The Executive Director of the U.S. Access Board and welcome to today's interactive program in honor of National Disability Employment Awareness Month. This designation for the month of October serves to recognize the creativity, innovation and skill that people with disabilities bring to our workforce. The objective of the National Disability Employment Awareness Month is to promote awareness of the needs of workers with disabilities and to emphasize the importance of creating economic opportunity for all. We'll be discussing how businesses benefit from the expertise and skills that people with disabilities offer and how a lack of accessibility excludes them from the workforce and hinders economic growth. We'll illustrate examples and discuss best practices related to accessibility standards in transportation, buildings and information and communication technology as well as diverse hiring practices. This will all be within the European context of disability employment and accessibility topics. One way to address these issues is to enable dialogue such as this and to encourage discussion about these topics. Joining me today to share his perspective and answer your questions is Paul Schrader who's the Vice President of Public Policy and Strategic Initiatives at IRA. We're also joined by viewing groups around the world including participants in Romania at the U.S. Embassy in Bucharest. We will introduce their audience in a moment. Before we get started I just want to mention that if you have questions for Paul or myself please ask them in the comments section next to the video player or on Twitter using the hashtag without limits. We'll try to answer as many of your questions as possible and we'll also provide links to resources. So Paul thanks for joining us. Can you tell the viewing audience a little bit about IRA, what it is, how it works and how it's being used in the workplace? Thanks David, happy to do that and very pleased to be part of this program thanks to the State Department for the invitation. So IRA and I hope we get to explore this a little bit more in depth this hour but IRA is a good example of the way technology has changed opportunities for people with disabilities and really fundamentally shifted how we can access information. So the whole point of IRA is to take advantage of mobile technology, cell phone and cell based technology. So we're all carrying these smart phones around with us, most of us anyway. They have cameras in them and the concept of IRA is to use that camera in your cell phone to stream video, to connect via video back to a sighted person. So for someone like me who's blind I've got my phone with me or I might use these glasses that IRA has actually designed, these very stylish sort of sunglasses, with a camera that's right above the nose piece, right in the middle. Concept of that is whether it's the phone or the glass, from that camera video connects back through the cell network to a sighted person who IRA has trained to be an agent and what that agent does is provide any information via the video, whatever they can see they provide that information to somebody who's blind and it might be as simple as what's around us in the environment if we're out in the street, what kind of buildings, what kind of shops, where the office is that we might be going to. When we get into our workplace that IRA agent using again streaming from the video camera in my hand or on my glasses can tell me, can read things, can read signs, can help me find an office that I'm looking for, maybe operate a piece of office equipment that isn't accessible, a copier or a printer that somebody who's blind normally would have to find sighted assistants to help with. Now with the push of a button an IRA agent using that video camera connection can tell us where to touch on the screen to make that office equipment work. And then finally of course helping an individual to get around and even in a meeting where somebody might be using a flip chart or a PowerPoint and not necessarily for a blind person often that means the information is not available. So even in a work setting like that you can have your IRA agent again via the video camera in your glasses or phone tell you what's going on on that PowerPoint or that flip chart and the blind person now has equal access to the information right along with their sighted peers. Thanks for that Paul. I'd like to briefly describe my work and the role of the U.S. Access Board. So the Access Board is the only federal agency whose primary mission is accessibility for people with disabilities. We develop guidelines and standards under a number of laws including the Americans with Disabilities Act so that buildings and facilities, transportation vehicles, information and communication technology, medical diagnostic equipment and telecommunications equipment covered by these laws are accessible to people with disabilities. We also assist the Election Assistance Commission in developing voluntary accessibility guidelines for voting systems and we developed best practices on access to information on prescription drug container labels for individuals who are blind or visually impaired. We provide technical assistance by responding to inquiries through telephone and email and producing manuals and other publications including a series of online guides to the ADA and Architectural Barriers Act accessibility standards. We conduct in-person training sessions and offer 18 webinars a year and we maintain a small research program that develops technical assistance materials and provides information needed for rulemaking. And finally we enforce the Architectural Barriers Act which requires that most buildings designed, constructed, altered or leased by the federal government be accessible to people with disabilities. When we have jurisdiction and find that the applicable accessibility standards were not followed we request a corrective action plan and monitor the case until the barrier is removed. Okay, so now let's let me set the stage for this discussion. From the early initiatives here in the U.S. such as the oldest law, the Architectural Barriers Act in 1968, through the Rehabilitation Act, through the adoption of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990 and ongoing legal campaigns across the country, coalitions have come together to press for defending rights and expanding opportunities for people with disabilities. The result has been a visible transformation of public spaces and accommodations and workplaces. Over time, social attitudes have also changed recognizing the ability of persons with disabilities to determine the course of their own lives. So now let's go to our online viewing group at the U.S. Embassy in Bucharest, Romania where Public Affairs Officer, Cultural Affairs Officer Scott Reis will introduce the group and then we'll take a couple of questions from the audience. Hi Scott. How are you doing today? Can you hear me? Hello. Gotcha. Great. So thank you very much. First of all, we're very proud and honored to be selected as an anchor site or European anchor site for this important discussion rather than introduce everyone of the 30-plus people we have here. I just want to say that we were able to get participation from a good cross-section of Romanian society. We have representatives of the government and parliament. We have representatives of NGOs. We have some Fulbright folks here. We also have advocacy group people and probably most importantly some representatives from private industry who are interested in learning more and trying to provide opportunities for those that might not get opportunities elsewhere. So again, thank you very much. Thank you. So we were having some technical difficulties before but I'd now like to welcome another panelist, Charlotte McClain Nalapo, who's the Global Disability Advisor at the World Bank Group, joining us from Rome. So thank you Charlotte for joining us. Thank you David and sorry for the complications. Can you hear me properly? Absolutely. Thank you. Great. And it's wonderful to see such a big crowd. So in terms of my work at the World Bank, as pointed out by David, I am the Global Disability Advisor and my role is to ensure that disability is included as a thematic area into World Bank projects. This also requires us building capacity of bank staff to ensure that bank staff understand what disability inclusion means. A large part of my work is being a connector, connecting persons with disabilities, organizations of persons with disabilities, two bank staff to make sure that the lived experience of persons with disabilities is front and center in any of the work that we do. A very large part of my work is managing trust funds. So managing some of the resources that we have to support disability inclusion in the bank. And then another very big chunk of my work is to continue to develop the economic and the evidence base around disability inclusion. So really trying to have robust analytics around what disability inclusion means in the context of development, what disability means in the context of many of the very complex projects in which we work. So providing technical assistance internally to bank staff, helping bank staff figure out what an accessible project might look like, but also supporting the development of policies around to ensure that those policies are also taking into account persons with disabilities. And then finally, my last role at the bank is to work outside with our different clients and help build partnerships so that we can have a greater group of people to draw on because quite honestly, there's no way that we as an institution can do it on our own. So how do we work with disabled people's organizations? How do we sensitize governments around the importance of disability inclusion is a very important part of my work within the larger context of the World Bank development work. And I think I'll end there, David. Thank you, Charlotte. Scott, does your audience have a question for us? Who has a question? Please. Yes. Please identify yourself. Hello, I'm Gabi Komonescu from the Motivation Foundation of Romania. I'd like to ask the American experts what the main policies are that stimulate employment of persons with disabilities in the U.S., thank you. Did you get the interpretation of that in Washington? Yes. Yes. Thank you. Great. So Paul, do you want to start? Yeah, I'd be happy to kick that off. So we have for certainly even prior to the Americans with Disabilities Act had an emphasis on employment and had begun to build in this concept of reasonable accommodation how to ensure that an individual with disability can participate in the employment setting and of course that was further amplified by the Americans with Disabilities Act and a focus on employment when that passed in 1990. The key, that reasonable accommodation is really one of the key measures that makes employment possible and the concept there is to ensure that somebody with a disability has the tools they need or the adaptations to the workplace that they need. Even those accommodations are not very expensive, often they don't cost anything because in many ways it often is just a change in the way work is done or a change, a modest change in the workplace. For some of us with disabilities, the accommodations may be a little more involved but fortunately as I think we'll explore during this hour, technology has changed a lot of our workplaces and much of what used to be very difficult to accommodate now is actually pretty straightforward in terms of ensuring that somebody can use a computer or a mobile device right alongside their peer without a disability and for example for someone like me who is blind there are a number of accessibility solutions that the major technology companies that provide the operating systems have actually built right into the phones and computers so that I can use the same exact phone or computer that somebody who is sighted as using only I use it with speech output or I might use it with enlarged characters if I have some usable vision. Charlotte? Yeah, so I mean I think much of what I would have said has been said and I think that you know policies that stimulate implementation are absolutely essential but I also think that there are other factors in the United States that have really pushed you know more persons with disabilities into employment and that is that you know perceptions towards persons with disabilities have changed dramatically in the last 25 years. We've also seen a huge a large number of persons with disabilities you know going through university obtaining degrees being able to compete competitively in the labor market and that's all of the function of changing attitudes and I think that that's an important piece.  Laws are really important but laws will not be helpful if they're not enforceable so if there's any thought around developing any kind of legislative framework it has to be something that's enforceable but then it also has to be something that people with disabilities are aware of and so I think one of the triggers around the policies in the United States is was that persons with disabilities themselves got to know about they know what their rights are. We know what is in the law in relation to disability and so that becomes a very important piece in terms of being able to insist that your rights are represented. So I think it's a bit of a two-way piece. You need to make sure that whatever is out there is implementable and that people have knowledge of that law and what it means for them as persons. Excellent points. Let me just add just a little bit to what both Paul and Charlotte said. So our experience in the U.S. goes back at least 45 years to 1973 when Congress passed a law called the Rehabilitation Act and that there was a provision called Section 504 that said that when an entity receives federal funds they can't discriminate against people with disabilities and part of that required reasonable accommodation as Paul talked about. It wasn't until 1990, so many years after the Rehabilitation Act, that Congress expanded those rights beyond the federal government and those that received federal funds to the private sector that have no receipt of federal funds and that was in 1990 with the Americans with Disabilities Act. So our experience in terms of legislation goes back 45 years to the Rehabilitation Act, takes us to 1990 and then the implementation thereafter. So I completely agree with what Charlotte said that laws are important but it's also important to understand what your rights are and obligations and so that's a really important part as well. So Bucharest, do you have another question? Yes, we do. Hello, my name is Chirasella Nicoletta-Predescu. My question is, what are the concrete steps whereby employers are stimulated to hire persons with disabilities? Thank you. Okay, so the question is more about like incentives I think, so Paul? So I think the, I mean there's obviously different ways of doing this, quotas in some instances have been tried and used and goals which is sort of more the approach that I think we take in the United States certainly for some sectors. But I would say the first most important or probably the most important piece is to ensure that people with disabilities have the skills that are necessary to be in the labor force. And honestly I think we're still struggling or making sure in the U.S. and elsewhere that we're doing that. So providing good rehabilitation training and education for individuals with disabilities is key so that they, so that we I should say have the skills to be able to be marketable, to be able to function in the workforce. And then I think making sure that those accommodations, those technologies are in place, some of you may see in my lab I'm holding this Braille device that I use for notes. It's essentially a little computer for notes and files. And so I mean those kinds of devices are critical for people with varying disabilities to be able to participate fully in the labor force. The other thing that I'd like to add is that there are some tax incentives, a tax deduction and a tax credit that businesses can take to make their businesses more accessible. That would also include things like reasonable accommodation. So that's another way to incentivize employment of people with disabilities. Charlotte? Yeah. I mean I think you both raised very important ways to incentivize, you know, business. But I think ultimately I think it's, you know, businesses want to do what's good for business. And I think when we're able to show that hiring people with disabilities, retaining persons with disabilities in your employee is not an onerous task. That if any, that in fact what it does is it enhances, enhances your staff, enhances your product, then I think businesses want to listen. So I think we need to really start thinking about, you know, beyond just the incentives around the financial incentive, you know, really how do we make, how do we push that piece that persons with disabilities are as innovative as other people? There's hard working as many others. And make the business case for why it makes sense to hire persons with disabilities. Thank you. So now let's take some questions from the chat space or those following along on Twitter using the hashtag without limits. Here's one question. How can we change attitudes that prevent persons with disabilities from entering the workforce? What are the best incentives to promote capital investment and accessibility? I think we may have touched on this, but Paul, do you want to add? You touched on using tax incentives and maybe some other means of encouraging fostering development. I would say two things that can help. I mean, attitudes are tough to change. There's no question about it. And I think having strong disability organizations with leaders with disabilities, I mean, you've got three of us here on the panel who have all, in various ways, been part of the organized disability community. I think that's a key element. And then secondly, I think having the investment in physical and technology accessibility so that it's clear that people with disabilities are welcome, able to get to a workplace and then able to use the technology that's there. And there's a lot of steps that can be taken in resources that are available to help you with that. Charlotte? So I think some low-hanging fruit in this regard is to identify some of the businesses that are really doing a good job of it, of hiring persons with disabilities, making them champions, sharing their expertise, having business talk to business. There's nothing better than peer-to-peer conversation. And I think that that's a very useful way of getting people to get past some of the stigma, to get past some of the fear, some of the concerns around cost. So that I've seen to be very useful where we're able to get partnerships or, you know, collaboration amongst businesses and businesses sharing their experiences has proven to be very, very useful. I mean, one of the other ways is to, you know, use government to incentivize capital investment and accessibility. In many countries, and I think in Europe, if you use European funds to promote accessibility, you can, you know, hold government responsible for making sure that buildings and facilities are built accessible if it's done with European funds. So here's another question. I think this one is directed to you, Charlotte. How does the World Bank ensure that aid and support to governments are inclusive to people with disabilities? So that's a great question. And one of the things that the bank has to ensure that our projects are inclusive is called the Environmental Social Framework. And the framework was just released on the 1st of October. There was a very consultative process around developing the framework and part in many of those consultations, disabled people's organizations were well represented and made very strong proposals for what they thought should be in the ESF. So we now have a set of 10 standards that guide World Bank operations. And within those 10 standards, three of them make explicit reference to disability inclusive development. The first one is the standard number one, which is the standard on non-discrimination that looks at risk assessments and analyses. And there is a requirement for people who are doing a risk assessment for a project to think through what non-discrimination would look like for persons with disabilities. So very strong piece in terms of the non-discrimination piece, which is new for the bank and a very important way for us to proceed. The second place where disability is covered is in ESF 4. And that's the ESF that speaks to community safety. And within that standard, the reference to disability is in relation to universal access. And again, this is quite an advancement for the institution. It now will require for any World Bank projects to think about universal access, to think about how to design for persons with disabilities in regular urban setting programs, but also very importantly in post-disaster settings, which is a space in which we work extensively. And then the last place in the framework where there is explicit reference to disability is in ESS 10. Sorry. And ESS 10 is the standard that looks at stakeholder engagement. And in this regard, in relation to stakeholder engagement, the requirement going forward will be that any bank project, any bank operation where there's any form of lending will be required to have a stakeholder engagement. And that stakeholder engagement now will be required to, A, ensure that persons with disabilities are present, and so DPOs will be invited to the stakeholder engagement, but B, that they will also provide accessibility-formatted materials. And this is important. So it's not about just bringing persons with disabilities to the town hall. It's about ensuring that ahead of the event, people know what they're coming for, that materials have been sent. If braille is required, then braille will be available. If sign language interpreters are needed, they will be present. It's about sending the documentation in a way that's accessible to all persons with disabilities. So it's early days for us. As I said, this framework just went live on the 1st of October. But I just recently, I was in Nigeria last week. And while in Nigeria, we had a stakeholder engagement where we did, in fact, bring people with multiple types of disabilities, and we were able to provide all the necessary accessible formats so that they could understand what we were talking about. So I think there are a couple of things that the bank has put in place in terms of a framework to make sure that we address aspects related to disability inclusion. Now, there'll be instances where we have a project and where disability hasn't been included. I mean, this will happen, and that I know for sure. And what we've done to mitigate those type of situations is that we have a redress mechanism. And this is a mechanism in which people with disabilities, organizations or persons with disabilities can file a complaint and say, look, we went to this project and this project is not including persons with disabilities. You know, we'd like to know why, what can be done. And so in many ways, we have to think about this as a two-way street. The bank provides the resources and the technical assistance to your governments. Your governments then will implement the projects either internally or through a project management unit. It's then incumbent on disabled people's organizations to be aware of what these projects are, to see to what extent people with disabilities are being included, and then to hold us accountable. And so this is also a request to you to hold us accountable for what we say we're going to do. That was really interesting to hear about the framework. And I think regardless of whether the World Bank is involved, I think that same principle is really important for any organization. So thank you for sharing that. And I'm going to ask Paul and Charlotte and myself to try to be brief on our responses because I know that there's a lot of questions that we have in queue. So Peter asks, what can be done in countries when people with disabilities are not granted a right to work or do business? And I will just bring up one example years ago and continuing to this day, disability advocacy organizations will ask elected officials and people running for office what their ideas are for including people with disabilities or for promoting the rights of people with disabilities. And then when they get elected, to hold them to their answers that they've given. So that's one way is to work with your elected officials and those running for office to put them on the spot and then hold them to their answers. Paul or Charlotte? I would just add that culturally we're still fighting this fight, right? Where sometimes the automatic response to somebody with a disability is to protect and shelter and not to have out in the world. I mean, what Peter brings up an explicit situation where there's actual preventing. But I think culturally there is still that sense. And I think that makes it harder, but also more critical for those of us with disabilities to organize and to send forth a message that we are leaders, we are people who want to be engaged at every level and not just at leadership, but really at all levels of work and society. Charlotte? Yeah, no, I mean, I think where there's prevention then I would say, you know, I would really revert to the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. I would look at domestic legislation to see, you know, where there's been an infringement because I think that that would to me suggest a clear case of non-discrimination. So I think I would advise looking at the legal route. Okay. Here's another online question. How can people promote accessibility and inclusion for persons with disabilities in their everyday lives? It's kind of a general question. Paul, do you have any thoughts on that? Yeah, I think, well, I certainly think for those of us with disabilities, it's important to use and make use of the technologies and accessibility efforts that have been made. So where physical spaces have been made accessible, I think it's incumbent and important for those of us with disabilities to get out and use those spaces. And the same is true for technology. Charlotte talked earlier about accessible formats and information. And sometimes I say to my blind friends and colleagues, you should always ask, even if you don't necessarily need to have the information in Braille or in a technology form that you can use with speech or character, large character, I think it's just important to ask and to make clear that there's an expectation that information be made accessible or that a space be made physically accessible for those of us with disabilities. And then when that happens, to both salute that it happens, but also to take advantage of it. I mean, we have a policy at our agency that all of our meetings be held in accessible locations and all of our meetings be conducted in an accessible fashion in terms of real-time cart, computer-assisted real-time transcription, sign language interpreters and materials being in accessible formats. Charlotte? So I think you both raised really important points. I would only add that I think that I use a wheelchair and very often people don't know what accommodations are required. They think maybe a ramp, but they don't really know what else. And so I like to be able to be in a position to give people information. I think very often people don't know what kind of accommodations are required for persons with disabilities. And so again, I think we have a responsibility not to just say, oh, you haven't made it accessible, but to help people think through what accessibility can look like. So being part of the solution, I think is a really important part of moving this agenda forward. Okay, so thanks for sending in these great questions. Before we go back to our group in Romania, I wanted to ask Charlotte and Paul if they could briefly provide some examples of accessibility features and standards and transportation buildings or information and communication technology that they think has helped reduce barriers to employment here in the US and could be adopted more widely in Europe. Paul, any examples that you would like to cite? Yeah, one that I like starting with is because it says a really great story on a lot of levels and that's the work of the Worldwide Web Consortium and the Web Accessibility Initiative. That group, and it's a voluntary effort between government and industry and disability organizations, that group has created the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. Those guidelines, not only do they set forth how to make a web page and a website accessible, but they really also fundamentally show how to use technology in an innovative way to access web and related material. And so whether it's employment, education, or living independently and getting the information you need for your daily life, the web of course is critical, but also all of the things that the web has made possible, all of the social network capabilities that the web has made possible, all of those are touched by these guidelines and informed by these guidelines. So for those who are watching and listening to us, if you've never taken a look at or if you've wondered about web accessibility and sort of that broader topic, that's a great place to start the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines available from the Web Accessibility Initiative. Charlotte? So I don't know, you probably can't see because you're just seeing my head, but I actually use a wheelchair and so for me, the accessibility features that I look to and look for are related to accessibility in the built environment. And so I think in terms of big pushes, I think the work that David in the US Access Board do has been absolutely instructive and they set the standards as David set out in the beginning, but you can go to the Access Board and ask for information about what standards, what access should look like in the context of any kind of built environment. And that's been immensely useful from a personal point of view, but also in terms of the work that I do. So I think for me, it's about the built environment. But I think it's also about ensuring that when you think about accessibility, you think about seamless pathways because it's one thing to have a ramp into my building where I work, so I work at the World Bank and it's pretty accessible to get in and out of the building, but it's another thing to be able to get to work. And so having an accessible transportation system, I can leave my apartment, I can roll down the street, I can get on a bus, if I don't wanna get on a bus, I can take the metro. So there are options for me to take and it makes me part of that community of workers. I travel with people to work. I feel as if I'm part of a larger workforce. And so I think when we think about accessibility and inclusion, we shouldn't think about just one particular point in time, but how this works seamlessly so that we are in fact out and in the community. Great points from both of you. I just wanted to give one example of I think a success in the United States. And that goes back to having a law in place and clear standards and just think of this one example. So before the Americans with Disabilities Act, about 60%, 60% of buses in America were accessible to people with disabilities. They either had a lift or a ramp. After the ADA today, 100% of buses in America are accessible. And that's because we said when you buy a new vehicle, it has to be accessible. And the ADA was passed in 1990 and buses last about 12 to 14 years. And so we've had a cycle of at least two turnovers of buses and now 100% of our vehicles in America are accessible. And I point back to the law that requires that. So you have a clear law and clear standards and enforcement of that. I think those are really important. And that's I think a great example of how a law and regulations can make a difference. So now let's go back to our viewing group in Romania. Bucharest, do you have maybe two more questions for the panel? Over here on this side. Okay. Good afternoon, I'm Dagela Hout. I'm president of the National Council of Disabilities and Disabled People in Romania. We have talked a lot here about technology, about medical devices and instruments. I would like to know the following. How can these technology and these devices be purchased? What is the support granted by the government devices and technologies? Okay. Paul, do you wanna? So in the US, I think we alluded to this earlier, there is a provision that government purchase of technology drive accessibility. So this doesn't directly answer your question, but I wanted to mention it. So there is a law that requires when our government makes a purchase of technology for use in the government space, that they make an effort to ensure that that's accessible technology. There are some programs that do provide technology for individuals with disabilities, but I will say honestly, I think that's one of our weaknesses, and I think it's actually a place where many of the European governments may in fact be ahead of us in ensuring that technology gets into the hands of individuals with disabilities. I showed earlier this device with the Braille display and it's a very important device in my life. It's also a fairly expensive device, and so these devices can cost into the thousands of dollars in US dollars. And so having programs to make, to put technology in individuals' hands are so important because otherwise these transformative technologies may not be available to an individual. Now that said, I would come back to applauding many of our commercial technology developers who have built in and designed in accessibility. So the Windows operating system has accessibility built in for people with not only blindness and vision loss, but people with physical disabilities as well in terms of help with the keyboard usage. And the same is true for Android and the iOS system used by Apple. There are accessibility components built in. So that has helped to certainly broaden the availability of accessible technology for individuals with disabilities. I'll just add a brief example of a way that the federal government helps employees who are federal employees with disabilities to do their job. There's a central place within the federal government that will provide reasonable accommodations, mostly involving technology to federal employees with disabilities to do their job so that the cost is borne by the central group and not by the hiring official or the agency that's hiring the person. It's easily done at the federal level. It's much harder done at private level in state and local governments. But that's a model that could be considered at least to help people that are working in the federal sphere. Charlotte, did you have anything to add to that? Just a quick example of what the World Bank does. So the World Bank has what's called the Disability Accommodation Fund. And quite like David mentioned, what it does is it supports staff, backstaff with disabilities so that their reasonable accommodations are taken care of in terms of the cost. So for instance, I have a desk that's a bit higher so that I can roll under my desk without it pressing against my legs. And that was, you know, the cost of my desk was borne by the Central Disability Accommodations Fund. That fund would also cover a personal assistant if I needed a personal assistant to travel with. And so, yes, there is an institution, within, sorry, within the institution, there is support to ensure that persons with disabilities can work to their fullest potential. We cover, you know, sign language interpreters. A whole host of different accommodations would be covered by the Accommodations Fund. Great. Bucharest, do you have another question? Thank you very much. My name is Georgiana Pasco. I work with the Legal Resources Center. I have returned from the United States three months ago, so I was able to learn what accessibility means in the United States and the access to work for disabled people. I must admit, and be honest, that it's very difficult for me to readjust to the Romanian system. I'm listening carefully to you there in Washington. And my question, I don't know how to ask this, to ask that question, I don't know how to put it. What would you do if you come to Bucharest tomorrow? We have 35,000 disabled people in our institutions. You know, people who come to certain positions when they are in those positions, they disregard the disabled people. So I have studied the American model, the World Bank model. It would be fantastic if the World Bank office in Romania was able to disseminate that model. What would you tell us, at least those present in this room? What would you tell us? Thank you. I have seen the situation in the United States. I've seen disabled people put themselves in chains 30 years ago in order to have access to public transportation, for instance. Excellent. Charlotte, do you wanna start? Well, so I mean, I think we, the bank doesn't tell governments what to do. The bank works with governments, we provide technical assistance to governments. I mean, I think what we would tell government, if we were working on a project in Romania would be, how do we include persons with disabilities in a meaningful way? And I think that that's an important piece to emphasize. It's not just about including people with disabilities, but it's doing so in a way that's very meaningful. I think we would also mention that there is the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities and it puts in place a legal framework to which Romania is part of. And so there's a responsibility on the government to think about how to implement that. I'll just add that advocacy takes time. We just last month celebrated the 50th anniversary of the oldest law called the Architectural Barriers Act that applies to federal buildings. And so we have at least a 50 year experience of trying to promote the rights of people with disabilities. And it's a long haul, it takes time, and advocacy is a constant effort. Paul, do you wanna add anything? I just would add that most of, if not all of the advances that have been made around accessibility in the US were led by or substantially pushed by organizations representing the interests of and run by people with disabilities. It's a really critical piece of the puzzle and I can't speak to what the situation is in Romania, but I can certainly say that organizing and getting people with disabilities to organize is so critical and it takes time. It is, you know, that is a hard bit to do, but that also is the best way to disseminate education and to help individuals learn how to take leadership and assume responsibility for actions and learn about the kinds of changes that will be most meaningful in the lives of those of us with disabilities. Thank you Bucharest for those great questions. And we have some more good questions from our online viewers. So Rotaro at the American Corner in Romania asks, the Minister of Finances in Romania has said that the workforce deficit in Romania is estimated at one million people and 300,000 work eligible people with disabilities are able to fill this void. How can programs help local legislation, infrastructure and companies support this idea? Charlotte, do you have any thoughts on that? I'm not sure that I get the question. Could you repeat that please? So there's a deficit of a million people in the workforce in Romania and there's 300,000 work eligible people with disabilities who could help fill that million person void and how can programs be established to help people with disabilities become employed to help meet this unmet need of employment in Romania. Great, okay. So I mean, I think one of the things to do is to make sure that any kind of training that happens for persons with disabilities is market related. I've seen in too many countries that skills training and development projects for persons with disabilities often are training people to do things that nobody else is training anybody to do anymore. So I think looking at training people so that their skills are relevant is very, very important. And if the 300,000 disabled people can be trained to address that deficit then I think that would be a win-win solution. Paul? I just add partnership also is so important and especially where you've got functioning organizations representing people with disabilities partnering with business. There's a wonderful group in the US called disability in and the idea is that disability in business come together to work together on how to advance employment and marketing and even business ownership among people with disabilities. So here's another online question. Fania asks, most people with disabilities in my country do not have access to education and most people with disabilities are not educated. How can we improve accessibility to education for persons with disabilities? Boy, that's a tough one. Charlotte, do you have any thoughts on that? Yeah, I do. I'm having just run a workshop, a three-day workshop on inclusive education. I mean, I think we definitely need to have again, strong legislative and strong legislative and policy framework. I think that's a very good start. Increasingly, we're seeing reference to education and disability in constitution. So where there are constitutions, that's very helpful. But then again, I think it's really about looking at training teachers differently so that teachers can think about how to teach children with disabilities. It's very important to work with parents to ensure that they understand the importance of taking their kids with disabilities to school. It's really essential to look at the curricula and make sure that the curricula addresses range of disabilities. It's important for us to think about developing independent learning plans for children. So there are a whole host of things that can happen. And in Europe, there are some really good examples. So in Portugal and in Italy, there has been a lot of inclusive education, but it starts from the beginning. It starts from when kids go to kindergarten. And so there's a progressive process of including children throughout the school system. So yeah, I mean, I think for education, there are a whole host of different pieces that need to come together, but having a strong policy framework and laws that are infosable around education for all is very important. Excellent, thank you, Charlotte. Now let's go back to our viewing group in Romania. Bucharest, do you have a final question? Hello, I am Adriana Svetoyou. I am a deputy, a member of Romanian Parliament. I'd like to congratulate you for your initiative. It is wonderful that we can have this dialogue. The good news is that Romania has good laws for persons with disabilities. Of course, they can be improved, but the bad news is that Romania is now in 1973. So yes, we do have the laws. Problem is, however, compliance. I have to sadly say that in the Chamber of Deputies, a person with motor disabilities has a ramp. In the Senate, they cannot get in because there is no ramp. Now, when the Romanian Parliament has a problem like this, I'm afraid that the whole thing goes very far and wide. My question is, what are the penalties? What does your law say will happen to even state institutions that do not comply with the requirements of the law? And a very specific question insofar as you know about it, of course, what is the status of sign language in the US? Persons with hearing disabilities, can they receive that? Does this have a special status? Is there an obligation to provide such interpreters if such an individual has any dealings with an institution? Thank you. Okay, I'll take the first part of the question in terms of enforcement. And I'll just talk specifically about the Americans with Disabilities Act. The ADA is enforced primarily through complaints and lawsuits.  So Charlotte said before, you need to have a law and an enforcement scheme associated with it. I completely agree with that. DOJ enforces the Americans with Disabilities Act along with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for Employment and the Department of Transportation for Transportation. So there are multiple agencies that have enforcement responsibilities. Individuals can, in terms of accessibility, can get what's called injunctive relief, which means fix the problem. So if they file a complaint and the complaint is investigated and it can be resolved, the resolution would be to fix whatever the accessibility barrier is. The Department of Justice can also apply civil penalties under the law. It's a fairly aggressive enforcement scheme, but there aren't like ADA police out there. It's really incumbent upon individuals to enforce their own rights. To Paul or Charlotte, do you wanna tackle the sign language interpreter part? Well, I would just say that that's still an area that we're working toward. I mean, there are requirements for sign language interpreters in a variety of environments. And it's now very common in government meetings, of course, for there to be interpreters where needed and increasingly common in business conference meetings, though certainly there's still a long way to go. And the same is true for individuals who are blind in ensuring that there's inclusion of individuals for information that is provided. And Charlotte spoke to that a little bit earlier too.  So that's a very important piece. But I think in addition to, you know, the provision of sign language interpreters, there's also been an investment in further developing sign language, American sign language. And that's an important piece of language, developing it, teaching it. And so, you know, we live in Washington DC and in Washington DC, we house Gallaudet, which is the Apex Sign Language University for the Deaf, where there's a big emphasis on learning, you know, teaching and learning sign language, American Sign Language, and using it as a linguistic language, which is very important, and that it can develop and be more impactful. I'll just add one more thing, since Charlotte brought up Gallaudet. So right near Gallaudet University, a new Starbucks just opened, and the Starbucks is staffed by employees who use sign language. And that's how they interact with the customers. So that was a pretty creative way to kind of promote inclusion. So Bucharest, we have time for one more question for the panel. Thank you very much, Chantry, privileged to be here. I'd like to tell you my personal opinion. I'm Gurga Shtirano. I'm with the Council for the Monitoring of the Implementation of the Convention. This discussion is very useful. However, and unfortunately, we're in a vicious circle here. I'm saying this for the following reason. On the one hand, we have accessibility, yes, which is complied with from a legal point of view. We have it in the Convention in Article 9. We have it in a domestic law too. We have it in a government order of 2013. We do not have implementation of the stipulations. We are, like the Deputy said in 1973. On the other hand, the jobs. To get jobs, we need education. We've been fighting for years to have a list of availability in the national education system at all levels. We never got any results. We never got any response. Without a strong education basis, we cannot get jobs for the disabled. I'm saying this because in the various entities right now, there is no person with disabilities that would have taken a position that was subject to a competitive examination. Moreover, another law, 263 specifies, or at least did specify that persons with disabilities, serious disabilities cannot work, which is a constitutional violation to begin with. On the other hand, companies that have at least 50 employees are under an obligation to hire at least two persons with disabilities. On the other hand, and this is where the hypocrisy intervenes, they can pay a sort of compensation to the government in the amount of one minimum salary per economy. Could you please tell me how many persons with disabilities work with a World Bank at present? Charlotte, I will let you go first then. I guess that was direct to me. So actually, we don't know for a fact. And the reason we don't know is because the bank does not ask staff to disclose their disability unless they do so because they want to. So if there's self-identification for the disability, then we know that we have staff with disabilities. But there isn't a figure per se. There's a team that's working on looking at how we could better get data around how many people within the bank have a disability. And that's in part because I was CEO, Kristalina Villogueva, was in London at the Disability Summit over the summer that was hosted by the UK government. And she made a commitment that the World Bank would increase staff of persons with disabilities. But in order for us to say and to monitor how we've increased, we need to know how many people we have. So we're currently working on precisely that issue. So hopefully the next time we talk, I'll have some numbers to share with you. I think the other thing that I'd like to say is just that you need to hold government officials. Accountable. And if your elected officials are not doing their job or not promoting their rights of people with disabilities, then that's where advocacy comes in to play and hold people responsible who are both elected and appointed to various positions. Because we say in America the squeaky wheel gets the grease. And sometimes you just have to keep speaking up in order to make change. And it's sometimes a long process. Thank you, Bucharest, for those great questions. It looks like we're almost out of time. And I'd like to ask the panelists if they'd like to share any final thoughts, Paul. Yeah, I just want to say that coming back to technology, we can really take much more control of our world than we ever have been able to in the past. So mobile and wearable technology, the kind of work that IRA is doing to enable people who are blind to use this technology to get access to visual information, it's an amazingly customizable and flexible technology. So I would strongly encourage people to get much more comfortable in knowing what's available to them in the mobile tech space. And then lastly, it may sound a little obvious, but I think it's important for us to close with remembering that we really do need to value people with disabilities and the contributions and believe in the potential of individuals with disabilities to make a contribution at all levels to our society. Charlotte? Yeah, so I mean, I think for me, just to add on, I would say that, you know, ensuring that people with disabilities and DPOs participate in any kind of development discussions around the sustainable development goals, I think having voice, continuously having voice, being able to express and to share our experiences, our lived experiences as persons with disabilities, but also sharing solutions of how things might be better because people often don't know is very important. And then I think as indicated by my two colleagues, holding those in power accountable. And here it's not, you know, it's holding your government accountable, but it's also holding institutions like the World Bank accountable. So it's a heavy load for persons with disabilities in many ways, but it's very important because if we don't speak out, nobody speaks out on our behalf. Well said. So I wanna thank Paul and Charlotte for contributing their expertise and insights to this important conversation. And a special thanks to the audiences and organizers in Romania at the US Embassy in Bucharest. And thanks to all of you and all of our online viewers, including those watching with viewing groups across the world at the Embassy in Belgrade, Pristina, the American Chamber of Commerce in Kosovo, the Embassy in Minsk, Belarus, and the American Center in Moscow, Russia. We hope this conversation will continue and the Department of State is committed to facilitating dialogue on this and other disability rights issues. Please don't hesitate to reach out to us and our colleagues at our diplomatic missions to share ideas and suggestions of additional steps we might take. Thank you for participating today and keep the dialogue going. Goodbye.


The Equitable Life Assurance Society presents, this is your FBI. This is your FBI, the official broadcast from the Files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Presented as a public service by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States and the Equitable Society's representative in your community. Today, all over the country, telephones have been ringing. Equitable Society representatives calling up fathers and mothers, telling about the coming announcement from the Equitable Life Assurance Society. Yes? Phil? Yes, Joe, how goes it? Fine, but this is your FBI tonight. The Equitable Society has just published a new and enlarged edition of their famous fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers. Listen to that middle commercial and you'll find out how to get the new fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers published by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. Tonight, FBI file the unwilling hostess. This dictionary defines a criminal as one who is guilty of an offense against morality or the public welfare. And that definition is correct as far as it goes. But there are other things which must be added if the criminal is to be defined fully and truly. One of these is that the criminal is basically a moral isolationist, living alone in his own small world and having no conception of his need for other human beings or any sense of responsibility toward his fellow men. His utter lack of feelings, his constant disregard of the essential dignity of every individual is what makes him a criminal. And it is important that everyone understand that point. It is impossible to know the real meaning of the word criminal without realizing that to him other people do not exist so that they may enjoy themselves in a fruitful pursuit of happiness. To him, other people exist merely to serve when he chooses as his next victim. Tonight's file opens in the living room of a home located in a well-to-do suburban section of a large eastern city. One of the occupants of this dwelling, a Mrs. Anderson, is just answering the front doorbell. Just a minute. Mrs. Anderson. That's right. I called you on the phone before. Oh, oh yes, please come in. Thank you. I hope you can put up with an unsightly living room. This is our maid's day off. I've just about finished making the bed. I understand. Uh, will you sit right over there? Thank you. Uh, would you like some coffee? I just had breakfast, thanks. Oh. I'm terribly sorry, but I've forgotten your name. Clinton. Ruth Clinton. Oh, yes, Mrs. Clinton. Now I remember. You mentioned something on the phone about a new community center. Wasn't that it? That's what I told you when I called. But you can get that. What? I don't understand. I used that as an excuse for you to invite me here. But why? I was sent here to talk to you. Who sent you? My husband, Walter Clinton. Remember him? Think hard. I don't know anybody with that name. Look, honey, quit stalling. Mrs. Clinton, I'm afraid you'll have to leave. Walter thought you might say that, so he asked me to show you these newspaper things. Uh-uh, wait. I'll hold them. You just look. Say this one, um, your picture? Where did you get those? I told you, Walter gave them to me. Gee, honey. You know, you haven't changed much. What do you want? Walter's in trouble. He needs some help.  And he wants to see you right away. That's impossible. Look, you wouldn't want him to show these clippings to your husband, would you? He wouldn't say it. Honey, you know Walter better than that. I'll see him. I'll call him and have him come right over. Well, in the local FBI field office, Special Agent Jim Taylor is reading a watted notice when Special Agent Dick Madison approaches his desk. Hello, Jim. Oh, hi, Dick. Boss said to check with you. Oh, I guess he was talking about this thing here, Dick. I don't know that there's very much we can do right now, though. Oh, what's the offense? Well, apparently there are two charges. One of them is extortion, the other one is murder. That sounds big. What's the story? An elderly man named George Russell was found dead in a cove in his home. Where was this, Jim? About a town called Hamilton, that's about a hundred miles north of here. I see. Russell was quite wealthy. When his body was found and showed signs of a bad beating, the police thought that robbery was reported. What made them change their minds? The old man had a safe in his bedroom. They didn't show any signs of having been tampered with. I see. Well, how do we get him in case, Jim? Well, the police called us when they found some extortion notes.  There were three notes and all, and all of them were signed with the name Charlie. Well, how old were they? All of them were fairly recent. Was there any indication that Russell had paid anything? Well, the local police had been going over his bank account. They found that he had been making systematic withdrawals of cash for the past few months. I see. The last one of the notes they found was on the stationery of a hotel in Hamilton. The place checked, but no one but the name of Charlie was registered in.  No, they did get something from the hotel, huh? What was that? Well, they sent the hotel register to our handwriting experts to see if they could find the signature that was in the same handwriting as the extortion notes. How did they make out? They found a Mr. Thomas Norton who was writing matches of the notes. Norton had been living there with his wife. Had been living there? Yes. When the police checked, they found that Norton had left. Despite the fact that his rent was paid up for two weeks in advance. That sounds fairly suspicious. Any leads on him? Nothing yet. We've sent the extortion notes onto Washington. They haven't checked against the writings of known extortionists. But so far, we haven't gotten any report. The notes signed Charlie and the hotel register signed Thomas Norton. We may have somebody with a lot of aliases on her hand. What do we do now? Well, the only thing we can do now is wait for Washington to give us some kind of a lead on that handwriting. Answer the door, honey. I'll take this, Walter. Very well. If there's anybody else, don't let them in. Well, Libby, it's good to see you again. Well, ain't you asking me? Come in, Walter. Thanks, honey. Now, let me have a look at you. Oh, Sugar, you ain't changed a bit. You're lovely. Save the time, Walter. But, Ruby, I'm just greeting an old friend. Whatever you call it, you're wasting your time. Look, would you mind telling me now what you both want, why you came here? Well, it's sort of a social visit in a way. It's been so many years since I've seen you, honey. I just got a big yen to sit out and talk over old times. I'm afraid that wouldn't interest me. Sugar, that's all the fun we used to have together. Please tell me what you want. Why, Libby? You're just being downright rude. Walter, get to the point. Okay. Libby, baby. Me and Ruth have been doing an awful lot of traveling lately. Quick traveling all around the country. So? So, we figured it's time we settled down for a while. And after talking it over, we decided to settle down with you. What? I know it sounds full with Sugar, but we're moving in. You can't. Why not? My husband.  That's why we came here. How did you know that? Oh, we know all about you. You see, I made him a business to keep track of you, Sugar, no matter where I was. I knew when your husband bought this lovely house. I knew when your son was born, everything. Why did you bother to keep up with me? Oh, it's a habit of mine. Some folks collect stamps, but I collect people. All the difference is, I use the people I collect. Well, you can't use me. I refuse to let you stay. I want your boots to leave at once. And what about these clippings, honey? You want your husband to see them? Well, answer Sugar, do you? No. Then I guess we stay. Ruthie, have you ever tasted real fried chicken? No. Well, then I'll bet you if we coax a little, Libby will go out in the kitchen and cook us up a nice old-fashioned southern dinner. Want a little more coffee, Ruthie? No, thanks. Woo-wee! Was I lying about that chicken? No. It was okay. Did you hear that, Libby? Yes. Well, look, please, Sugar, when somebody praises you like that. Leave me alone. All lay off you. I ain't picking on her. She just touched it. You know, she never used to be like that. Once upon a time, she used to just love every word I said. She was really crazy about me. That's not true. I was a silly high school kid who thought it was romantic to go around with you. But, Sugar, you used to spend all your time with me. Why'd you do that? I didn't know any better. Ruthie, you know, Libby wouldn't let me go out alone even when I was going to stick up a gas station. I didn't know you were going to hold up that man that night. Sugar, you told that same story to the judge and even that nice old man didn't believe you. Well, it was true. Yeah, but we got newspaper clippings that say different. That's what got us in here, remember? Yes.  Ruthie, I explained that to you before we came. Libby always was quite a lady. And she always was proud.  Now, nobody like that would want her husband to know that she was once a jail bird. Right, Sugar? I'm going upstairs. Wait a minute. What is it? Where do me and Ruthie sleep? Upstairs. First bedroom on the list. Okay. Good night, Libby. Sweet dreams, honey. Dick, I think we've got something to work on now. What came in? A couple of things. The first one was a report from the handwriting department at Washington. Did they identify the notes? Yes, it was an extortionist named Walter Clinton. At least that was the name he used the last time he was arrested. Then we were right about the spring of aliases. Yes, we were. I've got his record here. It shows that he's been arrested under 13 different names. How does he happen to be running around loose if he's been arrested that many times? It's the same old story, an easy state parole board. He sounds like a fine one to get a parole. He got one, I don't know how. And it cost George Russell his life. Oh, Jim. You said before that two things had come up. What's the other one? Oh, there was a car stolen in Hamilton. The day that Clinton and his wife left the hotel up there, the car was parked around the corner from the hotel the last time the owner saw it. And that's the car that Clinton traveled in? That's it, across the state line. It was found abandoned this morning here in town. That means he's probably still around someplace. Local police are checking every hotel and rooming house in the city. If he's in here with them, we'll find him. Has any check been made at the transportation terminals? Yes, they've all been supplied with pictures of Clinton. Good. So if Clinton and his wife try to move out of town now, the odds are pretty much against him. Have we got any description on Mrs. Clinton? Only a very general one. He's the one we'll have to call her. What do you think we ought to do, Jim? Well, I don't think there's very much we can do right now, Dick. I think maybe we ought to go home and get some sleep so we can start fresh in the morning. I'll meet you here at 8 o'clock. Ruth? What is it? Just seen a few sleeping here. I'm not. Real nice here, ain't it? Look, don't worry about Libby. She'll warm up to us after a while. You just remember why we came here, will you? What do you mean? Keep your mind on your business. Honey, are you angry with Walter? Just quit trying to make character with her. Oh, sugar. Don't oh, sugar me. I'm just trying to make the whole thing easier for you. Excuse me, please. Yes, sugar, what is it? My husband just telephoned. You'll have to get off. Why? They're coming home. When? They started to drive back tonight. Where'd they call from? Hartfield. Where? It's about 300 miles from here, up in the mountains. Oh, well, then there's no hurry. They won't be back too quick. They'll be here tomorrow night. You'll have to go first thing in the morning. Very well. But I thought you said we were going to stay here for a while. Not when we're not bothered. You really go. Eh? But there'll be a slight charge. What are you talking about? Well, I think maybe you'd like to have those plittons, wouldn't you? Oh, yes. Oh, OK. You can have them, honey. For $10,000. 10 bucks? Why would I have them got that kind of money? Well, then go sell your jewelry. Go get it from the bank. Go anyplace. Just get the money.  Tomorrow's going to be a big day for all of us. We will return in just a moment to tonight's file which shows how your FBI promotes security for the nation. Now let's bring this question of security closer to home. Phil, have you got a minute to take a look at this new Equitable Society chart? Why, sure. Oh, it's that fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers you were talking about last week. Right. The new and revised edition of the Equitable Society's famous fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers. I understand it's designed to show me just how much income my wife and kids would need to live on if I should die. And that's it, Phil. You'll know within a dollar or two how much money would be required to keep them well-fed, well-housed, and well-clothed. And what's more, with the help of this Equitable Society chart, you'll have the answer in five minutes flat. Look, you're guided every step of the way by easy-to-understand pictures which illustrate the rock bottom expenses your family will have to meet. And when you're finished, you'll have a clear, accurate, and complete picture of just what income your family would need during the critical years. Critical years? I'm not sure I know just what you mean by that. The years before your youngest child finishes high school. Years during which the home must have a minimum income to keep it together. You don't have to tell me anymore, Mr. Keating. Just tell me if I can buy one of those fact-finding charts. Well, they're not for sale, Phil. They're free. The Equitable Society representative in your community will be glad to bring you a copy. Sit down with him.  There's no obligation and get a true picture of where you stand. Call him tomorrow to bring you an equitable fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers. Or send a postcard, care of this ABC station, to the Equitable Society. That's E-Q-U-I-T-A-B-L-E. The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. And now back to the FBI file. The unwilling hostess. There are nearly 5,000 major crimes committed every day in the United States. Many of them fall into the category of crimes against property. Those crimes include arson and burglary and auto theft. The other classification is known as crimes against the person. These include murder, armed robbery, kidnapping and extortion. Of all the crimes committed, perhaps the most vicious, the most basically cruel is extortion. Because it affects not only the personal safety of the victim, but also his mind. It traps the victim in a terrible vice from which escape is possible two ways, neither of which are attractive. The first and most obvious is to pay the extortioner and possibly thus to invite a lifetime of further extortion. The other way to escape and the only logical way is to do what the victim in tonight's case from the files of your FBI should have done. That infallible means of escape is to call your local police. Like your FBI, they have a remedy for extortion. But that remedy cannot be applied without the cooperation of you, the victim. Tonight's file continues in the local FBI field office. Good morning, Jim. Good morning, Dick. I've been waiting for you. What's up? I got a call at home early this morning from Lieutenant Bell of a local police. What did he want? A watch belonging to George Russell turned up in a pawn shop. Here? Yeah. When? This morning. Did you talk to the pawnbroker? Yes. Who turned in the watch? Pawnbroker, he remembered the man and from the description it was Walter Clinton. But that report that came in on the missing watch said it had Russell's name on the case. How did Clinton pawn it? Well, according to Pawnbroker, Clinton identified himself as Russell and showed him an old credit card of Russell. He must have taken that when he killed the old man. I guess so. I checked on the pawn shop. It's legitimate.  I see. When was it pawned? Yesterday morning. Sounds like Clinton is still in town. He is. Lieutenant Bell just called again a few minutes ago. The police have located Clinton's hideout. Where is it? He and his wife have a furnished room over at 411 North Chester Street. Let's pick up a search warrant. They can get over there. Oh, I did sleep. Hmm. Like an innocent babe. Well, sugar, have you figured out how to get hold of that $10,000? Yes. How are you going to do it? I'm selling my jewelry. Why, you sweet child!  The only thing that matters is getting you out of here. Now you can't fool me, sugar. Go away, please. You look so pretty this morning, Libby. Fresh as a do-dip rose. Leave me alone. Now, sugar. Break it up. Keep your hands off that dame. What are you so angry about? What do you think? I think you're jealous. You just tend to business. But I was. Libby's going to go downtown and sell her jewelry. Is that right? Yes. When are you going? Right now. Ruthie, you're going into town, too. What for? To get us some railroad tickets to New York. And, honey, you better get us on different trains, too. Just in case anybody's looking for the two of us together. Okay. Now, scat. Go on, scat, scat, both of it.  I'll have a candle in the window. Number 11. Not very big, is it? No. Shouldn't take us too long to go over it. I wonder where they stayed last night. Well, if Clinton's following his usual pattern, he's got an extortion victim here, too. It's amazing the number of people he's been able to get money from. Don't forget, we don't know about all of them. Don't forget that half of the extortion victims don't report it. Doesn't make much sense, does it? Then the kind of false pride that keeps them from reporting it doesn't make much sense either, does it? No, I guess not. Nothing in this bureau. Jim, I have a hunch... Back for care. This might be something. That phone book? Yes, it was laying open at this place. Take a look at those page numbers. 32 and 35. There's a page missing. This might be that the new victim's name is on that page, Dick. We could check and see. It means going through about 800 names, Jim. I know. Let's get back to the office and start calling. It makes 15 for me. How many you done, Dick? 12. Well, that leaves approximately 775 to go. We can get the Californians back by the time we finish these. The worst part of it is that even if we're right about this page having the victim's name on it, you might not admit it if we call him. I've been thinking about that myself. Special Agent Taylor. Hello. Hello. I called the police and they told me to call you. Yes. I understand. You are looking for a man named Walter Clint. That is cool. Yes, ma'am. We are. He's going to be on the 614 train out of here tonight for New York. 614. And how do you know that, ma'am? Never mind how I know. I'm telling you he'll be on that train. Do you want his space number? Yes, please. He'll have component B train number 21. I see. And may I ask who this is? I'm just a citizen. Well, that's very commendable of you, ma'am. Are you sure to have someone at the station to arrest him? Oh, yes. We will. Fine. Goodbye. Hello. Dick, I hope they were able to trace that. I talked as long as I could before she hung up. Our operator's calling me right back. Good. He said Clinton was going to be on the 614 to New York. Is that the space on the train she gave you? That's right. Special Agent Madison. Well? I'm afraid it's not going to be too much help, Jim. That call was made from a pay station. Where's the phone located? In a drug store at Main and 48th. It might be more help than your think, Dick. Let's see that page out of the phone book. Is that you, Libby? Yes. Living room, sugar. Did you get the money? Yes, I have it right here. Ten thousand? Mm-hmm. Oh, you're an angel. Let's have it, sugar. Here you are. You know, I was beginning to worry about you. That little old Ruth has been home for almost an hour. Where is she? She's upstairs. She had a headache. I wanted some aspirin. Call her down. I want you both to leave at once. You don't have to call. I'm here. Look here, Ruth. I forgot the money. Well, I'd like those clippings. Well, sure, honey. You're entitled to them. You get what you pay for. I'll let you have them just as soon as I finish counting this green stuff. Walter, um, maybe you better let me carry that. The money? Yes. What for? Well, in case you get picked up. Uh-uh. Why not? I peaked in your bag while you were out. You what? Mm-hmm. I saw that you bought a ticket for me to New York and one for you for California. Looks like you were going to take the money and hang me up. Right, Ruthie? Of course I am. You're lying, Ruthie. Ain't you, sugar? Ain't you? No, no, no. What? Who are you? I'm from the FBI. The maid let me in the back way. What are you doing here? You're supposed to be at the train. No, you call the FBI.  He called us, Clinton. We traced the call to a drugstore on the corner. But how did you know he was in this house? He tore a page out of the phone book that has your name on it. There are only three names on either side of that page within two miles of that drugstore, so we checked those three first. All right, come on, Clinton, and, uh, you too, Mrs. Clinton. Let's not keep my partner waiting too long. Walter Clinton was sentenced to 10 years for violation of the extortion statutes, after which he was turned over to local authorities to face charges of murder. His wife, Ruth, was sentenced to a six-year term in a federal penitentiary. With those convictions, your FBI was able to close another case involving murder and extortion, two of the most serious crimes in the federal code of law. But these crimes and others like them will continue to be committed so long as the general public retains its present apathy regarding the very serious and dangerous rising tide of lawlessness. You, the decent citizen listening to this program tonight, can do something about this if you want to take the trouble. The biggest step you could take in the right direction would be to join with your fellow citizens in seeing to it that you have a strong and alert and above all a politically unhampered local police force. Your FBI will always be available as a final bastion against crime, but your first line of defense against the criminal army in America today is in your hometown and the stronger you make your local police, the better your protection will be. That is the job you can do if you want to help in fighting America's rising tide of lawlessness. Just a moment, we will tell you about next week's exciting case from the official files of your FBI. Now, one last word to all the fathers and mothers in our audience who want to get copies of the new and enlarged edition of the fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers just published by the Equitable Life Assurance Society. I believe you said that this chart is not for sale. That's right, Phil. You can't buy it. It's free. And the man who will be glad to see that you get one of these fact-finding charts is your Equitable Society representative. No charge or obligation, of course. Make a note to phone your Equitable Society representative soon or send a postcard, care of this ABC station, to the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. Next week, we will dramatize another case from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, a case describing one of the vilest of rackets, its subject, Black Market Babies. Its title, The Mercenary Mother. The incidents used in tonight's Equitable Life Assurance Society's broadcast are adapted from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. However, all names used are fictitious, and any similarity thereof to the names of persons living or dead is accidental. Tonight, the music was composed and conducted by Frederick Steiner. The author was Jerry Lewis. Your narrator was William Woodson and Special Agent Taylor, was played by Stacey Harris. This is your FBI as a Jerry Divine production. This is Larry Keating speaking for the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States and the Equitable Society's representative in your community. And inviting you to tune in again next week at this same time when the Equitable Life Assurance Society will bring you another thrilling story from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Mercenary Mother on This Is Your FBI. This is ABC, the American Broadcasting Company.


Good afternoon everyone. Myself, Piyusha Shedgarh. Today in this session we will see the different applications of magic tea. These are the learning outcomes for this session. At the end of this session, students will be able to explain the properties of magic tea junction. They will be able to explain the different applications of magic tea junction. These are the contents. Now, let us define what is microwave tea junction. Microwave tea junction is an interconnection of the three waveguides in the form of English alphabet T. So, there are the several types of the microwave tea junctions. E-plane tea junction, H-plane tea junction and the combination of both that is E-plane tea junction and the H-plane tea junction which is called as a magic tea junction. Now, before going to start the details of the magic tea junction and its application, you can pause video here for a second and recall that what is S matrix? That is scattering matrix. So, generally the scattering matrix is represented by the input network. S parameters are defined for the microwave network. Hence, the instead of voltage and current measurement, the amplitude of the incident and the reflected voltage wave is measured by using the scattering matrix. Now, what is magic tea? So, consider the rectangular waveguide which having already the two ports, one parallel and the other. These two ports are collinear with each other and the another two ports are connected in parallel and the series to these two ports which forms the magic tea junction. This is also called as a hybrid or 3 dB coupler. So, here arms of the rectangular waveguide makes the two ports called collinear ports that is port 1 and port 2 while the port 3 is called as a H-arm or some port or parallel port and port 4 is called as E-arm or difference port or series port. Now, consider this is the figure for the magic tea junction that is this is the rectangular waveguide which having these two ports are collinear with each other. Whereas, these two ports are connected in parallel and the series that is H-arm and the E-arm forms the magic tea plane. So, here in magic tea plane four ports are present that is this is actual how the magic tea looks like. It having the four ports port 1, 2, 3 and 4. Now, let us discuss the characteristics of the magic tea. So, if the same amount of the signal which is in equal phase is sent to the port 1 and port 2 then the output at the port 4 is 0 while the output at port 3 is nothing but the addition of the signal coming from this port 1 and port 2. Therefore, it is called as the additive property of the magic tea junction. Now, suppose the signal is fed to the port 3 then the power is divided between the port 1 and port 2 equally while there is no any output at the port 4. And therefore, the scattering coefficient S43 is equal to 0. So, that is S43 denotes that you are applying the input to third port while you are checking the output at the fourth port. If the signal is fed at one of the collinear ports that is at the port 1 or port 2 then there appears no any output at the other collinear port. Although these two are the collinear ports as the E-arm produces a phase delay and the H-arm produces a phase advanced. So, this is again the how the power is divided in the magic tea junction. So, these are the port 1 and 2 which are collinear with each other and the port 3 is coupled in forward direction towards the port 1 while the port 4 is connected in forward direction. Therefore, whatever is the power at the port 1 is known as the incident power. Power received at the port 2 is known as the received power. Power obtained at the port 4 is the back power and the power at the port 3 is known as the forward power. Therefore, whatever is the signal suppose fed to this input port 3 then it is equally divided into the port 1 and port 2 while the output at this port 4 is equal to 0. Now, by knowing the properties of this magic tea you can define the scattering matrix for the magic tea junction. So, this is nothing but the scattering coefficients defined with this S matrix. So, this is the scattering matrix for the magic tea junction. Now, let us discuss about the different applications of the magic tea. So, the first application measurement of the impedance. Now, magic tea has been used in the form of the bridge for this application. Now, the null detector is connected to the E-arm while the microwave source is connected to the H-arm that is the port 3. The collinear ports together with these two ports make a bridge and impedance measurement is done by using the balancing of this bridge. Now, this is the diagram for this application that is measurement of the unknown impedance value which is connected to the port 2 while the standard variable known impedance is connected to the port 1. Port 4 is connected to the null detector point while the microwave source is connected to the port 3. Suppose the power is fed to the port 3 that is in terms of the input signal A3 then half of the power is goes towards the port 2 and half of the power is goes towards the port 1. At the port 1 and port 2 there is mismatching of the impedance that is the impedance at this port 1 and port 2 are not matches with the characteristics impedance and therefore there will be some reflection of the signal. This reflection of the signal is denoted with the reflection coefficient at the port 1 is rho 1 and at the port 2 is rho 2. So, again from this signal this amount of the power is sent towards the port 4 that is at the null detector and some of the power from this port 2 again sent to this null detector which is added at the port 4.  The reflection from the port 1 is given by A3 rho 1 by root 2, A3 times rho 2 by root 2 is the reflection from the port 2. So, resultant wave reaches at the null port that is at the port 4 is given by the addition of these two signals. So, this is the equation at the port 4. Port 4 is connected to the e port therefore you know that the signal R which having the same magnitude, but the phase is 180 degree out of phase. By solving this equation you are getting 1 by 2 A3 times of rho 1 minus rho 2. So, for balancing the bridge this value should be equal to 0. Therefore, it can be equated to 0 thus rho 1 minus rho 2 becomes equal to 0 and by solving this you are getting the equation rho 1 equal to rho 2. That is the reflection coefficient at port 1 is equal to the reflection coefficient at port 2. But you know that the reflection coefficient can be represented in terms of the impedance is z1 minus zed upon z1 plus zz, where z1 is the impedance at the port 1 while the zz is the unknown impedance and rho 2 equal to z2 minus zed upon z2 plus zed. Now, you know that rho 1 is equal to rho 2 therefore equating these two equations in terms of the impedance and by solving this equation you are getting that z1 equal to z2. Thus the unknown impedance can be measured by using the magic T junction as a bridge by adjusting the standard variable impedance till the bridges becomes balanced and both impedances becomes equal. Now, consider another application of the magic T magic T as a duplexer circuit. So, what is duplexer circuit? Duplexer circuit is a circuit which works as a both the transmitter and the receiver thus here the port 1 and port 2 are used as a receiver and the transmitter and antenna is connected one of the E-arm port and the matched load is connected to the H-arm port. So, here it is a duplexer application of the magic T junction one two ports are connected to the receiver and transmitter. So, that there is no any mixing of the signal at the port 1 and port 2 signal. The transmitted signal half of the signal is going towards this antenna and from this antenna the signal is radiated into the free space while the half of the power is goes towards this matched load where the reflection equal to 0 that is the total wave is absorbed at this port 3. Thus here you can see that from antenna the signal is received as well as the transmitting and therefore it is called as a magic T as a duplexer circuit. Now, the next application is the magic T as a mixer circuit. Magic T can also be used as a microwave receiver as a mixer circuit. Here the E-arm and H-arm are connected to the antenna and the local oscillator respectively port 2 has the matched load again matched load is used for the no reflection and port 1 has the mixer circuit where the two signals are mixed with each other to form the third frequency signal that is the intermediate frequency signal. Now, here you can see that the 1 and 2 ports are connected to the mixer and the matched load respectively and the port 3 and port 4 are connected to the local oscillator and the antenna circuit. So, here whatever is the signal received from this antenna half of that signal is going towards this mixer circuit while the half of the local oscillator signal is again going towards this mixer circuit and here these two signals are mixed to get the intermediate frequency. So, half of the local oscillator power and half of the received power from the antenna goes to the mixer to generate the intermediate frequency which is given by input frequency minus local oscillator frequency that is the intermediate frequency can be calculated by f in minus f o where f in is the input frequency while f o is the local oscillator frequency. These are the references for this session. Thank you.