Hey y'all, Dustin Schaff here, the Keto Pro, and so we're going to week four, basically the common mistakes that you might find yourself in, even though you're feeling good. There's just some things I want you to watch. If you're not feeling well, if you're not feeling like you're getting results, I want you to really pay attention to these common mistakes. The first one is that people are thinking they have to eat all the time, or three meals a day, or five meals a day. I want you to really start focusing on just eating when you're hungry. Yes, that might mean one meal a day. That might mean two meals a day. That's not a bad thing. If the Egyptians would have ate three to five meals a day, they'd be still building the pyramids today. Y'all, this idea of eating all the time is not natural to the human body, to the humans and themselves. Eating intermittently is more ideal, so I encourage fasting, but not forcing it. Because I ultimately want you to help create a new lifestyle for yourself, and if you're starving and you're always fighting, you're going to want to either just give in. What you want to do is just eat when you're hungry. That might be when you wake up, you might have nothing in the morning. You might be drinking our ketones.  That's okay.  That's okay.  What I find is that most people, as they get into ketosis, they only eat two to one meals a day if fat loss is their ultimate goal.  That's one of the big common mistakes. Eat when you're hungry. Stop when you're full. The next thing is, is that you may have got excited and started getting one of those apps and you're like, okay, I got to get my macros and I got to do all this other stuff. Stop it. Who decided that a damn app calculator is going to be the right guide to you? It doesn't exist. Too many people are trying to force their system into this perfect box. It doesn't exist. Listen to your body. Eat when you're hungry. Stop when you're full. Keep your carbs down low. Don't be afraid of fat. Those are the common mistakes. The biggest mistakes. We already talked about hydration, so I want you to reinforce that. I'll put another link down below on hydration if you're not maximizing your results. Don't be afraid of fat, but this is that phase where you can start to maybe even increase it a little bit.  What I want you to do is start increasing it with our MCTO 143. You might be utilizing a keto cream that I have that helps increase your natural good fats. You might be using a little bit more butter or a little bit more olive oil in your food and see how you feel. It's not going to wreck anything. If it's too much, you're not going to gain a bunch of weight.  You might maintain. That's okay, but see how you feel. That's what I said. See how you feel. If you feel better, it might just mean that our body needs a little bit more for now and as it makes a transition, you'll transition down. Last little tip I want to give you—there's really two little tips I want to give you is exercise and movement can accelerate the keto transition. It can help burn more glucose off. It can help you start to produce more natural ketones. That, therefore, helps you feel better. Now there's a lot of other positive benefits of exercise. If right now, if you can start moving your body more, it's only going to be an added win. This is like that transition week. Week four and week five is the transition week where you are either going to stay on it or you're going to quit. You're going to jump out and say, listen, it's not for me. I can't do that long-term. If you're thinking about long-term and if you can or can't do this, you're missing the point. What you're doing is you're transitioning into a lifestyle to help get you to a result or a goal and then you ultimately have to create your own lifestyle that you're willing to maintain and the only way to do that is to have a big reason of why. It has to be something important to you. Mine's my kids and my wife and I want to have vitality for my family. That's important to me. It helps me make those decisions when it's easy to—I want pizza. I want to eat a nice, good, strong chicken thigh with olives and thyme and a little bit of olive oil and this is super good. If you haven't checked out our recipes, you've got to check them out. If you're on the fence right now going, can I do this? Can I not do this? Hit me up. Down below, I'm going to have a link to our product and just use it. Use it. It makes everything way simpler and you don't have to be perfect in the diet and you'll get good results, actually probably better results, without being perfect every single day. I'm not necessarily saying you have to use this. You can do the diet, but I find more people get better results by using that as a tool while they're figuring this all out when they're trying to go through life at the same time of changing their lifestyle and their nutritional plan. We'll see you at week five, y'all.


It's Friday night Atlanta time to rise up tonight with Kelly Price and Harry Douglas presented by AT&T Atlanta what's going on? We're back with a second season of rise up tonight I'm Kelly price join in person by former Falcons wide receiver Harry Douglas who is looking fresh in the flesh HD I'm so excited we can get rid of those zoom boxes this year not only you Kelly I'm excited to be in studio with you the great Kelly price. I appreciate that Let's get down to business something the Falcons didn't really do last week in preseason game number one Harry You know how to coach Arthur Smith very well. He's a take-no-ish kind of guy How important is it that the Falcons practice and then play with a sense of urgency this week in Miami and Kelly? I don't think you could have used a better word than urgency, right? Having a sense of urgency we've seen last week in the first preseason game against the Tennessee Titans The young guys got a lot of playing time these guys got a lot of reps So that means they are now accustomed to the NFL game speed So what does that mean you have to have a sense of urgency you have to wrap things up especially going into a week preseason number two I mean guess the Miami Dolphins that being said the Falcons linked up with the Dolphins to host joint practices this week Something we really didn't see a lot under the previous regime Harry You told me you did these about 10 or 11 times in your playing career. How valuable are those sessions first Kelly? I'll tell you no one loves joint practices more than me myself But some of the things you get to see from joint practices as a head coach from their perspective You get to see offense defense special teams how that flows against good-on-good basically and then as individuals You get to see how your guys fair up against other opponents That's what you want and then 100% I'll say lastly when these guys have to do that and go against these new opponents They have to give their all out there on the football field all that leading up to Saturday night at Hard Rocks stadium TBD if we'll see much of the Falcons we're used to seeing on Sundays But of course it's all weird this season with three preseason games instead of the four We've been used to what's your take on one less preseason game Harry and does that hurt or help a squad like Atlanta? I'll tell you Kelly. It's weird. It's weird for so many years You have four preseason games and I'll tell you it's really gonna hurt those young players and those guys who try to fight Who are trying to fight for a roster spot because usually that four preseason game is the game that they actually get to do that in Now you don't have it you you only have three and we see across the NFL We don't even know what when the dress makeup game is gonna be for these guys in the starters to go full-time So I think it's gonna hurt the young guys and guys actually fighting for a roster spot Well, no matter what the final record was last season or last game We know the Falcons brought the heat weekend and week out in the fashion department. Let's check out some of the best Falcons fits We've got Frank Darby up first the king of immaculate vibes with the Louis Duffel bags some ice up top and casual dress shirt Harry I love Frank. I love his energy, but now that I know that he dresses like Rico Suave Frank. You're my boy blue Honestly the fits last week were in preseason form. I've got to say so we're gonna take a look at some of the best off-season looks Let's go first to the incredible draft a look for Kyle Pitts This man's got the best initials I must say and he's rocking my all-time favorite color in forest green and I love this look Harry Money Kelly this suit screams money Now kick now KP. I know you're drafted in the top ten top five to be exact my goodness Money money money money It's got the green to show it Finally got to give a shout out to Grady Jarrett for this fit He rocked for his mom's retirement party some nice summer vibes Remember no white jeans after Labor Day Grady go off Alicia Jarrett with her fit on point two Grady don't you listen to Kelly when you have the money that you have you can wear white jeans Whatever you want to Grady always fresh and I love that. He's a mama's boy always supporting his mom I love it about Grady. Yeah, he makes more money than me So I guess you can make the rules right we're so excited to be back in studio together this season on rise up tonight getting back Together in person really all giving us just like back to school vibes And it really is that time of year after all with that in mind We asked some of the Falcons what their favorite subject in school was in this week's question of the week math Numbers anything number related it was easy for me to pick up on patterns so it just Everything just made sense math. I like to math not too like a plot math gets really hard now Like there's normal math algebra, whatever advanced algebra straight then it keeps going and I don't want to do that I don't even care what they're talking about. It's a different language. So I got out at the right time I probably social studies. I don't know. I felt like I didn't really have to study for that one I just enjoyed it. It kind of came naturally and just enjoyed going to that class first subject in school with history I'm pretty good with dates and numbers and stuff like that. So I always had that That mind is like I can remember it like if she's tell me like you'd be like, okay, this is going to be on your test I think I passed my histories and all of them with 98 in a 96 Major in it, but I wasn't I wasn't going for that. That's too much So my favorite subject was probably English back in school. I'm a huge grammar stickler. What about you? Well, first Kelly, it's funny that you have two of the smartest guys on the team in Zaccheus and foyer look and those guys Virginia and Ivy League schools they choose math not so much for me. I'm a history guy every time I travel out of the country I try to go see what that country history is and I take my time doing it as well You and Marlin and Josh, I mean a lot of football guys like in history out here Speaking of you know football on the field, who do you hope to see this week in preseason game number two? I'm gonna have to go with my guy Why receive a Taji sharp a guy played with in Tennessee a guy that I know that can make plays a guy that has been with Arthur Smith Before this Atlanta stunt, so I'm looking forward to seeing Taji make some plays down there in Miami Anything else on the defensive side of the ball you hope to see I want to see those guys continue what they did last week Dean P's he brought the fight to the offense didn't wait for the offense to bring the fight to him So looking forward to those guys run around hitting blitzing and making plays like they did in game one Do you think they're gonna put a lot of the starters out this week or do you think it's gonna be not so much that rehearsal were used to say that's the thing we don't even know Kelly That's the thing about this three preseason game schedule is that we don't know But I think if I know Arthur Smith like I know I think some of the guys I actually play out there this week and knowing Arthur Smith What do you hope he what do you think he hopes to get out of this week? Well offensively a rhythm, right? Get rid of some of the penalties give the offense a chance to actually thrive you seen that last week They didn't actually do too much, but I think he's looking forward to that the old offensive line more continuity more Cohesiveness and and winning the point of attack and that is a great tease for later on your hip for your film room We're gonna talk about those penalties and giving themselves a chance.  We go in the nest with a rap legend pastor Troy Plus how one homegrown Falcon is giving back to the community that raised him that and much more coming your way next on rise up tonight Rise up tonight is presented by AT&T and brought to you by Georgia Lottery today could be today By Home Depot, how do is get more done by Mercedes Benz the best of nothing and by truest committed to a better future? ATL this is a crack Let's rejoin my favorite co-host Kelly and have you for more rise up tonight on your home for Falcons football Fox 5 Atlanta a Lot of the Falcons players I've had a chance to talk to have said that one of the best parts of being vaccinated now has been being able to get Back into the community safely every week We like to showcase how the team gives back and Mike Davis has been doing just that since the moment He became a Falcon this offseason as we rise up for Atlanta brought to you by truest as we get back into football kids across Georgia are getting back into the classroom Davis who's a Stevenson high school alum is just as excited to be an Atlanta Falcon now as he is to give back to the Community that raised him. He recently helped provide brand-new backpacks and school supplies for kids from a couple local YMCA's to make sure they have a strong start to their school year It makes me smile. It makes me happy. It makes my day Anytime I can see a kid smile. I feel like you know, my job was done anything to you know, boost them to want to do better Yeah, I feel like it's the little things you never know me just being in that prison He'll commit them want to be you know, the best student they want to be the best brother such that they want to be best And speaking of getting back to school we're getting back to high five in your face football tonight, too Our first high-five spotlight of 2021 is a big one Booker T. Washington high school coach Derek Avery Who was the Atlanta Falcons high school coach of the year was named the recipient of the 2020 NFL Don Shula high school coach of the year this week last fall Avery led the Bulldogs to a 7-3 record in a return to the postseason a four-win improvement from 2019 and off the field He was the first local high school coach to partner with the Falcons player led social justice committee in the rise up in vote Campaign which focused on voter education and participation even though some of his players couldn't even vote They learned about the process and those who were eligible volunteered at the polls the grand prize $30,000 for the Bulldogs football program from Nike and Avery will also be invited to attend Super Bowl 56 in Los Angeles To be honest, I was just happy just to be mentioned in the word done Shula To be honest by the Atlanta faculty just being nominated by the Atlanta faculty Felt like I had already won and just to get this this news on today It was just a unreal moment For this award to happen to somebody like myself to be honest Super cool moment for him and to be sure to tune in next Friday night for the best high school football coverage around high Five sports game of the week will be a good one next week Rockmart versus Cedar town Still to come on rise up tonight our Falcons insider Dave Archer sees one position group as most pivotal to winning week Two of the preseason to find out which one later on and coming up next we go into the next with my guy Pastor Troy stick around you're gonna want to see this one back to rise up tonight And it's time to hop into the next with Kelly Harry and tonight's influencer. What's you by Mercedes Benz?  We are joined now by Pastor Troy producer rapper Big Falcon fan how exciting are you for this season and who are some of your favorite guys on the roster right now? You're gonna be watching this year man. I'm very excited man. Just to get back in there with the fans and everything man I'm talking about man. I know I missed was gonna miss it so much, but definitely looking forward to this season man the addition of Davis, you know, of course my guy really Many ice man, it's just gonna be a good season I'm looking forward to the boy putting it together going in coach myth to man. I like the coach man I really like the coach. Hey, I'm glad you said that man. Coach Smith is a solid dude now I gotta for you. I got some questions for you now man.  I need you to tell the people man When did you fall in love with the Falcons in who is your favorite Falcon all time? Man, you know what it has to go with Deion Sanders man Me and prime always laugh because of I was in probably about the fourth grade man and my Current event was that The Atlanta Falcons drafted Deion Sanders out of Florida State every day man I had the picture of him coming through the airport with his chains on that was it for me man Come on, bro. Then it was right there doing like the rap phase So it just made it so cool man for him to come to Atlanta. It changed the game in the culture Tell everybody how you came up with the pastor Troy name the pastor Troy thing man I definitely didn't come up with it My dad is a pastor man. My dad is a pastor and that was our big thing growing up I love the rap music, but a lot of it wasn't appropriate for my age So the whole pastor Troy thing was something I came up with while I was in college another dude came up to me I was like I was rapping in a dude said pastor Troy. I was like man. Why you call me that?  I said man, that's a tight name I gotta ask my dad. Can I use it now music is big in my life, right? And when I think about music I think about songs that that meant a lot to me songs that had meaning songs that could change people lives Yeah, so vice versa Yeah, vice versa man What message was you trying to get through to the people when you drive with that vice versa joint man? I wanted people to just really open up their mind and go a little bit deeper than just Settling for what anybody just tells you know what I mean because it gets a lot deeper than that man Everybody don't always tell the truth You know what I mean man, so that vice versa man It was more so of a reality for me man I was in college and just a lot of the things that I was seeing wasn't necessarily what people were doing What's something in your crew that you're most proud of as a performer? Being a part of what we're doing with Atlanta Falcons this year man with the dirty birds next man It's always been a dream of mine to get into marketing for a Major team, especially the team here in Atlanta, man I've always had affiliation with Georgia Bulldogs and just the other team in the city But to be embraced how they're embracing us this season. I'm really excited about it Section 134 baby is going down every home game y'all been to watch out for us.  It just ain't a brother from Atlanta We got a whole beautiful state down here man brothers that represent just that southern hospitality How we do it down here man, you know what I mean just representing let them know we Georgia boys And we ready for whatever man, you know what I mean people had to put some respect on Georgia Now pastor Troy, we know that you are referenced in two Kanye West songs Obviously, he's kind of taking up residency in Mercedes Benz stadium How well do you know him? Do you know if he's still there and when is he releasing Donda? Man, you know what? I'm a Kanye probably about on two or three occasions man I was able to thank him for throwing me up in the album and those were big records He included me in but I haven't got a chance to catch up with him at the stadium yet Man, but I appreciate them coming down here to Atlanta making this present known because everybody knows Across the world man, all the tinnitus is on the beans right now and when Kanye where you got going on Don't know if we're gonna have a release date anytime soon, but it's been cool all the all the hype around the stadium Hey, we're all waiting. I don't know if he's still there, but we're all we're all still just waiting for that album to drop Things dropping. What do you have coming up next man dog? So I have a new album on passion Troy calm. It's called PT Cruiser. Everybody can go out there and check it out We really just been gearing everything up for the season man ready to get back out here And just hook on some falcon fans man Dap them up everybody be safe where you're man, so you all that stuff they have in place for protocol But we're gonna have some fun man starting September 11 really good stuff. Thank you so much for joining us in the nest Obviously, we're really excited to see what the Falcons do out there and I decided to see more from you this season as well Um, you guys catch this full conversation on Fox 5 Atlanta comm and we'll be right back We got your cover with more Falcons news and nuggets including a trip over to Harry's film rule rise up tonight It'll be right back Welcome back to rise up tonight. I'm Harry Douglas and we're gonna dive right into my film room now The first play we have for the Atlanta Falcons in their first preseason game on offense is a third or nine situation This is the very first drive of the game now the defense in white the Tennessee Titans They're playing a coverage we call one robber what that means is that this corner has this receiver man This guy has a running back man This linebacker has this tight end man This DB has him in this corner has this receiver man And this safety right here is gonna be robbing anything coming to the middle of field with this safety going to the middle to have those Responsibilities as man-free now as we let this this this play play We're gonna see the tight ends gonna go in motion right here, right? We call that an indicator This is gonna let us know what the defense is playing as you see him going motion You're gonna see this linebacker run with him right now this quarterback agent McCarran knows its man coverage now at the top of the Screen you have why I receive a touch a sharp gonna run a deep out good route good catch first down Only thing is that we have a flag, right? Why do we have a flag? We're gonna go to the beginning of the play right tackle May feel is not line up on the line of scrimmage. He's in the backfield That's what I mean by you have to give yourself a chance to make a play to thrive for this offense to push the ball and Move the ball especially on third downs. They must do that against Miami so they can even have a chance It's a great point Harry. Thank you I think we all want to see more than 138 total yards of offense tomorrow night and to Harry's point of giving themselves a chance the Falcons need much better O-line play to do so Falcons insider Dave Archer has more on key see keys to preseason game number two Falcons travel to South Florida take on the Miami Dolphins in week two of the preseason. Hey everybody I'm Dave Archer What are we looking for for the preseason you want steady improvement? Well, one of the areas are gonna have to improve dramatically on from the first game of this one His offensive line play really struggled up front now I know none of the regulars played except for maybe that left guard position So you get Caleb McGarry back Matt Hennessy back Chris Lindstrom back and certainly Jake Matthews at left tackle We'll be back will they play we'll have to wait and see and that's what I'm looking for number one Is how many of the regulars will play during the preseason coaches around the league found out that hey I can put a pretty good product on the field and not playing the preseason. That's what happened last season How much will that carry over to this year? We'll have to wait and see and I'm sure that's something that coach Smith Is mulling over right now as we begin to think about who's gonna be on the field and then think about that continuity along the offensive line Caleb McGarry now back at the right tackle position That means Jalen Mayfield the third round graphic from Michigan can slide over to left guard where he competed in the spring With Josh Andrews throw Sam Jones in that mix now suddenly start liking the way that matches up Let's look for some continuity along that offensive line in week two of the preseason Thanks Dave for that insight and thank you for staying up late with us on rise up tonight for Harry Douglas I'm Kelly price. Happy football season y'all. We'll see you right back here next Friday night


Adventures in commercialization here on Think Deck on a given Tuesday. And I'm Jay Fiedel, and that's Zoe Heaney. And she joins us, why? Because we're introducing her to you, and we're gonna talk about her new show, which is called Ready Adventures in Commercialization. Good afternoon, I should say, Zoe, because you're on the East Coast. Where are you, Zoe? Currently, I am in Lexington, South Carolina for the holidays. Oh, good, okay. South Carolina's got special political meaning these days. I hope everything is peaceful in South Carolina in the holiday season. So let me ask you, why are you interested in commercialization? How does it comport with your life up to this point? And where do you see you taking commercialization in your life after this point? Yes, so I have been blessed to have the opportunity to work for one of the largest angel investment networks in the world. If you've ever seen Shark Tank, very similar to that. We brought seven new companies, instead of 350, instead of the six sharks, we had 350 sharks. And we would bring seven new startup companies a month to five different cities to present to these 350 sharks and really try to facilitate and syndicate some investments for some of these startup companies. These companies were anything from a kitty litter to a cancer research, doing some great things out in the world. And even in these hard times with COVID, still trying to raise money for some really great causes. So watching some of these companies do their pitches and get their go-to-market strategies and try to commercialize themselves was just something that really sparked my interest. And as an event coordinator, I've now had me tap into different industries of medical devices, cancer research or research drugs. And then on to other smaller go-to-market strategies such as things that you could potentially see and target, like the women's Clarisonic face brush, the little electric brush that most women have in their utility bags. So yeah, it's something that's been really close to my heart and watching a lot of these companies grow and become just amazing causes has had me want to tap into them even further.  Are you gonna make proposals to them about your funding and investment and stock interests and so forth? I mean, it's definitely something that we can talk about. I'd love to be one of the angel investors in the room or accredited investors one day. At this point in time, my position was to be the liaison and connect people with the money, with the people who need the money, so. That's great. Well, that offers the possibility that you would not only bring people on your show who are startups, entrepreneurs, whatever, but you would also bring people on your show who do have checkbooks. Is this something you contemplate? Yes, yes, no. I already have a list of great investors who would love to come on the show and talk about what they look for when they're looking for companies and for exiting those companies and really taking them to the next level. Clarisonic Basebrush was one just small example of a very small startup company that came through our forums. They were actually got some investment and then later sold to Target, so exited later to Target. So that commercialization of that product and I don't know a woman now in today's world that doesn't have one in their bathroom closet, so. I would know even what it was myself today. That's just me. So how would you differ from Shark Tank? For example, it always strikes me on Shark Tank. I get different people see this differently, but of how often embarrassing it is for the fellow who's doing the pitch and how those guys are merciless in the way they strip down his idea and his company. It's embarrassing, are you gonna do the same thing or are you gonna be more kindly? I think that constructive criticism is great for everybody. In some of our forums that we've had, there's been some peeling back of the layers of some of the companies and looking at some of the holes that are happening in their plans and their due diligence. Something that makes the angel investment networks a little bit more, let's say, handholding for these entrepreneurs is that first of all, they're voted into the organization. So those watch pitches and they're kind of looking at these entrepreneurs to see what they think the rest of the group is going to invest in. So it's really kind of a pre-screening process that happens for them. And then along the way, the investors will actually get into a committee and do a due diligence on the company. So then they get full access to the company and start deep diving. They'll actually go firsthand and look at the facilities and see what's going on and then almost mentor them into getting to that next step. So I think in a lot of time, the companies that we're looking at on the angel level aren't all the way at the getting into stores level and sometimes don't even want to follow it through that far. They want to go, they want to exit, give that headache to somebody else once I've made my money and let's move on to the next cool project. So it's really interesting to learn that people don't really hold on to some of those companies to the end, to the point where we see them in store. The sooner you can go for, what do you call it, a liquidation event? That's not the right term. The sooner you can get out, the better. An exit strategy, you know? Exactly. And then you have shares in it and then you just watch it grow and make money and go on your yacht vacation. I've always wanted to do that. Unfortunately, we're a nonprofit that doesn't happen with us. So what are the points of interest that you would cover with somebody who had an idea, was pitching you the idea, you know, want to get some investment capital going? What are you looking for and what are you trying to avoid? Great question. So some of the things that we're looking for is a strong board. We really want to have some people in your back pocket that have either done this before and that are kind of mentoring you. And so having a great team and a great CEO and a COO are usually the first things that you want to look for. People, when you're investing, when you're an investor and you're trying to invest in some of these companies, you're not only handing over a check, like you also are investing in those people. And so looking for a really great team and great board of mentorship is always the first thing I think that they look at. Do they have their own skin in the game? Are they putting their own money in and not just taking no salary for a year? I mean, that's not enough for some of these investors. They want to know that you're putting your own money into it as well. Like if you're not gonna put money into your own company, how can you ask these investors to put some of their money in? So I think those are the two top ones that I've heard that people are looking for and things we're not looking for. I think that just really depends. A lot of companies that are just trying to do a consumer product can be very difficult, producing those items, especially now in the time of COVID. Yes, and then research. Research is really hard as well. And because research can get a lot of funding and not go very far sometimes. So, but I have seen some really amazing cancer research companies that are amazing and that do get funding. But I think that investors do get a little bit more weary when it's more research phase or mass production because that takes a lot of money. Mass production, sure. And especially in our time, when you have supply line issues. And I'm sure that to me, one of the fundamental threshold questions is, are you sure you can get the pieces? Because if you can't get the chips, you can't get the elements, the compounds that you need, don't even start. For example, there was an article in the New York Times yesterday and in the Washington Post about COBOL coming out of the Congo. Seems like the Chinese have cornered the market, the global market in COBOL, which is essential for batteries. So if somebody came to me and said, yeah, we're gonna build this new battery. My first question would be, do you wanna use COBOL? Because COBOL is a critical element. And they said, yes, I would wanna know how. I think we're gonna get COBOL. And whether the price is at a price they can predict or whether it's whatever the Chinese market will bear, which may not be what they can afford or put in their budget as a problem. So manufacturing is manufacturing something you would favor conceptually, sort of on a national interest basis, like the administration after administration says to us, we have to get back to manufacturing. We have to make this a manufacturing country again the way it was. And although that may not prove out to be profitable over time. And as you said, there are greater risks, especially now. What about the national interest? What about impact investment? What about for example, entering into supporting a company that was doing something for climate change somehow? Who knows how? And you're not sure if they can make it, but you wanna do something for climate change. Or on the other side of that, is a company wants to do fossil fuel. No, that's not necessarily in the national interest or in the global interest for that matter. So where does impact investment fall in your analysis of a given applicant? I'm happy you asked there. There was different committees for different types of investment. So there's medical device investment, technology investment, and anything like I said, from kidney litter to cancer research, but we did have impact investing. And this is personally one of my favorite coming from a little bit of nonprofit background myself. And impact investing doesn't necessarily have to be a nonprofit. It's gonna be a company like you mentioned that is in it for some money, but then also has an impact on either the earth, the environment or society as a whole. And so when we look at some of those companies, we do look at them a little bit differently. However, you have to remember in the back of your mind, they are still profit-having companies. Like they are still out there trying to create a dollar. And so they are still considered a public entity of investment, but they do have that little niche of environmental or impact. So some of the companies, and one that I actually really would love to bring on this show, is a company that sends salmon over the dams. One, just for the reproduction. Two, for our ability to have them commercially. And then also to feed orcas and help the whole ecosystem. How do they make money? Like where is this money coming from? Like how did they commercialize this type of a business? It's amazing to me, but how they came up with this idea, but where did that seed start from? And how are they making this work? How are they continuing to getting funding? Is it gonna be a governmentally funded? Is this privately funded? What got them their commercialization into this product? And so that's one company we love to look at colleges. I mean, there's a lot of company colleges that have robotics programs that do really fun new products or water stations for workplaces that all give you a little bit of oxygen in your water and track your water intake in order to help society as a whole and get you a little bit healthier. So there's a lot of different companies that come through that have just a little bit of niche where they created a product and they're trying to get it out into the market but it also to make money but they also are doing some sort of good. So those are personally my favorite. Yeah, well, you know what that sounds like one of my theories is that we should never forget that the young people soon enough are gonna be the leaders of our country and globally and we have to see them that way. We have to encourage them to do that and we have to know when to turn over the range to them. And, you know, part of it is can they be leaders within their own companies? So the people you talk to today are the leaders tomorrow not necessarily political, although that's possible but certainly in business and frankly, this is where is where everything happens. This is where real leadership surfaces because you always know the agenda of the individuals involved and it's usually to make money but also impact investment. So I wanted to ask you about technology in the software sense. Where does that fit? You know, we haven't really talked about that yet today. Where does that fit? Is that a high priority? Do you think that's something you would focus on? Is it something we need? Is it something that is more likely profitable than other things? Software itself. I mean, right now with our day and age and how we are working even how we're talking right now there's a lot more software and programs and platforms that need to be created just to make our lives a little bit easier for just our daily lives today. I know that we've had a lot of platforms and software that has made our lives easier but it's still a learning process. We are still trying to maneuver this new age and I've worked with companies such as Oracle. I've worked with Microsoft, Amazon and just seeing how they're trying to innovate and evolve into this, it's still a process. They have, nobody's mastered it yet. And certainly things change. There's one thing constant and that's change and we are in a world now that changes faster than it did a decade ago and I suppose one of the things that you have to consider is whether this company is gonna be able this applicant so to speak, this pitch person is gonna be able to keep up with the change whether the idea is good enough to respond to changes in our world or whether it's gonna be like the buggy whip. Wasn't that at the buggy whip, make a better buggy whip but to accept there's no buggies. So you've got to factor that in, right? And you're gonna test the idea against what everyone thinks and that we don't know for sure. The changes are gonna be, this is a very interesting kind of analysis that you'd be doing with some companies. You say, that's a great idea but that's like the buggy whip, not gonna work. Yeah, I'd love to bring a range of different groups in here entrepreneurs that have made it work and ones that it just didn't work out for them. I do know a lot of projects who started to create platforms like the New Age Etsy but only for woodworking or something like that for woodworkers in general, just very specific. And one is a pitch battle and at his school was actually had a whole platform going and then just fizzled out, didn't work out COVID hit and they just weren't able to make it or get funding to continue on. But then I would also really like to look at other companies as you mentioned impact investing one just popped into my head which I did have on my list and hoping that we can get them on the show but we have a generator battery and basically their patent is that they can pull out when you get down a percentage you can pull that dead 25% out while it's still generating electricity also solar powered or not but then you can swap a new piece of the battery in and bring it back up to 100% and they were looking at being used for concerts but also doomsday if you wanna look at it like that and trying to see these are solar powered and how they got their patent and how they're growing significantly during this time just to be able to help people who are stuck in their homes or creating productions for more energy at home. Yeah, that reminds me, you're deeply ensconced in energy that's a good part of your background is energy can you talk about that? I mean, where do you wanna go with energy because energy is really moving like it or not whether the government does what it says it's gonna do and I believe it will or not there's a tremendous demand out there necessitated by various economic factors for energy for cheap energy, renewable energy, energy and batteries oh, you need cobalt for batteries, I'm sorry what do you think about energy as an area that you would inquire in? Yeah, so I currently am doing a contract I'm a bank coordinator and project manager for Puget Sound Energy in Seattle, Washington and I manage all of the projects that have to do with energy efficiency for residential and commercial businesses and then I also work with the renewable energy excuse me with the windmills and the solar panels that we're building on different instead of somebody having to have one on their residence they're going into local businesses they're getting grants from the government to place them on a local school or boys and girls club and then people can buy shares into it making it a little bit less of a cost overall for people and more of like a monthly cost than a large $30,000 cost that goes on top of your house in Seattle, Washington where it's not really that sunny all the time and then I also do electric cars I do a lot of project management for the electric car group and when talking about batteries that's a hot topic for the electric cars and electricity as a whole and how to manage that upon our grid and how people just manage it in their daily lives we have a lot of events where we bring people who own EVs onto the camera and then also the people who are installing these locations to educate people about how it works and what that switch looks like the politicians have been trying to push all year for this gondon at zero by 2030 or 2040 and we gotta look and see what that looks like and what kind of milestones they have to hit to actually make something like that happen Yeah, a lot, so much of it is we wanna say public relations, advertising trying to develop a pitch that's consistent that's resonant with the, we wanna call it the consumer and government environment the expectations that have been expressed in the marketplace this company, this hypothetical company has to be in tune with that well, the other thing is intellectual property because if I come before you and I have no intellectual property and an idea that can be knocked off by anybody anytime that's one set of facts if I have a preliminary patent or utility patent I'm a lot better off and I should be much more attractive to you and now in Hawaii, we have an organization called the Office this is at the University of Hawaii Office of Technology, Trade, something and they help you getting patents both the preliminary patent I forget the term for it and the utility patent and in past years they have actually funded getting the patent which can be many tens of thousands so has that play in your vetting of these entrepreneurs that is whether they have intellectual property whether they need intellectual property but don't have it and whether they have a way to fund it yes, so patents are a huge sector of our business making sure that you own your ideas is so important but also sometimes getting a patent can take years so we sign NDAs daily I mean, when we get these pitches we'll have companies that come into the room because they know they're in that process and they know that the people in the room have more money and more resources to be able to access creating a product like that I mean, I have done a prison project where we had entrepreneurs we had investors go and speak about entrepreneurship to incarcerated individuals so that they could start to create the toaster masters we're creating these programs where people would try to rehabilitate themselves and go out and create an idea and become their own employer because a lot of times it's hard to be back into the workforce once you've been incarcerated and sometimes there's people that will be in there for the rest of their lives and their ideas will get created out there and they won't ever see a dollar of it so I've seen both sides of it intellectual property and owning your ideas is a difficult path to get through but yeah, I think that when you have a plan and you protect your plan and you take all the precautions to be serious about it then there's ways to get through not having a patent and still getting your idea across and still getting investment to get to that point one of the most creative guys I ever knew invented a little gizmo for joggers it was and there's a little gizmo to help to help you carry things while you were jogging it was creative, it was clever and I said to him, you know what about getting a patent on this thing some kind of intellectual property and he said, I don't have the time or money for that I know they're going to knock me off but by the time they do I'll be on to my next project I have a pipeline of projects and they're all clever so I don't care as I just mentioned this is kind of cute and he was quite successful doing exactly that he kept on coming up with new ideas and they could knock them off but not quick enough for him to go to the next one See that's a serial entrepreneur if I ever heard of one You bet, you bet and that's what you're looking for, isn't it? It's a guy who always has a new idea Yep and honestly some of the most successful investors that I've met have bought and sold multiple companies they've come in they've found a great team or they've walked in and been asked to become a CEO to take it to exit and they are just constantly getting on the bandwagon and they see potential in something and they take them to the point where they're making big exits so I think that that's great if we can all become a part of this community and share our knowledge that's priceless There's a lot of issues that have Niveau have held up the entrepreneurial experience and as I say, the younger generation may come up with solutions for that and remove those roadblocks and have better collaborations better flow of ideas better flow of talented people like for example, the non-compete provisions which are in a number of the companies you mentioned really hold people back from new ideas they hold people back from shifting jobs it creates a bit of a limitation and I think going forward and you will probably see it in talking to some of these entrepreneurs they're gonna try to invent new systems but I wanted to ask you one other question and that is the word commercialization the Office of Technology transfer here at the university their big thing was we'll help you with patents and intellectual property in order to commercialize but there's much more to commercialization than that what do you contemplate by using the word commercialization in the title of your series? Yes, so it's really taking an idea from a piece of paper and creating an actual product and getting it in front of people and getting it bought and that takes so many different steps like pushing to commercialization is if we can even I give multiple examples throughout the show but one of our you talked about patents as being a barrier that is a barrier to commercialization, of course but then also if you look at medical companies I know an amazing company, Odonexus hoping to get Caitlin Cameron on here she's the most wonderful and professional woman I've ever seen in business and watching her over the years continue to request investment and go through different series of investment and rounds to get and she just got FDA approved so that's a huge I mean, that is a huge barrier to commercialization when it comes to the medical field and that's something that I'd really like to touch on with her because her product is just there's nothing like it out there there's nothing to compete with it and there's no reason why we shouldn't have it in our day-to-day lives just to make everything easier so I'm not gonna tell you too much more because I'd love to tell you more about it in a different show but just looking at like the different barriers to getting to the endpoint to getting in front of people and being in the public eye is really the milestones it takes for commercialization and that's what I really wanna touch on here Well, I mean, this reminds me of the entrepreneurial energy that was in Hawaii in the early 2000s we had a tech industry of sorts and we had people who talked just like you about commercializing things since then, we spent more time on hotels and I'm hoping that your discussions will invigorate potential entrepreneurs here in Hawaii What are your thoughts about that?  No, I'm not as a child of the world my parents both worked for the airline so I'm blessed to be able to travel and have been to Hawaii and almost every state I think separate the Dakotas so they're on the list but I just think that in our new day and age and in these past couple of years even me trying to do networking sessions online I mean, it's so difficult and when you talk about software platforms that need to be created to make it easier to not just do a breakout session and a Zoom call but to be able to really have some sort of a networking aspect so that these entrepreneurs aren't discouraged I want this show to potentially be a little spark of like it is possible you can still get in front of investors you can still get out there like don't give up on that dream or don't you know, there's still ways to commercialize and honestly today with this accessibility to people they've been sitting in their homes for so long so they might even have an extra space on their calendar to be able to do a quick Zoom call with you don't even need to drive in traffic downtown or be in the rain or have an accident or we're taking away all those other barriers so if we can do that and we can open this platform to commercialization then I think that we can find ways to really help some of these companies get that I'm encouraged I'm encouraged and I'm excited about your show Zoe and I look forward to having it start which will be in a couple of weeks and continue on a bi-weekly basis and we're still looking forward and I really appreciate the thinking you've done to prepare for it the role that you've built and the experiences you've had so this is going to be great Zoe I'm telling you now you're going to actually incentivize a lot of people by what you do Awesome, thank you so much As we say, aloha looking forward


Hele. OK, so, as I said, I'm the technical lead on the Faster C-Python team. The Faster C-Python project started just over a year ago. We made some small changes in 3.10 and we've already started making changes in 3.12. But this talk is really focused on what the changes we've made in 3.11. It's possible that some of the things I say aren't 100% true for 3.11, there may be elements of the others, but it's more in the case of giving you a feel for the sort of changes we've made and how it all fits together. So, C-Python is a computer program, like many others. It's written in C, hence the name, and it runs on a computer. So, in order to make it faster, it helps to understand, first of all, how the computer runs on works. It's an understanding of the hardware that's helpful. We don't need to be able to build a machine or maintain it, but we need some sort of feeling for its performance characteristics and how they work. Now, modern CPUs are complicated things. This is an architecture diagram. It was a slightly out-of-date machine. But I want to bring your attention to a couple of things. First of all, it's multiple core, but that doesn't really interest us because of the infamous GIL. But even if there wasn't a GIL, we'd expect each core to be running a separate thread. So, all these optimisations we're going to talk about would only really apply to one thread anyway. But what is interesting is that within each core, there is parallelism. Every time an instruction is fetched, several instructions are usually fetched at one time, and multiple instructions are dispatched. There's multiple execution units in each core, allowing you to do several floating-point operations or several memory accesses concurrently. And that's the kind of interesting thing about these CPUs. They're called superscaler for this reason. The other thing that's important is memory access is important. Now, it's slow. Now, if we go back to the previous thing, there's no real memory on here, but you'll see elements of caches, and those caches are there to speed up memory access. It takes a long time for light to move around. If you're clocking at 5 gigahertz, in 5 gigahertz, light moves six centimetres. It's not very far, and electrons move considerably slower than that. So, it takes physically, it's just impossible to make memory access fast. It's just a physical limitation. So, the way the CPUs work around it is they have layers of cache. They have a tiny L1 cache, and I mean tiny as in a few kilobytes. And that's only four cycles delay. Then there's a L2 cache, which is typically 10 cycles. L3 cache, which is larger still and shared across the cores, and that's usually used for inter-core communication. That's 30 cycles, and then RAM is a couple of hundred cycles. These superscaler CPUs can work around the delays, and they can push forward some execution while others are delayed. But as a first sort of general principle, we want to avoid memory accesses. The exact details are very hard to work out. Trying to get precise timings is extremely hard on modern hardware. But just bear in mind a simple thing, that if you have a memory access, it's generally going to be slow. And because, as I said, the superscaler, it's dependent memory access is the thing we really want to avoid. So, if we have two memory accesses, and we can do both at the same time because they're independent, the CPU can largely do them at the same time. If we have a memory access that depends on another memory access, in other words, we need the data from the first one to work out where to look in the memory for the second one, that's going to be doubly slow. Okay. Now, back in 1976, Nicholas Vert was a famous computer scientist, and he wrote this textbook. It's called Algorithm plus Data Structures Equals Programs, which is a slightly fuzzy picture I've got on Amazon there. Now, I just want to sort of split this thing into two. So, there are basically, before object-oriented programs, which kind of merge the whole concept of data structures and algorithms, this was a kind of important way of looking at programs, and it still applies to sort of low-level system stuff, like CPython or Linux or Windows or other things like that. So, we're going to sort of split this talk into two, the sort of data structures part and algorithms. So, first of all, we're going to look at the data structures. We're going to look at some data structures in CPython and how we've changed them in 3.11 for better performance. Right, but before we get into real data structures, just a little quick sort of a side, just to give you a feel for this sort of thing. So, a link list is a data structure you might be familiar with from your computer classes or from bad job interviews, so they ask you to implement a link list. And as you can see from the image and comparing it with an array list, it's quite an inefficient structure. It's inefficient in a couple of ways. So, suppose we want to access the integer 2 at a second index 2 in the list. In the array list on the left, the array list on the left, we need to follow four links. And because we're following a link, we need to read the memory in the head to point to the link. Once we've read that, we know where the link is and then we can read the memory in that. So, there's just four dependent memory loads to get to 2. If we look at the array list on the right, it's only the two loads. It's still dependent, but it's only two. And not only that, every time we want to add an element to the list, we need to allocate more memory. Now, allocating memory is another slow operation. It's not for physical reasons, just because there's lots of code involved. So, just sort of designing the data structures to avoid these dependent loads and excessive memory allocations is kind of important. But before we look at the implementation of any data structures, I just want to give you a quick refresher on frame stacks and frames in Python. Whenever you call a Python function, we need somewhere to put the values and variables, any temporary variables, the reference to the module globals and a few other bits and pieces. And these go in a frame object. This frame contains... Well, I've said what it contains. So, every time you call a Python function, we create a new frame object and then it calls other Python functions that push frame objects and so on. So, we form a stack of frame objects. Now, note I use the term stack here because in Python 3.10 and earlier, we have this, which is awfully like the link list example I gave you before. Now, this isn't as bad as the link list because we only ever really want to access the top frame that we're currently executing. So, we don't have to worry about the extra cost of following the links, but we do need to worry about the memory allocation or allocating memory each time. Now, in Python 3.10 earlier, there was some sort of caching involved, but conceptually, we still have to do this allocation and even with the caching, it's not as efficient as it could be. Now, the point is this is a stack. So, we implement it as a stack in 3.10. So, in 3.10, we just allocate a big chunk of memory per thread. There's actually sort of several link chunks because we don't know in advance how big the stack's going to get. But in almost all cases, we can just allocate a new frame by just reusing the memory in that chunk. Now, this has a number of advantages and we still need the sort of link pointer to follow, but we'll come to why we need that in a minute. But it's still much faster than having to chase around memory just because we can compute the offsets from one to the other. But also, what I was saying earlier about caches, the thing with a stack is that the bit you're just using is probably the bit you've just used for a previous function, so it's still in the cache, almost certainly. Which means, as opposed to a new frame which might be anywhere in memory but it's still probably in the cache. So the cache performance of this is about as good as you can get, and we're not having to do a new allocation for each time we call a Python function. But you may be wondering, doesn't this change the Python semantics? I don't know if some of you will have used sys.getFrame. Unfortunately, we will have encountered exceptions. And exceptions count with a trace back, and that trace back includes frame objects. So how do we do with this? Well, what we do in this case is when we need to, we allocate a frame object. So you can imagine that... I've only just shown the frame object for the frame on the top of the stack, but you can imagine ones for each frame. You can imagine that we'd allocate a frame object for each one, the one in yellow and the lower one in white. And we would link those as if they were the previous ones. So effectively we could sort of lazily recreate this sort of stack if we need to. So basically this is a general principle of the sort of optimisation we do. We design it so that the usual case, the common case is fast, and make sure that we can continue to perform correctly for the less common case. Even though the less common case might end up being slightly slower than it was in earlier versions.  Unless your code is odd, shall we say, you would expect that the exception should be relatively rare.  But generally, you know, there's still the rare case, and those pieces of code are not typical code anyway. You will have some of them in your code base, but in terms of sort of execution counts, they're rare. One other thing you may have noticed in this is it looks like I might be cheating by dropping a few things in it to make it look smaller. But one of those is... So there's a debug information in there, which we lazily allocate in the frame object here. And the other is the exception stack. Now, the exception stack we've dropped in 3.11, because we have what's called zero cost exceptions. Zero cost exceptions is their technical name. Obviously they're not really zero cost because nothing is, but they're pretty close. So the way exceptions worked in 3.10 is that if you had a try accept statement, what would happen is when you hit the try statement, the try, we would push a little piece of data onto a stack, internal stack, which told us where to go and how much stuff to pop off the execution stack if there were an exception. And then we got the end of the try body that would be popped off. That worked perfectly. But it means every time you enter a try and leave a try, you're doing a little bit of work. And we need somewhere to put that stuff as well, those things. So that took up 160 bytes, I think, in 3.10, and earlier it was 240 bytes in each frame, which is somewhat wasteful given. And that's because we have a maximum exception depth of 20. If you try and write try accepts nested 21 deep in Python, you'll get a syntax error. You've probably never done that, and I wouldn't recommend you do. OK, so the way it works in 3.11 is that instead of pushing these blocks, what we do is in the bytecode compiler, we analyse where the exception would jump to for each bytecode, and then we just create tables that describe that, and those tables are stored alongside the normal code. That's a little bit slower, again, when the exception is raised, but it has no real cost when we don't raise an exception. There is a tiny cost, obviously, because it uses a little bit more memory in the code object. So zero cost exceptions are probably considered as mostly zero cost exceptions. OK, so that's frame objects. Now let's discuss the more sort of normal objects. So plain old Python objects. So here's a plain old Python object. It doesn't do anything. It just takes two attributes and assigns them to itself. This, obviously, most Python objects look kind of like this, but with, obviously, some extra code to actually do something. So this is a kind of standard Python object. So let's look at how this is laid out in memory. Now Python objects, and I may have heard that it's probably, you can consider Python objects as just a sort of a thin wrap around a dictionary. Essentially they give you that sort of nice syntactic sugar where you can do, instead of looking up the item in the dictionary by its sort of quoted name, you just do a dot name attribute lookup. That's one way of looking at it. I mean, we don't necessarily think of them that way, but every object has this done-addict attribute, which will allow you to get to this in a dictionary. But almost all code doesn't actually access the dictionary directly. It's very rarely used. Another thing we need to consider about Python objects is that they are not fixed size. Now, what I mean by that is not that they can have a variable number of attributes, because, as you just said, they kind of belong in the dictionary. But it can also have other things that sort of change the size of the Python object. This will become relevant in a second when I show you the diagrams. Objects can inherit from built-in things like an integer, or they can have done the slots, which change the layout of the object. So that's a little tricky. So a naive implementation of this can be rather slow and bulky. So here's the naive implementation. We haven't had a naive implementation since Python 3.2, but I'm going to show it to you anyway, because I think it's illustrative of the sort of overheads and the sort of logical, simple way of implementing this. So you have an object, and it has a pointer to its class and its dictionary, basically. Except that, because it's variable size, the pointer to the dictionary isn't at a fixed offset, so we need to look up what the offset is in the class. Now, the light green color, basically, is because that's our shared instances. In other words, there's one of those per class. So if you have 1,000 instances of a class, or a million, there's only one of those. So that's in green because their memory cost is effectively immortalised, but per additional object is zero. The red ones, however, are redundant information per instance. In other words, there's stuff we really don't need, but we want to get rid of. So basically, you've got your objects, it's got its class, it's got a dictionary, and those dictionaries are basically an array of keys, hashes and values. So if you put a value in an object, so we go back to ourself.a equals whatever, the object's dictionary conception, it has the value stored under the key a, and they'll be indexed somehow or other. And then we use a hash table look up and so on. There's plenty of other talks on how dictionaries work. Now, in 3.3 and onward, we change this so that the... remove the redundant keys and hashes. They're moved into a separate data structure, and they're fed across the class in most cases. And then we have this. So now we just have... we've got rid of a lot of the redundancy there, and we now have this table of values, the keys and hashes are in a separate thing, and that's usually accessed from the class where it's sort of cached. And then we have the dictionary that points to those. But you'll see there's still some in red, so we still have to go... OK, so one other thing is, if we want to access key value zero here, no, we have to follow this four memory accesses. We need to get the class, we need to get the dictionary offset of the class, we need to use that dictionary offset to find the dictionary pointer in the object, we need to follow that to the dictionary, and then we need to follow that to the table. In 3.3 we use left memory, but we still have the 3.3 to 3.10, we still have that number of indirections, we still have to follow all that thing. So the first thing we do in 3.11 is move the pointers. There's nothing physically stopping us putting pointers in front of the header of the object. So we move the dictionary pointer in front of that, and that means it's a fixed offset, which means we don't need to look up its offset. So this is the first thing, and we've already reduced the number of indirections to get to our values to two. We haven't saved any memory yet. The second thing we can now observe is that that dictionary is redundant. It has a pointer to a keys, well, we can add a pointer to the value, sorry, but we can add a pointer to the values to the object. It has a header, but it just tells us it's a dictionary. Well, we know it's a dictionary. It has a pointer to the keys, but we can only access the keys via the class. So we can just drop that. This is what basically a Python object, when you just create it, given the example I gave earlier, with this very simple thing. And it will give us this. So this is our nice sort of compact form in 3.11. Okay, so that's the data structure. So it's a bit of a whirlwind tour, I realise, and it won't get slower. Okay, so algorithms. So first of all, bytecode. Bytecode is what the interpreter runs when it's running your Python program. Again, there's plenty of talks on this, a very brief refresher or introduction, depending on whether you've seen this stuff before. So take the function on the left, it returns the A attribute of its argument. The bytecode on the right, ignore the resume, that's just sort of an administrative internal thing, just to mark the beginning of a function. What it does is it loads the local variable self onto the evaluation stack, it then replaces that with the A attribute of that value, and then it returns the value on top of the stack. In this case... Actually, no, I'll just carry on. Okay, so this is PEP 659. The specialising adaptive interpreter. Now this is kind of the headline feature of 3.11. But the reason I did the data structures first is because much of what this does depends on how those data structures are put together and laid out. As I said earlier, it's the number of memory axes that we do is often keeper for moments. And designing our data structures to allow us to do stuff fast is kind of important before we can actually do things fast. So the specialised adaptive interpreter basically has an idea that for each bytecode of interest, so not simple things like load, fast, return value, but the complicated things like looking up an attribute. There's a million different ways you can have an attribute, well there's not a million, there's like 13 or something, different ways of attribute look-ups. You can have properties, methods, values on the attribute, values on the class, and specialised stuff done in C code, and so on and so forth. So for each instruction we basically have in two states. One is the kind of general form, which we call the adaptive form, and that basically just does the general look-up that we did in 3.10 and decrements a counter. When that counter reaches zero, we try and specialise it. And we also have the specialised forms, which are customised for particular values or types of values that we see, and those also have a counter from misses. So we don't know that every time, just because we've seen integers being added together, we don't know the next time we get to that addition it's going to be integers, it could be a floating point number, it could be strings. If we don't see the thing we'd had before, we fall back to the general case and we decrement the counter. This is where it's adaptive, it's in two states. Ideally it basically goes from the adaptive to the specialised state and stays there, but code isn't always that straightforward. So we need to sort of cope reasonably efficiently where the case it isn't. So basically there's the two forms, a specialisation where we go from the general to the specialised form, and de-optimisation where we go from the specialised form to the optimised form. So before we get there, there's a quickening form. So going back to this sort of bytecode, I'm just going to... That bytecode is the one on the left there and I've added a few little things. So actually internally we have some what's called inline caches, a little bit of space in between some of the bytecodes for putting like data that we kind of need to speed things up. The quickening form is we change the basically straightforward form, the load attribute to this load attribute adaptive and it's basically the same thing, it does the same thing but it has this counter. So we get to the point where it has this warm-up counter and now next time we execute the warm-up counter hit zero and we specialise. So there's the adaptive form on the left and the specialised form on the right. Now, assuming we're specialising the function we show four instances of the class we showed earlier, the simple one that just has the a and b attributes. We specialise and we have this form called load attribute instance value where there's about ten different forms of specialisations of load attribute. That might be wrong, but it may have been right at some point in the past, it will be right at some point in the future because we keep changing the number. The load attribute instance value is for this sort of simple case. It's just a normal Python class, nothing special, no properties, they're just the values in the instance. So we have a miss counter and that says every time we miss we decrement that and in which it gets to zero we just go back to the original form and possibly bounce around a bit. We have a type version and that basically says we're interested in the current state whether the current state of the class of the value we're looking at is as it was when we specialised the code. So what we do is we add a version number to all classes and then when we change a class that gets incremented and then we can just check the version number as a quick check and the index here is basically the index into the values array. Now we're not checking the keys here which is an interesting thing because the dictionary keys which I omitted to mention earlier which is that they cannot have keys removed from them. So once we know the key is in the dictionary, the cached dictionary keys on the class we know that it will always remain in there. If a dictionary, if we delete it from the instance we can just null out that slot if we change the instance so much that we have to redo dictionary keys then we just throw it, we don't use the cached form and we have our own thing. So I just want to run through how this works quickly. This is c code if you're not seeing c code don't worry, I'll just go through this before. So how this works is, so as I said the object's on the top of the stack so we pop that off and then we look in its type and we check the type version that's just the read the cache and we have the type version in the cache if we don't match we do this what's called deopt so we deopt if this thing and deopt is basically just we I'm just checking the time so if we deopt we just decrement the counter sorry and then fall back to the general form if we don't do any deops we read out the index and then we're done. Now we have a few bunch of memory reads here but these are mostly independent so this is much simpler and faster than the more general case that's not the only specialisation we do we specialise a whole bunch of stuff there's the bytecodes on the left and the equivalent python code on the right that we specialise so in summary we design the data structures to reduce the memory access and then we design specialised bytecodes to for common cases that we're likely to see and we design those to take a advantage of those new data structures such that we can reduce the cost of a thing so in other words we have this data structures plus specialised code equals faster python I'm going to skip the future because you'll have to come back next year to see what we're doing 3.12 if you can read really fast there's some of the things we're going to be doing and thank you so let's see if this works I just want to say on behalf of the whole team thank you to all the other core developers who've torrated us breaking stuff I particularly want to thank Ken Jin, Nardosan and Dennis Sweeney for their contributions our team is paid but those are volunteer contributions so I want to thank them for doing that thank you very much again for your presentation we have a very short time for questions and we're going to take the remote question first actually we're going to take a question from the audience first so a quick question there was this instance of the class and it's layout you have this dundardict attribute and it was pointing to null do you actually need this pointer at all right now? well we could in theory tag the values and dictionary and shove them in the same pointer but we can, obviously if someone asks for a dundardict we'll need to fill that in so this is basically there was a slide for it, yeah so we go from this and then if someone wants the dictionary we just fill it in and put that in and another question can you actually inline the values inside the object and reallocate it when someone adds new attributes there? we could do that's definitely something we've considered this is kind of a compromise between flexibility and performance this we may add them to the end the problem is that it's even more wasting if we get it wrong with the values because we can't they're just there so we have to reassign values and we still need the pointers so it's not clear which is better thank you very much for the question can we have the next question please hi it's very actually good to hear that there's so many optimisations I just was wondering with so many new tricks in the book now do you think that we may have someone expected non determinisms and like pretty much bugs because now the code is not executed in a very deterministic way? well it's sort of deterministic it's just more complicated so we do have fixed counters I mean if we had random counters there are some advantages to randomising things but as you say non determinism one but to be honest it's always been non deterministic because the hardware is largely so in terms of performance in terms of what it does it should I mean not doing the same thing as a bug and it's more complicated so there are more likely to be bugs that is definitely a thing we're obviously aware of that and do our best not to induce more bugs so there's a trade off there's a slight risk of introducing new bugs especially in obscure cases and the question is are we willing to trade that slight risk for significantly improved performance and I believe we are I believe community as a whole is ok thank you very much for the questions that's all the time we have now so let's have another round of applause for Mark and thank you for the talk


Welcome, we are thrilled to have you join us. My name is Emily Quieri and I am the lead instructor here at Advanced E-Clinical Training. I wanted to start off by sharing a little bit about myself. My background is in nursing. I received my BSN from St. Ansem College. I started my career working at a large academic health center as a hematology oncology nurse and have spent the vast majority of my career in the field of oncology. As my career has progressed, I have developed a strong interest in education. I sought out opportunities for my own growth and development by orienting or precepting new nurses and staff, all while working inpatient at large hospitals. I then had the amazing opportunity to transition to the role of nurse educator. This educator position further sparked my spirit of inquiry and I completed my master's degree at St. Joseph's College in nursing education. Since completing my master's degree, I have held various positions within the field of oncology in both inpatient and outpatient settings. I have served as an oncology nurse navigator, a clinical manager for a large outpatient oncology practice, and as a nursing tutor for both undergraduate and graduate students. All of these experiences are rooted in education and as such, I am here to support you on your educational journey. Please do not hesitate to reach out if you have any questions or concerns. I am available via email and also hold virtual office hours. I look forward to seeing your growth and development as you embark on this next phase of your journey.


How do I manually add, change or edit subtitles to my YouTube videos? I'm adding closed captions to my YouTube video. I'm going to show you everything step by step, how we do this with the new YouTube subtitles tab for 2021. We're going to get through this as quickly as possible, I promise. And I've got time codes in the description if you want to jump ahead or re-watch any section at any time. Hello, I'm Neil Mossy. Welcome back to the Happy Heart. And as a bonus, I'm going to be experimenting with adding another foreign language subtitles to this video. If you click on the cog at the bottom of this screen or at the top right hand corner, the three dots there, you'll see how many other languages I've subtitled this video into. So we're going to have a play around with that. That's at the end of the video. But first, let's dive in and get started. This is the video that I want to subtitle or add captions to. I haven't subtitled it yet. Obviously, we will go to the bar on the left hand side and click on subtitles tab. And this page opens up. There's already one set of subtitles here and there should be a set of subtitles for your video too. It's the automatic transcription. There's a set of subtitles that have been auto-generated by YouTube. We are going to use that auto-generated transcript to make our own manual subtitles. So if I click on duplicate and edit, these are the subtitles. This is the transcript that YouTube has made. And that's fantastic because we can use this transcript for anything. Just rip the text from the YouTube video. I have even used my YouTube transcripts to publish a book. This is a chat with my dad, who's a London taxi driver. We're just talking about how hard it was to become a London taxi driver in the 1960s. I used this system to just completely lift a transcript for free and I published it as an e-book. So these transcripts are incredibly useful. And YouTube have very kindly provided a base for my manual subtitles. I'm not going to have to do very much typing at all, which is great. To show you how it works, if I click on assign timings, you can see that YouTube has already assigned these sentences and these words to these time codes. So if I hit play on the video... happens if you put 12 ad breaks into one YouTube video. And how do you even put a mid-roll ad break into a YouTube video? So we can see that the timings and the captions, they move with the video. YouTube automatically does all of this for you. If I wanted to change the subtitles that are here, I can do that right now. I can just change this word to, I don't know, RAM in capitals. You can see that the effect is instant. I can even change that incorrect I to a capital I. And it changes it instantly. Now, if I wanted to, I could hit publish up here on the top right-hand corner and those changes would be made. I'm going to do a slightly bigger cleanup of these subtitles. If I click on edit as text, it flips you back to the transcripts of the video. This is pretty much everything that's said in the video. I'm going to double click on it to highlight it and hit command C or control C if you're on a PC. Or you can right click and go for copy. There's a really easy way to clean up this transcript. If I right click and paste, we now have the entire transcript in this word processing document. We can correct any words that the YouTube auto-generated subtitles haven't quite got right. And I can do this manually. If I click on edit, find and replace. I can replace every lowercase I. So I'll put find, space, lowercase I, space. You can see them highlighted on the documents. And I want to replace that with a capital I. So I'll put a space, capital I, space.  We don't want that. We want the ones that are standing alone. See, it's highlighting the little I. I'll hit replace and find to change it to a big eye. So I'll hit replace all. So now all the eyes are correct. I make other changes as well. These are just stylistic things because I need it for the transcripts that I'm going to use on my blog or my book. If I hit tab, it's a bit grand, isn't it? I haven't got a book planned. So I'll change YouTube to the correct capitalization. We can do a replace all on that. And then the next thing I'll do is to change the formatting. So I want to break things up into sentences. You don't need to do this. I only do it because it makes it a lot easier to put on my blog. So I'll speed this bit up. And there it is, our completed transcripts. Now, again, you really don't have to do this. I'm doing this to show you that if you wanted to format your subtitles, you can do it. And then we'll copy it. So copy. And then I'm going to go back to my video on the YouTube Studio dashboard. It's here waiting for me. I'm going to select all. I'm going to delete these subtitles. And I'm going to paste my transcript into here. So you can see this is my formatted transcript. This is the crazy thing. If I hit assign timings, it has assigned them absolutely correctly. So if I click play here, by making people not come to see my show, Mel Brooks, you're a genius. So I'm going to hit continue here. And it seems to have accepted it. It used to be that you had to wait five or 10 minutes for YouTube to assign the timings. I don't know what kind of crazy magic they've added. But for 2021, YouTube can automatically time out your transcript to your video. It's amazing. All I'll do now is go to the top right hand corner, hit publish, and it's published. So you see that there are now two sets of subtitles. We have the auto transcribe, the auto generated YouTube subtitles. And we have my English subtitles because the automatic ones have things that are wrong in them. I don't really want these incorrect subtitles there. So I'll hit delete captions. So now my captions are the only captions available. And if I go to this video on YouTube, I'll click on view on YouTube. Here's the video. Do you know what happens if you put 12 outbreaks into one YouTube video? And how do you even put a mid-roll outbreak? It's formatted as I want to format it. My name is spelled correctly. So that is a win. If I go back to the transcript, you can change this at any time. If I click on edit, you know that bit where I capitalized the RAM? So I can change that back to normal. And it changes it. If I hit publish, those changes are now live on my closed captions for this video. Stick around because I want to show you something really cool next. But if you do have a moment to hit thumbs up or hit the subscribe button, I've got loads more videos like this coming up. So thank you for taking me closer to 10,000 subscribers. But we're going to explore this button here, add language. Now I had a question on my last subtitled video, which was that she had made a video in English, but wanted to provide Khmer subtitles for her English video. This new system makes it very easy to do this, I think. If I click on German, and I come over here and hit add, I don't fully understand why I would add German subtitles manually, because if you hit the cog at the bottom of a YouTube video, you can get YouTube to auto translate the subtitles anyway. But I guess the advantage with this is that I have created a really clean, grammatically correct transcript and subtitles and closed captions in English. I'm wondering if this means that it would translate more clearly as well. But if I hit auto translate in German, it has completely instantly translated my YouTube subtitles. Great thing with this is if I hit publish, I now have German subtitles, albeit auto translated of my transcript. Does that mean that this video will be bumped up the algorithm on German YouTube? This could be really exciting if you get some kind of benefit or advantage from having subtitles in a foreign language. Is that a good thing? Would it mean that more people get to see your video? You could even go further by adding a German title and description to your video. And just for the fun of it, just for the experiments, I went to translates.google.com and I put my title in. So if I put this on the English side and we'll change the translation to German. So if I choose German, my schoolboy German seems to think that this is okay. So if I hit copy and put that into my title and I can even do the same with the description. So if you have any insight to this, I would love to hear from you. But this could be really exciting or it could be yet another way that I wreck my YouTube channel. Who knows? I hope this helps you to navigate the new subtitles tab. I've got loads more YouTube walkthroughs and follow along. So please hit subscribe if you want to come along with me on that journey. And here right now is what YouTube thinks you should be watching next.


ngland in the world cup but he probably will or maybe maybe not probably but there's a good chance borna sosa got a mosaic rookie for sweeteness can you stay red mosaic ecuador pevesa stupendian and a presciato gonna go watch on tiktok link is in the bio personals and group reeks maripon almo mosaic rookie for switzerland jordan latombo silver for sweden matias funburn three more packs mosaic england luke shaw red mosaic rookie australia martin boyle a man of mastery road three for spain mo drich mendez limer mosaic for poland voceck chesney red mosaic united states georena a lerois sanay mosaic montage for germany realm rookie mosaic united states brendan erinston silver rookie colombia gustavo quayar and that is going to do it quick we've got a quick recap everybody here a lot of number in those boxes all right autos here we had mason mount england unnumbered pino scripts for spain neighbor for germany timothy way united states also for the us chris richards um spain on sufa team with a nice hit there and overdrive case hits alan shearer england that's gonna do it everybody thanks again talk to you in a moment thanks for watching tiktok we'll see you guys later make sure you click the link in the bio please stream on youtube and twitch all night all right guys that does it for kenzie and i today we'll get out of here sam is sam and shawn i think definitely sam i don't know who's top of it yeah that'll do it you got a few more mosaic world's road to the world cup breaks tonight guys so let's get those filled up i'll drop you a um schedule link and that'll do it i'll see you guys tomorrow lee roy jankins is that is ever gonna call me at the me lee roll and yeah that'll do it maybe i'll see you guys in chat later i'll probably be watching a bit take it easier