the documented drama of an actual crime for the next 30 minutes in cooperation with the Los Angeles Police Department you will travel step by step on the side of the law through an actual case transcribed from official police files from beginning to end from crime to punishment dragnet is the story of your police force in action it was Wednesday February 10th it was cold in Los Angeles we were working the day watch out a juvenile detail my partner's frank Smith the boss is captain powers my name's friday i was on my way into the office and it was eight oh one a.m. when i got to georgia street juvenile squad room hi frank well well what do you think about what rude what do you think well she's nice was that all you got to say well what do you want me to say the delight her she's a nice girl yeah you got another date with it no i thought i'd call her sometimes you said you'd call her you'd say when no i just said sometimes sometimes i don't say he's not gonna like it why just not joe not sure we had it this time look Frank i think it's real nice of you and fay to be concerned i don't think that i don't appreciate it but when you asked me over last night i figured we're just gonna have dinner and sit around and talk i i didn't know anything about this girl gonna be there but you think you should have told me let me know joe you like girls don't you of course i like girls we couldn't have done that you know it allows the whole thing up if we told you ahead of time we would just wanted you to meet her get the full effect bang like that i got the full effect and we tried to set it all up for you she has pretty don't you think yeah i guess so blue eyes red hair i think she's real pretty cool you know fay and me had a whole evening plan right from the time you two met i kind of got that idea what do you mean when you're about as subtle as a water buffalo now you tell me where we were obvious go ahead tell me well all right first off the music that album or records are yours there what's it called love music or whatever it was mood for lovers yeah i bought them special yeah and the flowers on the table you gotta have flowers you gotta have something for the center of the table you must have gone a long way for those orange blossoms you had to have those well he's not going to like it well i'm very sorry about that frank oh we're just trying to show you the advantages of getting married yeah well i appreciate you and fay trying but let me do it my way any mail this morning huh any mail yeah you put a note here okay it's for the police show you gotta sell tickets huh yeah so do you here's your book you're not mad are you joe oh man it's just that all the time people are trying to be helpful you well i kind of hate to say it behind her back i'd say i hate to say it behind her back but it was phase i did i didn't have any partner yeah phase i did phase i did you're sure you're not sore no i told you man sure i'm sure frank yeah no root what look it wasn't the fact that she was a redhead wasn't it friday yeah yeah what do you got take a look at this here sir i have some information for you about a big dope ring it's important i talked to you i'll meet you at the streetcar stop at 7th and Broadway on the east side after 3 45 p.m. to my afternoon Wednesday that's the day huh read the recipe i can't tell you my name now but i'll be wearing a green skirt and a plaid sweater i'll be standing right by the streetcar stop what do you think i don't know no signature you got to hang the envelope well postmarked la addressed the juvenile division no way of telling where it came from i think it's from a crack there's one place we can find out yeah 7th and Broadway the fact that the note had been addressed to juvenile division instead of narcotics detail indicated that the person who wrote it had some knowledge of the workings of the police department it also led us to believe that the writer was a juvenile we checked again with captain powers on the letter and was decided that we'd make the meet that afternoon frank and i spent the rest of the morning going over reports on a case that we just finished in the 3 15 p.m. we left the office frank stopped the car at 8th and Broadway for a traffic signal and i got out and walked the remaining block there was no one at the streetcar stop dressed in a green skirt and a plaid sweater while frank circled the block i waited 3 40 p.m. still no sign at 352 a woman of about 23 got off the streetcar and waited on the corner she was wearing a dark green suit with a plaid blouse i waited for some indication that she might be the person we were waiting for but she gave me finally she turned walked across the street disappeared into the crowd 4 o'clock 4 15 still no sign of a letter writing 4 30 quarter to 5 frank pulled into a loading zone near the corner and i went over to talk to him what do you think a lot i know she's an hour late now uh-huh no it must have been from a crane yeah i guess so well come on get in we better go back to the office now hey wait a minute joe but right there across the street oh yeah matches the description must be her well she's looking this way i'll check it she looked about 15 brown hair and a thin young face she was carrying an armful of school books she paused in the corner and watched me i walked up to her and told her i was a police officer she nodded and then walked out to the safety zone and climbed onto a waiting street car i followed her she walked to the back of the car and took a seat i sat down next to her i could see frank following us in our car we rode three blocks before she spoke i'm sorry i was late sorry i usually try to be on time maybe even a little early that's the way it should be don't you think what was it you wanted to talk about miss i got hung up at school couldn't get away when i thought i would yeah that's the reason i'm late well you said something in the note about an narcotics screen how much am i going to get involved in this what do you mean how deep am i going to get i don't want any trouble myself we're doing this to help somebody but i don't want to get mixed up in it myself maybe you better tell me what it's all about first huh we can decide the rest of it later that's the way it has to be well you called us remember yeah i guess so what's your name edna your last name that isn't going to help any you don't need it how old are you fifteen all right what about this dope ring i want to tell you about it a friend of mine is in pretty deep i think she's hooked bad i want to help her what's your friend's name you have to have that well we're not going to be able to do very much without it are we catherine i can't give you your last name i can't how old is she this dean all right now what makes you think she's using narcotics i just know that's all that's a pretty serious charge you must have some reason for saying it's got a reason i've got good reasons you think i'd go to the cops if i didn't have you think that what kind of narcotics do you think she's using heroin you know that for sure do you yeah i've seen her take a fix where where'd she take the fix i've seen her do it in her room at home place near school but louis apartment louis louis conklin he's got catherine hook he's the one i want to see you get how's he well i don't know i think i'm 20 21 what'd you meet him don't bow bow last summer catherine and he went down for a week we met them then louis and vince you know this benza's last name i think it's bill be al yes so now these two boys are they supplying catherine with a heroin yeah they got it for how'd you happen to meet them first day we were down at bow bowl we went down to the beach we saw them then we didn't talk to them right off not the first day uh the next day they came over to where we were then laid down on the beach they had a portable radio and they were playing it loud they were playing it real loud yeah well louis asked us if they had the radio on too loud and we said no then we got to talking all right go ahead we found out that they knew a lot of the kids that go to our school so we talked about them we talked and listened to the radio or either you're or catherine's parents with you no catherine's father's got a friend elizabeth bow all the time we were staying with her all right go ahead after we knew him a week one night they suggested that we go for a ride down the coast toward san diego now they'd never given us any trouble so catherine and me topped it over and decided to go they'd never gotten fresh or anything so we thought it'd be all right we drove down the beach and then we stopped boys had some beer in the car and we drank some of it just a little we didn't think it would hurt just a little all right i guess drank more than we thought because we both got a little drunk first time i ever got drunk all i wanted to do was go home and go to sleep that's all i wanted to do i didn't feel good i remember that i didn't feel good go ahead i got out of the car and i walked around for a while after i walked i felt better and i went back to the car catherine and the two boys were smoking i could smell it when i got in the car real sweet sick marijuana yeah mince asked me if i wanted some told him i didn't they all laughed again said i was just a little kid called me chicken so i did you smoked the marijuana did you yeah but not very much got sick again i threw the stick away that made vince sore because i hadn't smoked very much he got out of the car and found what was left of the cigarette and put it in a box he had then he got in the car and the three of them all drank some more of the beer and smoked the rest of the marijuana they were all laughing yelling catherine was smoking too yes she was having a great time laughing it up seems like everything that happened was just about the funniest thing she ever heard they were all laughing and telling me what a square i was finally i couldn't stand it anymore so i said if they wouldn't take me home i'd walk what they say to that told me to go ahead said i was a drag anyway and they'd be glad to get rid of me you left them yeah i tried to get catherine to go with me she said she was having too good a time she wasn't leaving she told me to go home and to expect her when she walked in yeah so i left the guy in the car and walked up the highway was going to catch her ride back to town pretty scared but i wanted to get back i didn't feel very good i waited for the car but the ones that went by wouldn't stop then vince and louis and catherine came by they told me to get into the car and we drove home i had to wait out in front with catherine until she sobered up said she was too drunk to go into the house what time did you get home well it's been three or three thirty you see vince and louis again well i didn't but catherine did every night we were there she went out with him i didn't want to have anything more to do with him she told me if i said anything to the people we were staying with she caused me a lot of trouble i like catherine she's my best friend i didn't want to see her get into any trouble but when we left that boy she quit seeing the father that's what i thought she stopped seeing them did she no and school started again she was still going with louis i'd see her around the school but she wouldn't have anything to do with me said i was at cube talking all the time about how she didn't know they grew corners like me anymore how'd you find out she was on her own one day i saw her take a pop she was at her house and i came over to talk to her she was pretty sick and she went into a room i went in after to see if i could help and i saw her taking a fix after that i didn't see much of her i guess she didn't want me around knowing she was hooked when was all this about two months ago i've seen her a couple of times since she looks real bad her parents know anything about the narcotic i don't know there's just her father i don't think he cares much if he does he's not doing anything about it but i'm just telling you all this so you'll get louis and vince they're the ones that started her they're seeing that she gets the age you know where we can find them yeah louis has a little apartment over in the west lake area you know the address no but i can show you where it is all right i just want to see you get them get them good mm-hmm she was my best friend now she won't have anything to do with me nothing now maybe we can straighten it out what do you want to do now well first we better get off this street car mm-hmm end of the line edna and i got off the street car and frank picked us up we stopped at a drug store and put in a call to the office requesting that a police woman be sent out to pick the girl into custody ten minutes later officer iran gardener arrived and the four of us drove over to the west lake area the young girl pointed out the building where she told us that vince bill and louis conklin lived she gave us a description of the two suspects and finally after miss gardener had talked to her she also gave us the full name of her friend catherine pilgrim we checked at the building and found that the two suspects occupied apartment 4g frank and i talked to the manager of the place but she told us that the pair weren't in and that she didn't know when they'd be back we returned to the car and told officer gardener to take edna to george street juvenile and holder until we could get there after that frank called the office and ran the names vincent bill and louis conklin through our and i they both had misdemeanor records in california and bill had served time in the county jail for possession of narcotics we called captain powers and told him what had happened and then we returned to the apartment and set up a surveillance at seven twenty five p.m. we heard someone coming down the hall everybody thinks it's all gonna be all right i know i'll make a call get you fixed up just calm down hold it right there police officers hey what are you doing in here you got no right to break in like this what's this all about i gotta go then i got all of that miss pelton how do you know who i am what are you gonna do don't say anything cat you don't tell them nothing turn around bill what for where you shove me around turn around i'll take them stand you won't find nothing cop i'm clean call him nothing where's conklin you gotta figure it's so good you tell me better watch that mouth kid it's gonna get you in the trouble you tell me all about it cop i got no problem what are you taking us in on what's the charge violation of narcotics act and contributing yeah you didn't find anything on me you didn't find anything in the pad you've been on a spike cop and you know it now why don't you run along and i'll forget all about you being all right let's go where you're taking downtown to jail in a little hall you're gonna call my father that's right well he won't tell you anything he won't tell you a word give your mouth shut why i got nothing to hide i'm not a hype yes my father let me see your arms deal huh your sleeves roll them up come on quick here when you get those marks you tell me let me see your arms miss pelton not gonna prove anything not a thing let me see him go ahead honey if you don't go along with him they bring out the rubber hose somebody messed with you a long time ago come on miss pilgrim let me see your arms all right here how about it job take a look fresh needle marks we called narcotics division and asked them to come out and go over the room in an attempt to find a trace of narcotics we put in a call to the office an iran gardener came out and took the pilgrim girl into custody the stakeout was set up on the apartment to apprehend the other suspect louis conklin frank and i took vince biel to the office and questioned him for over an hour but he failed to come up with his source of supply for the heroin it was turned over to officers from narcotics detail and booked in at the main jail and suspicion of violation of the state narcotics act a felony a call had been put into the father of kathen pilgrim and at 9 37 pm he arrived at the office friday and smith where are my name's friday what can i do for you i'm robert pilgrim i want my daughter she's downstairs right now a doctor's taken care of her what for well she's pretty sick mr pilgrim sick what's the matter you've gotten a right to give her any kind of medication without my approval we couldn't reach you how hard did you try we called your home and your place of business we got no answer our doctor thought it was best to give the girl something right away what's wrong with it what are you doing to it your daughter's a narcotic addict mr pilgrim that is a lie now you get her up here right now you hear me you get on that phone and have a brush this office right now i'm taking her home afraid we can't do that who are you to tell me what's gonna happen i pay your salary officer don't forget if you don't get on that phone and have my daughter brought up here right now i'll make some calls and you'll be pounding the beat out in the tulis i've got a lot of friends in this town then you've got a daughter who's hooked bad as she told you that no sir but all the tests point that way she's got needle marks all up and down her arm well you better get out and find a lawyer fast because i'm going to pull that tin badge right off here that's how you bet it is how do i get a line dial nine hello jack this is bob pilgrim i'm down at the police station yeah yeah cat he's here the cop says she's a hothead i want you to tell him here you talk to him yes sir who am i speaking with mm-hmm yes sir yes sir well we did find hypodermic marks all right sir we'll be checking with you now you'll get my daughter i'll ever set right up wanna come out the hall frank yeah who'd be called as a family doctor we might not have a case here what's the matter well the doctor says he's been treating the girl for the past six months yeah i've been giving her hypodermic injection with the doctor's statement there was nothing we could do but release the girl to her father pending further investigation the parents of the teenager who had written us the first letter came to the office and she was released to them at 11 40 pm that night we got word that the other suspect had returned to the apartment and had been taken into custody it was identified as lewis conk on age 23 and was taken to the main jail and booked on the same charges as vincent biel their apartment was gone over but no trace of narcotics was found the question both suspects again but they failed to cooperate with us frank and i checked out of the office and went home the following morning we drove out to see the doctor who had told me he was treating a pilgrim girl he said the girl was underweight and highly nervous and that he had been giving her vitamin injection he went on to say that he'd stopped treating her five months previous at her father's request and that he had not seen the girl since then february 11th 10 24 am we checked the car belonging to vincent biel in the trunk we found an expensive leather jacket that looked too expensive to be worn by a man who had the reputation of never holding a job we took the jacket over to the crime lab and had it checked from a cleaning tag we got the name of the cleaner who'd serviced the jacket we contacted him and he remembered the jacket it having been among several stolen from his store with this information we went back to the main jail and had the conchran boy brought from his cell he told us that the jacket belonged to vincent biel he was brought into the interview room this leather jacket belonged to you vincent no i never saw it before conchran says it's yours i don't know maybe it is what difference does it make take a look we want to know yeah yeah it's mine where'd you get it where do you think i bought it you know someplace you can get these without buying them yeah the same place you picked this one up what's that supposed to mean you know a man named ted hartman who ted hartman ted hartman never heard of him he knows you maybe he's got a better memory than me says he used to work for him is that right yeah you know how about it maybe i did i had a lot of jobs the cleaner says you work for him a couple of weeks last december that's a long time ago says this jacket was stolen from him but where do i fit he thinks he stole it he's crazy he sure enough to make a complaint he'll laugh him out of court conchran says it's yours i told you i bought it conchran wants no part of a burglary wrap what conchran tell you maybe we ought to get your side of it huh what he'd tell you i got a right to know look he's gonna make a beef like that i mean i got a right to know what he said he wants no part of it he lays it all on you he's no good i don't figure for a guy i could trust he did all right on the deal loot kept us both going what do you mean i thought he told you all about it well we want to hear it from you a lot of time stories get all mixed up now we want to get it right now we knocked the place but it was both of us lou was in on it all the way go ahead we'll be scratching for h we had a real bad we needed some way out i thought about the cleaning place i think we could score a good what we did all right took care of three of us for a long time you confident on the pilgrim girl better that's it what were you shooting me and lou kept it down the pilgrim kid she built up fast she was juicing five caps a day i should have listened to louie kept telling me to drop her lever alone well it wasn't anything between us it just for last and then all of a sudden she was hooked bad we had to do something we stole her jacket so we could keep her supplied five caps a day you know it's a lot of h i tried to break her down i tried to cut her habit i did what i could you can see that can't you i did everything i could how much was that five twenty three p.m frank and i along with police woman iron guard who drove out to the pilgrim residents they went up to the front porch and rang the bell yeah what do you want like to see your daughter you get out of here you get out of here right now i've had enough of this shoving around from you it's about time you learned your place it might be better if we came in anything you've got to say to me you can say here i don't want any cops in my house you want to get your daughter what for we're gonna have to take her down to juvenile hall you guys just don't give up do you you want me to call my doctor again we talked to him this afternoon and you know the story and i get out of here you want to get your daughter look i've got a gun inside if you're still here when i come back i'm gonna you listen to me mister you've been acting like a big man long enough you can play the part of the outrage apparent with your family but don't try it with us i'm not gonna have you talk to me like that not much you can do about it we got the boys been supplying your daughter with narcotics it's pretty clear that this home isn't the place for her she's a good girl we didn't say she wasn't and why don't you leave her alone you know better than that do you boys and good downtown i got a lot of friends you're gonna need them all right you want to make a case out of this i'll fight you in every court in the country before i let you take my daughter away from me now you just try it your daughter's a drug addict she's sick she's got to be straightened out she needs help who are you to set yourself up as the jury you got a fine girl in there she got all the breaks except somebody who thinks enough of her to stand by her there's anything she wants she doesn't have what about the things she needed you let her run all over the town by herself she gets in trouble and you won't take the time to care for her what about those two men who got her started what are you gonna do with them they're guilty but hadn't been for those two this never would have happened they'll be taken care of you lay the blame any place you want mister but if you're honest you'll keep it what's gonna happen to her should be given medical attention we'll do what we can i can afford to take care of her i've got the money i'll hire the best people i wanted to have the best yeah she's mine i'm her father i've got the right to take care of her yes that's right hmm why didn't you vincent norman bill and louis shellman conklin were tried and convicted of one count of burglary and additional charges of violation of the state narcotic act of felony and contributing to the delinquency of a minor they received sentences as prescribed by law burglary is punishable by imprisonment for a period of not less than five years in the state prison kathryn norine pilgrim had a hearing in juvenile court and was made a ward of that court you have just heard dragnet the authentic story of your police force in action and starring jack webb a presentation of the united states armed forces radio service


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session on dentistry and more today's topic is alveolar bone. So alveolar bone is one of the component of pyridontism. So pyridontism consists of two soft tissues and two hard tissues. So junjewa and pyridontal ligament are the soft tissues whereas the cement and alveolar bone are the hard tissues. So we finished junjewa, pyridontal ligament, cement and now we are moving on to alveolar bone. So I hope you understood all the three concepts, junjewa, cement and pyridontal ligament. So understanding pyridontium and its component requires a thorough knowledge of tooth formation and its stages. So bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, thorough knowledge would help you to understand all the other chapters and other concepts so easily. If you have a proper knowledge about the basic concepts, it will be very difficult for you to understand the further topics because all are interconnected because the tooth formation happens altogether in amyl dentine, pulp, root, pyridontal ligament, cement and junjewa. So all are forming as a unit. So you just cannot skip one unit and learn the other units. So you have to learn everything altogether. For that you need to have a very good knowledge about the beginning of tooth, bud, bell and cap stages and all the layers and the other components. So it will be very easy to understand all the remaining topics in oral cavity. So let's see the details of alveolar bone. So this session is about its composition, its classification and development. Alveolar bone is by definition part of the portion of maxillan mandible that forms and supports the tooth socket. So entire maxillan mandible we need to think about a portion which supports and forms the tooth socket, which supports the tooth roots or tooth so that a smaller part or comparatively smaller part of maxillan mandible that supports the root is alveolar bone. So it has a role in rapid remodeling like during the tooth eruption and functional demands. It continuously remodeled and it act as an attachment apparatus for cement and pyridontal membranes and alveolar bone. So it has got various functions, it provides attachment to the pyridontal ligament, it absorbs the occlusal pressure, it gives attachment to muscles, it provides framework for the marrow, it is a reservoir for ions especially calcium and it house the roots of tooth which is achieved by the insertion of sharpies fibers into alveolar bone proper. So there are various functions. Now we are seeing about the composition of alveolar bone. So alveolar bone is composed of inorganic and organic matter and two-third of total is inorganic matter and the remaining one-third is organic matter. So inorganic matter includes hydroxyapatite crystals and minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, carbonate, citrate, hydroxyl ions, magnesium, sodium, potassium, fluoride and very smaller quantity. Whereas inorganic matter it consists of both collagen and non-collagenous proteins. Percentage is non-collagenous protein such as osteocalcin, osteonectin, silo protein, phosphor protein and proteoglycans. So that is about composition of alveolar bone. And now we move on to the most critical part that is development. So alveolar process consists of bone which is formed both by cells from dental follicle that is alveolar bone proper and cells which are independent of tooth development that is brachial or mandibular arch because maxilla and mandible develops from first brachial arch or this is also known as mandibular arch. The maxilla forms within the maxillary process and mandible forms within the fused mandibular process of mandibular arch. And both jaw bones start as small centers of intramembraneous ossification around stromodium. So it is formed both by cells from the dental follicle, from dental follicle what forms alveolar bone proper and maxilla and mandible forms from the cells which is independent of tooth development that is first brachial or mandibular arch. Now let's see step by step process of alveolar bone formation. First what happens maxilla and mandible develops intramembranously and at 8 week of utero what happens alveolar process develops from the dental follicle during tooth eruption. So maxilla and mandible already is forming intramembranously and around 8 week in utero what happens the alveolar process develops from dental follicle. This is intramembranous development and dental follicle give rise to alveolar process that happens during the tooth eruption. So next in well stage the developing bone becomes closely related and the size of alveolar is dependent on the size of the growing tooth germ. So it is always closely related the size of tooth germ and the alveolar bone. When alveolar bone it develops in a resorption deposition fashion it resorps at the inner wall and it gets deposited on the outer wall so it grows. So these developing teeth which lie in a trough of bone which is known as tooth crypt. So after that what happens these teeth which separated from each other by the development of interdental septa. So interdental septa forms and these teeth are separated and then with the onset of root formation the interradicular bone develops in multi-rotor teeth. So we have seen interdental septum then there will be interradicular bone formation as root formation happens between the two roots of multi-rotor teeth. Whereas in case of deciduous teeth when a deciduous tooth shed its alveolar bone is automatically resorbs. So after that the alveolar process gradually getting incorporated into maxilla or mandibular body. Though it has separate origin finally it will be a one single bone. So permanent tooth moves into place developing its own alveolar bone from its own follicle. So the dental follicle give rise to pedodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. So that's about development. So maxilla mandible forms through intramembraneous ossification in 8th week of utero alveolar process develops from dental follicle and it becomes closely related in bell stage. So it depends on the tooth size and resorption happens in a wall deposition on outer wall and it grows and these tooth lie in a trough of bone which is known as tooth crypt and these tooth separated by interdental septum and interradicular bone which separates the different roots of multi-rotor tooth and the deciduous tooth alveolar bone automatically resorbs and it slowly getting incorporated into the body of maxilla and mandible and will be a single bone. Now let's move on to the classification. We have many classification in alveolar bone. The one is based on the functional adaptation. So according to functional adaptation it can be classified as alveolar bone proper and supporting alveolar bone. So alveolar bone proper is just adjacent to the tooth root and the remaining part is supporting alveolar bone. And another classification is based on the histological characteristics. It can be divided into mature and immature bone. Mature again into compact bone and cancellous bone. Immature is woven bone. This is very important. Histological classification mature and immature. Mature into compact and cancellous bone and immature into woven bone. Compact means it is very densely compacted. Cancelous is not very densely compacted. Woven is a immature bone. And ultimately we can classify it is based on the gross morphology. So gross morphology we have basically only two types. One is basal bone and alveolar process. So alveolar process again it will be classified as alveolar bone proper, inner and outer cortical plates, trabecular bone, interdental septum and interradicular septum. So alveolar bone proper, inner and outer cortical plates, trabecular bone, interdental septum and interradicular septum. The alveolar bone proper which is again divided into bundle bone and lamellar bone. This is based on the gross morphology. This is based on the histology. This is functional adaptation. So let's see one by one. So first one is alveolar bone proper. So alveolar bone proper is a thin layer of compact bone. So before that we need to study what is compact bone and what is cancelous bone. And this is a alveolar bone. This part up to the root tip arbitrarily we can say that it is alveolar process and the remaining bone is a basal bone. So up to the root tip. There is an arbitrary point alveolar process and basal bone. So when we take a longitudinal section we get two layers of bone. The outer compact bone which is in pink color and the inner cancelous or spongy bone. Now we will start with alveolar bone proper. So alveolar bone proper is a thin layer of compact bone. So this is a compact bone the pink shaded and this black inner covering of the compact bone is known as alveolar bone proper. So it is continuous with the cortical plates and it forms the tooth socket. So it forms the tooth socket. So it is continuous with cortical plates and it forms the tooth socket. So it will be like this. So that is alveolar bone proper. It surrounds the root of the teeth and gives attachment to the principal fibres of periodontal ligament. So there will be principal fibres of periodontal ligament attached to the inner layer of cortical bone. So it is vascular canals and it is a double fibreler orientation. So this is very important in radiography because grippiform plate is anatomical landmark and lamina dura which we seen in radiograph which is covering the root is a radiographical term and we also call it as bundle bone. So bundle bone is a part of alveolar bone proper and it has lamellar portion also. So it is known as grippiform plate, lamina dura, bundle bone and alveolar bone proper. Lamina dura is a radiographic term, grippiform plate is anatomical term and bundle bone is a morphological and alveolar bone also morphological term. So it is around the teeth actually. Now we have inner and outer cortical plates. So alveolar process is continuous with the basal bone of maxilla and mandible. So this is the basal bone. So alveolar process is continuous with the basal bone. So arbitrarily as I mentioned the root tip keeps the alveolar process away from basal bone but it is a continuous we can keep an arbitrary point and we can divide the entire one into alveolar process and basal bone and alveolar bone proper is known as bundle bone as numerous bundles of sharpies fibers pass into it from the periodontal ligament okay. So that is why it is known as bundle bone lamina dura is because of its appearance it is a radio opaque area and grippiform plate because it has numerous sieve like appearance the vascular channels. So the alveolar bone proper has bundle bone lamina dura and grippiform plate synonyms. So it appears as a radio opaque or white line radiograph which breaks in continuity and if it is break in continuity of lamina dura at proximal aspect of crust of inter dental septum this is a inter dental septum and at the crust of inter dental septum if the breakages of lamina dura is visible then it is considered as the earliest radiographic change in periodontitis. So if the inter dental septum if the covering that is a lamina dura is not continuous then we can say that that part of bone is associated with some of the inflammatory process and which is indicating of periodontal disease at the earlier stage. Now we will see the cancerless bone okay. Cancerless bone is also known as spongy bone which is anatomic nerve, trabecular bone which is a radiographic nerve and cancerless bone is a historical name okay. So spongy bone cancerless bone and trabecular bone are same, grippiform plate lamina dura bundle bone and alveolar bone are same. So spongy bone or cancerless bone or trabecular bone which is a presence of trabeculae and closing irregular marrow spaces lined with a layer of thin flattened endosteal cells. This metric consists of irregularly arranged lamellae separated by incremental and resorption lines. So this is a lamellar part okay so the alveolar bone proper has bundle bone and lamellar bone. So matrix consists of irregular arranged lamellae and it is got basically two types type one and type two type one the interdental and inter-radicular trabeculae are regular and horizontal in a ladder like arrangement whereas a type two shows irregular arranged delicate interdental and inter-radicular pattern. So inter-dental septa or inter-dental bone is between the roots of two teeth whereas inter-radicular is between the roots of multi-rooted teeth okay this is inter-dental between the teeth this is inter-radicular between the roots. So the cortical bone and spongy bone so this is the cortical bone which is comeback bone and the spongy bone inside okay. So cortical bone is another name of comeback bone. So cortical bone is around see 85 percentage the spongy bone is 15 percentage cortical bone is having less turnover than spongy this is having high turnover and remodeling is around 3 percentage in cortical or compact bone and this is remodeled at 25 percentage and spongy bone is mainly of metabolic function this is of mechanical and protective role. So the layer of compact bone or cortical plate as known as alveolar bone okay and then said this is spongy bone this is alveolar process and this part is basal bone. Now we have inter-dental septum inter-dental septum is a bony partition that separates the adjacent alveoli. Coronally septa is thin and consists of only fused inner cortical plates. Coronally it will be thin and meso-distal angulation of meso-distal angulation of inter-dental septum is parallel to the line drawn between CEJ and approximating teeth and if inter-dental septum is narrow the septum may consist only cribriform plate. If the roots are too close together an irregular window can appear in the bone between the adjacent tooth. So it is a alveolar bone which is present between the teeth that is inter-dental septum and the shape of inter-dental bone is a function of tooth form and embrasure width the more taper the tooth the more pyramidal in the bony form the wider the embrasure more flattened the inter-dental bone will be. Alveolar crest is a tip of inter-dental bone where the inner and outer cortical plate meets the margin will be thin and knife edged in vestibular surfaces of anterior and rounded posterior teeth most prominent border of inter-dental septum. Okay so this is a crest of alveolar outer and outer and inner cortical plates this is a crest of inter-dental septum in one way. Inter-radicular septum is a bone between the roots of multi-rooted teeth. So basal bone, basal bone it is a OSHA's tissue of the mandible and maxilla except the alveolar process. Okay so alveolar process is up to the root and it is a OSHA's tissue that mandible and maxilla without alveolar process. So part of mandible and maxilla without alveolar process is basal bone. So this is a alveolar bone this is a basal bone. Okay and anatomically we cannot say that there is a distinct boundary that exists between maxilla mandible alveolar process and basal bone. This is just an arbitrary line. So we have covered our classification and the formation of bone the process of alveolar bone formation and classification in detail and about composition. Now the second part of alveolar bone will be covering the histology that is various cells and matrix components. So I'll come up with the second part the cells of alveolar bone basically the histology. So alveolar bone part 2. In this session we will be dealing about cells and matrix component of alveolar bone. So we have basically two types of cell that is osteogenic and osteoplastic. Osteogenic as the name suggests it is creating cells and osteoclastic it is destroying cells. Osteogenic cells are osteoblasts, osteocyte, bone lining cells and bone progenitor cells whereas the osteoclastic basically just the osteoclasts and in matrix component we have inorganic and organic. In inorganic we have calcium hydroxyapatite crystals. In organic we have collagen matrix and non-collagenous proteins. In non-collagenous proteins we have osteocalcin, osteopontin and bone silo protein, osteonectin, proteoglycans, etc. So the commonly asked questions are osteoclast, osteoblast. So we'll start with osteoblast. So during embryonic development the intram-embrane is born of the maxilla and mandible. Initially forms from osteoblast arising from condensing mesenchym in the facial region. So it is the most active secretory cells in bone. So it has basophilic cuboidal elongated cells which is rich in synthetic and secretory organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, granules, microtubules and it produces basically typhon collagen and non-cancelous bone proteins like silo protein, osteopontin, osteonectin and also growth factors also it will produce which express and release alkaline phosphatase. So alkaline phosphatase is very much important in bone formation. Alkaline phosphatase. So alkaline phosphatase activity has been recognized as a reliable indicator of osteoblast function. And osteocytes. So I'll just give you a cycle of formation. This is osteoprogenyta cell which is a very primitive one. Then osteoblast, later osteocyte and finally osteoclast. So these three are osteogenic cell but this is osteoclastic cell. So osteocyte is nothing but cells which is entrapped like osteoblast which is entrapped within bone are known as osteocytes. So the entrapped osteoblast. So osteoblast we learned. So the entrapped osteoblast is known as osteocyte. So if this osteoblast is entrapped within bone that is osteocyte which will be having canalicule and they occupy in spaces known as lacunae in bone and defined as cells surrounded by bone matrix. Now we have bone lining cells, bone lining cells. When bone surface are neither in the formative nor in the resorptive phase the surface is completely lined by a layer of flattened cell which is known as bone lining cell which is regarded as post proliferative osteoblast. So these bone lining cells are present when osteoblast and osteoclast activities are not there on the bone surface. Now the osteoprogenyta these are actually cells which produces osteoblast. So they are fibroblasts like cells with an elongated nucleus and few organelles. Whereas osteoclast we have learned this in detail about osteoclast in our previous sessions. So osteoclast originate from hematopoietic tissue fusion of mono-nucleus cells to form a multi-nucleated giant cell. This is a multi-nucleated giant cell. I have told you about this is a ruffled border and there will be a clear zone. So it is very large. It can have 5 to 50 nuclei which is active on less than 1 percentage of bone surface. It lie in house ships lacunae, acedophilic cytoplasm and there will be ruffled border. Okay so there will be ruffled border phasing the bone because hydrolytic enzymes are secreted and it has increased surface area. So wherever this resorption happens the border will be in this shape ruffled border and multi-nucleated giant cell will be there and there will be a clear zone apart from it. So that is osteoclast. Osteoclast is a commonly as short note. Osteoclast and osteoblast can be osteocyte and osteoprogenyta cell also can be a short note. So osteoclast at the periphery of ruffled border the plasma membrane is smooth and closely opposed to bone surface and the adjacent cytoplasm is devoid of cell organelles which is rich in actin and talin proteins associated with cell adhesion. This region is known as clear zone. Okay so this is a ruffled border and this is a clear zone. So clear zone is a adjacent cytoplasm which is not having any cell organelles. So this clear zone creates an isolated micro environment in which resorption can take place. So clear zone is also important. So severe osteoclast excavating a large area of bone which is the leading edge of resorption is termed as cutting con okay and released cytokines stimulates stem cells to differentiate into osteoblast. So these osteoblasts secrete osteoid which is known as filling con. So cutting con and filling con are the cutting con wherever this resorption happens is cutting con and when the deposition happens that is filling con. So always bone formation is a continuous process resorption and deposition will occur in a bone that's how it is remodeled throughout the life. So cutting con is a osteoclastic activity creating a edge is resolved and the other side when cytokines are released and there will be osteoid deposition which is known as filling con. So cutting con and filling con cutting con filling con. So cutting con there will be osteoclast activity and filling con there will be osteoblast activity. So that's about osteoclast and osteoblast. So two more things we need to learn is reversal line and resting line. So these are important what is reversal line and what is resting line. So this all can be asked as short note. So reversal line or also known as cementing line. So reversal line or cementing line which is a site of change from bone resorption to bone deposition is represented by a scalloped outline which is rich in silo protein and osteopontin. So reversal line you can say it is corresponding with filling con where the osteoblast deposit the new bone osteoid. So this is known as reversal line or cementing line that is the site of change from bone resorption to bone deposition. So before it was bone resorbed area so new bones will be added. So bone resorbed area will be like this ruffled border. So when there is bone deposition it will be shallow instead of ruffled border. So that is known as reversal line or cementing line. So the change of bone resorption to bone deposition. Now what is resting line resting line is rhythmic deposition of bone with periods of relative inactivity seen as parallel vertical lines. So there will be parallel vertical lines in bones when we take ground section of bone we can see parallel vertical lines. So there will be rhythmic deposition of bone it will be added layer by layer but in between there will be a relative inactive phase which is seen as vertical parallel line that is known as resting line and reversal line is when deposition and resorption deposition happens the previously resorbed area gives a scalloped area which is known as reversal or cementing line. So we have few age changes in bone just like any heart tissue we have seen that in a symptom the age changes and also we have seen in PDL also. So any tissue any living tissue will go through the age changes. So in bones it is similar to like what is occurring in skeletal system there will be osteoporosis with aging there will be decreased vascularity reduction and metabolic rate and healing capacity. So bone resorption may be increased and more irregular periodontal surface will be seen and few variations in normal bone are fenestration, dysense, exostosis, buttressing, bone formation or it is also known as slipping. So fenestration and dysense are removal of bone that is facial surface more involved fenestration is isolated loss of bone and dysense is a complete loss of facial bone. So it is anterior tooth or more involved and frequently bilateral sometimes due to malposition and root prominence or labelled protrusion. So etiology could be excessive occlusion force so this fenestration and dysense could be a sharp note. So next thing is exostosis. Exostosis are outgrowth of bone of varied size and shape they can occur as small nodules large nodules maybe sharp ridge or spike leg projection or any combination of the above that is nodule small or large ridges or spike leg projections and buttressing bone formation or liping is nothing but sometimes what happens is bone formation occurs in an attempt to buttress bony trabeculae which is weakened by resorption okay. So when it occurs within the jaw which is termed as central buttressing bone formation and when it is on the external surface which is known as peripheral buttressing bone formation. So this peripheral buttressing bone formation will cause bulging of the bone contour which is known as liping okay. So that is attempt to buttress a bony trabeculae which is weakened by resorption. So that is bone buttressing so that is all about normal variations and we have bone deformities horizontal and vertical.  So we are not going much into those things so idea was to give a proper introduction about alveolar bone the types of alveolar bone its formation its composition and little bit about its variation bone deformities and age changes. So we finished our pyridontism that is djinncheva pyridontal ligament or the soft tissues and cementum and alveolar bone are the heart tissues. So pyridontism is nothing but which supports and surrounds the tooth. So djinncheva pyridontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone are supporting structures of tooth. So we have many more topics coming up we have to finish enamel, dentine and pulp. So I will come up with these topics in my next sessions thank you.


And we are live in 321 morning and welcome to this public meeting of the consumer product safety commission. Today, we are considering a staff draft final rule to improve the safety of clothing storage units. This is an important role and a major moment in the commission's efforts to establish safety requirements to prevent clothing storage unit to voters. Many people here in CPSC and outside the agency were tirelessly to get us to this point and I appreciate all their work. We're going to start with any questions for the staff. If there are any, we have several staff members present the event. There are questions with ours with us are Kristen Talcott project manager division of human factors directorate of engineering sciences. Meredith Kelsch turning the regulatory affairs division general counsel's office also in attendance. Our Alex must go so associate executive director director for economic analysis. Dwayne Boniface, assistant executive director, Jason Levine, executive director, Austin Schlich, general counsel and Alberta Mills. Commission secretary each commissioner will have up to 5 minutes for questions comments and after questions are complete. We'll consider any amendments. Once again, I remind everyone that while it's perfectly permissible to voice our personal issues, personal opinions on legal issues. It is not appropriate to discuss any legal advice given to us by the general counsel's office outside of executive session. The legal advice we receive must remain confidential that we're going to turn to the questions for staff. I don't have any at this. I don't have any commissioner Felman. Do you have questions? Thank you, Mr chairman. I do not have any questions at this time. Commissioner Trump, thank you, Mr. Chair. I have none and commissioner Boyle and thank you. I have none either. Hearing no questions, staff is excused and we will begin consideration of the package that's before us. Now, I'm going to entertain any amendments to the draft post rule that is before us. Go in order. Commissioner Felman, you have an amendment. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I do have an amendment and would ask that we call up. C O P F 1 for consideration is there a second is amendment. I second the amendment having heard a second will now move to consideration of this amendment. Other commissioners will ask any questions or. Make any comments, respect this amendment provide an opportunity to. Commissioner Felman to close if you want to start by giving us 3 minutes on an explanation on the amendment. I appreciate it. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. So today we are proposing major changes to the final rule beyond what was initially. Released for public comment and in issued notice on and given the significance of the changes and what I believe is the almost certain likelihood that this rule is going to be challenged in court. I would urge my colleagues to adopt my amendment, which in my view would help mitigate some of these risks. I want to make it clear I've supported and continue to support action to improve safety, whether it's commission action on a final rule, or whether it's action in response to congressional direction in. 2019, for example, I supported expediting this rule making to move forward with the NPR when other commissioners would have continued down the path of an action. And my amendment to proceed with the NPR was adopted in the F by 2020 performance budget and later became part of that year's operating plan. An absent that direction, I believe it's possible that CPSC would still be studying this matter with no resolution in sight. However, as I said at the time, it was my hope that stakeholders, including families of victims and furniture manufacturers and others would work together to find a consensus solution. And now I'm pleased to see that we have multiple paths forward available to us to solve this problem so that no other families are going to face the horrific loss that accompanies this particular. risk. And it appears based on the conversations that I've had with the families and with Congress that the study act may in fact be that consensus solution. It's already received unanimous support in the United States Senate. And if consensus legislations at hand, we're going to be in a stronger position moving forward under that authority given the work that all involved with put to put options on the table. I'm concerned that that we not move forward without first addressing what I believe are the obvious legal vulnerabilities that would subject this rulemaking to reversal or delay in implementation. If it were to get challenged in court. I think that issuing a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking as my Max would serve a dual purpose improving the legal foundations of our final rule and giving us time to see what happens in Congress with study. I've heard from stakeholders on all sides of the issue that for the 1st time in a long time, there's consensus around the version of study that passed the US Senate again unanimously. So, Mr. Chairman, I'd like to ask unanimous consent also to enter into the record a letter that I received signed by parents against tip overs and kids in danger. The home furnishing alliance consumer reports. The American Academy of Pediatrics and others encouraging the immediate passage of the study. But also offering some mixed reviews about the effectiveness of our proposal. Can you share the letter? Because I don't think we. I will send her on the copy of it for the record. But I've also heard directly from victims, families supported the study act because they believe that a federal law. Enacted by Congress and signed by the president would be stronger than the agency's rulemaking by itself. And of course, that's true, especially given what we now know about final agency action in this that we're debating today that does contain some obvious and known vulnerabilities. So, while this issue has been going on for far too long, I think that taking a small amount of time now to improve the rules final rules legal foundation is going to be worth it. So, thank you, Mr. Chairman. I would I would ask for your and the rest of my colleagues support on this amendment. Thank you, commissioner at this point in time, we're going to turn to questions or comments from the commissioners and I recognize myself. For 5 minutes and Commissioner Feldman, I appreciate your concern and your desire to probably get a strong rule this rule has been under development for 5 years. And CBC staff has put forward a robust mandatory safety standard that they project will save lives. You know, the differences between the final rule and the MPR proposal and relatively minor grow out of the notice and comment process seeking further notice this time. I believe it's necessary and would end up delaying implementation of the mandatory standard that's really designed to prevent furniture tip over injuries and deaths. And given that, I really think we need to move forward quickly. And so I personally can't support the amendment very next Commissioner Trump. I don't know if you have questions or comments. I do. Thank you, Mr. Chair, and thank you, Commissioner Feldman. It's always great to think ahead to how rules might be challenged and I often find myself doing that exact same thing. Fortunately, this is not a rule to which I can envision any credible challenge and the rules been meticulously put forward. It's well reasoned, well researched and well supported. It is the solution to match the problem. So, in this instance, I don't share your concerns in your proposed amendment. You pointed out 4 items that are different in the final rule than in the NPR. Not only are each of those 4 items logical outgrowth of the NPR and each are minor, but we're actually talking about areas where we've scaled back items in response to industry comments to accommodate them. We solicited comments on these items. We received comments on these items and we didn't make them more onerous. We granted accommodations based on those comments. We gave industry a carve out for lightweight dressers because they don't pose the same risk. That was a huge burden reduction because lightweight dressers account for 10% of the market. Industry complained about ambiguity in our testing procedures. So we eliminated all ambiguity and in our testing procedures and we switched the way that we simulate carpet from a tilted platform to a block as industry requested. And your amendment doesn't address the most significant departure that our final rule makes from the NPR, which is the drastic expansion of our effective date from the NPR that we had 30 days to 180 days, which is what we adopt here. That's the last thing I wanted to do is delay the benefits of this rule. But we did and we did that because we considered the industry comments and gave them some credits. And so the result is that industry is left with zero legitimate complaints. We've given accommodations everywhere. They said they needed them and we did that without compromising safety. So I can't picture us being on any more solid footing than we are. And for those reasons, I'm a no on the amendment, but I appreciate your thinking on it. Thank you, Commissioner Boyle. Thank you, Mr. Chair. And I also want to thank Commissioner Feldman for his amendment and complete agreement that a strong and legally supportable rule is essential here. But I believe that's what we have before us. I believe the comments that staff reviewed and responded to were thoughtful and put us on good legal footing. I do think what we have before us is a logical outgrowth of what we put it put forward in the NPR. And so I, along with the, I want to support my colleagues, Commissioner Feldman, Commissioner Trump, and chair home, Sarah saying that I support your thought on this. I agree that a legally supportable rule is what we all need. That's what we have before us and will not be able to support this amendment. Thank you. Thank you, Commissioner Feldman. Did you have any other things that you wanted to add? No, not at this time. I would go ahead and request the yes and nays. Hearing no further questions or comments, thank my fellow commissioners for their engagement on this amendment and move to vote on it. Commissioner Feldman. Yes. Commissioner Trump, I vote no. Commissioner Boyle, I vote no and I vote no as well. So the yeses are 1, the no nays are 3. The amendment is not adopted. Commissioner Feldman, did you have other amendments? Not at this time. No. Commissioner Trump, did you have amendments? I do not. Commissioner Boyle, do you have amendments? I do not have any amendments. Hearing no amendments, no more amendments. Move to approve the staff's final draft final rule and to direct publication. The same in the final register. Is there a second? Thank you. Thank you. We have a second can move to the vote. Commissioner Feldman, how do you vote? I vote now. Mr. Trump, enthusiastically, I vote yes. Commissioner Boyle, I vote yes and I vote yes as well. The yeses are 3, the noes are 1, the motion to approve staff's draft final rule for clothing store units passes the draft final rule has been approved and shall be published in the federal register. So, at this point in time, we have up to 10 minutes per commissioner for any closing remarks and I'm going to recognize myself for 10 minutes, 1st, 10 minutes. Over the last 20 years, nearly 200 children have been killed and many others injured from dressers fell on top of them. These tragedies have gone on far too long and the CPSC has been working to address this hazard. By warning commissioners about the warning consumers about the dangers from tip overs, encouraging the furniture be anchored to the wall, recalling unstable clothing storage units and over the past 5 years developing this mandatory safety standard. On a personal note, I started working on the issue of furniture tip overs about 15 years ago as a staffer on the senate commerce committee, and despite the work and dedication of parents who lost their children, changes come far too slowly. That's why I'm particularly pleased to be a member of this commission is taking a huge step forward today towards making furniture safer. So, the rule making could not have been done without the tremendous work of a team CPSC staff who put together the over 600 page package that provides the basis for this rule. And I would like to take the opportunity to thank the individuals who worked on this rule. Bear with me for a month. Those individuals are Kristen telcott. Meredith Kelsh. Adam Suki. Suwa Adwana Nakamura. Rana Balchicinna. Daniel Taxair. Benjamin Mordecai. Adam Howie. Jose Heda. Charles Smith. Susan Prosper. Amelia Herston. Frederick Millette. Hope Nesteroek. Brian Baker. David Miller. Tammy Massey. Michael Nelson. Caroline Paul. Mark Kumagai. Alex Moscozo. Dan Bice. Robert Franklin. Maxwell Sandborn. Zachary Goldstein. Lawrence Mella. Andrew Newens. Susan Boley. Gina Collins. And I apologize if I missed someone, but I did want to highlight the individuals who actually do the work that form the basis of the commission's actions. Nothing would be done without them and they deserve recognition and our thanks. I'd also like to take a moment to express my deep appreciation for the dedication and efforts of the members of parents against TIPO members who have drawn from their personal tragedies and made an admission to ensure that others not suffer the same loss and pain. And there are also so many others in the consumer product safety community. Like advocates and members of Congress who have worked tirelessly to push for a solution to this hazard problem. Our efforts today are just the beginning. We'll vigorously enforce this rule and continue our efforts to remind the public to anchor furniture they currently have in their homes. With that, I turn to my fellow colleagues for Eddie's David, they have. So, commissioner Feldman, do you have a statement? Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I want to echo your comments and thanking staff for the work that they put into this. I'm concerned that that what we're doing today is sacrificing a strong legal foundation for the sake of expediency. We've done too much work on this rule and invested too many resources to push through a final role that has known vulnerabilities. A rule that is stayed or overturned offers 0 consumer protections for over a decade. When I got to CPSC, the agency had been dithering on this rule making without pursuing any meaningful action to protect children from CSU tip overs. And only when I offered an amendment to get the ball rolling on a mandatory standard, did we see any movement from CPSC on this matter? Even then, when the commission had begun testing in earnest in support of an NPR, the agency shut down its laboratory and mothballed its work for delaying progress on this for almost a year. So, now we're rushing to finalize a rule that has obvious vulnerabilities and that's going to get challenged and quite possibly stayed or overturned. We could and should have worked to fix these problems and to do so now, especially when there's a stronger consensus path on the horizon in the form of sturdy, I do have concerns and we'll see where this goes. But I appreciate staff's work on getting this far. It is my hope that eventually we do get to a point where there is a strong rule in place that's durable and is able to succeed challenges. We will see how this plays out. Thank you, commissioner, commissioner Trump. Do you have a statement? Thank you families across the country have tragically lost children because of unsafe dressers tipping over. We know some of the parents who transformed their pain into energy and effort to prevent others from suffering their fate. And I'd specifically like to thank Janet McGee, Kim, a motto Lisa see for Megan DeLong and Brett Warren on behalf of the nation of grateful parents. Thank you. You fulfilled your mission and you've helped CPSC to fulfill ours today. We passed the strongest possible rule to prevent tip overs. Lives will be saved families will be spared from tragedy and I hope that it brings you some piece to know that you help get us to this solution. And as we reflect on this victory for safety, one lingering thought remains fixing this preventable problem should never have been this hard. The furniture industry knew about this problem for decades. And though the industry had the opportunity to eliminate the problem through its voluntary standards process, it refused to do that for decades. And even now, industry fights tooth and nail against this rule. So we have to ask ourselves why and the answer is as little as $6 or $17. That's it. I mean, that's the added cost of making a dresser that won't tip over. Somewhere in corporate boardrooms, people decided that children's lives weren't worth the extra few dollars that it was going to take. And they'd prefer to sell unsafe dressers and keep making that money. They let greed triumph over responsible decision making. The industry has made it abundantly clear that they will not do the right thing until they are forced to do the right thing. And today, we're finally forcing them to do that. This is a textbook example of a problem that will only be fixed by regulation. Today, we delivered that fix and I thank you to everyone who got us here. Thank you, commissioner to Mr. Boyle. Did you have a statement? Yes, thank you, Mr. Chair. First, I too want to thank all of the staff who worked tirelessly to bring this package to commission for their commitment over many years to protecting unsuspecting, all the consumers from the tip over hazards created by unstable dressers and other clothing storage units. This is a strong rule. This is an important rule. This rule will save lives. Nearly 200 devastating deaths and countless injuries have occurred unstable dressers and other clothing storage units have fallen on young children and others. The impact this role will have on two distinct vulnerable populations is hard to overstate. Not only does it protect others and young children who are particularly at risk from a severe injuries and death caused by tip overs. It protects seniors who the data show also suffers significant injuries and death as a result of unstable CSUs. Saction is no doubt long overdue. The rule represents the culmination of over a decade of advocacy enforcement and consumer education by the agency. Consumers do not and naturally would not anticipate the potential for tip overs from these everyday items. The very ordinariness of CSUs familiar products that consumers do not expect to be dangerous and continued threat that they pose is what demanded this action today. Although I recognize the importance of working with voluntary standards bodies, we must impose mandatory requirements when those efforts are inadequate, not effective or timely.  It's time for furniture manufacturers, along with standards, making bodies to embrace the meaningful action required to make these clothing storage units safer. The final rule goes further than existing voluntary standards and accounts for real world scenarios. What is more, CPSC staff carefully reviewed public comments and made revisions to the notice of proposed rulemaking to account for industry and consumer concerns. These changes should provide an additional clarity moving forward, making it easier for manufacturers to expeditiously come into compliance. What we do at CPSC makes a difference because of our regulatory authority makes a difference today. We are making a difference in the lives of our most vulnerable consumers. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Thank you commissioner and thanks again to all the staff for the hard work and for the efforts of all my fellow commissioners. With that, this concludes today's decisional meeting of consumer product safety commission.


There are potential problems with the crypto exchange Huobi and there's been talk about how it is insolvent. There's been a run on the bank as it were, but that's not really concerning to me. What's concerning to me is what people have done and are doing right now. I think Huobi's stablecoin reserves down 30%. Med reports of executive arrests, data from nanson.io. AI shows that users have withdrawn 44, almost 45 million stablecoins during the last week. Several execs were arrested in China over the weekend. Financial media in Hong Kong reported that several execs have been taken away by the police. Earlier, Kuala Lumpur of Wu Blockchain posted that a large number of senior execs of offshore crypto exchanges have been detained and investigated by the Chinese police without adding specifics.