivative is y in this case, which should be substituted using the Newton-Libnitz formula, the top minus bottom. Now the top is, so c times 1 minus x divided by a is a multiplier goes outside. Now inside would be y in the limits from this to this. Well, this is 0 anyway, so just this one remains, so it's b 1 minus x divided by a. So that's the first integral. Now the second integral minus cb, that's a factor. Integral of y is y squared divided by 2, right? Because the derivative of y squared divided by 2 is y. So I have to substitute again, top and bottom, bottom is 0, so it disappears. So the only thing which remains is top, which is b squared 1 minus x over a squared divided by 2. So that's my single now integral, which depends only on x. Okay, let me just wipe this out. I hope I did not make any arithmetic mistake. And if I didn't, and the result should be this. Well, let's see. Now this is just a plain quadratic polynomial. I think it would be easier if I would substitute t is equal to 1 minus x divided by a. You see here, here, and here it's all the same, right? Which means x is equal to 1 minus t a 1 minus t, right? Which means dx is equal to the derivative of this, which is minus a times dt, right? Am I right? Right. Now, if x is equal to 0, t is equal to 1, right? And if x is equal to a, t is equal to 0, right? From here. If x is equal to 1, I have 0. I mean, if x is equal to a, I have 0. If x is equal to 0, I have 1. So my limits of integration now will be, bottom limit is x is equal to 0, so it's from 1 to the top limit, which is 0. Inside, I will have c times b times t square, right? t square minus c divided by 2, also b square and b, so only 1b remains, and t square again. And instead of dt, I have to put minus a, I mean, instead of dx, I have to put minus dt. Okay, so how should I take this integral? Okay, now you see it's much easier, it's much more convenient thing. Well, first of all, I should put plus here equals, I'll change this minus to plus, and I will change the limits of integration. As you remember, from the course of integration, exchanging the limits will cause negative sign. So it's a times b and c. By the way, this minus this, this is one half of this, right? So what's remained is a bc divided by 2 integral from 1 to 0 of t square dt. Am I right? Now this minus this is one half of bc times a, and the t square goes from 0 to 1 because I've changed the signs. Now the derivative of t cube divided by 3, a, b, c divided by 2, so it's t cube divided by 3 from 0 to 1, right? That's what it is. The derivative of t cube by 3 is t square. So if you will substitute, so this is my application of Newton-Leibnitz formula. And as a result, I have this formula, which is if I will substitute 1, I will have a, b, c divided by 6, right? And 0 will give me 0. So this is the total result of the integration, which corresponds to this one from geometry. Now it's exactly the same type of process of dividing my three-dimensional figure into small pieces where we know how to calculate the volume of, because this is the parallel pippets. All parallel pippets with dx times dy square base, and the height determined by the formula for z, which we have done earlier. So again, the integration is actually dividing your three-dimensional piece into infinite number of infinitely small pieces, so to speak. As long as you know how to calculate each piece, then you integrate by x and by y in this particular case to get the final result. And as we see, the final result is the same. Now, can I say that this is a proof of this formula? Well, in some way, yes. Because whenever we derived the same formula in the course of geometry, we were really did exactly the same thing. We were dividing with planes, the whole height, and it's exactly the same. We basically calculated the volume of each piece, and then we summed up the result, and we went to a limit, which is actually the derivation of everything, which I have basically assumed known, and which basically is the foundation of the Newton-Leibniz formula whenever you're integrating. So, yes, it can be considered in some way as just more rigorous proof of the same formula. Okay, so that's it for today. As I was saying, this is, at least I think, this is my last lecture of the course of mathematics for teenagers. And well, I don't know when exactly I will start the physics, but I think it's very important. I have to really tell you that the course of physics will be really very much oriented on the mathematics which we have learned here. It would be a theoretical physics, if you wish, but only on a classical level. And I invite you, obviously, to go to these lectures as they are, as they will come into the Unison.com. Everything will be there. I have already prepared the contents. And gradually, I will start filling up with lectures. So, thanks very much for your patience, your participation, and good luck in your endeavors. Thank you.


Hey Psych2Goers, welcome back. If you're currently suffering from anxiety, have you wondered why you have anxiety? Since one of you started to get nervous all the time. In some cases, anxiety can be caused by how you were raised as a child. Your upbringing may have had a large impact on why you experienced so much anxiety. So here are seven signs of anxiety caused by your upbringing. 1. You're self-critical. Do you pick at your flaws or criticize yourself for no reason? You may be doing it because you have critical parents. When your parents overly focus on your flaws, you may also grow up to only focus on them. According to Iancu, Bodnar, and Benzion, self-criticism is highly related to social anxiety disorder. You may end up blaming yourself for things that are out of your control or not your fault. 2. You have low self-esteem. Your parents always compare you to others. Does it make you feel inadequate? Growing up in an environment where you're constantly compared to others can harm your self-esteem. You may feel bad about yourself for failing to meet your parents' expectations. This low self-esteem can carry on through your life because of the constant fear of being not good enough. 3. You think negatively. Did your parents always tell you to prepare for the worst? If they constantly focus on the worst-case scenario, their behaviors can probably affect your mindset. While it may be normal to recognize the worst-case scenario in a given situation, it can eventually lead your mind to focus on only the negative. This form of repetitive and negative thinking can generate a lot of anxiety. 4. You fear being judged. Did your parents seem to have something negative to say about everything and everyone? Having judgmental parents can have a significant impact on you. Conditioned by judgmental parents at an early age, you may struggle with worry and fear of what others think about you. Their emphasis on the opinion of others, instead of emphasizing on social initiatives and family sociability, may lead to social anxiety. 5. You're overly cautious. Did your parents tend to constantly check on you when you're not around them? If you have overprotective parents, there is a chance that you may be overly cautious. This is because having overprotective parents may condition you at a young age to be wary of everything. It can lead to having a certain worry and fear of things that are unknown to you. Although it can be beneficial to be overly cautious at times, it can also lead to a lot of anxiety. 6. You fear relationships. If you find yourself scared about forming relationships, this fear may have stemmed from growing up in a separated family, since you may fear that your current relationships will end up with the same outcome. Having neglectful parents could also cause you to fear relationships because it could make you think that your partner will neglect you in the same way. 7. You doubt yourself. Have you ever said to yourself, what if I'm doing it wrong or am I making a mistake? Your parents' constant criticism of your ability can result in you developing constant self-doubt as you grow up. This will also cause you to have a higher risk of developing anxiety disorders in childhood. Do you relate to any of these signs? Let us know in the comments below. If you find this video helpful, be sure to like, subscribe, and share this video with those who might benefit from it. The references and studies used in this video are added in the description below. Thanks for watching, and we'll see you in the next video.


a very good evening aspirants welcome to the hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by shankarae's academy for the date 11th of june 2022 so these are the list of news articles chosen for today's discussion if you can see we have chosen four different news articles so now without wasting much time let us get into the news article discussion now look at this first news article this editorial article is written by an expert in the field of economics author has rejected the recent gdp estimates published by the government saying that the data is flawed for this he has given certain substantiating data so let's know why author says that the gdp estimates are false before that the syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference just go through it first know that gdp is the aggregate value of goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country or we can say that gdp is the market value or monetary value of all the final goods and services produced within the boundary of a country during one year to understand it better let us understand each term in gdp that is gross domestic product see here gross signifies that no detection has been made for the depreciation of machinery buildings and other capital products used in production that is it includes the total value domestic means that the production is by the resident industrial units of the country or all economic activities is done inside the boundary of a country and by its own capital here product refers to final goods and services that is those that are purchased imputed or estimated or otherwise as the final conception of household non-profit institutions serving households and government or it can be as the fixed assets and exports in all these final means the stage of a product after which there is no known change of value addition in it and gdp of a country is derived from the different sectors of the economy namely agricultural sector industrial and service sector you should also know that normally gdp is reviewed from two angles one as real gdp and other as nominal gdp so what is real gdp then here the goods and services are evaluated at constant prices and these prices remind fixed or we can say real gdp is the economic output of a country that is adjusted to inflation it reflects the value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a given year adjusted for inflation or price changes because of this if there is change in real gdp we can be sure that volume of production is undergoing changes on the other hand nominal gdp is an assessment of economic production in an economy but it includes the current prices of goods and services in its calculation so it is not adjusted to inflation that is inflation is not taken into account or consideration thus nominal gdp is simply the value of gdp at the current prevailing prices because of these gdp is the single most important indicator to capture economic activities due to this gdp estimates are released by government at certain intervals it is mainly released as a report by the national statistical office or nsvo under the ministry of statistics and program implementation the report provides data or estimates on three things one is the provincial estimates or p of national income for 2021 to 22 second is the quarterly estimates of gdp for the quarter january to march of 2021 to 22 that is for quarter 4 of 2021 to 22 early along with these corresponding estimates of expenditure components of gdp both at constant and current prices is also provided since our focus is on gdp let us see that see as per the estimates for 2021 to 22 gdp at constant prices which is nothing but real gdp is 147.36 lakh crore rupees and the gdp growth during 2021 to 22 is estimated at 8.7 percentage now let us take nominal gdp that is gdp at current prices in the year 2021 to 22 it is estimated to attain a level of 236.65 lakh crore rupees and there is a growth rate of 19.5 percentage you can see that in the image given here next we take the quarterly data real gdp for quarter 4 of 2021 to 22 is estimated at rupees 40.78 lakh crore and there is a growth of 4.1 percentage so overall in 2021 to 22 gdp grew 8.7 percentage in real terms and 19.5 percentage in nominal terms as per their estimates these are huge numbers and thus it is claimed that india is the fastest growing major economy in the world but author contest this claim due to many reasons we will see them one by one first because after the pandemic hit lockdowns were imposed hindering the production and supply chain this led to contraction in the economy causing a slow down but after 2021 economy has fully reopened so the economies started functioning fully and in 2022 it has reached to pre-pandemic level in a shorter time therefore economy dropped sharply due to lockdowns and after reopening it grew faster so as to reach its early level only so according to the author it is what expected to happen and cannot be taken as an indication of a rapidly growing economy secondly the quarterly data shows that there is slow growth only and even that is affected by many factors as you can see in the table gdp growth was 20.3 percentage in quarter one of 2021 to 22 after that it started fading from quarter two from 8.4 percentage to 5.4 percentage in quarter three to 4.1 percentage in quarter four so in quarter four the growth is less than one fourth of what was in quarter one this is due to the factors like lockdowns as a result of omicron variant and russia Ukraine war etc now since the war is not over the growth is further expected to decrease only then how it can be climbed that economy is growing fast third reason is the error in the data here the author states that error has occurred due to four reasons first due to the agricultural data pandemic hindered the data collection as a result full data could not be collected therefore the estimates do not take into consideration the full situation to provide us with actual situation secondly due to the fact that there is little or no data from an organized sector so in its place data available from organized sector is used as proxy this means we do not have a real picture of the unorganized sector rather just a cooked up one based on some other data this is worrying reason because an organized sector was more affected than organized sector in the pandemic so not capturing the damage deprives us the real state of economy third is due to how annual total estimates are calculated because quarterly data is just added up to yield the annual total and no separate data is collected and analyzed for annual estimates but the problem is that quarterly data has the above two errors so it is repeated in the annual estimates also the last reason is due to the error in the data of GDP components as we saw in the beginning GDP is calculated using final consumption fixed assets exports etc according to the author there is error in data related to these also for example if we take private consumption our BA largely captures the organized sector through its consumer confidence survey and it was found that throughout 2021 to 22 consumer confidence was way below its pre-pandemic further again unorganized sector data is not included so author argues that conception could not have come close to its pre-pandemic level and this could be same for all other components so all of these together caused error in the data on a whole based on all these reasons author concludes that GDP for 2021-22 would have not grown by 8.7 percentage and it would way be less than the pre-pandemic level this brings us to the conclusion that Indian economy has not recovered fully and definitely not the fastest growing big economy so these are some of the important points that you have to note from this editorial article in this editorial article we understood the term GDP then we saw about real GDP and nominal GDP and then we saw some of the important points mentioned by the author in this editorial article so these learned points now let us move on to the next news article discussion. See this article here it says that former Vyana district collector K. Savendra Kumar asked the state archaeology department to expedite the measures to declare the prehistoric petroglyphs on the Tawari Hills a protected monument and he has also directed officials of the district tourism promotion council and the forest department to adapt steps to develop the area into a major ecotourism destination similar to the Eddacle caves. So this is the crux of the news article given here in this context let us see about some of the important points mentioned in the news article. See according to the article petroglyphs on the Tawari Hills are prehistoric here if you don't know what is this petroglyph petroglyphs means rock carvings we call rock paintings as pictographs so have this basic understanding they are made by petroglyphs or made by picking directly on the rock surface using a stone chisel and a hammer stone. Petroglyphs are powerful cultural symbols that reflect the complex societies and religions of the people lived in the area. The article also says that the Tawari rock engravings are believed to comprise mainly geometrical and abstract figures some of the marks closely resembles the Brahmi script one carving resembles a bird a specimen of the primitive man's creative instinct to depict the world around him despite the limitations of his crude tools historians and researchers had acknowledged its significance but the place was yet to get any serious attention and because of this significance only former bayonet district collector was keen on taking measures to make the Tawari rock engravings as protected monuments. See there is also another cave carvings nearby Tawari hill carvings it is the Yadakkal cave carvings it had already received a protected monument tag because of its significance and this is about the news article today. So from this your takeaway point is the location of the engravings and its significance you should know that it is located in Kerala and it is important because of the prehistoric petroglyphs. Now additionally let us see the procedure for the declaration of protective monument but before that let us see what is an ancient monument or archaeological site. See the ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains act 1958 this act defines both ancient monument and a archaeological site we'll see them one by one firstly an ancient monument means any structure erection or monument or any tumulus or place of interment or any cave rock sculpture inscription or monolith which is of historical archaeological or artistic interest and which has been in existence for no less than hundred years and it includes remains of an ancient monument site of an ancient monument such portions of any land adjoining the site of an ancient monument as may be required for fencing or covering in or otherwise for preserving such a monument and the means of access to and convenient inspection of an ancient monument and the section 2d of the ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains act 1958 defines archaeological site and remains as follows see an archaeological site and remains means any area which contains or is reasonably believed to contain grains or relics of historical or archaeological importance which have been in existence for no less than one hundred years and it includes such portion of land adjoining the area as may be required for fencing or covering in or otherwise for preserving the site and the means of access to and convenient inspection of the area and now talking about the protection of monuments see the archaeological survey of India that is ASI under the provision of the AMASR act 1958 protects monuments sites and remains of national importance by giving a two months notice for inviting objections if any in this regard after the specified two months period and after scrutinizing the objections if any received in this regard the ASI makes decision to bring a monument under its protection remember there are at present more than 3650 ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance these monuments belong to different periods ranging from the prehistoric period to the colonial period and are located in different geographical settings they include temples mosque tombs churches cemeteries forts palaces stepwells rocket caves and secular architecture as well as ancient mounds and sites which represent the remains of ancient habitation these monuments and sites are maintained and preserved through various circles of the ASI spread all over the country the circles look after the research on these monuments and conservation activities while the science branch with its headquarters at Dehradan carries out chemical preservation and the horticulture branch with its headquarters at Agra is interested with the laying out gardens and environmental development of the site so that's all about this news article discussion in this news article discussion we saw in brief about petroglyphs on the Tawari hills then we saw about procedure for the declaration of protected monument then we saw about what is an ancient monument or an archaeological site so in the procedure for protection of monuments we saw that a two months notice is given for inviting objection to protect monuments sites and remains of national importance after the specified two months period and after scrutinizing the objections if any received in this regard the ASI makes decision to bring a monument under its protection then we saw about the science branch and horticulture branch of ASI so with these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion see this article here according to the given article the rupees lit to a record low against the dollar on Friday and the slit happened due to the demand for the US currency from foreign portfolio investors that is FPIs exiting the markets and oil firms they exited the market due to the need to pay for cost layer crude oil and imports and the article also says that the rupee ended at 77.93 weakening 19 pais from Thursday's 77.74 which was the previous all-time low and this is the crux of the news article given here using this article as an opportunity we are going to see about FBI and the difference between FBI and foreign direct investment FDI see a country needs funds to grow its economy while approaching domestic sources is one way approaching international source is another way there are two ways a country can get capital through international sources namely foreign direct investment that is FDI and foreign portfolio investment FBI though they sound similar they are poles apart firstly let us see about FDI see foreign direct investment is when a company invests a substantial amount in a foreign company by taking control of the ownership and by participating in the company's day-to-day business in FDI along with the capital the company brings in knowledge skill and also technical know-how hence they hold a good amount of control in terms of decision making some of the features of the FDI includes FDI are commonly made in countries that have high potential for growth and also in countries that have a skilled workforce FDI can happen even when a company acquires asset or establishes a business in a foreign country it is also a very common practice to expand business to new countries right moreover a company can either merge or enter into a joint venture with a foreign company and FDI can lead to horizontal expansion vertical expansion or also a conglomerate in horizontal investment the company invests in companies with similar businesses or establishes a similar business while in vertical investment the company invests in companies that are complementary towards business and in a conglomerate investment the company invests in a business that is totally unrelated to its core business know that Indian economy opened up in 1991 for the entire world and since then it has been accepting foreign investment now let's see about FDI or foreign portfolio investment see FDI refers to passive investments in the financial assets of a foreign economy here note the word financial asset here they are talking about stocks bonds and other financial assets also none of these involves any active management by the investors some of the characteristics include see the primary motive of FDI is to invest money in foreign markets with the hope to generate quick returns therefore it involves the purchase of securities that can be easily brought and sold secondly FDIs are made to generate short term financial gains but not to gain control over the managerial operations of the business thirdly often FDIs are viewed as less favorable than direct investments since it is easy to liquidate the portfolio investments at times FDIs are made with an intention to earn short term gains rather than a long term investment in the foreign country note that India witnessed the highest FBI withdrawals in October 2018 and July 2020 this can be an indication that foreign investors or i.e. other developing countries for higher returns now if a question is asked about the difference between FDI and FDI you should write the characteristics in which they both differ so firstly when it comes to the type of investors FDI involves direct investors but FBI involves passive investors because they are not directly involved in the management right and when it comes to degree of control FDI has high control as it acquires ownership but FBI has low control only thirdly when it comes to the type of asset FDI includes physical assets and stake in foreign companies that is it includes both financial and non-financial assets but FBI includes only financial assets of the foreign country like stocks bonds etc so fourthly when it comes to the entry and exit in the case of FDI it is hard to enter and exit but in case of FBI it is easy to enter and exit and this is only the news today FBI investors are exiting the market from this we can write another point regarding volatility see FDI is stable but FBI is volatile and finally FDI leads to transfer of technology funds and also resources to the foreign country but FBI leads to capital inflow to the foreign country so that's all about this news article discussion in this news article discussion we saw about what is FDI we saw that FDI is when a company invests a substantial amount in a foreign company by taking control of the ownership and by participating in companies day-to-day business then we saw some of the features of FDI followed by that we saw about foreign portfolio investment or FBI which refers to passive investments in the financial assets of a foreign economy here they were talking about stocks bonds and other financial assets then we saw about the difference between FBI and FDI we saw a difference with respect to type of investors degree of control type of assets entry and exit volatility and finally we saw that FDI leads to transfer of technology funds and also resources to the foreign country but FBI leads to capital inflow to the foreign country so with these learnt points now let us move on to the next news article discussion take a look at this news article this article says that forest minister A. K. Sasindran has assured the public that the government would not compromise on the interest of the state in the wake of the supreme court order mandating a one kilometer eco-sensitive zone around forest he said that the state government would do everything possible including legal recourse to exclude human settlements from the eco-sensitive zone and this is the corrects of the news article given here in this context let us learn about eco-sensitive zones first of all let us see the purpose of eco-sensitive zone declaration why should the region be declared as eco-sensitive zone see the purpose of declaring eco-sensitive zones is to create some kind of shock absorbers to the protected areas by regulating and managing the activities around such areas and the idea is that thin eco-sensitive zone will act as a transition zone from area of high protection to area involving lesser protection so with this basic understanding of the purpose let us see about eco-sensitive zone see eco-sensitive zone that is ESZ is a buffer or transition zone around highly protected area such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries the government regulates and manages the activities in such areas so that there is no external harm to the higher protected areas therefore the basic aim is to regulate certain activities around national parks and wildlife sanctuaries so as to minimize their impact on fragile ecosystem of the protected areas now that we know what a eco-sensitive zone is we will see who notifies or declares a zone as eco-sensitive zone say eco-sensitive zones are notified by the central government through ministry of environment forest and climate change that is MOE FCC under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act of 1986 see the important thing to be noted here is that the delineation of the extent of eco-sensitive zone is site specific it's with varies from one protected area to the other as per the wildlife conservation strategy 2002-2005 and supreme court judgments it may be the area that generally extend up to 10 kilometer around the protected area if sensitive corridors connectivity and ecological important patches crucial for landscape linkage or involved then area beyond 10 kilometers with can also be notified as the eco-sensitive zones see this strategy dates back to the 21st meeting of Indian board for wildlife held on 2002 in that meeting wildlife conservation strategy 2002 was adopted in that it is said that land falling within 10 kilometers of the boundaries of national park and sanctuaries should be notified as eco fragile zones so now in these lines again in a significant order the Supreme Court on Friday directed that each protected forest should have an eco-sensitive zone of one kilometer so apart from this many instructions were given by Supreme Court I have mentioned the instructions given by Supreme Court here you can go through it so that's all about this news article discussion and this news article discussion we saw about eco-sensitive zones we saw what is the purpose of eco-sensitive zone declaration see the purpose of declaring eco-sensitive zone is to create some kind of shock observers to the protected areas by regulating and managing the activities around such areas as simple as that so eco-sensitive zone will act as a transition zone from areas of high protection to areas involving lesser protection then we saw who will notify or declare a region as eco-sensitive zone in that we saw that eco-sensitive zones or notified by the central government through ministry of environment forest and climate change under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act of 1986 and then we saw some of the important points with respect to eco-sensitive zones so these learnt points now let us move on to the next part of the news article discussion which is the preliminary practice questions now look at this first question this question is about foreign portfolio investment or FBI let me read out the question for you consider the following statements regarding foreign portfolio investment that is FBI and choose the correct statement from given below option a FBI can lead to vertical expansion of any business option b it gives high degree of control over the activities of the company option c FBI results in the transfer of technology funds and resources and option d FBI or made to generate short term financial gains see the correct answer for the question is option d FBI or made to generate short term financial gains the first three options are the characteristics of foreign direct investment we saw that in the discussion it's of right and the final statement it is the characteristic of FBI so the correct answer for this question is option d now moving on look at this question this question is about eco-sensitive zones consider the following statements regarding eco-sensitive zones statement one it is a buffer or transition zone around highly protected areas such as national parks and wildlife centuries statement two eco-sensitive zones are notified by the national board for wildlife which of the above statements is or or correct option a one only option b two only option c both one and two and option d neither one nor two see the correct answer for the question is option a one only statement one is correct because as we saw in the discussion itself this statement is the exact definition of eco-sensitive zone it is a buffer or transition zone around highly protected areas such as national parks and wildlife centuries but statement two is incorrect because they are notified by the central government through ministry of environment forest and climate change under the provisions of the environment protection act of 1986 so our second statement is incorrect here so the correct answer for the question is option a one only now look at this next question this question is framed based on our petroglyphs discussion so this question is the quiz question for you today just go through the question and mention the answer in the comment section now moving on the main question for today's discussion is displayed here just go through the question write an answer and post it in the comment section with this we came to the end of the news article discussion if you like the video hit like do comment and don't forget to subscribe to shankarai's academy youtube channel thank you


Welcome back to the breakfast on Plus TV Africa. A beautiful Friday. We love Fridays because we get to catch up on all the latest updates in the world of sports. Joining us this morning is our sports anchor and correspondent Wally Scott. Good morning. Good morning. Ah, the European League resumes. Give us all the, yes, give us all the gist. I don't know. I don't know the fact that Messi has taken away all of the saga and Lionel Messi was able, conveniently able to actually sell almost 200,000 jerseys in seven minutes. I have never seen that happen before. Say that again. He sold almost 200,000 jerseys in seven minutes. And you have haters like the saga? I don't know. No, I don't, but Messi either. Wow. I don't like him, but he was able to do that. And I think what Pauli Saint-Germain, what he was able to do was look at the business angle of it. When you buy a player like Messi, a player like Ronaldo, you are sure of making a large amount of the money you spent on him. Especially how, especially how you go about commercializing that. Yes, it's normal. You know, and you find out that a player like Messi, who has gone to PSG now, you will see is Nike, Jesse. You will see is Nica, Jesse too, Nica. But go to the EPL.  They give you a blank check. They don't price. They don't price you anymore. You tell them you're 100 million. And we saw the difference in what they were doing when Manchester City and Chelsea got to the Champions League finals. Two English clubs in the Champions League finals. One English club in the Europa League finals, lost to Villarreal. So which means basically that they had made something right. Now they've gone to the market again today. And they've bought everybody that matters. The only person that matters right now in the leagues across the world, who has not been bought by the English Premier League right now as we speak, is Erlin Harland. Everybody else has been bought.  Another walk-up winner with Antony Marchial, another walk-up winner. You know, we're looking at Romelu Lukaku, who was going like he was going out of fashion when he was in Inter Milan. He's not in Chelsea. You know, and these clubs are giving players blank checks as in, just come. How much you want to collect? Collect them. You know, and I think it's making the difference. So the IPL, we'll resume today. The only notable person Arsenal has bought is Whites. We're still contemplating why Whites, it was worth 50 million pounds, really. Why couldn't they make big purchases over the transfer window? Arsenal never make big purchases. They have their pockets not deep. And they cost their coats according to their size. They have their respect when they say. So really, they only have Whites and they play Brentford. Brentford is a team that is just coming from a relegation to the Premier League. So they shouldn't have a problem. You know, we've always known Arsenal to be a team that is very wasteful. But the good thing is, on my show later, plus sports, we're having Miquela Teta, the coach, talking about the fact that he has a full squad. The captain is back. Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang is back. Lacazette is in the team. White will play today. So what would you say are your, because every time the season is about to start this, people will always say, OK, it looks like it's going to be Chelsea's season. It looks like going to be Liverpool's season or Manchester City's season. Are there two teams that you can point to as it stands, seeing the way the transfer window went, that would have a really, really good season? Manchester, I've always been a fan of people playing together as a team. So Man City would scurn you again this season, because everybody's still there, except for just one or two additions, Jack Grealish and all that. So they will scurn me. But Manchester United will scurn anyone too, because they have everybody intact. And they've got players trying to impress the coach. They've got Danny van der Beek, who actually went to... I remember vividly, when Robin van Persie came to Manchester United, Saar Alex Ferguson said he wasn't looking big enough. He had to go to the gym. So he went to the gym and the jersey fitted him more and then he was looking better and then he was stronger on the ball. And Danny van der Beek and other players have gone to the gym, trying to impress Ole Gunnar Solkjaer. So that will scare you too. Manchester and Chelsea really, really scares me, because I saw something on Facebook recently where they put 22 players of Chelsea, 22, 11 on one side, 11 on one side, and they were all fantastic players, all 11. That scares you.  Liverpool, honestly, this is not a joke. Honestly, Liverpool will not win the league in the next 15 years, really. Wow. They won't. Some people will be very... Some guys, some guys are going to the drawing board. They're actually working on their team. They're actually buying players and Liverpool is just not doing that. They're also depending on their players who are injured to come back from injury and come and play and all that. When people have pain, they're not buying anyone but you. They're not working for the other players who are injured to come back. When the players are injured, what do they do? So come on. I don't see that happening. Interesting. So let's talk about one of the most prolific strikers in European football, Romelu Lukaku, the transfer news to Chelsea. What about that? What do you think? Expectations? Honestly, I don't think the average Chelsea fan is going to like me right now. Because the truth is, I go to see Lukaku going to Chelsea and flop. What Abramovich wants is another didio-dropper. And of course, physically, Lukaku fits that. On the ball, he fits that. But will he be able to score the way Dropper scores? I don't think so. I don't know why I feel like that. I don't think so. But what Abramovich wants is, he sees everything in Dropper. And don't forget that Lukaku is going back to Chelsea. He used to be in Chelsea. I think Abramovich, the owner of Chelsea just has this funny feeling that I lost to Dropper. Let me get my Dropper back. He just might not be the Dropper. He has the physical presence, he has the strength on the ball, he has the speed. He's been in the Premiership all his life, his career, so yes, he is used to it. What would you say was the key to his success at Inter Milan? I have no idea. But I know for one that in Inter Milan, the Italian Serie A, the league, they are more defensive. So you can catch them on the counter. And because Lukaku is coming from the English Premier League, he can run. And he has the physique, he can hold on to the ball and run. And then he leads us, that depends on the defence.  But you are going back to the English Premier League where they ordinarily know you can come on the counter. So they are waiting for you already. You just might not make it happen there. Interesting. So finally, I'm going to ask you if you've heard the transfer remarks that PSG wants Ronaldo to replace Mbappe in 2022? Yes, I have that. I want to believe it's just gossip because I don't see PSG. Obviously, what PSG is trying to do now is now more of business than football. They are not looking technically on the field of play. But you've always advocated for the business side, haven't you? Yes, but we all want to make money. We are all here this morning because we want to make money really. But you know, to bring a Ronaldo, to bring a Lionel Messi, to bring a Neymar, to have a Mauro Icardi and Galdimaria in your team and make so much money. Obviously that's... But talking about the playing together, what do you see ahead? If Ronaldo comes to Paris on Jermain, Neymar is there, Kylian and Mbappe is there, they will win everything. They can play in gels. So you think there will be no... There will be no thrill. There will be conflict, don't you think? There will be conflict. That's the way... Out of football, in the dressing room, I can imagine Ronaldo respecting the Messi or a Messi respecting Ronaldo or even a Neymar respecting any of them. So the problem will not be on the field of play. They will play good football in the dressing room. There will be an ego problem. It's all normal. Everybody's going to eat the train. Does it have to be that way? This is a Ronaldo who looked at Ike Casillas, the goalkeeper of Real Madrid and told him, I will never respect him. Unfortunately, the coach then was Portuguese, Jose Mourinho. Ronaldo was Portuguese and Ike Casillas left Real Madrid. This is Ileona Messi. When he was in Barcelona, who was telling the coach what players to buy? There will be ego problems. We are big players. All right, let's talk COVID-19 as a league start. In the last few weeks or months, we've seen more fans gain entry into the stadium. So does that also give a breather with regards to the new season? You are the news guys. You and Anneta are the news guys. Are you guys have read consistently on the news that there's a new Delta variant? Not even now. That in the US, in the UK, that a large amount of people have been able to get their vaccines. Some have even gotten their second vaccines already. So and COVID-19 protocols have been taken at the stadiums across the world. And most people who are going to be there will have to get there either with their certificates that they have taken their COVID-19 second vaccines or to prove that they don't have COVID-19. But regardless, we know that the COVID-19, the Olympic related COVID-19 infections that we saw at the Olympics was was about over 400. So you don't think that will have any impact on this new league starting? I don't think so. I think the protocols have been observed. They have tested the waters during the Europa League Finals, Champions League Finals during the Olympics. They even did a few tests during the Olympics in some events, cycling, indoor cycling. They did some tests. So tests have been done like on a constant basis. Hopefully we will not have any break out of COVID-19 or the Delta variant again. Hopefully. But if that happens, of course, the crowd leaves the events again. But for now, they will have a crowd. But like tomorrow to this match, this evening's match is 8pm Nigerian time Arsenal, Brentford. They're only going to have, I think, 18,000 fans there. So who are you pitching for? Spaced. Who? Who are you pitching for? Arsenal against Brentford. Let's stick to Arsenal. Let's stick to Arsenal. If I was somebody who bets, I would stick to Arsenal. Anyway, it's interesting. I think a lot of people are excited about the news and starting, including the fans. The French champion now started last week. The Bundesliga, the German Bundesliga, was started this weekend too. Almost all the leagues. What about the Nigerian league? The Nigerian league just ended and we played the ITO Cup. Records were broken. Biosha united the Biosha Queens for the first time in the history of Nigeria, won the Cup at the same time. The female and the male. The female and the male won that Biosha and the governor actually has promised them lots of things. When the league will start, I cannot say it. But the ITO Cup has just finished. We appreciate all the sports updates. You got it. Thank you very much. You just heard all the details, all the juicy details regarding the football from the home front. You heard about the English Premier League, all the transfer news, transfer rumours. Stick with Oale Scott at 9.30am today when he gives you more details about sports. But on the breakfast, I am Vanessa Felix saying thank you for watching.


Animation reference. Let's talk about the amount of energy that you should put in when you act out your shop and film yourself. So today's FNA is a quick tip. Now, why am I suddenly talking about reference? So the weird thing happened where I have classes at the Academy of Arts at animation mentor at my workshops. And for some reason, they all kind of had the same assignments, it was kind of an overlap over lip sync animation. And for those kind of assignments, students usually film themselves. And when it's a lip sync, they have the lip sync looping in the background, it plays over and over. And you can see the student or whoever is doing the animation acting things out. But the thing that I noticed is that most of the times you can hear the sound, but the animator is not really matching the intensity of the shot. And the thing is, when you do shoot reference, it's there for reference. So you can study the mechanics to look at it, some of the details and we some I darts, but also if you shoot reference, if there's audio, you want to use that energy of the sound clip. So you can tell when someone has a lot of energy there or is whispering or whatever the audio demands of the shot acting wise, of course, you can just do whatever you want. And you can always look kind of reference and interpret that. And if you can animate and embellish on that reference, good for you. But a lot of times what I see is that you have a sound and the sound is someone yelling. So I'm going to yell. So I'm going to do the clip with and without yelling. So let's say the audio is I am yelling, but I'm doing like this kind of whispering. And a lot of times the students don't even say out the words out loud. They kind of mouthing the audio or somewhat whispering. So right, something like that. But if I actually yell, I am yelling, it would be something like this. I am yelling that can hurt. So there's a difference there in terms of potentially how intense the face is as you go, yeah, or maybe the energy in the chest or how your body again, it might tense up and go yelling or yelling. It just completely difference if you actually use the energy of the clip. If you do yell versus just mouthing the audio or just kind of whispering the sound. And the problem with that is that when you do then actually block out the animation, you have a character that kind of moves around and does whatever bottom mechanics there is. And then towards the end, you add the lip sync and it just has a character going, you know, something a bit soft. And then even the audio where just kind of blah, blah, blah, something. But even then you don't have the the extreme of the john, the energy of the yell and the jaw coming down and pulling the head with it. So all that is kind of lost. And if you're already shooting reference, you might as well really get into it. So you can look at what you did or whoever you actor is in the reference, if you are directing the reference. So this FNA is basically a reminder to really act out your shot.  Again, if you can take the pretend clip and really just take certain moments and make the animation work regardless, good for you. Then I'm not sure why you wouldn't need reference, but maybe it's just little things that you want to pay attention to. But generally if you shoot reference, it's there to study. Again, you don't want to copy it unless that's what the style demands. But if you shoot reference, you want to really get into it in terms of the weight. If you talk to someone tall, you put tape on the wall and you talk up. So you have that pose. If you have maybe multiple characters, you put multiple pieces of tape on the wall so that your eyes will dart and you will focus somewhere else. Same thing if there's lip sync, you have either headphones on and you play the audio or you play it out loud. But I would really try to say the lines. So if the character's whispering, you whisper. If the character goes up and starts yelling, you're yelling as well. There's also a difference that if you talk and you sit down, the energy of the words as you have to say something while you sit or lift something heavy, giving all those combinations, the whole content of the shot, you should try to emulate. Because again, that will give you so many more clues in terms of the lip sync, the energy, the body mechanics. And the more you pretend, the more you kind of, I can this case, whisper when someone is yelling, kind of the less stuff you get out of the reference. Now in the case of yelling, I still kind of feel it. So when you have something where someone yells, maybe just do one or two takes to really feel that energy and try different things and that's it.  I mean, there's always a limit to everything you should be doing. But as a whole, just pay attention to that. If something heavy, pick up something heavy. If you yell, you yell. If there's a set where the character walks and sits down on the chair that pivots like this, then try to find a chair that does that.  So whatever you can do to really emulate the scene that starts even with the camera angle. So everything you can do to really replicate your shot in terms of the set and the energy and the acting, the more information you'll get out of your reference. And speaking of getting out of something, it's a weird segue. If you like this and you want me to help you with your shot, I have workshops. You can sign up at any time. We can work together on your shots. More information, as always, in the description. And for those who watch the whole thing till the very end, of course, thank you so much for your time that you invested in my clips. And that's it from me. I will see you in my next upload.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with 2019 2020 panini mosaic basketball I guess a two-box mixer is the best way to put it It's a box of mosaic fast break and a box of team all Asia edition No vet commonship except for LeBron Luca Yanis, and if you follow the instructions here We'll get a shot at the pelicans. We bought at least two teams You'll get one entry four teams gets you two entries six teams gets you three entries so on and so forth Let's sort by column a So looks like Adam Kelly, but Six teams that's three entries for a shot at the pelicans Brian got two. That's still an entry Doug with four. That's two entries Fouad with two that's an entry Jay goings with four or with five Four count for the purposes of the promo still two entries Matt Lieber four teams two entries Nelson four teams two entries And Oliver with two teams. That's an entry All right, so let's copy those names put them into this blank list here. Let's roll it name on top after Four two and a two for the hard way gets the pelicans one two three and Fourth and final time after four we got there you go Nelson after four times Pelicans going your way Let's sort by column B and let's print and rip. Good luck. This is break number one Which sold out after break number two And then three is Is on the site right now we can knock that out tonight if you would like remember to buy at least two teams to get the Shot of the pelicans There it is right here. Here's the fast break edition right there and There's the team all addition right here. So oh so team all We'll have the red wave and gold wave prison checklists are exactly the same We'll have the gold and red wave additions and then this we're looking for the fast break variations and the disco Parallels and whatnot. So those are pretty fun Right big. Thanks. These wonderful people here for getting into the action team all big e-commerce site in China, so they Can you do an exclusive for them and after after some time? I think then we're allowed to to to buy To buy and break Team all this will do the fast break first AB you can't see your name on there. What is your name? Did I grab the right list? I'm pretty sure I did Yeah, no, don't enter that in the chat. Oh We got your order. I see your order We got your order, but there was it was flagged for some reason AB. So We had to refund your order Sorry about that Go to Jasper's case breaks calm and hit the support button and communicate with our customer service team and then we can figure out Why that happened and then maybe resolve that for your next order my apologies on that It I think it might be I noticed that too. I think that might be it sometimes if like the It's like the billing and the shipping stuff are a little weird or for it's international that might make things goofy But either way whenever whenever that happens, we just automatically refund those flagged orders But if you reach out back to us Maybe we can discuss it and figure out What we can do to make that right? For your next one But sorry about that, but I think your entire order was already refunded back to you though So you'll probably see that reflected in your account Within a business say or two. I think since it's the weekend Already here. I don't know if how fast that response is gonna be But there's Jared Culver We'll work through it Figure it out Jared Culver for Minnesota going to Doug. Oh, yeah, I'm gonna maybe they haven't done it yet But it will it will happen tonight. There's another Jared Culver a different Different variation you can see Different ones. They're both going to the Timberwolves both going to Doug. Where's John Morant? That's what we want to see. Where's where Zion? So the Sean Sean's Jaspy is saying this first one was the variation. That's the normal one There's an NBA debut Kobe white for the Bulls Jay Goins There's blue Admiral Schofield That's 85 out of 85 There's an NBA debut John Morant And a Cody Martin disco or fast break refractor However, you want to call it So the Cody Martin will go to Charlotte that'll be for Doug The Schofield will go to Jay and the Wizards and the NBA debut John Morant No parallel here also goes to Jay and the Gris And there's his teammate Brandon Clark who actually has been playing some good ball And there's our first Zion NBA debut Zion for Nelson and the Pelicans Won the Pelicans bought the requisite number of teams and here's here's fish Derek Fisher fast break autograph. Nice Old Laker going to Adam. Nope going to Matt Lieber. Sorry. They're right names right next to each other Matt Lieber with the Los Angeles Lakers Doesn't look like it's numbered But pretty solid here and a regular Zion Williamson right here not NBA debut of the base version Nice Nelson. There you go, man Yeah, I saw that my tower so Kevin Porter Jr. Traded to the Rockets. He like Wasn't good. He wasn't working well with others Was he yelling at coaches? What happened there is There's a nice LeBron James for Matt and the Lakers And we got purple Luca Samanich 16 out of 50 That's for Adam Kelly and the Spurs Yes Please and the team all addition the Asia edition we're looking for the red and gold waves I think the red is more common And then the gold is the more shorter printed one right, right, right So as Mike Mike saying Kevin Porter Jr. Which we just saw his car to second go to yelling at coaches Throwing food complaining because they moved his locker so on and so forth now I Don't think charges were ever let levied on him But but if if what happened to me if what happened to him have to me in the offseason I Would maybe Kind of be all my best behavior for a little bit. Otherwise you may you may end up just Finding yourself out of the out of the association before you know it All right, there's buddy healed red wave and a base jaw Marant nice That's for the Grizz J going There's the red wave buddy healed going to the Kings Oliver Red wave Cody Martin Going to Charlotte. That's for Doug And here's a guy Who's finally starting to show his full potential RJ Barrett MBA debut Nelson with the Knicks And here's a gold Scotty Pippin Going to the bulls on the checklist. He's a bull. There's a Chris Middleton red wave We've got a Jamal Murray red wave There's Mitchell Robinson also playing well, that's my tower saying Mitchell Robinson also playing well I feel like the Knicks in general things are kind of Kind of coming together. Oh and a red wave MBA debut John Marant nice See another one more gold in there. There you go Jay. It's all about these parallels folks all about the parallels Demarda Rosen red wave We've got a Yanis For the Bucks Brian Crouch Marta Rosen red wave for Adam Kelly in the Spurs Got red wave Kyle Kuzma Has been having a pretty solid season to Lakers Matt Lever Now, there's the gold. I knew I saw a second one. It's Wesley Matthews gold wave for the Bucks I was hoping a big rookie, but that's all good to get the nice shorter printed gold wave Kyle Guy for Oliver and the Kings Marcus Morris red wave and Nicola Batum red wave and an MBA debut Jared Culver and there you have it ladies gentlemen not a bad break at all That was a quick little two-box mixer mosaic basketball mixer a box of fast break a box of team all that was pick your team one Pick your team three in the store. Check it out. Jasky's case breaks calm. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one


So coming up to a week of DLC4 being released, today I bring you what in my opinion are the 5 best Legendos this DLC offers. As it gone guys, my name is DPJ and if you enjoy your stay here and would like to show your support, hitting that like button truly helps out and subscribe if you like what you see and want to see more. So within this DLC4 there were 15 new Legendos, so to be honest breaking them down to a top 5 wasn't too hard, so let's get into it people. In at number 5 we have nothing other than a prompt critical. So this new torque pistol is a world drop and drops offering any element. Its dedicated bust drop is Eva Lilith who is located upon Castle Crimson. So this torque pistol is actually in my opinion one of the best ones this game now offers, torque pistol wise. While it does uniquely is, subsequent stickies combine for damage and radius and this is why it's much better to use that sticky projectile firing mode over the standard impact firing mode it offers. Using this within the right build sees it doing some crazy things and when I first tested this I was limited as to what I had on my PC, but now being back on Xbox I can say for sure it's a much better weapon than I first originally thought. Using this with my lazy zame build yes for sure isn't the most powerful pistol I've ever used in a game, but it's far from the worst and it's one I do recommend you at least checking out and it's why it's at my number 5 spot. Okay so in at number 4 we have the loveable rogue. This shock only torque assault rifle is a world drop across the mind of Kreek, but its dedicated bust drop is none other than Eva Brooke who can be located upon Castle Crimson. So this weapon, where to start? Well if I'm honest before this I wasn't too keen on torque ARs, for the most part they just seemed the same. This so for me changes that and my opinion on them. So what this weapon is? It's an amazing ranged shield depleting animal. Yes obviously there are better weapons in a game for taking that shield off enemies, but one would argue do they look this good when doing it? Because this spectacles caused via this weapon's speciality. Girojets have a chance to spawn home in missiles and while these look great, they work great and are truly effective for sure. Now the loveable rogue I don't feel will ever be the centerpiece to a build, but it's certainly a great backup weapon and for this reason it's at number 4 on my top 5 list. Okay so moving on and in at number 3 we have the Major Kong. Now this CLV launcher is an exclusive drop to Psycho Reaver and it doesn't drop anywhere else in the game, Psycho Reaver is obviously the last boss located upon Valhalla. It does drop after an incendiary corrosive shock and radiation, which is great and its speciality is, charging a weapon equals more damage and more animal consumed, and it fires out a slow travelling projectile like a rocket. But that damage people, the damage this thing is capable of is off the charts and you can see that from this item card, with damage upwards of 200k easy. And although because of the way it works, its DPS probably isn't as good as other launchers in the game through a much lower damage output, it's still a great, all around unique weapon for what it's needed for. Well it also does and it doesn't state on its item card nor have I seen anyone else mention it is, that a red hit seem to spawn missiles that track over targets, so it has secrets too and I noticed this by accident fighting off against Gigamind, so that's a cool addition to add. But yeah all in all I feel this is a great weapon, not the best and most efficient launcher in the game, but it's definitely one of the best Legendos DLC 4 in my opinion. Okay so in at number 2 we have nothing other than the PLUS Ultra. Now this is a shield and originally I was going to make a top 5 Legendo weapons list, but I feel this definitely needs a mention for sure. So this PLUS Ultra is a world drop across Krieg's mind, but its dedicated burst drop is Dr. Benedict upon the benediction of pain. What this shield does as standard without those additional benefits from those 2 prefixes is, 25% chance to absorb bullets as ammo and increase action skill cooldown rate by 30% for several seconds. Now I have started using this on my level 65 laser zane build and well it's just an unreal shield, and that's because it has a hidden benefit not many people know about, and that is that this shield doubles your health, so when equipped you get an additional 100% health. And this works for your Digiclone too, so that's cool. And I guess it might work with other action skills of a Vault Hunters offer like the Iron Bear and possibly Flax Pets even. So yeah, I noticed this age is gone for everyone new about it, but I've only seen one video mention the fact that this is an actual thing and it has a hidden perk stated in the title, so I guess not everybody knew about this side of the shield. Well now you do. But all in all this has made a great difference to my build, and because of how much this shield offers I feel it definitely deserves a place here, and that's why I set my number 2 spot. Okay so moving on and in at number 1, and my favourite legendary DLC 4 is nothing other than the Blood Starved Beast. So this Blood Starved Beast is a dull SMG which I believe comes off in all elements. It's an exclusive drop from Evil Lily who's located behind Castle Crimson, and while in my opinion it's a must get, you can only get it from her by the way isn't a world drop, but yeah it's definitely a must get because this thing is truly a little monster. Now this thing comes in a 2x or 3x variant and has a decent damage output at the same time, with a very rapid fire rate and great magazine size also, this thing is truly something to be reckoned with. Now it shuts, penetrate those targets, and have a chance to explode, and while using it anywhere this game offers, as long as that enemy isn't immune against the element that's shooting, this thing tears those enemies apart. Now for me farming this it seemed like a rare drop, for you I hope that isn't the case, but I really wasn't having much luck with it, but to be honest guys it's worth every second farming this until you get that perfect enchantment and rolled version for your build. It truly is a great little SMG, and this is by far the best legendary to come out of DLC 4 in my opinion, and it's one I recommend you must get. And yes guys there we have it, my 5 favourite and in my opinion best DLC 4 legend notes. If your list would differ let me know down below in that comment section, actually just tell me your favourite out of DLC 4. While is it, let me know. But on that note we have come to the end of the video, if you guys enjoyed it, leaving a like really helps out. If you're new around here and want to see more more Lens videos be sure to subscribe, and if you never want to miss a video I upload can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button, but guys thanks as always for stopping by, hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one.