Okay. All right. Good morning, everyone. Welcome to BC 106, our course on interpreting Scripture. Thank you all for joining. Let's pray. Let's take a moment to pray and get started. Good morning, everybody in class. Happy Tuesday. Let's pray. Let's start. Father, we thank you for this morning. Thank you for the opportunity to come together and study your word, be equipped to live for you, to serve you, to grow in you, to serve people. Thank you, Father, for everyone who is in the class here. Those who are online and those who will be joining us in the year learning. Thank you for all these students. We pray for the impartation of your wisdom, your grace, the work of your Holy Spirit in each of our lives. And we thank you in Jesus' name. Amen. All right. So I'm glad we have the projector here so you can follow with me. Last class was a little difficult without the projector. So let's quickly review what we were doing towards the end of the last class. And then we go forward from there. So I need to share what's happening. It's not letting me share. God's word. All right. There it is. Share. Okay. So just sharing the notes from lesson one and two. So we began this course by going through the APC book, God's Word, the Miracle Seed, where we just wanted to help us understand the importance of the word of God in the life of the believer and how to assimilate the word, how to make the word a part of our lives. How you meditate in God's Word and how the word of God can go into your heart. Because only the word that goes into our heart that is shown in our heart that takes root in our heart is going to produce in our lives. Things that we know intellectually, maybe it gives us some information, maybe it helps us a little bit mentally. But really for the word to produce in our lives, it must go into our heart. So we emphasize that we went through the process of meditation. And that's in the book, God's Word, the Miracle Seed. And last week, I was trying to introduce some of these terminologies and all that without the projector. It was a little difficult, but I guess now you can see it and you can all get the PDF. And if you want to print it out, just go to the office and use the printer. If you want to print it out, if you're fine with the PDF, that's fine. The reason I'm giving these lectures class by class is because sometimes I may update the content based on what we talk and interact. And I might add some new information. So that's why I'm giving it lecture by lecture as we put it together. I don't want to give the whole notes because then I can't change or it's difficult to change in between. So handling God's Word, we explain some terminology. It's not important for you to remember these things, but just know that somebody says hermeneutics or somebody says exegesis. What are they meaning? And generally in conversation, people may not use it unless you go to a seminary. They will be using this kind of language, but in everyday life, normally we don't use that. Now, as we began to make progress, we said, we went through some scriptures that we are familiar with, that all scripture is given by inspiration of God, 2 Timothy 3, 16 and 17. And we also said, 2 Peter 1, that the Holy Spirit guided human authors to write. So the inspiration was from God, but the writing was people. People were writing it. That means they used their language. They used the language of the day. They used the conditions of their day to talk about things. So we have to understand that there is the divine side. There is also the human side to the Bible. We talked about the need for interpreting scripture. For example, in Acts 8, there was this Ethiopian man. He was a very rich man, very educated man. He was reading Isaiah 53, but he did not understand. Though he was very educated in all of that, he didn't understand what he was reading. That's where Philip was sent by the Holy Spirit to help interpret the scripture, help him understand what he was reading. Another example is in Nehemiah 8, we looked at verse 8, where as the scriptures were being read, the people stood up to hear the word of God, but it was Ezra the scribe and others who helped them understand what they were hearing. So they read the scriptures, people were very reverent, they stood up, they heard the word, but then they helped them understand what was being taught and what was being read. So we need even today to help people understand the scriptures. And this is where we went, we talked about what are the challenges in biblical interpretation. For you and me to interpret the Bible, understand the scriptures. What are some of the challenges? And we just outlined this. For example, there's a spiritual gap, revelation is in the Bible, it's progressive. That means Abraham didn't know everything Moses knew and Moses didn't know everything David knew. And David didn't, you know, the revelation, the light became brighter and brighter as we journey through time. The advantage we have is we can look back and we can read everything. Right from Genesis to Revelation, we can look back. But the people in the Bible, as they were in Bible times, as they were journey, revelation was progressive. They didn't have everything. So for example, Job, the book of Job is the oldest book in the Bible. So you can imagine, Job did not have the revelation we have. So Job didn't know how to fight the devil. Job did not have Ephesians 6, you know, put on the whole armor of God and stand against the vile soul. He didn't have that. So when Satan came against him, he didn't know. First of all, he didn't know that it was Satan who was coming against him. He didn't know how to resist. He didn't have that revelation. But you and I today, we have all of Genesis Revelation. We know how to contend with the devil. We know how to put the shield of faith and quench every fiery doubt of the wicked. But remember, Jesus said this, He said, to whom much is given, much is required. That means God expects much more from you and me than from those before us. Because to us, much has been given. We have the whole scriptures. Job didn't have or, you know, as we go to... But they didn't have the revelation that we have. So to whom much is given, much is required. So God will ask you and me, did you live by the light of revelation? Right? There's another thing, and I'll just mention this here. When Jesus spoke about the parable of the server in Mark 4, he also went down to say this. He said, to whom much is given, more will be given. To whom, who has little, even what he has will be taken away. So what do you mean? It doesn't make sense, right? See, the person who has little, the little he has will be taken away. To whom has much, more will be given. See, like that is not right. But what is the context? The context is revelation. That means the person who is receiving revelation to him more will be given. So he will have more. But the person who is rejecting revelation has got little bit, even what little he has will be taken away. Because he's not receiving that little. The context is the word of God, Mark chapter 4. Means if you're receiving the word, more word will be given, more revelation will be given.  Two points you got, it's not in the notes. But to whom much is given, much will be required. To whom, who is receiving a lot, more will be given. So it's so important how we receive the seed of the word, how we receive the word. If we are taking in more and more, God will give you more.  Okay, that's a side thought. But you're talking about, sorry, the challenge in biblical interpretation. So we talked about spiritual gap and there's a time gap, the time in which the scriptures were written, the times in which we live. So there's a time difference, there's a geographical difference. It was written mainly in the Middle East. We are living in different parts of the world. There's a cultural gap, meaning their culture and our culture is very different. So the customs in their culture, we need to understand. Because some of the things that are written in scripture are based on the culture in those days. For example, in those days, and we'll talk about this a little later. So we read about this in the book of Ruth's. If two people made a promise to each other and they agreed to it, somebody will take off the shoe and give the shoe. As a sign to say that I agreed to this covenant or to this deal. Today we don't do that. But we can't go and take that chapter and verse and say, hey, it's there in the Bible. You take a shoe, give me a shoe. We can go chapter and verse and give me a shoe. No, that is a custom that they practiced in their culture. It's in the Bible. Yes, it's in the Bible. Yes, it is chapter and verse, but it is a culture, cultural thing. It's not something that you and I have to practice today. Then we'll all be walking with one shoe. It's not practical. So understand cultural gap, understand language gap, literary gap. We will look into all these things. So when we are reading the Bible, I mean, we're interpreting scripture. We need to transcend these gaps. That means we need to understand, oh, this is cultural. And therefore, how will this apply to us today? Now we need to interpret it correctly, keeping all these things in mind. So let's go to 2 Timothy chapter 2. We'll start from here. 2 Timothy chapter 2. Everyone's with me so far? Yeah, that was just a very quick review. 2 Timothy chapter 2, verse 15, the Apostle Paul is writing to Timothy. So he's teaching Timothy how to pastor or take care of the church in Ephesians. And he's giving him instructions how to be a good man of God, how to be a good spiritual leader to the people of God. And of course, he writes a lot in 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy. You'll be studying both these epistles in detail, verse by verse, later on. But in this instruction, in 2 Timothy chapter 2, verse 15, this is what Paul says. He says, be diligent. He's telling Timothy, be diligent or be very careful to present yourself approved to God. That means you present yourself in a way that God will approve. And how you live, how you conduct yourself. He's a spiritual leader. Timothy is a spiritual leader. He's pastoring the church in Ephesians. So Paul is telling Timothy, as a leader, you present yourself in a way that God will approve, approved by God. A worker who does not need to be ashamed. Be a worker who won't have to hide his face. That means you work in such a way that God will approve you and you can look and say, God, I've done my best. I have done what you want me to do. I followed your instructions. I've done my best. So a worker who will not be ashamed. And then in the light of that, as a worker who is approved by God, as a worker who is not going to be ashamed. In the light of that, what must he do? He said, rightly dividing the word or truths. So this is the responsibility of a spiritual leader, of a pastor. Timothy was a pastor, spiritual leader. What must you do? You must rightly divide the word of truth. That means word of truth, God's word. Rightly divide means to cut it straight. Suppose you make a loaf of bread. You want to cut slices for everybody to eat. You have to cut it straight. You don't cut like this. It looks messy. But he cut it nicely. He cut it straight. Rightly divide the word of truth. So he's telling you make a straight cut. Rightly correctly cut or divide. Basically saying interpret the truth, the word of truth. See, God's word is truth. It's the word of truth. Nothing wrong with the word. But as a minister of God, as a leader, you and I have the responsibility to rightly divide. Correctly interpret the word of God. So that is our responsibility. Just like it is our responsibility to present ourselves, approve to God. It is our responsibility to be workers who are not ashamed, to work well. It is also our responsibility to rightly divide the word of. So that's why understanding how to do it is so important. Let's go to Acts 17. This is Paul. He's in Ephesians. And he has... Sorry, he's on his way to Athens, but he's going to be preaching and so on. But in Acts 17, we read about certain believers who actually were from Berea. And let's read that. Acts 17, please follow me. 10 and 11. It says, Then the brethren immediately sent Paul and Silas away by night to Berea. When they arrived, they went in the synagogue of the Jews. These, that means the people in Berea who were the Jews, these were more fair-minded than those in Thessalonica in that they received the word with all readiness and searched the scriptures daily to find out whether these things were so. So what's he saying? Paul and Silas, they came to Berea. They were on the missionary journey. Second missionary journey. They were going there from Thessalonica. They went to Berea. Then they're going to Athens. So they're on the missionary journey. So they come into this place called Berea. And it says these... As they normally do, they went into the synagogue. They started off with the Jews. So the Jewish people are there. They go to the synagogue. And Paul is preaching. I remember in those days, he only had the Old Testament. So from the Old Testament, he would preach Jesus Christ. Okay? So you can imagine, Paul is using Genesis to Malachi. And from Genesis to Malachi, he's preaching the gospel. He's preaching Jesus Christ. And these are Jewish people. They also have Genesis to Malachi. So what it's saying here is, these people, they went and they searched the scriptures to see if what Paul was telling them was correct or not. That's what says verse 11. They received the word. That means they certainly listened. They received the word. But they also did something. They searched the scriptures daily. As they were sitting and listening to Paul. Paul is explaining from the Old Testament about Jesus Christ. They searched to see if what Paul is saying is correct or not. So this is a practice you and I can take today. In fact, I would say we must do it today. Just like how they did today. We have the whole Bible. We have the Old Testament and New Testament. When you listen to anybody preaching, whether it's me, any of our Bible colleges, lecturers, or whether you listen to a sermon online or in church, wherever, you have to search. You have to think is what this person is saying is correct or not. Like how these people did. You have to be fair minded. That means you be very thoughtful, clear in your mind, and you search the scriptures to see if what this person is. Is it right or not? Like how these people did. So we must understand that in our day and time, like Paul said, there are all kinds of wins of doctrine, wins of teaching, all kinds of things going on. You know, sometimes I don't want to say this lightly, but sometimes I find it very funny. Every other person will be Apostle so and so and Prophet so and so. It's so cheap these days. They'll put one label Apostle some sort of Prophet. Nobody wants to call pastor and evangelist and teacher. That is all below. It has to be either Apostle or Prophet. Sometimes it will be Apostle and Prophet. I was like, what is going on? Everybody is an Apostle. Everybody is a Prophet. What is going on? But that is what is happening, generally speaking, in the Christian world. Generally speaking. So it has become very cheap. You wear on white suit, put your name Apostle so and so, finished. Only two things you need. You need white suit and you need label Apostle. Anyway, sad. It's very sad. But the problem is people are preaching and saying all kinds of things in the name of ministering God's word. All kinds of things. Whatever comes to the mind say, but you and I have to be careful like these believers. So even though it was Paul, they didn't know who Paul was. They didn't know, hey, this was an Apostle, real Apostle Paul. They didn't know. For them, Paul was Paul and Silas and Count. They were teaching something, but they checked the scriptures. Is it correct? So we have to be very careful these days. So many, so many things, so many ideas, doctrines are going on and we have to be very careful. And so whatever we learn in this course will help us to do that. How do you interpret the scriptures? And one very important thing is always interpret something in the light of the entirety of scripture. Somebody will take one verse. Of course, when you're preaching a sermon, you can only refer to a few verses because you have only 40 minutes or something. You don't have time. But how you interpret those few scriptures must be in the light of the whole scriptures from Genesis to Revelation. Even though you're taking one verse and preaching or a few verses and preaching, you're taking a passage and you're preaching. Yeah, we understand. In 40 minutes, you can only do a few things, take a few scriptures. We understand that. But how you interpret those scriptures, you as a minister of God, you have to do your homework to make sure that you are interpreting it correctly in the light of the entirety of scripture. You must interpret the light of Genesis to Revelation. Yeah, you can't preach the whole thing, but when you're telling people, you have to be very careful. Okay, so when we are reading scripture, some basic things we will talk about a little later on, how to interpret, but basic things, you know, observation. What is the text saying? Interpretation, what does it mean? An application, how does it apply to me? Three simple questions. Observation, interpretation, application. The application can be correct only if the observation and interpretation are correct. If the observation is wrong or interpretation is wrong, then application will also be wrong. Then somebody will get into trouble. They'll get in to do something wrong. They'll blame, oh, the preacher told me or I thought the Bible said no. So observation has to be correct. Interpretation has to be correct. Then application will be correct. Okay, so what was clear to the writer may not be immediately clear to the reader. So you and I are reading. God's servant wrote it sometime back, maybe a thousand, two thousand years ago, somebody wrote. At that time, the person was writing, the Holy Spirit had inspired a thought or a revelation. Holy Spirit had given that person something. That person wrote it. But when we are reading it today, it may not be very clear, obvious. Our desire is what was the original illumination or revelation that the Holy Spirit was giving whoever wrote it. We need to study, make a little effort. It may not just be obvious, just by reading. Understand what it is. That's our goal. Now Martin Luther, of course, he said many things, but this quote I think is very important. The scriptures are to be retained in the simplest meaning ever possible. Don't make it complicated. And to be understood in their grammatical and literal sense, unless the context plainly forbids. Obscure passages are to be understood in the light of clear passages. Scripture is its own interpreter. This is a true method of interpretation, which puts scripture alongside of scripture in a right and proper way. So this is good words of wisdom. And how to interpret scripture? Scripture is its own interpreter. That means to understand something in one place, look at what other thing other scriptures say about that subject. Scripture is its own interpreter. Put scripture alongside scripture. Put it all together. Then you come out with the meaning. So keep it simple. Use proper language, grammar, and so on. And he says obscure passages should be understood in the light of clear passages. So if there's something that is not very clear in one's place, well, what can you look at? What are the other passages you can look at that throws more light or clearer about the same subject? So look at the clearer passages and then you'll understand. We will look at some examples of this. So John Calvin, he said, it is a first business of an interpreter to let his author say what he does say instead of attributing to him what we think he ought to say. Don't make the Bible say what you want it to say. No, you say what the author has said. That is our first responsibility. So my first response when I'm going to read the scripture is, I must find out what God said through his servants, not me trying to make the Bible say what I wanted to say. So my responsibility is, what did God say through whoever wrote the scripture? What did God say through that verse? Not the other way. So let's talk a little bit here now about the possibility of error during interpretation. How can there be error? Some people knowingly distort the Word of God. They know they are playing, but they will purposely do it because they want, like we said, they want to achieve some end. They want to support their own doctrine. They want to support their own idea. They may want to support their own organization. They may want to support their own agenda. So knowingly, they will distort the Word of God. Come, people, do it. So Paul writes about this, and these are just one or two examples. In 2 Corinthians chapter 4, Paul says, verse 2, Paul says, but we, 2 Corinthians 4 too, but we have renounced the hidden things of shame, not walking in craftiness, nor handling the Word of God deceitfully, by manifestation of truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God. So he's comparing himself with other people, meaning he's drawing a contrast. There are people who are walking in craftiness and they handle God's Word deceitfully. They are cheating deceitfully and they're handling God's Word. And secondly, they do. Sometimes that's because of the ignorance of others. That means they know, okay, the other person may not have read the scriptures or may not know what I'm saying, so they may knowingly distort the Word. Now, 2nd Peter, 316, Peter is writing. He's mentioning, referring to the epistles of the Apostle Paul. And he says, as also in all his episodes, speaking in them of things in which are some things hard to understand, which untaught and unstable people twist to their own destruction, as they do also the rest of the scriptures. So we look at verse 15, the previous verse, you know that Peter is talking about our beloved brother Paul, 2nd Peter, 315, and then he says in verse 16, he says, you see, there are people who don't understand. But without understanding, they twist the scriptures. They make it say what it's not saying. They twist the scriptures. And some things are hard to understand, untaught and unstable people, they twist it to their own destruction. And they do this not only with the writings of Paul, but also the rest of scripture. For example, in Paul's time, what happened was, the Apostle Paul had written about the resurrection, right? So example, in 1 Thessalonians chapter 4, they talked about the coming of Christ and how Jesus would come to take people away, take the church away and 1 Corinthians 15. So Paul had written these things, the coming of the Lord. Within a few years, there were people who were saying, the resurrection has already happened and you have missed it. So within few years, people were preaching, resurrection finished, already happened, you have missed it. And they were destroying the faith of the believers. So Paul was writing about it. He wrote about the sentiment that there were these people who were overthrowing the faith of some, claiming that the resurrection has already passed. So Paul had written correctly about the resurrection. But here there were people who were twisting the scriptures and claiming it's already gone and scaring the people. Gone, you're here now. Jesus has left you behind, kind of thing, right? So Peter is saying, these people, they didn't understand. So they are twisting the scriptures and they are causing a lot of problems. So there are people who knowingly distort, there are people who make faulty interpretations. Sometimes it happens out of ignorance because they have not studied. They have not made the effort to search the scriptures. Then they just preach and okay, they are sincere but they are wrong. Why? Because they haven't studied, they haven't searched. They may be genuine people, sincere people, but they are wrong in their interpretation. So for example, and I was just talking about this to somebody, I think on Sunday or something, we were talking about, like example, and I'm not putting people down, but we're just looking, talking about the facts, that example in India here, especially in rural parts, right? There are people, for example pastors and all of them, they don't have the opportunity to go somewhere and be taught the word of God. They just start ministry, right? They hear about Jesus, they get saved and they'll start, start a church, start ministry, but they have never been trained. They have not spent time understanding the scriptures. Now they are sincere people. There's no question. They're genuine people, sincere people, but because they don't have the understanding, they can say and do a lot of things that are actually wrong, that are against the scriptures. They're sincere, but they don't have the understanding. They've not had the opportunity to be taught the word. So they'll just open Bible, some verse, they'll read, say something. And so, you know, it's a problem. It's a problem because it will hurt people. It'll hurt people. So just discussing about that. So the fact is sometimes people do make faulty interpretations. They are sincere, they're good people, but they don't have the understanding. They have not been taught, they have not been trained. Now I just want to, this is a side note. Listening to wrong teaching is like eating spoiled food. Okay, so go with me to Hebrews chapter 12. Hebrews chapter 12, not chapter 12, chapter 13. Let me, yeah. So Hebrews 13 was nine. Hebrews 13, nine. Do not be carried about with various and strange doctrines. For it is good that the heart be established by grace, not with foods which have not profited those who have been occupied by them. Very interesting. Hebrews 13, nine. He's saying, don't get caught up with various and strange doctrine or teaching. Just go with all these strange ideas and teaching. And in trying to explain what he's saying, the writer of Hebrews continues, it says the heart should be established by grace or made firm by the grace of God, not with foods which have not profited those who have been occupied. That means you're eating food which is of no use. Like it's almost like bad food. So for us to pay attention to strange doctrines, all these wrong teaching, it's like you are putting bad food into your body. It's comparing, drawing compares. So you have to be careful. It's not like, yeah, I'll just listen to anything and everything. No, because if you are putting strange doctrines, putting them into your heart, it's like eating spoiled food, bad food. It's not good for you. You'll have some bad effects on your spiritual life. So you and I also have to be careful. Okay, so there is a possibility of error during interpretation. So we have to be careful. So now let's talk about the Bible as a human book and as a divine book. You all with me so far? Okay. So as a divine book, what can we say about the Bible? Meaning as a book that has been given by the inspiration of God, we can say the Bible is inedent. That means it is truth. There is no error. The Bible being a divine book is authoritative, meaning it's final authority in our lives. We can't, we're not going to question it, challenge it and say, no, no, no, no. So for example, in today's society, one of the arguments is, Oh, the Bible is an old book. It was, it is outdated. It is meant for people who were living hundreds of years ago. Today we are modern people. Those things, those way, that way of life doesn't apply to us. No. The Bible is authoritative. It is final. Even today, we live and we submit to the truth of the Word of God. We submit to it. This is the way we're supposed to live. You're not going to change that, right? It's authoritative. So the Bible, number three, the Bible being a divine book has unity. That means it's not going to contradict itself. If and when there are discrepancies, we need to interpret it in the light of the harmony of Scripture. Okay. It seems like there's some, something not clear. Okay. Let's interpret it in the light of the rest of Scriptures. It is because it contains unity. Passages are not very clear. You interpret in the light of primary passages. If it seems like there are two possible interpretations, then go with the one that's clear and sensible, right? And the Bible often interprets itself. We also understand progressive revelation. That means things became clearer and clearer over time.  Example, in the beginning of the ministry, Jesus told his disciples, when you go, don't take anything with you. Just go. But towards the end of his ministry, he said, now when you go, take your bag, take your purse and take a sword. So Matthew 10, when you go, he said, don't take anything.  The laborer is worthy of his food. But later on, before crucifixion, Jesus said, now you take things with you when you go. So the instruction was, that instruction was temporary for a period of time, then it was changed. So we understand that, right? That you'll find that, I'm just giving one example. So some commands were changed at a later period of time. The Bible being a divine book is supernatural. That means God works through his word, through the word of God. Now, the Bible as a human book, all of you, you're following me, right? Okay. The Bible as a human book, that means because it was written by human authors, what can we say? The biblical writing, it is recorded in the language and it followed normal grammatical meaning, including figurative language, right? So, retreated like as you would treat any text, right? It is written in a sentence. The words are put in a certain way so that they convey a certain meaning. Don't jumble it and make it say something else, right? We can do that, right? Suppose I write a sentence, you know, please meet me today. You can jumble up the words and say, you know, today meet, whatever. I'm just trying to say. Sometimes you can jumble. If there were more words, you could jumble up the words and make it mean something different, right? We shouldn't do that, right? Just read it like a normal sentence, how we read it in any language. So, number two, the writing of the Bible was written to specific hearers and the people were living in a certain historical geographical situation. So, it communicated a certain meaning to those people. So, we must try to understand what that meant to the people, right? Try to understand in their context, okay? So, number three, the Bible is influenced by the cultural environment in which the human writer wrote. So, example, in both the Old Testament and the New Testament, you'll find the phrase, gird up your loyals. Gird up your loyals. So, what is that gird up your loyals, okay? It simply means that just like how in some parts of India, like I think South India, you know, people will wear dhoti, right? They wear the dhoti. So, they wear a certain kind of clothing, loin, around their loyals on the waist. It's like a dhoti.  You make it, you bring it a half way, so then they can move, they can walk more freely, right? So, that phrase is in the Bible, both Old Testament and New Testament. He girded up his loyals. So, what is this girded up? It simply means they wore this long cloth, so then they put it up here so that they could move more freely. But then when he says, gird up the loyals of your mind. Oh, he's using a figure of speech. On our mind, we're not wearing any dhoti. But he's saying, take action in your mind. Prepare your mind for action. Be alert in your mind. That is the interpretation. But he's using a language, something that was culturally understood, gird up your loyals in the context of the mind. Oh, that means be ready to take action in your mind. That's what it means, right? But so, we have to interpret certain discoveries, giving one example.  A couple of other things. In the form, the Bible was accepted and understood the light of its context. So, when people, during Bible times and early times, they also understood Scripture in the light of its context. That's how they understood it. And we also must do the same thing. The Bible takes on the nature of specific literary form. So, some is historical, some is poetic. So, especially the Psalms. They're all songs written, so they're very poetic in nature. So, we understand that. It has to be interpreted that way. So, in poetic literature, sometimes the same thought is repeated in two sentences, two statements. But the same thought, it's being repeated. But that's the style of that writing. So, we have to understand like that. And use basic principles of logic and communication. So, there is the divine side to the Scripture. God inspired it, but there is also the human side. Man wrote it. So, when man was writing it, they used the language and the style and the practices of writing that they had in those times. And so, when we are trying to interpret Scripture, we must follow those rules of interpretation. Okay. Any questions before we go for a break? Y'all with me so far? Okay, let me just see if there are any questions from our online class. Any questions from students online on this lesson so far? Y'all following me? Okay. So, when we come back after the break, we'll get into the next chapter. We will talk about methods and tools to study. What are some of the methods to study the Scriptures? And what are some tools we can use? Okay. I'll share that with you, some tools. So, it is good to get to know what are the methods, what are the tools to use to study the Scriptures. And we will go through that after we come back from the break. Okay. See you all in 10 minutes. Thank you.


Today we're here to review the Stearman SP-445 development tank. My name is David Patton. When I started photography, I wanted to make art. I wanted to be a landscape photographer. But with a family to feed and bills to pay, I decided it would be better to be a working photographer than a starving artist. So I took a job as a photojournalist. 25 years and thousands of assignments later, it was time to go back to my first love. It was time to follow my passion. Come along on my journey to become the best black in my photographer I can be. Whether it be film or digital, I will be sharing what I learned through my successes and my failures. In hopes to inspire and educate. This is my journey. This is Bright in the Edge. This isn't a paid review. This is paid for with my own money. I just thought I'd pass along my take on this development tank. This tank is a development tank for 4x5 sheet film. It holds 4 sheets and it develops in 16 ounces of developer. Which I find extremely economical. You load your film on these film holders. There's two of them. They slide into a slot in the tank. You put a sheet on each side. What I really like about this film holder is it's just like loading up a regular film holder for your camera. I've done it in really small changing bags. It works really well. It's really hard to come up with a lot of things to say about a development tank. It either works well or it doesn't. It's either economical or it's not. And this really hits all the bases. I wish I would have found this many years ago. I wish this would have been out many years ago when I started large form of photography. When I started out, I tried to develop my own film in trays. It really left the opportunity for uneven development, scratching negatives, that kind of thing. I just avoided it. One of the cool things about this development tank is it's light tight. You can develop your film with the lights on. That is a major plus. The developer goes into the tank quite quickly and it empties pretty rapidly as well. There's really less chance of getting uneven development. You can do your regular agitation with this tank. It does a pretty good job at not getting chemicals everywhere. It seals pretty tight. I don't really have a lot of negative things to say about this development tank. The lid at times can be a little finicky. For me, it doesn't go on quite as smooth as I'd like. And that might because it's still pretty new. If I moisten the seal around the lid, it seems to slide on a lot easier. Just a little bit of moisture. And it does feel like it could pop off. It just doesn't feel real confident inspiring. So I tend to put a heavy rubber band around it when I'm developing. Now, it's never popped off and it probably never will. But I'm a little paranoid. And another slight negative would be it only holds four sheets. Now, that's kind of nitpicking, I know. But if they could figure out a way for this to do six and maybe 20 ounces of chemistry, if you happen to be watching this, that would be the perfect tank for me. I'd want one of each. I could use both at the same time. If I only had four sheets, I'd use this one. Or I'd use the six sheet by itself. But I think if we could just add a couple more sheets to this, it would be perfect. That's it really for the cons. There aren't many. This thing has made developing black and white 4x5 film so much easier than my experiences in the past. If you're thinking about doing black and white photography and using a 4x5 sheet film, I highly recommend purchasing this right away. This is, I think, one of the most important pieces of my kit. This is almost as important as my camera, lens, and film holders because I need a way to develop that film. Developing yourself really helps you dial in consistency in your photography. It's really not hard to develop your own film. You'll save a lot of money and you can try out different developers. You can come up with a look that you really like and you don't have to send your film off to get developed. I would highly recommend purchasing something like this. Now there might be other products out there like the Stem repress. I haven't really seen any. I think they've got round holders for like Patterson tanks and that kind of thing. What I really like about this is these going flat and then going real easy. There's no fiddling around. They just slide right in. Super easy to load. So if you're thinking about developing your own film, and you can't really go wrong with this product, it might sound like it's a glowing review and it is. This is one of the best pieces of gear I've bought this year. So I'm going to end this video right here. Until next time, thanks for coming along for the ride.


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Hey, Psych2Goers, and welcome back to our channel. Thank you so much for all the love you've given us. Your ongoing support has helped us make psychology and mental health more accessible to everyone. As a quick disclaimer, this video is made for educational purposes and is not meant to provide any kind of professional diagnosis for antisocial personality disorder. Please seek help from a mental health professional if you think you or someone else could be suffering from this disorder. With that being said, let's begin. Antisocial personality disorder is a mental disorder in which a person shows no regard for right and wrong and tends to antagonize, manipulate, or threat others harshly. They can be charming at first, but have a widespread disregard for others and show little remorse for their behavior. So here are 8 signs of antisocial personality disorder. 1. They misunderstand social interactions. People with antisocial personality disorder have a skewed social compass. They process social interactions and your social signals differently. They might misinterpret things that are said. For example, they hear insults or mockery when there is none, which brings us to the next point. 2. They are prone to hostility. When someone has antisocial personality disorder, they often feel that others have wronged them, even when no one actually has. They will read between the lines when they interact with you and hear something completely different than what you actually said. They might be distressed and on edge, causing them to lash out with hostility and anger. In extreme cases, they might even seek revenge for the perceived wrongs against them, whether the insult is real or imagined. 3. They can be very manipulative. People with antisocial personality disorder can repel against others. Others might struggle to communicate and connect with them. And to make things worse, people with this personality disorder are also prone to misreading other's signals, which can cause a lot of misunderstandings in the relationship. To overcome this, they become skilled at charm and manipulation. For example, they manipulate you into spending time with them, or they may exploit you and con you to get what they want, even if it's just for their own personal gratification. 4. They have a tendency to lie. Along with manipulation comes a tendency to lie, and their lies are often used to blame others. Everything is a tool they can use for personal gain. To someone with antisocial personality disorder, the survival of a relationship is vital as long as it continues to serve their needs or desires. And to see, it's just one of the tactics they use to achieve that. 5. They are very impulsive. Impulsivity is a common factor in the makeup of antisocial personality disorder. They act on less reservation, like there is nothing to hold them back. They have very little regard for the consequences of their actions, and disregard their own safety or the safety of others. Their extreme impulsivity often ends in dire consequences, such as being hospitalized or serving jail time. 6. They indulge in repeated risky behavior. Their impulsive nature leads them to make snap decisions, which might not turn out well for them. For example, they might get involved in criminal activity, such as theft or arson. They might have problems with drug and alcohol use. Their disregard for right and wrong and low moral standards leads them to make bad, risky decisions often for little reward. 7. They have little remorse for their behaviors and actions. Someone who has antisocial personality disorder will do whatever they can to achieve what they want, even when their behavior and actions can hurt people. They have very little to no remorse for hurting, offending, or inconveniencing others. They do what they want for their own gain, and lack empathy for others. 8. They blame others. They also have a habit of putting the blame off on other people. Because they struggle to take responsibility for their own harmful behavior, they may rationalize their actions by blaming those they hurt. They might think the other person deserved it, or have a mindset of, that's just the way life is. They refuse to see the repercussions of their actions, and put the blame on others instead.  If so, we encourage you to seek help from a mental health professional. If you find this video insightful, go ahead and like, and share this video to someone who might be able to benefit too. The studies and references used are listed in the description below. Don't forget to hit the subscribe button and notification bell icon for more Psych2Go videos. Thanks for watching, and we'll see you next time.


If you have been following this channel for any length of time, you know that I am a huge fan of history. I'm such a big fan of history because it is a great predictor of the future. Hello everyone, Dylan Schumacher, Citadel Defense, and we are back with another edition of Tactical Book Review. Today's book is a little bit of an outlier. This one is Slang Leviathan, Limited Government and Resistance in the Christian Tradition by Glenn S. Sunshine. I say this one's a little bit of an outlier because I almost didn't bother doing a video on this book. However, the more I thought about it, the more I thought it was actually pretty important for what we talk about in general here. So this book is not a tactical book. It's not about doing the pew-pews or anything like that. Rather, this is a historical, philosophical, theological work about the foundations of liberty and liberty thought. If you are familiar with much history on the topic, then you should be hopefully very well aware that the majority of the philosophical and theological foundations for the ideas of liberty are found in the Christian tradition. This is something, of course, we've touched on here and there in the past and that the entire idea of liberty has firm roots in the biblical tradition and in the Christian tradition. It's, of course, not the only thing it draws on to be fair. However, the vast, vast majority of liberty thought, especially as it came to us in America, is firmly rooted in the Bible. And this book does a fantastic job of walking through the history of how humans have thought about and viewed liberty. And it does so with a special eye towards the Bible because, as we just mentioned, that's where the majority of it comes from. The title, Slaying the Viathan, is pretty clever. It is a playoff of the Thomas Hobbes, the Leviathan. If you're not familiar with any of that, don't worry. You will be after you get done with this book. This book is not too bad. It's 170-some pages and I will admit it's not an easy reader. There are some books that are viewing this channel that are just an easy read, you know, really easy to work through. However, this one, you can get a little lost because there's a lot of history and a lot of philosophical thought. I'm a philosophy major from college back in the day, very long time ago. And back then, this would be a book that I very much would have read from my coursework, although I sincerely doubt any college would actually assign it. So, if you are interested in learning the history of liberty and liberty thinking, I would highly recommend this book. I hope that you are interested in learning that. It's very important to understand where we came from and understand where the ideas came from that we believe in and to have a firm foundation and rooting in those ideas. I understand that not everybody's philosophically minded and this book does not appeal to everybody and honestly, it's not for everybody. But for those of you out there who want to have deep firm roots in liberty because you consider yourself a thinker and or you just want to know more, I would highly recommend this book. It is a fantastic perspective setting book when it comes to liberty, specifically in the American tradition, how we view liberty and why it's so important. Like I said, he just surveys history since starting from about Augustine, kind of up to the modern era. So, I would highly recommend, I really enjoyed Glenn S. Sunshine's Slang Leviathan. Hope that's helpful. Do brave deeds and endure.


You're going to find me! You found my phone instead. Ah, I see. I see what happened there. You wanted me to go and hide so you could play on my phone. Did you have a good sleep? Yeah. Good. That's the main thing. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Ready or not, here I come. Wonder where she is. Under the bed? No. Is she under the desk? No. Is she in her bedroom? No. I wonder where she is. I think she might be in the cupboard. Let's see. Anything in there? No. That's funny. Could have sworn she went in the cupboard. Maybe she's in this side. Found ya! My turn. Let's do it downstairs and try. Oops. Let's go. No, I can't. You've got to get downstairs first. Okay. Okay. Okay. I want to look us up. Push it. No, you're not going to be able to do that. It's kid-proof. Kid-proof. Yes. Show us how you dance a basketball. Do you want to come back a bit? Right, I'm making a coffee. Would you like a drink? Would you like something to drink? Hello! Would you like something to drink? What do you want for breakfast? Was that fun? That looked dangerous to me. Would you like some eggs for breakfast? And yogurt? You don't like yogurt. That's your favourite food.  Okay. Or maybe some toast. What? Oh, you've got the cheese there. Again. Here. I'm going to make it for you, okay? You sit on the couch, watch some cartoons and Daddy will make breakfast. Yeah, that's how it works. Breakfast is served. You don't like yogurts? It really is true what they say about how kids eat. It's certainly not in the same place. It's all over the place. Bend over backwards, forwards up and down. But guys, I must say that last night was a big one. It was an important one. It was a very rewarding one. My daughter slept a solid 10 hours.  That's all I can expect. We're going to finish off some breakfast. Then we're going to head over to Mum's place which is just around the corner so we can walk and make a day of it. I think this is the 23rd of March. It's a Tuesday. She's got the day off of daycare. She goes on Monday, Wednesday and Thursday. There's no reason why this can't happen again. This was a step in the right direction. That means I can do it. I've proven that to myself. I've proven it to her mum and I've proven it to Tate. She is the most beautiful girl in the world so is her sister. I think the next step will be to have both of them over. But I'll tell you what. Looking after two kids over one is a lot more hectic. I'm going to say it's more than two times as hectic. In fact, it's four times as hectic. Two kids is four times as hectic is one. So just remember that guys. Oh yeah, come here. I'm going to say goodbye to YouTube now. Okay? Did you stay at Dad's last night? Was it good? Where did you sleep? Where did you sleep last night? Where did you sleep last night? In my room. No? You slept next to Daddy. No, it's Dad's room actually. Anyways guys, bye. I can see you.


So this half an hour is going to be about the economics and governance of blockchain networks focused on consortia but also open to other questions. So as I mentioned, I'm a founding economist of Prism Group, we're an economics and governance advisory focused on blockchain projects. So why would you need economics to think about blockchain? So at a fundamental level, economics and specifically microeconomics is thinking about the study of individual choice and strategic interaction under constraints. So we think that individuals are making decisions constantly, they're making tradeoffs, they're thinking about what are the resources that they have and how can they be used. And when we're designing distributed systems, when we're designing, thinking about how to decentralize a variety of different applications, understanding how individuals are expected to act and how they're going to interact with the system that we're designing is essential. So we as a firm work with projects across the entire blockchain and DLT spectrum, everything from top 10 cryptocurrencies to big four accounting firms to major educational institutions like Berkeley, Stanford and MIT. We also have pursued a number of research opportunities presented our own research at places like DARPA and Cornell. So one thing I'm very excited to announce is that coming in the third quarter of this year, we're going to be offering a joint executive education course on the economics of blockchain and digital assets with the Wharton School. And this is going to be a great opportunity to work with the experts at Wharton to present what we've learned and how economics is useful lens for thinking about the applications of blockchain and DLT. So for anyone who's interested in this, please don't hesitate to reach out and we'll be marketing this more in the future. But this is a very exciting, a recent development for us and we think we'll fill a significant need in the market for up to date, clear explanations of the economic benefits of blockchain and how it can be applied across industries. As I mentioned, when we work with different projects, we use a variety of different kinds of economics depending on the particular setting. We may be thinking about the design of contracts and transactions. We may be looking at strategic interaction in a game theory lens. We may be applying monetary economics to think about the fundamental value of blockchain tokens and how they can be managed and everything in between. If I have a chance, I'll come back to this a little bit later, especially when we're thinking about how do you apply blockchain to a network or a consortium. There's a multi-step process that we go through. When you're thinking about how do you build a network or a consortium of independent entities, you have to think not only what is the blockchain doing, but how do we incentivize adoption, use, and ongoing contribution of resources in a way that solves any public goods problem and enables the network as a whole to function effectively. For those of you who might be interested in a little bit of reading, we do write on a regular basis. These are just, we have a medium post that has a lot of our greatest hits. We also gave a course now a couple of years ago at the USC Viterbi School of Engineering, which was the very first economics for blockchain course offered. So happy to share any of these. You can also find these on our website. If anyone is interested in contacting us now or I'll put this back up at the end, please don't hesitate to reach out. With that, I'm happy to open up for any questions that might be in the audience. Can I jump in here without you? Yes, go ahead, please. Oman, they just wanted to let you know Q&A is actually disabled here. So that's why I jumped in here. Sorry, I thought I'll check on the Q&A sessions. That's fine. So Stephanie, a question for you. When you're working with your clients on different projects which come through, is there a pattern that you see based upon the profile of your clients? For example, startups versus enterprise clients versus institutions. In terms of how do they approach the economic question around the blockchain project? I think that's a great set of questions and there's a lot there. So I think the different types of clients first of all will tend to interact at different levels with the underlying technology. So we have a number of startup clients that are protocols. They're thinking about sort of the intricacies of consensus and the economics around there and how to design incentives. For many of our enterprise clients, there's going to be the decision about what protocol or protocols do we use and how do we build on them and how do we make sure that the economics and governance of those are aligned with what we want to do, but they're not necessarily digging into designing their own system or even token sometimes. And I think that for many projects, especially those that are funded through more traditional means, like if you're thinking about an enterprise project that's gotten startup funding from a larger corporation, there tends to be very much a focus on the use case. So why are we the business putting the money into this? Whereas with startups, especially ones funded by token raises, there's a little bit more room for exploration and sort of thinking about not only is how is this going to be used, but also why is this just a really cool and interesting project? So I would say those are some of the differences. Is the Q&A functioning now? I still showed me disabled. It's working, yeah. Okay, great. So maybe something at your end. If anyone else has any questions, please feel free to post questions. I can ask more if there aren't others. I'm also happy to talk a little bit more about how we think about design, but why don't you go ahead with one more question, then if there aren't any more I can talk a little bit about. The phases of economic design. Sure. So the other question I had was from a token economics perspective, now that NFTs are getting a lot of attention, how do you envision that they might be of use from a strategic perspective for enterprises? You know, they are seeing a lot of traction, they're seeing a lot of traction from creatives. But from an enterprise perspective, how an enterprise could use them to further their own marketing or strategy? I think it's a really interesting question. And I think for a lot of creatives, there's obviously excitement due to the potential for ownership and also due to the amounts of money that are going around. I think it's really important when you have an NFT or you offer it to understand what exactly does the possession of the NFT give you? So for example, it might be that the NFT gives you access to a URL and the piece of art or whatever it is that you've purchased is actually stored somewhere else. And so the question is, okay, so what exactly have you purchased and how do you enforce your ownership of that more or less? And so I think that just in general, being really, really clear about that is very important. Or else you're going to end up paying a lot for a broken URL and nothing good will come of it, right? In terms of enterprise applications of NFTs, I think it's still very open. One place we've potentially actually seen applications for this is in the gaming space because many of these gaming economies, for those of you who know, I mean, they're just absolutely enormous in terms of actual monetary value. And there is a facility in ease with digital assets that's already there, right? And so we think about how do we use blockchain and distributed ledger technology to sort of expand property rights and allow people to maybe transfer assets across games or stuff like that. And so if you have non-fungible assets, they would be realized as NFTs. I think just in terms of the business applications, you really need to be in a setting where whatever you feel like, you're going to have multiple entities, which is why you need a distributed ledger. And you have a non-fungible asset that can be represented by an NFT. And I don't know exactly what that's going to be yet, but I think that if you go through and really understand what exactly does this give you, who's going to be controlling blockchain and so forth, I think it can help to put some limits on sort of what where these might be applicable. Thanks, Tiffany. You're welcome. All right, I have a question from Guy. It says, for people who consult and offer blockchain services to corporate customers, is IP typically something that needs to be negotiated? If so, can you speak to best practices? So I am not a lawyer. Please don't use anything I say as law. I think in our practices, the bespoke IP that we produce belongs to the client. So if we build a specific token model or something like that, it typically is, as with most consulting firms, that's the clients. In terms of general best practices, there are many fine IP lawyers out there. I chat with them. All right. I'm happy to just I'll keep going down this list. I see a question from Ken for industry consortia. While the concept of totally open governance is compelling, it can introduce inefficiency and decision making. What do you think about different membership models? All right, this is a great question. I think for whenever you're designing a consortium, there's always a question of who are going to be the different members? What do they get and what do they contribute? Right. And there's going to be different levels of membership. So for example, in a consortium, you could have sort of the founding members who are the initial set of organizations that come together. Typically, they're going to be taking higher risk. They're going to be putting in more money. They're going to be sort of putting themselves out there more. And they'll typically expect higher return. And that can take different forms. It can be monetary return. They're expecting a share of revenues that come in from the use of the consortium products. It can be ownership of IP. It can be increased control. So having a higher level of governance. But I think that if we look across governance, even of standalone projects, if you look at the governance systems of DeFi products that are working, like Compound, like Uniswap, what you'll see is that the governance is really, the bulk of the participation comes from a relatively small set of people, which is not necessarily surprising. People are entities. And so I think figuring out in any governance project, it's never going to be completely open. You're never going to have a thousand people contributing proposals to your governance system. So it's all about sort of who do you need to be in the group and how do you enable them to get what they want on need from the project. All right, a question from Carlos. For blockchain network monetization currently, what are the most common roadblocks and how do you tackle them? This is also a great question. So in any consortium project, the reason that there is a consortium is that the value comes from some kind of network effects. So the point is that if a single company standalone could offer these products or these services, which is typically sort of the sharing and aggregation of data in some way, if a single company could do this, then we wouldn't need a blockchain. And so fundamentally these consortium projects are about how do we have different organizations come together and how do we introduce projects that increase in value as the membership increases, either in size or in type. And there are different kinds of this. What we find with most of these getting a consortium off the ground is incredibly, incredibly difficult as we know. And so really the challenge is how do you bootstrap the network to be sufficiently rich that the product you're offering has value, right? I think that's, you know, and then once you have, you know, the different participants and you have a robust network and you can really offer stuff that no one else has, then it gets into a pricing question, right? So sort of let me be concrete here. So, you know, there are a number of different consortia that we're attempting to use blockchain to facilitate healthcare data sharing. And so, for example, one of the applications in the U.S. is something called coordination of benefits. And the idea is that if I am a patient, and for those of you who aren't in the U.S. healthcare system, this might all sound very strange, but bear with me. So if I'm a patient in the healthcare system in the U.S., I might actually have multiple different insurance providers who are willing to pay for different things. So I go to my doctor, I go to a hospital, and I need something done. And my doctor says, okay, who would be willing to pay for this? What insurance do you have? And frequently I have more than one insurance provider. And some of them are only, you know, willing to be backups, right? They won't be the primary payers for specific and varies by procedure and varies by elsewhere. And so, in sort of pre-blockchain, what you would do is you would have some, you know, poor person at the doctor's office calling all the insurance agencies and trying to figure out how to coordinate this. One of the key proposals in a lot of healthcare blockchain-based networks is can we set up some kind of distributed ledger-based data sharing system so that some of this coordination of benefits querying is automated. And obviously you're not going to take every element of healthcare data and put it on blockchain, that's insane. But you can sort of facilitate the finding of this data and the checking of it and the coordination using a distributed ledger. That only works if, I mean, that would be incredibly valuable, but that only works if a sufficient density of healthcare providers and insurance companies are in this network, whatever it is, right? And so that would be incredibly valuable thing to sell. People would be very, very interested. It would save a lot of time and money. But in order for there to be value, you need to have enough adoption across the relevant networks. And so I would say that that is currently the biggest monetization challenge. In terms of how do you tackle these, you know, it's really around, I think, incentive design and bootstrapping incentive design and just being realistic about, you know, especially when you're dealing with a consortium of corporations or organizations, what are the real tangible benefits both in the short term and the long term, right? So if you show up and you say, I have this great consortium that's going to be super valuable in a decade, you know, it's helpful to have sort of more tangible, you know, benefits and risk mitigation closer on to facilitate adoption. Any additional questions? So again, feel free to jump in if there are. I think I'm going to deep your curating the questions. So I'll look out for those. I think, you know, another thing just to raise having worked especially, you know, with a number of different projects is one of the most fundamental questions we get from enterprises is sort of how do we, how do we know that we need a blockchain, right? And I think we've all seen that flow chart that's very short that says, do you need a blockchain? And then an arrow and it says, no, you know, we're not there. But I think we have what we call a three C's framework. It's a coordination commitment and control. And these are what we think of as the three economic benefits of blockchain, DLT and related technologies like smart contracts.  That's the first box up on the upper left of this slide.  DLT has different features, right? So one feature is the distributed consensus. What's the point of that? Why is it necessary? Why do we want multiple people updating this, multiple entities updating the ledger at all? What is the economic value of that? What if you're going to have a token? Why do you need the token? Right? What is the economic purpose of that? Are you going to be using smart contracts? If so, what are the real economic benefits of the smart contract? Are they going to, you know, reduce administrative costs? Are they going to increase the ability to credibly commit to things in the future? How does that interact with the specific use case? And then finally, the third thing is control. Sometimes you'll see, you know, applications of zero knowledge groups around here, but just how can the technology facilitate the coordination of data while still allowing entities to retain some privacy, you know, without sort of having to upload everything to the same server. So that's one of the pieces we think about before we even go into, you know, who are the network participants and what do they want and all those other pieces. All right. We have a question from Lester. Comments or observations on the initial tokenization issue and entitlement based on size of membership in a private cryptocurrency? Lester, could you clarify? Could you say a little more? Feel free to use your microphone. Oh, hi. I didn't know it was live. Can you hear me? That was my question. It is. So we've been doing writing, but it would be helpful if you could clarify a little bit what you mean by your question. Yes, I appreciate having the mic on. Yeah, we have a large distributed national democracy clientele and we want to entitle and incentivize our membership for education participation purposes to form a value system around particularly communities of disadvantage, neighborhood, locality, state district based so that they can build a sense of value system around their own community. That's true distributed democracy in my view. We have the issue now if we're going to create a cryptocurrency investment in each other in that neighborhood, and we have a list of targets now, South Bronx, East LA, and so forth. I'm faced with the creation now of that cryptocurrency in practical economic terms about let's say we have 15,000 people in that particular neighborhood of disadvantage. How do I size the initial tokenization? How many tokens should be reserved? That's what I mean by the initial tokenization and economic sizing of that ICO if you want to call it that. Okay, now thanks for the clarification. One thing I think this is an interesting question. One thing I would recommend, you know, there are these things that are not blockchain related that are called local currencies, and they're very interesting. Some of them have existed for almost a century, but they were basically communities of different sizes introducing an alternative complimentary currency to whatever is being used for a variety of different purposes. And just because they've been around for so long, they've sort of highlight some of the challenges that can arise. And I think when you're introducing a currency to a community, the most important question is actually what can you do with this, right? And if you're thinking about there are different models that can take place, right? You could think about this as a currency that enables time exchange, right? You could think about this as a currency that can be used to purchase goods and services from actual stores. Figuring out first exactly what it is that derives value is sort of the first step. And then from there, once you think about, you know, how often will this be used? Will local merchants accept this? Why does this have any fundamental value? Then you can start to figure out sort of about how much, you know, how much business is going to take place in this? What do we think? And then you can modulate the total supply to that. I think we typically focus. If you look at these complementary currencies, some of which have existed for almost a century, the biggest challenge is getting merchants to accept alternative currency, right? Because their suppliers don't necessarily live in the neighborhood and they don't necessarily accept them. Keeping books in a second currency can be challenging. All right. Do we have any additional questions? Yes.  It's related. We're using Hyperledger for our voters. Thank you. Hello. Yes. So I see a question from ST. Yes. The major. Yes. Hi. Hi, Stephanie.  There are three things, right? One is called coordination. One is commitment and one's control. And can you use more example to showcase that what are possible use cases or what are directions for us to explore their innovation? Yes. So this is a framework that we use a lot. You can read about it on our media. But when we think about this sort of the coordination piece is really around one of the most standard, you know, types of benefits that you see talking about a lot, which is how do we transfer information or make payments between organizations more quickly, more simply, how do we reduce administrative burden and access data more easily? And that can come across a lot. You know, that can come benefit potentially a lot of different types of applications.  But we've seen, this is sort of, we've seen applications in healthcare. You know, this is one of the key parts of applications in trade. In terms of commitment, commitment has, you know, when we think about the benefits of commitment, it's really around smart contracts, right? So if we think about how contracts work without blockchain, typically we have some kind of a legal agreement and that if it is, you know, not enforced, there's always some risk that the other side isn't going to do what they want and then we appeal to whatever legal jurisdiction we're in.  And so here we're really thinking about what are the types of things that can be credibly automated. And there's a concept called contractual incompleteness, which basically says that you're never going to be able to fully automate every transaction in smart contracts. That's impossible. But there are just sort of, what are sort of very automated types of transactions that could be enforced in code. And then control is around thinking about solving something called the holdup problem. So if you're forming a consortium, it can be very risky to say that you're going to take whatever data you have and fully hand it over to somebody else. Right? That's costly. That's risky. You might have to convert it to a different format. And then, you know, what happens if the consortium doesn't work out? What happens if you've converted your data into some proprietary format and you've decided this consortium is not working for your organization and you want to leave and you've made this huge investment and you have to figure out how to basically unwind it? Blockchain doesn't solve this, but it can help to alleviate some of the drivers of that situation. So within that, just the particular application really depends on having, you know, domain-specific expertise in a particular industry or problem and thinking about how those potential benefits might be useful. Thanks a lot. So the slides here, you talk about those are papers. So do you mean by those are academic publications or those are like the user's cases, the stories, you know, in the industry? It's a combination. So we do a combination of case studies and popular writing and also full-on 30 pages of math. All right. I think that is the end of the session. Thank you guys very much for joining. And I will put up the... our contact information one last time if I encourage you to check out our medium if you're interested and also to reach out with any questions. All right. Thank you very much, everyone.


What was the country that you went to and you had a culture shock? That has to be Pakistan. What did you see there? In Pakistan, the people there were super friendly. I didn't expect that. I was there for about two weeks and I think I didn't buy any food because you just went to a restaurant because you don't see a lot of black people.   Like everywhere you go they pay for your meal, they pay for your transport, they pay for everything until you feel it's a bit overwhelming. Kish, let me ask, how is it working with Matata? Just starting with them and seeing how grown they are right now. How is it working with them? It's very exciting actually because the vision was there and it started slowly and it's so nice seeing how it blossoms and becomes this wonderful and huge thing. But the good thing is the focus is still on point. The dreams are so big, like you guys have no idea. So don't be surprised when Matata brings a Grammy to Kenya. I mean we cannot wait. Ya, it's gonna happen man. In due time you can see it's just a period of short time and it's become big because even as dancers Matata excelled so much. Even in Norway they were like one of the top dancing people there and then transitioning to music and everything. It's exciting. The world is not ready. It is not ready for sure. Now two things. What is the most exciting thing about working with Matata and what is the most annoying thing about working with him? Wow, that's a good one. The most annoying thing is there's too many heads before people come into agreement. People have different ideas and everything. So that's why it's usually more of a democracy when it comes to that because people have different ideas you know. So people have to be always together and be in sync. Because you know five different people with five different ideas and then also they come with my own ideas and then there's also the other managers and producers. It's a lot but it's working. Ya we're making it work. Most exciting thing? The most exciting thing is when we're together we are free, we are wild, we are happy, we are everything. It's so exciting just exciting and exploring and going to different places and just seeing how everything is rolling out. That's very exciting. Let's talk about your content creation as well. Now you've mentioned to me behind the scenes that you've traveled to quite a number of countries. How many are they and what is the most exciting country that you've gone to? Well it's been a number of countries. I haven't actually counted but I think I'm like 30 something. Ya but my favourite, there are two actually. I find it hard to choose. How many continents? I've been to all continents apart from Australia and North America. No actually I've been to North America and South America. So those two but I'm going to do that next year. So what is the most exciting? The most exciting I have to say is Mexico. There's a place in Mexico called Playa del Carmen and Isla Consumel. Those places are heaven on earth man. If you go to my YouTube page it's called Kishmawal and just search Kishmawal Mexico. Those places are out of this world crystal clear blue waters. More than Diani because Diani is a good one too. Diani is good but unfortunately Playa del Carmen beats Diani a bit. And then it's super cheap. Kenya is actually very expensive if you didn't know. Ya if you travel the world you'll realise Kenya is an expensive place. That's why even tourists when they come to Kenya they have to save for very long. I don't know I think we need to do something with a tourist board but it's a bit expensive in Kenya. And my next favourite destination was an island called Corfu in Greece. Oh okay I think that Greece is quite a good destination. It's very very nice. The island of Corfu is like you know some things you see you don't believe with your own eyes but unfortunately I had not started vlogging. I started vlogging this year because I was just travelling and just seeing for myself which was unselfish. So I thought to share with people, share with the world and Corfu I need to go back there. It's the most beautiful place you've ever seen and it's not even so expensive if you compare to other islands like in Greece you know. Ah documenting that was very thoughtful of you. Now what was the country that you went to and you had a culture shock? That has to be Pakistan. What did you see there? In Pakistan the people there were super friendly didn't expect that. I was there for about 2 weeks and I think I didn't buy any food because you just go to a restaurant because you don't see a lot of black people.  Like everywhere you go they pay for your meal they pay for your transport they pay for everything until you feel it's a bit overwhelming. And I'm just like let me please let me pay it's okay I can pay.  I think Kenya we should learn more because Kenya wukulizam to add a direction on when we move. Yeah exactly and then also I'd like to encourage Kenyans also to try and go to other places because all Kenyans go to Dubai Kiliympuanske Dubai I don't know where but go to these places like Malta you know like to Pakistan like to Riga it's really beautiful countries where a lot of people are not doing so that's actually the my niche I try and go to the places where people are not going I also do the mainstream one but not so not too much yeah so sure no guys like nauna fredi apa na sema ati newongo newongo ni ni? wuki jana kila ito na kumbia newongo ame sema lenda Pakistania kali piwa kila kitu wukub that's the only truth I can tell fredi what are we expecting on 31st? on the 30th oh 30th sorry 30th 30th Manze on the 30th of December took on a Supermory experience and this is the best show in the world set in Achaucha get your tickets right now at matata.hasunstasa.shop tickets going at only 1500 one is a redeem two rock show beers ni tako experience mojano kutakona different experiential zone so kiku jabale matata kila mtuna kalaiake so kuna yellow kuna green kuna blue kuna papu kuna pink mimo ni kalaialo so kila msia na konga kalaiake and speak something to us to them so mimi zoniangu Manze ni wakia Vaibu yana ito Arabian Nights okiku jabale yana uta pata shisha shisha pale uta pata like tent uta pata mavitivity zileza chini uta pata ni ni like vibe ni true like pale ata zina shindwa words make sure may come make sure may come kwa zita kwa the best show in the anyusha kwa for sure prediali wasema the best show in the world it could be so you need to come through and see if it's going to be the best show in the world for sure yeah but in the meantime our youtuber travelvogakish traveller andelea kikudanganya so predi nice to see you nice to see you all right cool guys now as we wind up with Akish what is the most thing that you have learnt from working with matata as a brand manager well team work wins always yeah that's the thing I can say because matata works as a very good team so it shows you like the dynamics of working as a team it shows you how much you can achieve when you work together and it's just blows homes and blows up so team work is everything man team work is everything and also humility matata if you've noticed them they are very humble guys the people who we work in the streets people want photos and everything sometimes we are dead tired but there's always that opportunity to take a photo with a smile so everybody who is out there if you see us just say hi wave we'll take photos sometimes even we send it to you directly so that's how it is man what skill do you possess that you feel has put you in that place Kish actually I was doing it from the beginning with matata when we were doing dance and I was also the actual DJ and then also I was in the industry long time ago I was a gospel artist but people don't know that I used to be a gospel artist I used to work with like gospel fathers if you remember those days but those days it was so long ago we didn't have music videos Kish kumpe omekula chumvi omekula chumvi so kiskeza zile gospel bakita mo zile uta jwa pia mimi nili kuwam sani and that was the industry that was Kish alright alright alright thank you so much for talking to us na we'll be sure guys all the best we can't wait to see what you guys do on 30th yeah man 30th make sure you guys come pull up pull up pull up and yeah it's gonna be a vibe and maybe we can give out some free tickets I don't know yeah from SPM bars we're gonna do that on Instagram so make sure you follow us and then we're gonna give you guys tickets too to Supermorial kata si of Kish to SPM bars just go to Instagram follow the instructions and then you'll get your tickets to our manager kisema sisi tume kubali make sure you follow him on kish my world yes kish my world on YouTube and on Instagram as well across all platforms make sure you catch all he does there thank you so much Kish thank you so much and bye bye thank you so much for watching buzz with stars my name is miski pinji