Yeah, we will start now, the next model after single parameter model, that is tanks in series and axial dispersion, we are going to talk about multi parameter model, multi parameter model, yeah. So the name of this one is Koelte-Kloutier model, these are the first people who suggested this model, yeah. Right, actually if someone is interested, I can also give the reference, this is Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, volume 37, that is what normally we write, page 105, 1959, I am sure most of you would have never born there, at that time, okay, yeah. So normally what we visualize here is that we have a CSTR, something like this, we have, yeah. So continuously we have the fluid entering and continuously coming out, volumetric flow rate, volumetric flow rate, this is V, right and we have a stirrer. So this is the actual real mixture flow reactor what we will show and here what we expect the non-idealities will be, the bypass straight like this, without spending much time it may go as bypass, okay, that is bypass and you also may have dead space, this is dead space. So when I have this situation, how do I model? So that means actually I have an active zone something like this, that is active zone, then I have some volume in dead space and some bypass, right. So to write the equations, first I should have a model in my mind and that will be shown something like this, I have a active zone, so this is the active zone, then we have the stream entering into active zone, this may be V and volumetric flow rate and yeah there is a dead space, that is dead space and that means the active zone I am showing this one as active zone and the volume of this will be V A, capital V A and the volume of this will be V D, right. V D is the volume of dead space and now we also have the bypass is shown like that, that means practically it is not spending any time inside the reactor, yeah. To show active zone we are showing this stirrer, this is bypass, so this volumetric flow rate V is split into now, this is V A, small V A, volumetric flow rate going through active zone and this is V B, okay and both of them are coming and then again you know, yeah, mixing here what we see is some concentration C, okay and I can solve this one either for pulse input or for step input, let us take step input where continuously I am sending the concentration, the step input, okay, concentration of time T equal to zero, C zero time T equal to zero, so then we are writing the balance after some time T to this, to this model, you see now this is what you have to do also, you know most of the time when you are modeling and the physical system you have to imagine that what are the problems, how do you break up the problem into this kind of diagram where now it is very easy for me to write the you know equations for each zone, right. Like for example this is active zone, you have only perfect mixing here, what is the flow rate entering V A, now I have V A into C A naught, C naught because it is a tracer input, right and then here it is coming V A and C A that is coming out, right and I have the bypass now V B and what is the concentration here C naught, very good, right because I think you know it is practically not spending any time inside the reactor, so that will have, now these two mixing with this C A and volumetric flow rate V A here also volumetric flow rate same thing V A because we are talking about constant density system, right V A entering, V A coming out, there is no volume expansion under this, so here V B and with C naught, so now this V A C A, V B C, V B C naught together will give me V into C A that is what I see, right but this is all black box, in fact this entire thing is this, what I put here is C naught and what I get here is C that is what I know, because it is not very ideal that means you know the response is not C is exponentially decreasing with time, then I have to imagine now what could be the reason, the reasons may be dead space, whenever we have perfect mixing we also listed out what are the possible non-idealities, okay whenever we have plug flow we have also seen what are the possible non-ideal parameters, okay. So for plug flow what are the non-ideal parameters, channeling, axial mixing, axial mixing should not be there, okay axial mixing must be zero ideally, yes radial non-uniformity because actually we expect for ideal system the radial mixing equal to infinity that is not there then you also may have dead space, dead space particularly in the corners when you have packed bed, right normally simple tubular reactor you may not have, you may not have dead space, it is also not good to unnecessarily put the parameter which is not physically existing, like you know if you take normal tubular reactor without any packing then you have normal the diameters what you choose I told you know 4 inches, okay occasionally we say 16, 16 is really large, right. So then in 6 inch and also what is the length, length will be sometimes you know 100 meters plus 200 meters 500 meters also, okay so that is why you put like this, like this, like this, right so this flow disturbance we are not talking when you assume ideal plug flow when you have the same diameter normally we never expect dead space in this kind of thing but whereas if you have a packed bed, packed bed diameter will be 1 meter, okay 2 feet or 3 feet or 4 feet or 5 feet, right sometimes very big means even it may be 2 feet I mean 2 meter, 6 feet, so now for that 6 feet feet you do not normally put, either you put a conical feet that will again eliminate dead space or otherwise you put flat like this, okay like this flat and then that is the feet, so all this is, all this is packed bed, so again it is coming like this, so this area this volume this volume may be acting as, okay and on top of it if you loosely pack the packing then you may also have bypassing like this, sorry channeling like this bypassing is the word which we use practically when it is not spending any time inside the reactor whereas channeling it will spend some time and particularly when you have packed bed or tubular reactor very lengthy tubular reactor or may be short tubular reactor definitely that stream will spend some time that is why we say it is channeling bypass is and short circuiting also sometimes used I think loosely for both, right the correct word for short circuiting again is bypassing only because short circuiting is not going the way it has to supposed to go at all so that is why some books may use short circuiting some books may use bypass some books may use channeling what you have to understand conceptually is that channeling means you will have that stream spending some time inside the reactor whereas bypassing on short circuiting means practically zero time that too when compared to your mean residence time, okay mean residence time if mean residence time is let us say ten minutes and it is when it is spending only one second inside the reactor then that we call it as bypassing so like that, okay whereas in the packed bed when you have ten minutes at least three four minutes it may spend in the channeling, yeah in the reactor, okay that we call it as channeling so that is why we have to remember that, yeah so all this phenomena we have to put now in this diagram and then we have to now write the equations for this and we know we have already one or two equations here capital V is split into V A plus V B so this is equation one I will say V D, okay and small V is split into V B or V A plus V A plus V B V B is bypass and V A is active that is number two, okay so now, yeah now I have to write the material balance for this particular active zone, right so here again we have tracer input after some time T and tracer output and accumulation and reaction, right so anyway reaction we are writing only for tracer balance, yeah reaction is zero tracer balance, okay let me write again once more input output plus accumulation plus reaction, okay so reaction equal to zero and these things you already know what is input V into V A into C not because we are giving step input, okay tracer balance for step input step input is C not, okay good so now next one is V A plus V A into C A plus accumulation means, yeah we are writing only for this active zone so V A V C A by D T so this is the equation this equation three and what is the boundary condition for this you will have T equal to zero and C A equal to zero that is B C not C that is initial condition we are writing you know that equation is a tracer balance, right at time T equal to zero what and also this equation gives me the response in the outlet so what is the outlet concentration at time T equal to zero, okay so that is what do not get confused with inlet thing, okay good so that is what so it is here I have C A equal to zero, right yeah so now when I solve this already we have this solution this is C A by C not equal to one minus E power minus T by T bar no so here T and that T bar will be V A by V A by V A capital V A by small V that is T bar A if you want, right correct no yeah so I have written that V A by V A as it is T bar A, right okay yeah good so this equation is equation four so now this equation is no use for me this equation is no use why because this is in terms of variables which I cannot measure this is my imagination my imagination is that you know in this one I have an active zone where through the active zone V A is going and also V A is coming out and that will have C A after perfectly mixed all that is my imagination but what I measure is only V into C not V into C so now that equation has to be converted into C by C not which is F T because we are writing for step input so what do we do that means I have to eliminate C A and we have to also eliminate V A and yeah this capital V A and small V A, right so for that we have another balance here, okay so if I take this one as L and this one as K point so balance at K tracer balance, okay tracer balance at K yeah anyone can tell that yeah this is two things are coming yeah V A C A and V B C not V A C A plus V B C not equal to V C so this is equation five correct no V into C only, right yeah, okay so now using this equation we should be able to eliminate that particular one sorry this stream V not you see it is again grams per second only molar sorry mass mass flow route only we are talking V B C A not is coming here and V A C A is coming here together will give me V into C what Pooja correct no yeah, okay so now this one and now we have to write this equation in such a way that all those things are eliminated the first one what we can write there is C A by C A not I am not giving the mathematical details you have to just find out that this is V by V A C by C not minus V B by V A all small V S so this is equation six, okay can you get from this simply divided by C not and then you will get that, okay and also arranged, right so why I have done this one because I have here C A by C not this is the first I have to eliminate, right the C A by C A not is yeah one if I eliminate if I write this equation in terms of this then I have C by C by C not, okay yeah so now substituting equation six in five sorry in four and rearranging you write that there are few steps in between I think you know you have to do that substituting equation six in four and rearranging what you get is C by C not equal to okay V A by capital V one minus V power minus T by this is T bar A so that is V A by V A that I put the bracket, right so this whole thing is in the bracket again plus V B by capital V so this is equation seven actually this is sufficient for me but to have slightly more meaningful parameters let me define alpha as V B by V what is the meaning of this so one minus alpha will be naturally V A by V yeah Abhishek you are telling something yeah fraction of bypass, okay so if V B by V equal to point one then I can say that I have ten percent bypass so alpha equal to point one means ten percent bypass the remaining one is which is going through active zone so this one is equation eight so similarly I can also define another one beta dead space which is V D capital V D by capital V this again gives me if beta equal to point one I will say that I have ten percent dead space so out of ten liters one liter is the dead space that is what is the meaning that, okay so one minus beta will be active zone so this is V capital V A by capital V so this is equation nine good so if you substitute these things and also we know that it is F T so substituting equations eight and nine equations eight and nine in seven, okay then what we get is F T equal to C by C not yeah so we have one minus one minus one minus alpha e power minus one minus alpha by one minus beta into you will get T by T bar, okay, okay that is all yeah so R I can also write F T equal to F theta, F theta let me also write F T equal to F theta only thing I have to write here is this is one minus one minus alpha e power minus one minus alpha one minus beta theta so that is the equation this is the equation for F theta in terms of theta good so this is equation number nine this is ten this is eleven good okay so yeah now what is the idea, idea means you know why do we derive this first of all I have to ask that question I say always I have to bring you to the basic question why are you doing all this so because sometime you may forget correct no what is the meaning why you have to do all this you may be thinking that okay sir it is coming in the examination that is why we have to come here because you asked us to come to actually quantify the non idealities in a real C S T R where we expect some kind of back mixing sorry some kind of dead space and bypass okay that is the idea now how do I use this equation to do that because now this is the model for me right R T D models you have written know like we understood everything clearly okay that is R T D models that is a model now for C S T R with dead space and bypass okay now what do I do with this model okay simply doing the test it gives me alpha beta values yeah how do I fit that no that can be universal answer for anything whatever I ask go to matlab are you going to eat lunch means yes or matlab so now for everything matlab okay anyway correct yeah see again as he said I can feed F theta and also I can give a guess value of alpha and guess value of beta and then try to match right but there are other simple methods also which you can do matlab is not the ultimate right so before going to matlab if you want to have that I am telling you know all the time feel feel feel that feel should come first for the subject unless you have that feel you will never enjoy otherwise it is just ritual rituals no one will enjoy right you know that no one will enjoy the ritual that is why it is called ritual in fact okay so that means it is just repeated mechanical so that is why if you go to matlab every time you will not have any feel because you do not know what is happening inside the matlab right you cannot go and see that and only thing is you may be imagining this may happen this may be by the time you think answer is there okay so that is why afterwards you do not think also that is why before going to matlab if you are doing some exercise it will be very very good in this case particularly when you have one parameter and two parameters you can always graphically do that and then get the actual parameters actual parameters also the values you do not have to go again fit and guess and all that I think unnecessarily it is wasting of power and all that correct no computer power and India does not have any power at all throughout the country I think we have only power cuts power cuts power cuts luckily in IET we are not facing that outside it is hell correct how many hours you have power cuts two hours is very small okay yeah in Andhra they give only power for two hours here cut is two hours okay not only in Andhra many states may be Canada may be self-substant no you also have I think may be Gujarat I think that is all people say Gujarat is may be self-substant even Delhi also we have power cuts and all that so why unnecessarily wasting by going to know when you can do it very simply right how do I plot this to get the you see always whenever you have the equation that is what I do not know whether you got the real meaning of third chapter in Levenspiel see someone has to tell or you yourself should be able to imagine that okay third chapter of Levenspiel if you now go back and then see right every equation you will try to arrange that as a why because straight lines are very easy to understand and and also you know to see whether it is really falling in straight line or not right and then from slope and intercept you should be able to get whatever you are supposed to get right anyway for that you need only two parameters if you have three parameters I think we cannot unless you have put the other parameter constant and then you can do okay for various things good so that way we can actually plot this as 1 minus f theta long okay plotting first yeah long 1 minus f theta versus theta what will happen to this Rahul if I plot like that will I get a straight line yeah because I will simply bring this 1 minus here or yeah 1 minus f theta 1 minus f theta I will take this side this one I will bring so then this will be you will get as slope and intercept okay I think if you do like this you will get very good straight lines because first drawing the line putting the points later okay normally in the lab we have to do the reverse of please do don't don't do this okay first you have to take the data put the points if it is straight only join straight line okay if it is curve and all that don't try to join straight line because there may be something wrong what you have done but I came to know that in our department also I think few people are there who are putting first lines I mean even earlier if scoop draw the line and put the points and then take those points and put in the notebook take to the show it to the guides are wonderful experiment yeah it will be wonderful whenever you first draw the line so place because something noble price information you be missing if you are not real true I say so there may be a noble price information you may be missing unless you really collect the data and then see and number of times if you do and then if you are not able to explain some phenomena experimentally what you observe then that is equivalent to noble price only because someone if you are able to explain that this what is happening I can tell you when you start heating water you put the heater and then switched on the electricity now imagine that it is slowly temperature is decreasing that is worth the noble price yeah why it is increasing I mean why it is decreasing it is supposed to increase correct no then you have to give the proper explanation for because of this reason it is decreasing you try to prove that really I think you know then you will have the or you can simplest thing 1 plus 1 equal to 5 you prove you will get a noble price if you really able to prove so that is why don't I think those people who are doing experiments they never try to cheat you should never try to cheat because there may be real I am not really joking now but they may be wonderful information which you may be missing you just force it even though it is not a straight line you imagine that it must be straight line and then just draw the line there may be a clear trend that it may be going like this and you say that okay draw the line somewhere horizontally or for that XL is best there is a linear option one point in adyar another point in polykerny another point in saithapet still it joins as a straight line okay because I think you know XL so I think that is the best option if you want to do but don't force that I think you know adyar polykerny saithapet it is a curve like this it goes okay that you are trying to force as a straight line which is not correct noble price goes there okay so this one what is the intercept ln of 1 minus alpha and what is the slope yeah this will be one this is negative only 1 minus alpha by 1 minus beta so first you go to first read this line and get alpha and get the slope alpha already I know and then you can calculate beta right so that is the one and we can also show this oh my god often okay we can also derive an E theta yeah that also you can do but I think there is there is another important information d f by d theta cannot give you exactly but you have to have that physical field and then do it 1 minus alpha square by 1 minus beta E power minus 1 minus alpha by 1 minus beta theta okay there is another nice information there something else okay that something else is plus alpha delta theta equal to 0 what is the meaning of this abhishek what is the meaning of that that is because that by cos Rahul is not abhishek abhishek is not Rahul okay yeah unless you say that sir I am no substituting for abhishek you are substituting can you think of that yeah Rahul tell me that is because of the bypass bypass will come after only like that see not come immediately after what you said bypass comes after something yes when some certain time where is time there what is delta theta equal to 0 yeah direct delta function I said when the direct delta function is valid so that is why again you know always I will bring to you that earlier thing so that you remember number of times it is only grinding grinding grinding okay it is a mixture only that is why I am again I know that none of you would have not noticed it that so delta theta minus theta equal to 0 so that means that bypass because it is not what is our definition of bypass it is not spending any time practically zero time so the moment it goes to the bypass it appears in the outlet correct no it appears in the outlet right so that is why what is the time taken by this stream to come to the outlet 0 that is what our assumption bypass right but in reality it may not be but our definition of bypass is that right I mean definitely it will take some time right so that is why this fraction and how much is that that is alpha what is alpha fraction of the bypass fraction so that much amount of tracer will come if you take the area under the curve as 1 okay area under the curve as 1 so this will be let us say alpha equal to 0.1 so that 0.1 area as direct delta function will come at time theta equal to 0 that means instantaneously it is coming out right and that is getting mixed in the outlet and then coming out I know that you actually you cannot see right but if you able to plot that e theta if you are able to plot e theta how do you what kind of curve you get this is exponential decay there is some constant here that is okay yeah so that means it may not start at theta equal to 0 means this is 1 and this will be the one that is starting point correct no at theta equal to 0 then this will become 1 and that okay let me plot that e theta theta right so this will be somewhere here what is that value 1 minus alpha square by correct no at theta equal to 0 this is 0 okay so then it is exponential decay and anyway there is a constant yeah again here 1 minus alpha beta 1 minus alpha by 1 must beta so it is going like this right okay now what is the other portion how does where do I see that that is all so you will get here suddenly it starts here okay and that depends on the area you know yeah so and then from then onwards it drops out okay so that is how you have to plot that actually I do not know whether you still remember or not you just see what is the curve we have plotted with bypass or mixed flow only yesterday we discussed yesterday day to day peak sudden and then it is coming exponential decay correct no you have drawn that sudden peak and then slowly comes out so that is what is that there we have not shown exact direct delta function there we have shown sudden peak like that and then slowly coming out okay good excellent okay okay this is nice so I will ask puja very simple question puja when alpha 0 beta 0 what is the equation per e theta e power minus theta very good and for f theta I mean what is this e power minus theta is it the correct ideal mixture okay for f theta alpha 0 beta 0 that is what is the equation for ideal yeah for ideal mixture okay so now the next one is how to develop a reactor model with bypass and dead space okay reactor model with bypass and dead space so that is what is the next one okay understood no the sequence you understood that is why you know approach to the subject I think in the last RTD models what we have done is first RTD estimate non-idealities okay amount of axial mixing or amount of dead space amount of channeling now you cannot do anything with that because you you are not able to correct that then use that information and calculate what is the real conversion real conversion and as you said if there is a possibility of converting and improving real conversion will be less right ideal conversion 90 percent with this alpha beta values you may get only 65 either you live with that or you go to the system again and then try to convert increase the increase the stirrer okay increase the rate you know speed of stirrer or change the stirrer you will get dead space almost zero okay and see the position of inlet and outlet if they are in correct position without much bypassing correct it okay such that there is no bypassing then you will get an ideal reactor right so once you get an ideal reactor again you have to calculate conversion so that is what is the sequence with RTD models used for you know always first estimation of the parameters next using those parameters find out conversion that is all I mean at least those things you note down in big letters in the page in your notes I say those are the things which you have to remember lifelong even if you are not becoming a chemical engineer later okay good so now conversion in real MFR that is with with dead space and bypass okay good again I should have a model here because now I know that I have a reactor with bypass and dead space because I conducted RTD experiments and then estimated those values they are there they are real now so that is why we write another same model for reactions now so here I have stream entering stream leaving this is ideal right and we have the bypass now when I show this one for reactor no okay let us say that we have the simplest reaction A going to R first order okay constant density because A going to only R so this is volumetric flow rate this is FA0 this is CA0 X0 equal to 0 here I will get this is V FA CA and XA those are the things normally we see but actually here I have dead space this is again VD this is VA this is V is there anyway so this is small CA small VA this is small VB and here of course those things are right and then what is what else yeah at this point I have now yeah VA VA and CAA say capital A is for reactant small A is for active okay good so that is the one so here I have VB and what is concentration in this CA0 okay good so now what is the procedure first anyway we are going to list out the same the first thing is capital V equal to VA plus VD so that is equation one small V equal to VA plus VB that is two same thing so now balance here balance for the active zone okay yeah here also I have CA0 right no okay puja what is entry okay MB for A capital A reactant VA into CA0 equal to that is input oh I have to write this no okay let me write once more I am writing so many times so that you know those who do not want to remember can remember correct no so many times if you write neural system automatically accept that accumulation plus reaction so now accumulation will be zero reaction because steady state right okay yeah now tell me puja VA into CA0 and output VA into CAA excellent puja once more VA into CAA plus so when I have this one as minus I am going to R as minus RA equal to K into CA for first order reaction second order reaction I will ask in the examination okay first order reaction I will take okay so when I write the next one also so that will be VA CA0 VA CAA okay now tell me puja minus RA equal to KCA no it is not KCA no you know reaction is here and what is what is that A you said only one A you have to say why is A right KCAA okay she said that wait I have not heard see how many supporters are there for you no supporter for me okay this is KCAA VA so this is equation three that is another one that will have third parameter right so that is what I want to tell after this is over because dead zone is really dead here right but in reality it is not really dead it is only just alive okay a little bit again so then what happens is because now we asked me there is an exchange of material between dead zone and accuse zone that is how much is the exchange is another parameter then it becomes three parameters right because now it is dead so that is why I am interested only in this this one you know active value and this is dead totally okay ignorant so like I have been doing no there may be some people who do not participate in the class at all from the beginning from the semester onwards I ignored them dead space okay that is equivalent to dead space if there is a little bit exchange that is another parameter how to bring them again to the class again explain to them all that right I am not saying I do I know anyone like that but still I am just saying okay good so that will become another parameter that we will discuss at the end okay so now this one now as usual I have to now eliminate this unknown unknown volumetric flow rates like VA CAA that is all okay yeah and I have another equation for okay so I think this is simplest one let me from equation 3 let me write this one as CAA by CA0 correct no equal to anyone VA by VA plus K capital V correct yeah so this is right so now I have another equation which I can write that is here balance again K so this is L this is K yeah who will tell no balance at K thereby anna yeah K balance balance at K okay which VA small VA capital VA small VA into CAA CAA plus small VV excellent CA0 CA0 equal to small small VA that is all very good very good thereby that is fine right so as usual we will now try to eliminate using this equation again I have to write here CAA by CA0 so I divide by CA0 yeah and also arrange in this fashion and then try to that equation because we have done already I think I will just give you the final expression for conversion first order okay yeah from equation 4 and 5 okay I will write here from equations 4 and 5 that means you have to show the algebra when if I ask that as a derivation and again here also we are defining alpha equal to small VA by small VA by V small VA and beta equal to VD by capital V capital VD by capital V that is again fraction correct no Rajeshree same thing 1 minus or written just for the other thing so again using this this may be this is 6 this is 7 correct no something please point out if I write something wrong you know when I write something wrong oh that is what she was telling right right very good you know we can also define alpha that way but this is straight forward right alpha point 1 means then I know it is 10 percent that is bypass okay good so that is why yeah right thank you Rajeshree okay good so now using 6 7 and 5 and 4 use from equations 4 5 this I have to comma 6 and 7 we get the final expression as CA by CA not equal to alpha plus 1 minus alpha square 1 minus alpha plus 1 minus beta k tau or k t bar okay yeah k tau and somewhere I would write tau equal to t bar also so this is equation 8 8 so that is the equation okay so now of course if I say that I have only alpha there is no bypass my input and inlet and outlet properly maintained so then what will be for alpha 0 case 1 alpha 0 alpha 0 I have CA that means only dead space CA by CA not equal to 1 by 1 plus 1 minus beta k tau correct no okay for beta 0 case 2 CA by CA not equal to alpha plus yeah 1 minus alpha whole square by plus k tau so that is okay case 3 both 0 alpha equal to beta equal to 0 yeah CA by CA not equal to 1 by 1 plus k tau okay this all this I think we are experts so this is 9 10 11 good so I mean what parameter seems to be more effective here that means is it dead space more dangerous and or you know again the question is that to easily answer for you is it hot attack which is dangerous or is it diabetes which dangerous yeah so which is hot attack here which is out of those two which is hot attack and which is why do you say bypass is dangerous okay or this you answer after really plotting for different alphas and middles I have that here plots okay but I want you to think I mean it is something I have to leave you know for thinking right but logically what do you think because that fellow is not practically spending any time at all you know in the reactor so and that that comes and mixes with already reacted part if it goes away without mixing it is fine no problem no no it will come and spoil it has to come and spoil this also so that is the reason why in fact bypass is dangerous so try to eliminate bypass rather than dead space but unless you are a greatest fluid mechanics engineer where you do not know how to design started at all okay if you do that everything will be dead space okay so that is the worst case normally we do not expect that okay so that is why you just plot that you know these are the things very simple puja that happiness will come when you are able to plot see and interpret on your own so real happiness comes in interpreting on your own understanding on your own okay listening the teacher is okay because there may be some difficult concepts where if someone explains oh you may be thinking that okay I understood but the real happiness in the subject will come only when you understand and when you when you are able to interpret and when does that come without cursing if you do all assignments then only that happiness comes otherwise if you cursing also doing assignments will not make you happy because I am there all the time in the mind rather than the problem okay correct no I am the problem not the problem is the problem because always thinking that oh this KK fellow so many assignments so many problems I think why he is troubling us he is a rain painful guy he is a true virus so all that you will say okay really you may be thinking no at least or not all few people may be thinking that so that is why those people have not come also you know this was earlier full but now this has become a voidage here okay I do not know dead space or empty space I think okay good so this is the one and now the question is if I want to make this one as now next parameter three parameter model then I have to put an exchange coefficient here right yeah so this will tell me how much of the volume is exchanged between active volume and dead space right so that equation will be much more complicated in fact my guide who retired long time back I did only my PhD here Professor Y B G Varma is one of his PhD students they have done this model for fluidized bed actually there was another parameter also called number of tanks in series see what they have done was they have done a multi stage fluidized bed where that fluidized bed will be something like this is the down comeer this is the down comeer this is the down comeer that that that three stages okay like this may be five stages they have taken okay so like this yeah and you feed here solids will go come here solids will go come here come and then you may take out here send the gas here gas comes out solids solids okay this is called multi stage fluidized bed one bed is above the other bed so you when you fluid you send the same gas so then Thomas also did similar experiments okay for drying he has used this one for drying and then the particles will start coming here this is counter current so they come here and then through the down comeer they come and this is one stage on this stage there may be bypass of the solids because in a fluidized bed the solids contacting pattern is ideal mixture flow the solids will be always in perfect mixing right so you are sending gas and gas will try to also have the bubbles and bubbles will create very good mixing between the particles okay so that is why any time when you look into fluidized bed gas solid particularly so the solids will be jumping here and there and if you put some colored sand in that or colored material then that colored material will be immediately dispersed throughout what is the meaning perfect mixing that is the meaning okay but if I have designed my distributor loosely then I may have one side fluidizing another side not fluidizing what do I create then dead space dead space and some solids may be slightly jumping here see when you are putting the solids are jumping up and down because of the bubbles like this so some particles directly may enter here because of the bubbles bursting there taking some of the particles and then directly coming through this down comeer that goes to the next stage so what are the parameters here bypass is one parameter dead space is one parameter and when they also did that experiments they put when they put the tracer actually red sand and no blue sand and white sand they mixed it mixed it means fluidizing they added blue sand under some gas flow rates this there was some cluster of blue sand sitting there and then slowly that is dissolving into the mainstream that is what is here so it goes to this one will become dead some part and then slowly this blue will go to the white white will go up the blow come to the blow and then slowly it dissolves so that means it is dead space is not really dead then it is actually exchanging the material between active zone and and then dead zone and that ratios also you have to define properly and then that means how much of material in the dead space is exchanging with the amount of material in the active zone that there is some ratio definition so that will become another parameter that will become third parameter bypass dead space exchange ratio between the dead and thing and also number of stages this is one two three four so how many parameters no four parameters that is why they had four papers in chemical engineering science okay it is not each parameter but there is a solid work right so that is why it is actually that is why when you are modeling you have to understand the system now you know in this model everything physics beautifully explain the model model beautifully explain the physics the model has come based on the physical observation observation what is happening you know you put the sand right some solids colored solids immediately short circuited or bypassed so then that means i have bypassing right then dead space i think no reactor no distributor can be perfectly designed anywhere for distributor for any system where there is a distributor because it is found that distributor has a special disease when you have the distributor particularly if the area is more then whatever velocities you send equal velocity through each and every perforation is impossible to go right so through some perforations you will have low velocity through some perforations you have high velocity because of the material moving up and down even if it is liquid if you have observed i do not know any one of you saw a distributor plate with liquid where gas is sent from the bottom like bubbling then you can see it will have waves bigger the diameter bigger the waves so whenever you have the higher wave then you know delta p across this is too much then it will not go through that it will go through the other height so there those gas there will be active because it has less resistance because liquid it is less then where is where you have more liquid more delta p gas will not go through that so that will act as so whenever you have distributor this is a automatic disease for the distributors okay so dead space is justified and the jumping of the particles to the down comer straight away bypass and then the exchange also you know between dead zone and active zone and physically i see four states are there five states are there right it is called four parameter model good next semester i can tell you fluidized bed has been modeled using six parameters also and they got wonderful results okay bypass can it be negative it is a physical quantity you should get you know at least 0.1 or above zero right even 1 percent bypass 10 percent bypass or maybe 100 percent bypass if you very nicely design nothing is going into the reactor everything is bypassing only okay that is possible but what do you mean by negative 10 percent no do not imagine how can you have negative not coming at all not coming means alpha equal to zero so that kind of stupid values people have have obtained by simply going to mat lab wow what they have done was they have that the model and then six parameters all six guesses they have given because guess unless you guess and give mat lab it cannot start correct no it is a fuse fuse is you your guess okay so i am telling fuse because i think next week you are going to again burn your money you know just like that the volley time crackers okay there also there is a fuse unless you you start fuse yeah lightning fire then otherwise you know it won't burst no same thing here mat lab cannot work unless you give the guess value they have given the guess values they got this kind of wonderful i think all volumes also dead space minus 10 how do you interpret so that kind of stupid values they got for one of the fluidized beds that i can tell you next semester okay good so this is what we mean by okay thank you avinash to ask that question because multi-parameter models i could give right so i have also Rahul you got that papers


headline news update welcome folks we have the Dow industrials finished up 17 Nasdaq down 202 S&Ps off 15 yet all the indices didn't hold price folks okay we go over to the Dow industrials first which was the strongest in to see out here Dow industrials got up to a price point today of 36,000 no 30 35,000 929 and ended up basically 290 points off of that and the X100 we take a look at well let's go to the spy first so the spy spy today got up to the broke new highs got up to a high of let's see 473 you close at 467 now the last high up here had 66 million shares you get 64 million and the X100 which was the weakest in to see all day long folks that hit a high right off the bat of 408 gave it up you get 399 that being said guess what you get volume up here man we're not done we're not done being going to tie our eyes you know with and this is like the perfect week for this too by the way you know yeah I can accuse go down and retest either the 395 or 387 which was the low that was established out it would volume yes it can but what you're going to see is that you're gonna see the aspect that the volume is gonna contract tomorrow on the next day tomorrow will be a kind of full day Wednesday the volume is gonna contract Friday's a half a day I suspect Friday they're gonna run the market and I mean run it higher folks okay they'll flip it just like that gold gold got smoked out here today that being said huge divergence and we'll see where this thing is gonna go overnight down 45 bucks in 1805 that being said you know bottom line is that the gold equities most of them have set up well a lot of them have set up small ABC structures on the way up as the dollar okay it's going after a 97 mark right now the dollar broke top side again you're at 96 519 and that's probably about the euro let's go take a look at the euro so the euro yeah the euros at its lows that's at 112 and we go take a look at the yen the yen right now this is trading I was trading up 86 ticks today that means a weaker yen it's the divergence is huge inside the metal market right now because normally what you'd have folks is that you have a higher dollar well we get a little gold price but the equities just won't back off the equities look like they're an abc structure on the way up so right I'm cowboy have a great night have a safe night folks come back and visit Tommy tomorrow morning kicks us off nine o'clock and get ready for


We are now joined by the play-by-play announcer for the Yankees AA affiliate, the Somerset Patriots, Stephen Cusumano and Stephen. Your season gets underway on Friday, so set the table for us. What prospects should we be looking out for that we may see with the big team sooner rather than later? Yeah, we've got a really exciting roster to start this year, and obviously Spencer Jones jumps right off the page, but I want to start with some pictures here with the Yankees third round pick from 2021. Lefty Brock Selvidge, who is the number 11 ranked prospect and only started nine games in Hudson Valley last year, but he's already assigned a Somerset and set to make his AA debut at some point this week. And then a few back-of-the-end believers, and Danny Watson as well as Jack Neely, who are also highly ranked prospects with really strong stuff that I think we could definitely see closing out games for the Yankees in the not-too-distant future. And then as far as position players go, Ben Rice made a huge impact for the Patriots last year at only 48 AA games. He was the Yankees minor league hitting prospect of the year, the Kevin Law and Award winner. So he's back for more, placed some catcher in first base and was just extremely impressive in every facet of the game. And then we had a gold glover at first base and T.J. Rumfield, who's back for more as well this year. And finally, you got to look at Spencer Jones. That top prospect for the Yankees outside of Jason Dominguez as one that really, again, jumps off the page. Okay, we're going to dig in on Spencer Jones. He had a terrific spring training. He hit 444. He was eight for 18. He had a home run in 13 big league games in spring, winning the James P. Dawson Award, given to the outstanding rookie in camp. So, okay, Jones, he talked about a shift in mindset that set him on the right track. What have you learned about him from being around him? Well, we got Spencer Jones for about three weeks at AA last year. And obviously he spent a little time with him in spring training this year too. And you mentioned the power numbers. You mentioned hitting for average as well, but the win that really stuck out to me when he was there in Somerset was just his athleticism. For a guy that sticks to eight at his height and his weight, he gets down the line quickly. And you're actually going to see that in the spring breakout time, I could dwell. He got looked at an infield single. He sold with 40 bases last year and then made some really nice throws in the outfield. He's just a five-tool player in every sense of the expression. And for a guy his size, the athleticism was really stuck out to me. Absolutely. And he did put on a show, didn't he? In the Yankees inaugural spring breakout game against the prospects from the Toronto Blue Jays last month. He homered twice in a 9-1 victory. You had the call of the game alongside Susan Waldman. What was that experience like for you? Yeah, it was really fun because Susan had discovered that it was coming down to spring training and he gets to those later parts of the games. And I was actually calling the big league game right before the breakout because when the minor leaguers come in, she had mentioned that these are the guys that I know very well, and had a lot of stories to tell. So had guys like Ben Rice and Max Burke in that game when I was on for the play-by-play and was able to tell some really fun stories and obviously getting to share the booth with Susan and Ricky Ricardo was extremely fun and a really great experience to just tell the stories of those guys that eventually will know their stories but I know them really well right now because we saw them in summer set recently. Great stuff. Your story terrific too. You did a great job. All the best in Friday's home opener and season opener versus the Richmond flying squirrels. That's fun in Bridgewater, New Jersey. Thank you, Stephen. Good to meet you. Thanks so much, Nancy. Great stuff.


Hey, welcome to my lunch hour, Stan, the energy man here, Stan Osman from Hawaii Center for Advanced Transportation Technologies, part of D-bed in the state of Hawaii, trying to get Hawaii moving forward in clean transportation. So thanks to my show today, that may be apparent right now, that I don't have a guest with me today. That's one of the trials and tribulations of being a host here. If you don't corral that guest real early and they panic out on you on Thursday, sometimes you have to just go in alone. But I think I have some words for you this week and I'll make this a little bit different show, different kind of show, but hang with me to the end. I'm gonna try and pull it all together for you and give you maybe something more to think about than you normally think about during your lunch hour and your work week. I'm wearing my Pearl Harbor aloha shirt this week because this was a commemoration of the 75th year since the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. And as a military guy, I tend to look at a lot of things from military lands and I also translate as an energy guy, a lot of things and transpose energy onto a lot of military activities. And that's kind of what I'm gonna do today. I wanna look at the activities that we commemorated this week, putting them in perspective, especially in terms of energy. So I'll start off by saying that, first of all, less than 10% of the American population has any military background at all. And unfortunate because I spent 35 years in the military and that's a really, really rare opportunity to spend that much time focused on the military and doing military work. So the experience that I have is actually pretty broad and pretty deep. It goes to the Pentagon, it goes to commanding units, it goes to combat operations, it goes to US Pacific Command. I've had the opportunity to do a lot of different things. And because of those things, I kind of have a pretty interesting perspective on a lot of the economic impacts and energy impacts that affect our world today. So let's look back just for a few seconds on the attack of Pearl Harbor 75 years ago. You know, the US military understood that there was a lot going on in the world. Europe was in turmoil, Hitler was pretty much rampaging through Europe, but Japan was also rampaging through Asia. They were in China, they were in Southeast Asia. They were basically trying to secure energy. That's what we talk about on the show, energy. But they also had a new piece of technology that really hadn't been exposed yet, used in combat. And that was the aircraft carrier. And the aircraft carrier uses a lot of energy, but it allowed Japan to project power a quarter of the way around the world and basically dealt a surprise to the United States military. So after that attack on Pearl Harbor, it was a pretty big shock to the US military that that much devastation can happen. And they took note of this technology. It wasn't that the US didn't have a technology, we had aircraft carriers as well. In fact, it's fortunate that that day, our aircraft carriers weren't there, they weren't in Pearl Harbor. But the Japanese needed energy. That's what they went to war about. If you look at history, you'll see that Japan attacked the United States and Pearl Harbor specifically because they needed to secure energy in the Pacific. And when we told them we wouldn't sell them any more oil and any more energy, they looked for a way to secure it in the Pacific Rim themselves by taking over island nations and nations like Indonesia and Malaysia and Brunei that have the energy resources that they could control. So that was the impetus of their attack and also the means of their attack. They had energy. They made it all the way to Hawaii. They attacked Pearl Harbor and the rest is history. But there's three aspects to their attack that basically had an effect much longer in the war to their detriment. And those three things were, first of all, that those carriers that the US did have were not in port. And so the US had the ability to project that power back to Japan a lot quicker than they anticipated. Number two, the dry docks in Pearl Harbor weren't as severely damaged as they could have been. And so therefore a lot of the damage to the ships in Pearl Harbor were repaired because the dry docks were there and the shipyard facilities were able to repair the fleet. But the most critical, absolutely the most critical factor that they ended the attack with was they never attacked their fleet's reserves of oil and their energy source. So when it came to retaliating or exporting our power, or extending our power back into the Pacific, the one thing that allowed us to do that was we had our oil and our energy here in Hawaii that we could put on the ships and project the power back into the Pacific to confront the Japanese probably much sooner than they expected. So it all focuses around energy. And it's important for us to look at history as we review the future. We all know the rest of the history of World War II, how devastating it was, how much carnage there was, how many lives were lost in both Europe and the Pacific. And we all learned the lesson that war is not the kind of thing that you wanna have going on on your planet for your civilization. And so we've tried to find ways to avoid conflict, but in reality we haven't. We still have conflicts over energy. Ever since the Industrial Revolution, we've kind of focused on oil and coal for our energy sources. And much to the dismay of many folks who are really into clean environment, we're gonna be straddled with coal and oil as energy sources for a long time to come. They're gonna be around for a while. But that's no excuse for us not to start moving away from carbon-based fuels and burning, basically burning a valuable resource. And we should be looking at the technologies that we have today to expand our economy and build a better economy and create more jobs by using the renewable energies that we have the technology to harness now and put them into play. So the one thing that really kind of hampered the assumption of these better technologies, these better energy technologies was just the lack of the ability to store energy. If you think back on some of my past shows, I've actually shown a picture of the very first Porsche that was ever made. It wasn't a gasoline-powered Porsche. It was an electric Porsche. So why is it that so many of the electric cars that started the transportation sector just fell by the wayside and we ended up with internal combustion engines that use gasoline or alcohol or diesel? And the answer is energy storage, clean energy storage. Battery technology back at the turn of the century in the turn of the 20th century just was not technologically advanced enough to store electric energy and give you the transportation range or speed that people demanded. I mean, you could literally in those days drive a horse and buggy farther and faster than you could in an electric car. So what was the advantage of an electric car even though it was very powerful and could have had energy go much further and much faster. It couldn't compete with a horse and buggy but an internal combustion could even with less efficiency because you could store energy and you could store it and transport it easily if you stored it in gasoline or diesel. So that's where the problem came in. We didn't have a way to store energy efficiently but we do today. We have batteries today and there are battery vehicles that are very efficient and very good. Some have safety issues with flammability. We have to worry about the cleanliness of the mining operations and the assembly operations and the disposal operations. But that's where we've talked in the past about cradle to grave considerations for different technologies. But if we really, really want to we will overcome those challenges with batteries but there's other ways to do it as well. So let's talk a little bit about energy as a threat again. I said before that energy is still a threat in our theater, in our Pacific theater specifically and also in the Middle East as you see on the news. I think if you ask Admiral Harris, the commander of US Paycom about the things that keep him up at night near the top of that list will be some of the issues going on every day and you'll see him in the newspaper if you look on the Spratly Islands and what China calls the South China Sea I'll let you know that the rest of Southeast Asia calls it the East Sea because they don't even want to give China credit for being in that sea, let alone naming it after them. So if you look at the tensions between Taiwan and China, Vietnam and China, the Philippines and China, Japan and China, they all center around energy and they all center around oil energy and you go why is that? Well, these little islands, China doesn't want them because they're a tactical location that they need to do some military operation. When you have a piece of territory in the middle of the ocean and you can claim it as yours, you own a 200 mile economic zone around that island that gives you access to the resources there and the resources they want are oil. So all the countries in that nation are looking at the oil reserves in that region and in that 200 mile zone and they all want it. They all want it because they all need energy. So one of the biggest threats to security in the whole Pacific Rim is due to energy and it's the energy surrounding those islands. So that's one of the big things that I'd like to focus on today. If we really want to get past the threat of war around the world, but particularly in this theater and not repeat the problems that we had in World War II with Japan attacking us for lack of energy, then let's start looking at better ways to do our energy. We're coming up quickly on a break here. I'd like to take a quick break and we'll be back in a couple seconds and advance this thought a little bit further. You're watching Think Tech Hawaii exploring the world we live in, recognizing the changes around us and looking into the future of our lives together in these islands. Great content for Hawaii from Think Tech. Hi, I'm Jay Fidel. That's Ted Ralston. You know, Ted is the host of Where the Road Leads. It shows every Friday from 4 to 5 p.m. It's about technology. It's about how people collaborating and solve problems with modern technology. It's where the road leads. We all know that. We should all be listening. Join us there, 4 to 5 p.m. every Friday. Now, what about that do you agree with? All of it. I knew we'd say that, Aloha. Say Aloha. Aloha. Good. Hello, and Aloha. My name is Raya Salter, and I am the host of Power of Hawaii, where Hawaii comes together to figure out how we're going to work towards a clean and renewable energy future. We have exciting conversations with all kinds of stakeholders, everyone who needs to come together to talk about renewable energy, be they engineers, advocates, lawyers, utility executives, musicians or artists to see how we can come together to make a renewable future. Tuesdays at 1 p.m. Hey, welcome back to Stand the Energy Man here on Friday. Two days after the commemoration of the attack on Pearl Harbor here in Hawaii. Back when Hawaii was a territory. So as we learn through history, and just a quick recap, there's a lot that revolves around energy today, and a lot of threats that still exist as we, I wouldn't want to say fight over energy, but try and stake claims to territories and land masses and undersea masses that have oil, the kind of energy that we tend to use most of today. But why do we do that? We talked a little bit before the break about using battery technology and maybe why it wasn't used initially, but the technologies come a long ways. Why are we still stuck using oil and internal combustion engines that are so inefficient when we have so many other choices? But today, I think presents an opportunity, especially right now with the change of administrations in the United States. If we take advantage of the opportunities we have for growth and more jobs and things like that, then we could take advantage of a shift in our energy policies and then be a shift away from oil and away from coal. Not that we would stop using oil and coal. Trust me, those are gonna be used for many years to come. There's no threat to coal miners. There's no threat to oil rigors. There's gonna be a need for oil and there's gonna be a need for coal for a long time to come. But we shouldn't be burning the coal and we shouldn't be burning the oil. We should be using those assets for other durable goods and things that we need and we should start looking at shifting our transportation sector and much of our grid sector to renewable energy, better energy storage, and cleaner energy. You know, there's not a country on this planet that lacks sunlight. I mean, you may have some cloudy days and you may have some cold climates that in their winter are dark all night and dark all day, like in Alaska in the wintertime. You don't get much sunlight, but where you don't have sunlight, you usually have wind. And in many places, you have water. You have water flowing freely and you don't have to build a dam nowadays to collect the energy from moving water. You can actually put turbines inside a stream and the fish can swim right by the turbines and still generate electricity without having to damage the environment. So why don't we start by building infrastructure in the United States and take the lead and start building an economy and building jobs, doing things with renewable energy to move ourselves forward. Now here in Hawaii, we have a unique opportunity. We have the opportunity to get off of imported fossil fuel, but many places on the mainland US, they already have hydroelectric power. They already have Texas, I believe, has 20% of their power generated by wind. Let's keep expanding those things and let's save the oil and the coal that we do harvest out of our terrestrial resources and do something else with them for manufacturing and control that. Because actually every country in today's time and with today's technology can produce their own energy off of sunlight, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric. There are so many ways, so many renewable ways to make electricity that virtually every country on the earth and every island nation in the Pacific can make their own energy, store it and use it. And if you could do that, you wouldn't have the Spratly Island disputes in the South China Sea. You wouldn't have people in the Middle East fighting over oil. You wouldn't have terrorists using oil revenues to support their operations. You would be creating more vivid economies and more thriving economies and better societies if we tried to move ourselves away from oil dependency and more to oil independent and renewable dependency where everybody has a stake in that game. The sunlight and the wind, hydroelectric, they don't have borders. You could find streams that run certain times of the year, but for the most part, there's no borders. There's certainly no borders in my favorite area, which is hydrogen. Every country has hydrogen. And if you could perform the storage with hydrogen, there's no reason that you couldn't be totally renewable in any country on the space of this earth. And maybe that should be our goal. I read a lot of books on energy and one of the books I read was called Lives Per Gallon. In that book, there's actually a quote that I've heard paraphrased several times and I don't have a quote written down, so I'll be paraphrasing it. But it basically says that we're gonna be on oil for a long time, but we didn't move out of the stone age because we ran out of stones and we're not gonna run out of oils. So we shouldn't just hesitate from moving out of the oil age just because we think we're gonna run out of oil. Let's move forward with the technology we have, the clean technology, and make this planet a better place to live and make our economies better by moving out of the oil dependency mode now and start looking at renewable energy. So let's talk a little bit about what we're trying to do now to get people to move that way.  It doesn't matter.  Climate changes, whether it's man made or not. So let's skip that argument altogether, quit trying to force people to do things with carbon credits and everything else and just commit ourselves to an economic move forward to change into a cleaner and better economy using renewable energy. That should be our impetus, not threatening people with ice caps going away and glaciers melting. That may or may not happen no matter what we do, particularly what we do in America because America has very little impact on the overall global climate compared to other bigger industrial countries coming up like India, China, many, many other countries. But we should lead the way. America should lead the way in clean energy and if we wanna really take a leadership role on this planet, which I think we should, we should be leading the way to clean energy. Not because we can't make our own oil and coal and find our own energy here, but because it's the right thing to do and it's economically the right thing to do to generate our better economy more jobs by going with clean energy. So maybe we should look at back at history and take seriously the lessons that we learned in World War II. And really it's hard for us, especially the average American nowadays, to really understand war and what it's like. It's not as hard for a military person who's been there or who works with it or who studies it pretty heavily. But war is not something that generals like to do and war is not something that's good for any country or any economy.  That's not good for any economy. So why don't we try and avoid the threat of war by looking at a better way to run our energy? And as a military guy, you know, I take great pride in the fact that, you know, we endeavor to avoid war at every cost. War is not good for the folks in the military, by the way, in case you haven't noticed. It's kind of hazardous. Takes you away from your family for a long time. Not something that military folks like to do, but military people don't go to war because they feel like it.  So our political leaders need to have the fortitude to build a strong military for the United States so that we have the force there to uphold and defend ourselves and not be taken lightly. But that doesn't mean we have to use it. And if we're going to use it, we should use it deliberately and with great purpose to an end and finish what we start. But we shouldn't have to go there. There's really no need for us to go there anymore. But let's build a strong economy, build a strong military, build a strong renewable portfolio and renewable energy storage portfolio that's clean and transportable and helps our economy. Let's build that for the future generations. Let's build that to do our part for a cleaner environment and for climate change in case we do have an impact of some kind. Just make the change and lead the way. I think America was made to lead the way. And I think America has made a huge impact on our world in both World Wars, certainly, in technology revolutions, of course. And I would say, even in industrial and capital expansion and growth, other countries look at the United States and they may give us a hard time. But they're looking at us and really admiring us that we can change in administration the way we recently did during this last election and not have a bloody coup or not have people so distraught that we can't function. And I think that's an amazing thing about America. It's a resilient country. It's got great founding principles. It treats individuals equally under the law. That's the critical part. We're individuals created equally under the law. The law treats everybody whether you're poor or rich the same or that should treat everybody under the law the same. And we should honor that and we should remember that, especially on weeks like this, and start looking at how we can contribute. So let's go forward. Let's look to the future. Let's look to using our clean energy resources, our sunlight, our wind, our hydro. Let's store in batteries the best we can, improve our batteries. Let's store in hydrogen. Let's start converting to cleaner transportation, cleaner electronic grids, learn to complement with energy storage on the grid that can help grid independence and grid stabilization, absorb more of the renewable energy that we have available to us right now. Let's help build our economy, build it back, and let's lead the nation and lead the world in clean energy. I'm gonna wrap it up a little bit short here and I'm gonna call it off because I think you're probably looking at me like, where's this guy going? But I really sincerely mean, there's a lot we should be doing, could be doing and I think the United States should be taking the moral high ground and leading the clean energy revolution in this country and in this world and pushing us forward in clean energy. As the reminders of this week have left us, alternative is just not acceptable. Our militaries today are so capable, I don't think we could go through another full blown war and I think everyone recognized that. So let's take the initiative to clean everything up. Thanks for being with us today. I'll see you next week and next week we actually have a really great guest coming to us from California to talk about what California's doing to take those steps to clean up their environment and clean up and go with more renewable energy in their transportation sector and in their grids. So until next week, Stout Energy Man signing off.


Hey everyone! In this video, we're going to show you exactly how to draw the map from the Design Sprint in extreme detail. The video you're about to see is one small part of our Design Sprint online course, where we go into crazy detail on exactly how to run and sell Design Sprints. So, really hope you enjoy it. If you want to know more about the Design Sprint online course, down below there's a one and a half hour free web class where you can learn a lot more about Design Sprint and a lot more about the online course. If you've any questions about the map or the Design Sprint process or what other videos you'd like to see, just let us know down below in the comments. I hope you enjoy this. We've spent the first morning of the first day of the sprint really hearing about all the different kinds of problems and focusing on the problems that we really want to try and tackle in the sprint. And now we're going to really find a particular area of the product to actually focus on and think might solve some of those problems. And that's done in the map and the target. And there's an update as well here in the Design Sprint 2.0. In the original book, a lot of focus and a lot of time was given to drawing the map with the group. And what we found after doing hundreds of sprints was that the more time we gave to the map didn't necessarily lead to a better outcome. And all the map is really for is finding that target area that we want to focus on and aligning the group so we all have the same picture in our minds when we're talking about the product or the system that we're working with. So we've really reduced the time given to the map to somewhere between 25 to 45 minutes instead of really half a day. So that's the main difference with the map but I'll still go through the actual process with you now. So the map can really be something as simple as this like really just showing the steps a user goes through or the process flow of a product really just so that everyone can see the main steps that happen not to really get into the granular details. So this is a nice example of a super simple map. So the exercise is generally pretty simple but it can be really tricky for you as a facilitator to actually do so I'm going to give you a few extra tips as well. But the general exercise is that you start with the marker in your hand, write the actors on the left, the users, the people who interact with the system, the objective of the users on the right. So what's the end of their journey? What are the things that they need to do and then complete that journey through your product or service and then fill in the actual steps in between. So how do they discover your service? How do they learn more about it? And what are the steps involved with actually using the service and really try and do this just in the time frame that you've decided. So we've got suggestions for you in our facilitators. Check this that you have as part of this master class, but you can also adjust the time if it's a simpler service and you think you can do it in shorter time. Try giving it a shorter time and seeing if you can get it finished and really just trying to do all of this in the time it's given. Otherwise you can find that you just go into too much extra detail if you give it more and more time and it's not actually ending up being useful. So let's look at how this actually applies in our example in Jake's Magic Laundry Service. So we start by writing the actors on the left. In this example we've got the customers who need to get their laundry done and us as a company, so Jake's Magic Laundry Service, Jake's Delivery Drivers, so us on the other side. And this could be, you could have more actors than this but it's often best to try and start as simply as possible. And then the objectives, so for Jake's Magic Laundry Service the objective of the customer is to end up with their clothes delivered back to them clean, so they have clean clothes. Really as simple as this, as simple as you can make this it will be just easier for you as a facilitator and for your whole team in the long run. Then it really helps to fill in what happens in between if you write these headings. Discover, learn and use. Really then help you just fill out those things in between. And in Jake's Laundry Service you as a facilitator then would be standing at the board and really starting to put some suggestions down to really help people keep moving. Your job as a facilitator in the whole sprint is to keep people moving and get people to actually bring out the problems and solutions and thoughts themselves. But you can start this off and it's a really great example of how to do this in the map if you start and it's always just a suggestion, a starting point people can then say yep that's right or no it doesn't actually happen that way it happens like this so you starting it off really encourages people to contribute rather than just leaving a blank whiteboard and asking people to tell you what you should write on there it's really great to just start things off. So in Jake's Magic Laundry Service maybe we also have how do people learn more about us there's a marketing page then what do people do how do they actually use it so the customer needs to choose a time that they want you to come pick up their laundry then they need to hand the clothes over then it actually gets taken away and washed but maybe then we realise while we're writing this that maybe before that the actual service has maybe we need to make a decision about who picks up the laundry so you can really just start writing and then rubbing out and filling in and adding things as you go just try and keep writing keep that flow and then maybe the clothes after this dropped off back to the customer and then the customer has clean clothes now there might actually be a lot of other small things that are going on in here like the user maybe actually does need to choose what kinds of things they need to get washed but this is not these little extra levels of detail in all of these actions aren't necessary details so you really just need to see the main flow because the whole point of drawing this map is just to choose where the problem areas are where is that areas that we really want to focus on so we can come up with a solution of a particular part of the system then you'll go back to the how might we questions and these were really the most important challenge areas that we wanted to try and solve this was discovered right at the very beginning of the day what are the most important things what things would have the most impact if we can really try and solve these areas and this is how we choose the target area on the map so we go back to the how might we questions and you as a facilitator will start with the top one the one with the most dots or the one on the top left and start to try and place them one at a time onto the map and decide really as a group then but you as a facilitator guiding like do you think maybe it goes in this stage or in this stage or in this step and then the group especially the experts and the decider can help you figure out really what part of the map it should go on and sometimes there are decisions about well it could go in right at the beginning of the journey or it could go actually right at the end is it more about how people learn what the service does or how they actually use the service that's a tricky thing to do but if in doubt your guidance here as a facilitator is if there's two spots where it could go try placing it further to the left further upstream because usually if you find the target area and really choose a target area of trying to solve the problems earlier in the user's journey then it'll probably have a flow and effect and fix the problems further down in the journey as well so going further to the left is usually the best choice so once placing each how might we want at a time you start to see where those most important problem areas and challenge areas where what places they fit in in the whole system in the whole product in the user and how they use your product so you're really starting to see where those problem areas are and if we look at Jake's Magic Laundry Service quickly again we look at some of the how-might ways that came up there how might we deal with people who are not home at time of pickup to maybe belong in the pickup and wash area so we've just got this high level of steps we can really quickly figure out where that roughly belongs how might we statement how might we let people know that we don't only do shirts this one seems to be out really letting people know and where they find out what the service does so maybe it belongs here more in the learning marketing page area so this is really roughly how that works and you really shouldn't take more time than that just 30 seconds per post-it note to just figure out where it's placed the whole purpose of the map is really all about picking that target area and it's just to find a place a particular part of our product or part of the user interaction that we can focus on when we start to come up with solution ideas so it's really just about making sure that we're all creating solutions that are focused on one area we're all going in that same direction placing the how-might ways really just helps us, it helps us make it easier for us to identify that target area so this is a few exercises really always coming back to early exercises that we did, this is an example of that where we're using something that came out and was exposed earlier in the sprint and we're using it to help us to make a choice about how to focus so to actually select the target the facilitator you will take the marker again the marker is really good just so we can clearly see it later on and decide together without as little discussion as possible what would be a good place to focus on, to come up with solutions to really test out if a solution could work and the same thing applies here about going further to the left so when you're choosing this target area even if there's two kind of areas with a lot of the problems have kind of been clustered usually if you solve a problem further up the line it really usually solves the problem further down as well so it's usually better to go further left so focus on where the how might we problem statements have landed don't discuss too long and if in doubt go further to the left and try and get as narrow a target area as you don't want to be circling half your map you want to be circling a particular area that you can focus on so for Jake's Magic Laundry Service even though there are a few two different areas where most of the challenges fell circling the discovery and learning part of the map was where we could try and solve the problems that might then flow on to solve problems further down the line a great facilitation tip for you especially for the map but actually for a lot of other exercises too is that the map doesn't need to be perfect or even correct and this isn't just good for you to know but you need to tell your team this before you start the map as you're actually creating and drawing the map and keep repeating this a few times because you will see when you're actually doing this that it's very very easy for people to get hung up on wanting to get every tiny detail perfect and making sure that we have everything in the right order and maybe this is connected to that so we need to add in six more steps here really continually reminding people while they're doing it and telling them before that this is going to feel like we didn't quite finish it we really don't need to make this perfect we're just going to do as much as we can in a certain amount of time and it will be enough we just need a high level picture a high level understanding of the whole system so really telling this to your team makes the whole thing go a lot smoother and removes that feeling of stress that people can get when they feel like they've run out of time and they haven't got everything down that they wanted to get down and there might be something missing so now we've just actually completed the first half of the first day and this is where we would normally have a lunch break when we're running our sprints ourselves and we're going to be moving on in the afternoon to already start thinking about producing solutions based on our understanding of the problems we've had now so congratulations for finishing the first half of the first day of the sprint okay I hope you enjoyed that video I hope it gave you everything you need to know about creating the design sprint map and like I said down below there's a link to a one and a half hour web class you can go deeper and deeper into the design sprint process and also we'll talk to you a little bit more about the design sprint online course you know when I say talk to you it's going to be about trying to tell you that you should buy it that's what these web classes are but hopefully there's enough free stuff on our YouTube channel for you not to feel annoyed about that so thanks so much for watching and have a great day


Or it's the thing, Cole, you can't keep Happy Corbin down, he just keeps on smoldering. But if you're talking about winning the match, you'll have to survive Corbin's top-level striking skills, and find your own openings to what the heck that's not supposed to happen. Of course it's not Cole, that's what makes it so effective. Face Buster plants him, expecting that from him at this point.


Well, everybody here, and everybody wherever you are in the world watching this, welcome to Cloud Native Wasm Day here at KubeCon in Los Angeles in 2021, and it's amazing to be here. Yeah. So, I'm Ralph Scolaccia, I'm going to kick this day off, all right? We're going to talk about a few things very quickly. I'm not going to speak for very long because I want to make sure that we get a chance to go straight into all the great presentations. But I do want to set out a few, not just rules, but really an understanding of what we're going to try and do here today. So for everybody, whether you're here or whether you're there, I want to thank you for all, all for coming, making this a great presentation. The one thing that's important is no matter where you are, we follow the code of conduct here at KubeCon and it's a great thing, and it basically means we treat people as humans because that's what everybody deserves to be treated like. So that's important when you do do that, and that's true for online or in person. But those who are not here, if you're watching this, you're already logged into the meeting play environment, which is great. For those who are here, you're going to end up, for the virtual presentations logging in to the meeting play environment, we'll make sure that questions from both areas of existence are passed to the others. So we have moderators taking care of all that. I do want to say that during the virtual presentations, if somebody is asking a question of the virtual presenter and they're not available during the presentation, go ahead and move to the cloud native Slack that's set up for today. You can do that. That's the entire community for this day is there. You can ask your question there. The presenter will arrive whenever they get a chance to arrive. And so that's a great place to make sure that we continue to share information all throughout the day and throughout the week. Finally, I do want to thank all the sponsors, the LF, the CNCF. But most importantly, the people that you don't know that you see if you're here, all the people taking care of the health checks, the streaming help, the AV help, and security of the entire facility. I want to thank everybody for that as well. So let's start. I want to give you a couple of very quick framing ideas to think about here because this is a very interesting place. So if we move over, the first one is that this ecosystem is wide open. This is a great place to talk about a fantastic bit of engineering that can bring cloud native work. And by that we mean API driven, automated scale out engineering in an iterative fashion in some very abstract way, but we all have details about how that's implemented. We can bring that to a vastly broader array of scenarios than simply hyperscale cloud, the big clouds that do this work and big containers and big machines. First and foremost, it's important to understand that we're at the very beginning of this. The technologies exist, but the ecosystem and tools to bring the same talented things we've developed with containers, with Kubernetes, it doesn't exist yet in the WebAssembly space and that means the world is wide open here. All of the knowledge, all of the practices, the monitoring, observability, security policy, everything we've done with containers and Kubernetes and so forth, we need to do with WebAssembly. There is no standard there, although there are beginning to be tools up here that help us make use of things that we already use, OCI registries and various other things. So it's very important that you bring your knowledge to WebAssembly. I probably popped something there. So you are the future and your knowledge here is what's going to build this ecosystem in a cloud native way and for everyone. Now WebAssembly has, of course, a couple of features that make it very powerful and you're going to hear a lot about that today. So for example, there's the default security stance. It's no trust by default and it's a binary format so it doesn't bring along in the environment any number of CVEs that might appear in the future accidentally. Those kinds of constrictions in the security stance are very important. It also brings its portability but across languages but also environments like operating systems and chip architectures and things like that. So that's a critical thing. And you're also going to hear a lot about its disk, network, and run time size which operates at a very different scale than containers have. Although containers are very, very flexible, very hard to bring them down to the size of things that WebAssembly, which was born in the browser and on the Internet, takes for granted those kinds of sizes. So we're going to hear a lot about these and I want you to investigate them all because the ecosystem is wide open. But I do want to mention that last one, right? The small size of run times and modules. In particular, I want to point out that some of these things that seem like we hear about them all the time, hyperscale cloud or edge, let's use the word edge. You're going to hear the word edge a few times today, right? But just because you hear it does not mean that the WebAssembly is only for the edge you think you know about now. Because when we talk about edge, those are marketing words, they're abstract, they're meant to be flexible, and yet we end up with a very concrete idea of what we think that really is, right? But to give you some sense of historical context, there was a time when mainframes were the edge, that that's where you did your computing, you delivered your code to a mainframe, the computer did not come to you, right? And when PCs came along, they were not initially considered a threat to compute. Compute was a mainframe. So the historical evolution of even something like edge makes it very, very clear that compute is going to continue to go where it wishes to go because the technologies enable it. So mainframes were the edge. That's some edge. So very soon, if not already, there will be no clean edge. Again, to take that word as a statement that has meaning to us, there will be no clean edge. We'll have gradients of compute. So we are not here just to do edge work, and we are not here just to do cloud work because it turns out they're going to end up being the same or a gradient of change. My co-presenter here today, Liam Randall of Cosmonic, he'll come on in a little bit. Just published a great article, and I've got a little QR code, so if you're able to shoot the QR code on meeting play, there's a great article that he wrote on Newstack recently, and he mentions this predicted figure of 50 billion edge computers, chips, by 2030, 50 billion. Now, in my opinion, this is likely a radical undercount, right? But if imagine that we can use the skills we have now to create an open source cloud native abstraction layer for even half of those devices. I mean, I'm not greedy. 25 billion, 30 billion, I'm good with that, right? Now, that is not an edge. That is a new cloud. And the techniques and the skills that we have learned in that new world will be directly applicable. You will redefine those marketing terms. They will not be given to us. If you were in that world, you're going to make that edge into a new cloud. Now, if I can click the button, there is a caveat to all of this, right? It's easy to think that there are, especially when people put up a large number of dollars to sponsor and so forth. There are mega corporations and so forth. There are very powerful governments and so forth. But it is impossible for any entities to build this on their own. Everything here depends on the talent of all of us to put this together, right? We are all on the same team. We just work for different people. Kelsey has always been right, and we need to do that again. So I want to leave you here with that. I want to thank you for being here, whether you're here in person or watching this on one of those small things, right? Either way, you're welcome and you're here for a treat today. And so with that, I'm going to hand off to Liam. Let's do this. Thanks very much.