TheCube at IBM Impact 2014 is brought to you by headline sponsor IBM. Here are your hosts, John Furrier and Paul Gillan. Okay, welcome back everyone here live in Las Vegas for IBM Impact, I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANG. This is TheCube, our flagship program where we go out to the events and extract the ceiling from the noise. Join with Paul Gillan, my co-host. Our next guest is Kristen Lauria, Vice President of Marketing for IBM Mobile. First, welcome to TheCube. Thank you. Great to have you on. A lot of activity in mobile, we talked about security, big data, we talked about streaming with the social data, we've talked about a lot of things, but mobile's on the hot list with Blue Mix and Cloud. Cloud and mobile are really going hand in glove. So give us your take on the mobile first. Because some are saying it's not mobile first anymore. It's cloud first. Is it cloud first or mobile first? I think it's sort of a chicken and eggs conversation really. Cloud and mobile go hand in hand, whether the workload is driving the infrastructure and how you get there, you can't do it either way, right? You have to have them both together. You need, mobile is driving new forms of engagement in the marketplace. And at the same time, it's you got to reach everybody anywhere, anytime with the right offerings. And we talked about the iterative life cycle and how fast the speed of change is happening. I don't know how you get there without the cloud. So mobile developers are kind of fickle when you talk to them. They're all consumer guys, consumer, but with bring your own device to work on the iPad, the iPad has kind of woke up the enterprise and the C-level saying, I want my app on this. And that kind of spawned this movement of saying, we got to have mobile for the enterprise. And so how do you talk to customers and how do you split the differences and how do you reconcile, oh, consumer app, consumer for the enterprise? Because that's a hot area right now. Yeah, I think when you talk to enterprise clients, it's really about four areas that we talk about. How do you better engage with your marketplace? How do you build out a platform that is actually going to deliver front screen apps that actually deliver an ROI? On the flip side, how do you protect? How do you protect all layers of the organization, whether it's your data, whether it's the device, whether it's the application. And then of course, talking to the enterprise versus talking to consumer apps, this is really about process transformation and rethinking the way that you go to market. So the enterprise is slightly different because you've got to think through the business processes. How do you reach more people and serve more markets? Chris, there's no doubt that IBM is going to be strong in the enterprise, but how about the new class of so-called collaboration economy companies like Uber, like Airbnb, like the whole host of companies that are born in the cloud and where mobility is part of the service, is essential part of the service. What are you going to do to reach those companies? We launched our Bluemix platform, and I think that, and the cloud marketplace, and those companies are going to be able to interact with us through those means. So absolutely, I think that's part of the play. So it's not just reaching the large enterprise clients, but how do we help them offer services on our platform, and how do we integrate their services into what we do? So is Bluemix really the leader for Mobile First, or are you leading with Mobile First?  There is the Worklight platform, there are the Bluemix services, as well as our place around cloud. So Bluemix, whether you're a cloud developer, whether you're doing mobile in the cloud, or whether you're doing it on-prem, or a combination of both, the Mobile First portfolio is going to have the totality of that. And how about SoftLayer? Where does that fit in the stack? SoftLayer is part of the cloud play, so we will also make many of our software offerings available on SoftLayer. All right, Worklight on SoftLayer, so it's part of the stack. So again, you started out with, does a cloud or is it mobile? They go hand in hand, and any client that's going to engage with us is going to need both the host of Mobile and Cloud. Are you guys coordinating the developer outreach efforts? Because that's a hot area. I mean, right now, Kid Relafors is a contested part of the marketplace. Everyone wants to win the developers, and it's hard, it's hard to win the developers. I think it's hard to win the developers, but because we use words like developers, and I think developers are our people, and we're starting to understand what is the segmentation of the different developers. But it is, developers are people, right? You got to reach the developer as a human being, as a person. You're going to see a lot of coordination in this space. We do understand, though, that the services that are being pulled up, Lumix, the hot services that are out there right now are the mobile services. So I do believe the combination of the mobile play and the Lumix developer are absolutely going to go hand in hand. Yeah, I think developers are the key to success. Developers are people. Hey, developers.  We keep saying developers, and I think we need to start talking about what is going to change. Let's talk about the psychology of a developer, right? So they have natural hierarchy of needs. One of my wife was sharing some on Facebook, had Mazzo's hierarchy of needs in the bottom, and said, before, you know, the physical, it says Wi-Fi, which was kind of a geek joke, but the developers want validation. It's kind of artistic in the sense of their work. They want validation around their peers, certainly open source, makes it much more community-based, but they want distribution. They want to make some sort of value, whether it's for nonprofit or for profit. They got to have that marketplace, if you will. That's your marketplace, but they got to see the fruits of their labor have a distribution. So do you see that, too, and what are you guys doing to help that? Yeah, I think absolutely, how we make the developers successful in the industries that are there and are going to be the winning plays. We are working on programs now to understand that, but I think the thing that IBM can offer is portfolios of capabilities that are absolutely suited for the enterprise, suited for what they need to do, will help developers in the mobile space develop front-screen apps that actually deliver ROI. So yeah, we see the same thing, and that is what we're working on right now. Are you considering something like an Intel inside of a campaign where mobile developers would be branding their apps with a Blumex or with the IBM brand? Right now, I'm going to answer that in terms of we have our Made with IBM campaign. Not quite Intel inside from a branding perspective, but yeah, absolutely. We want developers out there understanding and talking about what they have brought to market through Made with IBM, or through IBM, and you will see the developers, a key component of that Made with IBM campaign. Maybe the IBM is sort of an overarching campaign, though, are you looking something more specifically to the mobile market? We are looking at something more specific to the developer market, and how do we pull that thought process, not an advertising campaign per se, but how do you pull that Made with IBM forward for the developers to leverage, so. And mobile is already a part of the Made with IBM campaign. What do you think about the, I like this developers' people on a riff on that a little bit further. On the Smarter Planet campaign, we're talking to Dave about the masters golf tournament, really about highlighting people, right? You mentioned segmentation. How do you look at that as a marketer? Okay, I mean, segmentation certainly has traditional practices, but now with the internet, we were just talking about some big data techniques. Digital marketing is a big part of this, because they're all on GitHub, they're all online, they're all on Hacker News, they're all over the place, they're in forums, so there's a lot of peer-to-peer communications going on in the developer community. How do you segment the market? I mean, how do you approach that? Yeah, I think the market segmentation is shifting from more of a traditional approach on even age or where people work to really, how do people make decisions? And that's where I think looking at the developer community and understanding them as a people, or a riff on people. It's really understanding how a developer makes decisions, what is important to the developer. We talked about getting a developer who might start out with one tool. What makes a developer, what makes people make the next decision for the next tool? So I think the segmentation is shifting more from how do you make decisions, how do you segment by age, you know, different groups and corporate structures to what are we trying to get done and why do you do what you do? Talk a little bit about what you're working on right now. Obviously, mobile is an area that's crowded, but it's growing, the thermal, as we say in the markets, is creating massive opportunities and growth. We're still kind of in the build-out phase, but people are still growing within that. What are some of the things you're working on that you can share? Yeah, so it's really about the totality of capabilities, but understanding the entry points and how clients are getting started. We are seeing the breadth of our mobile portfolio being picked up in every different industry, right? You saw many of the different clients on stage, healthcare, retail, financial services. So what we're really thinking about now is how do we bring that portfolio together in a way that it's simple to consume for the enterprise, but also working through a whole set of skills and services to say where do clients want to get started and what are those patterns of adoption in the marketplace? Bapachiana had a great line on my notes here. He said, 80% of the data is unstructured, not always tied to business outcomes as the senior vice president, so business outcomes is always coming out of his mouth. But he said, interesting, data, the key to data is automation, pushing it into the application. Mobile data is a big part of that, geolocation data. You have all kinds of innovations around data. How do you guys weave that into the storyline and into the product portfolio? Yeah, absolutely. The analytics are absolutely a part of the play in terms of developing the application itself. And you saw some of the data, the analytics and sentiment analysis go right back into the app with Maria and Mike Gilfix on stage yesterday. But sentiment analysis in general in the marketplace and understanding the experience of your marketplace, your users, whoever it may be, it's absolutely one of the key differentiators. When we talk about our point of view in mobile, what IBM brings to the table is really around how do you secure the transactions, not just about information sharing, but you've got to get to the transacting layer. The second piece is what we heard a lot about in the past couple of days around the approach to development and operations, being very iterative and very fast. And then on the third piece, it's really leveraging analytics back into the platform to be able to adjust and adjust real time in terms of that life cycle. Maribel Lopez was on theCUBE yesterday and she had an interesting quote. She says, she thinks that internal mobile applications are actually funding external mobile applications. In other words, the ROI is really coming from the internal stuff right now. Are you seeing that? I think we're seeing a mix of both. And I think we're seeing increasingly more applications on more entry points on the external side. The internal side, absolutely, people are working that. I think we saw this a lot in other shifts in the marketplace, but how you engage differently with your marketplace and your consumers, your clients, I think it's 50-50 right now. I don't think it's one driving the other. What do your developers ask you about embedded devices, about going beyond the phone and the tablet? Are they seriously looking at whether it's Google Glass or whether it's Fitbit or whether it's something more focused, application specific? Yeah, I think the market for the internet of things and other types of devices is absolutely just starting to hit us now, but I think that's all about understanding the data from the different devices. The smartphone is one form factor, but I think that's changing over the long term. So it really is understanding all the different connected devices in the marketplace. How do you bring that together into an application that anybody will be able to leverage inside your organization? So I've got to ask, are you guys coming out with an IBM phone? Of course not. I couldn't help but resist. Well, Microsoft just closed Nokia, right? So this is a method to the madness of the question. Last year we went to MarketAid. It's not about the device, it's about the data between them. Of course, if you were going to make a phone, that might not be your call, it might be the powers that be, Ginny, but more seriously, Microsoft has Nokia and they're in an innovator's dilemma right now because they have a cloud strategy. They have the legacy software business tied to the desktop, but you have, as you were trying to be a cloud player, and they have their own phone. So can you be pure phone player and win the cloud, or do you win the cloud and support all the phones out there? If you win a cloud and you support all the devices out there. I think the form factor changes over time, so do the operating systems, and I think the winning play is to support. So the strategy in the developer front, the guy would agree, I think for the audience, you got a business school and you can learn that. But the strategy to support all these frameworks out there are challenging. So how do you deal with versioning control? Is that part of Bluemix's role? Does that go into the front end of the cloud or in the phone? How do you manage all the different? The versioning control, I think that's absolutely part of the work-life platform. And we're offering the work-life platform as an on-prem solution, and you're also going to see different services from work-life in the cloud as well. So that is one of the key differentiators of the work-life platform. How about internal IBM applications? Your Lotus Notes, your Cognos, your suite of marketing apps, what are you doing to make those proof of concept for excellence in mobility? We absolutely have efforts underway. All of our SaaS portfolio is, we're offering through mobile applications as well. And any applications that we're developing, we're developing them on our platform inside of IBM as well, so. And will you have any marketing programs around those applications to showcase their capabilities? Absolutely, absolutely. We will be bringing those forward. Okay, we have some questions from the crowd chat out there. Ashley, thanks for sending them every interview, pretty much had some questions. So the question is to you, Kristen, how is mobile first, hashtag, good job Bert, and Bluemix, hashtag, Bluemix, supporting Watson's on the mobile contest. Do you see Watson playing into the mobile experience? Yeah, so at Mobile World Congress, we announced the Watson mobile developer challenge, and I think I've already heard Mike wrote it on stage. We have 400 final, we have 400 people submit concepts that were mobile applications that were written with calls back to Watson, and we're going to be developing that over the next few months and announcing winners soon. And what's the number, can you share some stats again? What was it in total? It was 100,000 people had viewed the challenge and about 400 actual concepts were actually put out there, so. That's crowdsourcing, R&D right there. Crowdsourcing, and then 25 semi-finalists. So social business has been a big part of IBM's theme. How does social business come in with the mobile? I see mobile's real time, you're moving around with it, but people also have iPads and phones and desktops. So like the internet of things is out there too. So is that part of mobile? Do you look at mobile as all edge devices at this point or are you strictly focused on the phone? We are not strictly focused on the phone. The phone right now is a means out there, but in terms of hospital settings, there are all sorts of mobile devices that are not a phone. It's just internet of things, basically. It is the internet of things, they are absolutely related. The phone is a personal access point to reach clients in certain industries for your employees, but in other industries, there are many other mobile devices. Mobile first is a relatively new organization within IBM, but a year and a half old, I believe, right? Can you give us some idea of the resources that IBM is committing in terms of personnel? Yeah, we absolutely have the mobile first organization, but this is pulling through many different organizations, but we have just announced the mobile first studios as well where we are putting consultants, our services personnel, connecting it with our design lab. So we have many, many people involved. It's not just the mobile first organization. So it really reaches into the entire team across the software teams, the services teams, and the global technology services as well as GBS. Meg Swanson was on with us earlier today and she was talking about how BlueMix is leveraging Meetup as a platform to get developers involved on a one-on-one basis and get IBMers out there into these Meetups. Are you piggybacking onto those efforts? Absolutely, Meg and I are working hand-in-hand on those Meetups. So we're starting a day really at the end of the segment with the remaining time, we'll talk about digital marketing, because that's a big part of big data right now and we were talking prior about some of the things. How do you, as a marketer with mobile out there, of the connected consumers, clearly a new variable in the marketing mix, you know? And so how does that change your job? I mean, as a marketer, as an IBM executive, as someone who's been in the business before there's a before and after movie that's going on here, right? We're in the really first generation of consumers that are fully connected to the net where you can do a lot of cool things with them, what are- Do a lot of cool things, but it's absolutely about understanding the information and putting the information in context. Many people think about marketing changing in terms of how do you drive campaigns and where do you do media buys, but I think it goes much, much beyond that. At Mobile World Congress this year, it was even about understanding on the floor, designing a pet and how do you in real time change that content that you have on the show floor. And we were doing this through mobile apps, right? We had many, many walls going on of information. We were watching what was trending and then we were pushing new content out on the spot through a mobile app sitting in the pet. So it's not just the campaigns, it's really the integrated loop around content and getting content in motion. You've built engagement native into the experience. That's what you're basically saying. That's awesome. Music to our ears, you know how we feel, Paul, about this stuff. Paul and I had geeked out about social yesterday with the Sandy Carter and we love it, so. Yeah. You see a lot of apps from a lot of developers. What's something really cool you've seen lately? I'm a marketing person and what I thought was cool was when we were at Mobile World Congress and we were changing things on the sides of bus stops in real time because of things that were trending inside the conference itself. All, like I said, through a mobile device. In real time, we didn't have to go and wait and do the assessment, call back to home, but I think that is absolutely amazing. People are walking around getting the information as they need it. You see, is that a near field communication type of app? Is that what you were using? So you're wire sending transmissions to the physical ad unit based upon the contextual data from the behavior of the crowd. Yeah. That's cool. That's cool. I couldn't resist. That's so good. Imagine we're on a one-to-one basis, on a personal basis in the retail environment. Or in groups, you know, like we're doing in crowd chat. I mean, this is the future. I mean, this is about tailoring the personalization. Marissa Mayer at Yahoo is all about personalization and that's ultimately the end game, right? I mean, if you know what people want, you could actually create a better experience. Absolutely. Kristen, thanks for coming on theCUBE. Any final words for the folks out there about why impact, what's going on an impact, what's the big theme that you'd like to share with folks? I think impact is really about bringing together cloud, mobile, social, big data, and understanding these shifts in the marketplace. And I don't think there's any other company out there that's going to understand the ecosystem as well as all the technology and how that's going to make a difference in the marketplace. That's what impact's all about. Couldn't have said it better. That was awesome. Well done. This is theCUBE at IBM Impact Live. We'll be right back with our next guest after this short break.


Mainways thank governor Samuel Ottum advocates a larger share of Nigeria's revenue to states. This comes at a time of shrinking federal earnings and great debt. We're discussing Nigeria's federal education system this morning. Also coming up is a discussion on the latest global ranking of universities that places Nigeria's best institutions outside the top 1000. How do we make our universities more competitive? And don't forget the regulars. Pipe off the press on a look at the top trending stories of the day. Welcome to the Breakfast on Plus TV Africa. Good morning. I am Annetta Hillings. And I am Osaugi Ogmawan. Thanks for joining us and welcome to a Tuesday mornings edition of the Breakfast on Plus TV Africa. Good morning once again. Okay, forget about the smile on my face. I am shocked as many other Nigerians. That's because of the news we've seen. It's the United Nations reports that exposed a secret program by the federal government for repentant Boko Haram members. We've been talking about repentant Boko Haram members for a while now and how they seem to be treated with kids gloves. But the United Nations reports really has just revealed how much of a situation this is. So it says that as part of this program former Boko Haram commanders are provided with rent-free accommodation. They're provided with monthly stipend by the SSS. They're given a business license for them to go on and establish enterprises across the country. And something also shocking that I saw that the original plan of this is to de-radicalize them and reintegrate them into Nigeria's secret service. I really don't know how this comes across to you but that's what we're hearing here, that this program is called a Suhu program and it dates back to 2014 when kids were abducted from the northern part of Nigeria from Chibok. And that when we know that 270 Chibok girls were abducted and even more and 150 terrorists had allegedly surrendered. So these terrorists were basically part of the first set of the Suhu program aimed at de-radicalizing terrorists and integrating them into Nigeria's secret security program. And the UN report went on to say that it's also like 150 Mohajideen have surrendered their weapons and that they have crossed over from the Boko Haram terrorist side to the good side since 2019. And that's according to people who are familiar with the program. And it also says that this program, you know, I mentioned the business license thing. It mentions the monthly stipend that they would get. And the people, you know, that are participants of this program are commanders of Boko Haram or repentance commanders of Boko Haram that they had actually met its representatives of President Mohamedu Buhari when they repented. So that really is what we're seeing. It's quite shocking to see this because we've seen news about people who were in intelligible displaced persons camps saying the federal government claims to have forgiven these bandits and terrorists. But we haven't. We are, you know, experiencing the hurt, the trauma of losing our family of losing our loved ones have been displaced of, you know, not having a source of income anymore. This is where we are at this level we have to make do with. But these people get rents free accommodation. They get monthly stipends.  Well, so, you know, the way that the story is told, you know, and from what you've described, it's not very different from, you know, it's pretty similar to the Amnesty for Niger Delta militants that was approved by from President Umar Sayyar Adwa. You know, some people might argue that it's not very different, but the only difference here is the fact that the Nigerian government has not openly, you know, stated that that's what's going on. And the Nigerian people have also not agreed, you know, that there will be Amnesty for former terrorists and Bokoara members and commanders. And that defeats the argument that, you know, these are some of the people who were kidnapped and forced to join.  They faced that argument because these are top commanders according to the UN report. They weren't forced to join in any way. They have carried out numerous atrocities against the Nigerian state and all of that. So you can draw those similarities between this and the Niger Delta Amnesty program.  The fears that Nigerians would always state is, you know, how really possible is it that you don't, that you change a person's ideology with regards to terrorism. But it's also important to know the reason they became terrorists in the first place if it was because of unemployment or because they believed in a particular, you know, Islamic ideology, extremist ideology. So maybe the federal government has decided to use the carrot and stick approach, but at the same time not, you know, be open about it to Nigerians. One of the things I was stated in this report is about a particular person, a guy called Malamaliu who was a former Boko Haram member and was part of the Bama massacre that killed, you know, hundreds or thousands of Nigerians in 2014. He is one of the people who was mentioned here that is currently living rent-free and receiving stipends from the DSS, you know, according to this program. And the same way, not the same way, the pretty tough way to say this is maybe the Nigerian government has, you know, a totally different approach from what the Nigerian people are expecting and they don't want to continue to use force. They want to see how they can also get intelligence from these people according to what the report says. You know, some of them are being recruited into the DSS, Nigeria Security Agencies. So you need to get information from them and whatnot. So, you know, there is also that approach that is possible. But there's also those who totally would disagree with that narrative and say that, no, if you really want to stamp out terrorism, you need to do all that is necessary and that is, you know, security-wise to ensure that everybody who is found guilty, there is the terrorism act, there is, you know, the Criminal Justice Act, you know, and anybody who is found guilty of associating or being, you know, a terrorist or, you know, assistant terrorist should be, you know, be arrested and should have to go through, you know, the law, face the law for their crimes against the Nigerian state and for, you know, all of that. You know, and also actually the same treatment will be given to the, you know, ESN members and the, you know, Sunday Glows followers and any other person who, you know, carries out atrocities against the Nigerian state. And there's also the angles of, you know, what exactly has created the avenue for terrorism to thrive on that level in Nigeria. Right now, we're no longer talking so much about Boko Haram or Aiswap, we're not talking about banditry and kidnapping and the killings of people in different parts of the country. What has created this avenue for that to thrive? You know, how is the federal government also addressing that? How are they sure that in the next five years there will not be a new group that, of course, wants to join, you know, the bandwagon? How are they addressing unemployment? How are they addressing the lack of schools in the north? How are they addressing poverty and hunger? How are they addressing those millions of imaginary kids that are roaming around the streets in the north? And if you don't address all these things, then you're really only given a temporary fix to, you know, the big problem. That really is it.   So it would never just sit well with, you know, a large percentage of Nigerians. And I'm not sure how to explain it to them that some of the people who carried out those atrocities who killed your family members are now living rent for and enjoying a good life, you know, funded by the Nigerian government, it would never make sense. And soldiers, family members, everybody. Totally, totally agree. So as a student of international history and relations, I've got to understand how states behave, right? And when I look through the length and breadth of how governments in Nigeria react and approach things, I ask myself, what really is our national policy? What really is our foreign policy on certain issues? And that seems to be lacking. What is Nigeria's foreign policy? You won't even find that on Google because I don't think it exists in practice. I don't think we have. What is our national policy on terrorism? You would see Benrey state to say, no open grazing. Ondo state to say, oh, we agree. You would see Zanfarah state to say, oh, pay money to terrorist. Kaduna state would say, we won't. Yes, it's good for states to have autonomy, but what's the national policy on issues? Whether government would, you would find, you know, bandits or rather students who were, who have been released and you hear sources from the family say they paid ransom. And another set of children would be abducted and you hear the state government say they bombarded them and killed the terrorists. So what really is our national policy on dealing with terrorists? The federal government needs to tell us exactly because it seems like nonexist. So we need to be able to find out and decide what really is the national policy of Nigeria on certain issues such as terrorism and security. So we'll know exactly how we can move forward because it doesn't make sense when, you know, like you mentioned, um, some people come together to protest at the leki tour gates, you know, wherever in Mokola market in Ibadon, wherever and then the police clamp down on them, you steer gas, you converge at the Unity Fountain in Abuja and they arrest you, but then you kill people in their numbers and you get rent-free accommodation in a country like this where things are so expensive. You get, is it that states are now being built for them to say oh, when you repent, we'll just plug you into one of those houses or they pay the rent. How really does it work? What's Nigeria's national policy on security? Um, makes absolutely no sense. You know, I totally agree with you know, with your narrative. There has to be a national policy that needs to be followed. Um, it cannot be you know, good for the goods and not good for the ganda. You cannot treat people different. You cannot have different, you know, applications of the justice system depending on how you feel. I think there's also a lot of religion here. Um, and you know, those who have also mentioned that, you know, the fact that the federal government may also be sympathetic based on, you know, the religions of these people, you know, and if they are from a different tribe, you know, they might be, or different religion, they might be treated different. Um, so there's a, there's numerous, you know, angles here and there, um, that need to be looked at. But once, you know, I totally agree that we need to have a national policy that cannot be different for every single, um, every single, um, incident. It has to be followed. It has to be what the Nigerian government's stance is, um, a thousand percent with regards to terrorism and threats to the Nigerian state. Indeed. And from security threats, we're moving over to threats in the health space. Um, let's take a listen to what, um, Governor Song-ul who has to say about that. Lagos State is the epicenter of COVID-19 in Nigeria. The Todd Wave has further put Lagos in the spotlight. The state governor reveals that the positivity rate of every 100 tests conducted currently stands at 12.1 percent compared to 1.1 percent at the end of June 2021. At the end of July 2021, it was 7 percent. The last time we had this, um, press conference where suspecting I was getting about 7 percent, now it's about 12.1 percent from a 1.1 percent in June of 2021. Meaning that for every 100 tests that we do, we get about 12 people that are infected. Governor Song-ul attributes the trend seeing the third wave to nonother ends to the health protocols designed to mitigate the pandemic. He reminds Lagos of individual responsibility to fight and defeat the virus. He plays with citizens who have themselves tested in any of the COVID-19 public test facilities and get vaccinated free of charge. We've received just a little over 300,000 right now and I'm happy to announce that from Wednesday on the 25th we'll start, we'll commence the vaccination at over 150 centres across the state. For inbound passengers, the governor discloses that since the commencement of isolation of passengers from redlisted countries, Lagos state's response has successfully quarantined 4,448 passengers. This figure was at 19th of August 2021. Also, 58 have been identified who tested positive to the virus despite a negative test on arrival. He warns that severe deaths are with anyone who flaws the protocol of the federal government and state's COVID-19 pandemic laws. As at 21st yesterday, Lagos had identified over 5,998 persons and who have successfully isolated about 4,500 of them from the redlisted countries. Meaning that, sadly, about 1,000 people have also absconded. With our collective desire to make joint efforts, we all can see the end of the virus. And it's confirmed we are in the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country and here in Lagos, 135 persons have died. Originally, the report we heard was about 500 but the governor debunked that saying what they have on the record is 135 persons who died due to the COVID-19 and the third wave. So positivity rate has increased to about 12%, but good thing vaccines are in Nigeria now about 299,000 COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccination exercise starting at August 26th. As the vaccines arrive, it's important for us to get vaccinated if you haven't. Continue to remind everyone that it's still out there and it's still very dangerous and it's more transmissible now according to what they're saying. I think I read somewhere that the FDA in the United States is about to give approval to the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. We're still expecting more vaccines here. I think Moderna was meant to be in already and they're meant to also be for those who haven't taken their second shots expecting that there would still be more AstraZeneca vaccine sent to Nigeria for second shots to be taken. It's getting more scary than everyone had expected. Late 2028, a lot of people that thought maybe it's probably the end, but apparently it's not. Will there be another lockdown in Lagos? Will the state be able to handle another lockdown? Is it necessary that we even shut down the state again? You look at the economic concerns about that, but science economy is also very, very, very important. If you're not vaccinating as fast as possible and you don't see a lot of people adhering to COVID-19 rules, then you have to take drastic steps. 135 lives lost is no joke. And I understand how we currently have that fatigue concerning COVID already. The US has lost almost 700,000 people and there's no other place. You cannot imagine 700,000 lives lost and nobody seems to even blink when you read that figure. So 135 in Lagos is scary. Whatever needs to be done, those steps need to be taken now. I doubt that they would want to push for another lockdown because of how it will affect the state. But Nigeria needs to do what it can to vaccinate many, many, many more people to save lives. These numbers you're seeing, I believe, according to what scientific analysis is out there, it is mostly because there's not been that many people vaccinated. The whole of the country shared 3. something million vaccines, 200 million people which would never even be enough. And so if we don't hit at least 70% vaccination right then we will continue to deal with this. It's just a reminder to Lagosians to be very, very careful. If you can stay at home, if offices need to at least make people work from home more often please let that happen.  I don't know how you guys have the guts to do that. I personally move from office to home and that's basically I live a very, very almost a triangular life. It's office home market, office home market and the market is pretty rare. So once I get home I'm not stepping out of my house again till I have to be back at the office and I think everyone needs to try and at least protect themselves because there's still possibilities of people who are carriers of the virus but don't show their, you know, how to call it asymptomatic. Yes. So they don't show, you know, those signs. So whoever it is that you're interacting with that looks very, very healthy may not, you know, be entirely healthy and people just need to be more careful. Definitely and more updates on the COVID-19 pandemic and several other sectors in the country on off the press right after the break.


this question so let me take another one yeah by the way this writing is not that clear so it's x plus 1 by minus 3 is equal to y minus 3 by 2 is equal to z plus 2 by 1 so find the equation of the plane which is parallel to the lines this and this and passing through 0 1 minus 1 now let me tell you this is not different from whatever we have done so far is just an extension of that concept yes definitely so when you say a line a plane is parallel to two lines that means the direction of the normal to the plane is perpendicular to both the lines okay yes anyone any success so see just just try to imagine it just try to imagine the given scenario so you have a plane like this let me call this plane as a pi plane okay and this plane is parallel to the two lines parallel to the two lines means let's say the one line is like this or the line is like this so parallel doesn't mean the line themselves have to be parallel so it can be those both lines could be skew as well okay so imagine as if you have so she has sent me an answer no sure that's not the right answer I'm afraid so these two lines are parallel to this plane okay so they're parallel to this plane so they are above it and they are parallel so think as if there's a fly over which is parallel to a road which itself is made up of two crisscross roads okay are you hold a notebook and just hold a pen on top of it which is parallel to it now you can have two pens I can have multiple pens you know which are parallel to the same plane so can I say in order to get the equation of this plane I would need the direction of the normal to the plane right and this normal will be simultaneously perpendicular let me extend this this normal will be simultaneously perpendicular to the direction of both the lines right yes sir okay yeah that's fine but what is the answer you have given me I think vector this completed you are in the right direction by the way so let's say this direction is B1 direction and this direction is B2 direction so can I say this normal which is the normal to the plane would be in the direction of B1 cross B2 so you can take it as B1 cross B2 itself okay so let's find B1 cross B2 by using our vector product so components of B vector will be 214 components of B2 vector will be minus 321 okay let's expand it so 2 minus 8 sorry 1 minus 8 is minus 7 minus j that would be 2 plus 12 which is going to be 14 and plus k 4 plus 3 which is 7 right so this is normal to the plane now you can retain this normal as it is or you can divide by a proportionality constant for example I can see 7 here is appearing as my proportionality constant so what I will do is I will divide by that 7 and write this normal to be minus i minus 2 j plus k correct it's your call or you can retain the same thing doesn't matter answer will not be affected take my words for it now you know the normal and you have been given a point so let's say I want to write a Cartesian form how will I write it so remember my direction ratios of the normal are provided here which is minus 1 minus 2 and 1 okay all I will use the formula is ax minus x1 by minus y1 cz minus z1 is equal to 0 okay this point is behaving as your x1 y1 and z1 so your answer will be minus 1 x minus 0 minus 2 y minus 1 and 1 times z plus 1 equal to 0 so expanded it becomes minus x minus 2 y plus z plus 3 plus 1 so this becomes your answer okay you can write it as x plus 2 y minus z is equal to 3 also and never be complacent when you get your answer always quickly verify the 0 1 minus 1 satisfied let's check 0 1 will give you 2 minus minus 1 will give you plus 1 so 0 plus 2 plus 1 is equal to 3 yes it is very fine so your answer is correct is that fine everyone again an indirect question but using the fact that you know a point and you know the normal to the plane so once these two information are known to you directly or indirectly you can always write down the equation of a plane by using this formula does it make sense to you yes sir everyone I think Shreya just made a silly mistake yeah I made an addition mistake addition mistake let's try out this question if a plane meets the coordinate axis is at a b and c such that the centroid of the triangle is 1 2 4 find the equation of the plane is the question clear to everyone see the question says there's a plane which meets the coordinate axis is at a b c so let me just draw a coordinate axis is for you okay so there's a plane let's say which meets the x axis at a y axis at b and z axis at c this is a z axis and it meets at c and when you make a triangle out of a b c when it says that the centroid of this triangle a b c lies at 1 comma 2 comma 4 find the equation of the plane which plane this plane okay hope you can understand by my shading which plane I am referring to the plane which contains this triangle any idea how to do this no sure this is not correct you have been given the centroid of the triangle you have not been given the coordinates of a b c oh yeah I think you made a very small assumption error over here again so before we solve this I would like to discuss a small theory with you because it is directly related to this type of problem so whenever you have been provided the x y and z intercepts let me call them as a b c respectively which is made by a plane on the coordinate axis is and you've been asked the equation of this plane okay now this question is directly linked to this concept that's why let me take this small bit of theory first so when you've been given x intercept indirectly you have been given the coordinates of a which is nothing but a 0 0 when you have been given y intercept you have been given the coordinates of b which is 0 b 0 and you've been given the coordinates of c 0 0 c correct so when you know three points we have already discussed how to find the equation of a plane so when three points are known we just use the formula x minus x 1 y minus y 1 z minus z 1 x 2 minus x 1 y 2 minus y 1 z 2 minus z 1 x 3 minus x 1 y 3 minus y 1 z 3 minus z 1 equal to 0 correct so here you can take any one of the points let me take this point as my x 1 y 1 z 1 this has x 2 y 2 z 2 and this point as x 3 y 3 z 3 okay so equation would be x minus a y minus 0 z minus 0 x 2 minus x 1 will be minus a b 0 x 3 minus x 1 would be minus a again 0 and c okay so just expand this determinant and your equation will be there in front of you so it's x minus a times b c minus y times minus a c and z times plus a b okay so x minus a b c plus y a c plus z a b equal to 0 okay can write it as x b c y a c plus z a b equal to a b c now divide both sides by a b c okay so divide both sides by a b c so you get x by a y by b z by c equal to 1 now have you seen this kind of equation before in class 11 in 2d straight lines intercept form intercept form so this is the intercept form of the equation of a plane okay you will find a very stark resemblance between the line equation in 2d and plane equation in 3d okay a lot of concepts you'll find that the formula is almost the same it's just that in planes you have an extra dimension added to it so a line in 2d is nothing but a plane which is parallel to the y axis you can think like that so you're dealing with the projection of the plane on the x y plane is that fine now how is it helping us to solve the present question so please make a note of this this is important so how are we making use of this in our problem solving here now we have been given that centroid of this triangle is 1 2 4 centroid means a plus 0 plus 0 by 3 comma 0 plus b plus 0 by 3 comma 0 plus 0 plus c by 3 so this coordinate is given to us and what is that 1 2 4 so this is 1 this is 2 and this is 4 am I right which clearly means a by 3 is 1 so a is 3 okay b by 3 is 2 so b is 6 and c by 3 is 4 that means c is 12 so I can say that the equation is x by 3 y by 6 z by 12 is equal to 1 that becomes your desired equation of the plane if you want you can multiply throughout with a 12 and write down the answer is this clear now just a formula or generalization of the same concept so if you have been given that there is a plane there is a plane which cuts the coordinate axis is at let's say a b and c points okay says that the coordinate of the centroid here g is p q r then the equation of a plane can be written as x by 3 p plus y by 3 q plus z by 3 r equal to 1 just a generalization no need to remember this okay just a generalization of whatever I did in the given problem is that clear guys everyone okay so let me move on to the next problem okay so I'll move on to the next concept here that is the angle between the planes angle between two planes angle between two planes see this is a very simple concept so if you have been given two planes let's say white plane let me name it as pi 1 plane and a yellow plane let me call it as pi 2 plane okay and I have been asked to find the angle between these two planes the angle between these two planes means I have been asked to find out this angle okay so this angle here I have been asked to find out let me call it as theta okay now let's say the equation of these two planes are known to you let's say one is r is equal or r dot dot n1 plus d1 equal to 0 and other is r dot n2 plus d2 equal to 0 how do I find the angle between these two planes any suggestions for everyone let's say I have been given a1x plus b1y plus c1z plus d1 equal to 0 and a2x plus b2y plus c2z plus d2 equal to 0 yeah how do I find the angle between them the angle between normal vectors absolutely absolutely very good so when I say the angle between the two planes it's basically the angle between their respective normals so let's say this is your normal two plane pi 1 let me call it as n1 vector this is normal to your plane pi 2 let me call n2 vector so do you realize that this angle will also be theta right everybody agrees to this so the angle between them let's say I want my acute angle will be nothing but n1 dot n2 mod by mod n1 mod n2 okay in terms of the Cartesian form if you have been given the equation it just becomes mod a1 a2 plus b1 b2 very similar to the formula that we had for angle between two lines as well so nothing very different here just for formality okay again needless to say that when your planes are perpendicular theta has to be 90 degrees remember here theta is acute in case I forget yeah so if theta is 90 a1 a2 plus b1 b2 plus c1 c2 has to be zero and if the planes are parallel okay theta is zero degree that means a1 by a2 is equal to b1 by b2 is equal to c1 by c2 okay already known to you so nothing like new thing that I'm doing over here


Hello and welcome to this next lecture on data structures and algorithms. We will continue our discussion on graph traversal algorithms. We will consider the next one, the depth first search. Contrasting depth first search with breadth first search, the main difference is that a node and the subtree corresponding to that node is completely explored before other siblings of the node are explored. So, like before we will adopt a legend for nodes, different labels that will be assigned to nodes. By default every node is unexplored and in fact every edge is also unexplored. So, that is the initialization. Every node in every edge is labeled as unexplored and then for each connected component in the graph you find a vertex and perform a DFS. So, DFS for a V belonging to each connected component. Now, what does this DFS itself going to do? Like before DFS is going to assign labels, then labels node labels we are looking at now are visit the edge labels like before are discovery. There is a slight difference now. Back edges are labeled red as against cross edges that we encountered in the case of breadth first search. The back edge is basically an edge to an ancestor of the tree as against to a node which is a sibling or a descendant of sibling. Now, these back edges become very handy when it comes to detecting cycles in the graph. So, the DFS. So, DFS iterates over every node in the graph and in fact you begin with all the edges incident on a node. I am going to illustrate this now. So, here we begin with some nodes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. We begin with V and that is the first node. Look at all the edges incident on that first node. You get a W that is 2. Look at the label of W it is all unexplored. In fact all the nodes in black are non-explored. If so then set the label of E this particular edge to discovery edge and also perform a DFS on the node label 2. What does this DFS in turn do? Well, it is going to look at all the neighbors of 2. There is just one start with the first one. In fact before starting off with that edge you would label 2 itself as discovered. So, node is labeled as discovered before any subsequent DFS activities performed.  You try and perform a DFS but you find that this W 1 at least in the first node that 3 is connected to happens to be already explored. So, that is when you decide to set the label of E to a back. This is a back edge. What it means is that we have come across a cycle. Of course, now there is no more DFS to perform on one. So, you trade over all the other edges of 3 you have one more edge which you can mark as discovery edge, discovered edge and then phi. What happens when you invoke DFS of phi is that you do not have any edges incident on phi. So, now you start going backward to 3, 3 has no other edges, 4 has no other edges, node is 2 have and so on. Now, this is a very simple version of DFS which makes use of a recursive call. So, we are going to make this DFS procedure somewhat smarter. The first thing we will do towards that is eliminate recursive call and we will basically do that by making use of the stack auxiliary data structure. How would you do that? Well, we are going to move the part of DFS simulated by having W inserted into a stack. So, we are going to defer the DFS call here. In fact, shift the DFS call to the main DFS itself. I might just do well by putting across here and for this particular W, I am going to insert a push W into a stack S. We will assume that S was initialized to be empty and you want to do this for all the E edges incident on V. What does this mean? We are saying that if this was V, it had multiple edges and E 1, W 1, E 2, W 2 and so on. We are going to push each of W 1, W 2 and so on into the stack and once we have exhausted all the incident edges for V, which is at this point of time, we are going to say I will pop elements from the stack. So, what we need to do is as follows. We will need to initially insert the element V into the stack, add a while, a while block while S dot not empty. That is while S has some elements to pop, we are going to pop the latest element V. You might want to call the start node V prime and this will be a specific V. So, V is S dot pop, you pop out the element, perform all these activities on the incident edges for V, get all the W's, push all those W's into S and continue this whole exercise till S becomes empty. So, this is going to give you the same effect as the original DFS call without needing to invoke recursion. We can also make some other interesting modifications to this procedure by doing some more bookkeeping. So, recall that for BFS, the bookkeeping we introduced was that of depth and ancestor. So, what we will do is like in BFS, introduce some additional bookkeeping. So, what bookkeeping are we talking about? Well, first of all we can keep track of the vertex that led to an expansion of the current vertex. So, what I mean by the keeping track of for expansion is as follows. So, as I push W into S, I will also set the pi of W, the ancestor of W to be V. Initially of course, the ancestor of V prime is nil, it is a root, but I will set the pi of W to be V. I can also keep track not just of depth, but of the time that a particular node started getting expanded and the time that we stopped expanding a particular node. So, we start expanding a particular node moment we pop that node. We can also do some additional bookkeeping in terms of when a particular node starts getting expanded, when the subtree for that node V gets expanded the beginning of that and the beginning of that basically V of V. We can set it to some time, this time is initially 0 and it increases the moment I start expanding a node time plus plus. However, it is a little tricky to keep track of when the expansion on V concludes because the expansion on V concludes when the expansion of all its descendants is also concluded. So, this expansion becomes very natural when you have the DFS call. So, what I am going to do is state the following E of V is time plus plus if recursion is used and what this means is that the call DFS GW were used instead of the stack. E of V could also be set in the case of the stack being used instead of the recursive call, but I am going to leave that as homework. Your homework will be how would you set E V the end time for expansion of subtree for node V if stack were used instead of recursion. So, some of this bookkeeping might become handy in subsequent discussions. Let us now look at the complexity of DFS. We are going to illustrate DFS through a slightly more interesting example. You have a node D where you begin with and you explore this edge to visit A, explore the next edge from A to visit B. From B you visit C, E and now when you start looking at all the incident edges on E, well you find a back edge that goes to a visited node B. Well the other edge is also a back edge that goes to node D, but there is a new unexplored edge discover it and find F visit F. Well from F if you go to D this is what depth first search is about. You visit D from F and not G from E and that leads to do another back edge, a forward edge from F to G and again back edge from G to E. There is one more traversal left as you go trace back that is from B to D that again gives you a back edge. So, we have marked different discovery and back edges here. The properties of DFS well it visits all the vertices and edges in the connected component GV containing V and as I pointed out earlier the case of BFS you are going to run your DFS on a V1 or a V2 for every connected component GV1 or GV2 and the edges label discovery by DFS in every such connected component forms a spanning tree TV of GV. So, this gives you spanning tree TV1, spanning tree TV2 and so on. Some analysis of DFS each vertex is labeled twice and that gives you order of V complexity. One is when you make it unexplored and the other is when you visit and market as visited we never visit a visited node. In fact, what we do is look at all the descendents of a visited node until they are completely explored. Each edge is also labeled twice the first time the market is unexplored the other is to either market as a discovered edge or as a back edge. So, this gives you basically order of V plus E complexity the G dot incident edges is called once for each vertex U over all the incident edges that also gives you order E. So, overall V plus E applications well making use of all the bookkeeping and the implementation using a stack that we discussed you could solve certain problems in order of V plus E complexity and these happen to be problems that are more natural with DFS than with BFS. So, of course, you could find the path from vertex V to U by invoking DFS GV. This you could keep track of by looking at pi U and then pi of pi of U and so on look at all the parents and thereafter all the ancestors. You could also detect cycles that is a very important contribution of DFS. What you need to do is invoke DFS GV for any V and keep looking for a back edge. So, existence of a back edge means there is a cycle. Can you find all the cycles? Well if you look at the example that we showed there are multiple DFS instances where back edges were found. So, indeed you can enumerate several back edges by doing a DFS on the entire graph rooted at V instead of stopping at the first instance of a cycle. I leave it as a homework problem for you to determine if you can find all the cycles. DFS is also the classic strategy for exploring a maze where basically you are doing backtracking search. So, it makes sense to do DFS instead of BFS because you are not interested in all the paths that lead to the goal, but you are interested in one path and exit through that and DFS has been for that. Thank you.