Apparently, mostly for vagina owners but it really could be for everybody else as well. One of the possible side effects of antidepressants like Prozac etc. is something called the yawning orgasm. So basically you yawn and you get no orgasm. I cannot tell you just how happy I am today because just think ladies, two taboos, orgasm and depression. Two taboos we get to knock down with just one stone. How amazing is that? Okay, reality check, not everybody I'm sorry, gets this particular side effect so if you're one of the lucky ones who do more power to you. But I'll tell you why I'm getting this excited. You know the Kamasutra mentions yawning as a symptom of arousal and I always thought that it was a mistranslation that was some kind of mistake and that they were actually talking about deep sighs. You know you see somebody that you're in love with you would kind of do this and that looks a bit like a yawn and I thought that's what they meant but clearly it's actually a thing. Doctors are now saying that it's a very common thing to yawn when you become aroused and once again I'm blown away by just how much we knew in ancient India about sexuality and pleasure and how much we've actually lost.


Free scanner. What's up? My name is Vee here. Welcome to another video guys. So into this video I want to show you guys where to find stocks to day trade on the Weibo platform. I have gotten a lot of questions from you guys asking me where I find the stocks that I day trade on on Weibo. So I'm going to show you guys that today, but before we get started guys, if you're new to the channel we talk about how to earn money, how to save money, how to invest and build wealth. So if that's something that interests you, go ahead and hit that subscribe button and the notification bell so you don't miss out on new content.  You can definitely leverage the Weibo platform. That's one of the reasons why I love the platform because a lot of the stuff that they give you, the tools they give you on the platform is free. So if you are looking for stocks that you can day trade, Weibo really provides you a good free scanner. A lot of you don't even have to do the process of setting up. I'm going to do a separate video to show you how you can actually customize your own scanner, your own gap scanner. But into this video I'm just going to show you why Weibo gives you for free at no cost to you so you can actually look at some of the stocks and start trading them. So the things that we're going to look at today is where to find pre-market gappers, where to find extended hours. So after hours gappers, we're going to find where earnings reports. So companies that have their earnings report coming up, I'm going to show you to also find IPOs, no up-and-coming IPOs so that you can actually get ready or maybe trade them the day they actually start trading in the market. So those four things, again, Weibo provides them to you at no extra cost. So we're going to jump right in and take a look. So once you log into your Weibo account, you have major tabs like what you see up here. So you have their home, you have market, you have trade, you have pricing, download and help. In this case, I want you to click on the market tab. So if you click on the market tab, that's going to, I mean, it's going to bring you to the screen that we currently have right now. And this is the Weibo web app on your mobile phone. It's a little bit different. I think I'm going to show how you can do it on a mobile phone in a separate video. But today, the focus will be on the web app on your computer. So basically, once you get here, here's what I want you to go. Just scroll down. I've looked right here with, say, extended hours. So EXT stands for extended hours ranking. So if you click on this list, this is going to show you the list of stocks that are trading either pre-market or after hours. The stocks are the gapping. So it's going to show you right now. So it's based on, the ranking here is based mostly either by, I think, by volume or by market cap. So there's different ways that it ranks. But right here, this list that you can see here is the list of the stocks that are gapping after hours. So extended hours. So extended hours, again, for those of you that are new, the market opens at 8.30 central time. That's my time. So for you, if you're Eastern, it will be at 9.30. And likewise, for those of you that are Pacific time, you get that difference. The market opens then, and then you can trade until 3 p.m. Central time. Again, for me, you do the math if you are in a different time zone. So when the market closes, most people don't have the ability to trade based on the platform that they are using. But if you have Weebo, this is one of the excellent features that I love about Weebo, is that they have the extended hour trading. So you can actually buy and sell stocks extended hours, which is awesome. And I'm going to do a separate video on that for you guys. So you look at this, you look at the stocks that are gapping right here. You can pick them. So you can take the ticker symbol here, you go into the trade, and then you can actually pull that ticker symbol and then see if that stock is something that you can trade. Usually the top ones here, I usually go by top five here, the ones that would be gapping pretty good. So this is one place where you find stocks that you can trade pre or after hours. This is the list.  So we talked about top gainers. So for today, the market, this is the stocks, these are the stocks that were top gainers for the day. So you can see that right here, it shows you. And even during the day, once you're trading, I usually come to this page and refresh this and see what options I have. And sometimes a stock would just pop up and show up on these lists that I didn't see it in a pre-market. So it would show up here and I would jump in and go take a look at the stock and see what's going on and read some news about it. And hopefully it's something that maybe some good news just came out. Let's say for instance, if one of the COVID stocks, there's a vaccine or maybe the tests are doing pretty good. And so I would kind of spike the stock. And then you can jump in there. If there's a ride, you jump in, make some profit and get out. So that's where you get that. And then right next to these, this is where you get top losers. Again, these are stocks that are not performing good. So if you are a short seller, you might want to take a look at this list because this is where you can find the stocks that you can actually short in the market. If these stocks are going south, then you can jump in and read the news about why the stock is going south and write that wave all the way down. And then again, here are a list of most active stocks. So you can take a look at it again. Most active, why are these stocks active? You can see it. So it could be active by volume. There's other reasons why these stocks could be active. You can definitely trade those. And then the other thing that I want to show you guys here is that they also do IPO offerings. So right here, you can see this list here. I think there's two, four, six, eight companies right here. And if you click IPO offerings, then you can see even more. See, there's more here, but if you go by date. So today, when I was recording this video, is September 17. You can see that today, there was one, two, three, four, five, six, seven IPOs that went out today. So I was actually watching AMWL and Sumo, the two that I was watching today. But look at this. This is good stuff. They give you stuff for free. So you can actually make an informed decision about where you're investing. And then right next to it, you get IPO files. So you look at companies that are filed for IPO. So if you know a company that has filed for IPO, you can actually come here and see it. And sometimes, I'll see companies that are filed for IPO. And I don't even know these companies. I will read about them. And then it's like, oh, OK, that makes sense. I understand the business. I see what they're up to. And then I'll keep my eye on that particular IPO and see if I want to buy the IPO or I just want to wait until it goes public and I'll buy. And then next to it, here you have earnings. Again, this is another trading strategy. So you can trade based on either earnings report. So you wait for the earnings to come out. And then you can actually jump in and maybe cash the ride. If the earnings are good, chances of the stock is going to pop. You can cash that ride all the way up and get out. If the earnings are really bad, chances of the stock is going to tank.  So then even dividends and stuff like that. So that is another option that you can actually see. So just to recap here, let's go back to market. So again, this is where you can find stocks or you can day trade on Weibo. Free scanner, Weibo does the work for you. You don't have to do anything. But Weibo also have their own space where you can actually customize your scanner. Like I said, I'm going to do a separate video for that. So if you look again, we talked about extended hours, which is pre-market and after-market. So you can look here, it would show you where which stocks are actually popping. And then we can talk about top gainers. This is the stocks that are top gainers during the market hours. So 830 to 3 wet stocks are the top gainers for the day. And then we talked about top losers and we talked about most active. We talked about IPO offerings and then we talked about IPO file. And those are all the places where Weibo gives you the opportunity to find stocks that you can definitely day trade in the market or stocks that you can actually swing or IPOs that you can get ready for and buy. Again, as you can see guys, these are all free services that Weibo provide. That's one of the reasons, again, like I said, I love this service. So let me know what you think about this. Have you used any of this? Do you use them or do you have a separate scanner? I've seen people that pay money to get this information. They subscribe to different services where people have scanner set up and they send them. This is a Zaxim list and that they use for trading. And just to give you guys some context, I've actually done an experiment where I did sign up for some of the guys that give you the daily watch list and for the top gappers for the morning. And the list matches Weibo. I mean, if Weibo has the same scanner, why would you wanna go pay money or subscribe to some guy to get it? So you can definitely get that for free. Again, I'm gonna do a separate video to show you how you can actually customize the scanner. So if you have specific, maybe criteria that you're looking for, you can actually put that in the scanner and come up with your own list that is unique to you. So let me know if you have any questions. Again, if you're new, we talk about how to earn money, how to save money, how to invest and pay with worth. So if that's something that interests you, go ahead and hit that subscribe button. And if you're looking to get started, investing, Weibo is gonna be doing a promotion where if you sign up and actually deposit $100, you get a free stock. You also get access to your level two information. I think that's gonna go all the way to like December. So definitely check it out and take advantage of that. I'm gonna put the links in the description below.


Hello everyone, this is Jason Wang from Red Hat. So today I will be talking about how to achieve hyper scalability with VDP. So here is the outline. First we will review the VDP IP texture and then I will discuss the demand for the hyperscalability and its four major challenges and then I will give a status and summary. So from hardware perspective, the VDP device contains the following parts. First it should contain all the vertical features and both cues and then it may contain the host features and what's more important, all the stuff was done in a very specific config and it also allows the vendors to have some add one features. So we have several VDP devices right now. For example, we have Intel N3000 which is trust on a normal PCI devices or virtual function. It can do both block and networking and we also have Manok CX6 which is a VDP implementations on top of the specific hardware and architectures. So it only supports networking so far and third is the virtual PCI. So in that we can treat the virtual as a vendor. So technically it supports all whatever devices. And we are also developing a user space VDP device which is called VDIUS. So the work allows you to implement VDP devices in the user space. The work will start from the block devices. And what's more interesting is that we also have VDP simulators which is currently VDP simulators and we have the plan to make it ready for the production environment. So it supports block and networking. And we are pretty sure that there are more VDP parents on the road. So from the working architecture you can just see the VDP as a can solve the transport. So that's the VDP software architecture. So you can see that the cross-section concept is the VDP bus which allows several different VDP drivers and VDP parents to be attached. So in order to support the user space driver we introduce the VHOS VDP driver which connects VDP devices to the VHOS subsystems and present her simple virtual devices for the user space driver. So the major use case for this is the virtualization and it can also serve for the DPDK applications. And from another part is the VHOS VDP bus driver. So it connects the VDP parents to the virtual kernel drivers. It allows the applications to use the VDP devices as if a virtual devices. So the main use case for this is for the containers and bare metal. So as the density of the workload draws, so we see the demand for the hyperscalability. For example, we see the containerized workload becomes popular. So usually the cloud wonders requires to scaling the VDP instance to 10K or even 1000K. And we also see the requirements for fine-grained units as a VDP. For example, we may want to split or slice a VF. And then we also have this flexibility. That means the VDP hardware instance would be provisioned. And hardware should have the ability to group their units dynamically. So this can save a lot of software resources. So here are the main challenges. So first is how to achieve the fine-grained on a lightweight basis. And then we need to provide a secure DME content for each VDP instance. And we also need to try to sync how to scale the interrupt. So the major limitation is the PCIe. So it only allows about 10K, sorry, 2K of MSX entries. And also we need to provide the interface for the management layers to provision the VDP instance. So we will first discuss how to achieve the lightweight VDP instance. So we have some basic methodology. So the first is the VDP instance should occupy as minimal resources as possible. So for resources, it probably means both the hardware sources or transport specific resources. Then we also believe that the software can scale better or easier than hardware because we have much more flexibility in the software than the hardware. That usually means some kinds of limitations in the software is a must. So I will use the VortenNet as an example. So let's see how it was implemented in PCIe. In this figure, you can see that there's a gas open systems, which has a VortenNet driver. It uses the transport driver to talk to the rest model that is implemented in the VMM. So in our cases, it's the VDP subsystem plus the QML. And the VDP subsystem will talk to the real hardware. So in this case, it's VortenNet PCIe devices, which implements the interface for the basic facilities through the PCIe bar capabilities and PCIe link. So if we try to scale VortenNet PCIe instance, it's something like this. So usually, you have more VortenNet PCIe devices, which each VortenNet PCIe devices will have a PCIe bar capability. And each will have a TX and XQ pairs and an optional CVQ. So alternatively, we can do that VortenNet VRVDPA. So it's something similar to the VortenNet PCIe hardware. But the difference is that instead of using a PCIe transport, we can use a vendor-specific control or transport to replace the PCIe bar capability in this case. So the first thing we can do that is try to save a hardware-controlled queue. That means we can present a software-controlled queue in the VDP subsystems. So that means the CVQ features could be implemented in a vendor-specific way. So the VDP can still let the gas assume that it has a controlled queue. But in this vendor-specific driver, it will translate the controlled queue commands to the vendor-specific interface. So that means we save one hardware-controlled queue. So you can see that in this case, if we want to scale the VDP instance, there will be no need for the controlled queue in the hardware. So those resources could be used for more TX and XQ pairs. So another approach is to introduce the concept of the management device. Management device provides vendor-specific control for transporting the managed device. That means there's no direct vendor-specific control for the management VDP. Instead, if the driver or the opening systems try to configure a probe, the VDP instance must be done via the management device. So this help to keep the VDP instance as minimal as possible. But it introduces the complexity in the management device. So if you know that, you can see that it's just a balance. And another drawback is that it probably complicated the software path, which means we need some synchronization in the management device driver to synchronize the concurrent request for configuring the management VDP devices. So that also means we probably need some QoS in the management interface. So you can see that through this way, if we scale more VDP instance, all the transport-specific commands will be routed to the management device driver. And the management device driver will talk to the management functions that is implemented in the vendor-specific management device. And the management device will in charge of sending or implementing those functions or dispatching the semantics to the management VDP. So you can see that in this way, there's no direct vendor-specific or transport-specific resources to be allocated to each management VDP devices. It can help to save some resources. So based on our previous discussions, it's not hard to infer that we can add those support in the virtual spec. So basically, it means we need to introduce the transport-specific support for device command capabilities. And or we can also introduce the management device in the transport-specific way. Or we can also introduce the wood queue as a transport. That's basically something like the management queue. So here's the device-specific command capability. So you can see that we can introduce a new capability, which is used to accept the commands from the driver. So the actual commands and command-specific date is device-specific. But for what on that, it's not hard to imagine that this is a replacement or alternative for the control queue. So with the hardware implement this capability, there's no way for them to present a hardware control queue. But you can see that it's just a partial transport because for control queue, we can have a rebel-length of the command-specific date, which cannot be done in the PCIe bar. So it means we have less flexibility, but usually the 256-byte command-specific is really sufficient. And it also means that we save one wood queue. We can also introduce the managed device capability in the warehouse bag. It's as simple as to introduce a new capability. And in that capability, we've introduced a device selector, which means which kind of the managed device that all the PCIe capabilities refers to. For example, if we want to configure rating the wood queue zero address for the managed device one, first we need to write the one to the device selector, and then we need to write zero to the queue selector. And then we write the actual queue address, where the queue descriptor low, and also the queue descriptor high. And this interface can also be used for configure rating the management device itself. So that basically means we just write zero as the device selector, and then we can keep or configure the management device as zero. So as you can see that we may implement the management water PCIe driver. We need to route all the configuration and probing command from the VDP to the management water PCIe driver. And then the management water PCIe driver will talk to the management capability that is implement in the water PCIe devices. This helps to save all the transport specific resources. Alternatively, we can have wood queue as a transport. It means we will have a dedicated wood queue for the management device. So here's the basic layout of the commands. The most important part is still the device selector, and then we will have the class command and the data that is specific to each command. So the commands is basically used for transport, the basic water facilities for the managed device. And the management device is still probed in other transport such as PCIe. So the advantage of this approach is that it was not specific to any current PCIe transport. And it has more flexible than the bar or capability-based approach because the length of the data is variable. But it has several disadvantages. For example, it's more complicated and it may requires the quality of services because it could be used by several thousands of the VDP instance in parallel. So here are the basic commands that will be implemented in the management queue. So you can see that we will introduce the command for getting the features, getting a setting of the device data, the rest generation configurations, and some more queue configurations. And also what's important is that we need to set and get the MSI-X entries per managed device. And we also need the device to implement the notification area which could be mapped directly to the user space. So you can see that if we adapt the management queue all the device configuration request will still route from the VDP to the management of the PCIe driver. And then what management will be for the driver to talk to the management of the queue. Okay, so we can talk about the second challenge. That is how to provide a secure DMA contact for VDP. So the main requirement is to isolate DMAs among VDP instance. So there are three methods. The first is to leverage the transport or platform specific method. The second is to reuse the vendor specific facility. And last is try to isolate it at the hotel level. So for the transport specific method we can take PCIe as an example. It's not hard to imagine that we will use the processor specific ID as a PASID. So it means they probably need to assign PASID per VDP instance or even the PASID per VDP instance per queue. That means we need to platform LMS support for the PASID. And VDP vendors is in charge to implement a vendor specific way for configuring the PASID. So guys, it's not hard for the vendor because it can leverage the platform features. But the vendor needs to wait for those features to be implemented in the vendor first. And it's also the platform dependent. For example, the PASID is tied to the PCIe. So another method is to vendor specific method. So an example is to have the device MMU. This means device has its own MMU which is used for translating the IO virtual address with transport specific DMU addresses. That means DMU could be isolated as the at the VDP instance level. We can tag different VDP instance as different address space. So the isolation was done in the device itself instead of depending on the platform specific MMU. And it can choose to work with and without any transport specific DMU method. For example, it can co-work with PASID or not. So the advantage is that it's a platform independent and it's much more flexible. But the drawback is that it's a little bit complicated for the vendor to implement it. So actually we can borrow those ideas and implement those functions in the spec. For example, we can add spec support for the transport specific DMU isolation method or we can even introduce the MN isolation set to water level. So for the transport specific support, we can add the spec support for the PASID assignment. So it's as simple as we can introduce a PCI PASID capability and then we can introduce an interface for how to configure it in the PASID per queue. So in that case, we can align PASID for each water net instance or each work queue. And then if it was used with a PASID capable MMU, we can achieve DM isolation at VDP instance level. So it's simple because it leveraged platform features and it's also standard because it was in the spec. Some drawback is that it was platform independent but it's probably not a big issue. Or we can even consider to implement the device MMU in the spec. So the DMA is translated into two state. The state one is the translation is done in the device MMU which translate our virtual address in the intermediate address. And the state two is the platform MMU which translate intermediate address to the physical address. And we can also have the two possible interface. It could be a queue based or pay table based. So the opportunity is that it's platform independent. It can work with any transport. So it's more flexible but it will be more complicated for the implementation. So another interesting topic is how to scale the initial art. So we may meet some transport limitations. For example, in the PCIe, it only allows 2K MSIX entries per PCIe devices. And for the MMU transport, it does not even have MSIX support. So what we want to see is first to introduce the MSIX support in a general waterway. Or we can try to scale the number of MSIX entries. So for BGP vendors, it's basically about how to start MSIX entries in a vendor specific way. So it means we need to introduce the interface for the drivers to config to mask or unmask the MSIX entries in a vendor specifically instead of using the standard PCIe MSIX table. So for suspect, it's as simple as introduce MSIX configuration capability. And in that capability, we will have the functions to program the MIS vendors per device per board queue. Okay, so the last requirement is the VDP provisioning. So you can see that in the VDP framework, we have implemented those provisioning interfaces via the net link. So the management layer is in charge of specifying some attributes during the device creation. So the provisioning will be done at the VDP parent level. So they can build ideas and implement those in the virtual spec. So it basically means we need to implement or extend the current managed device capabilities by allowing the device provisioning to be done via that interfaces. So we can introduce some dedicated registers for storing the config. And we can introduce the registers to create or destroy the devices. And we can also get the command status from a dedicated registers. So for example, if we want to create a VDP on what help devices, first you need to write those configurations to the config registers. And then you can write a one to the creative users. And then if you read zero from the creator, okay, it means that the managed with what help devices has been successfully created. Okay, so here's the summary of these discussions. First, we discuss several approach to scale the VDP instance, to scale the secure LML contacts and interrupts and provisioning. And it does not means that they are only the approach for achieving the highest scalability. So other technologies may also help. For example, we can introduce the technologies like the restraining of scheduling, which means we can schedule several different guest or containers among a single VDP devices. And we can also leverage the transport specific way to use some technologies such as the shared wood queue, which means a single wood queue could be used that several different DMAs, DMAs. But none of those approach comes for free. So it's the charge of the vendor to balance the pros and cons and it shows a suitable ways for having a hyper scalability. Here are some references for the RPCs that has been posted on the list for the discussions in this talk. You are welcome to review and comment on this series. And we have prepared a GitLab website which contains all the necessary information for VDP. Please visit the website for more information. Thanks.


Welcome to remote sensing and GIS for rural development NPTEL course. This is week five lecture one. Let us do a recap of what we have learned in lecture four and how it is related to lecture week five. In lecture four we had done an introduction to GIS which was part one vectors. In lecture week five we will be discussing more on rasters which is the second type of data. To be specific we gave an introduction to GIS like what is GIS, how does GIS process the data. We looked at the flow chart of defining a problem and then understanding the issues. We also looked at multiple options for GIS software of which we will be using QGIS. We also looked into the different versions of QGIS and we will focus mostly on the most stable version which is 3.2214 till date in 2023 early 2023. So, this might be different when you view this video in 2024, 2095 depending on the registrations but always look for the most stable version. Then we went through the process of downloading the data for the software and then we ran and installed the software on my machine which was shared on the screen. Once the GIS was set up it was also necessary to understand what are the different types of data in GIS and we stopped and looked at vectors and rasters. We defined that these are the two types and we went in depth to vectors in week four. We also looked at QGIS tools for vector analysis. So, once we have defined the two types of data then there are tools that work on vector and work on rasters separately. So, we had looked at the specific tools in vector analysis that are installed in QGIS. The tools may be different in whatever GIS versions or software you use. However, we covered the basic tools so you will definitely come across the same tools. Different names would be there. For example, buffer would be labeled as buffer vector or buffer line, buffer polygon, etc. Buffer is always the same tool. It creates a buffer around a shape file, point, polygon or line. So, the name of the tool might be different in different softwares. As per GIS the application of the tool is same. Then we looked at applications of GIS vector data and analysis. So, we defined the data, we looked at some tools that can organize and play with the data and then we jumped into the applications. Now, how is this linked to week five? We had mentioned that we have two types of data. So, vector and raster. I had introduced what is a raster but I didn't get into in-depth discussions. That is what we will accomplish in week five. It is also necessary to look at the difference between raster and vector, the two types of data. Some may get confused that it is a full coverage. So, is it a vector or a raster? Coverage may not always say it is a raster and vice versa. So, we should be careful about what is embedded in the data, how the data is represented and that defines raster or vector. Sources of raster data for rural development, we will look into some sources and then we will jump into some intro raster tools in QGIS platform. So, there are raster tools generic and there are raster tools that you could use throughout the GIS network and specific to certain softwares. We will have introduction of the major, major raster tools. One example is the raster calculator and the masking tool. These tools are very, very important and almost across the software systems for GIS it is used. Then we will have some inputs on data storing methodologies. Throughout, I will stress the fact that this is based on QGIS software, the recent stable version and mostly for rural development. There are multiple other applications and tools that are more specific for different applications such as atmospheric science, transportation, heritage mapping, etc. But we will be mostly focusing on rural development. Some case studies may come and go depending on the basics. So, what is the GIS data model? It implies that multi-source data is converted to digital formats if it has a spatial location. For example, let us take this example of from the world that would be multiple layers. GIS is about layering one layer above the other and then drilling down to take, which is the analysis, to take the research. So, now comes the point. What are these data? All these data should have a particular input, which is the data plus the spatial data. The spatial location of the data is GIS. So, now, since data is organized as layers, coverages or themes, it is same concepts, but it could be different types of data. So, coverage or theme could be synonymous, but it has different data formats. It can have data formats. So, please understand that part that yes, it is synonymous, coverage or theme, but it can be different data part of which there are two types, vectors and rasters. However, each layer is representing a common theme of the problem. You are looking at rural development and I have said that cropped acreage is one very, very important rural development question. We cannot map on top of coverage something in rural India. You cannot map urban coverage, for example. If industrialization has happened, yes, but given that it is focusing on crops, you have to concentrate on crops. So, common theme is there. Layers are integrated using explicit location on earth's surface because earth location is what ties all this data together. See, the data can be spread different locations. Why is it on top of each other is because the location is same. For one location, you cannot have only one data. That is the beauty of GIS. You can keep on stacking. So, it is a comparison if you would like to see. In one location, you can either build one house, which is called a bungalow or a separate house, or you can build an apartment which is vertically tall. If you look at the number of levels, this could have 33 levels and this is only one level and that is what data will also give. Because here in one level, you will have only 4 to 5 people living. Whereas here, every floor, you will have 4 to 5 people living provided both are the same entity or the same people you are taking in terms of age, occupation, etc. So, that is a common feature. So, GIS is on the left which I explained. This is about a vertical stacking of data and then you take any information out. So, layers are integrated using explicit location that is a single location. Thus, geographic location is the organizing principle. The location is the organizing principle and now it doesn't matter if it is raster or a vector which means one floor can be green in color, the other floor can be blue in color and then green and then red, brown, whatever it is. So, colors represent different layers. So, it doesn't matter in GIS if how many ever different layers come up as long as your software and your computer can hold it. So, the location is what is key. We have already looked into this in week 4 but because we are discussing raster, I will just quickly go through this again. In a real-world scenario which is given in the bottom, you have a lake and a river or a stream line that brings water to the lake and you have a grassland. Around the grassland you have some marshy lands and forest and that has been accurately depicted as a 2D surface in the bottom. So, what you see in the bottom is my pointer. So, what you see in the bottom is the real-life scenario and you do have on the top the 3D real-life world which is being converted to a 2D surface. So, rasters are in grids which is on the top. You have divided the real world into grids. The grids are called pixels. Inside each one is called a pixel. So, you discretize it which means gridding the surface and then each square in the grid is called a pixel. It has a location and a value. The pixel is centered and it knows the size of the square. So, if you know the center and you know the size of the square, you can easily draw it. It says as in from the center what is the distance to the side of the square. So, if you know that it is equidistant, right? From the center you can have equidistant to the perpendicular to the side. So, that is how you could definitely create a location, a single location for a pixel. However, the data is averaged for that location. As I clearly said, suppose this entire thing is one pixel. This entire thing may be a one pixel in a satellite image. So, what it will happen is for it is one location but across that grid and across the grid, what is the land used land cover? The dominant value comes in as the value, the value as given here. For example, for this one, we can say the brown color is dominant. So, grassland is dominant. So, it will be brown color in the value. So, satellite image and aerial photos are already in this format which is gridded and that is why you call photographs as pixels, right? 4K resolution, high pixel, high definition. These are all terms that say that it has been gridded and each grid has a value. Whereas vectors are linear, it is non-continuous. It has points, lines and polygons and they are called features with attributes. Features are the class, house, lake, etc. And under the class there are data and that data or subcolumns are called as attributes. One more representation of the world we had looked at. In a raster, I will just only focus on the raster here. So, we have a real world where you have a river and trees houses in a real world which is a 3D mesh. You have discretized it by forming grids. So, this has been divided into rows and columns. Sorry if my drawing is not as good as it should be because I am using a pointer. So, you get the idea that each pixel is what is represented here and then you use the value inside the pixel as the the dominant value inside the pixel as the single value. So, for here you have rows and columns 0 to 9, 0 to 9. It is a grid in squares. It has each pixel is given here. You have one pixel. I can color code it for just to show you the pixel. So, this is one pixel at a time and you can use this. So, that is one pixel and then you have the gridded lines. What you can do next is you could see that in the grid, in the pixel, what is the dominant value it is taking? So, for that location, what is the dominant value? Again, the location is not a single point but across the square, across the pixel, what is the dominant? So, here is nothing, nothing which is a barren land, barren land, let's say land is empty and then you have houses. There is one house in two, one house in six and seven. So, six and seven is this one whereas this house is at one and two. So, on the column it is one and then on the row it is two. So, this is how a real life world can be represented as a raster and then picked up. So, how are they done? Again, the real world is converted to a 2D surface. Two types of data is there. One is vector and raster. In a vector you have lines, polygons and points for each real world scenario whereas in raster the entire plane has been discretized into grids and each pixel takes a value. So, when I go into the differences between these two, I will focus on why. So, you have pixels as the dominant division of the data whereas features is the definition of the data in the vectors. How are spatial elements represented as rasters? Stores images as rows and columns, image. So, the image here has been stored as a row and column. As I showed you in the previous slide, one and two, we had a house. So, as per the row and columns location, it stores the data as an information and the location. So, stores images as rows and columns of numbers with a digital value number dn for each cell. The dn for each cell is very unique. So, as I said, row one, row two in the previous example. So, row two and column one is unique. Only one pixel sits there. Not multiple pixels takes that location. Units are usually represented as square grid cells that are uniform in size. So, always it is square and it should be uniform. You cannot have a green bigger than red or yellow. It can be only when you do a local discretization as done in hydrological models. But for raster data, all are same size grids. And that is why your green is not bigger than the blue or the yellow is not bigger than the green. It is the same size. With this, what happens is you have uniform spread of the data with equal pixel size and the dominant land use land cover or rainfall is taken as a value for it. Data is classified as continuous, such as in the image. You do not have an image, whatever size it is. It can be an oval image, it can be a square image, a rectangle image, whatever size. Every image has full coverage. You do not see inside an image, a white plain area. If that is the case, it is called an error. So, within the frame, every single inch should be or centimeter or whatever the small size is, should be occupied with data. In here, image, the data is color. So, it is continuous, such as in the image given below in the image here, you do not have any blank spaces. The pink dotted squares are also data. It is continuous or thematic, which as I said, rainfall, land use land cover, these are the themes. Thematic maps and the data is being applied across. Where each cell denotes a feature type, only one feature type, but it denotes the entire thing. So, here the theme is land use land cover. The cell could be a river or a house or a tree based on the feature which is within the, which is the data, the dominant data. There are numerous data formats for grins. When we looked at shapefiles, we saw that it is dot SHP dot SHPX and then other data that supports the vector. So, it is only one type of forming, but in the one type, there are multiple, multiple sub files, whereas in raster, there are numerous grid formats. How the grid is stored and how the locations are stored, there are numerous formats. Someone may ask why, sir, for raster, you have numerous formats. It is one of the limitations it has been discussed is that rasters have bigger size. And for the bigger size, with evolution of science and technology, with upgradation of technological interfaces, there is new formats that are being discovered or developed. Why? Because they want to cut the image in a particular fashion to store it effectively and retrieve it excellently. Remember that if it is too big, it is difficult to store and also difficult to retrieve. Both are important for spatial analysis, storing and retrieving. So, to make that faster, there are always upgradation of the formats and that gives rise to a different or multiple formats for rasters. People would be happier with the simple shapefile, so you do not see much updation, but rasters, yes. And that is the same reason why initially you could store only one, two images in a pen drive. A floppy disk may have two, three, and a CD-ROM may have you know, hundreds of files, images, but as now a single pen drive can have multiple, multiple GBs of data, which is raster. So, now we have known what is a raster, what is a vector. Next, we will see what are the key differences. Each object is a pixel in a raster database and has only one attribute value, one feature. So, one feature, one attribute is merged here, one data, only one data per pixel. It is not like rainfall is there or not. There is just rainfall which is one or zero for more rainfall. So, rainfall is the theme, rainfall is the attribute. If it is no rainfall, it is zero, but still our color is given for zero, which is white, and then blue could be ping-pong. So, has one attribute value. Example, land type is equals to one is one value. Elevation is how much the land is elevated from the zero level, which is the sea level. And you could see that 830 meters or feet, depending on the data, you have one value for the pixel. You do not have a range for a pixel. One pixel only takes one value. However, in a vector, each object, each object which is represented in a GIS framework in a vector database can have multiple attribute values. Example, a county or a district boundary, has attribute information for area, population, demographics, and many others. So, you do not stop with just the district name or the village name. There are multiple, multiple other data that are stored. As I said, there are subheadings. The name could be the predominant column that is holding it. Here the district name. And within the district, you have multiple attributes that explain the data further. Sometimes too many attributes do not explain, but spoil the data. So, be careful about the size and volume relation to the quality. Do not always think that too much data always explains better. Too much also has a lot of errors and issues. Some more raster versus vector definitions. So, now we have seen the raster versus vector. One of the other things that we should discuss is the advantages and limitations and how it compares between each other. In a raster, the most common data format is the raster because most of the big data, the data that covers the entire planet comes as rasters. Easy to perform mathematical and overlay operations. Why? Because for each location, you should have data. If the layer is added. It is not like, oh, I do not have data. How am I going to do analytical mathematical operations? Since always it will have data, you will have to use it as continuous data. And that is easier for you to do calculations. Suppose you have data gaps. You do not have data for that particular location. You are not able to do a calculation. So, that thing is removed because we use a continuous data. This data is stored in each pixel and each pixel is together mixed in this raster to as an entire frame. Satellite information, which is the information procured from satellites, is easily incorporated in a raster. The satellite coverage is continuous. And based on that property of raster, it is easily incorporated as a raster data format. It does better represent continuous data compared to vector data. And vector advantages are accurate position is given. So, you do not play around saying that oh, somewhere in the pixel there is trees. Either the dominant is trees or not. However, in a vector, you can add multi-dimensionality in the same pixel. So, for example, the pixel is your land holding of a farmer. The average land holding is one hector. So, let us say that one hector is one pixel. The farmer might have some issues with growing a monocrop in the land. Let us say he is not going to grow, he or she is not going to grow sugarcane, but some tomatoes, some spinach, some banana and maybe drumstick. All these are within that small piece of land. How will that show in a vector is each plant will have a specific location or a polygon. So, it will be a point data or a polygon data, whereas for the raster, all of this is one data. The dominant data will be uploaded as a layer for that pixel. So, that is what the advantage is for a vector. It is not continuous. However, for that particular location, it is the best data available. It is the best for destroying discrete thematic features, example roads, shorelines, seabed features. Think about this. If you are going to do a map of the water bodies, ocean and rivers, the land is flat. You cannot just show in a raster the lake alone without the data boundary from rasters. So, you have land and water. However, in a vector, you do not need this. You can just put a boundary and say this location, this boundary is therefore water and that is where it has less storage. It is not continuous. So, it does not have to put storage everywhere. It is compact data storage requirements is there. You do not need big supercomputers or storage facilities. You can associate unlimited number of attributes for specific features. Again, I have said this in the week 4, not unlimited. Depending on your computer speed and performance power, it will give some number of columns. The columns are the sub attributes. The raster file formats, as I said, they are multiple. There is not only one format and the often ones are JPEG, PNG, SID, grid, IMG, image. You could see that the icon looks like a gridded box. So, you see, usually you would see like it is a bar of chocolate, but it is not. So, if you look at the bar of chocolate, it has lines which are vertical and horizontal, thereby giving rows and columns. Each chocolate, you can break as a pixel. So, that is what you could see here. The icon for raster data is given as a pixel or gridded lad. The vector set is given as different. We have seen this in the previous lecture. Spatial data, raster images, elevation grids, any data that is stored in terms of pixels, rather than lines, points, etc. Again, another definition. You could see here that the river line is not a line, but a grid, a grid grid which is linked to each other. This is the Columbia slope model for data. Sometimes, only sometimes, there are tables associated with the raster and it depends on the data type, the dot grid, dot IMG, dot JPEG. So, based on the format and the size of the class, the size of the data, you will have an extension table. So, spatial data is stored in a database. And I would like to stress here that in a geodatabase, you can have vectors and rasters together. It is not like you have to separate your rasters, separate your vectors. However, you can have them all in one working geodatabase as this is there. You have a geodatabase and you can store it. In normal circumstances, I have a folder. The folder is data. And within the folder, there are subfolders for raster or rivers. And then you have subfolders for vectors, administrative boundaries, river boundaries, etc. So, there are both limitations and advantages of using raster and vector. So, we cannot say one is better than the other. It depends on your problem statement and GIS tools that you're going to use. So, you can always have all these data in your database folder mingled together. Because GIS, when you open it, it will tell you what type of data it is. For example, if this is being shown, it shows that this is a polygon, a line, and then a point. And then it also shows that this is a raster. With this, I would like to conclude today's lecture. You would also go back to these forums and manuals if you have difficulties at questions. The links are given here. So, please use them as much as possible for updating or brushing up your QGIS skills, because that you'll be using much in this course. With this, I conclude. Thank you.


to take your help back. We are coming to you live from our Think Tech Hawaii studio in downtown Honolulu and from my home office in Makiki. Today we will hear from voice Eva of song Melvin Lee. Melvin will share her gift of music and how she heals many with her voice including healing herself. Please welcome Melvin Lee. Aloha Melvin. Aloha Wendy. So good to have you on. I make it a tradition that we're going to have you on at least once a year and usually it's about this time of the year where everyone's all festive and so are you. So let's get started Melvin. You know I remember Melvin Lee in a long red evening dress playing at the Olimwana Hotel. Please share with us a little bit about your memories while there. I had I just I think it was just a time in my life where I needed something like that a gig like that. I lasted about 12 years there at the Olimwana Hotel and it was I went through a lot over there and we and they just hung on with me you know they kept me there no matter what well the United Airlines went on strike and nobody everybody showrooms was empty you know we went through that and I had only one couple in the audience one one night you know and but but I did the whole show for them anyway you know it's times like that and then of course the show was always packed it was great. Yeah I remember going to see you there and that's amazing that yes you're a true showman so of course the show must go on whether there's one or a packed house you're gonna perform like you're performing at the Grand World Opera or something just every every day goes on every show goes on that's a professional which you are so you're not just a diva Melvin but you have so many talents what brings most joy in your performances is is knowing that I can reach their hearts you know uh whether it's through my music or spiritually or you know just making their lives a better music always it's a healing a healing type of uh you know recovery for anyone you know who's going through a lot whether it's good or bad in their lives music does that it calms you.  I'm a prankster too you know. Yeah I know that. I know that so that's why I gotta be careful with you what I say because I know if I say something you're gonna do them or you're gonna prank you're gonna prank me so I know I know already because I I'm like you too okay remember now whatever you're thinking I'm thinking the other side the same thing okay so um yeah I know we have a photo of you and uh Rodney Kazimero I need to honor this man Rodney Kazimero I know that he's a dear friend and I just um just please share some fond memories that you have with with Rodney. Yes that that familiar photo photo was in in uh Kohala we did a show together in Kohala during Christmas time in fact I think it was yeah and um we dressed like Tira and Blala you know some of you were dressed I I wrote a tattoo on my arm you know like you wrote tattoos and we acted real Tira and every we had the audience going crazy in Kohala and you know Kohala is a small town people the show starts at seven they're there at four o'clock yeah and you know what I told them I told them I said hey what are you both doing here you better go home and check your house I see somebody rubbing your house you know hey but I don't go and laugh because you know when you were performing at the Alts or wherever you go I mean here in town I try to get to your show at least an hour was so early so I can have a great seat and you know that and you're all your friends are also waiting in line with me just trying to get in so I truly understand that so don't laugh at us we just like we like be a part of your stage you like sit on your lap and sing with you we want to hear every joke coming what you should have stepped on my tour at the Alamoana Hotel so I can remember you you know yeah but then we wouldn't probably be friends you'd be probably still pissed off at me hey you in broke my toenail what's the matter with you so no I'm not going to do that to you now I love you too much and look you still remember me so you know you're on stage with so many icons of Hawaii another male legend that you performed with is Willie K you must have some very special memories with brother Willie as well his dad played guitar for me on Maui when I did some gigs over there you know yeah that's how I got to know he really was young of course but Willie he he's talented he came from his dad you know it's a it's a it's a gene that he had and and no matter what he sings or plays he saw that talent he is so overwhelming it is his his performances were overwhelming and and I told him so I said you know you make everybody's here stand up when you sing and you perform because you're a great performer and he told me says well I wish my hair would straighten out we told me if he straightened out that hair we wouldn't have recognized him but you know like with Willie right brother Willie when he would be on stage of course you would expect the Hawaiian you know and all the great songs but when he started to sing opera OMG right I mean his operatic voice was just incredible and we waited always to hear that come out of him right yes so down to earth I just love listening to him and we miss him dearly truly miss him I do too I miss him dearly Hawaii misses the world misses him embedded in our hearts and our minds of his style of singing right right and so we're so blessed that we got an opportunity to share that with him were you with him within the last year before he passed before he went to heaven yes because he did he performed at the Hilton wine village and uh and we went to see him that time and and it was just it was awesome it was just awesome and uh I'm not knowing that that was the last time I would see him right right yeah miss miss miss him truly truly especially like at Christmas when he would sing all the Christmas carols and we go to his Christmas concert nobody does a holy night as well oh wait oh wait yeah I agree I have to agree with that wow so I've seen you perform with many others on your stage so tell me about these other these other crazy buddies of yours that I when I saw uh I was going to see your show a lot and see wherever you were performed these guys were with you so tell us about your buddies I think one of the funniest moments was rap ripplinger when he came to my show at the alamwana and he was so tongue-tied I was giving out those lines one after the other and he was like he says you know Melvin you're the only one that can do this to me he said whatever he said I came back with another and the audience was in they were roaring you know but he was a great talent another great talent wow and so how about that guy um was it cheeks I see his cheeks there why why kiki kicks I only know miss kicks he moved on mommy now a book is an author now you know he writes like he for me yeah yes I remember him very well and then always Pito Pito's in that picture with you you know yet Tito very nervous yeah yeah and he's still performed too right he played for loyal goner for a long time he also played for me too at the international marketplace right right yeah tell us about a little bit about your days with loyal and the fabulous four of you crazy theaters me the divas yeah the divas the funniest part was when we went to Hong Kong oh my gosh and we went into the other side you know you're not supposed to call and you were scared we almost didn't come out of the you know the um coming aside I think it was I don't wear wear but we we went in and we went shopping and we all bought we said oh look here's some uh you know some Gucci and all that bags and everything so we brought a whole bunch rough we knew it was fake but you know it looks so nice yeah yeah right nicely made when we brought up to the other side I went to pull the handle the handle broke and inside was newspaper oh it's an expensive newspaper you bought we laughed they've had a good laugh when it was more than that the stories from there it's just fabulous you know well so even even the rubber band lasts longer than the person so that's a good tip guys don't be buying that stuff you come to you and get your hands wet I tell you right be careful be careful if you're looking at bottom no buy them yeah really better right last longer I did that one time I did that one time it was a cat for the cancer awareness of it was an auction in Hilo and the only thought maybe about seven items and I said where's all the items they said oh well this is how we could get and I just bought a beautiful handbag from these Koreans you know a beautiful shop it was a beautiful handbag all green you know brand new and I had all my stuff in and so I ended up I said do you have a paper sack they had one from you know that that market they have there in in big island yeah so they got the Japanese market but anyway so I put my okay mark okay okay something like that I started put all my stuff inside the um in the package and then I wrote with a belt and Gucci and I auctioned my bag off then I auctioned my watch I auctioned my ring I said oh but my earrings I did just so they can make extra money and I went back went out I was aloha airlines at time and they said Navin what is that I say it's my Gucci bag but it was the real deal right it was not coffee was real and then girlfriend on the K store on the big island is KTA well so also I know you're from Moloka'i and I know there's another angel from Moloka'i and her name is Raya Tia Helm oh yes what is it like performing and hanging out with her because she has a lot of family history with music as well she comes from a very talented family the Helm family you know George Helm and all of them and you know I one day we she was performing on on Moloka'i and I had already you know stepped down from the platform and everything you know kind of easing back already and Raya Tia was rising that time I went on stage in front of all the Moloka'i people that were there and I said Raya Tia I passed my torch to you you know and just remember to keep your feet up to the ground and know where you came from and always appreciate that you know when you come from your roots yeah she never forgot that she's very humble sweet girl I love her very sweet and very humble and she's not like real I mean coming from Moloka'i I'm not putting them down but she's real like um she's not she's not like Tita I mean like I guess like you I mean like me right oh she can be oh yeah she can be normally she can be of course we know when to beat Tita and we know when to date I know that's why it's so cool because like we when we open our mouth we're good right we look like we're from this east side but when we open our mouth oh you know where we from right yeah but Raya Tia is a sweetheart is a gem and I just love it when she sings her falsetto voice and just yes this incredible talent and great family history I just love it really really love it so you know Melvin I know you sing all genres of music but I know you have a passion for jazz where does that passion for jazz come from with you I started with a jazz band in Waikiki there was my the first band that I uh the first band I performed with was actually guys from Nanakuli but then when I got into Waikiki professionally to sing in Waikiki at Hilton Hawaiian Village Garden Bar was my first place and they were a jazz band and they played all kinds of genres but jazz was really a big thing and that's how I learned how to sing jazz I had a good good teachers and all the great singers would come from the mainland you know would come and visit to Hawaii and go to the Garden Bar and that's how I met all of them and working on the SS Learley the ship you know the gosh the cruise ship and the Mariposa I met all these great singers like Sarah Vaughn and Carmen McCrae and and then I got to do a show with Nancy Wilson here and Victor Mone I did shows with them it was wonderful went to Japan did on the same show with um Frank Sinatra and Shirley Bassey so it was a great experience and I learned from those were all my teachers just watching them wow no wonder and you have such a passion when you sing that when you sing jazz I mean I can just feel it um have you ever gone to the grand old offering of course I sang there yeah and it was it was wonderful because um it was my birthday and and Slim Holt sent thousands of orchids in my honor and roses were sent to me and everything bouquets of roses for my birthday from Hawaii so I passed I had them pass all the flowers out to the audience in the grand old offering and they had never seen orchids before a lot of them really yeah so and so I sang they sang happy birthday to me the whole audience wow how special is that and so did you sing um on your own country no I sang crazy oh and that and and they um and Patsy Klein's uh her producer became my producer his name was Owen Bradley yes and he was a producer of like um Brenda Lee you know you know the singer yeah and and many others and Conway Twitty and all these great singers that were there I mean it was awesome meeting on then I got to be friends with Loretta Lynn and yeah and Jeannie Pruitt and Skeeter Davis and all these great singers yeah and Dolly Parton and I of course did a show together television special yeah oh which one was that share it with us the one with us she's um uh she's uh what do you call that Mount Olamana and I'm uh Kapiolani Park oh excuse me what is that send us the little girl look at our chest she's Mount Olamana and I go Wendy you're slow no I wanted you to give us the graphics oh it was it was great it was great singing performing with great people like that you know they of course and even till today you when you are performing you have always by your side that great bongo player bongo drum player who's that guy oh you mean uh uh Stuart uh Stuart am I safe oh strong strong strong yeah sorry he's an actor I know he is that's what I'm saying he's a famous actor I mean I see him on Facebook he's posting all of his pictures with like the likes of Clint Eastward would everybody yeah everybody he performed with I mean it's like crazy and I know he always performs with you and I love seeing him when you call him up he's a sweet sweet person and you know very humble the first time I ever heard of him was he was in a very scary movie it was filmed in this in this desolate hospital and he was the killer yeah and and oh I was so afraid when I saw when I finally met him first I said you you made me scared you know when I was young but he's such a sweet person he's such a sweetheart I mean ultimate sweetheart and um yeah as I said I'm glad that he's sharing his history because he lives right here in Hawaii and he was with just like you with so many famous people but you know because he played the second role people may not have know who he was or is but now that he refreshes our memory OMG every time I see him I just gotta give him a hug he's like hey you somebody yeah right you have a new program one day I shall I will because but he said he's filming like he's always filming magnum and Hawaii five or you know magnum now so when he's not busy maybe he said he will but he has a lot of history behind him and just as colorful as you are so I want to bring us to something a little bit more serious so ha the breath of life so I know you have a special um presentation that you want to do for our audience and I want to just ask you to share with us what you're doing in this photo with your ipu well let me tell you first of all um wait let me get this over here first of all I I used to teach hula in in Tahiti I had a big halal and I had about 180 students and I used I taught them hula kahiko and hula when I nobody knows a lot of people don't know that over here in Hawaii because I didn't I wasn't the kind of kumu hula that you know compete and all that yeah no it wasn't it was just they just wanted to learn how to dance hula so I taught them and it came by mistake really because I never never dreamed that I would be teaching hula you know and uh and you see in Hawaii it came in my dream I'm not the only one that had my motions and in my dreams is uh uh you know great kumu hulas like O'Brien Eselu and uh right you know I could name some others we are you know motions but anyway so I'm gonna chant for you just a small one yeah that I taught yes yes so while I get into the mode yeah okay you should do more of that Mel no I'm retired now and my you know they call me mommy hula in Tahiti I told don't call me kumu you call you call me mommy hula even the mama's mommy hula oh what a reverend name yeah yeah they're my baby hulas yes beautiful yes so so here we are today you are I remember you started a silver fox club we're gonna get together soon yeah I know I mean I I I saw you started you and your your sidekick Ivalani Ivalani say you you guys have these the silver fox club and I thought oh not yet but one day maybe one day I'd be joining you but I'd just be watching all of you always oh it's fun you guys have it is such a great great opportunity that I when I saw when I saw my hair changing I thought to myself oh my gosh and my friends were all dyeing their hair a lot of them yeah and when I when I was I was gonna keep coloring my hair but it's not healthy you know yeah yeah and so I and I everybody said oh Melvinian I said listen we got to be proud of who we are and how we look God gave us you know this is the aging process we're just going to take care of our health the main thing is our health never mind the hair it's the health you know and so when I saw a lot of my friends I said hey I'm going to start a club and I told Ivalani I said Ivalani I'm going to start a club called the silver fox white in a silver fox club and she said well I'm good idea I said yes because you know you got to get your hair uh white too so she started to get her hair and then all my other friends so I got all the names I made certificates and have a card card and so but there's no monies involved you know no more president no more I'm just a founder yeah but I'm the leader right and no more um uh you know fees and no more anything at all it is we just I pick a restaurant so that we can give our local people some business yeah healthy restaurant of course and we all get together and everybody pays for their own lunch and we just and stories and recipes and crafts and stuff our ideas and our lives we talk about our lives and we become like dear abbeys to each other right oh I know I see you guys when you went out before I see all the fun you're having I thought gee I can wear one week and join you guys on you've got to wear a wig I'm gonna wear a wig okay so boss walks in I can wear one week and I can come all right so in that photo with you with the move the yellow move this is how we are so accustomed to seeing you on stage in your Hawaiian attire with your ukulele in hand Melvin so are you self taught with all your instruments because whenever I see you on Facebook or wherever you're always on an instrument and I'm like how in the world can you know how to all this music and the ukulele and singing so talented so were you self taught or were you yes when I was three years old my grandfather made an ukulele for me and what he did was he played and he put it in my hand and I copied him I copied him yeah and then I got older and he taught me how to play the other harp wow and then and I just he just played and I played and I can hear it yeah and then the guitar he played slack key and he played guitar I grabbed the guitar and I played yeah and even with keyboard loyal told me says Mel why don't you go and play piano you know you play piano I said but I never took lessons like you I cannot play like you she says Mel you can do anything you want to do if you put your heart to it I said yeah of course I know that and so I started because I played piano but only in the key of C yeah so now I learned the other keys but I don't know how to read notes I never did I never took lessons of any time no vocal no musical lessons or anything God gave me this gift and I'm using it now you know yeah so we have to mahalo you because yes you're using it um consistently and you never not and you never let anything say no you can't and I know we'll talk real brief about you your health journey but I know even during the lockdown you made it a point to entertain not only Hawaii but the world and um this is how the world gets to enjoy you and you're on Facebook every Sunday behind your keyboard um what does this do for you as you sing into Facebook and you see people pop in from all over the world what does it do for you Melvin? It is so wonderful because they get to hear our Hawaiian music and our and our how we are you know I mean we we just and I do and they're different I sing in different languages you know also as well yeah and to to know that they're there yeah that they're watching me all over to Norway you know I was so surprised and it was so nice and and gosh where else in Indonesia all over you know in Japan it's a wonderful plot that they can tune in you know hone in on my my my music that I could present you up to them and I know it makes them happy because from how they write to me yeah the things that they say so I'm very thankful for that I thank Jesus for that because I got my voice yeah still yeah I mean and you can see all the reactions um you have your regulars you know and um as much as I can I'm popping on and I'm listening or I'm just listening and I'm working but I see all your fans your friends your ohana from all over and the comments that they give to you and so we get warmed up because of that as well it's not I mean not just you benefit but you are um healing all of us through your music and all the good wishes that people are spent uh spreading when they share it with you so thank you and never stop and you know this one more thing I want to tell you real quick yes I keep myself I worry I'm going to be eating next year and I worry about if I should lose my speech or if I should have Alzheimer's or if I should you get I'm forgetful of course but not as as bad as I you know would think that I should be but you know what I do on my iPad I'm playing games like mindful games not games you know it's word games number games and things like that and I'm very competitive and it keeps me alert and I read you know and I of course I read my my word daily word every day and yes have to and and I keep myself in sync to to know that okay this is right and if I if I like one time I went into the kitchen and I forgot what I went into the kitchen for so my daughter said ah mom you forgot that what you went to went there for I grabbed the can of corn and I opened it up and I said okay for corn but you know it's things it's pretty cool it really is is scary yeah it is it is and so that's you know that's we all know as we get older the first thing is the memory we think the memory goes so yes what you're doing is you're doing exercise for your brain and that's so important that's why like for us I we I play mahjong you know I play dominoes and anytime you want to pick up a game and I'll come over with my dominoes we play dominoes but these are all brain strategy games that we're going to continue to exercise our brain and that's why you are who you are every sunday I know it takes preparation to put on your show you have themes you sing the songs of themes you know those are great activities so it's so important that we have that so important that we can continue to do what you're doing you know and don't ever stop because that also is great therapy for you and keeping you young yeah yeah yeah and crafts you know and I I I tell my friends eat healthy yeah eat vegetables and fruits too and I said and do a craft I do I make earrings and make your jewelry you know make sure yes I made this too of course yeah yeah you're never not busy you're always busy so you're gonna be forever young I crochet I knit you know I do something I know and you have a very loving husband who nurtures you and just keeps you on your toes as well as you keeping him on his toes so it goes both ways yes but you know Melvin of course our time has come to an end because we don't can see who will talk first and who will talk more between you and me but you've been watching taking your health back with Wendy and my special guest Melvin we need to say mahalo to you and thank you for talking story with us and making our world a much better sounding place to live in and please keep on blessing us with your god-given talents of song I'm Wendy Lowe and we'll be back with another edition of taking your health back mahalo Melvin and aloha everyone aloha I love you Wendy love you too thank you so much for watching think tech Hawaii if you like what we do please like us and click the subscribe button on youtube and the follow button on vimeo you can also follow us on facebook instagram and linked in and donate to us at think tech Hawaii comm mahalo


Felly, rhaid i'n gwneud y cyd-lectu llwyfnol o'r cynedig cyd-lectwyr. Oeddaeth e'w amddangos a'ch cael ei gynaredd. Rhaid di'n gweithio'n gwneud ei wneud am lefel awl, o'r holl gweithio'r llefan, felly efallai'r llefi ari Institute i ni wneud am lefel cenedig, sydd lefanaeth fod yn mynd i chi zeithio. Ond oes, roedd hynny'n ceisio cael cael llefano agweithio, a'n mynd i gweithio gan y cerdau cyd-lectwyr o'n ymddangos, For a start we're going to look at what is a chemical reaction, you might know that but we're going to look at some very specific parts of what the definition of a chemical reaction is that we are going to need. Then we're going to review some basic concepts of kinetics and then look at what factors affect the rate of reaction. Now the reason that we're doing it in this order is that we're going to build on what a reaction is from an anatomic level, from what a molecule is with collision theory and so on, and then how the factors affect this. So we're actually really going to build upon previous things. Now if you watch that introduction video on Johnstone's Triangle, if you haven't go watch it, it's a really interesting subject. You realise that we're going to be mostly working in this whole submicroscopic realm of chemistry, the world of atoms and molecules and really small things as opposed to the macroscopic world. We'll do a little bit of maths and symbolic stuff soon. If this means nothing to you maybe go look up Johnstone's Triangle or watch that intro video. This is just to try and help orientate us what are we going to be looking at. We're going to be looking at it entirely from the molecules perspective. So what is a chemical reaction? We have a vague idea of what a chemical reaction is but from the microscopic perspective, from what atom is, it's a collision. It is literally molecules thumping into each other and forming a reaction. Now they've got to hit with the right orientation and speed as we'll see in a moment but it is a collision between chemical entities and the chemical reaction part of it comes from a rearrangement. So that rearrangement has got to be kind of important especially because if we rearrange the atoms around we can say get a new bond formed and that new carbon oxygen bond can be seen say in infrared spectroscopy. It means we can monitor the progress of this reaction. We need the right orientation. Now as chemists who do a lot of stuff on paper we often forget that molecules are actual entities that have to hit each other. We just write things down like this and then forget about it but in reality they've got to collide with the right orientation as well. They are physical objects so if they bounce around in the wrong place doesn't matter if they've got the right energy, doesn't matter how fast they're going or whether they do collide a reaction won't happen. It's got to be the right orientation. This each side of the hydroxide for instance can't do anything to the cl. It must entirely happen from the side of the molecule. So this is known as steric factors so if you have not looked this word up before, sterics do look it up. It is all about molecules getting in the way of each other purely because of their size. Don't worry if you don't know it, I went six months as an undergraduate without knowing this word and then I had to be cleared up in the tutorial. It was quite awkward anyway.  Now the reason for this is fairly straightforward. If you think of what an atom is it's got the nucleus in the middle and then it's got this negative field of electrons. Now another atom over here that's also electrons everywhere they're negatively charged with obviously a positive charge nucleus to balance it out but that's going to be a repelling force. Atoms by and large want to force themselves away from each other because the clouds of electrons repel and if they're repelling they're going to require some energy to overcome that repulsion and get close enough together so that the attraction between electrons and nuclei actually form a bond properly. So if you can't hop over that energy barrier there's not going to be a reaction. So from a microscopic perspective a chemical reaction is a collision between one sometimes more molecules. It's got to be in the right orientation and it's got to have a certain energy associated with it. So how does this all reply to kinetics? We're going to look at concentration. This is very specific for kinetics we always work in concentrations. We're going to look at rare constants then reaction orders and then finally the kind of the the complex one molecularity we'll do quite a bit on this later. So concentration. Concentration is an amount per volume. This is far more useful to us in kinetics especially than it is of an amount. We don't just want one mole of a substance or we don't want one gram of a substance for instance we want a specific concentration because that is what we're interested in. Now it's perfectly valid to measure concentration in mass or weight. Sometimes you see the word specific written down. So if you see a term that is specific that's what it's called. It usually means it's measured in mass and grams rather than moles or we do it in moles per volume and then moles refer to discrete chemical entities. So in this case in this box we have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, very discrete chemical entities, ten hydrogen molecules and this one we have one. So this is ten moles per the box. This has one mole per the box but this is neon here and that is 20 grams 20 moles 20 grams per mole sorry so both of these boxes would weigh the same even though there are a different number of moles. So they would react very differently even though they carried the same mass. So as chemists working in kinetics we are only really interested in moles per volume. We'd never really want to work in mass or weight. We're not interested in that we want definitely moles per volume. So reaction orders if you've done a bit of chemical connects before you'll know that rate that is the speed of the reaction is defined by a rate constant k multiplied by two concentrations. So a reaction order is its dependency on concentrations so a rate is proportional. So that's the proportional symbol if you've never come across it before to concentration but is it concentration raised to a certain power? So for instance if it's directly proportional its concentration is raised to power one. If it's it could actually be proportional to the concentration squared for instance and this is what we mean by first second or third order. So in this reaction we've got two things coming together to collide together and their rate law is k times two concentrations. Now we don't usually draw the little one in the corner just leave it implied but it's there if you have x and x squared or x cubed and so on that x there has a one in it that's just implied. So if we add these together one plus one that's two it is second order overall it works to the square of two concentrations so if this was a bimolecular reaction between two things it would be the equivalent of being proportional to the concentration squared so proportional. And individually it's first order so with respect to an individual reactant it is first order for both cases so first order with respect to the chloromethane and the hydroxide in there. In this case things look a bit different so we've actually got two plus one here that's three so it is third order overall this xenon flaring interaction and first order with respect to flaring and second order with respect to xenon. Now you might have noticed something a bit funny about that rate equation there. For a start this reaction is xenon plus three f2 it goes to xenon hexafluoride if you care. And you'll notice that there's a three here and a sort of an implied one there so why is the one next to flaring and the two next to xenon? Well they're simply because this rate doesn't necessarily reflect this reaction this stoichiometry of the reaction can't predict what the rate actually is only in the very simplest most elementary of cases does it have anything to do with it. So this can only be determined by experiment we have to run the reaction change the concentration of xenon change the concentration of flaring and see what happens when the rate doubles when we double a concentration it means it's first order so we'd stick a one left for instance. So we can only get this experimentally it has nothing to do with the stoichiometry it does give some hints to the reaction though because it means if the reaction order is like that it means you know its second order is with respect to xenon a really simple straightforward reaction like a dentition that stepwise is probably not what's going on something else is going to be going on in there instead. So there are a few hints it gets a bit complicated but it does hint at what could possibly happen in the reaction mechanism if we look at the reaction order and think a bit carefully about it. So rate constant this is the other part of that rate equation k. Now this k is effectively just a factor that converts the two concentrations to a speed we know that rate is proportional to the concentration we just don't know how much so k covers that and k is unique to a particular reaction for a particular temperature. So if we ran this reaction with chloramethane NOH repeatedly with different concentrations of the two reactants we would always get the same k we would calculate it out if we changed the temperature k might go up or down but k is generally completely independent of the concentration so this value of k and that value of k are not going to be the same number they are going to be different and unique and representative of that reaction entirely. In fact in these cases because one is second order and the other is third that value of k will have different units we'll do that as a curly k just to emphasise that it's small so they're going to have different units they're not going to be directly comparable but there will be unique and characteristic of that reaction. So how many molecules take part in the elementary reaction? This has a tendency of causing a little bit of confusion amongst people so we're going to take this quite slowly now we define a rate of something we write it like this so DOH that's a concentration change with the respect of time so we'll cover a bit of the maths about what that means later but for now this just means rate this is our definition of rate it is a differential equation and if one molecule of OH is disappearing here one molecule of chloromethane is also disappearing so the rate of change of that CH3Cl by dt are both equal they are equal and one of this disappeared one of this disappears and then at the same time one of these appears as well so that's equal to what I'll make the pluses explicit the change in the methanol dt and also equal to the change positive of CL dt so those are all equal it's very straightforward one disappears one reappears all the rates of change are the same er this second reaction oxygen plus hydrogen slightly different because when well we'll we'll do the simple one first two of these disappear two hydrogen molecules disappear two water ones appear in the reaction so that's who comes to say one goes away and another appears in action so DH2 by dt is equal to DH2O by dt so those rates are exactly the same what about oxygen what is that equal to it's obviously not going to be equal to sorry oh make sure I keep my negatives in here uh H2 by dt it is not going to be equal so we have to think about what are we going to measure this as now people get confused by this they wonder do we have to multiply by a store country do we have to divide by it the way to do this is to just look at the reaction think about what's going on take it slowly and kind of say it out loud what's happening so what's happening is when one of these disappears two of these disappear with it so if oxygen's concentration must go down by one mole then the concentration of hydrogen must go down by two moles so hydrogen is disappearing at twice the rate twice the rate of O2 how do we represent that mathematically oh we can therefore put a times two here so double the rate of oxygen we get the same rate as the change in hydrogen or we can bring that two to the other side and say it's times by a half the same these are two ways of expressing the exact same thing the rates of individual change remain the same what we're changing is how we're relating them by a little multiplication factor so say it out loud this disappears at half the rate of this or this is a twice the rate of that this is how you represent it mathematically so for a complete pattern here the plus H2O must be at the same rate as hydrogen so that is also times by half so whether they are threes or twos or anything around here we'll cover a couple of more examples a bit later but you have to remember that these rates are related by fractions on occasion if the stoicometry isn't one to one to one here it's one to one to one to one it's really easy so that is the summary of what we're going to be doing basic concepts of kinetics so now we're going to cover how do we influence the rate of reaction from the perspective of a molecule well firstly concentration this is effectively just a probability argument you can see here these these molecules for instance they could wander around this box for a while and they can keep piercing around and then suddenly they hit and have a collision these ones while they're a bit oh now it's collided here it can go now it's collided here we can wander around oh it's collided again you can see that as something is becomes more concentrated and this is concentration it's per amount per volume not an absolute amount as something becomes more concentrated the odd of a collision happening increase you still have to have the right energy and the right orientation of course but if you've got more collisions the odds of having a successful collision increase by default so we also have speed so this is why when we're looking at from the molecules perspective what determines whether it can have a successful collision it's got to be able to hop that energy barrier in order to have a chemical reaction so where does it get that energy from well literally at the microscopic level it is the physical speed of the molecule so these ones are going around quite loosely quite slowly these ones are zipping around with a lot of speed if they collide with each other the odds of a successful collision are much higher these ones are more likely just to slap off each other because they're going much more slowly so we represent this kind of graphically with something called an activation energy so if we have a graph here and energy goes up that's energy this is the activation energy ea sometimes it's um delta g or delta h depending on how you want to define it this little double dagger on top saying that it's a distance to a transition state that is different to the things you get from thermodynamics for instance which would be a equilibrium based idea so something that has a lot of speed and a lot of energy has enough energy tops straight over here something that has a little bit of speed will just lazily get up a certain way and then fall back down to reactants again so that's from a microscopic perspective in the lab that manifests as temperature so when we come to do the Maxwell Boltzmann distribution we will get a more concrete idea of what the relationship between the speed of a molecule and temperature is but until now you just need to know that temperature that we feel in the lab translates into the molecules moving faster therefore they collide with more energy they can hop over an activation barrier and react more efficiently now so as in complexity i said that chemists have a tendency to forget the molecules or physical things that interact and move so look at this reaction for instance this cl has to attach to a delta positive carbon whether that reaction goes ahead or not is something that you can ask organic chemists about we're just interested in this steric factors here so that's that word against sterics um let's have a look at this carbon hence why i've drawn them as spheres rather than as abstract diagrams well see how i can't get at this side of the carbon because the oxygen's in the way so that's pretty much out of the question i can't get at this side of the carbon because there is another carbon atom in the way it probably can't get at that side because there is another carbon atom in the way and side on probably won't do much so you can see there's a very tiny slither of this back sphere that the seal can actually hit so if you work that out that's probably less than 10% of the area of that sphere so think about it one in 10 times this seal just hits it randomly from any direction one in 10 times it can't do anything no matter what and whether how much energy it's got or how fast it's going it's not going to create a successful reaction it has to hit it in the right way not the wrong way so all else being equal that's going to be quite a slow reaction now compared to this faster one here cl they'll all draw it out cl radical plus o2 this is the kind of thing you might see in the upper atmosphere that's sort of a gas phase reaction and goes quite quick partially because cl is completely spherically symmetrical uh look at it you can attack it from any end it doesn't really care it can take it anywhere um oxygen meanwhile well if it needs to attack end on it's got that entire half that the cl can attack it's got this entire half that it can attack and to be honest it can probably come from the sides or in the middle as well anything so I wouldn't be surprised if this reaction could go ahead no matter what and the collision was so there is very little restriction in terms of orientation for this reaction to go ahead so all else being equal that kind of reaction will go very quick uh this kind of reaction will go very slowly so that's review if you were paying attention we learned that what is a chemical reaction well at the microscopic level the molecular world it is a collision between molecules it also requires energy and that energy is carried by speed of molecules then when we looked into your kinetics we found that the reaction order says that the rate is proportional to a concentration and then we found that the rate constant is basically turns that proportional sign into a k and then we looked briefly at molecularity knowing that one rate is not necessarily equal to another rate you have to take into account the fact that more than one thing can be reacting at once so factors that influence the rate of reaction from the atoms perspective and the molecules perspective then concentration that's a probability argument the more concentrated things are the higher the probability of a collision and then speed which at the lab scale the macroscopic world manifest as temperature so the faster they're moving the hotter they are the higher the chance of an actual successful collision and then size and complexity so simple molecules that don't really care about their orientation are going to react quite nippily and quite quick molecules that have a lot of bulk and steric hindrance around them to try and protect these areas they're going to move quite slowly so that's it for kinetics the very first screencast lecture this is just basic concepts revision that you need to know before we move on because we're going to study all this in a little bit more detail and in the lectures we're going to do a bit more interactive work and a bit more interesting data processing as well we're going to try and take these points turn them into problems and then solve those problems so I will see you there