Members and State officials good morning, we begin parliamentary business with general questions. Question number one from Claudia Beamish. To us, Scottish Government, what further action it will take to stop illegal scallop dredging? Cabinet Secretary for Education, Training and Health, Ffyrwsgrif, Pwg for Scotland, UK I can assure all members that the Scottish Government takes the enforcement of fisheries management and protection of the marine environment seriously. Marine Scotland deploys a wide range of assets to achieve that, including ships, aircraft and officers around the coast to help ensure high levels of compliance with fisheries and environmental regulations. Looking ahead, I am clear that new and innovative technologies deployed on vessels will help to improve fisheries management and, importantly, protect the marine environment. That is why, at the inshore fisheries conference in Inverness on 5 October, I announced £1.5 million investment in fishing, vessel tracking and monitoring technology. Claudia Beamish I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer, and I hope that the cabinet secretary will agree with me that incidents in Loch Karan last year and in Gailoch and then, as reported today, another alleged incident in the furt of Lawn SAC, as highlighted by the BBC, are a serious cause for concern. While I welcome what the cabinet secretary says about monitoring, does he agree that we also need to establish robust monitoring on the entire scallop-dredging fleet and not just on the smaller vessels? Cabinet secretary? Well, I do agree that we need to be vigilant and take seriously, as we indeed do, the obligations to manage and protect the marine environment. Actually, vessels over 12 metres already have, as I understand it, technology, tracking and monitoring technology. The £1.5 million investment is intended so that we can work in partnership with the fishing industry so that all vessels can be covered by tracking to show where the vessel is and monitoring to show what is taking place on the vessels. I think that that is for everybody's interests, including the vessel owners. Of course, there are around 400 jobs supported by scallop-dredgers at sea and a further 300 full-time equivalent jobs, and those are vital for many rural communities. It is important that fishing for scallops is sustainable, it is legal, and I am afraid that I cannot comment on matters that are subject to an investigation, as Claudia Beamish well understands. Presiding Officer, to ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update on its position on legislating to ensure that all new-build social housing has working spunker systems installed. The Scottish Government confirmed on 20 June this year that it will take forward Mr Stewart's proposal for a member's bill in the current parliamentary session to require new-build social housing to be fitted with automatic fire suppression systems. Considerations are on-going to scope a legislative timeline and how best to take that forward. I have, of course, met Mr Stewart previously on this issue, and I would be happy to meet him again to update him personally in the coming weeks. The minister will be well aware that, in Scotland, where a working spunker has been in place, there has never been multiple fire deaths. My member's bill, as Parliament will know, received support from five political parties and nearly 60 members, and I also acknowledge the support of the minister in this process. Will legislation be in place in time to legislate so that new social housing by 2021 will have this crucial safety technology installed? I am grateful to Mr Stewart for his co-operation throughout all of our discussions. The commitment that I gave to him at that time was to ensure that we would have legislation in place to ensure that new build beyond 2021 in the social sector was fitted with automatic fire suppression systems. As I said previously, I am more than happy to meet Mr Stewart to update him on where we are at and how we will deal with that timeline. As the minister will know, sprinkler systems can save lives as can defibrillators. Does the minister agree with me that consideration should be given to adding defibrillators into new housing developments at appropriate locations, notwithstanding some of the challenges that will need to be overcome? I will give you a slightly unrelated topic. The Scottish Government supports all efforts to make defibrillators more accessible. Scottish Ambulance Services is developing a register of defibrillators and we encourage people to ensure that DFIBs are on that register. If Mr McMillan wants to write to me or to colleagues around about his proposal, I am more than happy to look at that. Both ministers and Scottish Government officials meet regularly with the leadership of all NHS boards, including NHS Borders, the Minister for Public Health, Sport and Well-being, and NHS Borders' annual review on Friday 16 November. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. NHS Borders, as the cabinet secretary, will know, was escalated to stage 4 last week. It cannot make enough savings to balance the books and there is a significant risk to delivery, quality, financial performance and safety as a result. For several years, I have been urging the SNP to take action to address staff recruitment issues, cancellations of operations and failure to meet key targets. Will the cabinet secretary listen to those concerns? Is she confident that NHS Borders will see an improvement? I am grateful to Ms Hamilton for that follow-up question. The reason why the board was moved further in the escalation ladder was precisely to assist them directly with their financial planning. I need to make the point that, when boards are asked to make efficiency savings, those boards keep that money in order to contribute to the redesign and improvement of services. We need NHS Borders, as we do other health boards, to look at how they make best use of the increase in resources that they have received in order to redesign and improve their services. With that escalation and increased support from central Government, from Scottish Government, I am confident that NHS Borders will produce a workable financial plan going forward, which is what we need them to do, that they will make best use of the increased resources that we have given them, as with other boards, and that they will successfully make further use of the waiting times improvement plan, which has already begun to see actions taken across our health service. To ask the Scottish Government whether we will provide an update on its work to tackle the illegal puppy trade. Under the commitment in our programme for government, we are currently investing £300,000 to work with charities and enforcement agencies on a communications campaign on the risks of buying puppies advertised online and rehoming dogs that have been supplied from abroad. I suppose that I would like to take the opportunity today to reinforce that message, which is pretty much if there is no mum and no paperwork walk away. Cinema and media advertisements will run until 8 December this year, and the effectiveness of the campaign in reducing public demand for illegally traded puppies will then be evaluated. I also want to take this opportunity to thank Emma Harper for all the work that I know that she has done on this particular issue, because I know that it is something that she has continued to raise and highlight, and campaign on. Emma Harper? I thank the minister for that response, and I am pleased to hear her acknowledge my work in tackling the illegal puppy trade over the past two years. Can I ask the minister whether the Scottish Government has carried out any assessment on the impact of Brexit on the illegal puppy trade, particularly through the Port of Cairnryan in my South Scotland region? I know that all members across the chamber will be acutely aware that Brexit is potentially only a few months away, and there is still so much uncertainty as to what that is going to mean. I am right across our society and our different businesses and organisations, including our ports. However, I can say that the Scottish Government will continue to be vigilant when it comes to any illegal activity, including the illegal puppy trade, and we will continue in our work and all our efforts to try and tackle this trade. There is an ever-increasing awareness of the link between puppy farming and organised crime. Today, a criminal, instead of perhaps having £20,000 worth of drugs in their van, may have £20,000 worth of puppies. A drug seizure of this kind could result in a lengthy jail sentence, but a puppy seizure in this case would not. Will the minister advise me if the Government has any plans to increase the length of jail sentences and or expedite court hearings in cases of animal welfare, in particular instances of puppy breeding and smuggling? Thank you. There were a number of measures that were announced as part of the programme for government this year, and I can confirm to Findlay Carson that those are all measures that we will actively be considering. Christine Grahame Thank you, Presiding Officer. The minister will be aware that my consultation on responsible dog ownership for a member's bill has concluded. Can I ask if the minister will meet me to discuss how that proposed bill may curtail the cruel activities of those puppy factory farms? Absolutely, and I would be more than happy to meet the member to discuss that. To ask the Scottish Government, further to the pilots at Burnbank and New York Hill GP practices, on whether it plans to promote greater use of occupational therapies within other GP practices to improve earlier intervention and preventative care. A critical element of the new GP contract is the requirement for a shift in the way primary care services are delivered through enhanced and expanded multidisciplinary care teams, made up of a variety of professionals, each contributing their unique skills towards delivering person-centred care and improving outcomes for individuals in local communities. There is no defined structure for a multidisciplinary team, but a significant degree of flexibility is encouraged to ensure that services provided meet local needs, which is central to the work of the health and social care partnerships. Margaret Mitchell Is the cabinet secretary aware that the Lanarkshire GP pilot deployment of OTs in primary care has reduced GP visits by up to 72 per cent? It has also resulted in patients with mental health issues being seen by the occupational therapists immediately with more severe cases than being referred to appropriate service. In view of that, has the Scottish Government any plans to promote the recruitment of more occupational therapists? I am grateful to Ms Mitchell for that additional question. I am aware of the success of that particular initiative in Lanarkshire, and part of the new GP contract, the idea of cluster-based GP practices working together is precisely to encourage that spread of good practice across the work that they do, and it will be tailored to the identification of what is best suited to the local needs of their population. In some instances that will be about increased physiotherapy work, in all of our GP practices that will be about pharmacology, and already we have recruited to make sure that 50 per cent of our GP practices have access to that particular service. The work that they do will inform then what we need to do in terms of our workforce planning. We already have steps in place in terms of physiotherapy training, pharmacist training and occupational therapists, but we will continue to review what comes forward from that local identification of need and demand in order to ensure that our workforce planning can match that as best as possible. To ask the Scottish Government when it last met Highlands and Islands airports limited and what was discussed. The Minister for Energy, Connectivity and Islands met the interim chair and managing director of Highlands and Islands airport limited on 27 November this year. A number of issues were discussed, including High All's air traffic management 2020-30 strategy and High All's wider strategy work. John Finnie I thank the cabinet secretary for that lapai. When his airport has received a very poor environmental compliance rating from SEPA for four years in that row, air traffic controllers may be about to go and strike over pay and plans to centralise air traffic control operations. High All has repeatedly failed to consult the remote and rural and island communities that it is supposed to serve on behalf of ministers on important issues, including the introduction of parking charges. What action is the minister taking to ensure that High All is up to its obligations and can the minister tell the chamber if he has full confidence in the ability of High All's management team? Michael Matheson Ibsine, the member has raised a number of different issues and I am aware that High All is trying to take action on the environmental impact issues at Inverness airport. One of the issues that you are looking at is the issue of greater rail links to the airport, which is something that we are looking to make progress on when it comes to Cp6 of the rail investment programme. In relation to the potential industrial action with staff, the member will be aware that High All has a programme of work that they are taking forward in order to help to modernise the air traffic control system, which is to reflect the ever-increasingly complex regulatory structure in which they operate and that they will continue to engage with the trade unions and the staff within the service in order to try to take those plans forward. On a constructive basis, in order to make sure that the air traffic control system, which they are operating across all their airports, is fit for purpose in the new regulatory system. There are three supplementaries on this issue. Tavish Scott, first of all. Thank you. The cabinet secretary will be aware that Highlands Islands Airport is limited to introduce car parking charges at Sumbra airport on Saturday without any consultation, no impact assessment and, indeed, without any reference to the islands act. Could he explain what public transport links there are between Sumbra and Lerwick, which is 25 miles away, and what will be introduced following this measure? Cabinet secretary, I have got a responsibility to make sure that they are able to balance their budget. They have to look at opportunities in which to do that, which is part of the reason as to why the car parking charges have been introduced. We have also encouraged Highale to engage with local authority to look at how they could improve public transport links to the airport, and we will continue to encourage them to do so. Rhoda Grant Centralising air traffic control is both damaging to the workers and to the local economy. Surely the technology could be used to provide resilience in those airports rather than centralising those jobs to Inverness. If you can provide the service in Inverness for islands such as Bimbecula, surely you can provide the service in Bimbecula for Inverness. Can I ask if the policy has been island-proofed? Has an economic impact assessment been done, and will he reverse the damaging decision? Cabinet secretary, Highlands and Islands airports have to meet the ever-increasing regulatory nature of air traffic control and to look at the challenges that that creates in order to make sure that they can also meet the necessary safety standards at all of their airports on our islands and also on the mainland, which is why they need to invest in the right technology in order to be able to deliver that with the new regular regime that it will face. That plan is at an early stage, and it will continue to engage with all of the parties who have an interest in the matter. I am sure that the member will recognise that it is important that the air traffic control system that High Isle is operating is one that is safe and fit for purpose and meets the needs of the new regular regime that has been applied to air traffic control. Jamie Halcro Johnston The cabinet secretary is perhaps aware that, due to the range of discounts and differential charges that exist, there can be occasions where airport charges are higher for flights to the islands. Indeed, at airports like in Vanessa, it can be the case that the island flights are the only ones that play full fare. Can I ask the cabinet secretary whether he believes that this is fair and what assessment his Government has done on the impact of the higher charges on fare from our islands? Cabinet secretary. Jamie Halcro Johnston We provide a range of discount provisions within the flight network at the present time, within the domestic setting in Scotland. We do that in order to recognise the lifeline nature of some of those airport links. We are reviewing some aspects of that at the present time, but we intend to continue to make sure that we prioritise those areas where there is a need for discounts to be provided for lifeline services. Mary Fee To ask the Scottish Government how it will fund local authorities in the West Scotland region to help to ensure that communities are kept clean and tidy. Under section 89 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990, local authorities have a duty to keep roads clean and land within their authority clear of litter, and that is funded as part of the 2018-19 local government finance settlement of £10.7 billion. It is then for local authorities to decide on their own spending priorities, taking account of their statutory obligations. I thank the minister for that answer. Between 2007 and 2011, when the cabinet secretary for finance was leader of Renfrewshire council, he cut over 300 staff in environmental services. Then from 2011 until March of this year, an additional 80 members of staff who cleaned the communities of Renfrewshire were axed. Does the minister agree with me that if such cuts around one in six staff had not been made, it would not be down to volunteers who selflessly give up their time to clean up after SNP cuts? This year, the Scottish Government has protected local government budgets and by reversing the real-terms reductions to Scotland's resource budget, by providing a real-terms increase in capital and revenue funding for local government. I imagine that the leader of Renfrewshire council had a long and difficult job in cleaning up the previous administrator's mess. The Scottish Government does not just leave it to local government to tackle littering, and we have published our litter-free Scotland agenda, which is a five-year plan in order to set out how we can reduce litter. We also have other agendas such as introducing single-use carrier bag charges, which is a highly visible form of litter in order to support local authorities in dealing with the blight of littering.


So this is scaling Kubernetes nodes without breaking the bank or your sanity. I'm Nick Tran, and this is Brandon over here. So we'll talk a little bit about what spot is exactly, and some of the best practices you can use for Spot. And then we'll go into Kubernetes and Spot, how they work well together, and then how to auto-scale your nodes with these Spot nodes. And then we'll hopefully go into a demo after that. So what is EC2 Spot? So EC2 Spot is spare virtual machine capacity. This is available at a steep discount from on-demand instances. And these instances are the same underlying instance. The only difference is that these are interruptible. And so what that means is that EC2 can claim these instances when they need to for an on-demand customer, and they'll give you a two-minute notice from which you can reclaim this instance. Sometimes EC2 can also give you a rebalance recommendation to give you some more time. And now we'll talk a little bit about that later. So some common workloads you can use with Spot are quick continuous integration. This could be something like Tecton. Or you could also do batch processing, stateless API, or dev workloads, basically something that's tolerant to the interruptions, and you can clean up quickly. And so some of these Spot best practices we'll talk about are Spot max price and how not to set it, flexible instance type requests and rebalance recommendations. And these are all going to maximize your instance runtime. Minimize the costs you have, and also maximize the chances that you can get an instance when you ask EC2 for one. So prior to EC2, sorry, prior to 2017, the Spot pricing model was a bidding system. And so what this meant was when you set your max price, this is what you would pay for the instance, and it would maximize the instance runtime based on how high you set your max price. And so sometimes you would see with this bidding system is that it would go over the on-demand price. And so after 2017, EC2 decided to change this and make it based off long-term supply and demand. And max price is what you're willing to pay. And so if you don't set max price, it would default to the on-demand price. And when you have the max price set, that opens you up to another condition from which EC2 can reclaim the instance for you. So most of the time, what you want to do is just to not set max price so that you can maximize your instance runtime. Another one you can do are flexible instance types. So EC2 has a lot of VM capacity. And it's important to know how these are segmented across all regions. And so this is the concept of capacity pools, which is a tuple of availability zones and instance types. And so you can see each of these orange squares right here would be a capacity pool. And if you have some capacity requirements or resource requirements for your instances, let's say you need at least a size 2XL, the on-demand price is, would say, $0.44 here per hour. You can actually request a 2XL and also a 4XL and 8XL on anything above, because the 8XL is still cheaper than the 2XL because of the spot discount. So capacity pools are the amount of unused instances in EC2. And so here we'll have these three capacity pools, which is the m6i.large and then the US East 2A to be in 2C availability zones. And so there is something you can do with EC2 when you ask for an instance, and that's using the capacity optimized allocation strategy. And when you ask EC2, given these capacity pools, it'll pick from the capacity pool that has the deepest amount or the most unused instances. And when you use this capacity optimized allocation strategy, that will really maximize your instance runtime because it'll pick from the pool that has the most instances, meaning that EC2 will be more or less likely to reclaim your instance because an on-demand customer needs it. You can see here that here are some instance types, and these are the frequency of interruptions. So it's important to note that these interruptions, if they do happen, are not going to happen all that often as well. So the one of the best practices you can also do is rebalance recommendations. And so this is just a warning that the interruption is coming, and at the worst, this can also come at the same time at the interruption notice. It will be vended through the same service, the instance metadata service that you'll see for the interruption notice. And so if you have workloads that can't be cleaned up in two minutes, this rebalance recommendation might be useful for you. And so something else, sorry, so going to the next thing. Kubernetes and Spot work super well together. And within Spot and your cluster, you might want to have these programmatically configured to watch for these interruption notifications. So within AWS, Brandon has actually worked on the AWS node termination handler. And you can configure this within your clusters to work and watch for interruption notifications in rebalance recommendations. So when you do this, there's also an important Kubernetes concept called the pod disruption budgets. And these are used mostly to ensure that a certain amount of replicas on your pods are running at one time. And sometimes if you use pod disruption budgets, you might run into problems when you have spot instances and they need to be cleaned up within two minutes. So we'll go into a little bit of an example here. So the Kubernetes eviction API is what is used when you drain your node. And the kubelet will basically be sending sig terms and sig kills based on this Kubernetes eviction API if it respects all the pod disruption budgets within your cluster. So let's say you have no termination handler installed in your cluster. What this will do, you can configure it to watch for interruption notices. And when it sees interruption notice, you can configure it so that it also drains the node. And when it drains the node, what the kubelet will first do is it'll send some sig terms to the pods once these have, like let's say that the pod disruption budgets won't be violated and that you can evict these pods. For instance, this pod could be saving data or shutting down. And from that, a kubelet will send a sig term. And once it's done, it'll be deleted. And then you can also do another one where this pod could be draining connections. This could be something like batch processing. Sometimes when you are cleaning up your pods, sometimes they take too long, maybe too long, way too long. And at that point, when it reaches the termination grace period seconds, the kubelet will send a sig kill to the pod. And at that point, it'll be forcefully deleted and then the node will be cleaned up. So that's how you can use Kubernetes and Spot to clean up your workloads programmatically. But sometimes we need to also provision our workloads to get those instances in the first place. So we'll talk about how to autoscale your cluster. So you can use HPA and VPA to autoscale your pods. And so HPA is the horizontal pod autoscaler. And so when you horizontally scale your pods, this will be in the form of scaling the amount of desired replicas on your deployment for your pods. And so you see on the top one, you can see the pods going from one replica to four replicas. And the same would be for vertically scaling. You could go from one smaller pod that maybe has one vCPU and five gigs to a larger pod that is two vCPU and 10 gigs. And so within this, sometimes you might not have the nodes or the instances to hold these pods. And so you need to also autoscale your nodes. And so a very common node autoscaling solution used in Kubernetes is the cluster autoscaler. And for AWS, this is a simple interface between the EC2 autoscaling groups. And it would look at the existing pods within the cluster. And if they can't schedule it to the existing pods, sorry, it's the existing nodes, it will increment desired capacity for the associated ASGs that you have configured. And so cluster autoscaler, in this sense, uses externally managed infrastructure. If you have a lot of different capacity type requests, availabilities and requests, and instance shapes, you could have this setup where you have six different ASGs where they're each of the yellow ones. And that leads us to something else that we'd like to talk about, which is carpenter. Yeah, so oh, clicker, cool. So yeah, so that's why we decided to build carpenter. So carpenter is a new node autoscaler for Kubernetes. It's a groupless node autoscaler. So cluster autoscaler kind of takes the approach of using this externally managed infrastructure, like autoscaling groups or virtual machine groups, that you'd increment this desired capacity on, like Nick was talking about. Carpenter is completely groupless. And Kubernetes is native. So we use provisioner CRD, which is our custom resource in carpenter to define this configuration for scaling out your nodes. Carpenter is familiar to use if you're coming from cluster autoscaler, because we do just-in-time provisioning. So we look at pending pods that are unschedulable by KubeScheduler, and that's how we know when to scale up your cluster. Carpenter is designed to be completely vendor neutral. Currently, we only have the AWS Cloud Provider, but we're hoping to add on more Cloud Providers in the future. So let's look at an example here. So you have a cluster. You have some pending pods coming in. Just like cluster autoscaler, KubeScheduler gets the first pass. So if you have existing capacity in your nodes that are running in your cluster, the KubeScheduler will just schedule those pods onto those nodes. If you have unschedulable pods, so this pods at KubeScheduler is not able to place on nodes because of scheduling constraints or just not enough capacity. This is where Carpenter comes in. So Carpenter will look at these pods. It'll look at your provisioner spec, and it'll do an intersection of the requirements in both the pod spec and the provisioner spec. And then Carpenter will look at the nodes available in the Cloud that you're launching capacity in and figure out the set of nodes that it should launch to fulfill the capacity. So like I was saying, Carpenter is completely Kubernetes native, so there's no external infrastructure that you have to set up to use Carpenter other than a few permissions. And so we use a custom resource definition that we call the provisioner. And so this is an example of a provisioner spec. So we have some main sections of the spec, main one being the requirements. So the requirements uses the same Kubernetes requirements APIs that you're probably familiar with if you're using like affinities in your pod specs. And we use this to kind of layer on these scheduling constraints. So in this example, like the Kubernetes IO arc, that's a well-known Kubernetes label to set the CPU architecture. This provisioner is flexible to both x86 CPU architectures as well as ARM64 architectures. So this provisioner would be allowed to launch pods that require either of those, or if you build your containers for both architectures, Carpenter will union together all the nodes or all the instance types in the cloud that support those two architectures and pass it to EC2 for EC2 to make the best decision. Like Nick was talking about with the capacity optimized allocation strategy. With Spot, this works really well because you can pass it a huge array of instance type options and then let EC2 select the one that's going to run the longest with the best discount. So similarly to the CPU architecture, you can also be flexible across capacity types. So your pods, as always, can override kind of what the provisioner's flexibility is. It will do this layering intersection of constraints. But if you're flexible to both Spot and On Demand in your provisioner, Carpenter assumes that you want the cheapest node option if you're flexible to both. So we'll default you to Spot. But of course, you can override to On Demand if your pods aren't interuptable. So another section of the provisioner's spec is the provider's spec. So this is a generic spec. But in this example, this is the AWS cloud provider. This would be where other cloud providers are also implemented. And this is just cloud-specific parameters for launching your nodes. So Nick was talking about the Spot best practices of not setting a max price because that was kind of the bidding error of Spot, at least on EC2. And then the big one with Spot best practices is flexibility. And that was one of the main reasons we built Carpenter is because we needed to be really flexible with the compute request with all the instance types that EC2 is releasing.  So we're going to look at how Carpenter helps with this approach. And so these are the things I already mentioned, the architecture of flexibility. Carpenter builds this right in here where you can be flexible across different CPU architectures. And then like I was saying, your pod spec here, if you require specific architecture, you can override it in the pod spec. Capacity type works the exact same way with Spot non-demand. It'll default the spot if you're flexible to both. And you can override it in the pod spec. And the requirements section isn't limited to just the ones I'm showing here. These are kind of well-known labels in Kubernetes. There's not a capacity type well-known label in Kubernetes. So we've used the Carpenter namespace for it. But you can use your own labels here. So you can kind of make your own scheduling constraints if you need that. So another one that is a well-known label is the node Kubernetes instance type label. So if you do require, or if your pods can't run on specific nodes, you can do an exclusion list here. And again, it uses the requirements API in Kubernetes. So you just do a nod-in operator here. So another interesting scheduling constraint you can do is with GPUs, or extended resources, more generally. So in this pod spec, you're doing a resource request for NVIDIA GPU. And Carpenter knows how to look at your GPU resource requests, query your cloud provider for nodes that support an NVIDIA GPU, and then provision that instance for this pod. So here's a little bit more details on the AWS cloud provider side and how we're doing this flexibility that we've kind of talked about a little bit, but this is more concrete on the APIs that we're using. So we use the EC2 fleet API in what's called instant mode. So Carpenter will get these unschedulable pods, and then it will compute this constraint intersection between the pod specs and the provisioner spec. And once it does that, it will query the cloud provider for all the instance types that match the scheduling constraints and the bin hacking that Carpenter is doing for the pods onto those nodes. Once it computes this list of instance types, it'll pass that to the EC2 fleet API with an allocation strategy. So if you're using Spot, it'll use capacity optimized. And if you're using on demand, it'll be a lowest price allocation strategy. But you can potentially get a huge list of these instance type options, which makes, obviously, your request very flexible. You have more guarantees on getting capacity, and hopefully your spot capacity will also live a lot longer. And all of this is taken care of with one provisioner spec. You don't need to make a bunch of these provisioners to get a hugely flexible set of instance types that are launched. So this provisioner will support on demand spot, different CPU architectures, GPUs, all of that. We also support topology constraints for zonal constraints, host names, all the regular stuff you're doing with your pod topology today. So we talked a lot about scaling up. So now let's talk a little bit about scaling down. So Carpenter has two main fields in the provisioner spec that control scaling down. So we have a TTL seconds after empty. And so this is when you have a node up and all of your pods are evicted or exit if their jobs. And so you need to spend that node down. So Carpenter will look for empty nodes, excluding Damon sets, and then turn those nodes off after this time to live expired. The next one is the TTL seconds until expired. And so this fulfills a requirement if you need to roll your nodes over a specific time period. You don't want them to live longer than 30 days or a week or something.  And whenever Carpenter rolls a node over or turns it off due to it being empty, it'll gracefully drain these pods from the node. So it'll use the eviction APIs. It'll respect your pod disruption budgets. And we even go a little bit further where we install a node finalizer on all the node resources in your Kubernetes cluster. So you can actually kubectl delete a node that's provisioned by Carpenter. And Carpenter will call the eviction API to drain the pods respecting your pod disruption budgets. And then we'll terminate the backing EC2 capacity behind it. So Carpenter today doesn't support natively spot like being able to watch for interruptions. But you can always install the AWS node termination handler in your cluster, which is pretty easy to install. And it will pass that signal back so that Carpenter can kind of handle your node evictions for you. And so this is a similar walkthrough of what Nick did, but with a rebounds recommendation. So this would be used if you need more time than that two minutes window that an interruption would give you. So node termination handler is installed in this cluster. It watches for rebounds recommendations. And then it sees one and decides to drain the node due to this rebounds. Another way you can handle a rebounds recommendation is to simply cordon the node. And that's an option in node termination handler if you just don't want further pods to schedule onto it. And so then the eviction process happens with a kubelet sends it a sigterm. Hopefully the pod shuts down in a reasonable amount of time within your termination grace period. And then it just shuts down and everything's good. So what do we talk about today? So we talked a little bit about spot and how spot can drastically reduce costs of your cluster. Discounts up to 90% on your nodes where it's the same backing capacity. The only caveat is you have to handle that interruption notice. But handling the interruption notice isn't that different from on demand, right? Because you still have to handle pods shutting down for on demand, hardware failures and on demand. So you kind of have to be able to shut down fast anyways in a lot of applications. So why not try out spot? We looked at spot best practices mainly on the provisioning side on being super flexible to different instance types, which will allow your spot instances to run for longer periods of time and also hopefully get better discounts if you're being super flexible. Then we talked about how Kubernetes and Spot are really a match made in heaven, really. Kubernetes node lifecycle abstractions make it super easy to handle these spot interruptions and components like the node termination handler standardize everything for you. Then we talked a little bit about how scaling up your pods requires you scaling up nodes and how you can be flexible with cluster autoscaler or you can try out Carpenter and use our CRD approach with a provisioning spec to do groupless node autoscaling. And we did have a demo, but we had severe technical difficulty before. So I'm not sure is it gone? OK, yeah. I think my laptop died right when I walked up here and wouldn't charge anywhere. So no demo. But if you catch me around and I get my laptop working again, we can definitely show you a demo of Carpenter in action. So yeah, that's all we have. So are there any questions? I think we have like four minutes left, maybe. Sure. I think we have mics up here if you want to. Justin Garrison, MC. So would you recommend only if I use Carpenter to scale my nodes, would you recommend to only use spot instances in production? But I mean, it really depends. So there are certainly applications that can't tolerate interruptions. Like you just can't do it. So in those cases, if you can handle some interruption but you need to guarantee some amount of capacity, then you can do a topology spread across on-demand and spot nodes. So you get like a 50-50 spread. And hopefully one day we'll be able to do weight-based topology spreads where you could do like a 10% on-demand and 90% spot spread. But there are definitely workloads that require spot. And Carpenter will fulfill that use case as well. But it's really easy to use spot with Carpenter. And also, is it possible for Carpenter to get rebalance recommendations to use the? Yeah. So as long as you install the node termination handler in your Kubernetes cluster, Carpenter knows how to drain the empty nodes or knows how to shut down the empty nodes. And so node termination handler will actually do the graceful draining part of the process when it sees an interruption or a rebalance. And then Carpenter will shut down the node for you. Hello. You said that Carpenter can shut down the nodes that seems empty, excluding the mindsets. What about moving pods that can be scheduled on remaining capacity to defragment the cluster? Yeah, exactly. Defragment is definitely on like the top of our priority list right now. We've done a lot of work on it so far. It's not released yet, but we're thinking about that problem a lot. There's a workaround today where you can actually use the expiration feature, where you can set an expiration. And if you have a good pod disruptions set up, you can shut down instances that have expired. And then the pods will go back into pinning, and they'll be packed more efficiently on that round. So that's kind of our workaround currently. But hopefully, defrag will be out soon. Hi. Hello. Can you see Spot and Carpenter actually helping with Carpenter footprint for companies? Part of the green revolution, so to speak. Right. I don't have any data on it, but I definitely see Carpenter as more efficiently utilizing nodes and capacity. And hopefully, moving forward, capacity will be more utilized and therefore more efficient and therefore more carbon efficient as well. Hi. Have you noticed any changes in the spot markets over the last like two years? I would imagine companies are using EC2 a lot differently after pandemic than before. Yeah, I have not. I don't have access to that data, so I wouldn't know, to be honest. But yeah, hopefully, more people are using Spot. I don't know if the pandemic had anything to do with it or just, you know. It's a good deal, right? People like discounts. Hi, and this is a great slide to ask the question for, because I see that you have R5 instance specified here. Does Carpenter support the attribute-based nodes selection? So that's an interesting question. So we're working on a addition to this provisioner spec where you could specify attributes to constrain the list of instance types. But by default, Carpenter uses all instance types, and it'll look at the pods to kind of figure out what constraints would prevent it from launching certain instance types. But yeah, we're working on the attribute-based filtering down in the provisioner spec. Thank you. Hopefully, that would be out soon too. Hi. I also have a question about Carpenter. I mean, this spot instance is really interesting. I think pretty well understood. Carpenter's interesting for a lot of reasons. You've talked about the bin packing on at least the metrics of CPU and memory. Have you also considered the constraint of volume attachments? Yes. We definitely have. So we support some empty directory packing today. We're looking at supporting more dynamic ephemeral storage attachment, like scheduling and bin packing awareness. We are aware of persistent volumes. So we'll schedule in the correct zone if you're trying to attach an EBS volume to it. But yeah, that's definitely something we're working on currently. Just because of the volume attachment limit, right? Right, exactly. Yeah. Make Justin run. Hi. You said Carpenter doesn't work with out-of-scaling groups. But how does it work with managed nodes? Yeah, so today, Carpenter doesn't work with managed nodes. So they're separate solutions. So with managed nodes, you'd use cluster auto-scaler today for managed nodes, because it is an out-of-scaling group. And Carpenter would just be completely without any groups. OK, thanks. I think that's time. So thank you very much. Thanks, everyone. Thanks.


We're here on the island of Angwar, Palau, executing a high-mars rapid infiltration mission. Basically, the concept behind that is the insertion of a long-range precision fires asset, like the MIC-142 high-mars, using airlift assets. In this case, we're working jointly with the Minnesota Air National Guard, and we'll take that launcher system, insert it via air onto an airfield, execute a fire mission, and then retrograde via the same means. The ability to do this in an expeditionary airfield in austere environments means there's going to be a wide range of terrain available that we can posture these assets across the Indo-Pacific, which is going to make it a very viable option for the joint force to utilize in this mission out here. The reason why it's important to land on this island is because it is such a small island with an unimproved airstrip, and to test and to prove our capabilities to make sure we're able to do this in such remote locations to kind of prove the ideas of force design 2030. F-stars like this really show the capabilities of the Marine Corps as a whole. You know, the Marines nowadays, all the leadership, we're stronger, faster, we're smarter, we're better equipped. It just shows how lethal the Marine Corps has become throughout the years. The capability that the Marine Corps brings to the table additionally to this is the Marines themselves, the NCO Corps. Their ability to conduct a small unit tactical decision making means that we can execute simultaneous actions in a complex operation like this. And without their training and dedication, this mission type is now possible.


Where we're going? Spring Hill All right, we're going to Spring Hill Cemetery. We're gonna check out a haunted cemetery so Maybe we'll find something maybe we won't but it's got a good back story to it, so See you when we get there. We're at the Spring Hill Cemetery. It's supposed to be haunted We thought we'd come out here and check it out for you today, and I'll read you something off the internet about this place So as I get over here in some shade Now I know it's daytime, but You're not supposed to be out here after dark And remember spirits don't wear watches, so and I guess they locked the gate at night, but let me read something to you here My glasses on now It says here You know this place is in Brooksville is One of the oldest cemeteries in Hernando County. It was founded in the 1850s. That's pretty civil war guys Was founded in the 1850s also known as Brooksville Civil War Cemetery. It holds Few Confederate veterans Instead it is a historic American African-American barrel site Sadly Spring Hill contains the graves of several victims of lynchings from the early 1900s a large oak tree near the entrance of The cemetery is designated as the hanging tree, and I believe this to be the one here Because we right over here There's the entrance right there. There's the gate There's no tree there. There's one here, but this looks like It would have been a good limb For the lynchings somebody pulling up there. It's very what? It very well had it very well may have been So the cemetery was documented It was a documented meeting place for the KKK the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s it is situated off a dirt road and is not visible from Fort Dade Avenue There was an eeriness what somebody came here TBS associates came here October 8th of 2006. There was an eeriness to the cemetery from the moment they pulled in and I'm feeling that way since we pulled in and it's daytime They had not been there long when a man pulled up in a car and pretended to check his oil Why do that in a cemetery? And stayed a while as they looked at the stones the cemetery had a number of homemade markers and some places was well kept while While untended in others To one of the Sensitive that's like a medium It was apparent that there was a lot of paranormal activity that took place There on a right here on a regular basis particularly in the back left Quadrant of the cemetery that would be over Where she's pointing right there back in that area So she believed that there are many unmarked graves in that area so That the number of those buried is unknown now. Here's a picture Supposedly a ghost picture now. I'll upload that for you right now That way you can see it better and pause it this picture was taken that appears to show a light skinned black man kneeling in Prayer by a grave in the background. He's dressed in a white shirt and green pants There was no one but the investigators present at the time The picture was taken now I'll include a link to this article down below so that way I don't have to read a whole bunch to you, but let's go check out the cemetery. All right But a 1850 that's that's old guys. That's a long time This person died and was buried in 2015 here Wow, there's another newer grave Way up there. Oh This was somebody's mother remember guys if you come check out cemeteries, please, you know have have respect You know I know I Don't have to tell a lot of you guys that but some people you know how they are But like these these are very old here died July 15th 1907 died this is 1927 here But yeah back in there where monkeys head and it's supposed Supposedly the sensitive medium medium or whatever That was out here said she sent something back in here now There's supposed to be a cabin back in these woods somewhere an old cabin that's supposed to be haunted, but This is 2016 here three 97 93 so these are kind of newer here 83 But the tops look older, so maybe back in here. It's supposedly where the The sensitive if that's what they want to call themselves Said there was a lot of activity I don't know It's always so sad You know little girls buried here 2010 That's not gonna turn on but Apparently I'm shaking. Yep. They leave stuff like that Yeah 1991 on this grave here left a bracelet there Unless someone took it off of that great Yeah, here's a nun. Well, they were just not buried there yet. Oh, I'm sure there's some I don't know. Maybe yeah, there's a light there. Yeah, there's no cover on Yeah Mystery getting old cemeteries like this. It's always a mystery. I can't even read that one There's 2002 So these graves Is that how they ask for it, I don't know, huh probably So these graves are newer graves But so supposedly there was a lot of lynchings here. That is supposedly why This cemetery so haunted so let's um Okay well, I don't Don't know why she would haunt the cemetery She buried in you think she would haunt the house. She lived in or something, you know The three I figure the reason why this place is haunted is because of the lynchings and KK meetings KKK meetings and all that I just All right, I'm I'm trying Is there anyone in this cemetery with us right now that would like to communicate with us if there's someone here? Can you tell me what your name is in this cemetery with this right now with this if there's someone here Who wrote my headphone if there's someone here where you hung out here in a tree? And if so, what is your name not picking up anything yet, but we'll keep trying here Here has to be We're standing on it. So that's private property back in there No trespassing so we won't cross the fence but supposedly Supposedly back in these woods somewhere. There's supposed to be an old cabin here dog barking Unless there's no trespassing, so I'm not going to go back in there, but this It's a well-beaten Pretty well-beaten trail That goes around back in there. They look at this guy's somebody's been walking Could be an animal trail, but I Don't know kind of goes around here Back in there, but I don't want to go too far because I don't want to be trespassing on people's property But yeah, that's One heck of a trail to be going back in there. I Don't know why I'm not sure where that cabin would be or if it even exists, but they say there is a cabin I'm guessing it's Back over in there, but there's for some reason somebody's been walking around there quite a lot.  I'll turn you back on if I find something And I'm not going to cross over there because of this sign right here. So okay guys We just heard a big limb break Over here just you want to use this You want to use this? I think I had that app once Yeah It worked in Leslie's house Might have been just a tree limb falling But it made one hell of a crack. What'd that say? Can you tell me your name? Yeah Can you I just got shiver. Can you repeat that please? Remember spirits don't wear watches Don't be afraid Tell me your name What did it say? I couldn't understand it Just growl. I don't think I was rolling either. I know. Well, maybe I was I don't know if you got it that far Did you hear that? Oh my god, turn this out. Let's first it goes How long have you been here? Whoa Can you say that again, please? Were you hung out church? Part of the church. I don't think there was a church out here He's probably these people that are here are part of the church What did you die of? This this app is creepy. Where's your speaker at? Do you want to talk to my doggy? Talk to him.  Oh heck that one in rainstorm. Yeah, I would have ran. I would have ran so fast. Hello Where are you at right now? Look at Bruno Trying to find the speaker What did say I don't can't make I may have to enhance the audio on this. I can't understand it You have to speak nice and clearly Are you evil?  Say something This is your chance you can talk Can you say that again trying to get the camera mic over here by the speaker your phone I think that's what he said by the car. That's where the tree is You want us to go down by our car just growl something?  What did it say? That's what he said What did you say it said what did you say? Yes? Look at the leaves Nothing else is moving Are you over by the leaves? Can you tell me your name? We just came over here by this grave. Am I close? Yeah Lure me to you. Is that what you're trying to do? Let's get down by the tree that way We're closer to the truck in case we got a bounce. I heard somebody Am I afraid no, I'm not afraid You want me to be afraid? You should be nice Goes further don't don't provoke me. Do not provoke whatever that is for you when you died See us or no, it's to play with the phone How does he know what a phone is? How do you know I have a phone in my hand?  I think good. No, that's where'd I come from Far away I'm not telling you where I came from. Were you born here in Florida closer to the tree I don't need them off the ground or you've resurrected Come on. Let's go by the tree. It's one of these graves yours. Let's go by that tree. Did it shut off?  I know it's Cut the uninteresting stuff out, but I'll tell you what that's creepy. I Usually don't rely on phone apps too much, but man, I mean He's saying full sentences something about Come into come into the woods, please. I Was just over at the woods remember we were at the woods You told us come near the tree Are you messing with us? You want to tell me your name? What's your name? Sound like you said the husband over there.   So there's what I believe to be the hanging tree right there Remember guys, we're not doing an actual investigation. Are you by the hanging tree? But the fallen angel was seen Got cast out. Are we close to the hanging tree? See all these aren't that old Yeah, but I'm looking at 1914 because this is supposed to have First person I think was buried here in 1850. That's pretty civil war these are close to the hanging tree See that's 2018 If there is anyone that wants to talk besides him, please join. I can't find any 1800s grave Yeah Am I at the wrong tree? Down here by the tree, huh? Speak again, please. I'm ready to get out of here Can you tell me what cemetery you're in? Super look I'll have to run this back and listen to it I want to speak while I'm here. Chills again. Do you and it's hot out here All right, we're gonna go and you tell us goodbye. Hi. Goodbye. Let's tell us goodbye. But that was interesting Yeah, it was okay guys. That was intense. That was the most intense daylight Investigation we're not really truly investigating but I'd love to come out here at dark We'd have to get permission because there's a gate on here and then they have it locked So we probably have to talk to somebody maybe yeah, and we do know cops come out here. So yeah All right, so that was pretty intense wouldn't it? Yeah Sure was little nerve-racking. So at the end of this this video, we'll go ahead and We'll put up what we caught and what we think they're saying and then you know, maybe I'll Enhanced the audio or something. I hope it don't have to I hate knowing that less we have to but we'll share with you What we caught? Yep. All right. She buried myth man legend. I'm gone Mike says she's out for now. All right. Bye. Bye guys Black ribbons. Why would it be here? Tiger Lily black tiger Lily No, this is not a barrel. So why would you put that there? I don't know Yeah, very so they say this is just an evil place to be yeah, I guess all the lynchings that happen. I Mean, you know if you've got people hanging in that tree They also say don't they say you can see spirits hanging in that tree at night. That's what they say Okay


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com coming at you with a pack of 2019 Panini Optic football hobby pack number seven We've got three different dice rolls happening here giving away five spots Doing the pack break with the second dice roll and giving away two spots for that filler The other fillers coming up later tonight as is the NT case big. Thanks to this group for making it happen Let's give away those five extra spots with the first dice roll Let's roll it randomize it one and a four five times top five after five one two three four and five After five we've got Samuel Stephen K. Barry Carl and Carl So you'll get those extra spots now. Let's do the pack rate Second dice roll three and a four seven times one two three four five six seven seven times for the teams one two three four five six and seven in final time Jets down to Cardinals. All right, there's the first half of the list There's the second half of the list Let's rip open that pack. You have a collial Mac You got a bit of a hyper parallel there Devon White So nothing too crazy there, but let's see who's gonna win spots in that NT filler With our third and final dice roll. Let's get everybody's names in here and it'll be the top two after eleven One two Ten and eleven in final time. Good luck everybody fingers crossed a lot of sad faces here But the top two will be a very happy faces Very close Carl, but you still might be on top here Yeah, we got a Carl and a Carl sweeps the tops two spots. There you go. Congrats to you. Thanks everybody I'll see you next time for the next one. Jasper's case breaks.com


Thank you all for joining us today. It's great to look out there and see all these familiar, friendly, and helpful faces that have really helped us to get where we are today. I'm gonna, just in the next 10 minutes or so, I'm gonna try to frame the afternoon a bit and try to frame a little bit about, give a little sense of where we are, where I think we are in terms of the CTSI. So this is a tale of summer, I think. Well, you'll see why on the slide number one. So I've just come back from summer vacation. I grew up in Colorado and went back to see my folks and brought my kids with me and we had a great trip. And my folks belong to the, as probably many of grandparent-age do, belong to the Historical Society of Colorado, and so they decided we should ride this historical train that connects Georgetown to Silver Plume, Colorado. And how much do you know this train? And I had done it as an adolescent and thought it was horribly boring. But now that I'm a little older, I actually really enjoyed the trip and our kids who are eight and six also really love the trip. So you can see there's a, you know, they're age-appropriate in this for trips like this. And my son asked this question, Daddy, why does the train stop here? And I'm going to use this to talk a little bit about where we are now. So this train, this is a train that connects the two and it goes over this gigantic bridge to do a loop in order to get down this big incline. And it got me interested in, you know, what is this train doing here and what really is the history of the train? This actually I do think is a nice metaphor for where we are, what our job is in CTSI. And so now I'm just going to take you very quickly and in a sort of not very educated way through an evolution of an industry, in this case the railroad industry. In that railroad industry definitely started just as we did in CTSI with a startup in a build phase during which they had to bring people on to get the job done, build the basic structures to get things moving. They started slow, but they were able to accelerate and for them a lot of this was driven by by the migration and the migration was initially largely driven by mining. So mining, like the basic discoveries of our day, the basic science discoveries, mining was their basic discovery and they needed infrastructure in order to support the discovery of minerals and then the mining of it. So this in 1857 is what the western states look like. You forget just how bizarre things were, how undefined things were back then. But look at California. We were actually smaller, but then one of our boundaries hadn't even been defined because Arizona wasn't there yet. Nevada was a weird sort of squarish looking thing. I mean, it was totally different. This is also showing, and it's hard to see, a few railroad lines. There's some smudges on here for proposed new railroad lines, but there were very few railroad lines in 1857. And then so how did this come about? Well, it ends up that there was an investment here. So for them, the investment was almost all outside the US. It was only later that US industrialists got in the mix. It was mostly venture capital equivalents from Europe that invested in the mines and in the trains. For us, of course, it's been NIH largely and we're fortunate to have several folks from NIH, including our program officer, Rosemary Filart, who's here somewhere. Yeah, so thank you. But we also are fortunate to have our other investors here too, which are really the institutional leaders. So we've had a tremendous amount of investment from the chancellor's office, and thanks, Jeff, for coming, and also from all of the dean's offices. We've also had investment from our partners, and we've got partners here that are well represented. And recently, we've had investment more and more from industry and other partners. So the next thing that you need in order to get things started is the people to get the job done. This is just a picture of a group that had just completed a new rail line. Wonderful that they took the picture of absolutely everybody in the team here. If we could try to take a picture of this group today, I guess it wouldn't. I don't think it'd come out as good as this one, though. And for us, this has been a lot of work, getting the right team together. But I think we've really been able to do that successfully, particularly in the last few years. We had great work from the founding team who really got us to where we are. And then over the last couple years, we've had some nice transitions to, I think, a more permanent team who, let me just quickly say in this last year, that includes Sally Mead, who's come on as director of our administration. And Brenda Jacobson, who's the executive director for CRS. June Lee, who's come on to lead early translational research. She'll hear more from her later today. And then Minnie Kalin has stepped up into a new role as the deputy director for CTSI. And we've had many, many others join, but I obviously can't. I'm not going to be able to mention everybody today. And then Paul Boeberding has joined our board as well. So that's a nice addition, too. So those are the workforce. And of course, we've got to develop new workforce, too. The new miners, the new engineers. Infrastructure is another key thing that we've been trying to build. And I love this picture because, boy, does that bridge look unsafe. And I would say that some of our infrastructure feels as unsafe and unstable as this railroad bridge, but yet it has been really important to accelerating the pace of the work that's done around here. So I, over time, you want to build this up. But this infrastructure includes things like clinical research services with all the centers that we have there, the consultation service. Even our small grants program could be considered falling into this. So by 1870, this was the network of train routes in the US. And this was very rapidly increasing over time. And you can see, particularly in the Pacific states, in the Western states, these are total railroad miles that rapid, rapid increase in the late 1800s. And this is a picture of that train that I showed you before on the bridge that I rode with my two boys. And it's a totally different place now. They chopped down every single tree in this whole valley.  There's no real, there are only dirt roads in here at this point. Now the highway actually runs through here. I-70 runs through here. So it looks totally different. And this was actually an incredibly successful mining area. Over 15 billion dollars, today's dollars were pulled out. So this is like, this is a huge investment by these European investors. You needed a train to haul the people, to haul the ore back and forth. And this is the peak of railroads in the US, 1918. And you can see now that network I showed you before, it's, you can make out the old lines if you compare them side by side, but wow, there were a lot of trains. A lot of trains going everywhere, taking people everywhere. And of course, 1918, this is right at the point at which automobiles were becoming popular. During that time, there's a great evolution in the trains as well, from, you know, very early trains to much more rapid trains. And for us, you know, the small grants help us to do that. Global health and what it does helps to do that. Also our partnerships with other institutions on campus like IRBs and contracting office and all of that helps to do that too. Okay, so now I'm moving on to reality, two minutes left. We're going to keep everybody on time, so me especially. So on to reality. So I'm going to show you just really quickly some achievements that won't show up in anybody else's presentations, but just, these are broad and related to sort of where we are, how we're in our summer now. So industry sponsor clinical trials, this is thanks to Jim Caracus as in office, those have increased over time and we've seen a rapid decrease in the amount of time it takes to execute these agreements. And this actually under-represents how much change there's been because a lot of that change occurred even earlier. And it may have begun at this retreat three years ago when there was a big outcry that this was a major problem and that needed to be dealt with. IRB approval times, and this is, these are data from John Helden's group, went from 139 days in 2009 to 71 days in 2010, so I mean that's huge. For CTSI broadly, yeah, these are big deals. For CTSI broadly, we've seen a much larger number of investigators using our services. We've also seen a rapid increase in the number of publications. We don't have this year's data yet to show you. And then K grants on campus, including the ones we sponsor but also the other ones that we've helped people to get through our training programs and other support mechanisms and mentoring have doubled to since 2006, so really pretty dramatic change. And we've also become financially more responsible. So this is an increase in our recharge revenue which has continued to increase and must continue to increase further as we go forward. And, you know, we can't completely take credit for this, of course, but it's nice to see that UCSF is consolidating its position in number two for NIH funding and closing in on number one, which is Hopkins. And we hope this will continue. It looks like most of this is related to more on the clinical and translational end of funding than the basic, but, well, again, this only goes through 2009. So I haven't addressed a question, you know, that I was asked, Daddy, why does the train stop here? Well, it ends up the train stops in a dusty parking lot. It's not even in town. It's not in any of these towns. It just stops. And so the question was, why would the train stop there? Well, this was 1918 and this is 2006. So the train system has really been dismantled. We all know this, of course. And I think this is an important lesson for us, too, that we need to be thinking about how things are going to change in the future. Yeah, it's great. We built this wonderful infrastructure. We've really come a long way in five years, but things are going to change. We need to have our eyes open to what's around the corner. And I think there are some warning signs there. Today, especially, one might feel uncertainty about the future, particularly financially, and that really can impact us. And so we need to think about a sustainable plan for the future. Now, of course, with the dismantling of trains, the interstate system came about, and that has its own advantages and disadvantages, as we know, but also there is a return to trains. And in fact, in that very valley that I showed you, there's a, they're considering reopening a train route, not for miners anymore, but for skiers and mountain climbers and all of that to connect Denver to the mountains because the auto traffic has gotten so bad. So in evolution of an industry, there's a building phase. It's a kind of a crazy hectic phase. You put the infrastructure in place, you've got to hire the people, and then there's a sustainability phase. That's where we are now. We've got to prepare for change, keep our eyes on the future. We've got to consider more flexible approaches that can change over time and also are flexible and responsive to the needs of our users, right? And that's a lot of what we're doing now is to become more responsive. Responsive force us all, encourage us all to be more responsive to the needs of our users. And we have to continue to innovate or we will go the way of the rails. Okay, so with that, we've got a great afternoon. It's really about celebration. Last time we did this a year ago, we had to focus on what's gonna be in our renewal. We know that now, and fortunately we have our renewal. And we were really lucky to, yeah, thanks to all your hard work. And we were really lucky to not have any significant cut in our budget, which is quite unusual for other CTSAs. So we want to celebrate that for a bit. And that's what the CTSIDEL is all about. It's a way to get in, allow all the programs to present their shining moments and to put those in the context of what's going on in the university with our judges in a short period of time. And then you can see the other things that we have in store for you this afternoon. So with that, I'm gonna invite up the judges to the front and we're gonna launch in our experiment.  Yeah, maybe. But we'll see how that pans out. But the judges are Sam Hogwood, who's the Dean of the School of Medicine. Talmadge King, who's the Chair of Department of Medicine in David Vlahoff. So thank you all for as a Dean of the School of Nursing. Thank you for doing this. And I get to be the Ryan Seacrest of the meeting and we do, because we have so many of these presentations to do, we're gonna be pretty strict about keeping to the time. So they have about, except for two programs, they have five minutes to present and then we'll have about five minutes to discuss. We may have a time for one question or one comment from the audience for each one, but we'll have to sort of see how that goes. So with that, I will invite up the first group.


Hey guys, Thunder E here, and you are looking at the brand new OnePlus Nord. I don't know if there are tons of videos out there, but we're taking our first gaming look at it. It's not a gaming review, but just a gaming first look. Now the OnePlus Nord is finally here. This is of course that device that we've seen that OnePlus is going to release. Now it packs a ton of features and let's take a closer look at what we have here. It comes in two colors. There's a gray onyx and there's this blue marble. Really nice. I love the color of this device. And when you look at it right there, you can clearly see it's got four cameras in the back. I'll just tell you this. Same cameras as the OnePlus 8, so fully megapixels, it makes ultra wide, some macro, there's a telephoto. That's pretty cool, but we care about what's under the hood, right? Because you know, we're gamers. So it's got a Snapdragon 765G processor. So you've got of course some really great performance coming from that, and of course 5G connectivity. Now in terms of RAM, you either get 8 or 12 gigabyte variants and you get 128 or 256 gigabytes of storage. Now you wonder how much it costs. We'll get to that in a sec. But that of course means we're going to get a lot of performance and OnePlus is always known for optimizing the devices to perform well. Now you've got a single speaker at the bottom. You've got a USB type C port that supports warp 30T charging, which means the same fast charging we saw in the OnePlus 8, OnePlus 8 Pro is here on the Nord as well. So I'm really excited to see what else they can do with this in terms of just all the functionality. But we flip this around and we come to that display in display fingerprint sensor, which is nice, fast and responsive, but looking at the display, it looks so nice. We've got a nice almost symmetrical edges all around. And you notice there's of course a dual front facing cameras, dual puncher cameras. One is an ultra wide, that's pretty cool as well, and has some really great features all around. But that display looks nice 2400 by 1080p, but it's also a 90 Hertz display. And we like to see that while we're gaming. So as gamers, that's what we care about. Faster refresh rates, all that fun stuff is on this device as well. And it's powered, of course, is packed in with a 4,150 mAh battery. So sizable battery for what we care about. But you know, before we even jump any further, let's take a quick look at some games that we like to see on this device. Again, this is just the first look, not a review. So that looked pretty cool, right? I mean, the games look like they just ran. And again, you know how OnePlus does the optimized software really well all together. Now, of course, they also sent us a few accessories. We've got a sandstone case, you know, regular sandstone. We've got, of course, a blue marble colored sandstone and a clear case. And there are a few other cases around for this device. But I want to know what you guys want to see in terms of games. And what else you want to see in the gaming review when I drop that for you because of a bunch of things. But also OnePlus announced its brand new OnePlus Buds, which we'll have a video on that specifically. But that pairs in pretty well. And you can see the color that, you know, that onyx color looks really nice with it as well. So we'll take a good look in a separate video on that. But I want to hear your thoughts. What do you guys think about the OnePlus Nord, right? We've seen it packs in a lot of features. We've seen, of course, that, you know, games run really well on there. And what games should we be playing? So you guys can get the full extent of what the Nord has to offer. I'm excited. Oh, oh, by the way, oh, if I forget, sorry, pricing, right? Yeah. So you see the pricing on screen right here. And you're going, man, that's that. Yeah, that's, that's affordable. That is really affordable. And if I, if I convert the pricing, the Indian pricing to the US, that comes up at $400 and $500. So this is a $400 smartphone. Can you believe that 400 bucks? I can't wait for it to come to the US. I know right now it's, it's going to be available in certain territories, but this is what we have been waiting for as Android fans. So I can't wait to fully test it out. Again, this is just a first look, guys. Gaming first look will give you, of course, more videos on the OnePlus Nord. So stay tuned. If you have any questions or any comments, let me know. Otherwise, don't forget to like, share, subscribe and always enjoy your entertainment.