At Audiology Associates at Prestonsburg you can live your life the way you want and find the freedom of better hearing with 40 years of being in the hearing care industry you'll experience patient care that is specific to you with exceptional follow-up care that ensures your hearing and balance needs are being met. Audiology Associates at 1428 Northlake Drive in Prestonsburg. Three Cincinnati men charged with a double murder in Belfrey were in a Pike County courtroom Thursday October 19th for a preliminary hearing. Detective Scott today was the lead witness for the Commonwealth and he testified about his investigation and again this is an ongoing investigation but basically his investigation is revolved around both witnesses at the scene including one of the alleged victims who alluded to who the alleged defendants were. Kentucky State Police Detective Joshua Scott testified presenting further details to the case including the name of the surviving victim, details about the victim's stolen car, the following police chase and arrest as well as the discovery of 762 and 380 casings at the scene. No firearms have been found at this time. According to a statement from the victim John Marcel McCree had been living with the victims for around a month. Now it will go be presented to the case will be presented to the grand jury and the grand jury will come back with either a true bill or indictment or not and therefore after that we as the county attorney we've done our part it will now go up to the Commonwealth Attorney's Office Bill Sloan and his assistance. He's got very good assistance and they will proceed with this matter. Probable cause was met in all men's cases meaning a grand jury will now consider the case for possible indictment. All three men are being held on one million dollar cash bonds and are being detained at the Pike County Detention Center. For mountaintop news I'm Kelcey Fidell.


Since I graduated from Purdue, engineering has changed tremendously, and technology is a driving factor. For example, at Intel, we have technology teams that are spread across the globe, all enabled by the internet. We have a team in China, in Russia, India, and in the United States all working on the same project. The role of an engineer has changed as well. When I graduated from Purdue, engineers were doing low level design detail work. These days, you still find engineers doing their traditional jobs, but you also find them throughout the corporation. For example, at Intel, even in our sales jobs, we hire engineers because understanding technology is essential to doing a good job. Even with my engineering background, I was a marketing manager during my time at Intel. I was a marketing background, but I did know the technology, and I learned the rest on the job. When Intel looks to hire engineers out of school, or even those who have been working for a while, we look for a few core skills. Of course, math and science and a solid educational foundation is essential, but we also look for some other behavioral skills. For example, problem solving, critical thinking. Can someone think creatively to approach a problem from a different perspective? Do they have a passion for continuous learning? After all, your career isn't going to be just what you learned in school. It's your ability to work with people and your ability to keep up with the latest technology trends. So take advantage of your time at Purdue, learn at all that you can, and never give up the passion for learning.


I told me how to find this list of civilian names for the kid. Well, how many times have you heard me ask for it? I asked Mike Morgan this morning, and I asked Ian George the kid for me. Well, I got all the names now, and if... The first thing that's going to happen is they're going to go tell, they're going to go tell Tom Dodd, Hoover is, that I didn't check it, and I've got a notorious Communist as Secretary of Army. That's what they'll do, and I'll be destroyed. I mean, it's impossible, but I'll, if with your permission, I'll get deep and... Please just tell them that we thought it'd been checked out, and tell Rayburn we thought it'd been checked out, and we want both of them to give us a letter, because I'm not going to have them running up.  Yeah. And tell them that when you talk to them. Yes, sir, I will. Well, that's number one. Number two, I want to check this with you. They, for very complicated reasons, it may be desirable to have Jaime Benitez flown over there. That's all right. And if I'll go... Yes, I'd like to. ...by arrangements. Yes, sir. Now, wait a minute. Have you read this last cable from Bundy at 10, 1052? I have that 1052 cable, but I haven't read it because I've been on the phone. Well, I'll have to tell you. Then he don't need it then, I guess. He told me about it. Well, now, as the government is going now to rebel command, he's agreed to put forth a agreed Secretary of Armed Forces. Has he been checked out with us? The one he's going to put forth? We don't have a name. Yeah. He is going to put forth... We have some names, but we don't know... ...a place in cabinet for the law, you list? That's right. But he's unwilling to raise the question of Departure of Ariste at Tavares or Monte Ratchey. Right, yeah. He's now told Stodderman of unstated rebel condition of yesterday it was. Come on, you should be a member of some sort of joint no-deck command. Well, we're getting government on his way. I've had Stodderman tell him that he would press first two conditions and tell rebels there's one other matter which he said, let's put Departure question where you can decide it. Of course, I prefer. I now believe the question may be the last issue. It is also one of the most important. Departure of three least popular rebels would have three major good effects, would increase chance of lawless cooperation. Van Cees, the second only minister of Armed Forces to this purpose, knows that we're sending all his side already. It would increase the chance that officers and new government have real as well as nominal control. Just because it's so desirable, this results hard to reach. My present proposal is that the agreement should provide three agreed members each side and sleeve the country to vent vengeance. I believe that this proposal for an honorable cooling offer can be presented as a joint position of Johnson and Bosch. We can put it over. And I believe it makes a great difference. If this is to be done, we must get Bosch to support it. It doesn't matter if humanity and magnanimity before they all are wiped out. It's full of honor and renunciation and paternal wisdom, but it touches nerves under the power. Vance and I join hoping that you will decide to press on this point. Well, as I told him, and I think Mike went along with this, Benitez this morning was telling me that the no guys coming, the coming or guys or guys that we suspect are being left and who don't want to deal are eroding, trying to erode JB's position. And he said that if we've got to work out some way to handle this particular matter about the three fellow so as to not to cause them to lose face. And I think Mike agrees with that and I agree with it. In other words, this is an area in which we have to take a chance. And the chance that I would suggest taking is that and which was suggested by Benitez is that we have a gentleman's agreement realizing that the other side may not be a gentleman, but a gentleman's agreement with G and with JB that this will be done. But I'm afraid that, A, the value, the real value of it, the permanent value apart from the trading value of it may not be great. And B, I am afraid that if we don't handle it in a way so that these guys can save face that we may find that what we've done is to increase that power and decrease the power of JB who I continue to think is a moderating, though crazy and mercurial factor in this situation. Mike agreed with us a praise of love and I believe. Okay. Yeah. Now it could be. It could be. We ought to talk to Mike and make him tell Palmer to certify to me by wire. Number one. Give me a good one. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry.  I want Palmer to certify to me by wire. Number one. That the helicopters are not giving any aid to this other crowd. That he personally checks it and it's his reputation. Number two. That they're not letting them go through the lines. That helicopters are not giving any aid. That they're not letting the men go through the lines for the purpose of these attacks. And that we're not furnishing them with any equipment or anything to do this with. And we're not letting the airplanes off the ground. They say we're letting the airplanes off to bomb them. We just say they have presented to me pretty strong evidence. And that's what they're telling United Nations. That's what they're telling our friends in Puerto Rico. That's what they're telling my mediator. So I have got to know on these four things and tell Bomb Smith he needs to put that on a cable and ask the general to certify that to me. And after checking with Bantz and to be positive that they're telling the truth. If any of this is true, then I don't blame them a damn bet on the other side. And if it's not true, it looks like it's true. And they ought to give the appearance. They keep those goddamn helicopters out of the air. Shall we put this in a cable or a telephone? Do whatever is quicker. I'd tell Mike to do it myself. I'd have Bomb Smith as my assistant. Just call him. I'd tell Saird to say that the president, whoever's down there, this boy Harry, some underling I wouldn't take too much of. Harry's over there. Well, that's what I say. If somebody over there, I would have Bomb Smith tell somebody over there that the president wants immediately from Palmer and Bantz a statement that is the truth on these conditions. And by God he wants it stopped if it's true. If it's not true, he wants it to be their name. All right. That they will and stand on. And then you can tell Marine Munoz that this is what I've required to be done. And this general is going to be court-martialed. Exactly. And Bantz is going to be fired if they lie. Exactly. Now, may I suggest we call Bantz on this? Yeah. Because he's got a loan in him. All right. And I'd put it right up to Bantz. Just call him that quick. Just say that this will ask. You might put Bomb on, let him tell him it's official. And then you get on and explain it. But just say that what's happening is Stevenson's wiring down here telling United Nations is saying these things. That my mediators in Puerto Rico are saying that that's what they're telling them. We tell them that our mediators are saying this. And I keep saying no, but I want these specific questions. Have any helicopters helped them in any way and if not keep the helicopters out of the air? Number one. Number two, have any planes taken off? Many. And where do they go and don't let any more take off? That's number two. Number three, do we let any men go through the lines? If so, when and how and don't do it any more? Number four, are we furnishing them any equipment of any kind and are our men ever together with them in tanks or trucks? Right. They've got pictures and they're making me look bad and I want these answers and I want that general to get his goddamn uniform off and go out there and he shirts sleeves and patrol those lines himself and see if this is true. Yes, sir. Okay, take care. Thank you.


Toxic spill in Ohio is not unexpected if you know what's been happening behind the scenes. Public safety experts have been calling out railroad companies for years for drastically cutting their workforces, ignoring safety best practices, and successfully lobbying for decreased regulations, all while making record profits. And they're worried the problem is only getting worse. In 2020, the DOT approved liquefied natural gas to be carried by train with no additional regulations. Just 22 cars of that hold as much energy as an atomic bomb. And freight trains run through places where a lot of people live. Ideally, the railroad industry would take the Ohio spill as a red flag and course correct, but we'll see what happens.


Exercising demons, casting demons out, is not clear at all. There is nothing in the Old Testament at least to surface reading that is about this. So where in the world would they get this idea? Why would people living during the experiences of the incarnation Jesus first advent, when He's going around casting out demons, why would they just look at that and say, well, of course, this is the Son of David. This is what the Son of David is supposed to do. Where would they get this idea? What preconditioned them to expecting that this was going to happen? What preconditioned them to the fact that once they saw somebody do this, they said, aha, we have here the Son of David, the Messiah. What was it that led them to that point where they could process what was going on correctly? So that's what we want to talk about and we really have to begin, surprisingly enough, in the Old Testament. And this is going to be some obscure stuff, but I'm going to quote one passage in the Old Testament. I'm going to quote it in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament. Again, that a lot of people, a lot of Jews, Jews or Gentiles, would have been familiar with.   When Gentiles start becoming converted after the resurrection and the ministry of the apostles, well, then you get a lot of Gentiles reading the Septuagint because, hey, that's your Bible. This is where the Messiah was presented. Well, prior to that, again, you do have something in the Septuagint that the Jewish community, because they're the ones who are going to be reading this, either in Hebrew or the Targum's Aramaic, or in this case, the Septuagint, they're going to be familiar with this idea. And so I'm going to start the passage from First Kings 4, and I'm going to read both versions, and then we're going to go into the Dead Sea Scrolls and talk about extra Psalms that are in the Dead Sea Scrolls, at least one of which actually shows up in the Septuagint. So again, people would have been familiar with the material. So prepping it that way, here we go. In First Kings 4, 29 through 34, the Maseritic text, and again, the traditional Maseritic text reads as follows, and God gave Solomon wisdom and understanding beyond measure and breadth of mind like the sand of the seashore so that Solomon's wisdom surpassed the wisdom of all the people of the east and all the wisdom of Egypt. Skipping to verse 32, he, Solomon, also spoke 3,000 proverbs, and his songs were 1,005. He spoke of trees from the cedar that is in Lebanon to the hyssop that grows out of the wall. He spoke also beasts and birds and reptiles, fish, so on and so forth. So that's First Kings 4, 29 through roughly 33 right around there. So we have the mention of Solomon. Solomon is obviously the son of David. King, he's going to be a Maseritic figure in that sense. And we have here the information that he spoke 3,000 proverbs, and his songs were 1,005. Big deal. I mean, how do you get casting out demons from that? Well, you don't, but it begins sort of a journey that is initiated in what's said here about Solomon that will get picked up in other material. In the Septuagint, it's slightly different. The difference here is in verse 32. And Solomon spoke 3,000 proverbs and his songs were 5,000. So there's a lot more songs in the Septuagint version than there is, than there are in the Maseritic text version. And that's because, as we move to the Dead Sea scroll material, that's because the Jewish community and of course the community that would have, that's part of the community that would have produced the Septuagint knew of lots of other songs. And we're going to focus on one of those that shows up in the Dead Sea scroll material that is actually not only interesting, but references. Here's the King of Thought. The scrolls material references what we just read in First Kings 4 about the songs and the, I'm going to use a very suggestive word here, the utterances of Solomon. So this is 11Q, okay, 11Q Psalm scroll and the abbreviation is AP superscript A. In numbers it's 11Q5 column 27.  So this is a Psalm about David. So we read here at the beginning, this is line two, David's son of Jesse was wise and a light like the light of the sun and learned and perfect in all his past before God and men. And then we have a blank and the Lord Yahweh gave him a discerning and enlightened spirit and he wrote Psalms 3,600 and songs to be sung before the altar over the perpetual. And then there's a gap in the text line nine and all the songs which he spoke were 446 and songs to perform over the possessed four of them.  The total again of all of this was 4,050 again, the total of his total output when you get down to that particular line, line 10 in that Dead Sea scroll text. Now the word translated possessed is more literally someone who has been assaulted, someone who has been accosted. Again, the implication is by some external force, but it's just an odd line. Songs to perform over the possessed or over the assaulted four of them. And the last line here and all these he spoke through the spirit of prophecy which had been given to him from before the Most High. So God gave him these things to these songs to sing and so on and so forth. Now in the same Dead Sea scroll in a different column, column 19, line 15, we read this where David says, let not Satan rule over me nor an evil spirit. Let neither pain nor evil purpose again, conquer me. Now part of that, that line, part of this little snippets that I've read, part of this material shows up in the Septuagint as what the Septuagint calls Psalm 151. Now if you know your Bible, if you know the book of Psalms, there's only a hundred and I think there's a hundred and fifty Psalms here. And you've got this extra Psalm. You know, the Maseridic text, we've got this nice, neat number here. Where in the world do we get this extra Psalm? Well, if you think about the Psalms, let's just do this a little bit. There are references in the Psalms to the Psalms of David and others. Not just David, but we're going to zero it on David here. The Psalms of David being collected. And again, this was the process. They were collected and put into the book so that in the Maseridic text, we have a hundred and fifty total. And there are even places in the Psalms where it says, and this is the end of the Psalms of David, son of Jesse. But then afterwards, you get more Psalms of David. And that's because the collecting kept going. So at one point, you know, they had a collection, Psalms of David and then an editor, you know, who was putting all this stuff together into the book that we know as Psalms. An editor says, hey, these are the Psalms of David, the Psalms of David. And this is this is all all that we have. But then they find more and those get added subsequently to those editorial comments in the in the book of Psalms as we have it today. I mentioned that because here we have a one hundred and fifty first Psalm that actually winds up in Dead Sea Scrolls and Dead Sea Scroll material and it was added to the collection that becomes part of the Septuagint. So in the in the Septuagint, the Greek translation, the Old Testament, if you turn to the book of Psalms, you're going to have an extra one. You're going to have Psalm 151.  Of course, the implications are because of what, you know, David had written, you know, songs to perform over the possessed and that he has power to deliver people from being bound by demons. Now, let's go to another one, Psalm 91. This is Psalm 91, which, again, you have your traditional version. OK, you would read most translations translating the Maseridic text. You have a version of this that comes from the Dead Sea Scrolls. Psalm 91 at Qumran, again, and not coincidentally, it is part of this same scroll, the 11 Q Psalms scroll that I've been quoting already. And then, of course, you also have a version of this in what becomes known as the Septuagint. Now, I'm going to read you this. There are four things in here that are very interesting that speak to this issue. And for those of you who remember the Fern and Audrey episode, Fern and Audrey and I have have discussed some elements of this particular Psalm because of the work they do. Again, they don't do renunciation prayers or anything like that. They're not deliverance ministry. What they do is different, but they have used the material in the Psalm and some other things to help them do what they do. And I think you'll understand why that's relevant as we read through this. So I'm just going to go, you know, we'll pick one of the versions because I'm going to actually link out to a few things and then talk about where it might be different. But we read here, Psalm 91, he who dwells in the shelter of the most high cannot look at the reference. We already had had Psalm 151. Again, don't let Satan rule over me. We already had a portion of of an extra, you know, extra saw material that had songs about dealing with possessed people. And there was a reference made to, hey, David wrote these things through power given to him from the most high. And here we have the most high referenced in Psalm 91. Again, if you've read anything in the unseen realm, you know that this is important terminology because the most high, again, this is the title given to the God of Israel when he divides up the nations again. It's a title of superiority. He is the most high. He is the one who made this decision.  And you have this most high terminology. And that's that's important because you have to assert authority, you have to presume and assert and actually legitimately have authority over other Elohim, over other divine beings, again, to to do what you're going to do, to do what needs to be done. And so there's this, again, conceptual link back to we're doing this because of the most high and his power. But the Messiah son, you know, son of David was again, you know, Jesus is actually called son of the most high in the Gospels, and that is a messianic title because the King of Israel, again, the King from the line of David is referred to as the Son of God in the Old Testament.  So he who dwells in the shelter of the most high will abide in the shadow of the Almighty. I will say to the Lord, my refuge and my fortress, my God and whom I trust, for he will deliver you from the snare of the fowler and from the deadly pestilence. He will cover you with his pinions and under his wings you will find refuge. His faithfulness is a shield and buckler. Now here we get hit verses five and six. We're going to get some lines in here that it's very easy to read right over, but we're going to be linking out to some things and talking about them. You will not fear the terror of the night. Hear the terror of the night in Old Testament thinking. This was actually a demonic entity. Now if you have the dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible again, I've recommended that that source many, many times this term is discussed. There's actually an entry for the terror of the night in DDD and the the Hebrew for this is Pakad Laila. Laila is the important thing to sort of fix in your brain, Laila, the way that sounds because, to quote the article, there have been some attempts to relate Laila etymologically to Lilit, which is referenced in Isaiah 3414. This is Lilith, again, which is a demonic figure in Jewish tradition, but the entry continues. Akkadian lili is actually a better choice. Akkadian lili was a night demon. So lili, Laila, it's different than Lilit. It's close, but it's not quite the same. But this term, Pakad Laila, DDD suggests, you know, there might be some relationship here. They say this is a folk etymology. Functionally, however, the demon Pakad Laila reveals traits similar to those of the Mesopotamian lilu and the lili, especially as it's referenced in the Song of Solomon 3.8, which talks about, again, the terror of the night. We're not going to necessarily go there, but you get this idea that there's an Akkadian term that aligns with this one that has characteristics that would sort of fit with, again, a demonic figure, terror of the night. Now, the terror of the night demon in Mesopotamia was, again, an aggressive, attacking entity. And the night association is significant because that's when lots of people sort of thought about when, you know, when demons are doing something. And it also has reference to what happens at night, specifically in bed between men and women. OK, there's the marital bed. Also, again, the care of children during the night while they're asleep, because the Akkadian demons associated with this were often associated with children dying during the night and whatnot or trying to prevent conception. Again, there's this notion of demonic activity during the midnight hours, I guess you could put it. And this term is associated with that. And I want to read you a little bit more from the DDD entry. He says, the writer says, among the host of Mesopotamian demons, Li Lu, which is related to Sumerian Lu Li La, which literally means wind man. So it's like a spirit man. Among the host of Mesopotamian demons, Li Lu and Li Li Tu, or Li Li, most resemble the biblical Pakad Laila. These demons seem to have been attached, particularly to pregnant women and newborns whom they sought to harm. They are conceived as harmful to brides and grooms whom they attack on their wedding night and prevent the consummation of the marriage. As an attacker of brides and grooms, Li Lu, or especially in Jewish tradition, Lilit, comes close. Now catch this line, comes close to the incubus and succubus demons known from all over the world. Again, just giving you a little bit of a flavor of what's going on here. Again, this I don't want to drift off into, you know, façade territory or alien abduction stuff. But thematically, there's a lot of overlap here between, you know, like in sleep paralysis, even though I think sleep paralysis is just a biological medical condition, but, you know, it's often associated with feeling like a presence in the room. But again, you get these sorts of things. I'm just trying to pluck examples out so that you get a feel for what this term in antiquity would have been used to describe or how this term would have been brought into discussion based upon some experience somebody had, whether it was supernatural or something that just freaked him out. That might have been natural or not. So this is the terminology that's going on in this particular psalm, back to the terror of the night in Psalm 91. A cursory look, last line from DDD, a cursory look at the context in which Pachad Lila occurs in Psalm 91 reveals its demonic identity. This psalm abounds with names of other demons, and it does. Let's go back to Psalm 91, verse five, we read, you shall not fear the terror of the night. Here's the next one, nor the arrow that flies by day. Now you say, well, isn't that just like an arrow?  Well, again, there's a little bit more to it than that, especially if you are reading this psalm in the Septuagint, because in the Septuagint, instead of arrow that flies by day, you actually get Daimonion Messame Brinon, which means midday demon. So you will not feel that the terror of the night, the nighttime demons, and you won't fear the midday demons either in the Septuagint. Now, DDD also has a reference to this. I'll read you a few excerpts. The midday demon is found in the Septuagint version of Psalm 91. In that case, it's verse six. The English Bibles, it's going to be verse five. In these verses, the Hebrew psalmist declares that the one who takes refuge in the Almighty will not fear. Again, Masoretic texts terror the night nor the arrow that flies by day. And then it continues to the pestilence and the destruction. We're going to get to those in a moment. Those are also names of gods in antiquity and Canaanite religion. And those gods are referred to as demons in the Septuagint. But just hold that thought for a moment. So back to the entry for midday demon. Again, this is the Septuagint version. The Septuagint translators, continuing with the entry, confronted a different Hebrew text. And then he references probably the same ones that Aquila and Simacus used. He gets into the Hebrew for what they probably read. Destruction and demon of noon time. Again, according to the Hebrew text, they probably had which the Septuagint renders as misfortune and the midday demon. So it's very clear in the Septuagint that what they're reading, and again, DD says they probably had a text that actually led them this direction. A Hebrew text is a little bit different than the Masoretic text. But in this verse, the psalmist is saying, if you're under the shelter of the most high, the one who's really in charge of, again, all these other entities, you will not fear the terror of the night, the nighttime demon. You will not fear, again, the midday demon, the one that shows up in the middle of the day, that sort of thing. You won't need to fear these things. Now, before we leave this, if you go with the Masoretic text, the arrow that flies by day, there are scholars who would actually argue, and I think this is a reasonable argument, that the reference to the arrow provides a clue, actually to a demonic entity, because in Canaanite religion, the god Reshef, who was a plague god, is represented as an archer, someone who shoots arrows. And so that, again, that might have contributed, that knowledge in antiquity, might have contributed to the Septuagint translator when he's looking at what he looks at, and he has different options. It might have led him to say, okay, we got it, midday demon. You know, we get it, because of the way Reshef, again, was depicted and described in Canaanite literature. So even if you wanna go with MT, you don't like Septuagint, you can still be dealing with a demonic entity here. And Reshef, again, was a deity, he was a god in Canaanite religion. Continuing on to the next verse. So you won't feel a tear in the night, you won't need to fear either the arrow, again, the Reshef's darts. Remember what Paul talks about, the fiery darts, you know, the wicked. It's the same idea, but here in the Old Testament, here you have a deity associated with this, represented as an archer, shooting at his victims, that sort of thing. Or if you go with the Septuagint, the midday demon. We continue. Nor will you have to fear the pestilence that walks in darkness, nor the destruction that wastes at noon day. And I say, catch what the psalmist just did there. The previous verse, we have tear of the night, nighttime demon. And then we have a daytime demon. Next verse, we have the pestilence that's stalking in the darkness. There we go with nighttime. Nor the destruction that wastes at noon day. And we have noon day at reference again. So you could take verses five and six as parallel to each other. It's another way, again, instead of that, instead of it yielding four demonic figures, it would only be two demonic figures described two times in different ways. Either way, these are hostile divine entities, hostile gods in canite literature that are again viewed as the forces of darkness, spiritual forces of darkness, that the psalmist is saying, you don't need to fear these things. Now let's talk about pestilence a little bit, this term. And this is something that shows up in a footnote somewhere in unseen realm. I know, I don't quite remember what the chapter was, but the Hebrew word here is devar. Again, pestilence is a normal translation. But the thing to notice here, to be aware of, is that this devar is a deity name in the eugridic texts. And he is the god, a god of destruction. Now, again, devar in eugridic texts is also mentioned in concert with, in tandem with Reshef. That was the arrow demon, the archer demon that we just read about in the previous verse. So again, this is what that quote in DDD much earlier said, hey, the context of Psalm 91 supports this demonic thinking. Because look at all these terms in the Psalm that point to demonic entities. That was an accurate quote. There are a number of things in the Psalm that point that direction. Devar is also mentioned in Habakkuk 3. Again, we have there, might as well just go out to Habakkuk 3, where devar and Reshef are actually in this scene. We have here, I'll just start at the beginning. Oh, Lord, I have heard the report of you and your work, oh, Lord, do I fear? In the midst of the years, revive it. In the midst of the years, make it known. In wrath, remember mercy. God came from Timon and the holy one from Mount Paran.  Before him went pestilence and plague followed at his heels. So there you have devar and Reshef mentioned in this. And in this scene, they are sort of like cringing, you know, servants, they're underlings of the God of Israel. Again, the prayer of Habakkuk here puts them in their place. So they're not independent, more powerful entities or anything like that. The God of Israel can use destruction and he can use pestilence and that sort of thing. But what you get is you get in Canaanite religion, these are distinct deities and they're in opposition, of course, to what's going on in Israel. And in the Psalm, they become enemies. They become rebels. They become threats, you know, to the God's people. And that's why we have this Psalm that you don't need to fear these entities because the God of Israel is more powerful than they are. And in fact, again, the supposition is that the most high Kenan will deliver you from these things. So let's go to, again, quickly, the other reference, the destruction reference. This is not Reshef, this is Ketev. The term Ketev appears four times in the Old Testament, DDD, again, its basic significance is destruction. In Ugaritic, this name would be pronounced kezev and it occurs once in Ugaritic and kezev is a buddy or kinsman of moat, the God of death in Ugaritic thinking. And in Hosea, 1314, we get a reference to this kind of material. This is, it's gonna sound like a familiar passage, but think about this passage and think about where it's referenced in the New Testament. Hosea says, again, and the speaker here is, let me get the context here for the speaker, Hosea 13. It is the prophet. He's talking about he destroys you, Israel again. Hosea basically giving Israel bad news for their idolatry and then we get to verse 14. Shall I ransom them from the power of Sheol in the realm of the dead? Shall I redeem them from death? The word moat. O death, O moat, where are your plagues? And the word there is devour. O Sheol, where is your sting? The word there is kezev. Compassion is hidden from my eyes. Now, where do we see that quoted in the New Testament? O death, okay, where is your sting? Okay, all that sort of thing. We get it in 1 Corinthians 1555. O death, where is your victory? O death, where is your sting? And it's a passage about the resurrection, okay? Because the resurrected Messiah and the resurrection itself conquers death, conquers Sheol, conquers the plagues that, you know, people get that send them to the underworld. You know, it conquers the destruction again that results in people dying and all this sort of stuff. It's a reference to again the power of the God of Israel over these forces, these entities, these things and ultimately even the power of death. Well, that's important because all of those things, the resurrection is tied to the Messiah. Okay, this was the plan of salvation.  And the Messiah is the Son of David. The Messiah is the Son of Solomon. Okay, again, the Davidic line. All of these ideas again are interconnected in the Old Testament mind as part of the Messianic profile. The Messiah will have power over the terror of the night. The Messiah will have power over the terror of the day. Again, night time demon, daytime demon. The Messiah will have power over pestilence, devour, destruction, ketab. Both of them are buddies of moat, death in Hosea 13, 14. The Messiah will have the power over, not catch what I'm saying here. Again, if you've read the unseen realm, this is gonna click with you pretty easily. The Messiah has the power over the realm of death, the Lord of the dead who is Satan and everybody who works for him. Okay, the minions in the realm of the dead who are in the Old Testament context, they're described by these God terms, these pseudo lesser hostile God terms. In the Septuagint, this terminology is gonna be put into demonic terms. And in the New Testament in Greek, all of this is gonna be put under demonic terms because this is where the demons dwell. Yes, the demons in the gospels, demons in the New Testament are the spirits of the dead Nephilim. We get that. Again, we're not gonna go over all that ground in this podcast episode. But this is where they live, okay? Even in the Old Testament, you get that. You get the dead Refayim who are Anakim, who are descendants of the Nephilim. You get them living in the underworld. They live in the realm of the dead. They come out, they seek embodiment, they seek to possess people. Again, we understand that from the gospels, but who is Lord of all of this? Okay, who's Lord of the dead? Who's Lord of the minions running around that run the place, that afflict people, okay, that bring destruction and plague and all this stuff. And of course, the Lord of the dead himself. Well, the answer is the Messiah. The answer is the Messiah. And so people who are familiar, again, with this literature, Psalm 91, the extra psalm, Psalm 151. Again, the reference in extra psalm material about, hey, David had written songs and suggestion, hint, maybe Psalm 91 is one of them. David had written psalms to perform over the possessed, four of them. Remember that Dead Sea Scroll we read a few minutes ago? So if you're familiar with this material, when Jesus shows up and starts casting out demons, starts giving his disciples power over demons, the theological messaging is quite clear.  He not only has the power, but he dispenses it to his followers, to his disciples.  Okay, again, it's always done in conjunction with the launch, the kickstarting of the kingdom of God over against the kingdom of Satan. Again, all of these things have to be taken together collectively in context. They are part of the messianic profile that in and of itself is splintered, is scattered. And the pieces start coming together and converging into an around, clustered in connection with this figure, Jesus of Nazareth. I mean, again, the theological messaging would not have been lost to someone, again, familiar with these texts. And I'm not saying they could quote them, even though I'm sure a lot of them could, but even if they had heard them, when Jesus starts doing this stuff, the bells and whistles are gonna start going off in their head, they would associate this with Messiah. Now, one passage yet to mention about that people would have conceivably had in their head, at least by the time of the writing of the gospels, would be something Josephus says. Josephus in his antiquities book, and again, Josephus was a first century figure, so again, you would have had to, the gospel readers and writers may not have had this, but certainly Josephus is actually sharing Jewish tradition with his readers. He doesn't just make this up when he decides to write something down, he writes this. Now, the sagacity and wisdom which God had bestowed upon Solomon was great. So great that he exceeded the ancients in so much that he was no way inferior to the Egyptians. Again, he's drawing on that First Kings four passage that we read, who are said to have been beyond all men in understanding. Okay, this is antiquities 8.2.5. If you want the actual references, this is line 45 now. God also enabled him, Solomon, to learn that skill which expels demons, which is a science useful and sanitive to men. He composed such incantations, again, utterances, songs, you know, this sort of thing, stuff that you say or sing. He composed such incantations also by which distempers are alleviated. So he was a healer too. And he left behind him the manner of using exorcisms by which they drive away demons so that they may never return. Again, this is part of Jewish thinking. This was associated with Solomon. Again, because of some of the texts that we had read, you know, we read earlier in this episode. And by the time Jesus shows up, there's a body of tradition based upon, again, Qumran material, you know, Jewish material. This is Hebrew Jewish material that of course gets translated into the Septuagint and the, you know, Psalm 91, the extra Psalm, Psalm 151, which is in the Septuagint also helps create this body of thought, this body of tradition that associated the son of David, the son of Solomon, the Solomonic, Davidic line, associated that messianic figure with the casting out of demons. And this is why when Jesus starts doing this, nobody blinked an eye. Nobody said, hey, where's the Messiah supposed to be doing that? Chapter and verse, please. Now they don't say that. They, again, have this expectation because of this material. And so that's why, again, this part of the messianic profile that we read in the Gospels that isn't very transparent in the Old Testament, why it's still a legitimate connection back into the Old Testament as part of, you know, the messianic figure, the messianic profile.


Hello everyone. Welcome to rural water resource management NPTEL course. This is week five lecture two. We have been looking at groundwater hydrology and groundwater components. The stress is more on groundwater in these weeks because we understand that for rural water resources, groundwater is a key resource. And it is very important, especially now to conserve it. So let's go into the lecture for this today. In the past lecture, we looked at porosity. We define the special temporal variations, how it can be estimated. In today's lecture, we will look at specific yield is defined as a ratio of the volume that the total volume of the rock. So let's visualize it to see how we can understand it better. So we have a material, a soil material where we want to understand the groundwater. And H1 is the initial water saturated layer of a water table. And after some time, the water table falls down to H2 and that is because of gravity. So we have a saturated layer and after gravity. So gravity is working on the layer. So you water level will drop down. Q is the volume of water which has been discharged because of gravity to reach to H2, the new level or the new stable level. So specific yield is defined as Q, the volume of the water that has been drained due to gravity by the volume of the rock, which is H1 minus H2 by the cross section. You have to understand that all the rock is wet but unsaturated above the water table. And this takes a long time because gravity acts very slow and it has to overcome the sediment or the attraction of the rock material on water. There are different names given, specific yields, storage and drainable porosity, all are the same. So different papers would label it differently and it depends on how they would like to term it. Like specific storage is the remaining water that is in the soil profile and drainable porosity which is drainable because of gravity is given. So specific yield is the same and there are different names given. Let's look at specific yield in a gravel. Gravel is big big stones with less sediment in it and the porosity space is also large. So if you have large volume of water coming, the volume of water discharging because of gravity is also fine sand would have a moderate drainage, moderate specific yield because some water would be stored in the water spaces because of the interactions between the sediment. Whereas clay have very high potential to hold on to water. And given the same water applied to all gravel, fine sand and clay or solid rock. The specific yield is very low because of the slow or no drainage. In some regions, the clay layer is termed to be an impervious layer which means it stops the water from going through it. So it is kind of an impervious layer because water gets absorbed in the clay and it actually prevents it from moving further down. Which is where gravity acts and puts down the water. So specific yield is a very important term to understand the nature of your aquifer to discharge water ready. If it is very slow, then the groundwater potential is also very less. Let's look at another figure. Well, A is your volume of rock saturated with water. So full of water is now gravity is acting on it. So you've watered the field, you have a saturated layer and now gravity is pulling water. After the drainage, one unit volume of the rock has been dewatered corresponding level of the saturation. So you have lowered the level of the saturation by taking out one unit of water due to gravity. Specific yield is the ratio of the volume of the water that drained from the rock going to gravity to the total rock volume. So now Q is the unit that has come out due to gravity and that divided by the total rock volume gives you the specific yield. Another important parameter is specific retention or SR of a rock or soil. And it is defined as the ratio of the volume of water, a rock can retain against gravity. So this is kind of opposite to your specific yield. So how much water can be retained against gravity, specifically in this with gravity, how much volume can come out. That is the ratio you take over the total volume. Whereas here it is the water that is retained in the rock to the total volume of the rock. Since the specific yield represents the volume of the water that a rock will yield by gravity, drainage with specific retention, the remainder, the sum of the total is equal to porosity, which is n is equals to Sy plus SR. So let's think about it. n is your volume of void by the total volume of the solid. So we have BV by VT. Whereas Sy is your volume of water that has been dewater that has been come out of the system by your total volume of the solid. Whereas the specific retention is the water remaining in the profile by the total volume of the rock. So it is actually the sum. So if you sum both Sy and SR, it is zero porosity because it is a totally saturated system and which means there's no air, only all the volume of the voids are filled with water. And in specific yield some water is released due to gravity and in specific retention the remaining water is held down. So the total water is now combined together as porosity. Let's look at a graph to better understand the relation between porosity, specific yield and specific retention. So you have total porosity as n, which is the summation of specific yield and specific N is equals to SR plus Sy. And we have the grain size of your soil profile rock profile here. Placid sand gravel compost percentage on this order, porosity or specific yield or specific retention. So what you see here is in a well sorted aquifer, which means it is sorted almost same size. There is high porosity in clay, silt, but when it comes to sand, which is very small, it comes down. So you have lesser and lesser porosity or percentage when it comes down, specific retention. The total porosity is almost 60% to 30% so it is also coming down, but your specific retention comes down very fast in gravels and cobbles because the gravels and cobbles cannot retain that much water. It may have a high porosity, but all the water would fall down due to gravity and that we saw in the earlier slide we discussed about specific yield. So in clay, the specific yield is very less, not a lot of water comes out. In silt as the size of the grain increases, you have more water easily available for gravity and it is well sorted aquifer. So you have a very high amount of specific yield, but normally well sorted aquifers are not available so you have a specific yield tapering off in sand, gravel and cobbles. So the worst is the clay, the specific yield gravity cannot pull down water, whereas gravel and cobbles it is easier to pull down whereas sand, it is much more easier. So when you play in the beach, you see you dig a sand castle or you can see water coming on the shore of the sand. And after the wave goes back, you could see that the water just flushes down. So it quickly comes down because of gravity. And that is why because the specific yield is very high in sands. So how much water is retained, it is the opposite. So specific attention if we look at in clay it is very high, whatever water the clay has it will not let it go, it will hold on to it tight and long. And it's the same procedure for plant available water also. So it doesn't mean that clay soils are good for plants, no, because if gravity cannot pull, the same pull might be exerted by the plants. And some plants with higher pulling capacity can grow in clay soils. The good part is clay can fight gravity for you and keep the water up, but the force to take the water should also be high for plants. So only some plants can grow like for example cotton goes well in clay soils. So the specific retention is very high, and then it slowly comes down, slowly comes down as your size increases. Okay, so clay cell will have a higher retention, but when it comes to sand, the water just flushes through gravel, it doesn't stay. The specific yield is very high in these higher grain size materials. And that is why your specific retention is also very small. It's the opposite, right? So in a well sorted aquifer, when it is fully sorted, it just goes to zero. The specific retention goes to zero, which means all the water is drained out. So this graph clearly explains the relationship between your specific yield and specific retention and the total porosity. We've also discussed the specifics of when these specific yield can be high and specific retention can be high. Think about a cricket pitch or a golf course. You don't want water to stay there, right? When there's a rain, you don't want water to stay there. So what material will they use? They would use a material with high specific yield. For example, you have sand, gravel and cobbles under the course, under the golf course, or under the pitch, so that when water falls, quickly it goes down and then through the gravity, you can extract the water out. So only on the grass surface, there are some water which they use some techniques to remove it. But in a rural setting, it's the opposite, right? You don't want water to flush down totally due to gravity. You want water to stay as long as possible so that your plants can survive. So in that perspective, your retention is high in silt, which is your combination of sand, silt and clay. Good loamy soil is good for plant growth. The base is a fine size sand, but clay is much, much finer. So much, much attraction on the water particles. And sand, again, as you move up in grain size, you would lose more water to gravity. So specifically at the side, but the retention is very, very low. So somewhere you need to balance it out. If you want good groundwater potential, you would go to gravels and cobbles. Think about where you would use it. In a rainwater harvest structure, for example, most of us have rainwater harvesting structures. What would they do? They would have gravels, cobbles, sand, so that water can flush fast into the ground. And sand and silt can act as a filtering material, right? And then it goes to the groundwater aquifers. So it is very important to have such a strata to capture the water and also quick specific in so that water drains so that more water can be put in. If you have clay soil, then you cannot have rainwater harvesting. You'll have to put in gravels and cobbles to push water faster into the groundwater aquifers. So these are how you could visualize the porosity concept in your rural water management, urban water management, and especially for groundwater management. Moving on, let's look at a particular field sites sample. Specific yield or sediments taken from the Humboldt River Valley of Nevada from the book as a function of the median grade sites. So what we could see here is the specific yield is very, very low for clay. And it starts to increase as the size of the grain increases. So it starts to increase the silt, very fine sand. And then medium sand, coarse sand almost the same. And then it comes down, very coarse sand, very fine gravel. The specific yield comes down. So the best to drain the water will be sandy materials, sandy soils. But then if you have gravel in between, then you can arrest the water. But the worst is clay. So clay is almost at zero. So please understand that specific yield differs at a different region. And that's why there's always a range. And most importantly, specific yield is acted upon gravity. The other thing that can also induce specific yield is when you have a cone of depression. So we've talked about cone of depression in our groundwater class. When you pump too much, then you artificially induce water to go through your pump. And that can also push water because of specific yield. That can also push water to bring down the level of the water table. So that is how we estimate specific yield. We have a water table and the water table comes down. And how much water is deep water, you take it out and put a ratio to the volume of the rock or the material. Moving on, let's look at some ranges. It is always a range. It is not one value. So I'm using multiple sources. You could see I will use freeze and cherries book, which is mostly trusted for these values. I've also used some case studies and other books from India also to look at the variations in the values. So specific yield, clay can have maximum of five, minimum zero and an average of two. So most probably, as I said, we can take the maximum and then take an average to get at where it stands. And most probably it will be on the higher end, but sometimes you'll just strike it in between. So coming back, the average is normally used in a lot of literature and clay has a good range from zero to five. Sandy clay, 12 to three, the range you can see it expanding. Silt can have 19 to three, fine sand, 20, 10, medium sand, 32 to 15 and so on. I won't be reading all these values. But for coarse gravel, it is 26 to 12. So what do you understand is there is some difference, some range is created. Why is there a range? Let's pause for a second and think. Why such materials will have a range and not one value? Because the climate and the use of the land is not the same across. So let's visualize. We have a clay field. I might have a tractor, so I have tilled the land. It is clay, but I've tilled the land. I've done a lot of work to stabilize the soil on the sites. And also I have put in plants where it can infiltrate deeper into the clay. I've picked specific plants. So what happens is through the pathways, through these pathways, the porosity has increased. And specific yield is a function of porosity. So you can have clay, but you can do things to increase the porosity. You can do management to increase the specific yield. So water can go in. So if you have more pore spaces, water can go in. Yes, clay holds on to the water, but if there is excess porosity or excess pore space, water gets stored and flushes out due to gravity. Remember, since it is very small, the size of the grain is very small. I'm going back to this slide. The size here, you have it very small, which means it has more surface area to attract water. There are many, many clay particles. The volume is the same. If you take one kilogram of clay, silt and gravel. The volume is the same or the area or the mass is the same. But the surface area of connection to the water is much, much bigger in clay, silt and sand. Because the size is small. So you have a circumference and you have a more surface area in connection with the water. So now how do you overcome it? By increasing the porosity. So by increasing the porosity, what you do is you create more void space for the water or air to come in. And right now we're talking about specific yield. So we're going to saturate the soil by applying full water and water can be easily drained. Compared to a non-agriculturated land or a non-agricultural managed land. So tilling is one thing that can introduce porosity into your soil and materials. And you have a mixing of various aspects in clay when you did. So that is one thing that we can do. But the more natural thing is to let the vegetation take care of porosity. So if you have a good tree cover, if you have good vegetation, native vegetation with deep roots that can go in and break the soil structure. Then you have more porosity. So porosity is an aspect that can be changed. Suppose I have clay. I put on one side, I put crops. So you have root zones developing and more porosity. On the other side, I have clay and I'm putting a road on top of it. Okay. How do you put a road? You put gravels, etc. But then you put a tar and then you have a road roller which goes on, which means you're compacting the surface. So when you compact, you have already clay with very less pore spaces. When you compact, it gets more pushed. The weight of the soil material or clay material doesn't change. The weight is same, but the volume has changed. You have pushed it down. Same thing, you can take an experiment at home. You can take a beaker. You can take a soil, break it down and then shake it and put it in a container. You can see the volume is high. Now take half of the volume of that container and put it in another equal container. You have equal volumes. In the other one, you can push it just by some force. You can push it and you can see that the soil material will come down. This is the same thing which would happen in a field. If you compact it too much, it could be compaction by tractors. It could be compaction by people walking on it or even grazing of animals. Then you compact the soil, which means your porosity is reduced. So no more water can go in. And your drainable porosity, your specific heat, all of these components come down. So land management is related to these key parameters of porosity, specific heat, specific retention as much as your water availability. So when we say water management issues, it is not just that I'm not getting water from rainfall. Climate change is happening, monsoons are shifting. It also includes how you manage your land. How well are you managing your land? Are you having the correct species of plants and trees to increase the porosity, to increase the water retention in your soil? And if you overdo it by non-native species, what happens? All the water is taken out. And then your clay cracks. So clay is a very, very tough soil system to work with compared to the other things. So alone is a combination of sand, silt and clay. We will not get into soil structures a lot because this course would be on water management with some more specifics of the network. So always there is a range. Understand there is a range because of hydroclimatic changes because of the size of the clay also. Clay doesn't have one size, it is a range. So depending on what clay size you have, you have a specific heat. But most important, depending on how the land is used. You have a difference in specific heat. So this understanding would help us better understand the ranges and also better understand how we can conserve groundwater. Thank you. We will see you in the next class.