I was attending the last lightning talk when we heard from a developer, we're hearing from a lot of developers today, heard from a graphic designer, both very interesting presentations. I'm coming at this from somewhat of a different perspective. As a librarian, I support a system at the University of Pennsylvania called Canvas. So my role is sort of in educational technology. I use WordPress in my day-to-day job to blog about this system and the various things that are going on with it, everything from updates to the system to support issues to programming for my department. So while I love doing this, I also have to admit that it's not the most interesting topic sometimes. There are 17 Penn Libraries blogs, so I'm one of those 17, and my colleagues post some really interesting things. For example, I saw a recent blog post from our medieval manuscripts blog, and it was a really interesting illustration from the 15th century, so Renaissance manuscript, as of an illustration of St. Francis of Assisty and his Stigmatic Hands. I don't get to do things like that, but I hope that what you'll see from this talk is I do get to do some interesting things, particularly in regard to persuading folks who are unhappy to more or less manage the unhappiness and to trust us in the service we provide. So in order to do that, I'm going to work through a scenario that's probably very familiar to a lot of you if you've ever done support or worked in public service or even retail at some point in your lives. So stop me if you think you've heard this one before. So you are, in this scenario, a support person for a company or for an organization, and you get a call or an email from an angry user. They have enough computer skills to do their job, but they're not really proficient in troubleshooting, nor do they really have the vocabulary to best explain the situation to you. So the issue kind of escalates, and the user gets upset. They get upset because they feel that their needs aren't being met or they're frustrated by the language barrier or the vocabulary barrier, and then you're placed in a position where you need to decide how to essentially close the interaction such that the user isn't angry and hopefully that you actually help them. So in this situation, the question to ask is, well, what to do? They're upset. Well, if we hide from the question or try tackling it with insufficient information, it's likely that we'll have a frustrated user on our hands. And also, it will be unclear if we've actually helped the user. They might write an angry email indicating that they haven't helped, but there might be a situation where they just don't respond. They just kind of cut off contact from you and your service, and that might be the last time you hear from them, which if you're in a role like librarianship, you don't want, you want to encourage patrons to return. So what do you do? Well, my answer to this question is two words, Wim Hof. So this is Wim Hof, and he holds 20 world records for his ability to endure extreme cold. These, he attributes these successes to his ability to control his body's temperature, sorry, through mental training and breathing exercises. He's applied this method in scientific experiments in which doctors exposed him to illness, and he's been able to resist those being susceptible to those illnesses through these techniques. So the results of these experiments seem to verify that Wim can fend off illness by mentally controlling his autonomic nervous system and immune system. So the reason why I'm mentioning Wim Hof is because I feel that his story is analogous to what my colleagues and I realized about our ability to solve this type of communication problem, which I know isn't just unique to the service that I provide, but unique to anyone who is in business or is part of an organization where there's a public service aspect. So although it seemed like we were powerless to control the terms of the conversation, we kind of discovered amongst ourselves that we could organically, through a WordPress site, address our user's needs and support them as best as possible. So I am a part of a team of three. It's another librarian who's my supervisor and a recently hired instructional designer, so we're a very small group. And the service we provide, which is courseware support, meaning that we support a system that is used at the university for the administration of courses, so it's like the online component to courses. Usually that type of service is associated with an IT department or some sort of central computing department. At Penn, it's in the libraries. So that puts us in a really unique position to be sort of disinterested between communicators between parties in a way, because we can talk to our IT folks and get them to give us some answers, and then we can talk to the user and help them, too. So we're kind of like the mediators, so to speak. And one of the ways we've pursued this mediation is through our WordPress blog. And so with a little care and love, it started to thrive and grow into an integral part of our communication network and strategy. And so this network includes 26 IT and support professionals, educational support professionals, and ten schools at the University of Pennsylvania that support over 2,400 courses that contain anywhere from one to hundreds of students, not to mention the faculty, TAs, graders, lab assistants, et cetera. It amounts to about 25,000 students and about 6,000 instructors. So a lot of people to support, and a lot of people to upset or inconvenience if you're not helping them as best as possible. And one of the things that we discovered is that a lot of our users were basically searching the darkness of Google for answers to questions that were very idiosyncratic to our situation at Penn. And the idiosyncrasy of this situation was that in 2013, we were migrating from one learning management system, which is called Blackboard, to this other one, which is called Canvas. If you've been in college or grad school at all in the past decade or so, you're probably used to Blackboard. I'm surprised I'm not hearing more groans. It's not a very popular system. And this company, Canvas, is really starting to take the world by storm, the education world by storm, and do some good work. And Penn uses it and has had much success with it. So the Canvas at Penn blog was started in 2013. Here's a still of it. And was born of the need to share timely, accurate information from this migration from Blackboard to Canvas. And that process was, I would say, as challenging a PR move as it was a technical one. And since it's inception, the blog has become a sort of de facto canonical source for all things Canvas at Penn. The vendor and structure, the makers of Canvas, have their own really great documentation, as do a bunch of other schools and universities. However, because of the uniqueness of our situation, we needed to come up with a place to have our own very specific information. And the WordPress blog was a great way to do that. So I owe the success of this sort of role that Canvas at Penn enjoys to certain features of the blogging genre in general, and of WordPress in particular. And I'd like to share a few of those now. First, as you all are familiar, blogs let you share current information. And in our case, we always needed to share current information with users. And this is no small feat. Canvas changes a lot every three weeks. Plus there are the numerous new functions, requests, bugs that we see that users report to us. And we've also found that having this blog lets us sort of dispel any rumors or correct any misinformation that might be floating around. As you can imagine, students talk, professors talk, and sometimes they talk about what's not working. And so if there is sort of a conversation on campus about something going wrong with Canvas, or something they perceive is going wrong with Canvas, what winds up happening is it has a sort of a telephone effect. If you've ever played the game telephone, you can get distorted. The blog has served us really well in sort of correcting that kind of distortion in a very quick and easy fashion. So another great aspect of this blog on WordPress is that it's, as you all know, it's very easy to use. We've heard from developers. We've heard from designers. A lot of the folks that I work with aren't either of those things. Some of them are, but most of them are people who are using WordPress for very sort of basic, but ultimately very important kinds of work. So being able to customize this site, specifically the navigation menu and the pages feature, really was great when we were starting to move from the kind of nebulous, uncertain realm of the migration into the more concrete and stable world of post-Blackboard pen. So this was an excellent feature of the blog. Now, another thing that this blog is great for is pushing out information to users whenever there is maintenance or an unanticipated outage. What's great is obviously that WordPress is in no way connected to our Canvas. So if the system is down and we need to reach users if they subscribe to this blog and also subscribe to our Twitter, they get this information very easily. So one final thing I want to mention is that we also support pilots for our users. So for different LTIs that users want to put into their Canvas sites, we encourage them to try them out and we advertise these on the blog and we also make documentation as a result of it and post it to the blog too. So those were just a few of the probably innumerable uses of Canvas, or sorry, for WordPress, for sharing important information with users when you support. So I would argue that if this is adopted by your organization using WordPress in this kind of way, these kinds of blogging practices will ideally have a cumulative effect of stopping your need to constantly put out fires, which is where we found ourselves. And some of these fires really do seem like the end of the world to users. I mean, you might have a very good understanding of how things are and how to fix them quickly, but a lot of people depend on various types of systems and applications to do their jobs. So when things aren't working, it's pretty dire to them. So you might even find that users start participating more in the conversation about the service that you provide and actually view it as an educational experience as opposed to an obligation. This is something that we've started to see recently, and I owe a lot of that to the Canvas at Pen blog. But even if those changes don't happen, you can be assured that your users will appreciate the work that you've put into it, and hopefully we'll think of you in a new light. So that's it. Thank you.


Okay, good morning, so thank you for being here early again. My second favorite subject, capsule of mega-pastification. So again, we have a laboratory at the fourth floor that I co-direct with me, and then we have Nathan and Joshua as fellows and both of them are here today, that's very nice. So before we go into the subject, just a small introduction because we have to know where posterior capsule of pacification comes from, right? So this is the normal histopathological structure of the chrysanthemum lens. Then you have here the anterior capsule, the posterior capsule, the equatorial region of the bag. And we have a monolayer of cells, the E cells at the equatorial region. They are in continuity with the A cells at the inner surface of the anterior capsule. And then what happens is that those cells, they do not behave exactly in the same way. So when you have surgery and you disrupt this structure, the A cells that are residual inside of the capsule of bag, they have the tendency to remain in place and then they undergo transformation. They proliferate in multi-layers and they start producing collagen. However, the E cells, they have a tendency to actually migrate and they are going to sit at different places, including on the posterior capsule. You see that normally on the posterior capsule you do not have cells. So they migrate there and they become bloated cells. They start forming the pearls, L-shiny pearls. So these two cell types are the cells involved in the process of posterior capsule pacification. And actually we will go beyond that. We are going to talk about the pacification within the capsule of bag. Because when the residual anterior capsule pacifies, this can also be problematic. And that's essentially a fibrotic entity. However, when we talk about posterior capsule pacification, you may have a mixture of pearls, proliferation of these E cells and also a fibrotic component. So again, these are the cell types involved in the difference process. And today we are going to be talking about posterior capsule pacification but also anterior capsule pacification. And I'm going to end with what we call interlinked tissue pacification. That's a pacification between two intraocular lenses if you put both of them in the capsule of bag. So there are many advances in surgical technique, eye well design, materials. Everything helped in decrease the incidence of posterior capsule pacification but it's still a major cause of decrease of visual acuity after cataract surgery. And depending on the time you consider it can go up to 50% which is really important. And of course you can treat these with YAG laser. You all know that. You do a posterior capsule autonomy with the laser. It's relatively a simple procedure but it's not without risks. You could have eye well damage, look at the spitting. You could have sublexation dislocation, retinal detachment. You could have secondary glaucoma, et cetera. It's also a very important cost to the healthcare system. So but nowadays we cannot just think like in a simple way, okay, you can do YAG and that's it. You have new intraocular lenses with new properties. You have premium eye wells and you have development of different projects related to accommodating intraocular lenses. And mostly these lenses are designed to be moving within the capsule of bag so then you cannot have a pacification of fibrosis inside of the capsule of bag. There's so much research going on on posterior capsule pacification including the basic level. My subject of my PhD thesis was to coat intraocular lenses with Teflon. It was extremely cool and it worked so well in cell culture and then when you go to the rabbit model it's really a different thing. There are some antibodies that they link to the eye well to prevent that, some coatings. I mean there is a lot in terms of basic research to prevent that. However nothing is really 100% effective so we are still researching many things. However in the meantime, what you as you're going to be surgeons, what can you already do to help prevent this complication? So Dr. Apple actually described three surgery related factors that really help in preventing the complication or at least decreasing the rate of the complication and we are talking mostly about posterior capsule pacification here. Hydrodisection enhanced cortical cleanup in the bag IOL fixation and a small capsule rex so they add you cover the periphery of the optic for 360 degrees to form the shrink wrap around the eye well. We are going to discuss about one by one. However I want to show you these are from cadaver eyes we get in the lab and before we have these factors that's what we would normally see. You have asymmetric fixation in the bag and in the cell cos you can see a lot of posterior capsule pacification you can see a lot of the centration and then when you got to those factors applied by the surgeons that's what you see. So it looks already much much better but there are still ways to improve that. Okay so let us start with the first one. Hydrodisection enhanced cortical cleanup so this is mostly important to remove all of this cortex and the e-cells at the equatorial region of the capsule bag because PCO comes from proliferation of anything that's residue inside of the bag. So if you leave a lot during surgery you are going to have a lot of PCO. And in terms of research of course you do that with BSS but there is research using different solutions to do that. So we tried in the lab one time preservative free like docain and there are some anti-mythotics that you are tried with some success. Of course the problem here you can see is that you're injecting these solutions in the eye you may have some toxicity, right? So you have to be careful with that. So that is mostly to eliminate the cortex, the e-cells is there a role if you eliminate the a-cells attached to the inner surface of the anterior capsule if you do extensive polishing. So that was researched by different people and they observed that indeed you improve anterior capsule pacification because you're eliminating those cells that are going to form fibers tissue. However, they could not find any difference in terms of posterior capsule pacification if you do that. And actually Dr. Spauldon believed that we should not polish a lot the a-cells because you'll be good to have the cells proliferating and forming some fibers tissue. You see that's the anterior capsule here that's so pacified where it keeps contact with the IOL. And then this will contract the bag and it will push the optic posteriorly to enhance the barrier effect of the optic in contact with the posterior capsule. So he believes that's actually a good thing. So we tested different things in the lab. We tested this epilope which is wire that goes all around the capsule bag instead of doing hydro dissection use this wire and it's really very interesting. And Alan Crander right now is using a similar device and he uses that not only for this but also to crack the nucleus. So that could be quite interesting. We did some studies and we could demonstrate that you clean the capsule bag as effectively with this device as with the hydro dissection. In the past we tested this sealed capsule irrigation system. It was very interesting. It's a silicone device.  So basically you have an inner compartment of the capsule bag that's sealed and then you can inject any kind of solution to treat that capsule bag and you do not have the problem of toxicity. That was all very interesting and here is with a dye to show that it doesn't leak after you seal. They try different things including just distilled water because if you put distilled water any cell is going to, biosmosis is going to explode. So you can see the difference here in terms of anterior capsule pacification. There is no fibrosis here where they use the device. However in some studies they could not demonstrate any effect. And what's the major problem here is that you have a cataract surgery procedure that's like 10 minutes and then you have to add a device like that, irrigate and everything. You add another 10 minutes so nobody really wanted to do that. That was a pity because it was really very cool. We tested also something very interesting. The photolysis system is a modified Yag laser.  This German surgeon did that in these patients. He did it on the right side only to show the difference. And it was so interesting because with time on the left side he had anterior and posterior capsule pacification but it's like stops in the middle and in the right side you do not see anything. So this is really effective and we tested in cadaver eyes and you can very easily see when you remove the lens appeal cells the residual lens appeal cells but not only that, you also remove fibronectin or any protein that's used as a substrate in the capsule too for the cells to attach and to grow. So again very effective, very interesting but the same story. I mean you have 10 minutes surgery. This is going to add another 10. So it's pretty much abandoned which is a pity. But all of this shows that if you eliminate all the cells or at least the majority of the cells you really slow down this process a lot. What about in the bag IOL fixation? That's extremely important. Any study you're going to check in the literature you'll tell you that a posterior chameleon should be inside of the capsule bag for PCO prevention because if you have the IOL fully in the bag you are going to have the optic in contact with the posterior capsule and that acts as a barrier for the cells that comes from the catarison and they have the tendency to migrate to the posterior capsule but they stopped right there. However, if you have an asymmetric fixation with bag and sulcus in the side where the haptics in the sulcus there is a free avenue for those cells to come from here to grow behind the optic. So that's where the IOL should be in terms of posterior chamber IOLs. And the last factor is the capsule rexes. The majority of studies you are going to check in the literature will tell you that the capsule rexes should ideally be smaller than the IOL optic centered. So the edge of the rexes will cover the periphery of the IOL optic for 360 degrees. And if you do that you're going to have better results in terms of posterior capsule pacification. This is a very important study that was done here and they, with different IOLs they compared eyes that had the complete overlap meaning 360 degree coverage versus incomplete overlap. And in all cases they found if you have a complete overlap you have better prevention of posterior capsule pacification. The majority of studies will show that there are very few exceptions like this study here could not really show a difference but the great majority will tell you that that's what you should have. So with the standard IOLs again you have the IOL inside of the bag, the smaller rexes, shrimp wrapping, the capsule around the IOL optic. That's a very important concept for standard IOLs. Later we are going to discuss about totally different concept that we are seeing in the lab. Okay but not only the surgical technique is important. I mean the IOL is also very important. Of course it has to go together. You can put the best IOL for PCO pre-invasion but if your surgery is not good there is no way the IOL alone is going to act preventing the complication. But what is important to have in the IOL to prevent posterior capsule pacification? So people talked about the material. It would be good to have of course a biocompatible material that you do not stimulate inflammation but the material should have some adhesive properties to stick very early to the capsule. Anything you can do to the design so the IOL optic will have a very good contact with the posterior capsule would help prevent posterior capsule pacification. And again I'm talking about standard lengths. You can do that for example by putting an angulation so the optic is moved posteriorly. And the most important factor is the square optic edge on the posterior optic surface. So again let us check one by one. So we studied with Dr. Lee Knowler he had this sandwich theory that was very interesting. And he proposed that if you have an IOL with a bioadhesive surface this would allow only a monolayer of lacyptyl cells to attach to the capsule and the IOL which will further prevent any proliferation inside of the bag. And we tested this with him by using cadaver eyes implanted with all kind of different IOL materials. And what was observed is that fibronectin is a protein that's readily available in the A-cosumer after surgery. And some materials, some IOL materials would bind to this protein much more than other materials. So in our tests we saw at the time the hydrophobic acrylic lens available was the acrysoph material and the binding to fibronectin was much superior than any other material meaning that that material really sticks to the capsule much better. And he proposed that that would prevent PCO. It turns out later that the most important factor for the IOL to prevent PCO is really the square edge but the material may have mostly an effect on anterior capsule pacification. And what we are seeing here are histopathological sections cut at the level of the anterior capsule. You are seeing here the capsule rex's edge. And you see here in some cases nothing or just a monolayer of lacypterial cells and with other cases a very thick fibrocellular tissue in the inner surface of the anterior capsule. And that's when this fibronectin and this adhesive theory makes really effect. So what we observed is that with some materials you have much less anterior capsule pacification than others. The worst was the old silicone lenses that were plate type design. And you can see the lenses in total contact with the anterior residual capsule and it's completely opacified where it keeps contact with the anterior capsule. Notice here also the whole anterior capsule that's residual there is actually clear but wherever it touches the IOL it's opacified. So it's used like an index of biocompatibility actually. And what's the problem with anterior capsule fibrosis? In the past people would not consider that much also a problem with the standard IOLs. It was just a problem when you had excessive fibrosis, asymmetric fibrosis, things like that like a phymosis of the opening of the capsule rex's and you had IOLs with very flexible loops and that would lead to a very extensive de-centration of the intraocular lens. So that was a big problem. However again nowadays you cannot think like that because in our lab we are working with a lot of projects for accommodating chocolate lenses and mostly these lenses are designed to be flexible to be moving inside of the capsule bag to mimic the accommodation. So if you have a capsule bag that's fibrotic this is not going to work. So we cannot just think like that anymore. So how can we prevent these fibrosis and especially this anterior capsule pacification which is essentially fibrotic? So we learned a lot with this project that was a dual optic silicone accommodating chocolate lens. Very good project AMO bodied and then they abandoned the project and that really worked. There was some clinical studies done here and the patients were actually quite happy but they figured it would cost so much to continue that they unfortunately abandoned. But we worked a lot because this design had very interesting aspects. So the lens had these eyelets on the anterior optic and then the anterior capsule would not be in total contact with this silicone optic. The contact would be very limited and also the whole IOL being dual optic would keep the bag open and very expanded. So we put this in the rabbits and then it was so interesting that not only there was no posterior capsule pacification and you can see in comparison to the control but there was also no anterior capsule pacification because if you do not have contact between the IOL and the anterior capsule, the anterior capsule actually does not pacify. So later we are going to discuss about the problem of interlanticular pacification that may happen between two lenses if they are in the bag. So with this design, of course you have two optics, we were worried about that. So we tested the rabbits, but it turns out that this is really a problem with two hydrophobic acrylic lenses such as the Acrysoft that has this adhesive surface in the bag. So this was not at all a problem with silicone type of lenses. So the last aspect of the IOL design is the square posterior optic edge. That's really the most important and it has been incorporated in the great majority of all IOLs that are called modern intraclal lenses and some of them they have square edges everywhere anterior and posterior surfaces and single piece lenses may have even in the haptics. The importance here is really the posterior optic surface. So again, don't forget that even for this square edge optic IOLs to really function nicely they have to be fully in the capsule of bag because if they are out of the bag you still have proliferation. But here you can see a better berry effect of the optic that has a square edge versus an optic that has a round edge. It's much easier for the cells from the equator region to gain access behind the IOL optic. And again, it has to be in the bag. Even a very good square edge, if it's not in the bag, it's not going to act as a barrier. And the square edge is very important does not matter really the material. So at the beginning people thought, okay, is the hydrophobic acrylic with the square edge that makes the difference? Not at all. There are very good silicone lenses with a very square optic edge and those lenses perform really well in terms of posterior capsule classification prevention. Here you have, oh yeah, Mike you're here. Look at that. So here you have round edges IOLs and you see the posterior capsule here being very opacified or with a huge aglaser here. And here you have a lot of summaries rings. So the summaries ring is the proliferation of these E cells at the equator region of the capsule bag. And that's what it grows behind the IOL optic and opacifies the posterior capsule. So there is a huge summaries ring everywhere here but the posterior capsule is perfectly clear because of the barrier effect. And what you're seeing here is fibrosis of the edge of the capsule axis, okay. So I spent some time in Germany and then we did very interesting studies there because this square edge became such an important thing and then suddenly all companies were stating they had square edge IOLs but then the results of the clinical studies were not really showing a comparable level of prevention of posterior capsule classification. So we're like, okay, but who is controlling if they are really square? Is that someone controlling? Then figure out that nobody was really controlling. That was very interesting. So we came up with this idea to get IOLs in the market that were sold as square edge IOLs. We got some specific diopters and we got a very standardized way to evaluate these lenses under a scanning letter microscopy getting a very high magnification photo showing the lateral posterior edge standardized magnification. Then we project in this image with a program that's used by architects. A circle that had a known radius based on the size of the lens of the cells.  So of course the higher the number, less the square is the edge. So let us compare these in the IOLs their market as square edge lenses. And we were very surprised. So you can see the numbers in yellow there. There is a huge variation of what is called square edge lenses. And here are the images. So believe me or not all of these lenses here were equally sold in the market as square edge lenses. But you just glance at the images and you see that they are definitely not the same. For the silicone lenses, the same thing. Some were very square, very, very good. But others, not so much. So again a huge difference in what the marketing was calling square edges. And nobody was really controlling that. And of course there is the stream trapping of the capsule bag of the IOL by the capsule bag. And if the capsule bag contracts you enhance the contact between the optic with the posterior capsule that may make these differences in edge a little bit less important. But I mean it's just up to some extent. Some of these differences are very, very important. And then the third part of the study got really worse because then we evaluated the hydrophilic acrylic lenses which are not so popular here in the United States but you do have some. But in Europe they are very popular. So we got a lot of hydrophilic acrylic lenses and we did the same thing. But we used an environmental scanilator microscopy to not dehydrate the IOLs while they were checked. Because if you remember from yesterday the water content of these lenses may be from 18% and up. So if you really dehydrate the lenses what you may be seeing in terms of edge may not be the final product. So we tried to keep that not dehydrated and we were totally surprised. It's even worse. So these are all lenses in the market that I sold as a square edge lenses. So you look at the edges and some of them do not look square at all. And what happens with these lenses that they are manufactured in the dry state. So the edges are cut in the dry state. And then what the companies do they take these beautiful SEM photographs of the lenses dehydrated and they put in these booklets and it looks very square but however when you hydrate the lenses they do not look like that. They look like this. And why is this important? Because as a whole if you consider silicon hydrophobic acrylic and hydrophilic acrylic lenses as a whole in terms of groups all the lenses are not the same but as a group the hydrophilic acrylic lenses will have much less square edges than the hydrophobic acrylic and the silicon. And if you check the literature you'll find a lot of papers here's just some examples where the authors are saying okay this is a clinical study comparing two square edge lenses one is hydrophobic acrylic one is hydrophilic acrylic and we just want to see what's the effect of the material. And then the hydrophilic acrylic always have the worst PCO ever and they are like oh my god hydrophilic acrylic material is very bad and everything but they were not comparing apples to apples. Yep. There is something in the manufacturing process that does not really make this practical or even possible in some cases. So that's the thing in the sequence of the manufacturer and I visit some of them in Germany. You have to do that dehydrated then later in the last steps you hydrate the lens. There is issue with contamination by bacteria there is issue with sterilization also. So in the process that's not what you do. You do dry and then you hydrate but it makes a huge difference. In the literature you have all these papers published in very good journals arriving to conclusions they are totally not valid because they are not comparing apples to apples. So you should do an analysis of the edge before you enter in a study like that to make sure that you're comparing something that's comparable and the only variable is the material. So if someone says hydrophilic acrylic lenses have the worst PCO I mean it's not the material maybe just that the edge is totally not square at all. So another interesting point that we figure out also in rabbit studies and also in cadaverite studies and that's something you can clearly see in clinics when you check patients under slit lamp. So you know that those single piece lens became so popular because they are so easy to inject and manipulate and everything. So when there was a transition from three piece to single piece the way the PCO form became different because these lens here for example has the square edge all around including the haptics. However if you analyze the optic haptic junction it's going to be a very smooth ride for the lens reptilian cells. So there is no barrier actually here and because the haptics are so thick you are not going to have in this location a fusion between anterior and posterior capsule outside of the edge. So it's very easy for the lens reptilian cells to migrate here. So with these single piece lenses the PCO almost always it starts at the optic haptic junction. So we check that in the rabbit and then in our collection of cadaverized that's exactly what you see. So everything here is clear and here's where the PCO is just starting at the optic haptic junction. Here again histopathology showing the same here the same thing PCO is starting here PCO is starting right there. And with the three piece lenses we did this study showing that if you analyze where the PCO starts would mostly be where the capsule axis edge is not covering the periphery of the optic. So the pattern of PCO initiation is also different. However the incidence some studies checked does not change much. It's just the way if you have PCO where it really starts. So we did some interesting studies. This is a hydrophilic acrylic lens made by Rainer. It's actually available in the United States the center flex. And at the very beginning of this lens that was the design and there was a very smooth transition between the optic and the haptics here. So same thing PCO will always start right there. So the company decided to change just that specific region. They added an extra step there as you can see here. And sure enough prevention of PCO was much better. We did that in rabbit eyes and later all the authors confirmed in clinical studies. So it really makes a big difference. Okay so now let us start talking about things are not really standard right. So what is the standard so far that I told you? Have an eye well like here.  That's the standard. In these we want a shrink wrapping of the eye well by the capsule. But Marijoseta Sinon in Belgium decided to do something totally different. She decided to organize the capsule bag as a function of her eye well. So she designed an eye well that's very different. It's called the bag in the lens eye well. So in the surgery you do the anterior capsule rexes and then you do a posterior capsule rexes of the same size. And then you put the eye well. There is a groove on the periphery for 360 degrees and you fit the residual edge of the anterior posterior capsule right there. So then with this she pretty much eliminates posterior capsule prosecution.  So this is the first one and actually this was from an ophthalmologist who was very, very interesting.  This is perfectly clear because the fact is there is no posterior capsule right there. So in this eye if you do the pathology we saw a residual outline of the eye well here and you have here the groove and you see anterior and posterior capsules directed to that groove. So later she sent other eyes that had longer followup and you can see that in the residual capsule bag there is a lot of summaries or information. Again this is residual pearls. Lens of tilliocells that form pearls, residual cortical material that proliferates and summaries ring is at the origin of posterior capsule pacification. But as this is confined in the equator region because anterior and posterior capsule are inside of the groove of the eye well there is no way this material can migrate to the area behind the eye well. So even though you have this huge summaries or information PCO is zero. And this is what she uses in all her patients especially in all the pediatric population because you know the pediatric population if you do not take some extra measures in the surgery PCO is going to be 100% so she doesn't have PCO. However there's not exactly a very easy technique to implant. She trains her personnel so everybody's very nicely trained in her department for that so they do this routinely. So for them it becomes very easy but for surgeons worldwide to adopt that it's not very easy. Say it again. You know she discussed that with the buttonhole technique by Rupert Manapachi and everything but with these lengths it seems it's pretty much okay. She didn't see that because the material cannot escape that area here. So there is a fibrotic tissue that forms between the edge of the anterior and posterior capital inside of the groove and that becomes sealed. So the material remains there. So now we talked about Mahijou Zeta-Sinon lengths and then I would like to talk about these IOL designs maintaining an open or expanded capsule bag. So we started working some lengths in our laboratory and suddenly we are like these are behaving very very different. So in 2010 they created a whole symposium on these and we were talking about that and I think I'll use just this specific project to elaborate a little bit on what is that. So since many years we have been studied these round lengths this shaped lengths which it has these rings. The lengths suspended between haptic rings is a hydrophilic acrylic lens and at the beginning they gave us this drawing and say okay when you put the lens in the rabbit it's probably going to look like that. The optic will be posterior in contact with the posterior capsule but the anterior capture rex is going to be floating there is not going to contact the IOL so you are not going to have anterior capsule pacification. So this is a rabbit eye five weeks after implantation this is a high frequency ultrasound that you use for the anterior segment and that's exactly what we saw. So we started doing some small preliminary studies with few rabbits short term studies like up to five sometimes six weeks and these lengths will be implanted in one eye and the other eye will have a standard single piece hydrophobic acrylic lens. And the difference was so impressive that we were like we never actually saw that. So of course in the rabbit eye is an accelerated model for PCU. Six to eight weeks in the rabbit model may be more than two years in a human eye in terms of lens up to your cells proliferating. So in the rabbit eye as you give time it's just like the capsule bag fills up again and look at the difference with the test eye. No PCU and the anterior capture axis is absolutely clear. So here you have from the posterior view and all the scoring was very significant in terms of difference. And when you do the full histopathology the only place we saw some proliferation was in a very limited area between the two rings otherwise nothing else. Everything else was clear anterior and posterior capsule. So this was the first design and then in the second design they changed including holes on the lateral edge here because there was that hypothesis at the time starting at the time that if you leave the capsule bag open and the acres humor can flow all around the inside compartment of the capsule bag you actually prevent capsule bag of pacification. So this one had a much better flow of acres humor and sure enough we put in all the rabbit study in another rabbit study very small study short term in the prevention of posterior capsule pacification in anterior capsule pacification was even better with not even limited proliferation at the equator region of the capsule bag. And in that particular study something very interesting happens. So they gave us the lens and the lens had no mark or anything so it was very difficult to load in the cartridge and to know what was anterior and posterior surface. So I was loading at the time I probably screwed up and then that how you normally see in the ultrasound a standard IOL that how you should see these lanes with the optic posterior and no anterior capsule touching the IOL. And in this study two of those lenses end up upside down. So the optic instead of being down in the posterior capsule was up. So there was zero contact between the optic and the posterior capsule. So what did I tell at the beginning that the contact between the optic and posterior capsule is very important for PCO. So you would conclude, okay so it was horrible for PCO. No, it was zero. So with this configuration of the round disk shape design the capsule bag being open with the acres flowing inside of the capsule bag the contact between the optic and the posterior capsule is not even necessary. So this changed completely in our universe because it's really a shift in weight to think. So very interesting. And now you have this study that's impressed because when you have a new IOL, new material the ISO standards, the international standards require the company to perform six month studies. And the fellows will tell you that when we do six month studies in the rabbit it is horrible because after the second month there is so much proliferation inside of the capsule bag that almost like the proliferation starts pushing the optic out. You have popularity optic capture. You have synechia. The eyes look horrible. So it's just a question of having a control as far as the control look as horrible as the test we are pretty much okay. So we did the six month study. And this is what you see. I mean, PCO was scored as zero at six month in a rabbit model. That's unheard of. That's extremely impressive. So you see here the control with partial popularity optic capture, a lot of proliferation and this is looking really good. And most importantly, look at the histopath. So you have the control here. The capsule bag is filled with material. Where it's empty here is because the IOL was here and the IOL is actually dissolved during the preparation. So you have a capsule bag that's full with material again. And here's the test. I mean, the anterior capsule is here. Totally clear posterior capsule. The bag is very expanded. You see nothing. So this is literally unheard of. This is very interesting. We have another project. This accommodating IOL is also bulky and keeps the capsule bag expanded. It does not really keep the capsule bag open that the aqueous can go around, but it really keeps the bag very under tension and expanded. So that's the lanes that has silicone oil inside of the large haptics doing efforts for accommodation. This is squeezed and then the silicone oil goes to the optic and you have some accommodation. Clinical studies are underway for these lanes. And we did short-term studies and long-term studies. And again, the same thing. You see the control just going south very, very badly. And the test eye looks really nice. You see from a Miyake view, a two month, you can see a six month look at the difference. And here's again the histopathology. Very limited proliferation there, otherwise very expanded and clean. And here you have huge proliferation. So now just to finalize, we talk about anterior capsule pacification, essentially fibrotic posterior capsule pacification, surgical factors that you can use to prevent it, IOL factors that you can use to prevent it. We talked about these out of the bag concepts, out of the box concepts, like the bag in the lanes that change the relationship between the lanes and the bag, and these new IOLs that instead of keeping the bag very collapsed around the IOL, actually do the contrary and keep the bag very open. And now to finalize, we talk about interlinticlo-pacification. We don't see much of that anymore, but it's important for you to know because the pig-back procedure is becoming quite popularized because if you have, for example, a refractive surprise, instead of explaining to the lanes, you can just get an IOL and put in the circles as a pig-back lanes, a supplementary lanes. And if you have two lances in the eye, you have to think, am I going to have interlinticlo-pacification or not? So basically this is the opacification between both lances that were in the bag. And if you think how this is formed, the material that comes from the Cotero region, the summary stream, instead of going behind the optical of the lanes forming PCO, if you have two lances in the bag, that material may go in between the lances and form IOL. It's the same material, the same cells, it's the same origin. It's just that it goes inside of the capsule bag between the lances. All the cases we analyzed were related to three-piece hydrophobic acrylic lances implanted in the bag with a small capsule axis covering the edge of the anterior lanes for 360 degrees. And all of them were acrysophal lances. So I particularly believe that the acrysoph has this adhesive surface. Then the material starts entering in between and it attaches to the IOL. And they have like a scaffold to keep growing and growing. Because some surgeons even put two silicone lances in the bag in this configuration. And they did not see this problem of interlentic lopacification. So I think the attachment of the material to the surface is important. But then you cannot even detach the lanes one from the other. It was really horrible. And that's what was happening. You have two lances in the bag. And these cells that start proliferating instead of going behind will go in between. So there are some surgical methods proposed to prevent this complication. If you would put two lances in the bag, it would be better if you do a larger capsule axis, larger than the optic. Because then that anterior capsule would fuse with the posterior capsule and sequester the residual cells to the cotar region. The second one is really the most popular one. You would still have one IOL in the bag via a smaller capsule axis. But the anterior lanes would be placed in the cell codes. And then you would not have a space, a real space, in between because this here is sealed with the one standard IOL in the bag. And that's what mostly surgeons do nowadays with refractive surprises that then they put an IOL in the cell codes. However, I want to remind you that you cannot put any intraocular lanes in the cell codes. You really have to pay attention. So some three-piece lances with lower power, they have square edges not only on the posterior surface. They also have square edges on the anterior surface. And they may have a lateral edge that's not polished. So it's very rough. If you put this type of three-piece lanes in the cell codes, you may have a very important problem of UGA syndrome-related ITS glaucoma hyphemus syndrome with a lot of pigmentary dispersion and even pigmentary glaucoma because of that. So you have to select an IOL for the cell codes that has smooth surfaces and round and polished and smooth anterior optic edges. And of course, we always have to remind you, the single-piece acrylic solves and all the single-piece lances like that, they have anterior and posterior square edges, at least the acrylic solve does. And the square edges on the haptics, the haptics are very thick. The side walls are very unpolished, very rough. You should not put this IOL in the cell codes at any circumstances. So you always should pay attention to that. So we had cases with a lot of pigmentary dispersion. So the research and prevention of capsule vagopacifications really increase in importance now because of especially these accommodating lanes. There are so many accommodating IOL projects going on there, some very interesting, some very crazy, but all of them that we test, this is a very important problem. The bag has to remain stable. If the bag starts proliferating cells and fibrotic tissue and opacifying, it really kills those interesting projects. So it's not only PCO anymore. It's especially, I would say, ACO because ACO anterior capsule classification is an essentially fibrotic entity.  Now you have to prevent any fibroses inside of the capsule bag because of that. When we talk about these IOL designs maintaining the bag open and expanded, we may see a shift in the future towards those things because we are very surprised with the results. There is not only less anterior and posterior capsule classification, even when you see the summary's ring formation, there is less proliferation there. And that may be because of different mechanisms. And one of them is down here. So Dr. Nish believes that if you have a consumer that can freely go inside of the capsule bag and wash the inner compartment of the capsule bag, this is going to prevent some cytokines to reach a certain level. And these are the cytokines that stimulate length-of-cell proliferation, but if they not reach that concentration, this process is going to be stopped. So this is a very important concept that deserves further investigation. Again, we are very, very surprised with our results. Thank you very much. If you have any other question. Okay, everybody understood everything. Thank you.


Live from Orlando, Florida, it's theCUBE. Covering Sapphire Now. Headlines sponsored by SAP HANA Cloud, the leader in platform as a service. With support from Consolink, the cloud internet company. Now here's your host, Peter Burris. Hello, I'm Peter Burris and welcome back to theCUBE, reporting live from Orlando, Florida and SAP Sapphire. You've had a couple of great days. This is the third day that we're doing this and we've got another half dozen or so great guests. Please stay with us to get the signal from the noise of what's happening here at Sapphire. Today, or right now, I'm speaking to Toby Davidson. Toby is a great job. Strategy within SAP Anywhere, which actually was announced this week here at Sapphire. Toby, tell us a little bit about what SAP Anywhere is. SAP Anywhere is a front office application. So what that means is it's an application for a small business to use to engage with their customers. So whether you're trying to market to them, have them sell or purchase through digital commerce or a traditional e-store, social selling, or even brick and mortar retail stores, we provide the capability to the small business to bring all of these channels of sale together so they can really truly engage with their customers and deliver a great customer experience. So we know pretty well from industry data, but also just anecdotal observation that customers are increasingly asking for digital engagement mechanisms. They walk into a retail store in a very traditional brick and mortar, as you said, but they're bringing their iPhones. They're bringing their Android tablets. They are demanding to be able to complement that experience with the ability to access all sources of information Anywhere as part of their experience. Is that the kind of thing that you're helping small organizations or small retailers and other types of shops make happen very quickly within their businesses? Yes, absolutely. It's certainly it's one of the elements. We're mobile first, so the idea being the application is designed to be used on mobile platforms, tablets, phones, et cetera. So we're not just our customers able to engage on a mobile platform as well as a computer, run their business the way they want to, access it how they want to, but also taking that to the end customer. So how do you want to buy from a retailer? Do you want to go in the store, do a traditional physical purchase with cash or NFC technology over Google for Android, pay that type of thing? Or would you prefer to actually buy online and have goods delivered or buy online and go and pick it up in the store, track it on your mobile, work with the retailer the way you want to. And I think we see that transacting both the B2C market, the end consumer market and also the B2B market, so business to business. We want the experience in B2B commerce that we have when we do our personal banking online on the mobile or we're buying from one of the sales platforms like eBay, et cetera, when you're sitting on a train. We want to be able to do that in the B2B environment as well. So we're bringing both of those together, providing the great experience that we like as a B2C customer, the user interface, the way we interact with the banking systems, the sales systems, e-commerce platforms, as well as the power that you get in the B2B platforms of pricing that specifically for you and your business, the order to invoice rather than having to pay with a credit card, tracking the account, the shipping, all of that sort of good stuff. We bring it all together so that the small business can offer that functionality to their customers so that they can actually expand the markets that they work in. They're not restricted by their traditional method of selling. So another very important and interesting announcement, at least in the last couple of weeks, was the SAP-Apple partnership. Correct, yeah. You must be frothing at the mouth. Absolutely. To start translating that into great deliverables for customers. Yes. Talk a bit about how SAP Anywhere is going to be affected by that announcement and how that ecosystem can be engaged to drive a lot of these new capabilities in smaller and medium-sized enterprises. So I think when you look at the likes of Apple, and yeah, we've had some great discussions with them this week already. I'm sure. And it's very exciting, but you look at the adoption of Apple technology within the small business. You look at how the SMB is really adopting Apple-based technology. Everybody has an iPhone. Everybody uses a tablet of some sort or other. So what we can really do is if we design our software to work on those platforms well, things like using the capabilities that they provide natively. So we're not just building an application that sits on an iPad or sits on a phone. What we're actually doing is we're building it so it uses the capabilities and the functionalities that those specific devices use so that when you pick up your phone and you go into SAP Anywhere, actually you already know how it works because you're used to using the device. You know how to drive around it. So it's that the user adoption is absolutely huge. Very quickly, we can get our customers up and running and live. I think we would also very much like to look at the reach that Apple has within their retail environment to small business, et cetera. That's very early days and ongoing discussions, but the ability for us to expand our reach into the market by leveraging the key relationships that we're able to drive as SAP. And I would think that certainly a SAP Anywhere customer would be excited, not as you said, because their customers are using those devices and they may themselves also be using those devices, but because Apple has shown what a combination of digital and brick and mortar can mean from an experience standpoint. Do you anticipate that this partnership is going to allow a mom and pop shop somewhere to adopt certain elements of that experience in their businesses? Yes, absolutely. And I think it's from two elements. You know, you have the devices, you have the physical capabilities. You also have the mechanisms that are allowed. So if we look at our software, you could buy something online. Okay, you go into the equivalent to the Apple Store, we're talking the mom and pop shop, the small independent trader. Actually that order has been sent through to their device. They're working on an iPad as a point of sale. So they actually see that the order's coming in. They're expecting you, they can have the order ready. You can walk in, you can pay, we partner with PayPal as well, so you could pay using your phone near the PayPal here device with their NFC technology. So actually your whole transaction, you may have bought the product on the phone, on the train because we're mobile responsive. You've gone to the store, you've paid for it with the phone, you're given the product. What we can then do is, like in the Apple Store, would you like us to email your receipt? You don't want a physical paper copy, have it emailed. Provide the feedback, go on social media, share the news of what you bought so that we then know about you to remark it to you, to enable us to try and expand your purchases with us and breed some customer loyalty with, actually what is a small business? You know, the large enterprise organizations, the big retailers, they have the capability and the resources to drive that social media, drive that repeat business, ensure that you come back to us in the best way possible by providing the offers based on the learning that we've got from you and many other customers about purchase trend and purchase history. If you consider a small business selling on an independent platform, they may have an e-commerce web store that they're paying $9.99 a month for it enables the selling of products. That's not connected to the retail store. That's not connected to the Amazon platform sale. You may actually buy from each of those, but the typical retailer's not going to have that knowledge that it is you that's across all of those platforms. So by bringing the elements of big data together, we're able to tie together who you bought from, where you bought, what are your personal buying trends, what do you like doing? So we can help deliver back some intelligence back to that small retailer to retarget to you. And it may well be that you only ever buy off your mobile device.  So let's make sure that the way we target you with a marketing campaign hits your phone. And it hits it at the right time in the right format so that we can really try and drive your business back to us as a small retailer. This is capabilities that really only larger enterprises have had the ability to invest in and to be able to leverage for the last, you know, certainly 10 years. So let's talk about the role that the ecosystem is going to play in SAP anyway. We've heard a lot here at SAP Satfire about the increasing value of the SAP ecosystem, both SAP but also the customers. But we've also started hearing about how that ecosystem is valuable to other partners and certainly the SME universe. Do you anticipate, for example, that a small, medium enterprise that has a customer base is going to be able to use SAP anywhere not only to engage their customers but also to engage adjacent businesses. So perhaps they can, in a location, start to weave together new concepts of services that might have been limited to before just the inventory that I had in the store. Yes, and I think we'll see it on two levels. You know, we're building out an ecosystem of both larger, more strategic partners, the likes we've already talked about, the Googles, the UPSs, the PayPal's, et cetera. We can actually enable our customers and our partners, our solution provider partners, to have access to those resources. What we're also looking to do is to build out an ecosystem of solution providers plus sort of more vertical specific partners where they can provide functionality and services within our platform. So we may have a subvertical. We may have some functionality that SAP anywhere doesn't necessarily deliver out of the box, but the toolkit that we provide as an application enables you as a partner to build out that subvertical capability and deliver it on the platform. Now what that might do is it might mean that you can then extend that reach into those more location-based partnerships, for example, where you are then bringing in additional partners, additional teams, additional services, and you could leverage SAP anywhere to help control and manage all of that as well as be an outlet for your products and also as a solution for you to sell your products on. So last question here, and let's talk a bit about the role that strategy is playing as you put this together. So you're a strategist, you have to engage an enormous number of people, both within SAP, but also within this ecosystem. How are you getting and building that consensus to try to drive everybody in a common direction? So it's a lot of hard work. We take a lot of data feeds, a lot of information, and we try and build a picture of what the market is doing now and also what the trends are moving towards. I'll give you an example. Recently I've been looking at our digital marketing capabilities and where should we be in 18 months, two years time? We've spent a lot of time working with Facebook on how their platforms being leveraged and how they're seeing the trend move. 90% of revenue for small businesses that comes through their advertising comes off a mobile device. So should we focus our resources on providing that mobile capability on the iPhone, for example, or do we look at the web-based technology as well? So it's pulling all of this data together, pulling all of the trend analysis together, and actually building a picture of where we're going. So it's leveraging big data for ourselves to work out where we should be going and actually where we hope to drive our customers. Because again, the SMB don't necessarily have access to these resources themselves. So it's the likes of us who can pull this data together and really drive the market for the SMB so they can move up in the marketplace and achieve that next level where they may move on to some of the products in the rest of the SAP portfolio. Excellent, Toby, SAP anywhere. Thank you very much. Great announcement this week, congratulations. And there's a lot of small businesses out there that would love to see Main Street get resurrected precisely because of the new capabilities that you're able to bring to retailers and small businesses everywhere. Once again, Peter Burris, theCUBE, SAP Sapphire, lot more coming, stay with us.


Hello, this is Hans van der Krust from IHG Delft Institute for Water Education. In this video I'm going to explain raster data. After this lecture you are able to describe what raster data is and how it can be used in GIS. In GIS there are two common data models to represent reality. There's Vector and there's Raster. Vector has already been explained in another video. In this video we are going to talk about raster data. Basically raster data is a big table or a matrix consisting of cells. We call the cells pixels which comes from the English words picture and element. It's a concatenation of those two words. It's defined by a number of rows and a number of columns and the size of the pixels resolution. The pixels in raster data have a spatial resolution. Spatial resolution is the width and the height of a pixel. In this lecture we'll talk about square pixels. Of course many other shapes exist but the basic form that you will mostly encounter is square pixels. When we speak about spatial resolution of 30 meters it means that the pixel has a width of 30 and a height of 30 meters. In the pixel we store the data. So Vector data has attribute tables but raster data doesn't have it and we store the values in the pixel so every cell has a value and we need to distinguish different data types which i'll explain in more detail later. First of all we can store whole numbers which we call integers and we use that for discrete or Boolean data. Boolean means true false. It will come later in this lecture. We can also store decimal numbers which we call floating point and that's used for continuous data. Data that represents gradual changes in the landscape. A specific form of values that we store in the pixel is no data and that's a value that indicates to the GIS software that these pixels should not be used in the calculations because for example they are masked because of clouds or they are invalid data from sensors. Depending on the software this is called no data or MV missing value or none not a number. Let's illustrate the concept of spatial resolution by looking at satellite images and aerial photographs. This first example here we see a part of Western Europe as seen by the MODIS sensor which has a spatial resolution of 1000 meters that means that each pixel is 1000 by 1000 meters. These type of images are useful to visualize or detect gradients in vegetation for example or cloud patterns. Let's now zoom in a little bit on the Netherlands and we are going to zoom in on the reds. Now we look at an astra image and this image is not in true color but in so called false color where we made a reflection from vegetation in the near infrared. We made it red and what we can see is that the spatial resolution is 15 meter so each pixel is 15 by 15 meter and we see the contrast between the city of Utrecht in white and light blue and the countryside where we see the typical Dutch grazing lands in red. When we look at the iconos image which has a spatial resolution of four meters we can further zoom in on the campus of Utrecht University. Here we can distinguish different features such as a fortress in the south of this image and the different buildings of the campus. We can even see cars on the highway. This is a zoomed in part of the same image. Although we can distinguish the different pixels we also can see a lot of different features. Now if we want to also look at aerial photographs and this aerial photograph has a spatial resolution of 25 centimeters so every pixel is 25 by 25 centimeters and here we can distinguish even the windows in the cars, lines on the roads or almost the leaves on the trees or people sitting on a terrace. So all these different spatial resolutions have their own purpose for distinguishing features. It's not always necessary to acquire the highest spatial resolution. There are also other properties of images to take into account for the the choice of image you want to use or the choice of raster layer that you want to use. In a previous video we have discussed vector data so why do we need raster data? We have looked at the same picture and we have identified specific features that we can represent as points, lines and polygons in vectors. What we cannot represent are physical properties of the landscape that gradually change over the landscape. For example vegetation cover gradients or elevation gradients and raster data is much better in representing gradients in the landscape so representing continuous data. If you think about hydrological modeling for example or environmental modeling can you name a few more properties of this landscape that we can represent better in raster data because they are gradients? We could think of soil moisture that gradually changes over the landscape. It doesn't have sharp borders or meteorological variables such as precipitation or temperature. Also other properties we can derive from the elevation such as the slope or the aspect of the landscape. There are many physical properties that we can represent as gradients and have to represent as gradients for which raster data is much better than vector data. When we work with raster data we have to take care of different raster data types. They influence the visualization and the type of calculation that we can do. There are discrete rasters. The cells of discrete rasters contain integer values and they represent classes so we can think of layers representing land use or soil map for example. This type of data is very comparable with polygons and can be easily converted between one and the other. A second raster data type are continuous rasters. They are represented by real values in the cells. They can be decimal, negative, positive and they are used to represent features without sharp borders. The gradients that we've been talking about in the previous slide. We can think of elevation data or digital elevation model or map with temperatures, soil moisture or runoff. They don't have sharp boundaries and they cannot be represented in vector format. And a special data type are Boolean rasters. Boolean rasters only have a value of one or zero where one means true and zero means false. And this is very important if you want to represent for example flood maps. The area that is flooded get a value one and the area that is not flooded gets a value zero. The same can be done for research where we want urban versus non-urban or polluted versus non-polluted. In those cases we use Boolean rasters and they are very useful to do use logical operators and to do map algebra with which it will be presented in another video. If we want to visualize rasters we also need to take into account these data types. So when we talk about single-band rasters all the values of the rasters are stored in one layer and each value of the layer represents a certain property. If the layer is a discrete raster we use the so-called palleted or unique values and random colors. The colors need to be chosen in such a way that they are intuitive and we can then label each value with the name of the class. Boolean is very similar. We also use palleted or unique values but we only have the values zero and one and then we can label it with false or true or flooded or non-flutted. So there we also use random colors that are very discrete. For continuous rasters we use color rams. Color rams are a very good way to represent gradients in the landscape and depending on the data that we want to visualize we choose a different set of colors for ranges of values. Sometimes you will also see multi-band rasters that's not much the scope of this lecture but you will see that mostly in remote sensing where we have a stack of layers that form one image that we can use for further analysis. In remote sensing for example the reflection in a certain part of the electromagnetic spectrum is stored in different channels or bands. So here we see band 4, band 3 and band 2 of a certain sensor and our eyes are limited that we can only see red, green and blue. So we have to assign a certain color gradient in red, green and blue to the reflection of remote sensing and then we can combine this in a GIS or remote sensing software and look at different combinations of these bands and they give us the indication of different properties of reflection. But in this lecture we will limit ourselves to the single band rasters where each individual layer is a certain property of the landscape. Let's further illustrate these different raster data types by looking at examples. Let's first look at the continuous raster data examples. Remote sensing data with surface reflection is continuous data where each cell represents the reflection of the earth's surface in this case of the city of Kampala in Uganda. Digital elevation models also are continuous data these are gradients in the landscape and the values can be decimal it can be negative or positive which is not possible of course for discrete rasters. And negative data of course is very useful for countries like the Netherlands which are for a large part below sea level. We can use continuous raster data to represent interpolated point data in this case temperatures for example. For discrete raster data we can think of land use maps. Here we see the Korean land use map from the European Commission and each pixel has a discrete color which indicates to which land use class it belongs. There are no gradients there are sharp borders. The same is for the soil map here we see the soil map of the joint research center and here every soil has a value and a color that indicates to which soil class a pixel belongs. There are also there are no gradients but sharp borders. Then we have the Boolean maps here we see an example of flood data and in fact these are two Boolean maps on top of each other which indicates flooded and non flooded and then for two flooding episodes. So in the light green we see a flooded area and the non flooded is made transparent and in blue we see another flooding episode and transparent what was not flooded. So it looks like a discrete map but these are two Boolean maps on top of each other. So now we've learned about both vector and raster and what is now the main difference between the two. There are many and I'll focus on a few. So with rusters it's very difficult to make overlays which is very easy with vectors. With rusters we need to use transparency or blending or we need to mask certain data and make it transparent by considering it as no data. With rusters if we want to reproject register or scale it needs quite some calculations while with vectors we only need to do that for the nodes and to make the connections of the geometry again so that's much faster and easier. Rusters are generally stored in large files because every pixel needs to be stored. Well in vector we need to just store the geometry and the attributes. Rusters are difficult to update we need to regenerate a whole matrix. Well with a vector we can simply move points lines or polygons or nodes and update the map in that way in a very fast and easy way. The main advantage of raster data is that we can do map algebra and all kind of raster processing which will be explained in another video. Well with vector data it's very useful to do network analysis routing over networks navigation and those kind of things. The real power of raster data is that we can represent continuous features gradients in the landscape. With vector data that's not possible and it's very useful to use vector data for discrete features and even features that don't have a real area such as to indicate sample points on the map. Raster data origin mostly from data from sensors that can be remote sensing but also drone images for example all kind of sensor data and for vectors the data can be coming from GPS or digitized from a from a map.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here in this video? I'm gonna be kind of doing a more updated video regarding the Scream trilogy and I kind of just want to explain it all again. I've done this before in the past But this is when my channel was very was was much more smaller It's not the same as some big ordeal at this point in the game, but it's growing I want to thank all of you for that And I actually want you to go ahead and go over the Scream trilogy again I kind of do my best to explain it from a new perspective now that I have rewatched the the original trilogy I'm gonna be explaining the original Events that took place everything that led up to it and where we got towards the end So just to begin as we all know the Scream Came out in 1996 revolves around a young teen named Sydney Prescott who? Whose mother died a year before the events that occur in the film where a killer is going around town killing everybody and Using their love from horror films to taunt their victims so as we all know it all also revolves around Some of the back history regarding her mother Marine Prescott And I'm kind of just gonna go over everything and try to explain that to the best of my abilities So here we go As we all know well not as we all know at some point in the late 60s Early 1970 prior to meeting her future husband Neil Prescott a young teenage Woodsboro resident named Marine Roberts She had ventured out to Hollywood where she had a short stint as an actress in a few horror films Produced by a well-known Hollywood producer in that in this universe named John Milton Marine would essentially go on to be Rena Reynolds while she was in Hollywood That was her stage name and Milton would make sure that Rena kept getting her roles by doing dirty work with him and several other peers these this this dirty work consisted of gang rape and Just sex with I'm guessing several other producers and filmmakers such as such as himself One evening things just got a little bit too out of hand and Rena was raped by Milton and his associates And then from that Milton is the one who presumably ended up getting Ended up Getting Rena Reynolds pregnant at the time which resulted Yeah, this resulted in her becoming pregnant and having to give birth to a child that she didn't want now The child that she gave birth to was a was a son She gave birth to a boy Nick who would go on to be called Roman Bridger He was born in I want to just go ahead and say he was born in late 1970 and given up for adoption shortly after This severe and like just very uncomfortable encounter with John Milton in Hollywood Was enough for Marine to drop this acting gig and just move back to Woodsboro, California and then after trying to come clean at some point in time when she was in Hollywood while she was still in Hollywood trying to come clean to expose Milton and those who raped her No charges were ever brought and she was just basically black black listed So sadly she she just moved back to town, but she never actually recovered from that rape encounter and Marine She she ended up settling down with a very very nice man as far as we know But she did begin to sleep around with other men several years later Because she never recovered from that rape encounter in Hollywood So after returning to our hometown Marine eventually met and settled down with Neil Prescott The two would then go on to have a daughter named Sydney Prescott who we all know to be our final girl of the Scream series One of my favorite final girls and main characters in a horror franchise Sydney press guy. Let's go ahead and say she was born in 1980 10 years after Roman Marine's first child now Marine's life after Sydney was born was turned around for the better and Sydney was getting the life that That her forgot forgotten brother Roman unfortunately wasn't Now elsewhere in Hollywood because Roman still is growing up in Los Angeles Roman is growing up in a foster family and as the years go by he just starts to begin searching for his birth mother now Roman is also very skilled with a camera and this actually leads him to becoming a Hollywood director So as a child he developed some skills with a camera This ends up leading him into his career as a Hollywood director down the road And he he actually comes up with a few ideas One of them being that he is he's convinced essentially that his mother is a former Hollywood actress Rena Reynolds who he eventually finds out was raped by his future mentor John Milton and then around early 1995 Roman Tracks Rena down at this point in time Roman is now 25 at this at this point because remember he was born in 1970 He tracks Rena down in her hometown of Woodsboro and he is excited to meet his birth mother He wants to be part of her life. He hopes that she will be willing to just let him in with open arms Sadly though Roman is not welcome and Rena tells him that she is Marine Prescott and that Rena is dead to her as Roman Actually makes mention of this in scream 3 as he's giving his explanation to Sydney Marine told him that Rena is dead and that he is not going to be a part of her life This of course would leave any child devastated Especially a child that was left at the wayside and just forgotten it forgotten because of an event that was out of his control. So for everyone that's on Sydney side, of course, we're all on Sydney side, but Roman no justification what Roman ultimately did but Roman is He's he's a victim of this as well in some way shape or form Now he's obviously gonna be broken hearted over this all he wants to do is be part of his mother's life He ends up tracking her down and she does she wants nothing to do with him because that's just a reminder of the past She's trying to forget This essentially makes him enraged and he becomes obsessive because he's been obsessing about finding his mother for years He decides that if she isn't going to allow him to be in her life directly Then maybe he'll just stick around for a bit in Woodsboro and stalk his mother since that's as close as he will ever get to her in his mind So what he essentially is going to do is he decides to use his camera skills and he begins stalking Marine He records Marine as she goes around town He ends up finding out that he has a sister who was essentially getting the life that he dreamt about for all these years He learns that Marine is married and she just completely moved on. She has a whole brand new life But there's just one problem from time to time now as as we all know in what led to everything that went on Marine still sleeps around with several men that are not her husband So Roman captures her affairs with Individuals like cotton weary and Hank Loomis Realizing that his mother must have never recovered from from the incident in Hollywood He assumes that she is nothing more than a home wrecker essentially I was gonna say another word, but I'm not gonna really say that just because of the fact I don't want YouTube to take this video down So he wants to get back at her for this after just seeing how she just sleeps around town with several different men And how she seems to find out more important than getting to be a part of her son that she forgot He wants to get back at her for this He wants to get back at her for rejecting him and just finding her affairs to be far more important than her son and Now it's also safe to assume that Roman filmed the personal life of Hank Loomis one of Marines lovers a bit as well eventually This affair leads to Hank's wife Leaving him because Hank's wife misses Loomis She finds out about the affair with Marine and leaves her husband and abandons her son Billy Loomis Who was also the boyfriend of Sydney at this point? Now I don't really know what happened here with Roman and Billy how they actually came to meet each other but he had to have shown or witnessed Billy being frustrated about this whole ordeal and Just witnessed him being brokenhearted about his parents splitting up and losing his mother and then at some point He had to have introduced himself to Billy possibly came up with a lie about who he was because Billy never makes mention of Roman He shows Billy footage of Marine sleeping with Hank at a hotel and He now understands Billy now understands based off of what Roman just did why his mom left and now because of this affair His dad had his own girlfriend's mom That's that's essentially what led to his mom leaving him and to Billy That's of course gonna be devastating to find out that your girlfriend's mother is the reason why your mom left you That's that's definitely gonna be something that wouldn't sit well with a lot of us And Roman essentially is cat Capitalizing all for this to enact his revenge on Marine taking advantage of Billy and his in this emotional state After showing him this footage He takes note that that Billy is clearly very upset and enraged by this And he convinces Billy to kill Maureen and frame her other lover cotton weary for it He also tells Billy to find a partner as well just in case he got caught and needed someone to blame along the way And then Billy following me through with the seas planted by Roman He successfully kills Maureen one night along with his friend His partner that he decided to go ahead and pick being stew Maureen is killed after an encounter with her lover cotton her other her other affair He's framed for the murder for the murder after Billy and Stu stage the scene to make it look like a rape had occurred prior to it Now cotton had actually given Giving them some ammunition because he mistakenly left his jacket So Billy used it to smear blood on and he ended up planting in a cotton's car Now one interesting thing that occurred that night was that Sydney did actually witness someone leaving the house Wearing the jacket and then when news breaks she just assumed it was cotton And then she testifies against cotton in court saying that she saw him leaving the house when in reality Much did we know that what Gail made mention of in the original film? She didn't see cotton leaving the house. She saw someone wearing cotton's jacket and just assumed it was him Now after all this is said and done and after Billy kills Maureen Roman I'm assuming leaves town after Maureen is killed. He's satisfied with his revenge plan He goes back to Hollywood to focus on his career as a director now all the while Roman has moved on to Be a director and pursue his hopes of being some big director in Hollywood And taking his skilled camerawork to the next level Back in Woodsboro Billy Loomis is continuing to date Sydney despite knowing what her what her mother did He has not made any mention of this the fact that what her mom has done him killing her mother He's still dating Sydney and he is still very angry about what her mom did which led to him losing his mom and his parents splitting up He must have been very close to her to be so heartbroken about it by the way But they're coming up on a year anniversary of the time that he and Stu killed Maureen and so still heartbroken and still devastated Of his parents splitting. He's decides to he's not in the right state of mind at all He he is not in the right state of mind He decides to go ahead and do a full-on killing spree in Woodsboro with so much anger and hate in his heart He decides to just orchestrate a full-on killing spree And he forces or convinces Stu pressures him into being his accomplice Along the way just in case he needs to find someone else to frame perhaps But their plan is at the end of this to kill Sydney to get revenge He wants to get revenge on Sydney for what her mother did because now he's he's wanting to take this out on her and then in the end they're gonna just blame it and blame it all on Sydney's father and in sight that his his motive being the anniversary of his of his wife's death is is driven him crazy or something to that to something to that effect now All the events in screen one day, that's all summed up if you watch the first screen and then Sydney Sydney in the end of that Sydney kills Stu and Billy and she goes on to college now two years later after the events of the original film The events of the first film have been turned into a film that are that are also It's also based on a novel titled the woodsboro murders a novel written by a local reporter in the area Gale Weathers The film based on the events in the first movie because we all know how meta-scream is the film based on the events That occurred in which was called stab and it's produced by none other than John Milton Who had the story about the film who had the story that the film was based on come across his desk and John Milton realizing that he knew this this woman marine Prescott as Rena Reynolds But never said anything He never said anything about that because of the fact that if he had said something that would have made that would have given him bad press Things could have come out saying how this is all his fault and how none of this probably wouldn't happen if he Hadn't done what he had done to Marine when she was an actress in Hollywood for that short period of time in her life Now elsewhere at Windsor College, Sydney is receiving prank calls Due to the film like just having an early showing on campus as we all know that Amazing openness opening of screams. I think that's one of the best openings to a horror movie ever she's being taunted by yet another ghost face and This ghost face in the end turns out to be mrs. Loomis who wants revenge on Sydney for not only killing her son But for her mother breaking up her family Now her accomplice in this is a classmate of Sydney mrs. Loomis has recruited Mickey who was already a psychotic killer that the two met online at a cycle website and she convinced Mickey to assist Assist her and they orchestrated Mickey to get into Windsor College. She gave Mickey tuition for this Mickey applies gets in and befriends Sydney and But the the also the point the the terrible thing with Mickey is he he actually wants to get caught He wants to blame blame the movies. He wants to go to court and blame all this on the movies but little does he know that Mrs. Loomis is just gonna do as much as she needs to do for him As long as it meets gets her to where she needs to be and then she's planning to kill and frame him in the end She's she ended up actually shooting Mickey and she plans to frame him But as we all know Sydney defeats mrs. Loomis kills her and kills Mickey as well disposes of them Just as she did her son and stew a year two years prior to that Now at this point Sydney is in fear of another killing spree starting So she decides to just put herself in seclusion back in California and then over the next three years the stab series is just growing in popularity and What ends up happening is? We are on the verge of getting yet another entry in the stab series. It's gonna be titled stab three return to Woodsboro This will once this this film is once again gonna be produced by John Milton the director of stab or It's not the director, but it's just gonna be produced by John Milton Whose name is gonna continue to come up because he he is a factor in all of this Now the director of stab three selected is none other than Roman Roman has been very successful over the years with his directing. He's Directed several music videos. He's even got a music video award for it. He wants to direct a Classic romance comic. I believe that's what he made mention of in screen three But the studio wants him to direct a horror movie for them first and then see how that goes and they'll decide to give him what he wants Now Looking into the series of course to prep To prep his role in directing a film that he Presumably has no interest in based off of what he wants to do He it sounds like Roman has no interest in the horror genre So he's had no knowledge of what actually went on after he left Woodsboro and everything that he's caused Going into research on stab to prepare for the direct for his direction of stab three He learns that the stab series is based on events that he caused He learns that Billy and Stu went on to cause went on to just do another killing spree a year later after killing Marine He learns about all the press that his half-sister is getting from in Sydney He learns about all this stuff that has happened to her as a result of what he caused so many years ago when he convinced Billy and Stu to kill Marine to get revenge on his mother for His anger at her for feeling like she abandoned him Now seeing how successful not successful rather but just getting angered by the amount of press and fame that Sydney is getting off of this This anger is wrong me because he's what's upsetting to him is how his whole his whole Orchestration of having Marine killed This hasn't led to her having the worst life imaginable It's actually led to her getting some type of publicity from it and he he is sickened by this He wants to make a correction to that error. So what he decides to do is that? After just realizing everything that he's caused indirectly and learning that the stab series is based on Events that he is indirectly responsible for and just becoming jealous of the life That Sydney wants that Sydney had and everything wishing that it could have been his life She he feels that Sydney had the life he deserved and he's just sickened by the fact that The it seems like the the opposite effect happened to Sydney the death of her mother While yes, she still is getting some type of emotional suffering from it She has some type of celebrity status that isn't sitting right with the Roman.   He starts killing off the staff three cast He essentially is going to be Taking them all out and then in the end he's gonna reveal himself to Sydney and Frame her as a psychopath in it all him being the sole survivor in the person who Confronted Sydney and took her down Eventually after tracking her down and after another series of ghost-faced killings Roman Roman lures Sydney to Milton's mansion Where he reveals himself to her he explains their history Sydney finds out she has a brother and How he explains how he basically is the reason why her life has been so terrible For these past several years and how he's the reason for everything in regards to what went on in the first film the second film And now he's gonna be the concluding chapter of what was originally intended to be a trilogy and he's gonna get his ultimate revenge That being killing Sydney and making her pay for the life. He feels that she stole from him That's the screen trilogy in a nutshell as we all know Roman did not get his wish Sydney ended up defeating her brother That that's the screen trilogy for you if you if you guys enjoyed that little summary. I just gave not little This rather the longest video ever done But if you guys enjoyed that summary Let me know down in the comment section if I missed anything if you haven't already make sure you subscribe It's in our post notifications So you never miss a video in the description. I'll have links on my social media accounts on my Facebook Twitter and Instagram You can message me there to let me know if there's any movies news or views you'd like me to cover in the future If you and also if you go ahead and just give this video a thumbs up And down in the comment section I'm gonna have a link to the social media or not the social media the Facebook group That I have you can join that if you want to stay up to date on anything regarding the channel and any horror content As well as hubris groupers for updates thought out of mine guys. I will see you in the next video