All of my co-workers have been complaining lately about how early it gets dark now. At least they have over zoom. Small boxes making small talk about the weather and weekends before our morning meetings. I don't blame them though. Talk like that is easy, structured. I disagreed with my co-workers though. I liked how early it got dark. The nights have become a refuge for me. A differentiation from the days I sit at home, immuno-compromised and still afraid behind the screen of my laptop, always behind a screen. My town is mid-sized. I live alone and I'm used to being alone, so it's okay. The only thing I miss are my walks and seeing as the entire town shuts down around nine. I can still get them in. I leave my house around ten. I leave all my technology and I stay out for up to two hours just wandering the neighborhoods around my apartment and enjoying nature. The streets are empty then, with sidewalks illuminated by dull, buzzing streetlamps and traffic lights cycling through their colors without any cars there to notice. Occasionally, I'll see other people. But any signs of life are usually just nocturnal animals, raccoons and skunks, sniffing and stalking and living their lives in the nighttime as much as I do. Maybe that's where I went wrong. Maybe I considered myself too much a creature of the night when in reality, I was just a visitor in it, a tourist. One night, I met a true creature of the night. When I first saw him, he stood at the outskirts of a streetlamps beam, almost a full block ahead of me. He was difficult to make out, but so was everything else on that night's walk. I'd left later than usual and the moon was just a sliver of a crescent, the sky cloudy with the empty thread of rain. I recognized the corner he stood on, even with it being about a half hour's walk from my apartment. I almost always saw some sort of wildlife there, a wild animal investigating the lawn beside where he now stood. He had a dog with him. I assumed the man was older as he was leaning on a walking stick. I slowed my gait, hoping to avoid him. I don't know if it was based on just allowing them space or some sort of instinctual fear. It felt like the latter, like when I mistake a hanging coat in the dark for a person. It wasn't even necessary. The figure reached down and removed a muzzle from around the dog. It shook in appreciation. From his pocket, he drew out a handful of something and held it to the dog's mouth. The dog lapped it up, its tail wagging. The man had obviously trained it well, and his affection was even evident. He patted its head several times before remuzzling the animal, throwing the rest of his pocket's contents onto the yard. And with a quick shake of the leash, they were off. The dog seemed to be just as old as the man and the way it walked, hobbling with joints that seemed to cause it pain with each step. They rounded the corner and were gone. That would have been it, the end of the encounter, the end of the story itself. If I hadn't kept moving forward, but I didn't stop. I had no reason to. All I'd seen was an old man and his old dog. I made my way to where he'd been standing, not for any particular reason, other than it was the direction I'd been walking. I glanced over at the grass to see what he'd scattered there, and my suspicions were proven correct. A smattering of dog treats littered the yard. But there was something else, not on the grass, but on the sidewalk itself. I wouldn't have noticed if I hadn't investigated the treats first, but there were dog prints on the cement. Like you see on sidewalks after it's rained or there's a leaking sprinkler. However, these were not the faded gray of water, the ever-evaporating shadow stamps I was used to. But their color was still familiar. It was the rusted red of blood, and it made my own blood quicken. There was a pair of dog prints following the direction the two had walked, smeared in places, like they'd been dragged, becoming lighter and lighter as they continued. The shape seemed off, too, kind of swollen and out of place, recognizable, but only barely. Something must have gotten into its paws. Maybe a rock or a twig, and the old man must have not noticed. I tried following the prints for as long as I could, but the trace of them disappeared after a bit. The blood clotting or them veering off the sidewalks, I couldn't tell which. It made me uneasy. Part of me wanted to go back home, but the other part of me was still restless, still not finished with my nocturnal living. Both parts of me were in agreement, though. I did not want to see anyone else tonight. There's a new neighborhood being developed near to where I was, all vacant lots and construction equipment. I like to go there sometimes, when I really wanted to be alone, like now, so I pointed myself in that direction. It was exactly what I needed. It was empty, an emptiness that had yet to be broken. Shelves of homes that had never been lived in lined my periphery, rising out of the ground like half-finished ant hills. I began to relax, my shoulders slumping after a time of not even knowing I was tensed. There was a big home deep inside the development being built, the model flagship, and I wanted to see its progress. I made it about halfway, enjoying the sound of silence the streets had to them, that only comes when there is no other human around. Until that silence was broken, I don't know what alerted me to his presence. It was like inspiration, one moment there was nothing, and then it hit. The neighborhood had no artificial light installed yet, so I saw the shape of him more than anything else. He was standing on the front stoop of a half-built home, the wooden frame of it creating the structure of a jail cell behind him.  He leaned on his stick and just stared forward at me. Hello. I called out to him. He didn't speak back. He didn't even acknowledge that I'd spoken, just kept his gaze on me, unflinching. I didn't know what to say, so I kept talking. Um, sorry, but I think your dogs hurt. Ooh, Sparky? His voice was rough, raspy, like he didn't use it much.  Ain't nothing wrong with Sparky.  I rescued ol' Sparky here. He was astray, found him out here real late at night and take real good care of him. Don't aboy. He scratched Sparky's head, but the dog didn't move. You want to meet him? He don't bite or nothing. Well, not unless I tell him to. He laughed. A quiet chuckle that told me his joke wasn't really a joke at all. That's okay. I just wanted to let you know. There was a silent flashing in my mind, a fire alarm without the siren, the same one that I've learned to trust in the past. I gotta get going anyway.  That was it. This was no longer a conversation. I turned around and I started walking away as quick as I could without running. I expected him to keep talking to me, to yell to my back as I turned it to him. But he didn't. What I did here was even worse. There was a shaking sound, the jangle of a collar and leash, a clicking of his tongue.  I heard him say. I glanced over my shoulder without stopping. He was no longer on the steps, but about 20 feet behind me. The man walked quicker than I thought he was able to. Sparky trying to keep up with him as best he could. The man was still bathed in darkness, but there was something about the way he moved. There was jovial, childlike, like he was playing tag. There were no thoughts in my mind other than to get away. The main road wasn't far ahead, and I knew that once I was there, I could get someone's attention. I started to run. It would be impossible usually over my own pounding heart and intake of breath to hear anything behind me, but my senses felt heightened and it was like I could hear everything. The steps, the jangle of the leash, it kept getting closer and closer, and I was sprinting at my full speed and he was gaining on me. My face burned, my lungs were on fire. I knew I couldn't keep it up forever, but the man seemed like he could. And then, suddenly, it was silent. The sound of his steps behind me were gone. The leash's rhythmic jangling ended just as quickly. I checked behind me as I kept running, once, twice, three times. He was gone. I didn't know where he was, but he was gone. I stopped, my chest ready to explode, searching the area around me. Nothing. I wanted to cry and scream from relief at the same time. But then there he was again. Inches from me. The chase was over. He held the walking stick by the middle, and for the first time, I noticed it wasn't a cane at all. It ended with a knitted plastic, one made to string around necks. It was a dog catching pole. He held it with a practiced finesse, as he smiled at me. You're doing real good. He cooed. I stepped back, but he only took a stop closer to me. I searched the ground for something, anything that I could use as a weapon against him. Instead, my eyes landed at his dog's feet. Only, they weren't dog's feet. They were the right shape, sure, but they were gnarled and bloody infected. They were hands, human hands. The thumbs had been chopped off, and the other fingers were bent at the knuckle and sewn together there, a crude approximation of a dog's paw.  His back legs were stumps, the legs of it tied off on the ends. He kneeled there on all fours, a muscle over his mouth. It was unnecessary, though, because he didn't even try to make a noise. He just stared, eyes wet with tears, his head and eyebrows shaved off above them. Well, looky here, Sparky, looks like we got ourselves a new friend. I told you he was friendly. I think he likes you. Something in me broke.  There was a numbing sensation, like I was just watching this all unfold on a screen, like it was on my laptop back home. I heard him try to run after me, and I looked back only once. Sparky wasn't moving. The man was trying to drag him, but he refused to budge. He looked at me, that same mournful look in his eyes. The man hollered and even hit Sparky with a stick, but he still didn't move. And yet, even for all this, he didn't attack the man. He healed. His training hadn't been for nothing. I made it back home, although I don't really remember how. The next thing I remember is a howling sob I let out on my bed behind locked doors, back inside, where I was alone. He couldn't find me here. I was safe. It took me weeks before I could go on a walk again. And the next time I did, it was around dusk, just after the workday ended. I made my way to that street corner, to where it all started. I don't know what I was hoping to find. Maybe whoever Sparky actually was standing there escaped a man again. But it was empty. I stood there for a few moments, wondering what happened to him and the man if it was all just some sort of twisted nightmare. And then a chipmunk scampered by. It picked up something from the grass, and stored it in its already overstuffed cheeks. I leaned in to look, already knowing what I'd see. The yard was covered in treats, and I went back home before nightfall.


convert into oxide. So if you look at the example I have given in calcination, we have mainly hydroxide and carbonates over there. Metals of hydroxide metals we have, metal hydroxides we have, we have hydrated metal oxide we have, and we have carbonates present. So these compounds, if you look at the reaction, it can easily convert it into oxide. You don't have to put much effort into it. Just you need to heat it in absence of air. You will get oxide easily. But suppose if you have sulphide like HGS, in this that the one that I've given HGS you have, ZNS you have, PBS you have. Okay. So all these sulphides you need to convert it into oxide. Right. But oxygen is not there. We have lead sulphide, zinc sulphide. So you have to supply oxygen from outside. So that metal converts into oxides. Right. So it's basically depends upon the property of the metal impurities that we have, or metal compounds, which is present there in the mixture. If it is hydroxides, carbonates and hydrated form, you heat it simply, it will convert into oxide. But if it is not in the form of carbonate, hydroxides and hydrates of metal oxides, then you have to provide oxygen from outside and then heat it so that it converts into oxides. Yes. Okay. So why do only metals like more reactive metals like calcium, aluminum and all only form the carbonates and not zinc carbon. See, in this, we do not have any logic on this because you see, when we discuss about the extraction of any metals, we are just giving you an overview of what process we use. But in this process, we add certain compounds also for the purification process. Correct. So it totally depends like what compound you are getting in a process. It totally depends upon what process you are following in the previous step. Depending upon that, you will have some chemical reaction and then you'll get the product. Okay. So for calcium, it's very, I cannot give you, even no one can give you the concrete answer on this because you see the metals present in the earth crust as the no, as the compound. In that, what all impurities are there, that is one case. What you are adding from outside for the extraction of metal, that is another condition. In all these conditions, you will have one product in the reaction. Right. So it can be anything. So for calcium, you know, iron, mostly we see we forms hydroxides or carbonates because in the earth crust, we have those compounds present plus condition of reaction is like that. So that it converts into carbonates and all. If condition is different, maybe you'll get calcium oxides also directly. That is also possible. So there is no any concrete answer for this could be anything. Okay. Yes. Yeah. So this is what we have grossed it. Correct.  Our purpose is to extract metal, eventually. Right. Now, we have got metal oxides. Now, if you are able to remove oxygen from these metals, metal oxides, you will get the metals finally. Correct. So the last, not last, you have second last method. And the last one is just, you know, purification, like last step is just we will enhance the percentage of the metal that you are getting to get the more pure form. Right. So in this step, the next step, what we do, we have metal oxides, we have to remove oxygen. And for that purpose, we do reduction of metal oxide. So introduction process, we extract oxygen from metal oxide, and we get impure metal first. And then the last step will increase the purity of the metal. That's the last step of the reaction. So in the next process, you write down reduction of next process, you write down reduction of roasted or canned ore. Reduction is the process here. Reduction. So this process we call it smelting. Okay. I'll write down the definition. Write down the extraction of metal, the extraction of a metal from a metal from its oxide, its oxide by a process, by a process involving by a process involves melting is called is called smelting. So the roasted or calcined ore that you get, it still contains non fusible impurities. Okay, I'll just in short, I'll just write down the ore that you have roasted ore, right. It contains infuse infusible, I'm sorry. It is non fusible impurities, non fusible impurities, non fusible impurities of like, you know, silica, you know, silicates, or, you know, metallic oxides, these kind of impurities are present to remove this infusible impurities as example of infusible impurities you write down. We can have silica, we can have silicates, metal oxides, all these are infusible impurities. And to remove this impurities, we also add some compounds into this and these compounds are called flux, flux we add to remove these impurities. Okay, so when you add a flux, so already we have impurities present in the, you know, a mixture which we call it as gang. So gang is already there. And you add some compound from the outside in this smelting process that we got as flux. This combines with the gang, and it forms slag, which comes out from the mixture. And that is how we remove impurities here, right, flux, you add it forms slag and that comes out. One second, guys. Guys, one second, just one second. Yes. Okay, so what we were discussing. Gang plus flux gives you slag. Okay, so slag that comes out and the impurities is removed. Okay. Now, what are the types of flux that we use that is important here, right? So flux we use, we can have acidic flux, we can have basic flux. Okay, anything we can use, depending upon the nature of the gang again, the impurities which is present in the sample. Right. So right down here, next, acidic flux, acidic flux, such as silica. Example, if you see, we have SiO2, it is acidic flux, borax, NO2B407.10H2. Just you need to keep some examples in mind. Okay, NO2B407.10H2. These are acidic flux. Okay. This is added always when the impurities are basic. Added in basic impurities. Added in basic impurities. Okay, basic impurities. Such as we have metallic oxides, metallic oxides are basic.  It was non-fusible initially. Once you add this flux, it becomes fusible. Okay. Look at this reaction, SiO2 plus CaO. See, when we're using borax here, since it has the ability to remove most of the metallic oxides. Okay. So one logic we have that acidic flux we are using against the basic impurities, but it is based on the reaction that we have. What, you know, impurities are present. Based on that, we'll choose the flux here. Right. So NO2B407 also serves as a flux for most of the metallic oxides. That's why we have it over here. Come again. Yeah, tell me. Said it doesn't matter that borax is basic. I see. The structure of borax is what? We have NO2B407, right? Yes, sir. Or we have 2NA plus and B407 minus we have? Yes, sir. So it can take oxygen, sorry, the metallic oxides that you have, it can form a salt with the metallic oxide. It means that metal oxides can replace NA from that. It means reaction is possible. Okay, okay. So then reaction is possible. That's why we are using it. Sir, which acidic character are we talking about? Because if borax is basic and we are using acidic flux, we're telling it as acidic flux. No acidic flux. See acidic flux is this. Okay. So acidic flux, see borax, see it's not like in the solution how it is behaving. The acidic behavior, if you look at the structure of borax we have, the borax structure is this. It depends upon its structure. B407 we have, no. So we have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. And just a second, let me just check the structure. 1, 2, 3, 4. That's 5bob. Seventh oxygen where it will go. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. We have 6bob, you know. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Sir, two central bobis are there, sir. I'm not, I'm doubtful of that. And not 100% sure that there's two central bobis. I think it's four sideways bobis, one central bobis, and all those on the, on the other side of the boron, it'll get OHOH maybe. Okay, one second. So we have 10H2, no? Yes, sir. One second. Let me just, let me call it. And it will be 407. We have the structure. We have bobis born. We have four or five bobis born into this. Five bobis. Four border bobis and one bridge bobis. Four, five, no. So I think it would be this, like this. Like that, yes, sir. And we have NaO. Four we have, we have seven here, right? So you are saying this, I think this is possible. And then O with salt, correct, yeah. And this ONA. I think this is the structure we have, no? Yes, sir. Okay. This is the structure we have, correct. So you see, this is salt, correct? So we have this, and first of all, it is a salt. Yes, sir. Basic salt or acidic salt, that's a different thing. But since it is a salt, so it forms O minus here, O minus here. Correct, sir, correct. Which can easily take the metal oxide. You see, if O minus, O minus is present, it can take this calcium or suppose any metal oxide ion if you have over there, correct? So point is here, point is you are confused with, since it is acidic flux. So the compound, the flux that you're using, it must be acidic. That's fine. But this compound, it can show reaction with metallic oxide. And it was in a non-fusible initially, when it combines with borax, this O minus will take these metals, which is there in the non-fusible slag, and then it converts into fusible slag. Since the reaction is possible here, that's why we are using this as an acidic flux. Because it shows reaction with most of the metal oxides. Because Na is a, no, electropositive metal from Na plus Na plus, and these metals will come over here. And it converts into a fusible slag, which comes out as a slag over there. So reaction is possible. Compounds usually, the terms you're using acidic flux, because most of the flux are acidic in nature. And this acid-based behavior is relative, right? You can say this one is more basic, other one is less basic, that we can discuss. Okay. Overall, what we are doing, we are considering whether the reaction with the non-fusible slag is possible or not. So yes, it is true. When you have basic oxide of metal, mostly we can use acidic flux like SiO2. But some of the oxides of metal also get replaced, all convert into fusible slag when it reacts with borax. Since the structure is this, Na plus will get replaced by the metal ion over here. That's why the reaction is... Got it, sir. Okay. Okay. So we have acidic flux. And the second flux we have is basic flux, you write down. Two types of flux we use. The last one is the basic flux we have. Just opposite, it is basic flux. So we'll add into the acidic impurities which is present. So basic flux, such as we have limestone, the example of this, we can have CSCO3 we can use for this purpose. We can also use the same group. MgCO3 we can use for the same purpose. Okay. This is added to remove, this is added to remove, to remove acidic impurities, acidic impurities. Silica is also like we have seen, it is an acidic flux also present as impurities in the sample. So silica is also the acidic impurities we have. And when you add these basic flux into this, it forms silicate. So you have added calcium here. So it forms CSCO3 calcium silicate, which forms a fusible slag, comes out and CO2 escapes into the atmosphere. So this is, smelting is the process we use to remove the slag, correct? Whether it is to remove the impurities with the help of flux, which can either be acidic or basic, correct? Once you have this impurities you have removed, still you are left with metal oxides, which will use for reduction in order to obtain metal from its oxide. The last process we have here for the purification is chemical reduction. Write down chemical reduction, chemical reduction, the last method. So basically in this we use a various reducing agent, right? Three types of reduction method we have here. The last one is the electro refining method, I think. Electro refining method is more important. We'll discuss that, how it happens and what are the, you know, cathode anode will take, okay? That is important. We'll discuss what important we have into that. But other two are, you know, you already know like chemical reduction is what? You add some reducing agent, it will extract oxygen and will get metal, correct? You see chemical reduction, first method is carbon as the reducing agent we use, as the reducing agent. Just few reactions, you know this already. Suppose we have lead oxide, in general what happens? We are left with metal oxide, metal oxide reduction you can order with carbon. You heat this, it forms CO monoxide and metal will get to you. For example, you see, you have PBO reaction with carbon, heat curvy, it forms Pb plus CO. You have Fe2O3 reduction with carbon. When you heat this, it converts into Fe plus 3CO3 carbon we have here. And like this, we have the reaction with carbon. Apart from this, we can also use carbon monoxide as a reducing agent. So PbO plus CO, Pb plus CO2, carbon monoxide as a reducing agent. Because all are eliminating oxygen from this. So it forms Cu plus CO2. Copy this down. The second method we have, which we use for reduction is, it is auto or self reduction process, auto reduction process or self reduction process, okay? In this process, write down, in this process, we do not require any reducing agent. In this process, we do not require, we do not require a reducing agent. We use this method only for those metals, which are less electropositive, sulfides of those metals, which are less electropositive. So write down sulfides of metals like, sulfides of metals like Hg, copper, lead, sulfides of metals like mercury, copper, lead, mercury, copper, lead, tin are reduced to, are reduced to metal, are reduced to metal when heated in presence of air. Just you need to heat in presence of air, that is it. No other reagent is required. Sir, in? One second. In presence of air. No sir, tin. That, once again, tin are reduced. I don't know what sentence I've written. I tell you what is the, what is the entire thing, because I was framing the sentence, I cannot repeat the exact sentence. Okay. I was saying what the metals like mercury, copper, lead and tin are, no, the sulfides of metals like mercury, copper, lead and tin are reduced to, are reduced to metal in presence of, when heated in presence of air. Once again, Trippan, just a second. I said the sulfides of metals like mercury, copper, lead, tin are reduced to metal when heated in presence of air. Correct? Yeah, very good. Done. Done, sir. Yeah. See, there's a doubt, carbon can be used to reduce any metal oxides or just some. The same logic, Trippan, you can apply electrochemistry to. The reduction of metal is possible if the oxidation potential of carbon is higher than to that of metal. So carbon can reduce only those metal sulfides, like the, for which if you compare the reduction potential of the metal should be more than to that of carbon. Or if you talk about the oxidation potential, carbon should have more oxidation potential than the metal. So all we cannot say. Okay, sir. So basically like lesser reactive. Yes, yes, correct. Okay. So it's the choice, no, see, these are the process we are doing in the industry. So it's the choice, whatever metal we have, accordingly, we'll choose the reagent to react and gives the desired result. Okay. Yes, sir. So, yes, so metal sulfide in this auto or self reduction, we don't require any external agent. So the reaction is you see two HGS when heated in presence of air. So we have three O two, it gives HGO and SO two first sulfur dioxide and oxide, which further reacts with HGS, then it converts into metal and sorry, converts into metal plus will get SO two, SO two. Okay. So some part of it converts into oxide, which then again reacts with the sulfide itself and converts into metal. Same thing goes with copper also, you see this reaction. Cu two S two Cu two S reacts with three O two converts into two Cu two O two Cu two O plus two S O two. We get this. Okay. Then this again copper oxide that you have over here, oxides of copper, it combines with the sulfide, which is left and converts into four into two six, six Cu plus SO two. So this kind of reaction is there. Okay. The next one we have that is electrolytic reduction method. Electrolytic reduction method among all is more important. Okay. And this I'll tell you what we need to understand. Electrolytic reduction method that we call it as, write down electrolytic reduction method for the reduction process. This process we also call it as electro refining process. We use the, we use the concept or the method of electrolysis in this purpose. So write down the third type of reduction process that we use is electrolytic reduction, electrolytic reduction and we also call it as electro refining process, electro refining process. Write down this method is used for the purification of this method is used for the purification of copper, zinc, tin, silver, gold, nickel, lead, aluminum, zinc, tin, silver, gold, nickel, lead, and aluminum for all this. Okay. So this one you have to memorize the one that I'm giving you now. Cathode. Obviously we have electrolytic process. You should know what is cathode and what is anode here. Cathode here is made up of pure metal, the metal which is used to be, which is there to refine. Okay. The metal which we need to extract for the same metal we have the cathode electrode. Okay. We'll have the cathode electrode of the same metal in which when you're talking about this one, electrolytic reduction. Yes, electrolytic. It depends here. See, it depends here if you need to extract metal because we have condition, you will understand. Give me some time. Let me explain this, you will understand what we should use over here.  Same as that to be refined. Okay. Suppose copper you need to extract, then copper cut thin strip you have. Okay. Same as that to be refined. Okay. And we'll have a thin strip of it, thin strip cathode on this. The last question is information.  Same metal, which is to be refined. Same impure metal, made up of impure metal, but we have large slab of it, thick and large slab of it. So this one is thin, this one is large slab of the same metal, which is to be refined. Okay. Electrolyte that we use in this purpose, in this process, obviously we have the electrolyte of same metal, which is to be refined. Okay. Electrolyte aqua solution of, aqua solution of suitable salt of same metal, which is to be refined. Now you see with this diagram, you will understand. So it's not like Venkat, we need very pure or very active metals. It depends upon what metal is to be refined. Based on that, we'll select the cathode and anode. Okay, sir. Okay. Okay. So we have this, suppose the vessel we have container in which the electrolysis is taking place. So anode will have on the left-hand side or the right-hand side, anode on the left or on the right. Anode will have on the left. Correct. Anode oxidation, oxidation on the left. So we'll have a large, thick slab for anode, but for cathode, we have relatively thin, thin strip of cathode. Obviously, whatever is required for reduction for electrolysis, that will definitely do. Okay. These things will be there. And here we have the solution, the electrolyte, aqua solution of the same metal. Suppose metal M, you need to refine. So M-ca solution you need to take here. The same concept of half cell. So we have on this. Okay. Now this is cathode and it is pure, right? Cathode, pure metal. This information you must remember. Okay. This one is anode. It is impure metal. So impure metal means what? We need to extract metal from this only because they are the impurity we have. So if you can extract metal from anode, right, that is what we want. This is to pure only. So we have some impurities present over here, right? Cathode, we have only one reaction possible. The reaction of cathode is what? Suppose the metal M we have, so M, N plus plus N electron reduction gives you M-solid. So no doubt about whatever M ion we have over here, it goes here, get, you know, M plus from the electrolyte will go here, N plus, MN plus will go here, get reduced and deposit on the cathode. So we wanted to take this M plus from the solution. That's what the purpose. We need to extract, correct? What we also wanted, we also want here to take the metal from this impure slab. If this M plus comes here into the solution, right? And the same thing will get reduced over here. So we are extracting metal ion from this impure electrode and that is getting deposited on this and that is how the purification is done. Are you getting my point? Correct. So could you repeat my internet got disconnected? I said what? You need to impure, we need to extract metal from this impure slab that you have. No, I don't. Correct? So yes, in order to extract metal from this, suppose if here the oxidation of metal takes place, M converts into MN plus, it comes out into the solution and the same metal ion gets reduced at cathode. So eventually what happens? We extract MN plus from this slab and then this only will get reduced at cathode and get deposited over here. So that is how the refining process is taking place. Correct? So at anode, we basically have two types of reaction possible. Anode, we have two types of reaction possible. One is the reaction that we want to happen, which is nothing but M metal converts into MN plus plus N electron. This is the oxidation of metal atom, which is there in this impure electrode. But here we have some negative ion also, right? That is X, suppose N minus. This also wants to get oxidized like this. This reaction we want to happen. This reaction we do not want. So it is an unwanted reaction we have. We want this to happen so that we can extract metal from this slab. So what is required here? Logically you can understand. See, whatever is there to mug up that you need to memorize, but this you can understand logically. We want this to happen. We want this not to happen. This reaction we do not want. So we will choose the electrolyte in such a way that the anionic part of the electrolyte that you have is the reduction potential should be should be more than to that of metal. Or if you talk about in terms of oxidation potential, the oxidation potential of metal should be more than to that of the anionic part of the electrolyte. Because if this oxidation potential is more, it will get oxidized first relative to this, right? In comparison to this. Correct. So we will choose the electrolyte in such a way that the oxidation potential of metal is more than to that of the anionic part that we have. Are you getting it? So we will choose the anionic part in such a way that this reaction does not take place. Only this will be there. And this is only possible when the oxidation potential of metal is more than to this because this note you write down the anionic part of the electrolyte. The anionic part of the electrolyte is to be is to be chosen in such a way in such a way that reaction to this is the first and the second reaction. First and second reaction. The anionic part of the electrolyte is to be chosen in such a way that anionic reaction 2 does not take place. In such a way that. In such a way that anionic reaction 2 when I am opening the numbering 1 and 2, anionic reaction 2 does not take place. Thank you sir. Okay. One last point in this. Write down the metallic impurities having lower oxidation potential. This one. Lower oxidation potential. The metallic impurities having lower oxidation potential having lower oxidation potential then the metal then the metal gets separate in the form of anode mud gets separate in the form of anode mud. I am repeating metallic impurities having lower oxidation potential then the metal gets separate in the form of anode mud. Mud simply we say or anode mud we call it as because it is coming from anode. So anode mud we represent like this. We will have some impurity that accumulates over here. So this is the anode mud. So this is it. This is the process of refining. Now after this we have to discuss Ellingham diagram and then some purification process of this thing. Purification process of some metals like aluminium, zinc, copper we will discuss. One we will discuss and that is it in this chapter we have. So we will take a break now. After the break we will start Ellingham diagram. So we will resume at 6.55. Take a break.


Oh, come on Derek Jeter one of 25 what a hit have got to be kidding me youth invasion Super Fracture one of one Julio Rodriguez Chris Olava a rookie patch autograph is that a I'm guessing that's a cleat Goodness gracious gigantic swoosh. It could be love. I probably I mean you see the big sushi on his love I might be well. I think it's love actually could be cleat though one out of two One and two together is 12, which is Jersey number Beautiful a lot of it goodness gracious. I think it's glove. It could be cleat. It's probably Okay guys, okay guys, okay Oh Streamer started streamer start get streamer started Good ol OBS doing OBS stuff on second. We'll get started. Oh, yeah, legal illegals a first commenter now. Oh boy You know what I might do go into our YouTube settings and have that word blocked Yeah, so nobody can say it Just because it'll hold all of them for review Just because that's it. That's the only reason Not this time If I mean if warnings lead it led up to a ban. I mean legal has been warned like 25,000 All right Jeff Yeah, we'll get to your side for sure Jeff. Hope you pull you something nice out of a mosaic NBA First you're gonna be Wallace L. Sam a Shane C. Those are our first three. Good luck, everybody Or well, it's really good luck to those three, but here we go. Hey everybody forest here I'm ripping a box of 2022 mosaic football hobby for Wallace L. Thanks. Wallace and good luck 2022 mosaic hobby. Let's see a party Let's see black mosaic party if it hasn't been pulled yet. I mean any number pretty would be pretty fire We got mosaic. Nico Collins red mosaic Ray Lewis for the Ravens there nice ray in a blue mosaic Justin Jefferson Montage 2772 of 99 actually 72 of 99. Where's the JJ pretty cards? I want those They should have something like that Just like just like one pose. That's it. Maybe they shoot for prism Ritter base got Ricky mosaic Malik. Willis silver Mitchell Trubisky Cooper cups silver stair masters Like I feel they some popular set needs to have like a celebration insert and it's just like signature celebrations I am all down with that. They should be like an accurate or something. That'd be cool One though Robinson Ojaba mosaic Barry Sanders. They will look best on an accurate. Yeah Red mosaic Ricky Pierre Strong, Jr What does Sam say? Hey, oh, Peter. What come on here? And it's winning mosaic Marcus Allen No, this is hobby legal No swirls Although Sean and I almost had to give Donnie a swirly The other day what James Williams Kayer Elam was egg Dallas Goddard Silver AJ Turrell was a command of mastery Barry Sanders. I would go tell on you guys so quick We'd get an actual trouble. That's for sure Malcolm Roger you guys to Lonnie Woods mosaic Donald Mooney a Purple mosaic Xavier and Howard number 24 49 and An overdrive silver of Tiki Barber Well, it's not my idea Hey, see me have a good one man. We will see you tomorrow Aden Hutchinson Carl Loftus Ricky Williams blue mosaic auto Number 61 of 99. Nice Ricky Ricky mosaic Arnold LeBouketsier Falcons silver Mike Woods rookie Come on party even his base is tough to find So 30 bucks pop though mosaic Jamar Chase National pride there red mosaic Patrick my home's national pride Silver montage Jamar Chase mosaic Shaquille Barrett Silver rookie Desmond Ritter debut swagger mosaic Najee Harris Come on now. Come on now. Jermaine Johnson Trey McBride rookie auto Jalen Tolbert Mosaic Robbie Anderson red mosaic of Jerry Rice Picket debut blue mosaic quarter-all Patterson 52 of 99 silver Charles Woodson and a center stage silver of Joe Thysman That is gonna do it Wallace. Thank you again for the order. We'll get these out to you in just a bit You want me to be like who's illegal? To be fair, I wasn't here long enough to really understand like who's he's top-loading Uzi's I don't even know how to Know you didn't talk a lot of all That's gonna say like I you can get him going on certain topics though. He's just like nonsense He loved his memes and all that stuff. He loved this Gen Z memes Are you not a beaver A memer. Yeah, I don't really make memes, but I do enjoy them Of course, I'm gonna find a memes all day. It's part of my routine go find a meme In the morning Drink my coffee. I mean is you could definitely say go birds a lot. I mean a Donnie good He's literally an eagle It was it was the way he said it and the timing he said it I don't know how to describe it howdy. What was the timing? Wasn't the timing all the time Did he have Sean would just say it all the time Go birds go find a meme and live the dream. Hey, there you go, John John read that on like a Motivational calendar What does Sam's dreams Come on It says Make sure to recap you that zappy dude if it says that I'm gonna fight him We're looking at it right now I want to find out. Let's see what sam's instagram says I Break or lean sports cards pc ravens ray lewis It doesn't say anything like that has nothing has no has none of that. Good job believing me I don't know who I'm more disappointed in Sam or Donnie Hey everybody forest here we're up in a box of 21 22 mosaic basketball hobby for sam a Let's do it sam. Good luck, man Come on black mosaic Frans Wagner right here for the Niners lose Hey, no threats of violence in chat. All right mosaic miles bridges red mosaic damien lillard Jalen green national pride Jalen Suggs debut Hey, john.  Highland debut John rants and Jeremiah robbins and Earl silver killian haze Red mosaic clay thompson So they're your bandwagon teams down is that what you were saying? Do you have a second team donnie? Yeah, what's your second team chiefs? Makes sense mosaic bradley beal all nba red mosaic louis donch Tyler boy mosaic rising stars for the heat. Hope the chiefs lose to donnie Well, see here's the thing. It was a chiefs eagle super bowl.  They usually get a shirt when I go to a mosaic jared allen Blue mosaic jordan dewara 43 and 99 Got stair masters mosaic chris middleton herbert jones jaden springer. I actually do have a bagel shirt in half though Silver step curry all nba Got a red john collins scotty barns base Book night and davion mitchell mosaic eric gordon for the rockets red mosaic ricky quentin grimes illegal gets it Donnie isn't any read fan. I guess jaren fox mosaic Uh montage there moments xire williams moses moody I'm i'm disappointed. He never got a he never got a ring and filly. I wish I wish he would at least got one 5d we had Sorry guys stuff We got a gold coming up after this mosaic doran finney smith The gold is a Bogdambag donovitch Solid card there eight of ten nice gold Steve that's a hot rod question mosaic montage bradley biel Kate cunningham nba debut Let me go ask andy sandberg Soul of a bottlenose dolphin That's shawn shawn is soul of a bottlenose dolphin the silver dairies basley red mosaic zaklavine starting five celtics I think the taco one or not. Yeah the taco one Took a chair to the grill cheese with that And the redemption is a montrez herrol autograph mosaic redemption silver kawaii Leonard red mosaic bogdambag donovitch mosaic swagger treyong evan mobley josh giddy And shack and that is gonna do it sam. Thank you again Solid box or you had the gold all the gold bogdambag donovitch I was hoping for a big rookie for you though. Do you appreciate it and get this out to you All right next to it be shane c the namo d Everybody forced here ripping two boxes of 2022 tops star wars chrome black hobby for shane c Appreciate the order shane here we go man. Let's find a big auto. Let's find a super Superfractive illegal Giving that beat the card a lot of wicked warwick Supreme leader snoke and a refractor of k2so 16 of 199 Shacks would eat the pizza Pop it on My refractor auto princess leo organa julie dolin as princess leo organa Been eating the shakaronis 5,000 counts and then of all the mags All right, here we go.  Come on Let's see something big here see three p.o refractor of yoda 37 of 199 nice numbered yoda and a gold hara sindula 29 of 50 speak Or it is a nambigima red auto 205 kirin Shah red nambigima There you go, shane nice color. I was hoping for a bigger name for sure There you go can't argue with the color there. Thanks again, man. We'll get these boxes out to you shortly You know those pieces of ham and pineapple uh Those pizzas are mt 5000 count boxes everybody start debating uh Hawaiian pizza do it Owls or green owls on pizza? Uh pens Will it depend on i mean it's black olives for sure. Yeah, that's out But it has to be like like the good olives like calamata or something. I'm sorry. I don't know my brand of owls no olives Steve says black got three black owls And I've never even seen green olives on a pizza. Donnie. Have you ever seen that? I'm from Ohio. I've seen a lot of things That's true. It is Ohio I don't think you've ever been to Ohio You're not missing anything Oh, I know that I'm just like Pretty sure never been there like roller coasters Cedar point might be a spot to check out, but that's about it. All right. I'm in that's where I'll go Do I think he was a finesse qb? Uh, I mean No, like I don't what's your definition of finesse like he was able to extend plays and make plays when They're about to be dead Like I mean, he's an he's an overall. He's a good quarterback. Yeah Like was he amazing? He's not an all-time great, but he's still like he's an eagle great. Yeah Syracuse great The orange I feel like base cards donnie. I love them great Then you'll have no issues here It's okay illegal. Don't be sorry for me. I'm not there anymore. Be happy. I'm out There you go. Ohio catching strays tonight. I get the little life now. I'm out of my cage Dude, no way steve. Oh my god. I'm so glad you sold that though I pulled up a gold mosaic auto just before new years It was the first box. I opened a mosaic and it was a gold purdy auto. Wow And it was a one box. It was a one box or two. It was a one off, of course Oh, yeah, rocker to hall of fame. Okay. I have been oh, I went to cleveland. I've been to the rocker hall of fame I haven't I went there when I was in high school Is it interesting? Yes. I'm all fame for sure Pretty sad. I lived there for 20 some years. I never went You go on a field trip I was a bit of a McNair or a McNabb Um I want to say McNair, but I don't remember a whole a whole you know watching them play a time. I'm in the same boat I don't remember McNair's I remember more of McNabb, obviously because he like that was more of my like growing up years, but yeah The McNabb No, we're good. We don't need any olives mark. Thank you though Someone sent us a whole bunch. We have a whole bunch of stuff right now Someone sent us a bunch of gift baskets a few weeks ago. We still have so much like jarred stuff in the in the fridge All right, y'all We can continue this conversation once we start this personal Everybody forced here ripping nine boxes for ammo d ammo has two boxes of 2022 bowman draft super jumbo 2 2021 bowman draft super jumbo 3 2022 top scrum update series baseball hobby boxes a fanatics under wraps Series two signed baseball from 2022 and a 2022 bowman chrome baseball hobby Here we go ammo. Thank you again for the order. Let's start with Some super jumbo is I guess. Oh, let's start with some updates start with update Got the steel one of Shaq's pizza boxes here recent three updates first Yeah, I saw Jeff I did see it And then I had the um And it also had uh, holo heroes burrow gold also had a width of 50 Oh, yeah, the bobby weight gold chrome Insane like one box. There's just crazy. Yeah I was crazy here cold rookie purple spencer torgelson solid start So john every quarterback of all time if they didn't win the super bowl, you don't care about them Aqua chris basset number 130 out of 250 Tyler malei purples jea rochella So no, oh you got all of us mark. I mean hey if you want to send them Let me know we'll be a rodriguez ricky debut John must think purple robins and charinos john must think you're rogers is trash. Do you want a super bowl? No, we did I forgot.  Yeah, it's been a minute Man, how many people thought Aaron roger gonna win a one super bowl now is it craziness wander franco debut purple dustin may Yeah, who's the who okay after marino. Who's the next best quarterback to never win a super bowl? Who would it be then uh the yarr abram's bass purple josh harrison kelly jensen purple i'm gonna say uh Thinking about it rookie purple jake walsh for the cardinals there robo robo you can say like robo rivers those I would say rivers. I think over robo purple panada Randall tunningham's a good one The johnny you ever won an nth l championship though purple nelson cruise johnny you is probably the answer Or autogram. Yeah, because there's like old-timey greats But today we're gonna call championships purple albert poohol's guess about the specified. That's if that's true Oh, yeah, jim kelly's a pretty solid one purple rookie alex fietto I'm gonna say uh mac jones purple adam hazley donnie will say jalen herds No, jalen herds is a little one It's not really talking about one one and uh three weeks purple rookie cj abram's I guess you just kind of go to the hall of fame and look at quarterbacks. You never want to I mean, it's probably what you do wander franco nick castellanos jimmy panya.  He played for a few different teams in the nfo He only started for a handful as he was though I forget Who did flutie play for the longest? Well, I think a flutie think of chargers for some reason. Is that right or wrong? purple shamanaya Purple son, I think he was on new England at one point. Dave you rookie purple matt brash. I mean you can just look it up donny Not a whole lot of problems going on I'm so busy Okay, so alex thomas purple rookie Be how it be nick plumber rookie purple The highest war of what?  That's right. That's right. Pena debut Royce lewis purple rookie debut redetmers Chargers, okay. Yeah, I think I'd want to think of lute. I think a charger Fuller, radriga's debut Just just um cj abram's purple rookie debut 86 the 2005 played for five teams Purple rookie payante He was on new england for four What's sdg? Rookie purple connor pilkington Is that capable? Click on it. See what it said. It'll say you there abram's base purple feel like spotista rookie It's the chargers. I don't know why they put a g there That's weird sdg. Yeah. Oh, it's just be sd Like san diego. That's what i'm saying like We're the giants in san diego Is that purple both of them? Not purple. Yeah purple purple reference. Yeah Purple rookie brice elder. They're on something. Okay. He was at uh New england for four San diego for four buffalo for three in chicago for two edward or radriga's so he was a little over the place Yeah Andrew luck was really good. Yeah, we're gonna forget about andrew luck But he was really good like really good ricky purple joey wence like he was Arguably at that time period like you could argue. He was like second best behind brady at times. Oh, yeah Didn't he win mvp? I think he did rob rap sniper purple Let's find out Give that man a little lion. He would have just he would have done great things He was so good I think don't forget how good andrew luck actually was He was the jidness You pretty much just look it up on ebay four pro goals 2018 ap comeback a chris was out man just in time to be talking about um dug flutie And uh, who else are we talking about? And andrew luck, what's Purple rookie alohoris montero Oh, yeah boomer asiason Yeah, that was just an okay boomer No, angel. I've never had Yeah, it's four pro goals.  Jerry rice was a seahawk Somehow some way 2014 what drew for 4,700 yards of 40 touchdowns. Wow. Look at this. Look at this gold rookie auto jeremy peña six out of 50 Wild hit right there for ammo holy cow Holy cow proper rookie j. jim out of yavitch chris is always saying you're welcome and never thank you Which is obviously not true, but that's a big card right there McAllen your dawn purple chris Bryant always bringing up Old boxes of elite basketball. Mike clevenger refractor number 243 of 299 purple nico gudrum Oh, yeah, I forgot we're only talking about the current year rolling. We're not we're new year So we're not talking about uh old rips anymore. We're not blaming me for things that are out of my control anymore At least yet purple rookie jp sears at least yet Not bringing the trash can jeremy peña He wasn't he was he was a prospect that whole time bobbywood junior generation now purple kenley jensen red sox legend kenley jansen It's gonna have like 60 saves this year probably Oh seven whip I did not realize how many Awards johnny united Yeah, johnny united. This is like the goat cubie before like the super cool era. It also says purple michael panetta He it also says he does have a super bowl champion Whether that's before of the super bowl era what year? Yeah, you know, he did then or he's still there. Um, it was like the first was like


What's up ladies and gentlemen, I'm Steph and I'm here for another episode of Staff Shorts. I know it's been a long time since we've done one of these, but we are bringing it back along with a relaunch of TIP, which was formerly known as Game Giveaways, which was formerly known as Get Games, which will be rebranded again in the future probably. Anyway, today we are going to talk about the new trailer for Red Dead Redemption, I think I'm in love. We are also going to talk about why the South Park The Fractured Butthole is getting so much negative criticism with the release of the most recent trailer. We are going to talk about a free game from us to you, and finally we are going to talk about the CEO of YouTube starting up her very own YouTube channel. All that and more in today's episode of Staff Shorts. So the new Red Dead Redemption trailer has been released and it looks absolutely fantastic. Although it seems rather than being the outlaw seeking redemption, you're just going full on outlaw this time. Robbing trains, bussing up lawmen, hunting and roping. Everything I could ever want from one of my favourite cowboy games. I just hope they pull focus away from the multiplayer a little bit and don't make this another GTA and focus more on that campaign and get it just as good as the original. Anyway, what do you think? Do you think this is going to be more like GTA cowboy or do you think Red Dead Redemption is going to stay to its grand massive campaign and still be just as good as the original? Let me know in the comments down below. And a free game from us to you in support of our friends over at Blue Drop Games, check them out.  Diving across rooftops, assassinating your target silently. Well, if that's what you're looking for, we probably haven't got the game for you. The game we are showing you today is called BCE and it's all about cavemen. So what is the aim of the game? The aim of the game is to defend your campfire and you do this by smashing in the hairy skulls of other cavemen.  This will be available on dashboard under the tip section very soon. Keep an eye on our social medias for the actual release date and I hope to see you all in game because I'm looking forward to destroying some freedom family. In our next news piece, Ubisoft recently released a new trailer for South Park, The Fractured Butthole. Oh God, think of the children. Not really, I'm looking forward to this game as much as anybody else could possibly be. Although, the recent trailer seems to have brought up some critics' backbones, shall we say. Let's find out more now. In the trailer, a gay fish attempts to guide his mother, who is very much brown, to the gates of heaven as she rides a unicorn that is farting rainbows, very much in the style of flappy birds. Many people have criticised the trailer for being homophobic or racist, but that is not the thing that got many critics up in arms this week over the South Park The Fractured Butthole trailer. Let's talk about what got them really angry. So, the South Park creators have been willing to cross pretty much any line imaginable over the last, what, 10, 15 years now as they create the awesome South Park series we all know and love. But critics are saying the only aim of the recently released trailer was to offend and hurt the masses. Well, not the masses. They wanted to publicly shame one person in particular, Mr. Kanye West. How dare they is what many critics are saying about the trailer right now. Well, millions of gamers laugh at his expense.  Anyway, if you want to find out a little bit more about this story, which has got me sort of naaaah, then check out in the description below the link to the original article that'll tell you more about why we need to leave Kanye alone. Oh, that was Britney. To find out more about why the critics care more about Kanye's feelings than the homophobic and racist remarks in this trailer, check out the links in the description where I will send you to the original article. And also, let me know in the comments and on Twitter, do you find this trailer racist? Do you find it offensive? I'll agree it's edgy as South Park has always been, but I don't see it as particularly offensive. And finally, the CEO of YouTube has recently started her own channel. You can go and check out her first video where you will see people like The Rock, Dwayne Johnson, you will see Tyler Ward, an amazing fill. There's a whole host of interesting tips over on her first video from many, many large creators, whether they come from Vine or Instagram over to YouTube and now have a massive following on YouTube, or whether they are YouTube, born and bred. I, for one, hope to see more of Susan or watch us as close friends, Carla. Call me Susan. I hope to see more tips from her channel and maybe now she's on YouTube herself, hopefully we'll start seeing some more creator-centric updates and some more creator-centric features being pushed to the platform. Please, Susan. So what do you guys think? Is this a PR stunt or is this a CEO genuinely wanting to understand and take an interest in the platform she is running for the future betterment of that platform? Let me know in the comments down below. Personally, the fact that she's only in the video for about 10 seconds and the production quality of the video speaks volumes to me. What's your opinions? Let me know because I'd be super interested to figure out whether you guys think this is a PR stunt or someone genuinely caring about the product they produce. And that's it for another episode of Staff Shorts. If you found this content cool and interesting, give me a little thumbs up and a comment down below so I can carry on making this for you guys. And I will see you in the next episode where we'll talk about another new game release in the Tips system, which you can find on your dashboard. That's all for now folks. I'll catch you next time. BYE!


Yeah, yeah, come on.  Come on. They try to bait a nigga right. They try to bait us in here, man. No suck. That's the one he was waiting on. Sweet. That shows me. That shows me. That shows me. No. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. This is an 85 sound source thing. Papiochi. I used to miss you. I used to care for you. I used to hold you. Can I resist you? How could I forget you? Too much to sift through. So whatever you play, it comes back. I tried to pull you. I tried to drag you. I couldn't lift you. How could I forget you? Tell me that you're noob. Does he ever get you hurt? Do you ever paint your scars? Give me too much work you'll find. Choose what? Do what it's next time. I used to miss you. Little as you wait for the drums. I used to miss you. I used to miss you.  I could tell you. I could tell you. We could do the drums. I could tell you. That was that little call. I did bring a gift here. It might be in my vehicle, in my automobile. In a particular bag with a particular type of appearance. You know what we need to do? What's up? I got a show. That I'm coming out with, right? Okay. I don't want nobody to steal it. I'm coming up now with that. You all right? Musical artists that I fought with. We're doing live 20, 30 second ballads.    They be watching all that greatness and be like, I'm putting that niggas up. He's one of the coldest niggas man.  Do you feel like sometimes you be so talented niggas be waiting on you to tell a joke because they can't expect that you be that talented, you know what man? Just niggas know how to ice skate bro. I get frustrated. And skate. Nah, I'm talking about like talking about down the big mountain.  I know he's gonna be there and he's scared. Come back up, I'm gonna overlap you there. Overlap? But I be frustrated sometime because no music is my passion.  Alright. But come here is my calling. So this is how I get to talk to the people and congregate. But he always gonna let me know listen man, understand you what you gonna do. You gonna do it, but you gotta handle your business first. You gonna finagle your way and still do it. But once they see you over here, you gonna change the world for it. That's real bro because like I mean and I get it because I feel like I be the same way too because you know like people want me to get on the internet and just drop all kind of conspiracy theories and all type of like. They want me to drop science like 24-7 and it's like that's cool and I'm with that, you know what I'm saying?  I like to talk about it.  I'm an 85%er. I wanna be thorough. You know what I'm saying? I feel like sometimes people want to it's like you talk about you know what I'm saying? Your socks one day and they be like man you supposed to always talk about your socks all the time. It's like sometimes that's how I feel. We see as we understand that as a people we are creative. So we gotta understand that that just comes naturally out of us.     I appreciate it. You sing and dance better than like most niggas.   And I'm still in the crack. I'm out there dancing. Do you want some crack? Do you want some crack? That might have been a good cover though. What you doing on this corner? Choreography. I just got to find.   Cause you know I did music. I played in the band. You still in the band. No I'm saying like I sung in the church choir. in the band, so I played instrument, such phone, baritone, trumpet, baritone? Baritone. What? That's why I got a soulful, I understand the tubas in the baritone. I had to be. What? One, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one. What? We, we compliment each other. I played in the band. I can't, I can't believe this. Come on, everybody. All my niggas I dated to a music theory that was in the band. Come on, man. Y'all niggas see what's happening? Come on. Hold on now, band time now, Friday. Okay, come on, it's Friday. You got the flutes at the front. Flutes at the front. Clarinets. Clarinets. Come on now. You got the trumpet, saxophone, baritone. You got the tuba. Right. Then the percussion. I got to know everybody part. Why? That's a percussionist. We keep the rhythm. Who coming in? Who ain't coming in? Who's playing now? We keep the rhythm. It's some percussionist out there in the crowd right now, right now. Know y'all out there?  Come on, man. Y'all? Sorry, we keep the rhythm. I don't know. In what? Yup.  Y'all got slapped in the bottom. Y'all got slapped in Teremonia. What that mean? You got slapped in the bottom. It's just, it's just, it's just blessed in the bottom. Dabbed in the bottom, love. Bless the spirits. For the, yeah, there we go. Live bass. Live bass. Post them on the slide. Smack them buns. You play this, man? I play the trumpet, I play the trumpet.  All right. I'm not lying. The third period with the slow, that Lil, they like, well, who jump you? You know how they came up with drip?  I'ma tell you what's that you up, because they put them pictures of Louis Anderson, Louis Armstrong.  I don't mean to be the barrel bet, man. I don't know why you wanna play the trumpet.  I'm good. This is me? Yeah. Anybody else? Nope. Just me? Yeah, it's us. I go with you. Wait a minute, wait a minute. I want some tequila to drink. New face. There you go. Give it to somebody, you know what I'm saying? Just like New Soul Child, you don't buy all these voices with you. I'ma feel it, just like an alcoholic, man. No, tell the rock to come on here, too. We drink tear model. And you're on the rock. I ain't talking about you, man. But the rock is sipping. The rock is coming on the 85 South Shore. I say that. The rock is coming on the 85 South Shore. Moana? Yeah, he got to say that. Moana? That's you. And he got to say that it's about pride. It's about power. We speak power. No, that's all we take now. No, he got one we take now. You got one we take now, they didn't say that. Say it. What's power, man? That's it, too, right now. The rock got to rap sponsored by Under Armour.  Right. Sound like Straight Under Armour. You know, Under Armour got that chick, because they get Steph Curry to put them motherfuckers on. Oh, yeah.  Yeah, Under Armour. Under Armour police first came out with them different colors.     Damn, no. I ain't never had that type of bread. Damn, no. Me neither. I looked. I was a looking fool, boy. I was talking to Bullshit Book over here. Nigga be on the bus looking at what he wants.  Nigga used to walk here. I'm getting these. I'm East Bay. I'm probably going to get them yellow ones, though. I'm probably broke. Ain't nobody got them. Never.  What's the shit that's about to go out that I might be able to find in here? See, come on then, I ain't got nothing. Yeah. You got three days of your beard and style. You caught the land. I ain't got nothing. I don't have one. This was $30? Yeah, but it's made. It's just, you already threw this? I mean, in the pits. I thought you, I ain't know you used to do this or that.  No, it took, it took two guys that long to set that up. I know you ain't put it there. That keyboard got hot. But hey, they had a birthday. He's the only man that had a birthday on that motherfuckin' land. That whole song, that whole song, that whole song. Shit. You might call it a little cute as hell, man. All right, man, we're gonna get this shit, man. All right, that's funny. I'm gonna hit y'all in the whole song. I'm gonna hit y'all in the whole song. OK. Yo, what is this? No, these quads all with you. I see you tomorrow in the land. See you tomorrow in the Zara. Hey, man, how was that? You good, yeah. I ain't got no doubt. Y'all ain't got no doubt. You can fit it. Is anybody else? You didn't do it like, oh, I thought I was gonna come here and pull up and tell them I'm not. Everybody's gonna know what you're doing. I mean, give me the song. You know, definitely if you, if you pass it around, I'm sure it'll come back less than what you put out. I just feel like it would be correct and right if everybody else would partake and participate. You don't know about a drink, B.O.B. Why don't y'all be drinkin' before I came here? Need some tequila. Before I came here, I was at a rock and metal concert. Joe, you want some tequila? We got two right here. I found you some more drinkers. I was in the rock and metal concert. Yeah. Hey, we got two more that's joining the train. Y'all stop dropping them off and you got there rock and metal concert. Do you want them to go? Yeah, nah. I want them to go. Bro, it's six minutes or more. Re-route, you do it, they're throwing them out.  They got three over there, y'all don't. They said mine was a pyramid, so.  He's like, what are you saying? Oh, no, let me see the crowd. We don't know the Lord! We don't know the Lord!  You can't partner with anybody that drinks tequila, motherfucker. Big buff, you see, he never used to hang up with the white people, you see. Boy, it's crazy. Yo, we was in that bitch's room, right? Well, I took my wristband off, man. I went to a raid before, that ain't it. Bro, what? That's how I was sitting, drool.  Bro, do you like to rave at any point in time? They was so drunk, they was so geeked up, they didn't even want my drool. They was like, no, it's not it, bro.   You know what I'm saying? Bitch, this yo feel.  He ain't there, yo, yo. Hey, don't you get so geeked up, right?  One minute, what you think of that? What you think of that?   That nigga was like, yo, all right? You don't know over here, this shit, I don't see that. That nigga was like, I don't know what's wrong with you. Nah, I couldn't tell you better off. I don't want to drug you all.  I think I got in the nigga way. You know what I'm saying? I don't know what I got in here, bro. Girl trying to call. And Dallas, we comin' to see y'all on July 30th and we turnin' up, period. I ain't from Dallas, but I do time with you. Hey, I'm from Dallas. This shit, while we out there, period.  I can't wait, I'm so excited. I love Dallas. I love Dallas. I feel like y'all gonna show us a good time. We gonna turn up, we gonna have a good time. It's lit. So July 30th, we are at Echo Lounge at Music Hall. The show starts at 7 p.m. Doors open at 6. I'm telling y'all, get there on time because we have some special guests coming through. It's gonna be so lit. Let me tell y'all. We got the new merch. We gon' have these shirts on sale, period.  So make sure y'all get y'all tickets. Go to www.poorminds.com and we'll see y'all July 30th, period. No, I knew where I was at. Come on, partner, tell me. Monk Monk and I, they be buyin' every man playin' at your cellar. You ain't got two legs. Soap of people. I'm lookin' muck. Oh, yeah, they muckin' at you. All right, let me get outta here.   I don't know. I was lookin' around tryin' to figure out how they partin' like this. And they havin' a great time.    Bro, and you hear that, and you be thinkin' it's normal, like, right? But it be like, you know what I'm sayin'?  And I be like, yeah. I wanna party, that's why I'm here. Right. And they be like, no. Wanna party? Yeah. I don't even know why niggas even try to party with white people.  Seven o'clock in the morning. Seven o'clock in the morning. Up. Dude, come on, we day drinkin', buddy. Come on, we day drinkin'. Dude, it is eight-thirty in the morning. I know we been up since six drinkin', man. We been up takin' shots this morning.  I can't do it. Yo, I just, you know, you can't just be like, yeah, yeah, yeah.   I started gettin' nervous. Yeah. Man.  They want to jump on me?  All right, let's do it. One more. All right. Fuck. Fuck.  These niggas out of the fight, too. They deep nut. I mean, everybody ain't livin' to do it. You mean it?   Niggas with the gloves ain't... Come on, man. You on the fight, man. Not you. Not you.  You a browser, nigga? Yo, I been going to, I been going to metal shows. That's what they call metal shows. It's like metal. It's metalcore. Okay. It's called metalcore. Why it's called metalcore? Cause it's hardcore. Yeah, but it's metal. That's how hard it is. I been going to metalcore shows since September last year. Man, it seems like you've been saying like twice a week. At least since September. Twice a week. Yo, but look, you just got crazy. Nah, but I did, for real. I did. Cause let me tell y'all niggas, y'all niggas out here watch it and y'all be like, yeah, I like rock music. Yeah, I like rock music. Nah, nigga, go to a metal show. Metalcore. What? I don't think I'ma make it. Is these the ones where the band name look like it's spelled out with sticks? You know the type of, You know what I'm saying? We're gonna need to go to that show. What would we be doing in there? You would be in the bar. Why? You and T-Pain need to get a show.  Through the motherfucking roof. You would be in the bar, but y'all would have fun there. Doing what? Because it's different.   Y'all take a back up.  I can see it now. Get y'all mustaches back. Get y'all mustaches back. What can you do with it, bro? It is kind of a mustachio. It kind of, you know they know what you're saying. I like that magic. They be in mosh pits, right? What are you doing in there? Oh. But it be in mosh pits. Tell them about the mosh pit, cause they act like... See, this is the thing. This is like...  I gotta put it down and explain to y'all. This is like an economic mosh pit. Like this. This is a real, this is a real mosh pit. Like you be... They be moshing like economically. Like if you fall down. They pick you up. They pick you up. And once you get knocked out again. And once you get knocked out again. That's what I'm saying. Get up, bro. He almost caught you.    Hup, hup, hup, hup. Like in this bitch, in this whole pit. This whole mosh pit. That's what you be in that doing. You ain't trying to be mean. You be in that fight, you be in that fight. Hey, in a minute, bro. I'm gonna get some in the next scene. Get mosh pit. And it's like... You know, I be out there in the crowd, bro. And it's like... No, man. I be out there. Put experience, no. Because why wouldn't you put experience? He's coming. He's going to crack, crack. He's going to crack.  Hey, man, welcome back to the 85 South Shore. We put a craze in this bitch, man. We got a dope ass, talented individual in here with us today, man.  And I'm gonna get your ladies and gentlemen. B-O-B.  Come get the keyboard.  Yeah, we don't... Let's move this out. Let's move it. We're gonna move this. I see where you go.   Did I do that?  I got y'all to lose, son. I got y'all to win, son.  Sooner or later, restart. Wait till you hear this. Oh, I got something for you. I can just restart my computer, man. See, this might right here. This is citizen. This guy, this guy's got your teammate. And you got your David Bell. David Bell? I just... I just... I don't know, man. You don't know what? What you been up to, man? I just don't want to get monkeypox, man. I just... I just don't want to get monkeypox.  And you don't want to get monkeypox, man.   It's like a real monkeypox.  They say gorillapox, man.  Because the zoo got my full gorilla. You know what they say? They came from the Raves. They say they came from what? Raves. Yeah. And you in there with... Monkeypox.  You get it from the Raves. You get it from the Raves.   You put it close to your face, man. I ain't slashing it. Bro, you ain't no man. No, I ain't no monkeypox. No, I just don't know.  Needs to be dropping drugs.  Like, come on, man. No, I ain't got anything. Monkeypox, definitely. They know that. They can trick you. Yeah. Monkeypox. You're not a monkey guy, Pops. You been running away from these monkeys. They don't know all of a sudden they got pox. No, it's chicken pox. They don't like chicken. Monkey pox. What other animals? Give us the list of all the animals with pox. They can't... No, they try to give them an animal that is correlation to us. That's what they try to say. So they can say wee, wee. Who? Who? No, they always say monkey. Monkey.  The pox.  They started out with the chickens got the pox. Mm-hmm.  Who like chicken? What is a pox anyway? Can we discuss that first? What is a pox? It's probably a long scientific word on some books. Pops, he likes a quail. Oh, it's probably me.  Tender boff. Tender boff. Tender boff. Tender boff. Look it up.  You are not... From the mucous membrane. Tender boff. The mucous membrane. Tender boff. Oh, my God. I can't believe it was in the epidermis. Got a dermis. Got a dermis. Got a dermis. I'm one of the smartest niggas y'all know. So it's really like a whitehead. But why they say pox marks instead of pox marks? Because pox is the actual bump. So that's why they say pox marks. It's the mark where the bump was. We should have said that one time. Yeah, it's the bump. We say true marks, though. It's the pop. Yeah. We be like bumps, but it's really a pop. Yeah. How are you supposed to look... How are you supposed to be like in a club like me? In a rave.   You know what you mean? They got pops on me. But how are you supposed to tell them between chicken pox and monkey pox? You don't tell. They just put a monkey pox.   The monkey pox is big. Each pox is big. And they purple. They big. I know where they come from. Raised. I thought you just got that glow stick.   Yeah, you don't supposed to be in there with them. Hell no. That might be where you get those. The little thot. There's something happening. Think about it. You're going to stand out too much. They're going to be like them with the niggas, with some dread. We do these type of things. It be niggas or niggas. They're not niggas. They're not niggas. Those are not niggas. He be like a grouper? Those are not niggas. They're individually who see other black niggas in blood. We niggas. We niggas. They're not niggas. My niggas. And I be in there.  They're not in there. They're not in there. Okay, that's true.  They just make it good. They just make it good. When you and your other friend, they'll be like, Hey man, what's up with your boy, man? I'm sick of going and shooting and playing in white vision, man. No count. Hey, you miss them?  Don't you say that? I'm gonna say it, Bob. No, you ain't! It is. It is. It is.  You can make me believe a lot of shit, but I'm not finna believe that, I believe it. They be in there? Bro, bro, the earth is flat, remember that. They be in there, thank you. Come on, bro. Tell me something else, man. Dr. Umar Johnson would not be proud, would he? Come on, bro. He's in there. He's in there. Bro. Stop making your asses stay in there.  You take it, but y'all see it in the... Don't care. Yeah. Hey, man. What am I looking to be like? You gotta decide for yourself. I'm telling you. What y'all people saying? Your grits gotta have cheese in it, man. They do. They do. Hey, your grits ain't got no pep on it. Straight salt?  You do it sneaking over there, too. I just think y'all, man, cause y'all are a little close. No, now what happened when a nigga drank some milk? Well, we didn't make it. Nigga Lewis got that back. Because you were a little bit interested, a little bit. I'm not.  Hey, look. Let me tell y'all something. You go to the liquor, bro.  They had to be the liquor.  You know what, I went in that salt, but I got off on the liquor. I got off on the, what a pteramunna. What y'all did with the pteramunna? Right here. See? See? Oh, you didn't? You don't know no more. They got a little beef going on. I went in there, but I'm saying, you gotta go in there and look, you're gonna go in there sober, right? I'm not going. You're like, I haven't got that.   I know. Yeah, nah, we know what we see what's coming out that month, but they can't even walk. Why would that be in there? And I know that's what the outcome is. This is coming out, can't even walk. I don't know. Who's the last one being those? What? The Razy? Oh. I'm talking about metal core. Break it down, explain. I walk with God. Explain. You don't go in here, right? You may be like 2% of the black people in the place.  It's cool though, because it's cool though, because security, the security's all black.   No cap. Yo, security is niggas like me. I'm looking at them like, yo, what's up? I'm in here, you know what I'm saying? They're like, give them a mask on, tell them. And so, I'm in here, and I'm like, yo, I'm experiencing this different, it's a different experience, different world.  I feel like I'm at a crucial man, go to bankhead. Yo, real talk is just as ratchet as crucial as bankhead. But then just go to break it in. None of them black security break it up either.  I know, I win. Fine again. Yo, but I don't know, man. Y'all gotta go see it.  Me. You just showed up one day. Yo, literally. What else you been doing? I mean, I've been in a lot of shit, man. What was your favorite happen to make? The favorite.  I want to know what was your favorite happen. I ain't never doing no metalcore, I'm not even.  I'ma see, one day, I'ma see y'all niggas in here.  We's only gonna be in there because of you.   I'm out of here.


I always say that, you know, people don't believe me, but I always say that, you know, I'm a progressive on these issues. I lean more to the regulatory issue and I've written two books on how it could be done.  In those months, when you watch Trump in the press conferences, you may have felt more uncertain and more nervous because he discussed it so flippantly. COVID's no big deal. Just maybe some, maybe bleach will help. Maybe light will help.  And so of course that's going to be unnerving when people are seeing casualties and hospitals overwhelmed. He doesn't give you the feeling of somebody who's following all the details. And you do worry that he had secondary motives, which is obviously he was facing a reelection. I think the combination of the most divisive president in human history, an election year. And I think that's a recipe for disaster. But the reason I particularly put maybe more blame on Fauci is presumably he defines himself. He's the adult in the room. And yet he didn't want to have debates. I mean, look at how they demonized Jay and Martin. He quenched opposition. He put out his own statements that DeSantis reopened schools in the spring of 2020. That was the right decision, but he opposed those. And so, I mean, I expect more from people who are the adults in the room. For me, it's an obvious point that when you're facing a situation you've never faced before and making decisions that are larger than have ever been made in human history and unprecedented, that that's an opportunity where smart people will have the most disagreement, not the least disagreement, it's the least settled. And I think what you need is, and I suspect maybe this applies to war too.  So I can hear the counterarguments and think about it. And even if I do what I'm gonna do anyway, I do it knowing some things that I might have been blind to. I think Scalia famously used to have a clerk whose only job was, they disagreed with him, but they provided a balance. In science, it's so desperately necessary. I think that to me, the failure of scientific debate has been the greatest failure around the pandemic. Podcasts, this video that you're all doing, you, we all did a better job than universities. I mean, Stanford, Harvard, my own institution. I can't think of a single debate we've had on visitor policies, masking in the hospital, school closure, masking in communities, vaccine uptake in policies. We've had zero debates. I'm in the Department of Epidemiology. Who should be debating this? It's not the universities and why are universities not debating it? I think that's part of a broader trend where ideas that people disagree with are viewed as violence and not something to contend with and outwit and persuade. And I think that's a huge problem. So you had Fauci and Collins. They had a point of view, a policy they wanted to advance. Debate would threaten to reveal their errors and they chose to quelch debate. I wanna point out one more thing. They're in a unique role. They're both somebody who's a pundit on TV telling you what we should do with schools and they're the head of the agency that gives scientists their funding. Our funding is dependent on their institution. And so any scientist who may feel like they disagree has to weigh the professional repercussions that they at least believe could happen in their mind. And I think in the future, no one should hold both those jobs.  But it's structural and systemic. If it wasn't Fauci, if it wasn't Francis Collins, it's likely we would have still had similar mistakes made because when you have centralized control and centralized power and centralized knowledge, the possibility of bias and of just bad decision making being really negative, the consequence of that are much more likely. I totally agree. I mean, as much as I do blame them and I do blame them at a personal level and I do think some of them should be fired and I've written that. But I think you're right, that it is a structural problem and you could have replaced them with other actors who would have made similar, if not worse or different comparison. Yeah, I mean, we've replaced one president with another and error continues. So let's meet the old boss or meet the new boss the same as the old boss. Part of my impression was that one of the saving graces here in the United States was the fact that we do have this federalist system where different states could try different approaches. So we had Ron DeSantis here in Florida trying something else radically different than what California where I was living at the time was doing and was in contradiction to the CDC guidance and with the vaccine question I don't think DeSantis is necessarily anti-vaccine but Florida is certainly taking a different approach in terms of what it's state level agency is recommending for different ages in terms of the vaccine. And so I just wonder if that given the current state of the CDC and the FDA if that is part of the answer is continuing to devolve power down from them just make them less powerful give them less authority to impose mandates issuing guidance or keeping track of statistics is one thing but imposing any sort of either mandates or gatekeeping is where we really seem to run into problems especially once you get up to the federal level where you're talking about 330 million people. That's a superb point and I just I mean, I totally agree with you that if you want to strip them of powers I will support that and I was the opposite view maybe five years ago but I just want to point out one way that kind of backfired was the school reopening because Biden came into office and he said he wanted to reopen schools within a hundred days and not even high schools and he had difficulty because a lot of local typically left of center jurisdictions decided that they want to keep them closed for the rest of the year despite the fact teachers were getting the vaccines first and so decentralized authority can lead to innovation because I think Florida did more things right than California but it can also lead to chaos because I think San Francisco schools is an unmitigated disaster. Do you have a personal politics and how does that factor into your kind of framework and approach to these types of topics? Well, I'm a lifelong Democrat I'm a Bernie Sanders supporter and so to see my side get these issues steadily incorrect has been catastrophic. I mean, we got, we're the side that's supposed to say we care about poor disadvantaged minority children. We did the single greatest discriminatory action in quarter century, which was close their schools for 18 months and guess what? They all got COVID anyway and most of them got COVID before they got vaccines because uptake is so poor in that age group because the data is so weak. And so what have we done? We're the group that says we're, you know we believe in scientific principles. The same people who say that are critical of the Cochrane report on masking because it didn't yield the conclusion they want. And so I guess COVID-19 has been a profound disappointment that my side has any moral or scientific superiority over any other side. And now I'm without a party. Hey, thanks for watching that excerpt from our conversation with Vinay Prasad about US public health, mRNA vaccines and future threats that the precedent set by COVID emergency measures might pose to our civil liberties. You can check out the full conversation by clicking on the link in the description and catch these conversations streamed live to Reason TV every Thursday at 1 p.m. Eastern. See you next time.