We are about to get into that segment where we invite our guests on the show. Like we say, it could be an artist. People who are doing extraordinary things in the music industry, in the art industry. In the entertainment industry at large.  Maybe you're... We don't discriminate. Whatever art it is that you process, you're very much welcome internally. The last two artists to make a particular letter, kuli kwa na ma piano, kuli kwa na gina likuja tu kanrap. But today's artist, he... Hey! I don't want to over to understand him.  Because he got me a little bit emotional when I first saw it.  Seizing this moment is all I have been waiting for all my life. I have been patient. I have fought. Bled. And learned how to keep going. Even when I want to stop. I am taking you on a journey. A space. Another dimension. We are changing. Oh wow, the journey of love, he called it. Ladies and gentlemen, allow me to welcome two great, talented artists, ochiko and modest. Karibunisana tanokali. Uwe, thank you so much. Namu kumkoso chillis.  We have modest here. We have to maintain. We have to maintain. Karibunisana. I like how you guys are cozy. And this is basically your home be as comfortable as you can. Kwa nyimbani. Kwa nyimbani. Kabisa, kabisa. Wasani. Shazwa, lights, cameras. Uksama action. We're ready. We're ready. So I feel as though I didn't do any single amount of justice to your introductions. So I'd like you to introduce yourself, and then you can open the floor to modest. Modest. I'm a singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, graphics designer. Your guest for today. My name is Ochiko. My name is Modest Chabari. I call myself a creative because so much I do. I produce music, I sing, I write. I do music for film as well. I play guitar, I play keys. But I can't like look it into so many things. I'd rather say I'm a creative. So Modest is your role? Yes. Majina Kamilu kwa ID. Modest. Really? The folk are to know him. Does it process? Does the name precede him? Is it? Ah, you will hate him.  I'm generally very happy to have you guys. Thank you. So, first of all, you want to talk a bit about that clip. You titled the journey of love. What did you try? I just want to keep my job here guys. I just want to keep my job. I think... Drumrolls. Worth Hera. And I'm going to tell you. So I'm going to tell you. Like for someone who doesn't speak Dolo. I speak Dolo. Is it correct? Please, I'm going to tell you. Worth Hera. Worth Hera. So it doesn't mean the journey of love. Yes, it does mean the journey of love. So Safaia Mapenzi. This is basically your EP. So there's a date there on the 20th of September. So, so far, we've been talking about Modest. Because it's dream. Why not? Why not? I don't know. I didn't say it. So, from the clip we were saying a couple of things. Like to make one like... Before calligraphals, I was in Sabuni. I was in Sabuni. You were in Guwapa. I was in Sabuni in Guwapa. So I went there. Imperial Lever. How did she put it? So basically, how did you know where your music journey started? For you to be here where you are. You're releasing an EP. You already have so many other songs out as well. We'll see you perform live in so many different places. Where exactly did Uchiko start from? At what point did you realise, you know what, I think I want to take this music thing seriously? If I was opposed to say that I was born a singer, I would be like, I started singing in 2014. Right. But before that, and I think a little bit after that, someone told me I could sing and I started doing it. What did you mean someone told you? I was auditioning for a poet to something audition and then someone told me, actually Baluziki told me, Yuga you can sing. How did you take that? Did you actually take it to as you were like, Like blah. Like ah and he chose it. And then from that, what is it that developed out of it? Oh my gosh, I'm good at this. Because the moments that followed after that, I got that same affirmation over and over again. Because now after that I got a little bit confident. Now when I'm doing a poetry piece, I want to add a chorus. And then guys hear that and then, that chorus, that chorus. So yeah, the confidence is calm. And here we are. So I'll inform you more this as well, because you said you're an all-rounded creative. Was it the same thing? No, it's my experience in high school. I remember very well the first time when I joined high school, me liwananga a grand piano. Now this is something that I used to see in movies. And now I get curious, like what do I need to do to play these things? So I need to do music. So I enrolled for the music classes. And then one time, when I was practicing the piano, kumbuka my teacher taught me how to play the piano. I think you can actually sing. So try and sing. Whenever what on your school and them, you're there leading.  Because also now from high school, I formed a whole acapella group that then were able to make money. So you make money from high school through music. So I knew, ah, ah, this is it. I need to do this now. So just deal into your individual personal journeys before you guys meet. You've discovered, okay, I can increase my poetry some music. And then you start, how did you start growing your network? So you're like, ah, let me go. Did you knock doors on studios? High school did that thing for me. When I joined, not when I joined, that high school moment, I met a couple of guys.  No. They know. They know. But when I know Miskia, you could be next. So I had high school. Over that time, I met a couple of people who really did a lot to make sure that they fine-tuned the skill. I got into a band. We formed a band called Acoustics. High school boys. We performed in campuses, man. It was amazing. But that's where the fine-tuning really happened. So yeah. And then after high school, did you think, okay, that's when you took us fulani, then I do music on the side or you were like, this is my it and I'm going with it.  Outside but truly sumo. So we, after high school, I really, really started performing. I started playing guitar because there's always been that influence from my dad. My dad was also a singer. But now after high school, I really, really got invested. Performing, learning how to write better. So yeah. And then we were first to the session after high school. How was that experience? Did you pitch to random people you know what I was going to go and give it my best? Oh my God. First studio session was a song we were doing called Kenya Nyamungu as a band. No, no, no, this is just, you see that that guy who told me I could sing. Years later, years later we met. And then they were like, we're doing this song, come. Then we got into studio and we did the song. I can't remember the name of the producer. He's big right now but I can't remember the name. So we got in there, guys were amazing singers. And I was just, you know. Come, come. He's a baridi. He's a baridi. When you were in high school, you were in a studio. That was my house. Was it like some sort of choir that you were supposed to join or like BGVs. BGVs. Please educate me on that. background vocals. BGVs. I actually had a verse. Actually had a verse. And I think the verse was dope. Did you write this? Yeah, I've always been a writer. Even before. So actually did a verse and it was fire to people then. I think it still is fire right now. Yeah. So you wrote the verse, you performed it? I wrote it, performed it to them. They were like, this is bomb. You called it. So for you, this is after high school you realized you in high school you realized you can do So kunaile stafia jack of all trades. Did you ever have such a thing within your creative career? Let me just find this one thing and maybe stick to it. How I actually found myself into production. I didn't know I wanted to be a music producer. I knew I just wanted to be a singer and that's it. The first song I took it to a certain producer who I remember when I sang the song to him I've never seen someone just cringe so much that he called like and then at that time while I was in that studio there was a couple of other artists now proper seasoned artists so I remember he just said I don't think you can do this thing so just go home take your money and then look for me 5 years later. It's not even worth it. How did you turn on? My friend I was like you know what I'm going to learn this thing. I'm going to learn it and then I'm going to do it for myself because now I didn't have at that time my confidence was who out so now that's how I found myself into production when I started producing songs for other people and then now 4 years later is when I started also doing my own songs and now it's been like a whole journey that I thought to kyogele asaia I told him I said I want to get into how and how the both of you came together which year did you meet? Have you guys met when you established Mali in your careers or like you always were in each other's lives you just didn't think too at what point did you meet and then now we can talk about the birth of your EP and you guys now working together It was a very funny story because so there's another producer of mine called Jamie so Jamie works with and I work with Jamie so Jamie sometimes sends me a song to work on and I didn't know at that time it was a tri song so I'm working on the song and then we met in 2020 oh wait no no no after I released a song of mine I did with brandy minor I saw someone follow me I was like when someone closed the school to talk then I just DMed him I was like yo I think we can work together let me send you a couple of tracks and then you know we see what you can do so I sent him a track when he sent back the vocals I was like I've heard this voice before so that's when I realized that the song that I worked on way before I met him was his and now from there now he's just been holding you over that sounds like fate sounds like unbelievable that we just randomly met him there so if I ask is that song part of the EP or that was something totally different let him answer that one the first song we did with him is not part of the EP but it's coming this next year I'm a coach you're not playing with anyone we love it okay so now like he said mumskiya you're like okay let's make some magic work you do that song you release it or Badoiko Mahali it's in the archive it's in the archive it's coming it's big that's why it's taking the slow I won't even ask about it hopefully you'll do me the honor of coming back here and performing it say no more it will premiere here it will premiere here wow I will hold it so now tell me briefly about your EP you've done that if you approach how did you make how did you guys match together I used to stay in Mumbasa so I moved back and I really need to get someone who I can back with when I'm now in Nairobi full time and we had already worked together before so that he was always in my mind like I need to work with this guy I went to his place I didn't even pitch him the EP I think I pitched him other songs and he was like wish he was here we did them but they were not yet there and then character development happened ya usani ya maisha streets karibu Nairobi insani kwa ni wale wulukom za kani me kujen Nairobi so that happened and that sparked is it something that you're comfortable giving a brief on and also did it influence the I was doing somewhere where you talked about I can't even say, is it regerzi or how do you say that word you went through her re-word and those people know that because I was like our people are over our kids it's just a buji name for character development nothing so what could you maybe touch in terms of sharing it briefly and height influences I felt enough I thought I was enough but Nairobi inani jipata na jipenda jipata na jipenda ni wata nileshipa alone I was in the nileshipa alone nili o nyeshwa nikambiwa karibu Nairobi sit down mamba apuani mamba apuani kupaka temtoto yeah waaay but so after that Holo current it's just as guys we don't really get to talk about a lot of things that we go through so a lot of things that I had put on the side now came to even things which were not related to this I was like ah this is the time in 2020 I was in Nmbil kwa last year I was in Nmbil kwa kwa kwa so so that sparks a whole series of emotions and I'm constantly writing like 2-3 songs a day I'm sending to my people and they're like are you okay cause you're not talking to us are you okay do we need to come and talk to you you know and I was writing like 2-3 songs every day now I just book it down to a few songs went to modest like what and he's like yes so so so so I can also mend my trauma let's trauma bond let's trauma bond let's heal so yeah so I told him about it and then this whole project is executive produced by Kamungi original so we came together with Kamungi original just sat down visualized the whole project how we want it and just got into work because maybe subconsciously they were all relating so Kamungi original is that a production house for this and may not know Kamungi original is a production house across from photo, video and audio yeah yeah yeah so that's Kamungi original and modest because they come together they are making magic happen making magic happen so in this EP how many songs are we expected to hear from are we sing any collaborations there are 4 songs of the EP there is one collaboration yeah yeah yeah are you willing to sell us who's on that yeah yeah the track list is out so oh really perfect because I was like so I was like let me not fangal let me not take away the movement so who's this artist that we expect top tier singer songwriter oh wow the boys are about to kill you it is your time to kill hand kachif tissue oh we love it so amongst them would you say your favourite one that just hits the one you say when it came out it slaps different every day either of these songs depending on how you're feeling that day each one slaps very hard but you know I'm a parent now so I can't choose my kids right you do what you gotta do on the 20th I will but that's how many days from now we have 4 days left so in these 4 days are we waiting for it to keep releasing snippets or just a little bit of something Viboku or Daily now and Tuesday you guys are not sleeping wow I will love it I just want to know there's a lot of artists out there who feel as though they have there's something in them that they want to release and they're looking for platforms or people such as Modest would you maybe tell us some of the things you learnt when you're going to that journey of discovering yourself your artistry what you wanna give back to the audience and them coming in contact with producers such as Modest what I can tell to this artist who is kidogo scared is release this music Iyom Zikimbayaflani Nyonona is not yet the perfect sound release it someone will listen to it, someone who knows or someone who will hear the potential because the people who can hear a bad sound but socially a bad artist sound is just not refined yet but the people out here who know what to do with an artist who is not yet there people like I'm an original Modest the moment you just keep on putting your work out there because if I was not putting out work me and Modest will never have met he would never have had my sound because I'm not doing anything so how was he supposed to know whether I'm a good artist or not so Modest for you as a producer there's a certain that artists kuna bitu wato ambiangu as an artist at the end of the day it's the music business there are certain things you have to get yourself ready for how best would you tell them to package themselves like what should they have ready what should they you know get by the time they are coming to a producer what are some of the things they need to have at least put together I think the one thing that I've gotten over a couple of years is you need to be committed committed to ensure that when you start this journey you don't stop because it's a very niabot momentum you get momentum over time so if you start now and then you break so you really need to be ready for the momentum and that's usually where now the hard work is because you have to go through all the terrible songs terrible recording sessions no views, no nothing before now people start understanding what you have because you know now for the consumer they have so much to listen to their listening to so you can't expect that you release one song and all of a sudden you're at that level one hit one you just need to be committed so it's not always glitz and glam no, no it's a lot of work we've fought this kind of studio so many times for this EP to just come out the way it is that's not a preganeki logo alright so because of your time and because you promised me you're coming back and I'm holding you to that we will find you guys thank you for having us I want to know where we can get your what can we expect from your EP but before then I'm sure there are still other songs what can we expect from your EP my music which is released is available on all streaming platforms and also on YouTube Ochiko OCHIKO the music that is coming from Tuesday is going to be available everywhere it's going to be available worldwide on all streaming platforms on all viewing platforms even on Google it's going to be out everywhere okay that's Spotify music, YouTube don't play everyone keys are everywhere thank you so much and also for you Modest, where else can they reach out to you they are coming out you should want your incentive my socials are Modest underscore Chabari and also for the music that I've done it's still the same Modest Chabari on YouTube, Spotify all these all the digital streaming platforms so I think it's over thank you guys for just being yourselves I even feel that I decided to go faster doing this but it's okay you always welcome me on Tano Kali you bring us the vibes there I'm still finding a word for this kind of music I just know what to do it like this but maybe you can give us just a little bit of something and then you can come back thank you for being there because you're ready for this see I'm still happy from the pain that you left me with if you went back all I would still receive and now I'm a fool for running back to you you you you you you deep down I'm such a mess deep down I miss my toxic deep down I don't have any money any biggie any votee kwa kweli nita weza sunga mele reliable and telling without your kisses your smile your laughter your eyes kweli nita weza sunga mele reliable and telling without your kisses your laughter and eyes move on I will move una des miuta malata tita maniku mega wacha ni confesbi ... I don't know what to do I don't know what to do I'm still a little bit of a mess I'm still a little bit of a mess I'm still a little bit of a mess I don't know what to do I don't understand To watch on the evil world Well, you need always a...  What to a pond? That's not fair. That was so beautiful. Isn't it? Okay. Give me a few. Okay. I'll just ask the other questions. Thank you so much. That was beautiful. Nita po is one of the songs to expect from the EP. Staffa Dali. Can be any pala socials. Sapporo Chico's music. Like you already had. If you're trying to heal, if you're still in the process of accepting any kind of people, electrical development, music heals. Sing the song. As you can agree. Music definitely heals. Terati. That was lovely. Thank you so much. Okay. Please remind them just in case they didn't hear clearly. Where can they find you, your socials and the music as well? You can find me on all social media as Ochiko. OCHIKO. Ochiko. My music is available on all streaming platforms. Ochiko. Yeah. From Tuesday the EP will be available on all streaming platforms. So yeah. Jini jina moja too. Jina moja too. One name. One name. All right. Modest as well. Just to remind them where they can find your socials. On all socials, Modest underscore Chabari. And still when you're searching for my music, Modest Chabari on every single platform that you can think about, the music is available. All right. You're making the time to be here. It's definitely an honor. Thank you so much. Thank you for having us. Barikiyo sana. May your talent just keep blessing us. Man, Asante ni sana. All right, guys. So duty time, unfortunately, we'll have to cut the shoot there. But of course, nile segmentia mwisha at Tanokali but we highlight 540 strikes of the week. So instead of going on a broker, just play the music, play the 5 word tracks as we wind up. So, DJ Jina Chukotari na Tanokali. Okay. So let me just do, we do our goodbyes right here to Tamalizia as we play the Tanokali. It was worth it. As extending one segment was definitely worth it. All right. Thank you so much to the lovely lady Hilda for coming and gracing us on our fun guests two modest and Chikwa Sante ni sana for taking the time to be here and gracing us your talent as well. My DJ for the evening Asante ni, Asante sana Kokushikiliya. Nisantogiana Svitke ni Jay, come out to Nezha. We can do Apollyandras relationship. I can't Nezha Barasneo really. So, thank you so much. Just man the mother can find you on socials again. Yeah, you can find me on Instagram and Twitter Facebook is at the range to pay flow is meet here tomorrow from 7 30 for in a yard regi alongside Mali Moses. Yes, sir. Exactly, exactly. That's the tea, that's the tea.


Hello, guys, welcome to the session. As you know, we are discussing problems on atomic structure. This is the second session of problem solving atomic structure. So we were solving some questions that has been asked in previous exam. It helps you in both KVVY or J or need exams. So those past year problems we are solving, actually. So let us start with the session. Let us discuss this question. The electrons identified by the quantum number NNL, these values are given, and can be placed in the order of increasing energy from lowest to highest. Easy one. You can easily compare the N plus L rule, compare with N plus L rule, which we also call it as off-bow rule, N plus L rule. According to this rule, what we say that the value of N plus L, the energy, is directly proportional to N plus L value. If N plus L values are equal, then we compare N value. More value of N, more will be the energy. So let us discuss this. The first one, N plus L value for the first one is 5. For the second one, N plus L value is 4. Third one, N plus L value is 5. Again, fourth one, N plus L value is 4. So obviously, second and fourth has less energy than first and third. So first and third, if you compare the N value, third has the minimum N value, less N value than 1. So the third one has maximum energy, sorry. The third one has minimum energy. Then we have first one. And then if you compare, it is other way, the energy of 1 and third is more than to that of second and fourth. 1 and third, the energy of first is more. So first one has maximum. Then we have third, second and fourth N value, if you compare. N value is lesser for the fourth one. So we have second here. And then in the last, we have four. So this is the decreasing order of energy. So let's check the option. First has maximum. Then third, then second, and then fourth option A is described here. OK, now question number 27. The number of nodal planes for XY. PXY has only one nodal plane, that is YZ plane. OK, has only one nodal plane. That is YZ plane. And the answer for this one is option one, that is only one. Perpendicular to the plane of X axis, that is YZ plane. OK, answer is option A. The next one you see. The wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing this much plan, moving at a speed of this, 5 meter per hour, is of the order. OK, so how do we do this? We know wavelength lambda associated with any moving object of mass m is h divided by mv. OK, so h is the plane constant. The value is 6.626 into 10 to the power minus 34 divided by m is 200 gram, the mass that we have. We don't have to change this. 200 gram, sorry, it is in gram. So we have to convert this into kg, the SI unit, because it is in joule, 10 to the power minus 3 kg into, velocity is 5 meter. We have to convert this r into second, so divided by 3600. OK, just to solve this, you'll get the answer. So this is you have to find out in order, so we can do this. OK, suppose we have 6.6 into 3600 into 10 to the power minus 34 divided by 1000 into 10 to the power minus 3. So if you solve this, this will cancel out. And this would be, so we have 1000 into 10 to the power minus 3. This is the calculation mistake. So 5 into 200 is 1000, 1000 into 10 to the power minus 3. And that's right, 1000 into 10 to the power minus 3. So we need to solve this. So we get it here. This will cancel out. And we get 66 into 360 into 10 to the power minus 30. OK, so if you multiply this, what we get is, I'll do this just a second. So we have 66 into 3600, 2376. So we are getting it as 23760 into 10 to the power minus 30. OK, so fine. So we'll write down point here. 40 will come down into the power minus 30. So answer would be 10 to the power minus 30 option C. In this order, we get this. OK, now the next question is, quantum numbers plus half and minus half of the electron spin represent. The rotation of electron in clockwise and anticlockwise direction respectively, rotation of electron in anticlockwise and clockwise direction respectively, magnetic moment of the electron, the electron pointing up and down respectively to quantum mechanical spin state, which have no classical analog. To quantum mechanical spin state, which has no classical analog. So plus half and minus half, we usually say that it is the orientation of electron, about its own axis. If it is said to be clockwise orientation, it is plus half. If it is said to be minus half, then it is anticlockwise orientation. But actually, it represents the magnetic moment. So it is a component of a spin angular momentum. A spin angular momentum. And if it is plus half, then we see the component of this spin angular momentum is along the, along in the direction of magnetic field. In the direction of magnetic field and minus half, it is opposite to the direction of magnetic field. So plus half and minus half, it represents the magnetic moment of electron pointing up and down respectively. Usually for easier way, we say as when the electron enters into the orbital, it can have clockwise or anticlockwise orientation. And that is plus half and minus half. But this actually represents plus half and minus half. This actually represents the spin magnetic moment. Or simply, we can see the magnetic moment when it is along the magnetic field and opposite to the magnetic field. So when it is along the direction of the magnetic field, then it is plus half. And when it is anticlockwise, it is minus half. So answer for this question is option C, magnetic moment of electron pointing up and down respectively. OK, now the next question you see. If nitrogen atom has electronic configuration 1S7, it would have energy lower than that of normal ground state, that is 1S2, 2S2, 2P3. Because the electrons would be closer to the nucleus, yet 1S7 is not observed because it violates Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Wundsruhe, Unstruhe, poly-exclusion principle, and Bohr's postulate of stationary orbits, OK? So you see, Heisenberg has nothing to do with the electronic configuration. It deals with the uncertainty in the position of electrons, correct? Unstruhe, it says that electrons occupy in the orbital, occupies the orbital one by one, right? And then the pairing takes place, right? So pairing is not possible unless all the orbitals belongs to the same sub-chill is singly occupied. That's Unstruhe. Poly-exclusion principle is no two electron could have the same set of quantum numbers, right? But 1S, if it has more than two electrons, then obviously, two electron is this. It's a hypothetical case. Two electron is this. If you have supposed third one, third one will have either clockwise or anti-clockwise orientation. This is the possibility we have. So it means the two electron in the same shell has the same set of quantum numbers. And hence, it is not possible. That's why this particular question, it violates the poly-exclusion principle, right? OK, 33rd. The radius of which of the following orbit is same as that of first Bohr's orbit of hydrogen atom, OK? Radius of which of the following orbit is same, easy one. OK, so what is the first Bohr's orbit of hydrogen atom? We know the formula of radius. The radius formula is in nth orbit. Rn is equals to 0.529n square by z. Hydrogen is the first Bohr's orbit means 529 into 1 square by 1 only, right? Same as the first Bohr's orbit, fine? So if you talk about helium, so Rhe plus is 0.529 into 2 square by 2. Helium atomic number is 2. Obviously, it is not equal. So we need to just compare the n square by z value for all this. OK, if it is equal to 1, you see? The value of this for hydrogen is 1. So for which of these ions, it is 1, OK? Lithium. Lithium n square is 2 square by 3, not equal. Li 2 plus for 3 y. So it is 3 square by 3, not possible. Beryllium 3 plus, right? So it is 2 square by 4, the atomic number of beryllium. Hence, this value is 1. Answer is option 15 for this one. Easy one, just you need to compare the n square by z value. If it is coming out to be equal for hydrogen, that is 1. It is the same orbit as the first orbit of hydrogen has. OK, fine. The next one. The number of radial nodes of 3s and 2p orbitals are respectively easy. See, radial node is equals to n minus l minus 1. So for 3s, it is 3 minus 0 minus 1 equals to 2. For 2p, it is 2 minus 1 minus 1, and that is 0. 2 and 0, the answer is option a. The kinetic energy of an electron in the second bore orbit of a hydrogen atom, OK? So kinetic energy is what? Kinetic energy is half mv square of mv square. And the value of v is in terms of h we need to find out, OK? So if you do not memorize this, you can easily derive this. How do we do this? We know the angular momentum mvr is the integral multiple of h by 2pi. We need to find out mv square, half mv square, right? So what is v from this? It is nh by 2pi into 1 by mr, right? This v will substitute here. So it becomes half mv square is n square by h square by 4pi square m square r square, OK? This square and m will get cancelled. And we'll get here n square h square by 8pi square m r square, OK? Kinetic energy of an electron, a0 is the bore radius. So a0 is equals to what we know the bore radius is for 1, 1 square by 1. This is a0. So r square. So how do we write down r in terms of a? a0 is this. So what we can write r, radius r is equals to, we can write down a0 into any orbit n square by z1. So r we can substitute as a0 square n square. So we'll substitute r here. It becomes n square h square divided by 8pi square m. r square is a0 square n to the power 4. So this square and this 4 will get cancelled. We'll get n to the power 2. OK, so this when you solve, you'll get h square by 8pi square m a0 square n square. h square 8pi square m, is there any mistake? r is a0 n square, no. r square is n square, 4pi square, this is fine. Second bore orbit is given. That's what I was thinking. Second bore orbit is given. So we'll put here 4 square into this. Second words, 2 square into 4. So we'll get h square by 2 square 4 into 8 is 32, pi square m a0 square. Answer is option c. The energy of an electron in the first bore orbit of hydrogen atom is this. So it is given in the first bore orbit. So e1 is given. It is minus 13.6 electron volt. The possible energy values for the excited state of electrons involves orbit of the hydrogen ion. So energy we know it is e is equals to minus 13.6 z square by n square. So this is the formula we have in electron volt. Now, it is for hydrogen atom. So z we don't have to think about because it is 1 only. n can be 1, 2, 3, anything. So if it is 2, if n is 2, we have to check this one by one. If n is 2, then energy for the second orbit is minus 13.6 divided by 4. So we are getting here 2 or 3.4 minus 3.4 electron volt. This is possible. If n is equals to 3, then e3 is equals to minus 13.6 by 9. That is 1.946, 1.5 electron, minus 1.5 electron. What do you see? D is also correct. So minus 3.4, then minus 1.5. Then it means minus 0.4 in between these two it is not possible. If you talk about n is equals to 4, then e4 is equals to, we are getting minus 0. something because 13.6 by 16 would be 0. something which is not the case here. So option would be A and D both possible into this one. It's a multiple correct question. The answer is A and D from this one. Which of the following statements is our correct? This is also multiple correct question. The electronic configuration of chromium is 4S135. This one is correct. The magnetic quantum number may have a negative value. Yes, that is also possible minus L2 plus L. It is there. Silver atom 23 electrons have a spin of one type and 24th of opposite type. The atomic number of AG is 47. So if silver atom, silver is AG. So it is 1S2, OK. 23 electrons have a spin of one type. OK, it means one type we have. So 1, 2, 3. So 23 will have opposite sign. If you see the electronic configuration of copper, so copper zinc we have and here we have AG. If you look at the position of it, right. So copper is, copper electronic configuration is 4S13D10. Hence silver would be, it is 5S1 and 4D10. 5S1 and 4D10. It means if 4D is filled, means 4S is also filled completely. And 3D, 3P3S also filled completely. So the configuration is 1S2, 2S2, 2P6, 3S2, 3P6, 4S2, 3D10, 4P6, 5S, 4P6, 4D, 5S1, and 4D10, OK. So this is the electronic configuration. So it is 6 plus 410 plus 10, 20 plus 10, 30, 40, 47. This one is also correct, 47. All these you see, 20 plus 10, 30. So out of 30, 5 electrons will have the same configuration, and here we have 10, 10 plus 5, 1, 2, 3 plus 2, 5 plus 1, 6, 6 plus 3, 9, 9 plus 1, 10, 10 plus 5, 15, 15 plus 3, 18, 18 plus 5, 23. 23 electron will have the same configuration and same spin. Hence this is the answer. Oxidation is state of nitrogen. Nitrogen is minus 1 by 3 and plus 1, right. Minus 1 by 3, oxidation is state of nitrogen we have. So I think option D is not correct. Oxid, this is plus 1, plus 1, and nitrogen should be minus 1 by 3, so that overall it is OK. So answer is A, D, and C for this question. Next question you see. Decrease in atomic number is observed during what? OK. So this one is information based question. You should know the relation here. What happens in alpha emission? What happens in beta emission, et cetera? Suppose you have an atom. I'm taking XA mass number and atomic number. If it goes under alpha emission, right. Minus alpha means alpha emission. Alpha means what? Helium particle. So helium particles comes out. We have HE 4 and 2. Hence the left here is A minus 4 and Z minus 2. Decrease in atomic number, right. You see the atomic number is decreased. It was Z initially, now it becomes Z minus 2. If this goes under, if this goes under beta emission, then beta emission is electrons comes out from this, right. So we'll get here XA, electrons comes out. So E0 and minus 1, the charge we have here, means it is Z plus 1 to balance the equation. So here we have increase in atomic number. So I think D is wrong. So far this one is correct. Let's talk about the other one that is positron emission, right. In positron emission, means one positron, one positive charge comes out, so plus 1. So that would be simple 1 XA Z minus 1. It means this is also correct, right. And the last one we have, if we have electron capture, means it takes one electron plus E. It takes one electron. So it becomes XA and it takes one electrons, so charge decreases, right, C minus 1, right. So D is also correct, A, C, D are the correct ones. The ground state electronic configuration of nitrogen atom can be represented by, means outermost electron is talking about, it is understood in this question. N has seven electron, 1S2, 2S2, 2B, 3. So 1S has two electron, 2S has two electron, and 2B has three electron, which is this, according to Hans' rule. Hence, the answer for this question, it could be, this is not possible, because either it is clockwise or anticlockwise, correct. So answer for this would be, this is also correct, and this is also correct, A and D, both are correct. So these are the few questions we discussed, okay, very basic questions. The next session we'll have, we'll take some good questions, you know, some high level questions we'll see, but this kind of questions helps you in KVPY exam a lot. Okay, thank you guys, thank you so much.


Good afternoon, everyone. My name is Vijay and I work for eBay as eBay's observability architect. So today we're going to discuss about how we moved to open telemetry collector specifically and how we did it while we are running at the scale at which we are today. So we'll talk a little bit about what observability at eBay means, what's our architecture, things that we use, and what was the previous strategy that we used, how we evolved it over a period of time, some of the design changes that were associated with it, and then talk a little bit about the actual changes that were involved in the open telemetry migration and talk about what we are going to do next. But before that, we are hiring specifically to work on open telemetry collector. eBay is a great place to work. I've been here for 10 years and I consider it a blessing from God to be able to work in such a great company. So if you are interested, please use the QR code to find out more. So observability at eBay. So what does a developer do? A developer first does some instrumentation. They use either an open source library that's bundled into the managed framework or if it's a drop in application, if the application is pre-instrumented, then it's used. They onboard their application into the observability platform by going into our eBay's cloud console and say that this is the application that I need to onboard. If it's a metric onboarding, they say that my application exposes, say, 8080 slash Prometheus and they basically hit submit. And then a lot of magic happens in the background where most of our scraping, log file tailing and all that is part through annotations on top of Kubernetes. So all the annotations are delivered into the appropriate Kubernetes clusters so that the actual harvesting can begin. So we have agents deployed on all our infrastructure, whether it be for logs, metrics, or traces. Once the agent has enough information about what to look for, it goes and begins the harvesting process. So after harvesting is done, a user is free to set up any alerts that they want to do, want to be alerted on top of. So they can either use threshold place alerts in conventional prompule style or they can even do anomaly detection using some of the models that we have built for the end user. Or if you have a TV screen on the hallway that you want to visualize or just on your laptop, you can build up dashboards using our console so that you can observe what is going on. Scale, this is something that I'm really passionate to talk about. When we were taking stock of how much we have grown, we realized that we are scraping about 1.25 million open metrics endpoints across all our clusters. And that translates into roughly 32 million time series per second that we are, or samples per second that we are scraping. And those translate to 1.5 billion active time series. We do 7,500 odd queries every second. Most of these translate into recording rules, either to roll up or to alert, very minimal dashboards. So a lot of it is actually being used by systems to power intelligence. And we provide a retention of one year for all the raw metrics that are being collected on behalf of developers. So this roughly sums up the architecture that we have for the Sherlock IO platform. On the leftmost side, you have actual applications that are being deployed on our compute infrastructure. It can either be VMs or it can be Kubernetes nodes on which the workloads are scheduled into. We have two major flavor of applications that are there. One is through managed applications. So we have managed frameworks for Java, Node.js, which come pre-packaged with some of the open source clients. Or you can have a generic application that you are deploying. Once it's deployed, the agent that's either sitting on the same node or the same cluster, they start harvesting the data. It's sent into the platform, into our ingest APIs. And depending on what signal is being processed, you either have a metric store, event store, lock store, or trace store. We store it in. And for a certain unique set of use cases, we have something called a probing engine, which is nothing but stock Prometheus, which can either do SNMP walks or use a SQL exporter to query some metrics out of databases. And those also follow the same ingest path. We have a query layer, which implements the Prometheus API for us to be able to par either recording rules or anomaly detection or just simply view dashboards. So when it comes to ingest and doing it in a cloud native way, what does it actually mean? So for us to be able to collect metrics, we either need to be able to say that without knowing what the application runtime is, we should be able to scrape it in a generic way, regardless of what language they're using. Or you should be able to push it in a well-defined format. So we have things like OTLP or Prometheus remote write. And we have open metrics and points that are there as well. But in some cases, it's not necessarily easy. You have legacy applications for which you might need to have to do some sort of a one-off handling. But for the most part, we would typically rely on some open source client. And then we'll have some agents that are there, which can understand some of these well-known protocols or handle these one-offs through custom plugins. And we also need to be able to discover them in specifically Kubernetes-like environments where things are very ephemeral. So either you drop in an annotation to say that this is very easy to look for. Or if something is being sent, given minimal information like a pod IP or a pod name and a namespace, you should be able to enrich all the additional metadata that was described as part of the pod spec itself. So in 2016, we initially started using the Elastic Beats family. At that time, I think there was only a file beat and metric beat was just coming along. At that point in time, it looked really good to us. I think Prometheus was still a single server that queries the entire cluster. And we were already at a stage where it was like we had several thousand nodes, large number of Prometheus endpoints that were there. It was difficult for us to say that, OK, we can figure out the sharding and then set up multiple Prometheus instances. So for that reason, we went for the beats route, because it was more deployable in the demon set pattern, so to speak. And it was an agent just built for being able to harvest observability information. So today we, or at least until this point, we have used file beat for collecting logs, metric beat also initially it was deployed as a demon set to be able to harvest metrics. Audit beat deployed again as a demon set to be able to collect file integrity monitoring events and any audit rules that were added into the kernel to be able to figure out who is associating in or escalating to route and things like that. And finally, heartbeat for doing uptime checks. So a quick refresher for the demon set pattern. A demon set in Kubernetes basically allows you to deploy a single instance across all nodes that match the given node selector. So by default, it can go to every nodes, all the nodes that are there. Or you can even say that, OK, I just need it on a particular set of nodes that match a certain label selector. And what this agent that is deployed into a given node will do is first it will communicate to the API server telling, asking it, give me all the metadata for all the pods that were there in this specific Kubernetes node. And it will again say, OK, I will monitor these specific parts on these specific ports. Once the data is collected, it will tag it with all the part metadata and then ship it out. And the demon set pattern doesn't necessarily limit you to tagging only two parts. You can also say that, OK, along with the part metadata, I need to tag some labels that are there in the namespace or certain labels that are there in the deployment object that the part belong to, so on and so forth. So for those kinds of metadata, you need to pull all the deployment objects or all the namespace objects because those are not necessarily node scoped. So what is the problem with this approach? The first biggest problem is resource fragmentation. In the sense that every part that you're deploying on every node for the process that is running in it, it has some arbitrary cost that is associated with it. So for example, if you say that it costs 50 MB to run the VITS pipeline or the hotel pipeline or whatever, then this means that if it's a 3,000 node cluster, it's going to cost you 150 gigabytes. So depending on how many Kubernetes nodes you have across your data centers or your public cloud, you're going to spend that much on just running the process itself. And there's a CPU cost associated as well, especially when it comes to pulling all the metadata from Kubernetes and then maintaining it over a period of time.  So one GB. While we say that Prometheus endpoints need to be concise, the reality is that people tend to abuse instrumentation over a period of time. So we have seen endpoints as small as tens or a few hundreds and endpoints as large as few millions worth of entries. Cube state metrics is a good example for that. So if you are giving one GB for metric beat that's running on a node where Cube state metrics is deployed as well, it's going to crash. And when it crashes, you basically lose visibility into all the parts that are there on that Kubernetes node as well. And given that you are watching the same artifacts across all Kubernetes nodes, this is going to add unnecessary API pressure on unnecessary pressure because you're doing a lot of redundant watches across all the nodes that are deployed on the cluster. So in order to mitigate some of these problems, we basically moved into a cluster local mode in the sense that rather than deploying as a demon state, demons said deploy it as a stateful set. Depending on the cluster size, you choose for every thousand nodes, I deploy 10 instances of metric beat or open telemetry collector, whatever. And you basically shard the work across all of them. So if you do a simple hash mod, you can use the stateful set size and then say that, okay, this is the number. And if I am that instance ID, I basically monitor that part or I drop it and then someone else will end up monitoring that. So this is how it would look rather than being at the node. You sit at the cluster level monitor only the parts that you are responsible for and then send the data out once you have harvested it. So what were the advantages of this approach? Tremendous cost savings. So when we did this, we saved 90% of capacity as compared to running it as a demon state specifically for metrics and the amount of pressure that we put on the API server was substantially lower because rather than 3000 nodes doing that now it's say 10 or 20 or 30 depending on how big the cluster is. And given that we are running a finite number of parts, we can choose to run bigger agents say 16 cores and 32 gigs or depending on the cluster do a different t-shirt sizing. But this meant that we could now process much bigger Prometheus endpoints without crashing. So this was one of the bigger advantage that we saw, but somehow this is still not enough. We are never satisfied. So one of the problems that was there is that when you end up doing a rollout or a new version upgrade of the agent, what's going to happen is that when one part goes down, all the endpoints that were being monitored by that part suddenly black out. And if someone has said that I need an alert on an absent query, if the metric is absent for say one minute or two minutes, if it took two minutes for the part to come up, then it's going to fire. So this was problematic. And even though we were limiting the amount of API server watches that were there, it's still a lot of redundant API server watches. And sometimes what happens is that if a given cluster has several hundreds of thousands of parts that are there, just being able to do this, even with multiple workers on the control loop would still take several minutes for the entire thing to happen, which definitely means that someone is going to get alerted at the time of a rollout. And naive scheduling hash mod is still hash mod. It's not rocket science. So what we ended up doing is we thought, okay, maybe we should just decouple the discovery process from the agent itself so that you have a centralized control loop that can do the discovery and let some workers know that this is what needs to be handled by you. So that's exactly what we did in the sense that we took the discovery process, put it in a separate control loop. And we also started adding intelligence on top of it, where we also started looking at other parameters that are there, like CPU, memory. If a certain metric data agent is taking too much CPU resources, then maybe take a few endpoints from there and then put it into someone else so that the distribution is more complex than just hash mod. And we also made the configuration generation a lot more pluggable in the sense that you have a language which you're using to define your scrape logic or the scrape rules. So now you can use that, parse it, and then generate a configuration for maybe metric beat or file beat or even open telemetry collector. So when open telemetry came about, it was very fascinating to us in the sense that similar to Kubernetes where you say that I have a pod. A pod is a pod regardless of if it's running on a VM or it's running on public cloud, private cloud, it's an API. Now in the observability space, open telemetry brought the same notion in where you have an API, you have an SDK, you also have a collector that you can use to do arbitrary transformations and then write to any backend, a backend that's either owned by eBay or vendor or an open source technology. This was a very powerful concept and at the time when the metric SDKs were becoming stable, we began to reevaluate to see that, hey, maybe we should get on to this. We were already in the process of adopting tracing, moving metrics and eventually logs made natural sense in that we would be in one family altogether. So that being said, so we have put in a lot of effort to say that, okay, we are optimizing on cost, we are solving problems that make it easy for switching into any agent. It should be very easy, right? But the journey wasn't as simple as that in the sense that now all features that were available on metric wheat, we needed some suitable alternative on open telemetry with the assumption that a certain feature was being used by at least one developer inside the company. Are there any showstoppers? We identified one big gap in the sense that open telemetry collector does not allow us to do dynamic configuration reloading. This was one of the best features that we really liked about elastic beats that wasn't there. Scrape parity, does a scrape from metric beat look exactly the same as it would look on open telemetry collector or for that matter a scrape that's being done by Prometheus would it look exactly the same on open telemetry collector? If it is not, is it a feature or is it by design or is it an actual bug? So these were some of the things that we needed to figure out. And the last one, open telemetry collector is a rapidly evolving community. There are so many releases that if we decide to move to a more recent version, how do we ensure that we are not regressing on any feature and causing issues at the time of rollout? So we came up with all the features that we needed and what it would take for us to move to open telemetry collector. Some of it was already available, like metadata. You can use the attribute processor or the resource attribute processor. Auto discover we had figured out in the sense that we came up with our own control loop that can handle it. Prometheus scraping, there is an alternative. There's an alternative. Kubernetes metadata enrichment, there's an alternative. And for everything else, we were like, okay, we can figure it out along the way in the sense that if it's a feature that the community would accept, we would file pull requests and get it into the community or we can manage it as a plugin internally. So to be able to address the problem of not being able to reload, at least what we have done at this point is introduce an internal receiver called the file reload receiver, which can take a partial pipeline definition to say that this is the receiver and these are the processors that are associated with it. It would plug in into a standard set of processors and an exporter. So what this would allow us is mimic the exact reloading feature that Beats has and bring the same capability into open telemetry collector. So what is essentially going to happen is that the receiver would watch all file changes that happen for configurations that are being added and removed and it would stop those partial pipelines or start them. If there's a change, it would update it so on and so forth. This file reload receiver, we have been running it inside of eBay for a while now and I think we are at a point where we are comfortable to start working with the community to see if that is something that can be accepted into the contrib repository. So at a high level, this is how it looks like. So if a person using the Beats hints-based auto discover language defines that I need to be able to scrape 5001 stats and there's the namespace, the module, the scrape frequency and scrape time out, the left side is what the metric beat would generate and the right side is what we generate so that hotel can understand. So as you can see, all the mappings that we needed to make sure that the configuration is compatible across the agents we are doing on the control loop. And we ran into a bunch of issues, especially with scrape parity where label sanitization, Prometheus was doing in one way, open telemetry collector was doing it in another way. And understanding colon as a first character of a metric name, hotel was behaving a different way than Prometheus. So these are things that we have worked with the community and via file PRs they have been accepted by the community either behind a feature flag or as a straight out bug fix. And at least now we are in a space where we can say that, okay, the scrapes more or less match and we can confidently roll out open telemetry into our community's clusters. We also had to put in a lot of effort to run sort of pre-checks in the sense that we spin up metric beat, we spin up open telemetry collector, we point them to the same endpoint, collect their outputs, compare the left side and the right side, make sure that things are good and if they are good then we move on to actually rolling out into the cluster. If we identify an issue, we triage, fix and then move forward. We kept iterating and we would be surprised how many times we had to roll back because as I had said like 1.25 million Prometheus endpoints there are going to be several quote unquote handwriting that people had in terms of how they did instrumentation. Some of it good, some of it not so good but still we had to make sure that we do not break any metric scraping when we are moving from one agent to another. So right now I think this happened just last week. We are done migrating out of metric beat into open telemetry collector. We even bridged a gap of exemplars not being scraped by the open telemetry collector. One of our engineers actually filed a pull request that got merged a couple of weeks back. Tracing, we are using open telemetry collector and the open telemetry SDK right from day one and file beat also for logs. We are actively figuring out how we can bridge the gaps and sometime next year we'll be fully on open telemetry collector for logs as well. We are still hardening by coming up with the regression frameworks that we can run periodically to make sure that we can upgrade with ease. That is something that we are still actively working on and over the coming days, weeks, months we will continue to work with the open telemetry collector community to make sure that issues that we are seeing we are able to contribute fixes and we are also able to work with the community to make sure that we are enhancing the capabilities that the collector offers. This is our team. Payment Peter, they are the pillars of the agent group, did most of the migration for metrics. Aishwarya, she works on tracing, she helped with the exemplar feature and then Edward, he's helping with the logs migration. If you like what you heard scan the QR code, we definitely would like to work with you on open telemetry together.


Here we have NGC 1333, a star-forming nebula 960 light-years away. This view is a composite of light from ultraviolet to near-infrared. Most of the star-forming is hidden behind clouds of fine dust. On the right, a bright blue star is illuminating surrounding clouds of gas. At the center, a brighter yellow star illuminates the surrounding gas. On the left, stars surrounded by powerful magnetic fields direct beams of hot gas deep into the hydrogen all around them.


Welcome to Unit 5 of Sailor.org's Introduction to Human Resources Management course. We will be taking a look at ethics, organizational sustainability, and social responsibility. In this unit, we will stress the importance of a clearly defined and sensible set of organizational priorities. The approach and execution of a company's code of ethics largely affects its public image. After this unit, you will be able to describe HR's role in maintaining these ethical obligations and upholding a company's reputation. Congratulations on making it to the halfway point. We'll get together again in Unit 6.


Ultra Labs reached out to me and asked me if I'd like to test their Wi-Fi 6 access points and I said yes. So I put a couple of them at my house and at my office. So far they're really easy to set up and configure, but they are cloud only specifically their cloud. There's no local access and no local controller for you to self host. Now these devices do have options for hotspot, IOT, guest access and more. I found the cloud interface itself really easy to set up and use for these features. They also have a really interesting feature for setting up a single SSID with multiple passwords to determine which networking device should be on. Overall, my testing so far has gone really well. Leave some comments down below about what other tests I should do before I finish my final review of these.


So, would you like to introduce yourself? I'm Micheques. I'm Director of Student Services Outreach and Resources at Shingwa Kinamagegamek. And I'm a first-degree Medellin that revires Medellin. Okay. Fighting with cost drops. Tell me more about your program. So what is it called and what do you do? Here at Shingwa Kinamagamek, we offer two provincially accredited degree programs. We have our Anishinaabe Studies program, which is just brand new. The press release isn't even out yet, but it's been approved. And then our Anishinaabe One program is the language program. The language program has been going for almost 20 years now. The goal of the language program is obviously to build up strength and proficiency of Ojibwe language speakers and to sort of empower second language learners to begin that journey toward language acquisition. And then the Anishinaabe Studies program is one of a kind in Canada. Yeah, it's a one-of-a-kind BA program in Canada that focuses on worldview and knowledge systems of Anishinaabe people, particularly the Great Lakes region of Anishinaabe people. What would the age group be for these programs? So the age group, the sort of target group is sort of, there's two different, there's your standard 101s and 103s or whatever the ministry calls them. So 101s are right at a high school and so that's, I'd say, I don't have solid numbers on this. This is sort of in the development stages of our tracking systems. But for about 50-50, I'd say, 101s are right at a high school students and then mature students who come back to school. What would the target audience be for these programs? Aimed mostly at Anishinaabe people, right? That's the goal of a culture-based education institute is to re-empower Anishinaabe people and to revitalize those systems in a really good, solid, strong, healthy way. That being said though, we've certainly, we've had our fair share of non-Indigenous students and we've had a lot of international students, yeah, lots of international students. And so, I mean, everybody gets something a little different from the program for Anishinaabe people. It's really empowering to be able to relearn those things that have been lost. And then for non-Anishinaabe people, it's an opportunity to actually come to understand our history and come to understand how we can maybe build a better relationship between Anishinaabe people and, you know, standard people rooted in our understandings of things rather than, you know, always having to defer to somebody else's understanding of us. So how would you measure the success of the programs? I think there's a few different ways of measuring that. I think there's, you know, like the number of students who are interested in taking the courses and, you know, in the past two or three years, like we've maxed out all of the Anishinaabe studies courses. The last two years that we had done this here, we had to split the courses. There were too many students and both of them filled up and they were at capacity because we were just so much interested both in like his way of teaching but also in what we were talking about, right? And so I think that's one key indicator of, you know, when students from other programs and, you know, sociology students or business students or whatever are like pushing each other out of the way almost to get in the room, right? There's something that's working. One of the outcomes I think is really, it's really encouraging to see what a lot of our students have gone out to do. It's sort of twofold. There are students who have left here and gone to do really cool things that, you know, standing up for environmental justice and social justice issues and those sorts of things. But there's also students who were already doing really cool things and came here as a way of supplementing that. And so like one of those people I think about is like Grandma Josephine, right? She was doing all kinds of cool things and then came here to be a part of this. So I think the variety of different people that it attracts to the program I think is really a key indicator of people who are young and idealistic and want to change the world and people who are not quite as young but are out there changing the world, right? I think that's really cool, right? And then they work together and learn together. So what is indigenous education to you? Oh my, there's a few different things, right? Like there's what we try to do and what our mission here at Ching Bok is and what we were, like the path that we were led down by Baudweon and when he was our lead instructor here was one of the really strong commitment to culture-based education. Like we won't be satisfied with just reciting interesting facts about ourselves. It's like we have to really and truly come to understand our ways of knowing the world, our ways of seeing, our ways of relating, our ways of connecting. We have to really come to understand what those things mean. Like for us, the way that we accomplish that is through the language program and understanding the origins of Anishinaabem one and the philosophy behind the language and so there's a whole lot of learning there and then there's like in the Anishinaabe Studies program there is like learning about our history but really learning about so much more than just, you know, on 1763 the king said this or whatever. We just barely touch on that, right? It says that's really not about us. Like that's about how somebody else decided to deal with us so that's okay, we need to understand that too but you can get that anywhere, you know? So what we're trying to do is really revitalize our understanding so the world particularly, like we put a lot of emphasis every year on we've brought our own oven and say up here several years now and like start with the creation story and begin there, right? And begin at that place of the beginning of everything. That's the natural starting point for us. So is the term indigenous one that you would normally use? Yes and no. So here at Chingwok we almost exclusively use the term Anishinaabe but we qualify that. We define that as meaning First Nation, Métis and Inuit, right? And so we use the term that belongs to this part of the earth, right? Where we exist in. But we also try to take a practical view of as long as people aren't being offensive. They can use whatever term they want. But we really emphasize that sort of understanding not just what we're studying but where we're studying and so we try to reflect the language of where we are. How would you define education from an indigenous perspective? I mean that's a... We're going to be here all year. That's a loaded question. I think it really depends on the student, right? And that's why I always talked about it. When he was preparing us all to do this work is that there really is no roadmap. You can't have a roadmap for education because by doing that you immediately begin to exclude people, right? You begin to lose people along the way and people who aren't prepared for the next thing. We have to do this this week because it's what the syllabus said. We put a really heavy emphasis on self-knowledge and students coming to understand their own worldview and their own understandings of things and really challenging their own views and beliefs and really taking a really strong introspective look at yourself and your own understanding. And I think through that, that's where you can really get anywhere with it then because a student who comes here and wants... I want to understand Indian Act, I want to know that, right? Then you can pursue that. That's open to you, you can pursue that.  They come from that first moment that Mishko Kahavo put his tracks upon the earth, right? So if that's the way where you want to go, you can go there, right? And in either way, then you're putting yourself into that. Whether you're studying about Mishko Kahavo and that work, then you relate to that in your own way. If you're studying about Indian Act, then you'll relate to that in your own way, right? It's really... The student is really in the driver's seat in a lot of ways. What is your vision for the future of Indigenous education in your community and throughout Canada? Some of the things that we've been talking about here, so we've created the foundation now, right? Shingalak is the sort of the foundation and the beginning and then we'll be the home of wherever we take this vision now, right? We're talking now about how do we expand that now? To meet some of the more sort of existential problems that our communities face, right? And so the two of the things that we've talked about is, you know, one of the big issues we've seen is that we don't have... There's a huge gap in our knowledge and our understanding around how do we come into the world and how do we leave, right? And so we're in a very, very beginning stages of this, but thinking about the creation of a culture-based Anishinaabe midwifery program and a funeral director program, right? Because we don't have those opportunities to actually learn those things. You know, and then there's so much protocol around, you know, that we need to think about it, about how do we actually do that in a way that's careful and cautious and respectful of protocols in the community and in the lodge, you know, the grounds, right? But those are two of the things that we're talking about. Like, we don't want to just replicate something that our partners at Oklahoma are doing, like a business program that's Anishinaabe focused. We don't want to do that and things like social work, right? There are indigenous focused social work programs all over the place. So what are the things that... What isn't happening everywhere? And so those sorts of things like, yeah, like the midwifery program or funeral director program or whatever else, so that you can be certified and do that work, you know, in the province or whatever, and meet those things, but also be prepared to do it culturally, right? So those are some of the really interesting things. And then, like, my hope for across Canada is I hope that, like, I want to see, like, a hundred shingles. You know what I mean? Like, each and every community and nation is just standing up and doing this work in their own way. Because we don't want to just export what we're doing, too, right? Like, no, this works here. It doesn't mean it'll work somewhere else, right? Yeah. Can you think of any type of information that if you had now it would help to achieve your vision for your community in Canada? Hmm. There's a lot of room for information about people who are looking for real, meaningful partnerships, right? In this sort of reconciliation era or whatever it is, right? There's a lot of superficial partnerships, I think, right? There's people who want a partner just for the sake of it. It doesn't look good on their website or whatever. Creating a network and a web of people who are actually interested in a common goal, I think would be really, that'd be really helpful. Like, centralized sources of support and resources for expanding and developing programs, right? So, yeah, sort of having a network or a community of people who have been down this path before and sort of know how to get there. There's just a real practical sort of stuff, right? At least here, we've got the culture part down pat. We don't need those resources. We just need the...


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us solve the following question. Consider function f from r plus to interval minus 5 infinity which is closed at minus 5 and open at infinity given by fx is equal to 9x square plus 6x minus 5. Show that f is invertible with f inverse y is equal to under root y plus 6 minus 1 upon 3. First of all let us understand that function f from x to y is said to be invertible if there exists a function g from y to x such that gof is equal to identity function on x and f4g is equal to identity function on y. Then g is called the inverse of function f and it is denoted by f inverse. This is the t idea to solve the given question. Let us now start the solution. We are given function f from r plus to interval minus 5 infinity which is closed at minus 5 and open at infinity. It is given by fx equal to 9x square plus 6x minus 5. Let us consider any arbitrary element y in range of function f. Then y must be equal to fx for some x in r plus. Now we know fx is equal to 9x square plus 6x minus 5. So we can write y is equal to 9x square plus 6x minus 5. Now adding and subtracting 1 in this expression we get y is equal to 3x plus 1 whole square minus 6. This implies y plus 6 is equal to 3x plus 1 whole square. This implies under root of y plus 6 is equal to 3x plus 1. This implies x is equal to under root of y plus 6 minus 1 upon 3. This gives the function g from interval minus 5 infinity which is closed at minus 5 and open at infinity 2 r plus and is defined by gy equal to under root of y plus 6 minus 1 upon 3. Let us now find out g of fx. g of fx is equal to g of 3x plus 1 whole square minus 6. Now this is further equal to under root of 3x plus 1 whole square minus 6 plus 6 minus 1 upon 3. Now minus 6 and plus 6 will get cancelled and we get 3x plus 1 minus 1 upon 3. We have neglected the all negative values as x belongs to positive real numbers. So we get plus 1 and minus 1 will get cancelled. We get 3x upon 3. Now 3 and 3 will get cancelled and we get x which is equal to identity function on.  Now we know gy is equal to under root of y plus 6 minus 1 upon 3. So we can write under root of y plus 6 minus 1 upon 3 f of under root of y plus 6 minus 1 upon 3 is equal to 3 multiplied by under root y plus 6 minus 1 upon 3 plus 1 whole square minus 6. Now simplifying we get 3 and 3 will get cancelled. This is equal to under root of y plus 6 minus 1 plus 1 whole square minus 6. This is further equal to under root of y plus 6 whole square minus 6 minus 1 and plus 1 will get cancelled. Now this is further equal to y plus 6 minus 6. Here we have neglected all the negative values as y is greater than minus 5. Now plus 6 and minus 6 will get cancelled and we get y that is the identity function on interval minus 5 infinity which is closed at minus 5 and open at infinity. Now gofx is equal to identity function on r plus and f o gy is equal to identity function on the interval minus 5 infinity which is closed at minus 5 and open at infinity implies that f is invertible or we can say function f is invertible and g is the inverse of function f. So we can write this implies f is invertible and g is equal to f inverse. Inverse of f is given by gy equal to under root of y plus 6 minus 1 upon 3. So we can write f inverse y is equal to under root of y plus 6 minus 1 upon 3. Hence proved. This is our required answer. This completes the session. Goodbye.


Hello and welcome to this CUBE conversation with Morpheus where we will be discussing hybrid cloud platform operations and the cloud operating model. I'm Rob Streche, Managing Director with CUBE Research. Today we'll be speaking to Brad Park's Chief Product Officer for Morpheus about how organizations are shifting to a cloud operating model that is not about a place but how organizations have become more agile and automated in the manner they provision and manage applications independent of the underlying place and technology. Welcome Brad, thanks for joining us. Nice to be here Rob. It's always great to have you on. We've known each other for you've been on for a while. Been a long time. Yeah and I think again this is really interesting stuff and I think it's really great to see how Morpheus is getting about. I mean you guys started seven years ago but really what's changed over that seven years? Yeah it's been a fun ride. Obviously you and I knew each other when we were in the infrastructure world but now I've moved up stack over the last seven years and it's really been a corollary for also how customers are maturing over that time right when I first joined Morpheus. Customers were still in kind of the early days of this clouded option. I mean cloud's been around forever but there was that initial kind of lift and shift debacle where people had pain around you know cost and kind of do it the wrong way. Now they're really adopting more of that cloud operating model as you described where they're wanting to deliver agility to their developers but at the same time wrap governance and guard rails around how they're dealing with things. Is that how it looks today? I mean is that really what they're leaning in on? Yeah I think the big piece that we're saying from customers is that it's platform operations right. It's about the platform. It's not about the place. It's not about an individual app. It's about a way of doing business or doing IT that represents public cloud, private cloud, hosted cloud, edge clouds, developers, security, finance, operations. It is all really coming together in a melting pot and that is what platform operations is all about. Yeah we see that too in the data that we see and we also see it that you know platform operations, the platform engineering teams and all of that joining together like you said cross FinOps, SecOps, DevOps, ITOps really this is the new IT and you know when you start to take a look at it and kind of shifting gears a little bit how has it been with the macro trends because the market's been really crazy over the past couple of years quite mildly. Yeah we've we've been growing leaps and bounds I mean 35, 40 percent year over year and I think a lot of it is I hate to say the market kind of coming to us. I mean I'm a one trick pony. I have not changed kind of my talk track or how I engage with customers but you know four or five years ago I talked to a head of IT right. We can do a demo we'd talk about developer self-service and developer enablement they would say that's great that is absolutely where I need to get to but I'm not there yet I don't have the team I don't have the people I'm still trying to deal with my public cloud you know cost problems. Today those same IT leaders are coming back you know I'll see them at a trade show and say hey and guess what I'm now the head of platform developer self-service is you know in initiative we are investing in can we talk and so that's been a great maturity for us and for the market. Yeah it's not just about the day zero problems anymore I think it's really gone to day one and day two as well and I think again as the market has shifted I mean there's consolidation everywhere you got Broadcom acquiring VMware and how do you see that impacting the customers and organizations that you talk to on a daily basis? Yeah I think the the Broadcom acquisition of VMware has been a huge tailwind for us it's also been a big challenge for a lot of customers and I you know I love VMware right we've won best of VMware world twice for hybrid cloud orchestration obviously we have over a million VMs under management but as customers are reevaluating how they think about their application footprint and the relationship with vendors it's definitely been a big tailwind for us we have a lot of customers who are saying hey I'm still going to use VMware ESX you know vSphere NSX but I want to have some freedom of movement I may need to re-platform some apps to a different on-prem hypervisor I may want to move some apps you know up into the public cloud take advantage of cloud native services I may accelerate my shift to things like Kubernetes but I don't need four different kind of silos around how I provision and manage and govern that process and so they need a unified control plane and that's really where we come in that is what we what we provide we're a Google translate if you will for developers and product teams who are trying to provision into all those different environments. Yeah I mean it is about simplicity and I think that's a lot of where people are leaning in is that and we see that hybrid model the multi-cloud model really being the way forward in fact in the ETR data that we have it really it's balancing out over the next couple years where net new applications are not just going to the cloud first and they are really balancing between on-premise co-location you know maybe cloud adjacent and being in that cloud native way what are you seeing from organizations and are they just hiding that fact that they're going all cloud native now and pushing in on that. I don't think they are really going all cloud native to your point that that stasis almost that right mix you know we've talked about hybrid cloud for a long time and it was you know maybe five six years ago a little hand wavy but really you know you got some repatriation it's not going to be a shift left where everybody is you know going from public cloud on-prem but as you've got things like gen AI you've got more distributed edge workloads there's certainly data that's going to stay on-prem and there's a place for true cloud native that that healthy mix has somewhat reached a stasis and there's going to be a little movement but oftentimes I talked to customers and I refer to leaves trees and forests right there are leaf level conversations right my app does my thing tree conversations you know I'm the VM we're at or I'm the AWS team and then there are forest level conversations and we're seeing more and more of those forest level conversations where customers need a consistent way to provision apps govern who's provisioning into what location doing reporting and charge back around those apps those all need to happen in a consistent way independent of the underlying compute format right VMs or containers and location on-prem VMware and Nutanix Microsoft AWS Azure so that in a nutshell is where we come in we're that that leveling layer that stands between the cacophony of all the different formats and what has to be operationally relevant for customers. Love cacophonies I think actually that hits on a good point because I think to your point about VMware not going away I don't think it is either I don't think VMs are going away I think that there's such a large investment and I think it's similar to mainframe where mainframe hasn't gone away you still have people with data on mainframe but I think one of the important things that we see challenging some organizations is that the partner ecosystem the partner landscape as an ISV an independent software vendor how do you see the changing landscape within the partners that you're working with? Yeah it's been a big opportunity for for the partner community and particularly OEMs global systems integrators that's a big part of our you know how we talk to customers right we're relatively small even though we've won a bunch of awards I'm obviously very proud of Morpheus if I'm a global 2000 customer you know I'm investing with a Dell in HPE a Deloitte in Accenture those are our partners and so one of the things I think that impacted that community with the acquisition of Broadcom and VMware they they took away a lot of those OEM skews the ability for those large partners to address that market and oftentimes those were the same partners that have sold VMware technology into these large organizations and so they're now turning around saying hey I have an enterprise CIO who has a budget who is trying to look at minimizing their risk exposure because they're not sure what's going to happen saying hey can I can I replace some of these kind of standalone tree level tools like a vrealize automation or an aria automation I want to still use VMware but now we have an opportunity to sell that platform to to really lead with that forest level conversation so the business we're doing co-selling with HPE and Dell even Nutanix right we we've got a lot of that ecosystem that has surrounded VMware forever knocking on our door saying hey we customers need need something to mitigate their risk how can you help with all these trends pointing to a hybrid multicloud operating model that would seem to really fit and kind of lean towards what you guys are producing from a platform perspective how do you see the competitive look landscape and what does it look like yeah um outside of that kind of Broadcom VMware conversation the other real thing that we're seeing come up often is hey I'm a big global 2000 I could build my own platform sure I've got a bunch of smart guys I sent Bob to Ansible Camp or Joe really loves Terraform we should do this ourselves um it's a very valid conversation to have if you're global 10 and you've got a thousand developers and you've invested 20 million dollars in a platform you could probably go do that one of the things we often come into situations though I feel like homes on homes for the international audience I don't know if that tracks but it was a home and road remodel show where this guy would come in and a Canadian show it was a Canadian show he would fix these home remodels gone horribly wrong oftentimes we're talking to big companies they'll say hey we've yeah we built we built this provisioning engine a couple years ago and it'll stand up my app but man we now we're changing our cloud strategy we're changing our hypervisors we've adopted a different pattern we're moving in a different direction nobody's here to care and feed it maintain it we're sinking you know good money after bad how can you help and so I would I would say that's one of the things when we're competitively looking out there there's the do-it-yourself crowd and there are some other people that have approached this from different directions where they started as a thin ops tool and they're trying to do provisioning or they've started as a VMware tool and they're trying to go into public cloud we started middle out right we started with the application the lifecycle of that app and all the dependencies around it and that's that's really I think what has led to some of our growth this year yeah I think that makes total sense because again we're big fans of open source so it's not not like don't go and use open source I think it's more about open source has its place but what is really stopping companies from simply building it themselves and using open source using backstage and a number of other different choices going and using some of the fin ops stuff out of the fin ops committees and things of that nature yep we also love open source I mean the amount of terraform and ansible and you know other programs that we were open wrap around since our open tofu yeah yeah hashi did themselves a disservice probably maybe by changing their licensing model and they've splintered off into open tofu all of those tools are good but it's it's the right tool for the right job at the right time and oftentimes again will will come into a situation where a company has written you know a thousand ansible playbooks to do what we do with with a mouse click right and use config management to configure your box use infrastructure as code to stand up your infrastructure but there are always dependencies that surround these isolated tools and that's that's really where we come in we're a platform framework that lets you bring your tools your processes and your people to the party and kind of get what you need and and the questions I would suppose to any customers thinking about building it themselves is you know a are you in it for the long haul do you have enough development talent not just to build it but care and feed and maintain it over its life cycle for the next five years is platform building your core competency or are you a bank a healthcare company you know focus on what you what you do well and and our goal as a framework is to get people you know 80 90 percent of the way there out of the box but have that full extensibility so that they can do their own thing and they can add a plug in they can extend it in a different direction to integrate with some homegrown tool yeah I I think that to me ties really nicely into the work that we did for you recently which was we completed a value assessment for Morpheus where we interviewed customers to come up with a composite return on investment all the organizations saw significant ROI I mean it was really incredible and believe they made the right decision moving away or avoiding a DIY build your own approach to hybrid cloud platform operations entirely what was interesting in the study we did with your customers is that we found that there were several places open source was just not achieving their internal KPIs what was also very interesting was the ability for organizations to get past just DevOps part of the problem what we were talking about earlier about the day zero ops and really address day one and beyond that day two things like SecOps and FinOps what is what is it that's common with all of these customers that you're seeing as you move forward into that where you're not just about getting and provisioning the DevOps side of things but you're really in hey I need to make this run and managed over time so that it's simple I think the one of the commonalities right I mean you know I both came out of engineering before we got on TVs and you know called ourselves product people right engineers like to build things right and it's fine solving problems where hands on keyboard building things that's the easy part sometimes building that initial day zero as you mentioned like provisioning pipeline that's integrated in you know into what I need to get environments on demand but the operating right the service levels the security the financial governance those are often left to the side and so you'll get companies who will build some sort of provisioning science project right stitch together a lot of open source scripting then it has to go to enterprise scale somebody has to has to care and feed it make sure it's being patched the upstream open source project you got doesn't have a security hole that's where these things tend to fall apart and so the commonality I think with a lot of those organizations is they were in highly regulated environments where they were talking about thousands or tens of thousands of machines at scale and that takes a different level of thought than a guy in a corner building some cool toy to provision things in an automated way there's so much more to the story yeah I think that was one of the things that smacked me in the face in the report was the fact that the organizations were able to get to scale and simplify and actually be able to provision out applications in a much more efficient manner that helped them actually speed innovation and I think that was another key to it was that really getting to innovation faster now I mean you talk to customers all the time what are the questions that customers should really be asking about a hybrid multi-cloud operating model and how they go after a hybrid operations platform what should they be looking for yeah I'll steal some questions actually from one of the CIOs that I had you talk to he's been at several different companies like large healthcare large telco one of the telcos even bought a company to do what we do not just a product they bought the entire company and ended up not using it in place of Morpheus and he when he talks to other customers or have them on stage at an event he he describes it as you know a few key questions first now do you have the right people right and the quantity of people this is not something you go in lightly um are you confident that those people are around for the long haul because if you're in an environment where you may be having to cut FTEs or reallocate them on different projects you know you need a stable development team to to get this up and running one of the other questions not just people are you stable in your cloud strategy if you're a hundred percent one cloud and you're going to be in there forever that's one thing but if you might change your hypervisor you might change your public cloud things are going to change if you have any uncertainty again not something to to kind of go in too lightly the other is is just funding and resourcing and in the macroeconomic environment we're in if your funding model might change in a year 18 months two years again don't start something you're not going to finish and most companies when they really look dig deep they're not able to adequately answer those questions so having a commercial platform to then build from is a lot easier than building that platform from dirt yeah it's it's about where you want to invest and are you going to invest in building out of the platform or you're going to invest in the innovation in your applications because I think that's where a lot of people get tripped up is especially now that AI is stealing a lot of budget from all over the place uh so final word where can people go to find out more about morpheus and what should they know and where should they go look yeah so morpheus data dot com morpheus like the character in the matrix yes we have a red and blue logo where we're big matrix fans so morpheus data dot com is where you're going to learn more um you know I'd say one of the nice things about being a software company is we show better than we tell even though I like to talk get a demo get your hands on it we have a community edition but we'd love to just roll up our sleeves and get a poc deployment get on with your engineers your devs your security your finance folks get them all at the table start to explore what your problems are when all of those things come together and then see if there's a way we can help you out well I really appreciate you coming on thank you for coming on today because I think this is something that's we've been around the block with this quite often and I think this is one of those problems that uh definitely is getting to a point where hybrid and multicloud is really the norm and really coming together I've been a fun ride and I'm excited to keep going with you and thank you for watching this cute conversation with morpheus discussing hybrid cloud platform operations in the cloud operating model on the cube a leader in high tech enterprise analysis and coverage