Bristol farms poke bro, dude. It's highly regarded for a reason man. Oh my gosh. Look at that huge sign Do you see that? I did not know Bristol farms had the Washington Monument size We are about to spend anywhere from a hundred to two hundred dollars at Bristol farms right now I don't know why we're hyping this up right now But we are because we've never been here before and I heard that it competes with Whole Foods When we were going to Bristol farms you dressed like this on purpose. Yeah, you wanted to dress like a Bristol farms person This is the same feeling that white people get in Chinatown That tourist energy one of the Bristol farms Is that all we're getting? Okay Someone told me that Bristol farms is a mixture between Whole Foods Trader Joe's Herids, okay, so we are here at the hot bar. They have an array of vegetables here They do have some Asian inspired dishes such as orange chicken. I think we got to try everything Oh my gosh, you know I actually love corn here. Oh, let me get a separate thing for the sliced turkey That turkey looks juicy. I gotta be honest. I'm pretty excited ribs, baby back I'd say the people at Bristol farms the workers are pretty nice Really, yeah, you'll cook a steak for us like right now Guys, you thought we spent more than we did a Whole Foods. I thought we were going to now It's pretty much about the same amount 180 almost 200 Service was amazing at Bristol farms guys. We just got back. You'll make supermarkets great again We got the layout here. We are going to dive into this food. Aren't you guys today? We are reviewing Bristol farms Bristol farms closest comparison is Whole Foods Yes, and when you talk to people at Bristol farms about Whole Foods, they have some opinions Oh dope. There's a rival which one do you like better Bristol farms or Whole Foods? Hi, I like Bristol farms better Smaller, closer and really intimate experience David first off it was 945 949 at the hot bar at Bristol farms Comparing this to Whole Foods, which is 999 I think the first thing that I'm looking at is the corned beef, you know Very European Irish potato family potatoes, baby carrots, and the chicken masala chicken marsala from the Bristol farms hot bar That's not bad. Oh my gosh It's going to this corned beef. I'm really excited about this one Not bad, it's really tender. Yeah, I'm picking out corned beef or the chicken right now potatoes and carrots Pretty hearty. I got to give them a salad 2.5 and I got to give the corned beef a 3 out of 5 I'm giving the corned beef a 3.5 out of 5 because it wasn't dry juicy corned beef 3.5 I'm rolling with it mac and cheese. I think that this should be really good hot bar mac and cheese I can tell they take the cheese seriously. Yeah, that's sharp. Did you know they had a cheese expert there? Really? You know why I know? Because I talked to her and she helped me procure this truffle Gouda raw milk. Run that back. What'd you say? She helped me procure David I believe that she helped she assisted you in procuring David put on the wolf Freakin pee coat just go to Bristol Farms man. You were catering. See I couldn't do that how to stay true We got to have this truffle Gouda Whoa, that's really good. I've never had cheese like this before.  I'm excited. I have very high expectations for this mac and cheese I Do not want to say I love it that having this one ma'am I got to give this a four out of five girl vegetables pretty good.  I don't know about this bok choy You know at the end of the day you like what you like, you know, sometimes a lot of people Associate certain tastes with higher classness. I'm like listen even rich people. They still like McDonald's I give the mac and cheese four out of five. I give the orange chicken Three out of five. It was okay. Everything else now. I'm rolling around a two two point five I disagree with you. I thought the steamed and roast vegetables four out of five. I thought the mac and cheese I'm not gonna lie. I don't know how about I don't know about the taste power for it It's better than the whole foods for sure. What'd you think of the fried rice? whack whack Yeah, the fried rice in the bok choy get like a two out of five. We are cruising through the hot food guys I'm pretty excited. We got some different items here. A man's over here is doing his job I appreciate that but I wish he wasn't right now. I'm trying to review Bristol farms over here Yo, the baby pack rib from Bristol farms. Look at this. I think the eatability is really high flavor-wise It started off strong for me I got a little bit of that like kind of baked part with the barbecue sauce Lots of flavor, but then it really fell off. You know why I'm giving this a four out of five Oh, this tastes the most like the ribs that mom makes say it's not true They do taste homemade mom made ribs that often ribs were quite good No, the selection is small selection is small, but the taste is big Bristol farms This is the marinated chicken leg. Does this not look like it came from Europe This is what they eat sometimes in the medieval movies like what the king is No game of thrones the white walkers will come by night four to five the northern walls John Snow was king of the north in tomorrow's battle. We fight not only for ourselves to the house of star This is a height man. I had a bite. I really like but overall it got little advice Dry AF the eatability five out of five. Yeah, I was gonna get a three point five out of five Underneath the skin. I was like, yo, that's too big hold on. Hold on. We got a um examine this Guys we are moving on. All right guys Mexican lasagna lots of cheese onions sour cream That's pretty good. It's good. It does not taste like lasagna It's more like a fajita Maui chicken. I've never had chicken with nuts on it Maui chicken. I Don't know about that one. Yeah chicken is bland macadamia nuts are bland so it's sort of like double bland very tacky I got to give him a one out of five. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. All right, this Asian flank steak clearly a little bit dried out Let me tell you My favorite immigrants are the ones that are like Mexican lasagna The Maui chicken and the Asian flank steak Turkey meatball with spinach. Let's go. Let's just say this turkey spinach meatball Probably didn't have much ethnic influence to it. I choose the Mexican lasagna. I give that a four out of five I give the Asian flank steak a three I give the Maui chicken a one and I give this turkey meatball to Asian flank steak 3.5 Mexican lasagna for Maui chicken to meatball 1.5 winner winner turkey dinner, man Let's do this.  No skin. So kind of good. Turkey got a really good flavor They do certain things here very good. I'll say that was pretty good That doesn't taste like no fun family Potatoes Is like all right guys, we got a quick Hawaiian section here Japanese American section here guys We have their poke bar is highly regarded salmon sashimi. I Don't think Bristol farms Specializes in salmon sashimi on to the salmon teriyaki The key is pretty solid. It's solid the key to grilled salmon is really not over grilling it But the eatability is good. All right, you guys this poke bar is 1499 a pound. All right, so we'll just try No, let's come Maui tuna. It's really good. Yeah, that poke is good. Okay. Okay Okay, now we got the mayonnaise shrimp not as good from what's cool though nice and bouncy I actually appreciate it spicy salmon spicy salmon salmon. This is way better than the salmon that we just had Yeah, man, the last but not least the number one option spicy tuna Bristol farms poke bro, dude. It's highly regarded for a reason man It's actually really good. I have to give this a 4.5 out of 5 and say that that is better than a lot of poke Pretty good poke. I give it a 4 out of 5 We are officially moving out of the hot section and into this cold deli section Justin's trying the kimchi Thank God last the rose like us. They ain't gonna have a good. Oh, Irish pub like McDonald's. Okay Mark Wahlberg would I like to have a word with you Justin? Yeah, hey Justin. Yeah, you like that? You think it's better than Boston, huh? I think kimchi is better out here. We don't eat kimchi in Boston broccoli salad Felt like it's a much healthier felt the heavy house way. I will tell you this man I'm looking at this Chinese coleslaw and you know what I like to see Scallions. No, you like the tone. Oh Mmm, I've never had that before. I thought it's pretty good. I thought the cabbage pieces were really thin There's this presence of like this other Oriental noodles. Yeah, I knew it noodle salad. Oh Lemon pasta with chicken. Yeah, sorry. I got no flavor Yeah, the pestle is the best out of the five supermarkets. We had that's the best That's the best though the best All right straight up max salad wax salad lemon pasta with chicken no flavor lemon pasta with chicken like a one out of five I'm gonna give this a two out of five. I'm gonna give this a 3.5 out of five. All right guys We're in the middle of a rainstorm, but we're gonna keep filming step in over puddles in my Balmain They got the marinated artichokes in the rain That's a good one. Whoo. That's a lot bite. Do it guys. These are beats beats by Bristol Hello, I go we have chicken salad tuna salad. Let's go. Yo, Andrew You know why we're pushing forward with this episode because I dressed up for it So tuna salad I would say it tasted different. Yeah, I'm not a huge fan of that to let's tuna salad You know sound was a little heavy. I like it. Yeah, I give it up four out of five Wow, I give that a three out of five I give the tuna a three out of five. So we have the egg salad and potato salad here Let's do the egg salad Oh That's high quality. I love egg and green onion. I think it's a perfect pairing match made in heaven also great on a rainy day outside in the rain Rain rain rain go away Let the sun come out Whoa, the potato flavor was very pure very strong. I give both of those a 3.5 out of five We're coming up in the dessert section and sort of like enter. This is dessert But it's not dessert like like Nelson did to the squad. Is it coming? Yo, tell Nelson we got to get this done before we drown out here.  Let's go now. So finally made it Yeah, I'm going for the banana cream pie. That is my selection. I'm definitely going after this strawberry Chantilly I got a salted caramel cheesecake. You know, I always do the cheesecake banana cream. Let's go That's good. Yo, I don't know what Chantilly is but that is one of my new favorite cakes. All right all banana cream Strawberry Chantilly cake. Let's get it.  Yo, let's get it That's cream pie is great. I'm going in for the tiramisu Shark carrot cheesecake. David. How's the tiramisu a little creamy, but but strong carrot cheesecake right here Not bad a little bit. Okay, so we all agree the cheesecake waggo Okay, this came in at a consistent two or three definitely get the banana the banana pie definitely get the banana cream David final takeaway is a Bristol farms. All right, Bristol farms was fascinating Is this the most flavorful food in the world? No, not necessarily. Did they do some things really well? Yes And will I be back again? Probably that's a different environment. That's a high standard Yeah, that's a high standard for food It would run a reminder me of a of like a higher-end bookstore mixed with a supermarket is Bristolization a synonym for success in America I think at one point for our parents That was the only model of that they had was to try to become the Mackey Damian nut Chicken breast it definitely gave me a lot of thoughts about like where America is changing and and wouldn't you agree with me? And I'm sure you guys watching at home agreement. There's a lot of strife in America right now There's a lot of conflict. I respect Bristol farms and I respect anybody who goes to Bristol farms in terms of their food choices But I don't think that it's something that we can say that everybody has to buy into anymore And I think at one point it was it definitely does spark a lot of thoughts it sparks thoughts Let's leave it at that. All right guys everybody in the comments below. Let us know What other supermarkets or grocery stores you would like us to check out? I know I'm seeing those comments guys keep leaving them so that we can pinpoint which one we're gonna hit up and also guys Let us know how Bristolized are you this is a question? Even if you're an immigrant or not until next time we out Yo, what's going on everybody? Thank you so much for watching that video And thank you for watching a lot of other videos and thank you for subscribing because David We have just reached two million subscribers to Million and we have to give a huge gigantic shout out to our biggest sponsor of all time For whom without them this none of this would be possible.  It's about the people you touch. It's about the comments the ups and downs and everything I mean you guys just meeting you guys in person and connecting with you guys That's what it's really about I think it's so rare for people to be able to touch the lives of people that they don't physically meet You know open somebody's eyes or educate somebody or just give somebody something funny for you know in a way that They enjoyed or was accessible to them Two million people around the world at least know who fun rows are or like a video enough to have subscribed It just means so much and you guys we are gonna keep going We got a lot of cool stuff coming up. We got a membership channel right now Please click join if you guys want some exclusive podcast Exclusive material just check it out and also turn on your notifications because we got new videos coming out for seven years We've been making videos consistently. So we have some new formats coming We're gonna bring back vlogging and I will say this closing up because I don't want to talk too long But one thing and one goal that we have That we're gonna accomplish in the next few months is to be more personal with you guys And we are gonna share more about our lives and our thoughts I gotta give a huge shout out to Nelson Chan from Hubei live. We have too many people to think man I don't even wanna take over directors Tim all those guys Nelson Will Smith Vince Carter All right guys, thank you for everything and until next time we out peace


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Well I got those three, one there, got one more I can put in. There he is. Big job. He hit him out of there. Yes! Got him! That's a nice job. Yeah, I'll battle the jig rod. There, that'll take care of that flag for a little while. Gets us on the chop board. Nice one. That's a big pike, mate. Oh God! Big cask, mate!


Okay guys, I am here at the Witlakuji River. I'm using my phone because I brought this but Have an issue no memory card So and I can't get it I can hook it It'll pair up with my phone, but it won't put anything into my phone and the memory card is gone so I'm gonna have to use my My video or my cell phone, so hopefully it'll be all right Okay guys, so I caught my first one and I forgot my bait Pretty good size It's a nice pan fish there So there's my first one. I gotta go get my bait. Sorry. I gotta use my phone guys, but So there's number one I'll be right back with you. Hey guys I'm on a trail in the middle of the Witlakuji River I'm out of crossroads. There's one two three Four ways I can go I'm in search of something If I find it all that you know if not on my outro, I'll let you know what I was looking for Thought this is pretty cool. Hang on I'll have to get with that find out who that is 1999 so That's what I'm looking at here guys this is Cabin loop So I think I'm going to take this way. I don't have much time I'm only got about two hours, and then I gotta meet monkey Back at the gate I'm about I'm about three miles in right now. So let's go this way for a little bit See what's happening Okay guys That's what I came here to see Walked all this way Had to stop about Every hundred feet No cabin Let's go around the front here a couple YouTube videos on this There's the river Well, I think I got a light on this thing. Hang on. Yeah So this was built in the mid 1800s. I'm not sure the exact date. I'll put it on the screen here for you some information Okay, I built this for your family awful small that's still got the screen in it and this Used to be a screen door here, and you still got The bed here, which like looks like it may have been When I'm fold up beds Let me make sure I'm zoomed out Okay, so old water line there now. I'm not sure when the last time it was resided in but supposedly The gentleman piece of the roof down there Supposedly the gentleman that lived here and built the cabin Grew oranges Citrus fruits around here. Maybe that's where some of the trees, but he grew there and I think was I'll put it across screen, but in 1850s 1859 and 1870 something 72 maybe the freeze Got his crops so he moved down now There's also rumors. I don't know There's not much about it. There's also rumors about this place being used There's a moonshine still but now You can you can take a trail. It's pretty well blazed Right there's the trail just right beyond them pines about 50 feet from me. It's what monkeen are thinking. I Know where this place is now. I Can find it. That's the with the coochie bringing the boat down here Dawking time off right in here We just throw out a mooring line tile for history or something We're thinking about now I don't believe the guy died here, but There's always memories in a place like this But I haven't seen anybody YouTube yet of camping out in here And I think that's what we're gonna do now. I don't know if she will or not. This may be a solo overnight here Just have to see I don't know if she'll She'll stay in there all night and put my bed roll right up on top of that maybe And camp out in here film it for you guys if I don't forget my day of memory card So, yeah, that's a That's pretty cool. Nice. That's a big tree geez if you got a hole through there you could drive a You could drive a riding mower through that easy. I Don't know what this is on it. You can already see it some kind of painting Almost looks like that one. Oh, it's a heart But Beer cans geez come on you packed it in pack it out. It's much lighter. I mean that thing ain't gonna Give you any grief so Not sure what time it is But I'm gonna have to be heading out but this is like I said, sorry, I got to use my cell phone, but This is what it is. This is what I Came all this way for So now I think when we go back At that intersection, I just showed you I think when we go back, I'll just hit the trailhead Instead of going back to the campgrounds because it's like I'm a couple miles from the campgrounds and Then about another mile out From there, so I think if I hit the trail head trail Which is just back because I don't know how far this loop goes or I would just take it back but Think I'll go back to the trailhead and I'll take it out and it it brings me it'll bring me it should bring me right out at the at the gate I Believe I hope if it brings me back to the Fit brings me back to the campgrounds. I'm not gonna be happy. I am gonna be tired though So this is pretty cool. I just wanted to show you guys this so Solo thing This would be cool Not too concerned about the bears. I Am however concerned about the snakes coming up in here and climbing in the bed with me but Be for a rough night's sleep if I got any at all because I don't sleep hardly anyhow Okay, guys, so here we go. Get one more shot of the inside. I'm gonna sit down here and drink up drink a beer Yeah, let's sit down here and drink a pop and Make my way out of here. So there you guys go. There's this. I'm not going to end it here If I see anything else interesting see that water line must have been a well around here Somewhere which usually means a well house Because I would have had to pump it somehow. This is a mound. What is it a midterm out in my term? I'll put it on the screen to the shell mound. It's an Indian mound, but it's not an Indian burial ground And I'll put in a link. I'll put a description in the link of what that means So you guys can Go down to the description and check it out So Hopefully this is all right. I Mean like I said, so I got for right now So all right, I got to get off here for now and I'll be back with you guys in just a second hang tight so I found the Skeletor remains of an armadillo down in here. I Don't know how well my phone camera will pick this up but Right up through there right there Alligator trail This goes right down to the swampy areas of river Fresh alligator trail He was going that way All right Onward and outward right? Check it out guys. It's pretty cool Got an orange just a lot of orange tree. It's pretty neat, huh? There it is Pretty cool. Out in the middle of the trail We're still heading that way This is an orange trail. I'm thinking it comes out at the campground If I had took the blue trail took me out by the gate, but All right, let's keep going Okay guys back at the campsite Campgrounds So I still got a mile to go out that way I'm gonna get the truck. It's after three so there's the river So I sat down here where we started and I'm gonna take a break and Make my way to the gate. She's got a hurt toe She's gonna walk back and go to that cabin with me, but Glad she didn't she would have never made it with that toe So I took the long way back man. I should have came back the way it went down Would have been all right but Whatever What a day.  I need a backpack What I need that way I wouldn't have to carry my tackle box and stuff like that I can just throw a couple hooks and sinkers and whatever in it and be gone with it, but Yeah, so it's beautiful out. I don't know what the temperature is. It's pushing 80 if not 80 so We'll have a cold drink and we'll head back out to the gate Hopefully if I ain't there, maybe she'll walk start walking back in here before she gets nervous So It's thinking maybe I told her 3 30, but I'm pretty sure I said, well, let's just make a four But I can't remember for sure. So I don't want her worried about me and I really don't want her After going to work walking on her toe or you know With her foot being a source of this All right I'll be back with you when I get to the gate Okay guys and made it back At the rendezvous point for monkey Can't never tell where my camera is there All right Man, they should have picnic tables here Dang So I made it back last time I looked at the time it was 333 So I think pretty sure I told her just meet me here at four o'clock so Think she said if she had time she was going to stop by the house first And then come down because I'm not that far from the house. I'm not walking distance But I got a map To see where I was and that map is way off.  It is right over here Right there's a little trail but That's the blue trail. I Think it's a new trail It's like 2.2 miles. So Um But apparently out through there, there's a backcountry Getting ground out there. She got a hike to or ride a horse to it's like from where we was at on the At that intersection where we was at there If we would have went straight We'll come to that backcountry campground Like hiking there someday, but that that'd have to be a couple-day thing and backpack and Maven have to camp out just to get to the campground. I don't know but Anyway, I'll kick you back on one monkey gets here. She'll be here shortly.  Robbing. Yeah using my phone No memory card. You're kidding me. No Why are you doing that? I don't know but here's the thing I thought it's no big deal because I got 32 gigs of internal memory, right? Yeah, I can't get into it So I thought well, I'll just pair this up And use this and you can set this to use internal memory, right? It wouldn't do it So I got to figure out what's going on with that So anyway I caught one fish Hey remember last time I went out But I didn't hear you should have went to the same spot somebody camping in there. Yeah, but I was at that spot. So All right, so I Guess that's it for today. I was gonna have two videos a fishing video and a camp or a cabin video But I just rolled them into one since I only caught one fish So monkey draw my off when she went to work so Anyway, there you go some neat stuff there. Hope you enjoyed it and I appreciate it. Thanks monkey Appreciate it. Did you eat all my sausages? I bought some sausages at a gas station.  They don't have them. They don't have them. Every time I go in there They have them except the ones that were out. So I bought them all today. There's 13. I'm not gave her one I left I ate to before I got out Because I didn't really have any way to carry him. So I Left him in the truck. She's like that's dangerous leaving them in here. It was I made you eat To Plus the wind gave me so I had three she had more than me Or two for a dollar or fifty-nine cents each. So, you know, she's so addictive. Yeah, I mean what the hell, you know They're better than any beef jerky All right guys, I'm gonna get off here. I don't know if I'll get this edited for you tonight or not. So If I don't you'll be seeing this what is today Tuesday? You'll be seeing this Wednesday So thanks for watching guys. Appreciate it. She ever met the man legend. I'm tired Monkey sister's out for now Bye y'all. Bye guys


Welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankar Iyer's Academy. These are the news articles chosen for today's discussion. They are given along with the page number of different traditions. Link for the handwritten notes in PDF format and the time stamping for the discussed articles are given in the description box as well as the comment section for the benefit of the mobile viewers. Now let us start with the first article. Before discussing the articles, first let us solve some past year questions. Now look at this first question. See this question was asked in the prelims 2019. It is regarding PVTGs, particularly vulnerable tribal groups. There is a reason why I have chosen this question. See recently in our daily news analysis we have discussed about PVTGs in detail. So use this question as a revision or as a practice regarding the topic of PVTGs. Pause the video for one minute and try to solve this question. I hope aspirants have solved the question. Now let us discuss it. Consider the following statements about particularly vulnerable tribal groups, PVTGs in India. Four statements are given. First statement, PVTGs reside in 18 states and one union territory. Second statement, a stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status. Third statement, there are 92 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far. Fourth statement, Urular and Kondha Reddy tribes are included in the list of PVTGs, which of the statements given above are correct. Option A, 1, 2 and 3. Option B, 2, 3 and 4. Option C, 1, 2 and 4. Option D, 1, 3 and 4. See this question is a perfect example to demonstrate elimination technique. We have given four statements. Take the third statement. There are 92 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far. Anyone who has studied the basic information regarding PVTG will know that India has officially only 75 PVTGs, but they are given 92 PVTGs. So this statement should be incorrect. Third statement is wrong. So if we eliminate third statement from the option, option A is gone, option B is gone and option D is also gone. So the correct answer is C, 1, 2 and 4. So just by knowing some basic information regarding PVTG, we were able to answer this question correctly. That is the beauty of elimination technique. Anyways, let us assess the other statements also. The first statement, PVTGs reside in 18 states and one union territory. This statement is correct. Currently, PVTGs are in 18 states and only one union territory, which is Andaman and Nicobar islands. Second statement, A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status. This statement is also correct. And as we have already discussed, third statement is incorrect. We have only 75 PVTGs. Fourth statement, Irrular and Kondairi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs. This statement is also correct. So the answer is option C, 1, 2 and 4. Now let us take up the second question. See, the second question was also asked in Prillams 2019. It is from Politi. Under which schedule of the Constitution of India can the transfer of tribal land to private parties for mining be declared null and void? Option A, third schedule. Option B, fifth schedule. Option C, ninth schedule. Option D, twelfth schedule. See, schedules are important topic in Politi. In the past five, six years, UPSC has almost asked three to four questions from schedules. So when you are studying polity, give high priority to schedules topic. Now let us assess the options. The first option, third schedule. See, the third schedule of Indian Constitution deals with forms of oaths or affirmations. So this option is wrong. Now let us take up the C option, ninth schedule. See, ninth schedule contains the list of central and state laws which cannot be challenged in codes. This option is also wrong. Now let us take the D option, twelfth schedule. Twelfth schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with powers, authority and responsibilities of municipalities. So this option is also wrong. The correct answer is option B, fifth schedule. The fifth schedule of the Constitution deals with the administration and control of schedule areas as well as schedule tribes. So the fifth schedule of the Constitution also deals with transfer of tribal lands. So the correct answer is option B, fifth schedule. Now let us move on to the third question. See, the third question which we are going to discuss was asked in prelims 2013. This question is from culture. Some Buddhist rocket caves are called chaityas while others are called vairas. What is the difference between the two? See, Buddhism is an important topic in culture. Almost every year, one question is asked from Buddhism in prelims. So this is a high priority area. When you are studying culture, give high priority to Buddhism. Now let us see the options. Option A, Vihara is a place of worship while chaitya is a dwelling place of the monks. Option B, chaitya is a place of worship while vairas the dwelling place of the monks. Option C, chaitya is a stupa at the far end of the cave while vairas are all axial to it. Option D, there is no material difference between the two. So the correct answer is option B. See, chaitya is a meeting or assembly chamber which is often used for the purpose of prayer. So, chaitya is a place of worship whereas vihara are the shelter accommodations of the monks during the rainy season. So it is the dwelling place of the monks. The correct answer is option B. Chaitya is a place of worship while vaira is the dwelling place of the monks. So we have discussed three past prelims question. Practice a lot of prelims question. It will improve your accuracy. It will boost your score. We have approximately 70-70 days for this year's prelims. Make maximum use of it. Now let us move on to the article discussion. Now let us begin the article discussion with the positive news. Now look at this sports article. See, Esther A, Mira by Chanu has won a silver in the weightlifting category of the Olympic Games. This is a great news. It has made us all feel proud to be an Indian and let us hope we win many more medals in the ongoing Tokyo Olympics. In this regard, let us discuss some important facts regarding Olympics and India's participation in Olympics. The syllabus relevant to this article is displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can go through it. First, what is Olympics? Let us discuss about Olympics in brief. See, Olympic Games is an international multi-sport event which is held once in four years. They are held both in summer as well as winter. But remember, the summer and winter games are held alternatively every two years. So if summer Olympics is in 2020, then the winter Olympics will be in 2022. And the next summer Olympics will be in 2024. And next winter Olympics will be in 2026. See, each edition of the Olympics is hosted by a different host. And currently, Tokyo City of Japan is hosting the Summer Olympics of 2020. It is important to note that cities usually host Olympics. So it is called the Tokyo Olympics, Sydney Olympics, Beijing Olympics. It is not usually denoted by the country. Cities host the Olympics. So these are the basic points regarding Olympics. Now let us discuss about the important topic. India's participation in Olympics. See, India made its debut in the Olympics during the 1900 Paris Olympics. So in 1900 Paris Olympics, a sprinter named Norman Pritchard, he became the first Indian to take part in Olympics. He ran in five athletic events and won India's first ever medal. This was a silver medal. Now when you are talking about the gold medal, India won its first gold in 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. It was won by our prestigious Indian hockey's men team. But these are the victories of British India, not independent India. Our important victory came in 1948 London Olympics. It was during this Olympics, Indian hockey team won its first gold as independent India. This moment was an important watershed moment in independent India sports history. So far, Indian hockey team has won eight golds in Olympics. This is why Indian athletes are best known at the Olympics for their performance in hockey. Now look at this table. This table displays the sport and the medals won in that sport. And we can see maximum number of medals is won by hockey. So far, we have won 11 medals, eight gold, one silver and two bronze. Interested aspirants can go through this table. See, India won eight gold medals in hockey. But apart from hockey, we didn't win gold medals. We were struggling to win gold medals. This thirst for gold medal was finally satisfied by shooter Abhinav Bindra. Abhinav Bindra won gold in the men's 10 meter air rifle category at the 2008 games in Beijing. So this was India's win in gold, apart from hockey. Then when we take tennis, Leander Peirce won the bronze medal in men's single category at the 1996 games in Atlanta. Atlanta is in United States of America. So in 1996 games in Atlanta, Leander Peirce won the bronze medal. See, the last decade has proven to be the best for India. In the last decade, India has won totally eight medals in 2012 and 2016 Olympics. India's first Olympic medal in badminton was won by Saina Naval. She won a bronze in women's singles at London 2012 Olympics. Following her footsteps, PV Sindhu also won silver in the women's single category in 2016 Olympics. Have a look at this table. It displays the year and the number of medals won in that year. Interested aspirants can go through it. So we can see in 2016 and 2012, we won a total of eight medals. We are on the rise. And let us hope we will win many more medals in ongoing Tokyo Olympics. Now coming to the present times, that is 2020 Tokyo Olympics. See in this 2020 game, India has opened its account by winning silver in the weightlifting category. What is weightlifting? See weightlifting is a beautiful sport. The aim of this sport is very simple. It is to lift more weight than anyone else. The apparatus used in this sport is a barbell. A barbell is a long rod with weights attached to its ends. Barbell is represented in this figure. We can see the long rod and the weight attached to its ends. See in weight lifting competition, athletes are grouped by body weights and based on two lifting techniques. What are the two lifting techniques?  In snatch technique, the bar is lifted from the floor to above the head in one movement. There is no interruption.  First the bar is brought to the chest, then it is jerked over the head. So we can say it has two stages. So in a weightlifting competition, athletes compete by performing each of these lifts three times. For example, yesterday Mira Bai Chanu lifted snatch technique three times and lifted clean jerk technique three times. The highest weight from clean jerk technique and the highest weight from snatch technique is finally added. And the athlete who has the highest weight will be the winner. For example, yesterday Mira Bai lifted 87 kgs in snatch technique. She also lifted 115 kgs in clean and jerk segment. So in total she lifted 202 kgs and she came second place in the 49 kg category. 49 kg category is the weight of the athlete. As we have already discussed, in weightlifting athletes are grouped by body weights. So she represented India in 49 kg category and she totally lifted 202 kgs. She came second and won silver medal. The first place was won by China. The Chinese athlete lifted 212 kgs in total. That is 10 kg more than India. So China came in the first place and India came in the second place. See this is not the first time India is winning a medal in weightlifting category. Karna Maleshwari. Almost everyone knows her name. She was the first legendary weightlifter to win a medal in women's weightlifting category. Karna Maleshwari won bronze at Sydney 2000 Olympics. This was the year when women's events were first included in the weightlifting sport and Karna Maleshwari came third and won bronze medal for our country. She is a legendary athlete. Now everyone has a question. Who was the first individual Olympic medalist from independent India? That is after 1947. It was a wrestler named K. D. Jadav. K. D. Jadav won bronze medal at 1952 Helsinki Olympics. He was the first individual Olympic medalist from independent India. See these kind of trivia are very important. See there are many athletes like Mary Combe, Saki Malik who have raised India's stature in the international arena of Olympics. We have discussed only the prominent wins. There are many athletes who have won medals in Olympics for India. So far India has won 28 medals in Olympics. Hope this trivia help you to understand India's participation in Olympics. With this we have come to the end of this discussion. In this discussion we saw about Olympics. We saw about India's participation in Olympics and we also discussed about Mira by Chanu Vin. Now let us move on to the next article. Now look at this news article. This news article is regarding a speech given by a Prime Minister. See recently at the International Buddhist Confederation, a Prime Minister highlighted the relevance of Lord Buddha's teaching in the current scenario. So in this context, let us discuss some interesting facts about Buddhism. See Buddhism is an important topic in problems. When you take the last five or six year question paper, you can see at least one question from Buddhism. So give high priority to Buddhism when you are studying culture. Now coming back to the discussion. See when we are discussing Buddhism, first we have to discuss the three jewels of Buddhism. What are the three jewels of Buddhism? The first jewel is Buddha or the teacher. The second jewel is Dharma. Dharma means teaching and the third jewel is Sangha. Sangha means community. So these are the three jewels of Buddhism. See when we are talking about teachings of Buddhism, four noble truths hold a special place. What are these four noble truth? The truth of suffering or misery. It is also called as Truth of the origin of this suffering. Samudaya. Truth of the cessation of suffering. Niroda. Truth of the path to the cessation of suffering. Magga. So these are the four noble truths of Buddhism. See don't memorize these terms. Just keep on revising it. You will recollect these terms in the exam. So keep on revising it. You will retain these terms. Don't try to blindly memorize it. So far we saw about three jewels of Buddhism and four noble truths of Buddhism. Now let us discuss about the eightfold path of Buddhism. It is also called as Middle Way. See the eightfold path are a set of principle. These principles include right understanding, right resolve, right speech, right action, right living, right efforts, right thought and right self-concentration. So these are the eightfold path of Buddhism. You can use these points as value addition in your ethics answer. When you are taking an ethical stand in your ethics answer, you can support your stand with these kind of information. You can say that Buddhism also promotes these ideology and you can give some of these principles. That is how you differentiate your answer. Now coming back to Buddhism, see Mudras form an important aspect of Buddhism. These Mudras represent different events in Buddha's life. Now look at this image for the understanding of Mudra. The first Mudra is Dharma Chakra Mudra. It means wheel of Dharma. See, we all know that Buddha attained enlightenment in Sarnath. So after the enlightenment, he gave sermon to his companions. Sermon means a religious teaching. He gave a religious teaching to his companions. This event is represented by Dharma Chakra Mudra. Now let us move on to the second Mudra, Bhoomi Sparsha or touching the earth. Bhoomi means earth. This Mudra symbolizes Buddha's enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. This Mudra is represented in this figure. We can see he is touching the earth or he is pointing to the earth and this Mudra represents the event of enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. So far we saw two Mudras. Now let us move on to Varadha Mudra. This Mudra symbolizes charity, compassion and boon granting. Boon granting means wish giving. Boon means wishes. See this Mudra is represented in this figure. As we can see from the figure, it is almost like giving a wish, wish granting. Someone is requesting something and Buddha is giving a wish or Buddha is granting a wish. So this is Varadha Mudra. Now let us move on to Dhyanamudra. See Dhyanamudra has a lot of multiple meanings. Many have interpreted this Mudra in different ways, but many have accepted that this Mudra is the identification with the mystic fire that consumes all impurities. So remember Dhyanamudra is related to mystic fire. These are the keywords. This Mudra also represents the three jewels of Buddhism. See we have already discussed the three jewels of Buddhism. Buddha the teacher, Dharma the teaching and Sangha the community. So this Mudra represents the three jewels of Buddhism. So far we have seen about Dharma Chakra Mudra, Bhumi Persha Mudra, Varadha Mudra, Dhyanamudra. Finally let us see about Abhaya Mudra. Abhaya Mudra symbolizes protection, peace and dispelling of fear. Abhaya Mudra is represented in this field. So with this we have come to the end of this discussion. In this discussion we saw about three jewels of Buddhism, four noble truths of Buddhism, eightfold path of Buddhism and important Mudras of Buddhism. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Now look at this news article. This news article is regarding a monument called Agia Sophia. See Agia Sophia is a museum in Turkey, but recently the Turkey government has converted this museum into a mosque. So UNESCO had expressed its concern regarding this conversion. In return Turkey has called UNESCO's concern as biastic. This is the gist of this article. So in this segment we will be looking into Agia Sophia. See Agia Sophia is also called as Aya Sophia. It is a unique monument of the world. Its architecture is magnificent, its functionality is exceptional. So we can say it is one of the important monuments of the world. See Agia Sophia principally belonged to the Byzantine era. It was later improvised in Christian period and it was later improvised during Ottoman era as well. So we can say this monument is a synthesis between East and West. It is a synthesis of Christianity as well as Islam. That is the beauty of this monument. It is a confluence of culture. Look at this picture how magnificent it is. We have seen this monument many times in our Hollywood as well as Bollywood movies. Now let us discuss the origin of this monument. See Agia Sophia was initially built as a church. It was built during the reign of Constantius I or Constantius I. So it was built in the period between 324 to 337 AD and as we have already discussed it was built as a church, a Christian place of worship. See Agia Sophia was a Christian place of worship for 916 years since its construction. For almost 1000 years this monument was a church. During its initial phase of construction it was built as a Christian church with a wooden roof. This was burned down during a revolt. So this church was built for the second time again in 415 AD and during the second phase of construction many marble and colorful stones were brought to Istanbul from various ancient cities. Many mosaics were also incorporated into the architecture. These mosaics were gold glided with geometrical and floral designs.  So for nearly 916 years this monument functioned as a church. But later it was conquered by Ottoman Sultan. The name of the Ottoman Sultan is Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. He conquered Turkey and converted the church into a mosque. So next Agia Sophia served as a mosque for nearly 481 years. So for nearly 1000 years it was a church and nearly 500 years it was a mosque. So we can see the confluence of Christianity as well as Islam. See when Agia Sophia was a mosque Turkish architects made various changes to it. They included Turkish poetry. They included Turkish pottery. They included art of calligraphy. See we have studied about calligraphy in Mughal era. The Mughals were great patterns of calligraphy. So similar to Mughals the Turks also incorporated calligraphy to Agia Sophia when it functioned as a mosque. We can also see the tombs of several Ottoman sultans in Agia Sophia. The Ottoman tradition and culture were incorporated into Agia Sophia during this reign. It is also important to note that minarets were also erected in the premises during this period. When it functioned as a church there were no minarets. See minarets are a great example of Persian architecture. So it was added during the Ottoman tradition. To our idea about minarets look at this picture. You can see that pillars right pillar like structures surrounding the monument. They are called as minarets. They are an important part of Islamic architecture. Even Taj Magal has many minarets. These minarets are always attached to the mosque. They also have open balconies. They add beauty and magnificence to the premises. This is the reason why many of the mosque incorporate minarets. And when Agia Sophia functioned as a mosque and when Agia Sophia functioned as a mosque, minarets were incorporated into its architecture. See we can see it functioned as a church. It functioned as a mosque. So there was a constant debate whether it should be a church or a mosque. Many people supported Agia Sophia to be a mosque. Many people supported Agia Sophia to be a church. The debate was constantly going on. See later Turkey became a secular country. It became a secular country under Mustafa Kamal. So during his period Agia Sophia was converted into a museum. It was done by Mustafa Kamal. This conversion of museum put an end to the mosque versus church debate. And Agia Sophia was opened as a museum in 1935. So first it functioned as a church, then it functioned as a mosque, and finally it functioned as a museum. But now Turkey has converted it back to mosque. This has again triggered the debate and recently UNESCO has raised concern regarding the conversion. So these are the important points regarding Agia Sophia. See this monument is a beautiful monument. It has been under the influence of Christianity. It has been under the influence of Islam. So we can see the confluence of culture. We can see both Christian as well as Islam tradition in this monument. This is also part of the historic areas of Istanbul. Istanbul is the capital of Turkey. So Agia Sophia is a part of the historic areas of Istanbul. See the historic areas of Istanbul is included in UNESCO World Heritage List. So we can say Agia Sophia is a part of World Heritage List. It has to be protected at all costs. With this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw about Agia Sophia. Its initial role as a church, its next role as a mosque, its role as a museum, and the church versus mosque debate. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Now look at this article. See recently France has made it mandatory for healthcare workers to get vaccinated. If a healthcare worker is unvaccinated in France, he or she will not receive salary and will not be allowed to work. Similar to France, Greece and Italy have also made vaccination mandatory for healthcare workers. So we can see compulsory vaccination is promoted by many countries. So in this backdrop this article has been written. In this discussion we will discuss this article. We will discuss the important pros and cons regarding compulsory vaccination and we will also discuss whether compulsory vaccination is practically possible in India. The syllabus covered by this article is highlighted below for your reference. See vaccination is a most widely suggested measure to break the virus chain. We all know this. This is because vaccination reduces the chances of transmission of virus. So this is why many countries are promoting compulsory vaccination of healthcare workers. See healthcare workers are frontline workers. So they need maximum protection. They are exposed to virus on the daily basis. They can also act as asymptomatic carriers since they are frontline workers. So this is why many countries are promoting compulsory vaccination of healthcare workers. But there is another problem too. See from July 21st France has announced that it will deny unvaccinated people entry into certain public places. For example unvaccinated people will be denied entry into theaters, sports venues, festivals, cafes, bars, restaurants, shopping mall and even long distance trains. If unvaccinated people want access to these public places they should show a negative test result. Otherwise they won't be allowed entry. These are the new rules in France. These rules have created great uproar in France. It has caused a lot of protest. Many people in France believe that the country is promoting compulsory vaccination.  So let us discuss about compulsory vaccination. See compulsory vaccination never involves coercive acts. To put it in simple words compulsory vaccination does not demand people to vaccinate against their will. This is because vaccines are usually given wide exemptions on religious, social and philosophical grounds. So even in France the government is not forcing the people to get vaccinated. It is not forcing the people to get vaccinated against their will. But rather France is creating a situation where vaccination is required. Let me explain this with an example. See if a person doesn't believe in vaccine France government won't force them to get vaccinated. He or she can stay at home without getting vaccinated. But if the same person want to access public places he or she should get vaccinated or they should show a negative test result. So we can see France is nudging the citizens to get the vaccinated. It is not forcing them. The final choice is with the individual whether to get vaccinated or not. But there is another problem. France has said it won't pay salary for unvaccinated healthcare worker. This is a issue. See there's a difference between denying entry to a venue and denying a person their salary. This is because when we deny a person a salary it has the potential to impact their economic and social well-being. It can also void implications beyond the individual because many family members rely on the salary of their breadwinner. So we cannot deny salary of an individual just because he or she is unvaccinated. These measures are coercive and will put an individual at a disadvantage. See getting vaccinated is an individual choice. We cannot force a person to get vaccinated. It is against human rights. So it is better to educate the people. It is better to have strong social mobilization strategies. We can empower people. We can make them aware of benefits of vaccination. So these strategies will help us to get people vaccinated rather than having coercive measures rather than forcing them. Forcing an individual to get vaccination against their will is unethical. It can have void implications. So it is better to go for proactive measures rather than coercive measures. And when we're talking about healthcare workers they have many alternative ways to protect themselves. For example they have PPE kit. They can use mask, face shield and many other protective gears are available for them. So by using this alternative protection they can protect themselves as well as the patients. So there is no need to force the unvaccinated healthcare workers in France. See France policy of compulsory vaccination may seem like a success. This is because within two days around 2.2 million people signed up to get vaccinated. So from outside of perspective this policy of compulsory vaccination may seem like a success. But that is not the case. It has also created a lot of fear and apprehensions in the society. It has created a lot of protest in France. It can also lead to denial of access to key services and social opportunities especially to the vulnerable groups. So governments have to think before implementing the policy of compulsory vaccination. Now let us discuss this concept in Indian context. Whether compulsory vaccination is required in India. Whether it will work in India. See according to India's health ministry nearly 80% of healthcare workers and 90% of frontline workers are already vaccinated in India. So the author of this article feels that making vaccination compulsory for healthcare workers is not required since most of them are vaccinated. Also India is facing shortage of vaccines. So by making vaccination compulsory we will further aggravate the shortage of vaccines. It can also lead to fake vaccination certificate scams. Many people without getting vaccinated will get fake vaccination certificates. This will create a huge problem. So the author of the article feels that compulsory vaccination will not work in India and it is also not required in India. He feels that compulsory vaccination will only undermine the public support. It will be counterproductive and it will create new problems in our society. Many past evidences support this claim. Whenever we have made something compulsory it had become counterproductive to our society. So instead of forcing people to get vaccinated we should inform and empower people and we should also respect individuals choice. See before making any intervention compulsory we have to check whether that intervention follows few basic principles. For example if you are going to make vaccination compulsory we have to check whether the compulsory vaccination policy respects these principles. What are these principles? First the benefit of such an intervention should be scientifically supported. So this is the first principle. Second principle the vaccines should be easily available and should be accessible to every eligible citizen. This is the second principle and third principle there should be reasonable exemptions. So instead of making any intervention compulsory we should always give some exemptions. So when we take India we are currently facing vaccine shortages. Demanders outstripping are supplying. So we can see we are not adhering to these principles. What is the second principle? Vaccine should be easily available and accessible to every eligible citizen. So with the current vaccine shortage we cannot respect this principle. So compulsory vaccination is not a viable option for India. So these are the important points highlighted in this article. See in this article we discussed about compulsory vaccination policy of France, the pros and cons of such compulsory vaccination policy and finally we discussed whether compulsory vaccination will work in India. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Now let us take up this news article. See according to WHO 15% of the world's population have mental issues and when we take India 74% of senior citizens have stress and also 88% of Indians have reported anxiety. See this is a big issue. Right now India is a young country but by 2050 number of senior citizens in India will be around 20% of our population. So treating elderly issues like dementia, Alzheimer will be very challenging. This is what the article is trying to convey. So in that context let us discuss about dementia, Alzheimer, its diagnosis and treatment. The syllabus relevant to this article is displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can go through it. First what is Alzheimer? See Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills. So a person with Alzheimer slowly loses his memory and thinking skills. Eventually he will lose his ability to carry out even the simplest task. It is a very cruel disease and it is usually found in elderly patients. We have discussed about Alzheimer. Then what is dementia? See dementia is a general term for a collection of symptoms. What are these collection of symptoms? Loss of memory, loss of language, loss of problem solving abilities, loss of thinking abilities. So these collection of symptoms are generally called as dementia. Dementia is generally found in Alzheimer patients in the latest stages. Why do a person develop dementia? See we all know neural tissues are present in our brain. These neural tissues are important for thinking and memory abilities. So with time with aging, protein deposits in the neural tissue. So this deposition of protein will lead to gradual deterioration of brain functions and the person will finally develop dementia. That person will lose his memory and thinking abilities and dementia is generally found in the latest stages of Alzheimer patients. See Alzheimer is a cruel disease. It affects quality of life. It generally increases the medical bills many times. It also imposes a great stain on the next generation.  So younger generation should take care of them. This will affect the functioning of the younger generation. It will also increase the cost of medical expenses. So it is important that we diagnose Alzheimer in the early stages itself. How can a disease be diagnosed in early stages? This question rises in our mind. See diseases are usually diagnosed in early stages through a concept called biomarkers. This is the key one biomarker. What are these biomarkers? See biomarkers are biological parameters which indicates a underlying medical condition. For example imagine a person with diabetes. The biomarker for diabetes is insulin level. So when we measure the insulin level we know whether that person has diabetes. So in the case of diabetes insulin level acts as biomarker. Another example let us take anemia. In anemia we can diagnose anemia with emoglobin. So emoglobin acts as biomarker for anemia. Another example is emoglobulin. Emoglobulin acts as a biomarker for serological study. See in serological study we assess whether a person has been exposed to COVID. So by measuring the emoglobulin level in that person we can assess whether that person has been exposed to COVID. So in serological study immunoglobulin acts as a biomarker. So with this biomarker we can diagnose the disease in the early stages. It plays a crucial role in medical field. So the author of the article feels that we should diagnose dementia and Alzheimer using some biomarker. This will help in the early diagnosis of this disease. It will also help us to slow down the progress of the disease. But the biomarker for Alzheimer is not well developed. The treatment of the disease is also not well researched. So this is a huge problem. Then what is the way forward? See according to the author of this article our traditional medicines and plant sources might have answers for Alzheimer's. To understand this solution first we should understand about a study. This study was done by an institute called Wiesmann Institute. This institute is located in Israel. See according to this study a compound called Betocytosterol or BSS. This compound reduces anxiety and it can be used in treatment of Alzheimer. The beauty of this compound is it is naturally found in many of our plant sources. This compound BSS is also found in many of our traditional Indian medicine. So the author of the article feels that by exploring our traditional Indian medicine we can find the cure for this cruel disease. This will help us to reduce the burden of Alzheimer disease on the old age population. So this is the way forward. So you can use this point as a solution in your main's answer. Traditional medicines and the compound called BSS. See India has a rich history of traditional medicine. India has to fully explore this traditional medicine so that we can better diagnose diseases and we can better treat the problems. State government, central government and private players should come together to achieve this goal. This will be highly beneficial to our health sector. So these are the important points stressed in this article. With this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw about Alzheimer disease, we saw about dementia, we saw about biomarkers and we also discussed about traditional medicine and a compound called BSS. BSS stands for Betocytosterol. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Practice problems question. First question, consider the following statements with reference to India's performance in the Olympics. First statement, India's one gold medal only in hockey. Second statement, India won maximum number of medals so far in the 2012 London Olympics, which are the statements given above are correct. A, one only, B, two only, see both one and two, D, neither one nor two. See first statement is incorrect. India's one gold in hockey, as well as India's one gold in shooting. As you can see in the table, India has won eight gold medals in hockey and India has won one gold medal in shooting. So first statement is incorrect. Moving on to the second statement. Second statement is correct. See so far India has won maximum number of medals in 2012 London Olympics. The number of medals is six. So this statement is correct. And let us hope we'll cross this number in 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The correct answer is option B, two only. Only the second statement is correct. Now let us move on to the second question. Consider the following prayers. Mudra, symbol. First mudra, dharma chakra mudra, first sermon. Second boomi parshah, mystic fire, three varadha mudra, enlightenment. Which of the given prayers are correctly matched? See the correct answer is option A, one only. Only dharma chakra mudra is correctly matched. Dharma chakra mudra symbolizes first sermon. Whereas boomi parshah mudra symbolizes enlightenment, not mystic fire. Similarly varadha mudra symbolizes charity, compassion and boon grating, not enlightenment. So the second and third prayer are incorrectly matched. Only the first prayer is correctly matched. So the answer is option A, one only.


So let's write the total ionic and the net ionic equation for this balanced acid-base molecular equation. So hopefully you guys can see that it's an acid-base equation right away because this is an OH minus here, right? And it's taking away the H from the HCM over here. Do you see that? So when you take over you when you're OH minus, takes away an H. That means you're having an acid-base reaction. We can answer those questions later. So just know in your head that when that happens, that's an acid-base reaction. You should know that by now. So what's the acid and what's the base? Well, I told you that's the base, right? So this must be the what? The acid. So now we have to decide whether this is a weak acid or a strong acid. So remember the acid designation rule. So is that HCM? Is that going to be a weak acid or a strong acid? Weak. Weak acid, right? Why is that? Because it doesn't have an oxygen. No oxygen, right? OK. And it's not HI, HBR, or H. So in the total ionic, so we're going to write this as a molecular, and the total ionic equation, we're going to break up everything that breaks up. So even though those weak acids are weak electrolytes, so they break up a little bit, in the total ionic equation, we're not going to show them breaking up. So HCM, a quiz, a's together. But this breaks apart. Remember, NA plus spectator ion, OH minus sets of the base, strong base. This thing's going to do what? Break apart. Good job. And this thing, is it going to break apart? No. OK, so now when we're going to write our net ionic, Amy, how's it going? When we're going to write our net ionic, what do we do? Cross out everything that's on both sides. Yeah, the same on both sides, right? So is this the same on both sides? Is this the same on both sides? Yes, so we cancel that. Cancel that. Is this the same on both sides? Oh, no. No, no. Right? So what about this one? Is this the same on both sides? No. Is the end minus H2O liquid? No. So that's it. So the net ionic equation is the weak acid itself plus the hydroxide ion goes to the conjugate base of the weak acid. Remember that's the conjugate base? Plus all the things that they form. Whenever you have an acid base reaction, you're going to form waters. So what would be the spectator? Is there any spectator ions? I told you. Yeah, the N8 plus. When you do the weak acids or weak bases, they're a little bit different than when you're doing a strong acid, strong base, or a precipitation reaction for doing the net ionic in total. Questions on this one? Is that before?


Death has preoccupied us since the dawn of our species, and elaborate burial may not even have been human beings' exclusive option, but mortuary rites to stave off terror of the great nothingness certainly reached new heights with our species. Among the most enthralling to us was the ancient Egyptians, literally spellbinding practices of shepherding the duly departed to the next world. Wait, do you hear this? Essentially, well-to-do Egyptians were buried with manuals to help the deceased transition to the afterlife and join the gods. And now for the first time a new analysis of catalogue papyrus F.M.N.H. 31324 containing an edition of the first book of breathing has shed light on its derivation and on ancient Egyptian funerary literature in general. Foy Skafe, head of research archives at the University of Chicago, published his analysis in October's edition of the Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Starting about 4,400 years ago, elaborate funerary texts were inscribed on the walls of ancient Egyptian pyramids and sarcophagi, and the Book of the Dead began to appear around 3,700 to 3,500 years ago. And that in turn begat three types of books of breathing which are basically manuals on how to achieve god-like status and generally manage yourself in the afterlife, including how to breathe after death. The three books of breathing were a letter for breathing written by ISIS. All these books, whether inscribed on a pyramid wall or coffin or pinned on a papyrus, fulfill the same basic purpose. To help the owner of the text join the gods in the afterlife, and these are not books as we think of books. Their collections of spells written on papyrus, books of breathing varied in wording and illustrations, and so did the books of the dead. The researchers told Ruth Schuster, writing for hearts, that the pyramid texts, coffin texts, and Book of the Dead are related, with a clear transmission of spells over time. The three books of breathing are almost exclusively written on papyrus, while the earlier funerary literature was found all over various materials and in the tomb itself. Ask about the differences between the three books of breathing. Foy Scaff explains that all have the same purpose and roughly similar content. He also points out that all were handwritten, and hence, no two were exactly alike. But among other things, ISIS text tells the user to roll up the papyrus, wrap it in linen, and place it under the mummy's left arm. The first book of breathing instructs that it should be placed under the head. The second book of breathing says to place it under the feet. In one variation, the text found in a woman's grave includes the first and second books of breathing on a single papyrus. The researcher tells hearts that burials in ancient Egypt range from simply being placed in a shallow hole in the desert, all the way up to sumptuous tombs and everything in between. As far as we know, what was provided for you at death was related to your wealth in life. Egyptians prepared for death with what they could afford. People buried with books of breathing were those with enough disposable income to afford a burial and a relatively expensive papyrus. Some would be buried with two texts, a book of the dead and a book of breathing, or different versions of the book of breathing, or some other funerary text. There is even one known case of four texts and one of five. Why would anybody need more than one afterlife papyrus? We think of the book of the dead as a singular item, but the ancient Egyptians didn't. Religious literature to them was always multiple, manifold, and diverse. Perhaps those who could afford it were hedging their bets. Maybe they felt it was a matter of prestige, whether in the here and now or hereafter. As for the differences between the books, in the book of the dead the individual spells are separated and each generally has a title. For example, how to navigate the underworld, spells 98 to 112, and to breathe and drink water, spells 54 to 63. The first book of breathing stemmed from spells in the book of the dead, but the content was reshaped from individual spells into a single continuous composition. One thing the first book of breathing has that the older book of the dead doesn't is a starter where the deceased commands the attention of the gods stating, oh, gods of the underworld, turn your face toward me. In contrast to other traditions, the deceased blusters. Be aware of me because I'm so powerful. It starts with the deceased taking on the persona of the sun god. I am raw, the sun god, as he rises and sets. The addition to the first book of breathing does actually stem from the book of the dead, spells 15 and 16, which were about the rising and setting sun. From a hymn to the god in the first book of breathing, the spells morph to be the dead becoming raw and the gods taking notice of him. After death, the individual hoped to join the solar Osirian cycle. Raw and Osiris were really poles on a continuum. Raw went into the underworld at night and rejoined with Osiris so that he would be rejuvenated into the sky at dawn. Comments below and as always, thank you for watching.