What's up? What's up, Lisa Fuller? Plug you in.  Thanks, Tia Y'all I got a present in the mail today. Well, actually Jeff and I did and but I left them in there So I'll have them grab those So I can show y'all So I had Lynn she put on perfume for y'all I had her pick out what colors she wanted to use and she went with these she's doing Cranberry which is a pigment paste Bronze which is a pigment It says powder No, it's fine. It is a powder. I just thought it was a paste and Then ultraviolet Which is the pastes and we're also gonna use their white. It says shake it shake it a lot You need to be the shaker congratulations. Oh Let me go get Pugena's present Shelly, yes, I just turned 21 back in March. My arms getting tired.  That's cool. Thank you. Thanks, Laura Hi, Cheyenne one of her friends Graph can't even get a glove on I don't know what I'm gonna do with you This is a 10 by 10 canvas So I'm anticipating Six ounces. That's what she said Jay the why that I'm using is also by just resin they sent me a bunch of pigments sometime last week and So I'm trying to experiment with some of them So that's six ounces. Don't worry. It's heavy. I'll be sure to keep the resin off me Yeah, you might be allergic to resin Cuz you're allergic to a couple things like only allergic to Bad earrings, that's it. Oh, I thought you were allergic to some other stuff. No, maybe that was just when you were younger probably Hi Kimber Sup rusty I didn't we pan up The guy that makes our stir sticks here Jason have film It's funny because I made it on my phone and sent it to them and I thought for sure We've got all of our info Easily Our personalities could not be any more different honestly. We're the same on some levels, but mostly Exact opposites. All right. I'm just getting you going and then you're gonna do all of it He'll be gentle with them. Don't worry. You can like pretty much So You've got your colors What you're gonna do is take Just the tip y'all be nice. Just scoop some out. I Would probably good put a little bit more than that Just because you want her especially metallics you want a good thick Nope opaque Color with powders you gotta be careful cuz it comes it'll kick up Powder in be a face Normally put it in Yeah, I actually didn't know that copper was a powder are you gonna show them our presence from ocean They've seen it.  Just gonna have our drink with you guys and my sister Of course she heads out of town. This is what ocean sent us You guys can see the dark and a light That's for you next Roz if you're doing a table recommend doing I'm actually gonna try stone coat countertops resin tonight for the second four we're doing So either stone coat or countertop epoxy FX. I haven't tried stone coat personally, but that's happening tonight And I'll be able to tell you more about which I prefer as soon as I get that test done Well since it's a spiced rum I do I didn't hear one and also Kujo didn't freak out These colors mix in very well. This almost looks like how may run Like bubbles up to the surface so Lynn I'm gonna go ahead and warn you that this is probably gonna take over So don't use that much of it like use it a little bit and then add it on as like the finishing part stuff because that's gonna So since you're gonna be busy already I'm gonna I try So there are a couple different ways since you've never worked a resin before that you can do this Right, you can do like a puddle pour where you like pour it all into a puddle and then like shift it around That's always the method I recommend when you first do a pour but you can also Just do like thick lines of resin And let them just roll over each other already have it prepped with the clear resin It's completely up to you Just don't forget that color is gonna take over. Oh, yeah, even it looks like it's gonna take over What color is like may run to you just curious this just resin Bronze in the cup it's acting like Maron does where it kind of like bubbles up and speckles to the top That is gonna act like Maron girl, I would just pour it. Oh, yeah, yeah You can okay who wanted Pepsi, I'll check it she does so You want to dark brown? Yeah The Facebook group is ATDs poor people. It's on this wall. I Will The red is called cranberry And it's a paste from just resin which hopefully See it Or Anything thicker than an inch not more than two out of time Kimber this is rum sent to us by Ocean All right, when you tilt make sure to move these out of the way because you're gonna start this first into the Yeah Other colors by accident You can also take that heat gun and blow the colors over each other too Mama bear I'm hoping to get it in the box that I'm getting this week That girl has skills That It'll bubble up and Did you try it yet? It's it's sweet You almost can't taste it. It is subtle Monica, I'm glad to see you here Trying says you're doing so good. Oh, thank you See people are always zoom in on this People always ask how to get cells like that People always want to know how to do it Always and I'm just like use the right materials. You'll nail it That'll be another thing we do then it and tilt it Hi Lisa Mom's here. Hi mom. I have not tried PBO resin. I have tried their paints before and They're not bad. They're definitely have some effects. I think they're kind of like an oily based Type of paint on a page right at yesterday and hated it You just got a first-timer like it's always a little bit more difficult Because you have no idea what you're doing mostly Yeah, my mom's in here Was hidden I'm definitely feeling better Outfits troll night, but last night was super taller Also, don't you get to any of it? She'll be doing awesome. But for her first time, she did really really well Sure, I'm so glad to see you haven't seen him forever Wait, which one not your time. Oh, I Was like wait, I literally What does heating the resin do we Take that What does heating the resin do it pops the bubbles Every time you pour color you should always take your heat gun or torch and go over No, I was watching him for a second having difficulties He's why it's doing some fun things No, she said she has cash in her side pocket. No, hey enough In the purse that it's it's either left or right side pocket Yeah So we're going to need a moment the fee just died on our I Almost looks like one of your So things you like to draw jellyfish eyes doesn't look like a jellyfish Thank you shy That's a super effective security system Get in the mail That's awesome Greg congrats pretty Lynn You can run some off if you like when Roxy is right you can tilt it and let it run off I should do that. I'm gonna do that. Thank you. Hi Sandy Mom says I'd buy that how many dollars? One whole dollar. Oh Look at that. That looks really interesting Yeah, just tilt it this way now Like towards that corner I'm just trying not to get it dripped on that's looking really neat All right, I think that it it's kind of the way I do a lot of my classes. Jeff and I just advise What they want to do we just want you to do the best of what your vision is and so that's why we just How about in that way we basically let the resin bring out your creativity But that's basically what resin does it shows you Your own style like because it's so unpredictable and you can't You can't force somebody to do a certain way because it's just It just won't happen. So it literally just lets you Kind of find your own way It's like water color it only goes where it's already been. Yeah, so I just wanted it to have that option The lip resin turned out really good, I'll show you that Thank you, Laura Taylor Good job Can you see that ultraviolet? You can't see that It's just shaded look how fun that is This is very much if you could mix like a spray paint and Maron How this is acting might get addicted Dude, it's a good looking piece. It'll look great on your dorm wall Don't run that off This is gorgeous What were you trying to oh, yeah, so this is what I would do for that and then just You can blow it off With that button Good we're gonna if there's nothing else you want to add to it. We'll just pour these into the mold I was just blocking the necklace Did you zoom them in on this Danny says stop I think she's probably what right, you know I Think it's as good as it's gonna get But for first-timer, I think it's a very nice Did you show them how interesting this copper is there it didn't in as we speak This just goes in these pick the lineup like That actually looks like copper It's bronze, but Thank you so much sherry's creative poor art That is just something else that copper It looks like when we put raw spray paint You know have y'all it's copper by just resin to pigment powder So now that you have this where you like it and there's no little there is Little hair hi-fi hair. I think or a koo-joo Very likely a koo-joo hair. Thank you for any pay or you could do a coaster Okay, it's all that so well those can be set for later and they'll have a nice gene to them So You'll be able to find out as soon as you do these coasters and then you will be free to go Just go ahead and go hold wild Thank You shabby I would do just for yeah Robin see That is due to Keating up the resin a lot. It will pull away from a rounded edge If it was a sharp edge, it would bubble up to the like you'll see it with these Coasters it's gonna go to the edge It won't break away from it if it's rounded it has nothing to grab on to So it'll pull back Hi, angel heart Hey, we got twenty dollars That's from sherry. Oh, thank you for the donation sherry. Thank you sherry I'm wearing these that because of how explosive it gets. Mm-hmm. Oh, yeah, everybody does spell lin differently How do you spell year lin for the people? Oh why in in originally I wanted the lin like lin manual Miranda, but my mom wouldn't let me So remember I told you that resin goes where it's been and doesn't really go where it hasn't been That's why it's creating these breaks right here and wasn't like just spilling over so you can do this one of two ways You can just like Amy dab it in They are Amy Haas They're ink fish Dot com they're in the description below the video If you'd like to take a look at them and buy them as the amazon her first time doing it Pretty good for a first timer y'all my first one never set up PJ they're using just resin colors ever I had to throw it away When you mean myself I never heard it Nope If you don't mix the two parts the resin and the hardener like perfectly And you don't mix it for the right amount of time so it's completely incorporated with itself It just won't set Don't forget to add to this and I would still tilt it around and stuff and use the heat gun What is the lin going to study marine biology? Kim says, uh, she doesn't look like a first timer No, this is legitimately my first time. I literally have no idea what I'm doing unless you count the one The time well inch section Of a counter that she let me try And she did good on it The colors are amazing PJ. We are using just resin colors tonight um the resin is Art resin I see you fireball Did you guys clean your overhead fan blades? Oh They're freshly clean from when we moved in Robin wants to know where did you have the mold with the swords? uh Michaels They had them on sale. I don't I don't know if they have I don't see why not but They had them on like the in caps Like I would have tilt it just like that so you don't have a thumbprint in it. Just hold it flat and pour it a bit like that Use that from below it, especially that that bronze with that in that color too Mm-hmm.  Mm-hmm. Tammy says she's natural love that coaster I'm so glad you're showing the fruit mint cherry What is all about growth Robin, I'll see if I can find it on anison and hook it in the description box That looks like a lot of fun. See how it pops up like that one. Yeah, that's cool That's the same thing that marion likes to do It's like no secrets. We just got a hundred dollars from Laura. Oh, wow We go there The most bananas keeps ever Laura. I really appreciate that. Thank you I'm dying I'm gonna have the missing paints I'm gonna have the missing paints from your order in hopefully with this next shipment.  Shelly Simply shabby you'll get the hang of it by the fourth one. I was still having troubles, too I'm trying to push the paint So you're gonna have to push it opposite ways From where it because it's flat like this So you want to turn it so that the air flows that way. So I'm going to put this with your other one Okay, I'm done. Perfect. Now pour the rest of that stuff in the mold Bring this back over into the light Lisa, did you um Paint it with a polycrylic first She had more resin then I pulled the coasters out so it kind of Distracted from what she was originally planning. I might have to make some Come on from Galveston Everybody's saying you're doing so well. Oh, thank you I'm so unsure of half the stuff. I'm doing honestly Thank you, Dawn I'm trying well you you can only control so much so much. It's Definitely a medium that does what it wants to do for the most part Again, can I just say suit you so well Simply shabby hopefully I'll have them posted on the site soon. We're Still negotiations Hopefully soon Don't forget you can use one of these to Bit out Kind of like just that way it's getting the image Yeah I feel like this dark stuff looks bright. It's a pineapple.  Good question considering how much alcohol is in it Lisa that is Like you know alcohol This is uh Some rum that Our friend from hawaii ocean. Her name is ocean in the group Sent to us. I don't know if you guys can see that but we tried it. I tried the dark stuff with Pepsi It's a little sweet Probably we can mix it I think you're supposed to mix it together with stuff and make them my type I believe We have pineapple juice All right, B. You can you show them something we're asking about the I didn't know that was zoomed in The art page Right in the middle of that Found it. There's all of our information. You're gonna have to drop if anybody wants to go To be added to our Facebook group ATD's poor people For our business page Arpton Arpton Arpton artist till death You can find us on instagram as well Artists till death studios and we have a teespring A little storefront online where we have a bunch of different ATD Swag We got cups. We got coffee mugs We got towels. We got t-shirts. We got stickers It's a lot of fun Got all the things pineapple juice That sound like too shabby have a drink at all. Yes, jody. We actually spoke to our guy that does our stir sticks and He is making Some stickers and aprons hopefully we have them in time for the class so that the uh If they want to purchase the apron from us, they'll be able to and in the future hopefully For the next class probably October maybe I have one listed for september Like september one Because i didn't do one in august so i did september one. We're gonna have some more Some more things added to the class so the price may go up a little not too much but but enough and everybody will get Hopefully apron with their name on it but that's that's in the future. So we'll You can wait to ship new worries. It's just anxious, but my Who said Oh, yeah, look, why did I see that the crunch creations angels and spirits are spirits How much is the class The one i still have three seats left for the one this month and it's 225 For the two-day class and it is everything that you need and you get to take home the paints that you don't use And i'll give you samples of whatever paints you want to take home and try as well What you can do Is email us. Let us know you're interested At All right, you guys since the next thing we're doing tonight is an official product review we have to start a new video so See y'all in the next feed it will happen right after we end. Bye


Oh, thank you. No, no, we pulled another bird. What a one RPA. I'm going to give you all the bird now. How about that? One of one RPA Cardinals, Alec Burleson. We pulled another bird, bro. Dude, we're flipping birds out of these packs. Flipping birds, baby. Congrats, red birds with the red bird on the patch. That goes to Peter M. That is fine. That's the word right there.


YouTube team keep it clean. What's going on? It seemed Raven here with another video and in this video You see what happens to the Bengals When you take the Ravens out of the playoffs You see what happens to the Bengals when you play spoiler on Baltimore You see what happens to the Bengals when their head coaching was supposed to be his last game with the team They go out with a bang They decided you know what? Let's make even more of a bang Let's make even more of a shock Let's make even more Just of craziness Let's keep Marvin Lewis for another two years. Well, that's signing for another two years not necessarily keep them But you got to think with the Bengals track record.  He ain't going anywhere He ain't going anywhere Reason being because we've seen what they what they've done. We've seen what they've done. We've seen what they do Marvin Lewis Five straight years five playoffs no wins though Marvin Lewis Not not I don't think he's ever won a playoff game in Baltimore. I mean, excuse me. Whoa, hold up I don't think he's ever won a playoff game in Cincinnati Marvin Lewis the guy that doesn't even seem to have a grasp on this team Marvin Lewis Head coach for at least two more years Head coach for at least two more years Head coach for at least two more years for the Bengals. It's crazy It's crazy But I guess that's what happens when you beat Baltimore when they trying to get that shot at the playoffs I guess the Bengals the organization got so excited that they were taking Baltimore out of it. They said, you know what? Let's keep this guy around Let's keep this guy around. So I know this has to be very frustrating for Bengals fans It has to be I Haven't seen that one Bengals fan that I know that's happy about this Shout out to my boy Q the drummer Frank Fitz It's some more that I Don't remember the name off the top of my head, but It's crazy, man. When I saw that I was like Okay, you're really signing Marvin Lewis to a two-year contract When I just don't get it. What does it take to? Start over What does it take to inject some new life into the team? What does it take for it for you to really want to have some success?  How is he still there? Now it's like with with with Bengals and Browns, it's like it's It's crazy. I can't seem to process it but they seem to Almost settle for mediocrity with Brown just like okay last two seasons they won in 31 But They won in 31 in the last two seasons and they're keeping Hugh Jackson. I can't call it But with the Bengals, I don't know what they reckon is the past two seasons, but um Marvin Lewis has I don't get it. It's almost frustrating for me. And I'm not even a fan of the Bengals. I Just don't I don't understand the logic in it It's like hey if you came close to to having some good success this year and Maybe injuries derailed it. Okay, but that wasn't the case in Cincinnati If you came close to success this year, maybe you got into the playoffs, but you were one and done Or you got to the playoffs you won a game then you end up getting kicked out okay, maybe but It's been none of the above None of the above and I just I'm still scratching my head trying to wonder why But if any of y'all really know why it it happened, please let me know cuz I'm lost I'm lost I'm seriously lost Yeah, I guess it is what they give for winning on Sunday. They beat us and They keep the coach They beat the Ravens take them out of the playoffs and I guess they they The the the owner I forgot what the owner's name is not Paul Joe What's the owner's name?  Come drink the champagne with me You know what we keeping you for another two years. Let's go sign on a dotted line You staying sticking around he might have been drunk while he was doing it. Maybe he wasn't maybe he was sober either way another two years, man, oh He liked the wings that he got from the Buffalo Bills that could have been in two Buffalo Bills sent sent the bingles and Buffalo wings for beating Baltimore Which is well deserved. They probably should have sent him even more than that. They should have had them do is feasting But I don't know man is what it is either way Y'all let me know why you think this went down because I'm still kind of mind-blown about it I'm still kind of shocked about it. I'm still kind of questioning it. I just don't know why I don't know why they did this But not my call because I'm not a GM or owner of a team. Anyway, appreciate y'all Thank you again. Make sure you subscribe to the YouTube channel if you haven't already Turn your notifications on already. Okay for sake said I'm really happy he's staying. I don't know about you. I Mean, hey, I I don't know man Me say I actually love it. He don't feel bad anymore. That's exactly what they get for knocking us out of the playoffs I mean, I don't even know what this says about the bingles. I'm seriously lost I'm lost, but if any you can help me find my way. I'd appreciate it in the comment section. So I see y'all there


Spain. Known for its gorgeous scenery and people, tapas and nightlife, and building so breathtaking you can build them in video games. Students in Spain frequently pursue degrees in humanities at the arts as well as hospitality management and tourism. Business topics are strong in Spain and more recently the country has emerged as a top performer in green studies such as ecological agriculture and sustainable development. Hello my people, my name is Mijam and today the Score Channel is going to show you everything you need to know to study in Spain. But before we go on, please take a moment to go into that lonely, desolate comment section and tell me what country you want to cover next. It's not that I'm desperate for ideas, there's like 195 countries or whatever the number is, but you know I want to know what you want so tell me please. Spain calls their undergraduate studies grado and it's going to take you four years to rack up the 240 credits you'll need to pass. So universities in Spain start their classes in September or October. They will generally accept their pre-enrollment applications until the end of July, but in general for international students I would recommend that you actually apply as soon as you possibly can. You can send your applications as early as December of the year before you want to go. You're going to hear this term quite a few times in this video the phrase autonomous communities that are kind of like states in that they have some freedom to dictate their own rules and so what they all have decided to do is have their own single application for public universities in their territory. If you want to apply to any number of universities within the same territory, the same autonomous community, all you have to do is fill out one form and send it to all of them, but if you apply to a university from a different autonomous community that's two forms. Oh and also it could mean two tests. Yeah there's there's a lot of tests so let's move to the pre-rex. In Spain when you finish high school you take an exam called the Evaluación de Batillerato para el Exceso a la Universidad or the Evalu. Universities use this test to determine if you're eligible for admission to the university. There's just one problem. There's not one test. This Evalu has so many alternate names you would think it's an illegal narcotic. There's Evalu, Evalu, Abau, Eubau, Pebau. There's probably a couple more that I missed. Well it turns out that each of the autonomous communities has their own version of the test. Some of them have decided to agree and just do the same version together, but for the most part that's why there's all these different names for the same thing. It just gets a different name depending on where you go, but the content is still the same. Fortunately for you as a foreigner you don't have to worry about Ebao or it's 16 different names. All you have to worry about is the PCE, prueba de competencias específicas. Everybody has to take this test if they want to go to a public university in Spain. This PCE applies to all foreigners, even the ones who maybe went to the international baccalaureate or come from a country that has an agreement with Spain. Even in those cases you still have to take this PCE and the reason is that it will test you on a few things that are very specific to the Spanish curriculum. Three of the components of the PCE are mandatory for everyone to take. Those are Spanish language and literature, Spanish history and your choice between English or French as a second language. Even though those are the only three required subjects you do have to take at least four subjects meaning you will have to choose one more to do. Generally the recommendation is to choose one of the two math courses as your fourth subject. After that you can add up to two more subjects to your PCE test, so you may want to look at what the university asks you to do. You can take the PCE twice a year but the first opportunity is in June and I would highly recommend that you register for that test in particular. The last day for registration is May 12th so you have plenty of time to prepare and get ready for the test but it's definitely important for you to take that test especially if you're planning on going into any of the public universities in Spain. When it comes to private universities, nothing I just said matters. They do their own thing and so you just go to their website and see what test they want you to take. Now you might have noticed that there's a lot of information on the screen in Spanish in this video and that's for good reason. We need to talk about the language barrier. I speak English in Spanish so I thought that like the research for this video would be super easy and it would be knocked down in just a few days. I was very wrong then go into the website and click on English and it takes me to like a completely different version of the page and then and then okay you think you got it all figured out? Well guess what? You go to the University of Barcelona, you go to the Barcelona websites, everything's in Catalan which it turns out is not Spanish. If only there was a way for me to convince the website every time that I was in an English speaking country and I could just get the English information right away to put on the screen for you. Well it could be with today's sponsor NordVPN. NordVPN is the perfect way to change your ****. We're not actually sponsored by NordVPN but like you see what I did there? Yeah see I would make a great great sponsor reader guy. All joking aside once you do find the information you need it's actually not that hard to deal with the language barrier in Spain. Most of the programs in Spain are going to be taught in some mix of English and Spanish. There are very few programs that are taught exclusively in English and most of those are private business schools. Because there are two languages in almost every program you're going to have to prove that you can handle Spanish and English. So if you're a native Spanish or English speaker you graduated from a high school from a country that speaks Spanish or English you've got one down. So how do you get the other one? The Spanish language test is called the DELE and that test is the only official Spanish test that will be used for admission to universities. Generally you're going to need to show a B2 or C1 level in Spanish to get into university in Spain. For English on the other hand the requirements are a little bit more relaxed. A lot of universities will let you in with a B2 some will even let you in with a B1 if it's just a few courses here and there. As usual with Europe we recommend taking the IELTS if you're going to try to study in a European country the IELTS is generally the best safest method to use and it's one of the easier tests to take. If you need help raising your IELTS score you know where to go prepwithscore.com check us out we'll help you out right now we're working with people as we speak. We have to address the Catalonian elephant in the room and also Galicia and like the other places I'm sorry I'm not going to mention every single one. The local regional language and Spanish have co-official status which means they are essentially treated as equals. Now that doesn't mean you have to know both or that you have to get certified in both. On the contrary it means that if you're certified in one of the two official languages you're good. But if you study in the University of Barcelona for example the teacher has the freedom to choose whether they will teach you in Catalan or in Spanish and you as the student have the freedom to say I will turn in my assignments in either Catalan or Spanish even if that's different from what the teacher says. So essentially each person has the right to use whichever of the two languages they prefer. On the bright side Spanish is not very difficult to learn for native English speakers and it's very similar to other Romance languages similarly even the dialect type languages like Catalan are not vastly different from Spanish so they're not too hard for native Spanish speakers to pick up either. I would rate the difficulty of studying in Spain when it comes to the language as two Iberian ham legs out of five. I always wanted one of those but like just to walk around with it I wouldn't actually like slice it neat like you're supposed to I want to like walk around with a big ham leg and just like like a caveman I think that'd be funny. Let's talk more about money. Finances is probably one of the best parts of studying in Spain. It is one of the cheapest countries in Europe for you to study in and pretty much everybody gets money. I mean the government just gives out scholarships like they're Oprah. Scholarship. I'm not joking literally everybody qualifies for scholarships even foreigners and not just like European Union foreigners we always say that right we always say if you're a European citizen you'll get you know discounts and stuff. No it's for everybody. Foreigners who are not European citizens can get access to the same financial aid that Spain gives to all of its citizens and all of the Europeans but if you are over 18 you do have to wait a year before you can be eligible for those scholarships so your first year of study you're not going to get those but after that you can apply and get whatever you want. What can you get for this? Well works out like this. There's a 300 euro base amount that is given basically to everybody but you could get that number up to 1700 euros if you could show that your family maybe doesn't have as much economic ability to pay for your education. After that there's even extra bonuses for academic merit if you do a really good job in your courses you'll be eligible for an extra amount every year. It's not much but it's something. Now these numbers aren't huge but when you take a look at what tuition actually costs in Spain it goes a long way. Okay so here's how it works in public universities. Public universities have four different pay scales. Foreign students almost always have to pay that fourth rate that fourth tier which is the most expensive public universities have to charge these rates which are set by their autonomous community but private universities are under no such obligations. So private universities love to try to put their prices between the first and fourth tier like a little more than the first tier you know we're better than the public system but we want to be a little cheaper for other people like you know international students maybe. You can study for three to four thousand euros a year but me each of them it's Europe it must be really expensive to live there uh no. Spain is one of the cheaper countries in Europe to live in and generally you'll find that Spain is actually very affordable and it's possible for you to spend as little as five six hundred euro a month. Students that are living in nicer cities and maybe on better campus facilities will probably be paying closer to nine hundred to a thousand a month for their expenses but the point is this if you choose the right university and you choose the right location you could easily study in Spain for less than ten thousand euros a year even though getting a visa in Spain is not difficult there are a few extra steps that you're going to have to go through compared to some of the countries we've talked about like the Netherlands or Italy. To start it off you're going to need a form and an acceptance letter from a recognized university in Spain. From there you're going to need to prove that you have enough money to cover the tuition and some living expenses for the duration of your stay again you can use bank statements or proof of income to show that. We got to make sure you don't die over there so you need medical insurance and speaking of medical you're also going to need a medical exam just like we talked about in the Canada video. Next you will need a background check that proves that you're not a criminal serial killer or whatever. That is one thing the purpose court cannot help you with like if you go to purpose court we cannot make your criminal records go away. We can definitely. Now once you have all those papers together the next step is to determine when you will go and where you will stay.  You can go to the embassy bring all those papers present them in the order here pay a fee of about $80 and you should be good to go and that my people is everything you need to know to study in Spain. Now if you want to know what it's like to actually be in Spain as a student you're going to want to subscribe to the channel because next week I've got another interview for you with another former student of mine who is currently studying in Spain right now so you don't want to miss go to purpose score.com if you want to see how we can help you study abroad you can see that we have upgraded the digs we got a new place here. I'm still working out some of the jank with audio and video and stuff here I'm doing my best it's coming together it's getting better thank you you guys for watching I'll see you next week


Well, I think that people didn't have, wow, very different as the surveillance economy in mind necessarily when first thinking about the internet, they're thinking about communicating and sharing private privately and exploring whatever you want with whomever you choose.  So we believe everyone should have private access to an uncensored, open internet. And that is certainly not what is happening now when you're online. So going online, you're constantly exploited, everything is tracked. You can also be easily surveilled by your ISP and that information is sold. We've seen how that can be used to influence elections. And your activity can make you targeted by maybe nation actors who are not happy about how you're talking about them or maybe a stalker or there are tons of specific use cases for why you might want privacy. But fundamentally, privacy is a human right. It's protected by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. And it's also protected by the Constitution by the Fourth Amendment in the United States. So privacy should be something that is always a choice and always an option and something that you, if you do want to share, that is your choice. And so that's what we think the internet should be like and what Tor can help you do. Okay, great. Oh, yeah, cool. So this is on to Adrian. I want to ask you just kind of from once again, a very general technological point of view, where are we currently in terms of regulation and where regulators of various first world countries are? How we're looking at the different privacy technologies that exist today, things like encryption via PGP on email, or even we got things like signal and wire now for, you know, messaging applications. What is that looking like from, you know, the powers that be and how they look on this stuff? Yeah, so I think definitely a good point to bring back up the fact that privacy is considered a human right. I think Europe has had much more regulation around this for a while, much longer so than the United States has, primarily stemming from, you know, the 1940s and a lot of the really horrible things that happened based on anyone's ability to understand details about a person's life. It's much newer in the US, obviously, like the really big change in more recent years was a GDPR that went live last year, which was a very sweeping regulation that touched countries and companies all over the world. Basically, anyone that is marketing to a user located in the EU or that has operations in the EU becomes under the scope of this regulation. It's sweeping in terms of data protection, how you're supposed to encrypt the data of the individuals that you kind of hold data on behalf of. It also is very comprehensive in terms of the visibility that you're supposed to have over your data. So in theory, you're supposed to track every single data processing activity that you have, as well as map out all the data flows. Next year, California will pass a very similar bill. And there are actually, I want to say, I'm going to botch the number off the top of my head, but many states across the United States right now have kind of a patchwork framework of varying privacy laws that they want to make sure that in this kind of arena of people not really understanding how ad networks work, how their data is sold online, that there's an opportunity for anyone around the country here in the US and obviously globally as well to be able to control that data better. So I think what you see from a lot of the regulatory agencies is, first of all, trying to put the accountability more on private and public companies that can actually make a huge difference in terms of what they do with their users data, as well as try to educate the user themselves. And what that means is opening up more rights for users. So the right to see your data, see the data that any company has about you. Everyone can go to Facebook right now and ask for all of the data that they hold on you, the right to delete that data, et cetera. So obviously with these new rights that are coming into play broadly across all jurisdictions, a lot of that you'll start to see competing with some of the fundamental applications of blockchain. Okay, great. Sterling, I have a question for you and it's, this conversation is going to be difficult primarily because it's a very nuanced conversation for those of you who don't know privacy is actually very difficult to achieve in terms of how much metadata leaks all over the place, right? And so the internet is a prime example of that. So I just want to ask your kind of state of the union in terms of general technology, internet, you know, obviously we all see these big news articles about, you know, this company has lost data or data has been stolen and stuff just in terms like a security when we're looking at a spectrum, just where do we where are we now? And for the foreseeable future, like, how do we take steps to become more secure as a whole? I mean, I would say in general, a lot of it is needs to be kind of separated between, you know, data that is being held on held about or on you, either by, you know, companies that you know and trust and have a relationship with, you know, which happens all the time, which is of course, you're right, and a lot of other entities with whom you don't have a relationship, you know, like the big shiny, shiny example of this is like the big Equifax breach, where it's like, oh, I'm apparently some kind of entity that has no relationship with Equifax, and yet there's all the data they hold on me and therefore can lose about me. And so there's kind of that side of it.  So, you know, when I am communicating with other people, which, you know, is essential and very important and often evolving, you know, with the proliferation of mobile devices and mobile networks and other ways to interface with other people over the internet, I think that's something completely separate that needs to be considered. And that has been evolving over time. You know, I mean, there's a reason that people, for example, often recommend not bringing mobile devices to DEF CON or, you know, taking extreme measures about it, your phone has many radios, you know, your phone, you know, puts a lot of implicit trust in something claiming to be a cell tower, for example. The internet, of course, was basically built with the assumption of either trust or, you know, a lack of no trust, and that's still evolving, right?  So getting this stuff right kind of at a base mathematical, technical, provable level is exceptionally difficult. So people say like, you know, how on earth can we have this many iterations and advances of protocols intended to keep us safe? You know, how are we still finding issues? And I think that it underlies the fact that this is all very difficult, even from a technical perspective and not for lack of trying or lack of experience. So I think from that perspective, we're still definitely evolving. And I think in terms of, you know, how people and entities are holding data securely, I mean, like, we're not even on the board yet, you know, not even close, you know, there's a lack of control of individuals of their data. And there's also, I think, both a lack of caring and frankly, just loads of incompetence in how a lot of entities are holding other people's data. And I mean, I can't speak to the regulatory side, because I have no knowledge in it. But you know, at least in the United States, it seems that not much is being done to encourage that to get better. Okay, so I'm like one of one of the things I really want to touch on without going too big into a buzzword. So like there's new, like the big buzzword now are artificial intelligence, right? And we got things like the internet of things coming out. So all of these, I've heard it said that because the internet was started without privacy in mind, and then privacy was kind of bolted on kind of after the fact we start with a really, really transparent layer kind of here at the bottom. And we're scrambling to add privacy as as time goes on. But the the the advancement of things like artificial intelligence and internet of things is actually going so fast that it's being built on the current system, which is very transparent. Like, like, what are the benefits of a kind of entering dreamland for a second? Like, what would it look like to just like reinvent everything with privacy first? Because it would be a very different conversation with AI and IoT. If we knew that everything was private, you know, just my default, just that's the way that it worked. I actually don't think that that's necessarily the case. Like the best thing I've ever read about that is someone said that like the S in IoT stands for security, which is true, which is totally true. There's no S in IoT, and there's no security in IoT.  It's that it's very, very difficult to get right. And if you don't get it right, which you have to assume you're not going to history has shown us that it's very difficult to get this right. And if you assume that you're not going to get it right right away, what do you do from there? You know, my phone can be updated, whether or not the company is going to, it can be, you know, does my IoT enabled light bulb get updated? Probably not. If it does, is that being done securely? So there's all these different layers to it. And I think the idea I think the idea of starting with an assumption of insecurity, despite trying to improve products and protocols over time, I think we need, I think we need a fundamental shift there, where we need to start from the assumption, like we do to some extent on computing devices, that they are going to need to be improved over time. Until we get there, you are going to have, you know, this S and IoT problem. The internet of other people's things, if they get exploited. All right, I'll get to you really soon, but I have one more question for Stephanie. And I would, so based on basically that everything that Serang just said, do you see Tor as being a part of that, kind of more as a stop gap until we find something better? Or do you just think we're not really moving towards anything better? So Tor needs to become something in and of itself as a solution? I think that a lot of what we're talking about and what is insecure can be improved by routing things over the Tor network. So IoT devices can be routed over Tor and then no one can see what the device is or what what it's doing. So we think that onion services, using the Tor network in this way, we see that as a basis for how other solutions can be built on top of it. And so we're kind of just diving into this now and figuring out what all can be done. But it, it seems like there is quite a lot of potential. And it's free and open source software. So we're hoping that more people try out different things with it and see what can be routed over it. And it's definitely a more a more secure internet when you're using onion services in this way. Okay. So we're going to start transitioning to blockchain so I can get to Sharmik because he's on his phone and board. So I just before we do that, is there any kind of questions about kind of general privacy concerns and in terms of technology and stuff? Because if not, okay, yes. Because privacy is a human right and I don't think that it's fair to blame tools for the actions of people. No matter what, I mean if you get rid of tour, if you get rid of the internet, people are still going to do bad things. People do bad things with phones, people do bad things with cars. And so it's about the intention and vision and what the majority of people are actually using the internet for and using tour for. And that is for good for communicating, for sharing, for expressing themselves and accessing very critical resources often. So lots of good there. Alright, so we're going to go ahead and segue. And my first question in regards to blockchain, so I'm going to put this towards Shamik, is similar to my analogy of the internet being built, absolutely transparent with kind of privacy being bolted on Bitcoin and most of its derivatives, which is almost everything, right? And all these other things in order for verification purposes of the sanctity of the blockchain is very, very transparent. And a lot of blockchains are trying to, you know, do some different bolt on different type of stuff. You know, there's various levels of privacy amongst different blockchains. Do you see this as an issue? Do you see this as like kind of moving down the road where we're going to be scrambling to try to put privacy on blockchain in the similar way that we're doing with the internet today? Or do you think that this is similar to the internet and this allowed the proliferation of the internet and good regular good regulation around the internet to get to the point where it is. So it becomes unstoppable. Do you see that as more the path that blockchain is going? Yeah, I think you're in the original analogy around like core internet trunk and how it is primarily an open system, mostly because development innovation on that open system is a lot faster and easier is like kind of the expectation of this model. So where we see people experimenting with interesting security models and privacy models like Zcash Monero, they're changing kind of the fundamental interactions. It's really like honestly a bit more of an experiment. Part of this is, hey, if we think about where cryptocurrency is overall as a technology, we're still like early, we're very early. When we're very early, we're still in the process of figuring out what some of the fundamental interactions that we want to enable on that technology. Right now, we have some very simple ones send and receive. It's like very common across all blockchains. It's like a fundamental of interacting with the chain is can you send it, can you receive it, given that some of the like more additional functionality is still being proven. So if we think about ERC 20s and just smart contracts in general where let's try something that's a little bit different, has another interaction layer, and we're still trying to figure out which of those interactions really makes sense for people like they enjoy using blockchains for it. Where it's like we're far away from from on like the technical side to say that the use case directly matches up with like the privacy expectation. Now, one of the things that's nice is sure it's not an anonymous network, but it is a pseudonymous network, right? An address can exist from anywhere and can belong to anyone. There are a lot of points in in Bitcoin, for example, where you can figure out where or who an address belongs to or where or who a wallet belongs to, but it's not trivial in the average case, right?  But on the peer to peer side, you you may not know. And so that pseudo anonymity is really useful when just figuring out some of these initial use cases. Like we're just it doesn't matter who or what you are, right? Historic money systems. It's like, OK, you send money to people or maybe corporations that are still people, you know, by US law here, I'm sometimes sending money directly to a machine. And it is anonymous to me that I'm sending money directly to a machine and I'm interacting with the machine. And so like part of that interaction model just says we get to try new things until we figure out what matters. It's like we we need to scale kind of where we have privacy concerns, where we want to wait on figuring out how we want to do this well to like getting that MVP figured out. OK, so this last question was kind of focused on cryptocurrency as the use of blockchains, but a lot there you'll hear the the mantra around blockchains, not Bitcoin or, you know, basically this idea that we can use block chain for other data besides just ledger information. Now, since blockchain is really just a database that everybody has on their computer, assuming you're running a full note of whatever blockchain you're using. Now there all of a sudden there's a more there's potential for more information to be leaked. That's not just ledger information. That's not just numbers moving to and fro, you know, assuming like we OK, some people like how do we make identification services on top of the blockchain? Or, you know, what would it look like to run a full note there? So I guess just kind of a question for anyone. What do we do about me already financial information is pretty sensitive. But what do we do about more sensitive information if all this stuff starts to become people are trying to put it on the blockchain which everyone can can have and own and look through and from a privacy perspective. Yeah, so on the technical side, one of the things that I care a lot about is like ownership of data, right? Like who actually owns it and what are their expectations when they're interacting with these systems? And so when when you start laying out some of these threat and trust models, you say, OK, like this is the type of financial data or type of user data or type of whatever data we're we're sticking somewhere. If it's like Walmart's supply chain for, you know, XYZ, random animal product, they have a very different expectation of who can access and where they can access it. In fact, this is where you start to see where they're not necessarily public blockchains or private, like not sorry, not privacy based blockchains, but private blockchains, which is very similar to like a private DB. You know, you throw something in your DB, you have access control over it, you know who's going to have access to and what they can see what they can see with it. And so this starts to like break some of the like decentralized models that we care about and that we find interesting. And so when when you start comparing use cases, you're saying some of the fundamentals on a decentralized open system don't necessarily meet the user expectation or like the interaction model that you want, where you're like, this is a one on one and private interaction. Like whatever you do, you end up bolting on on top of it. Just like, you know, lip purple and aim like way back in the day, you could use AOL instant messenger and just have this encryption layer on top of it. It was a one on one interaction. The core model was still there, right?  And AOL could look at all your, your, you know, build that social graph and do whatever they wanted with it. But you do throw on this like interaction layer that don't actually know what you are saying that you just that you might be saying something to someone. But would not one of the issues be here. So in a typical database, you can encrypt that data and only the person with kind of the decryption keys of the password would be able to decrypt that. Whereas even if it's a private blockchain, if it's not privacy focused, if any version of that blockchain leaks at any point in time, you still have this whole huge graph that goes all the way back. So really all of this data, which you have to assume at some point it's going to leak because humans mess up, right? We all mess up. So even if there's a private blockchain that is, let's say, within Equifax, if at that at any point leaks, it's more than just certain records being compromised and maybe those records are encrypted because it's not a privacy focused blockchain. Yeah, so that just comes back to a traditional like application security problem, right? Where you encrypt the disk because somebody you don't want somebody just to walk off with a disk and be able to see the data on top of it. You encrypt the data in the column because you want like protection at the logical access layer.  It doesn't matter that you encrypted everything up to there. Like when that endpoint says, yeah, here's all the user data. Like there's all the user data. And so just like a blockchain, it depends on kind of even if you get the fundamental encryption models and like, hey, the data itself is completely anonymous. You can't tell what's going on. Anything built on top of it likely needs access to it in order for it to be useful. So maybe there's like an archival database, right? An archival blockchain that says, yeah, it goes there. It gets written down, but nobody can really tell what it is unless they were directly part of that interaction. But in the in the average case, it's like, I need to know who you are so that I know what my relationship is with you so that I can have the right interaction. So for Stephanie, then this idea that as Schemek was just saying, you know, at some point somebody's got to communicate something with somebody. Otherwise, these are just kind of like little stationary things that are just self-contained and don't really do all that much. So kind of this idea that these things have to be communicated and this might be where Tor or other mixed net solutions like I2P might come in because otherwise, I mean, maybe HTTPS is not strong enough or it relies on certificate authorities, right? So it relies on this whole third party system that these external third parties and if they fail and they have, then all of a sudden you're going to have great amounts of data leakage on this very sensitive information. So like, is Tor in any way, shape or form looking specifically on how to aid blockchains in this proliferation of data or you're kind of looking at kind of blockchain projects to implement that themselves and kind of share that? Is there any sort of optimization for this kind of data being communicated to so many different people? Because typically with Tor, like with most websites, you know, I request a website from this person, it's kind of one-to-one. Whereas with blockchain, whenever I want to update the database, whenever I send something, I have to send tons of information to tons of different nodes so that way we can all sync with each other, right? I think it is being explored by people in the cryptocurrency in the blockchain space, but it's not something that we have people dedicated to right now since we're a small nonprofit organization, but people are able to test them themselves. I have heard of lightning nodes being used with Tor, so the entire transaction can happen over Tor. I'm not sure how that scales exactly or how it interacts with other things that you've been talking about, but it seems like there is a lot of potential there. So we do encourage people to explore that. And also please keep in mind that the Tor network is a commons, so we want you to do what you would like to with it, but also please give back to the network and run relays, and that will also help you by helping the bandwidth. And if you can't do that, you can also make a donation. We do accept multiple cryptocurrencies and we'd appreciate your giving back. Great. So Adrian, kind of cycling back just a bit, and we're going to probably move on from this section here pretty soon, but cycling back just a bit kind of to the open nature of blockchain and Bitcoin. So recently the GDPR, right, was passed in the EU. Or is it GPDR, one of those two? Yes. Yeah, okay. You guys know what I'm talking about. It was recently passed. And one of the stipulations is that a person has to be able to request that their information be taken off and that be complied with whatever company. So kind of with this whole idea that blockchain is immutable and most blockchains are absolutely transparent, like this doesn't work with that in any way, right? Because you can't just get rid of that data if you want to get rid of that data if it's your data. So do you have any ideas of how those play together? Yeah, I mean, I guess the easy answer is that I don't think any of the regulators really anticipated that use case when they were finalizing the GDPR, which is the general data protection regulation. I think there are a bunch of the different data protection authorities in Europe right now that are actively working on this. So the French CNIL, which is their privacy regulator, has issued a paper about how GDPR would work with blockchain. The right to delete your data is definitely at odds with this idea. I think right now for the most part, the best place where we can stay is trying to educate the regulator in terms of when and why this will fail. I think the other part of it is really just user and kind of individual focused communication and education, right? Right now there is a lot of regulatory ambiguity, especially for companies, well, and I should say like for the public blockchains, not private as much, where you do have that sort of central governing authority that is much more culpable in some ways than players in a decentralized, permissionless, or I should say public blockchain. There is an onus on that entity to help their individual users understand that if you decide to interact in this way or transact in this way, you are irreversibly putting your data on this chain. And there are going to be varying levels of visibility and varying levels of ways to re-identify someone once they put even pseudonymous data on a certain blockchain. I'll use the case of cryptocurrencies specifically because it's obviously what we work in, but each chain that we support does have kind of differing technical characteristics that make it easier or harder to identify someone based on their transaction history. We do feel like as are, any exchange really has the responsibility to help educate customers that, you know, hey, by transacting in this asset, you are in turn revealing a little bit more of yourself. Here's some of the risk measures that you can take to decrease that visibility if you care about that. And if not, you know, it's your choice. So really it's kind of a mix of user choice, education, and then ultimately regulator education so that there can be some kind of future clarity on this. Because right now, regulators just don't really understand the, I think, the depth of the conflict here. So Surin, obviously, so you work for the Mineral Research Lab and obviously they Mineral as a whole as a community takes a very different approach to privacy than we've been discussing so far, where they say, okay, we don't want any of this to be available to anybody, except for the people who initiated and are receiving this transaction. So this idea that maybe playing nicer with the GDPR because, excuse me, even though it doesn't still don't play nice with your ability to kind of revoke these things because they're still inside the chain, but they're still only accessible by you. Why does Mineral take this kind of really staunch approach to privacy that they basically say this base layer transparency with kind of this bolt-on stuff isn't gonna fly, even if it's harder to digest for regulators and the user base at large? I mean, of course, like I can't speak for anyone else and what they might think about this, but I think as has been said before, for a lot of people who are probably attending this conference and who use distributed digital assets, I'm assuming that one of the reasons they do so is because they do believe that privacy is a fundamental human right. It's been said that transparent assets like Bitcoin are effectively Twitter for your bank account and there's a lot of danger in that too.  Why would you want to do that for potentially even larger amounts of cash effectively on the internet? So projects like Monero and Zcash, another privacy-focused projects, take the approach that that danger can be mitigated through the use of good technology and good mathematics and they take very different approaches to it and of course it's not possible to remove all metadata from such transactions. Monero can't do it, Zcash can't do it. There's all sorts of different levels, whether or not it's the network layer, whether or not you're using something like Tori2P, metadata that's involved with the way that you're interacting with the network, metadata that's involved with the way that transaction patterns might happen. So it's a very, very complicated model to set up both at the transaction layer and at the network layer and things like that. So I mean, it's kind of a one-way street, right? You can leak data, you can't unleak data. So I would say a lot of people believe that the safest move is to assume that data should be kept as private as possible with of course the possibility that someone sending and receiving in a transaction, for example, of course can share information with other people or with auditors or with exchanges or with regulators as they see fit. Privacy doesn't mean that you are not allowed to share anything about yourself. It means that you should have the right to share things about yourself with entities that you see fit. None of this is an excuse to say that you can or should break the law or anything like that, right? I mean, I don't think that that's the goal of any of these things. The goal is to ensure that you remain as safe as possible and that you should have the choice to share things about yourself as you see fit. So Minero is on one end of the spectrum in terms of privacy by default on the base layer. And then Bitcoin's kind of on another where everything's not transparent and we're gonna try to make privacy happen through second layer solutions which hopefully people will be using, right? So, and then we got kind of all these in-betweens with projects that are, okay, well, we have privacy by default, but you can opt out or privacy not by default, but you can opt in on the base layer and not need a second layer. So there's all these kind of in-betweens that are going on here that there's not really a whole lot of formal analysis to my understanding as to how effective these things are and it gets really subtle in terms of which particular people are you kind of putting the threat model against and all this kind of thing? Like is there, as we march ever towards the future, right? Are we ever gonna reach a point where we're gonna be able to look at all these things mathematically in a formalized way and say, okay, this works under these circumstances and this doesn't, because right now it's just kind of shooting darts in the dark, right? You just seeing what sticks and hoping that you're not the person that if something fails, you're the one that pays the price for it and says an example for the rest of the world, right? So is there kind of, I guess I would ask from Coinbase perspective like, because you guys, you're evaluating these cryptocurrencies and saying, okay, what level of privacy is acceptable? What level of privacy isn't, right? And so you have put on Zcash and you haven't put on Monero and we're not gonna take questions about what other assets they're gonna add. But just kind of in terms of evaluating that and trying to decide what is secure and what is private enough for people and what is not. You know, on the privacy side, that one actually, we look at it from a different focus. One of the things that an exchange has to worry about is like counterfeit bills. It's just like a bank account or like an ATM. If you are giving it counterfeit bills, like they don't want your counterfeit cash. And so when you think about privacy interactions and there's like less traceability and like lots of reputability with regard to where this asset came from. It makes it really hard for us for a currency that hasn't done a very robust analysis and is very formal about how their protocol and interaction layer works. To say that any given asset that's coming in the door is something that we can actually trust. Because if you think about a distributed trustless network, I don't need to have to trust it, except you always ignore the fact that you are trusting the protocol and the nodes and like the whole mining operations and whatnot that everything is working as it should to spec. But like, hey, we're in tech.  And so the likelihood that everything is working fine is super low for some of these new assets that are just brand new, right? Like, hey, even a couple of years after launch, we may be finding like really significant issues. And so there's like the one side of is the user's needs being met from the privacy that this asset offers. Then there's the other side of is our user base in mass, their needs being met with regards to can we say that when we get a coin and we sell it to somebody else, right? Or there's like an exchange that's happening in our accounting for it, that it is an actual valid and like non-counterfeit coin. So it makes life like even harder, like just completely orthogonally because it changes the interaction pattern of that relationship. Great, thanks. Oh, yeah. Yeah, I think just one more note on the environment in which this analysis happens is based on, as an exchange operating in New York, we are subject to the New York Bit License, which is a world of fun. It's basically required for any virtual currency operation that serves New York customers or is operating in New York. And one of the really important things for anyone who has ever read the Panama Papers or kind of follows some of the anti-money laundering laws is that we do also have some regulatory obligations to help our regulators understand like, no, this isn't actually money laundering that's happening. Kind of to the earlier question about like, how do you tell the good from the bad? I honestly think that, you know, the more data we find about like how much is good happening via these like private transactions versus bad is really helpful because maybe it's for nothing or maybe it is actually a significant problem. Either way, we unfortunately aren't in a place where we can even sacrifice our need to comply with a lot of the New York customer or anti-money laundering laws that are pretty traditional for banks. So that's a commitment that we've made. So to Shamak's point, you know, anything that kind of raises that flag or makes that due diligence harder for us means that we're immediately at odds with our like core regulator. So that's kind of one of the hard lines for us. I think another one too is, you know, to what extent are, you know, and again kind of picking up on the point earlier, there's so many shades of gray along the spectrum of the types of personal information that different chains ask you for in order to participate. So one of the areas that we try to understand is to what extent does this differ from Bitcoin and, you know, some of the Bitcoin forks, like, you know, how is personal data different in this scenario for like this new asset versus this asset that we've worked with in the past and for our customer? Like how do they know the difference? How do they know if all of a sudden all of their transactions like kind of lead back to one single source of truth, you know, for someone who's kind of a hobbyist, maybe that doesn't make a huge difference, but for someone who has multi-millions of dollars that they're transacting with, then like kind of traceability becomes a lot more important to them. And that doesn't need to matter if, or that doesn't have to matter only if you have large amounts in your wallet or on chain. So, you know, again, like, what is our role in educating the customer? What is our role in like working with the regulator to make sure that we can kind of, you know, tow the line while also to Sean makes point making sure that we're not, you know, listing counterfeit coins. Great. So we are running short on time. So we are going to be moving on to the next portion and which is going to kind of be focusing on regulation, but I'm actually going to ask the first question to Stephanie because blockchain is still quite a young technology. And I don't think anybody would disagree that we would like more privacy kind of on the blockchain. We may disagree in terms of how much is more privacy or how to go about it. But I think everyone would be comfortable with, you know, a certain amount more privacy. But we in blockchain are not the first ones to fight these privacy battles. And so we can learn from a lot of the people that have come before us. People like tour who have been alive a lot longer than we have and who have been in this struggle and in the fray for quite some time. So just kind of from a regulatory perspective where the people that work on tour may face certain backlashes after certain things are revealed about what is sometimes on different onion sites and stuff. Like, how do you guys handle that? How have you kind of taken this in stride? And how do you plan to continue handling that as the regulatory landscape kind of evolves in terms of privacy? It depends a lot about where you are in the world about what it might mean if you're using tour. For the most part, I mean, it's not something that you get in trouble for using tour. I mean, we do have to sometimes remind people that it is free and open source software and a tool and anyone can use it. And if we do start having the ability to take down sites that route over the tour network, then we're putting everyone's privacy, we're putting everyone's security at risk and we're not gonna become someone who decides what can be, what's okay and what's not okay because then we'll be in a position of being asked by different governments and whoever to target activists and whoever else, someone that they just don't like. So another point that is important to consider is that when governments or ISPs don't like tour, then they block tour because all of the IP addresses of our relays are publicly listed. And so we've developed ways to get around that censorship with bridges and pluggable transports. And it sounds like that is going to be something that becomes very important to this community as well thinking about getting around the firewall if China decides to start blocking mining, for instance. So I think that's probably something very critical to keep in mind that tour can help with too. Yeah, one of the topics you'll see coming up over and over again in this conversation is a lot of the privacy laws based off of physically where you are located. What becomes strange, it's like sure, like mining infrastructure does physically live someplace and it can't not physically live someplace. But most of the interaction models and most of the interactions that we are doing are completely independent of any physical locality. Like my phone here in Nevada has different rights than it does in California. And that's really strange, like that's a short flight away. And some of the core concerns that we have to deal with are they don't care about the boundaries of any given nation or nation state. And so as we start to see almost a divergence of the expectations of privacy, what different countries, what different nations are enforcing, that also adds like just a layer of complexity both on complying with what is like minimum required, but also kind of dealing with the other half of that. Cause none of this, like half of this privacy law is let's increase privacy, the other half of the privacy law is but the government still wants to understand what's going on. And so just like as we just start making this problem iteratively more complex across like, because of these nation state boundaries, it's the crypto doesn't care where it's going. It just wants to get there and it doesn't care where you were. Like it's, I can entirely end up in a position where I am in a place where it is illegal for me to receive a shielded transaction and for somebody to send it to me. Now, have I broken the law by having a shielded transaction associated with my account where I had no agency in preventing it? It starts to make things like really dicey. Okay, so Adrian, I guess we have time for this one last question and we got to keep it a little bit brief because we're at 143 and got to end at 145. So just kind of looking towards the future because that's where all panels like to end and looking towards the future, right? So looking towards the future with blockchain, kind of this blockchain moving forward at a pace and privacy moving forward at a pace. Sometimes they're moving together. Sometimes they're moving kind of in different directions or at different paces. What, how hard is it going to be to kind of talk with regulators and educate them because maybe, you know, Tor ITP comes in the news and it's something unfavorable and blockchain comes in the news and it is favorable. So if we're trying to march them alongside by side, it's a hard sell because on one half, you have something that's not quite so palatable and on something the other half, you have something that is and you theoretically want them moving in tandem, right? So as blockchain progresses, we can keep the privacy that we all enjoy currently or oh, wish that we had, right? So how difficult is it going to be to talk with educators about not just blockchain but privacy at the same time because they are kind of two different fields that are being smushed together with varying levels of success? Yeah, it's a big question. I don't know if I can answer that. Yeah, 30 seconds. That's a little bit, yeah. Yeah, I mean, I think there are definitely some key themes that are emerging across privacy in general. One is the importance of, you know, having visibility over what happens to your data. The other is really being able to control that data as much as possible, including any downstream sharing or use of that data. I think every single regulator that's getting into the privacy space fundamentally wants to protect the rights and interests of their constituents. Maybe not everyone, but for the vast majority, the most part. So I think, you know, it's a lot about having the blockchain companies, those that leverage blockchain, you know, the financial side to the exchanges, the custodians, et cetera, just having very open conversations with regulators, both about how blockchain writ large as well as the cryptocurrency applications help support those same rights and freedoms, as well as how they're thinking about privacy. And again, it comes down to minimizing risk, right? The most important thing is the risk that is being posed to an individual based on how their information is being shared. As applications are designed, you know, apply privacy by design, think about the potential risks that could befall your customers based on how their information is being shared and then use that information to then kind of share your thoughts and your path forward with the regulator as a part of a group or if you have those relationships individually, but I think it comes down to how you're protecting your customers. Okay, great, thank you so much. Let's give a round of applause for our panelists.


Namaskara, I am Dr. Merlina, the orthopedic surgeon working in Manipal Hospital, Bangalore. In surgery, we introduce a telescope and depending upon the condition, we will do the surgery. If there is a ligament injury, which requires a ligament reconstruction, in that condition we take a ligament from other part of the body and fix it in the joint. That is commonly done for the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint. We take a ligament from the thigh area and fix it with the screws or some clip. Nowadays, we are fixing the ligament without any screws and now that is a screwless surgery. Sometimes we do this surgery for removal of the loose bodies from the joint or trimming of some of the ligaments which will be obstructing the joint or aligning the kneecap bone. These are the common conditions in which we do arthroscopic surgeries.


The study examined the effect of transcription factor binding site, TFBS, orientation and order on gene regulation. It found that TFBS orientation and order had a significant effect on gene regulation, which was corroborated by genomic analysis. Furthermore, it showed that TFBS orientation improved the accuracy of a model used to predict gene expression from sequence. This article was authored by Ilias Jorga-Copopoulos Aureus, Chinu Deng, the Kramugawal, and others.