So, I think we'll go ahead and get started. So welcome everybody. This is a section that's looking at research data management implications of the Carnegie Mellon Cloud Lab project. I'm Cliff Lynch and I'll be sort of moderating a conversation with Dean of Libraries Keith Webster from the Carnegie Mellon University. Just as a tiny bit of background, this is a follow-on to the closing plenary from the December 2021 in-person meeting. I hope many of you have seen that plenary or the video recording that we subsequently made available. That plenary focused on sort of the high-level strategic implications of the Cloud Lab effort for the research enterprise at Carnegie Mellon and beyond as a whole. There are a lot of really interesting questions about what this means sort of on the ground for research data management and the role of libraries and scholarly communication that we just didn't have time to get into on in the December session and I certainly heard a number of comments and the evaluations expressing interest in delving into this more. Keith has very graciously agreed to come back and talk some of these questions over and he's going to start with a very quick kind of recap and refresher on the project as a whole and then we'll dive into questions and discussion and take some additional questions from the audience. Over to you Keith. Thanks Cliff and good afternoon everyone, it's great to be back at another in-person session. It feels like normality is on its way back. So I'm going to do a very quick summary of what we presented in December. For those of you who haven't had the chance to look at what we did, I was part of a three-person presentation team along with the Dean of our College of Science and one of the co-founders of the Emerald Cloud Lab on whose work we are building. So let me just give you a quick overview of what on Earth the Cloud Lab is and then we can dig into what does this mean for libraries as we see these sorts of operations come to fruition. I think there are two big issues we need to deal with. The first is how do we advance open science, open data in the context of a commercially sensitive operation as Emerald is and secondly I've lost my thread already. How do we cope with the data deluge? If you've got a lab that is working 24, 7, 365 days of the year, what does this mean in terms of working through data sets and figuring out what you keep, what you don't keep? I stole this slide from Rebecca Dorridge, our Dean of Science, the recognition that we are entering an unprecedented era of science, that we are seeing vast amounts of data as I've already mentioned. The application, let me try a different mic, see if that's better. Okay, great. So we're seeing vast amounts of data as I've already mentioned. We are seeing AI technologies being brought to bear on research and on data analysis and we are seeing an increasing amount of research that is crossing disciplinary boundaries. A lot of interdisciplinary research, a lot of transdisciplinary research as we see the formation of entirely new disciplines. My wife who's sitting in the audience made the point to me last week that if we think about the structure of library support for research, to a large extent we are still operating in the 20th century mindset of the individual librarian and the individual researcher. But so much of the research we are trying to support is being conducted by teams of hundreds if not thousands of researchers. We've all been aware of these thousand authors plus papers. The last data point I saw was more than a thousand author papers being generated per annum, typically with research teams from more than 60 different countries. How do we think about library support for research on that scale? And how do we change the ways in which we think about how we organize our work? And that's a large part of the narrative behind what we're thinking about. I've got a video coming up so I'm not going to belabor the overview here. But the broad point about the Cloud Lab is that it's a remote controlled facility largely powered by robots and remote sensors with some technician support. We are building our Cloud Lab at CMU on the model developed at the Emerald Cloud Lab in San Francisco. The ECL was founded by a couple of CMU alums. Around about 15 years ago it is designed to support primarily research being conducted by Silicon Valley startups, biotech companies, and was designed therefore with a high degree of commercial confidentiality, a lot of data security around access to the materials contained in the Cloud Lab. The broad premise is that the researcher, rather than conducting hands-on research in the laboratory themselves, designed their experiments in an operating system. Those designs are communicated to the Cloud Lab, the research is conducted, the resulting data sets are returned to the researcher for analysis. This Cloud Lab is structured very much on a racked system where the lab is designed with racks that allow equipment to be added or withdrawn fairly quickly and workflows are designed to optimise the use of machinery so that we're not holding one job up whilst another one is making use of the same bit of kit and workflows are designed with optimisation in mind. The intent is to allow the experiments to be run as quickly as possible. Rather than me trying to explain to you how it works, let's take a couple of minutes to watch the Cloud Lab video. Apologies to those of you who saw this in December. As chemists and biologists, we've always been firmly bound to the laboratory. For us, the scope and limitations of scientific exploration have been defined by the instruments we have, and the scale of our work has been metered by the long hours required at the bench. It's time to change that. Emerald Cloud Lab is a remote-controlled life science laboratory that allows scientists to execute their experiments without being anchored to a physical lab. In a Cloud Lab, experiments are driven by issuing commands over the Internet, which are then run in a vast, highly automated central facility. With an ECL account, you have full control over every aspect of how your experiments are conducted. Control the transfers of volumes from less than a microliter to 20 liters. Control the transfers of solids, with masses from micrograms to kilograms. There are over 200 different models of best-in-class instrumentation online at the ECL. ECL facilities run your experiments on demand 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, leaving just hours between the moment you conceive your experiment and the moment you receive your results. It's not unusual for an ECL user to be orchestrating dozens of protocols simultaneously, far more than one could ever manage in a traditional laboratory. When you're ready, you can build scripts which automatically execute a series of experiments of arbitrary complexity, reproduce results, or process the data and generate reports for you to analyze. As chemists and biologists, our minds are capable of moving faster and further than the laboratory has ever allowed us. Take your seat in the command center. Transcend the lab. So we will be opening the Cloud Lab at Carnegie Mellon this summer. It's being developed and constructed in the library's off-site warehouse, which I think is an interesting coming together of the future of science and the record of the evolution of science in a single space. Our science colleagues are terribly excited about the efficiencies they anticipate in terms of equipment. No longer do we need to negotiate multimillion-dollar start-up packages for new science faculty who want to design their own lab. They will simply be given access to the Cloud Lab where most of the instrumentation they're likely to require already will be existing if we need to add a couple of new bits of kits so be it. We are installing 223 different pieces of apparatus at the initial stage of the Cloud Lab's operation. So we are anticipating increased productivity because of the automated workflow part of the process. We are very much focused on ensuring that what has been hitherto a closed commercial operating system is re-engineered to support our institutional commitment to open science and to allow our researchers very quickly to comply with things like the forthcoming NIH data sharing mandate. Just before the pandemic, one of our then-graduate students, Dima, worked with Emerald Cloud Lab on creating some novel compounds. What we found, as you can see on the slide, is that the work that he was doing typically would allow him to synthesize three compounds in the course of a week. With the Cloud Lab, he was able to synthesize hundreds of compounds in that single week. So the acceleration of research very much was demonstrated by his time at the Cloud Lab. After completing his PhD, he was hired by Emerald and he will be one of the key figures in helping our researchers work with the Carnegie Mellon Cloud Lab when it comes on stream. I've got a few screen dumps here of the notebook. I'm not going to go through them. I just put them in here so that when the slides are captured by CNI, anyone who wants to look at this may do so. The Emerald Cloud Lab website has a number of videos of the operating system in action for those who wish to look at this in greater detail. As I go through this, I'll just mention that the operating system is structured on the basis of an electronic lab notebook and allows the addition or insertion of protocols, allows for the tracking of experiments as they are conducted in the laboratory, and then it manages the return of the data sets from the lab to the researcher for subsequent modeling and analysis. As I said, one of the things we are very much focused on is helping our researchers work with the relatively closed Cloud Lab operating system against the backdrop of the progress in open science that we have been making for a number of years. Our support for the university community is structured around the five themes of tools, training, events, collaboration, and outreach and assessment. And that is inspiring the ways in which we are working with Emerald to move forward. We don't believe that we are the only place doing this by any means, but we have tried to structure an end-to-end approach for open science beginning with experimental design through to the reuse of data that have been generated during the course of research work. And you can see in the red boxes at the bottom of the slide the different tools and the different companies that we are working with. It's an interesting philosophical question about advocating for open science and open science workflows when, to an extent, we are working with commercial enterprises. And one thing we may well talk about in the conversation is the question of digital sovereignty, the Digital Services Act that is beginning to dominate a lot of conversations in this space in the EU, and what the opportunities and implications of that might be for those of us on this side of the Atlantic. For us, one of the big proof concepts of the Cloud Lab is the ability to export data, export fair data to our repository. We have a comprehensive repository for publications, data, and anything else that is structured on bits and bytes in the FigShare platform. So we've been working with Emerald to take some experimental data with the associated instrumentation metadata and port that automatically into FigShare. This was done last week and seems to work. So we are hopeful that as the Emerald facility comes on stream, we will have a direct conduit from the Cloud Lab operating system into Kilt Hub, our branded version of FigShare. That then takes us to the big question, what do we keep? Is it everything that comes out of the Cloud Lab and how enough do we accommodate that? How many boxes would you need to accommodate that amount of data? And if not, how and who decides which data are kept and which ones are just languishing in a sense in the Cloud Lab operating system? And that is one of the big conversations we are having with the research community at CMU at the moment, the persistence of data generated from the Cloud Lab. So that's my opening framing. I'm going to sit back down here where hopefully that microphone also will work and we'll have a conversation and please be ready to shout out questions, comments, feedback. Thanks. So I have a couple of questions to start us out which I think will probably replicate many of yours. So it seems like one of the questions here is almost philosophical, it's how much lives in the Cloud Lab space for how long and how quickly you export things out into FigShare or indeed into other repositories, particularly things like, I don't know, NIH specialist repositories that are associated with certain kinds of projects. What's your thinking on that? Are you really going to just export the things that you think are going to persist as soon as is feasible sort of thing? What we are certainly positing at the moment is that our repository represents the ultimate version of record. We don't particularly use Kilt Hub as a repository for operational data or data that are still being analyzed. So we, to a large extent, are viewing our FigShare instance as an archive. And I think that has to be simply the practical application, you know, there are a lot of very nice visualization and analytical tools in the Cloud Lab operating system and the feedback we are hearing from our scientific community is they want to make use of those. They are very sophisticated but let's export data that we know we want to keep as soon as we possibly can. So it's entirely possible that a data set could exist in the Cloud Lab for analytical purposes and if it has already been deemed to be worthy of archiving it will have been exported to our Kilt Hub instance as quickly as possible. There is a separate but related conversation with our local supercomputing centre about deeper storage because clearly our FigShare instance isn't terribly scalable if we are getting into vast data sets. And I would presume also if you are getting into vast data sets and vast computation you may very well want the data close to the computation. Yes. That's really interesting. I assume that there is a cost for retaining data inside of the Cloud Lab space. There is. Storage is never free anywhere and our friends at Emerald have been very generous in terms of providing access to the operating system but we are working with the predictable data storage provider so that in an AWS Cloud instance we will have those operational data. Okay. I wonder if you could reflect a little bit on how this looks in terms of being able to document data according to say the fair principles. I mean in some sense the metadata coming out that's generated as a byproduct of using the Cloud Lab is just exquisitely detailed but needs presumably mapping into some kind of external fair structures. Yes. One of the advantages we see of the Cloud Lab is the metadata that support reproducibility because I like to describe those as exquisite because there is a tremendous amount of information about the calibration and setting of the instrumentation much more so than we typically capture in a regular laboratory environment and that absolutely is at the heart of why we are doing this. What we found in the experimental work we're doing with FigShare is that is the proof of concept that we are testing the fair data principles against what we are able to capture. It's very much a work in progress. My screen grab was from last week but what I'm getting from my data services specialists is that they are very confident that they are going to have well-structured data, well-structured readme files and by archiving these in our Kilt Hub instance they are automatically being exposed to Google data set search and other discovery layers. Are you thinking in terms of integrating this with other pieces of the sort of research data management infrastructure? One that came to my mind was protocols.io. That is something that we are discussing with Emerald and I think conversations are going well. We were I think the first university to have a contract with protocols.io and our research community has become very passionate users and champions of protocols.io. Emerald has its own version of a protocols library and what we are trying to move towards is ensuring that a protocol from whichever service a researcher wishes to use, either of those two or any other, can be brought into the Emerald operating system. Oh that's lovely. And that's part of the open source programming that we are working on at the moment to make these sorts of portability exercises as seamless as possible. I wonder if you have any particular thoughts on the new NIH data sharing policy that's going to go into effect in early 23 which basically says share early and often? Yeah. I think we have been on a journey over the past few years of dangling carrots in front of our colleagues and many have accepted those carrots and have become accustomed to data sharing because it's a good thing to do for so many reasons. What we now have for good or for bad is a stick and I'm honestly not aware of any particular problems at CMU where the stick is going to need to be used and I really hope that the research community by this stage because in terms of the global scientific enterprise other countries have been on board with this for more than a decade that we are at a point of doing things because it's the right approach to do. It's supporting data reuse and just as an anecdote there I was chatting with one of our faculty last year who was telling me that during the lockdown in 2020 when many laboratories were closed she was assigning graduate students work that was based upon them discovering data sets that had already been shared by researchers anywhere and running secondary analyses of these data sets as a way of keeping them engaged when they couldn't get into the lab and that activity not only kept them occupied but led to a number of interesting journal articles from her labs. So these sorts of anecdotes I think help create an environment in which data sharing is seen as an important part of scientific research activity. Last question from me and then I'm going to open it up for questions from the audience. I just want to follow up that very intriguing brief reference you made to data sovereignty and the implications there and I wonder if you'd be willing to expand on that just a little bit. Sure so I think what we're seeing in the European Union at the moment is something akin to a pushback against big tech and an early wave of this came in the GDPR development a couple of years ago but what we're hearing is that the EU wants citizens and institutions like universities to have a much greater say in what happens to their data to the point of beginning now to propose legislation that is likely to be fairly strong in regulating how companies can accommodate and use data that are shared by individuals. Now to a large extent you can pinpoint companies like Facebook or Meta as the primary targets of this legislation but what I'm hearing in conversations with publishers and other companies in the spaces that we inhabit is that they are concerned that the Digital Services Act as currently drafted might well have implications for them in terms of their ability to do business the way they have been doing not to say that that's a bad thing but it's just something we need to be conscious of as we think about the landscape in which we are working. Perhaps the opportunistic bit is that part of the EU's rationale here is to create greater opportunities for smaller tech companies primarily those based in the EU to compete on a level playing field so we may well see startups in the EU beginning to offer services that might offer healthy competition with some of the companies that we historically have done business with. We know that tech companies are very keen on working with universities because they are looking for large-scale partnerships to be successful. There are very few sectors that can do that probably health, defence, government, higher education. So I could see collaborative potential as we see how the sun falls something we clearly need to keep an eye on when we are talking about data sharing thinking about companies like Figshare. Interesting. Thank you for all of those answers. The floor is open. You have a great opportunity to get more insight into what they are planning to do at Carnegie Mellon. Hi Keith. Thank you for that. It was wonderful. I have a question that's not about data because this whole thing is reminding me of the iLab experiment at MIT a long time ago which was really more focused on education than the research but one of the controversies that came up was that by using a facility like that you are really limiting the scientific options that researchers have because no lab can afford to buy all the equipment that anybody might want particularly really expensive new things so you are looking for economies of scale and so it was really forcing people into a type of scientific research because of the facility which was the opposite of what you really want. So I guess I am asking you if you thought about the kind of long term potential of this both for research and education. I am surprised that you are covering biology because that brings in animals and people and all kinds of things that don't really fit this model. So could you talk just a little bit about where this is going at Carnegie Mellon and its limitations? Sure. I will immediately put in a disclaimer that I am not the expert on this at all but some of the things that we have been talking about as we try to put a rough measure of how much research we expect to be done in the cloud lab as opposed to traditional wet labs it is roughly 50-50 in the early stage so there will still be wet labs. We may or may not still have an animal house because I am not going to talk about animal research but clearly absolutely a facility like the cloud lab is not going to have an animal house associated with it or a vivarium or anything else of that sort. What we know with the Emerald Facility is that it can conduct research using either compounds that are typically kept in the cloud lab or it can work with samples that are sent there. The cloud lab will be about half a mile from our main science buildings at CMU so transmission of samples will be fairly easy. That economy of scale is something that we are very impressed by the potential of the ability for sharing of machines rather than every lab having its own mass spectrometer or whatever else might be required. One of the things that we are engaged with at the moment is helping research funders understand what this means that we will not necessarily be bidding for the typical laboratory expenses in the traditional sense but rather it will be help us pay for cycles in the cloud lab and that is a conversation that is ongoing absolutely. So those are just a few of the random conversations that I've been party to but I suspect it won't really be until the cloud lab is fully up and running that we really understand at scale the potential. During the pandemic a number of our researchers of the early days of the pandemic a number of our researchers gained access to the emerald facility and were conducting real externally funded experiments in the emerald facility partly to ensure research continued partly as a proof of concept. We anticipate probably in a couple of years time starting programs in automated science that will involve training the next generation of laboratory leaders in the operation and management of these facilities and we also expect that our students at all levels will have opportunities to work with the cloud lab as well as developing the wet lab skills. In terms of training those who use the cloud lab we have two training pathways one is the cloud lab training program which Cliff has undertaken and the second is a curriculum that is being delivered by the open science team in the University of Libraries and either of those acts as the pathway to being able to then register to act as a cloud lab user. If just I'll just add two comments you if you haven't looked at the video from December the the speakers there also touched on this issue of you know what what portion of the kind of research activities might be served by by something like the cloud lab and as Keith says they estimated it's going to vary quite a bit by sub-discipline but probably not more than 50% max in you know most sub-disciplines but that's still a lot. The other thing the other point that really emerged that's that I found very interesting is that the cloud lab also makes newish kinds of scientific inquiry very convenient in ways that it's hard to do now so for example you can you could couple the cloud lab control thing with a machine learning system to do a series of adaptive experiments that optimize some parameter and say you know material science or something like that and that's you know that takes a bunch of work to do with with existing lab gear so it may be that I don't know this is used as much for things that people aren't doing very much of now as anything else further questions. Hi I'm Kurt Heligus from Princeton University I'm the associate CIO for research computing thank you this is really interesting and the answer to my question may be you know watch the video stupid because I haven't seen the video from December but I'm interested in the financial model is this going to be a full cost recovery you know what are the thoughts about that and and really with the idea could could the could the financial model be used to incentivize good data management practices by incentivizing people to put things into to kill hub or other other repositories. Yeah we're still working on the the cost recovery approach but there certainly will be an aspect of that and I like your idea about incentivizing we are currently developing the cloud lab based on philanthropic gifts from a number of foundations and part of that is to cover the costs of the early years of operation what we don't want to do is put obstacles in the way of people really embracing the opportunities of the cloud lab but I've no doubt that probably after the first three years we will see cost recovery being used either for to ensure that search grants are covering costs or through the tuition model that we have for student course work but incentivizing data sharing absolutely should be part of that so thank you. Geneva Henry George Washington University and this sort of follows on from McKinsey's question and this last question you know Keith when I hear you describe this what I immediately pops to mind is research cores and you know clearly you have a lot of research cores at CMU and the idea behind that is to really bring together you know pieces of equipment that are very expensive into a shared research facility and then there is a cost recovery model associated with that so I have a couple of questions one is are you looking to replace any of your research cores with this new cloud lab and then the other is do you have researchers sort of signed up saying yep I'm there so that you know that usage is going to be there and are you taking it outside of CMU for that research as well. So there are multiple layers to the end so that I'll give. The first is our schools of biology and chemistry and I'm glad that Roger's going to bail me out on research cores but our biology and chemistry research labs are in the original Mellon Institute building and the intent is that that facility which is a huge science building will remain. We are constructing a second science building nearby and the intent is largely that that building will not have lab facilities and then what we want to do is optimize things so the existing Mellon Institute facilities will be adjusted and researchers in the new facility will either use you know share access to those facilities for the 50% roughly that will remain traditional lab research and the other 50% will make use of the cloud lab environment. So specifically whether or not we are adjusting cores I think will evolve over time. The second part of your question Geneva could you remind me? Thanks absolutely we have quite a number of our researchers who either have been using the facility in San Francisco as I mentioned during the pandemic and beyond we have a couple of classes using the cloud lab already in San Francisco. They are desperate for our facility to open many others are lined up so we are confident that demand is there. Whether demand is there for a 24-7-365 cycle we don't know at this stage the answer to that will in a sense shape the response to the second part of your question will other institutions be invited in to make use of the lab. We have a very strong collaboration with the University of Pittsburgh which sits on an adjacent campus. I have no doubt that we will see colleagues from Pitt being invited to use the facility it may well then scale to regional or broader usage but once it's open we'll have a much better sense of what it looks like. Roger Schoenfeld from Ithaca SNR Keith thanks thanks for this presentation in addition to the one at the last CNI as I think you know I see the potential here overall is being quite significant in particular you know thinking about the future of scientific labor and scientific work and in a lot of really important ways. My question is actually not about the cloud lab but about the Carnegie Mellon Library so I'm really struck by and I'm thinking to presentations I've heard you give at CNI you know going back some years I'm really struck by some of the directions that that this is sort of yet one more example of how you're positioning the library within the Institute. I wonder if you could just say a little bit more about the sort of library strategy and resource reallocations and where this and other adjacent direction sort of fits into that because I feel like you've positioned the library somewhat differently at Carnegie Mellon than some of our colleagues at other institutions have done and I'm just I just was wondering if you could say a little bit about what you've what you've done here. Sure thanks Roger it's great not to talk about cost recovery of labs so the way that I would often talk about our strategy relates to OCLC's evolution or expansion of the scholarly record and I've seen that in a couple of trajectories. First the institutional context we are renowned for our strength in engineering and computer science and in the fine arts and candidly none of those fields are typically very heavy users of the traditional collections based library. As I think about where libraries can make a difference in universities of the 21st century I see those as going beyond the notion of a big building full of printed materials. As I think about the horizontal expansion of the scholarly record from that print based library based collection it begins to move through the digital versions of those collections PDFs of journal articles ebooks through to web based scholarly materials policy documents from governments and national banks world bank type organizations through to digitized materials data sets way out into the open web and potentially even into the dark web but let's not go there for this conversation but then there is the vertical expansion where we begin to look at the objects that are generated during the research process the data code protocols all of these things that we will see coming out of a traditional lab a social scientists laptop or notebooks a cloud lab and then we have the various objects of that are generated post research the reuse and reproducibility of experimental data the community conversations and open peer review the impact and evaluation of work all of that the horizontal expansion and the vertical expansion of the scholarly record represent to me the scholarly record of the 21st century the library has always been engaged in curating the scholarly record through the 20th century and and earlier of course that really was represented in the materials we brought from outside into our campus into our libraries books journals and the indexes reference materials other things that were required to make the most of that record but as we look to the next 50 years what we see is this vast expansion which requires very different skills to manage and that has been the journey that we have been on so what we have done past sustaining and growing the work of the library in the print environment we have recognized we've had to bring in different skill sets people who are comfortable working with researchers as the instrument a cloud people who have gone through a scientific training of their own to help them understand the challenges of mapping protocols into experimental work and helping to navigate which data should be kept which data shouldn't be kept so we have really been focused on expanding our team and ensuring that we have a different skill set that can cover that expanded scholarly record we've been fortunate to be funded by the university to grow the team so it hasn't to a large extent been a substitutive approach at this stage but rather an expansive one that reflects that the library of the 21st century will represent a very different community than the one that preceded it but is one that is true to that fundamental value of the library as being responsible for curating the scholarly record thanks for the question and with that thank you for joining us and please join me in thanking Keith for a very informative presentation and conversation and one that I look forward to continuing as the cloud lab goes into operation thank you very much


So I'll be here with a USB. Hi. Hi. How are you? I'm Jeff Ravencraft and I'm the President and Chief Operating Officer of the USB Implementers Forum, which is the industry consortium around here. And a few months ago you announced USB 4. We did two developer conferences, one in Seattle, and we just finished one in Taiwan in November. And this is our new branding strategy for USB 4 technology that's going forward. We're going to have a unified brand and look through all of USB 4. And these are the first images of our new brands. So with Type-C USB 3.1, 2.2, there's been a lot of activity. What's going to happen now with USB 4? USB 4 runs over USB Type-C. So what's going to happen with that? Is it more bandwidth or power? Oh, with USB 4? Yeah. USB 4 allows you to deliver... It's a huge aggregate pipe that delivers DisplayPort, USB 3.2, and PCI Express all over a single pipe. So it's an aggregate pipe that can carry all of those protocols over one pipe. And it all runs over Type-C. What does it mean? You can add PCI Express on there? Yes. What does it do with that fast memory, fast... I'm not a PCI Express guy, but like DisplayPort, for instance. We support DisplayPort today with alt mode for DisplayPort. But going forward with USB 4, you don't need alt mode. It'll just run Display. It'll just tunnel it over USB 4. So every USB 4 device has to have DisplayPort. It doesn't know. No, it doesn't have to have it. But if it hasn't, you can tunnel it over USB 4. Because sometimes it's a little bit challenging to know what device is supporting that. And this has to go into specs. It's no way to force them all to have it. So with USB 4 tunneling DisplayPort, does every USB 4 controller have to have DisplayPort in it? As a host, if you have a display, any other capabilities, you have to support DisplayPort. So the host, a PC host or a tablet host, USB 4 has to support DisplayPort. The device can choose whether it supports it or not. So what's different between USB 3.2 device and USB 4? It sounds like it's the same. Well, it's not the same. USB 3.2 cannot run 40 gigabit per second data-race. It can't tunnel PCI Express, DisplayPort over one tunnel. It's only USB. Now, we support alt mode for DisplayPort. And if alt mode is present, you can run it over a USB Type-C cable and connector. But that's not USB 3.2. That's DisplayPort alt mode. So in the previous generation, it would take up some of the bandwidth. It wouldn't have enough for all three at a certain time with full speed. Well, for Display, the USB performance doesn't really affect Display. So, yeah, but with USB 4, it has the ability to allocate the appropriate bandwidth to support Display, data, PCI, whatever it might be. All right. Any other demos about Display? Yes. So, this is a Samsung video. And the surface is getting power from the monitor over Type-C. And then, that surface can also run a complete OS from the Samsung smartphone. So, it has full PC capability being driven by the phone. So, it's not doing DisplayPort into the laptop, is it? No, it's running just a micro OS. So, it takes the OS in to the OS. So, we'll get the dex in. So, you gotta get a full PC capability from the smartphone over to the USB. And then, this video screen also ships to this monitor over Type-C. Well, how do they do this? It's just data. It's not this Playport. No, it's just data. It's just like working on your PC. But it's sending all the information from the screen. From this phone, yes. Yeah. Not using any DisplayPort type of thing. Yeah, you don't need DisplayPort to run a monitor. Yeah.


Mae'n ddweud bod eich ffalu'r rhan i gyd yw ymwneud hynny, ond gallwn i'n gweithio'r gweithio. Mynd i'n ddefnyddio'r cymdeithasol gyda'r LLAC. Felly mae'n ddiddordeb, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r rhan i gyd. Yn y ffalu, roeddwn i'n ddweud o'r cyfnod, gallwn i'n gweithio'r cyffredinol, mae'n ddweud o'r cyffredinol sy'n gweithio'r cyffredinol.  No, no, no. I guess he wanted a serious answer from you guys. So, how do you drive around the world? I'm going to get away in my mind. I've done the work. But of course the most is that it was for me that I was making this work. So because I'm an integrity and I learn from this easily, I pass up to my friend and I hate it. But when you got there, she obviously didn't recognise it was a different band, different person, different anything, and the other person, I would tell people at least what they were called, he was not lying. ddim erdoedd. Rhaid i'w casgrihidiaeth arlawn i'r eistedde o'r dishes. A rhaid i oeddeni ddyn nhw'n ei fod yn meddwl mewn modd... Mae'r mordio'r paralligaethau i gyn aixòch... ...lawn i'r puff. Rhaid i chi wedi dod i'r holl? Rhaid i chi oed yn meddwl. Rhaid i chi wedi gweld. Rhaid i chi wedi gweld i chi wedi gweld i chi wedi gweld i chi wedi gweld i'r pob. Do I have a great guy who would need to do this at the house? What blue is attempted to show how to shave for the year? Yeah, I'm just live shimming. I've never looked before and he's quite rubbish at most things that he attempts to do. So, I'm sure he'll be running out through most of the year he demonstrated. Do you want to shout out if you like it? Jos, can I have your tools down? Much better at this. What? Oh, no, no, no. That's yours? No box. It's a smaller size but it's a 10 maybe one. So, we're in the last three days back to work. There must be more questions. Yeah, there must be more questions. Please. It's going to be getting on for hours. It's just may well be more of a roasting. OK. What's the best way to get through those dimple locks, the ones of the keys that have like partially drilled in holes either side? The number of techniques you will familiar with, the most common, the easiest to do and the most successful would be with the key. Oh, congratulation. Yeah, start off with the key and then the next one is to pick them. Once you can pick a lock, the principle remains the same forever, which is if it moves, leave it alone. If it doesn't move, pick it. Move up a bit. Dimple locks are based on my easiest pick and standard locks based on the fact that, generally speaking, the keyway is massive, so you can get a reasonably large pick in that. But because the keyway is sideways, the pickings are generally shorter. You can say that the range of movement is smaller and the torrent is quite good and generally how to pull is better. All those things are fine to make quite large dimple locks with very easy, predictable pick, which you don't have. Much like Garrison, the most popular. A noble lock, I can pick in maybe 10, 20 seconds. But a noble lock with a launch of about five, six minutes for a lock that is easy. Now it's also a bit of a similar speed, I believe. Yeah, they don't cope with massive, massive problems. However, the keys look interesting. Dimple locks are really coming into attack at the moment because a lot of manufacturers have written a pack with some goat dimples because they're complicated. Really. And they're exactly the same with the companion keyway because people haven't done that before. So they're coming in that way and in that way. And depending on that, they've got magnets and stuff. But for the French locks, they've been bringing out until they've basically opened all of us very quickly. So I think that they've been wrapped up as tight and curious and they've been disappearing pretty quickly. OK, so the next question. So if all locks are pickable quickly by the sounds of it, should we just get rid of all the locks and just go for bolts? Or is that equally vulnerable? No, no, I'm a home bird.  No. The most difficult lock to pick would be a couple of slide locks from the inside, but no, wet locks. I don't know how to do that. Maybe drill a hole through the door and poke at it twice. Essentially, no one's really going to pick locks to open them. That hasn't a break yet. We pick locks to score. There are some cases of people picking locks to get in. It's worth adding a beatian's lock, but it doesn't make sense to me that it's bull creeper or at least bull resistant. It's similar to that, really. No one's going to really pick them up to get in, unless you're a tight person. At which point, there's no point in worrying about it. There is no point in worrying. You need a lock to ask you. His name is Warren Rock, but he's a level 0 or something like that. Just to count if you are clear. The last question. Door to door. You can get past them. One of my favourite tricks on Warren is to see open doors bolted, then be bolted again when you do that same door, which really must be read ahead for people that have done it too. Is this door not bolted at all? It doesn't really work, is that it? Are that good? Anything should work on the magic? I'm assuming some of you can't differentiate between bolted and not bolted. It's still bolted. That's the question. So, I was wondering when you said people that lockpick don't lockpick to get in doors and stuff, but how would you burgle to get in? Do you want to do that? This isn't my kid you should be hearing me right now. That's the question. Why don't they use lockpicks? I have a microphone. Why would a burglar not use lockpicks?  So you need to put in the time to learn that skill. And then it's probably, well these guys, that's all they do, so they practice a lot. Allegedly, yep. And if you are a complete novice and you want to learn enough lockpicking to kind of consistently open those locks, that takes a long time. And the key word is consistent.  Well, I mean if you show up at a door and it takes five minutes or two minutes, that doesn't really matter. And every now and then it takes 45 minutes I reckon. If you're trying to rob a place, being on your knees in front of a door, you're not supposed to be yet for 45 minutes, that's going to be a problem. That's about five times the actual tools. And of course there are other ways to get around it. I mean a good locksmith will try to open your door without any damage. Not even to the lock.  Because these guys won't do that because that's extra cost for the client. But a burglar, well, see if he cares. I mean it's going to rob you anyhow. So that's an extra door for you. For a burglar this is probably the least efficient way to get in. Is that answer your question? Yeah. Okay, let's have a show of hands. How many people have heard alarms going off at night? How many people have bothered to investigate? Exactly. There's no point for a burglar trying to pick their way in. If they've moved the door in and don't worry about any alarms, no one's picking their way into a house. It's not a quick way in, it's not a efficient way in. No normal burglar would. And that includes bumping? Basically, for now that answer is probably a yes. I've heard that many great things in houses quite a lot. When they're done quickly, you are sort of stuck there. Even though they've got the forces on kindly and kind of reached here. Do you have a burglar? And if they're done, you'll find what they've done.  Slightly different from utility warrants in that you have an appointment, usually noon, why noon I don't know, with the police. And you turn up and open the door of someone who has mental health issues with mental health nurses and so on. You've got to open it quickly, quietly. Otherwise the police will smash it in. Quickly, quietly and as efficiently as possible. It's the closest you'll ever get to being a burglar. And it is terrifying. I've done a few, I hate them. You need to be in in a couple of minutes. And so, you shouldn't really damage anything, but the stress and the adrenaline is unbelievable. It's terrifying. Now, I've got some burly coppers behind me and a nurse. If I was trying to break in for nefarious purposes, I personally don't think I could do it. But to knit back to your bumping question, let's imagine all of us were asleep. It's nighttime. And all of a sudden you hear this. You'll notice bumping, not if you're in, in particular. They're faster ways in. They're faster ways. Also, it takes a lot of skill. I mean, there have been locks in the lock picking tent. Easy locks. Now I just picked it up in there a few minutes.  John, me, I'm not mentioning any tricycle locks on dated lewdos.  Now if you're a burglar, there are more consistent ways in. Generally, through the open window that you've left or the back door that's been broken for six months or any other speedy method. Well, to get back to that bumpy question, normally I would say burglars won't use that because you need a shitload and they break and that's hard. But if you live in a new building or in a flat with all the same locks because you are not allowed to change it because all the tenants have to have a key that also fits on the front door, you all have the same brand and type of lock. A bump key would work for the whole building. So in situations like that or in a completely, if there's a new build, if there's a new build, a ton of buildings, well, if that's the same contract group with the locks in, they're probably the same. So then if you move into a building, first thing you do, change the locks. I don't care how good the locks were that were on there, just swap them. Because you don't know how many people have the locks or actually the keys for their door. So that's good security. Bumping shouldn't be a problem. That's it. But that's been said, there is some new research that I was kind of involved in that were making bump keys from just the pictures of your keyhole. Something like that. It's quite new. Kind of, yeah. It looks promising. Actually it works. We just made an app that will enable you to do so. Yeah, it's the bigger we, high buck. And we collaborated with some guys in Germany, Christof, Dicoder is his name, he goes by online. And we just took pictures of keyholes and basically figured out the rest of the info you need to actually make that bump key. And we had those printed first by Shapeways because they do different materials that are working quite well. And... Sorry? I'm not doing anything. Yeah, they work with nylon. They print with nylon and we can't print nylon ourselves yet because it has to be too hot. We're working with other materials as well because it's an ongoing process. We've just been doing it for a couple of weeks. But it's cool. We will not be releasing that app. But we... No, we're not. Nope. That's correct, not at all. I think it's like a house security. The nature security hasn't really moved on much at all ever. However, car security has moved on a lot. Cars are extremely difficult to steal. What aren't definitely difficult to steal is car keys. So, as you go home tonight, how are we going to drive? If your car is going to steal your house, is life going to be repetitive? In particular, if you have a nice car, something that is likely to solve the board if so, well, that's a security approach idea, which will be a bit of an M3 CSR. A very nice car, very rare, or many of the UK, if I want one as a criminal, I'll pay someone else to steal it. It's out for the poor. So, if you have a very nice car, odds are, some will break into your house to get the car keys. If you're going home with a nice car, spend the extra, have a security professional, not a joiner, have an actual, proper security professional for me and make sure that when you're asleep at three in the morning, you don't make up to an angry man on what you face after we've got these on. Is there a smaller side? I'm sure we have more questions. If your suit is cracked, leave your car keys on the table. Don't leave on the bedside table because you will need to mind who wants to know what these are. If they get the keys before they get to you, sometimes that's a good option. I think we've basically covered that question. We've got another question coming up. What's the oddest thing you've made lockpicking tools out of? They're quite wide, aren't they? I got there when I was on stage at some tiny venue. I could have been drunk, I'm not quite sure about that. Somebody asked me, is it true that you can pick handcuffs with a paperclip? I happen to have a paperclip of a size that should be doable. Of course I had handcuffs. It's a demo. I just clicked them on and was like, that's probably not a good idea to do that on stage. That was kind of stupid, but it worked out. I want to be in the scene a guy who sells a banana and then bought it because the same banana was frozen. That's probably the weirdest. At one on one was that, right? That was basically a challenge who can have the stupidest lockpick ever, and he said, I'll open a lock with a banana. And he did. You mentioned that vehicle locks are much better than house locks. What's the future and what can we apply from vehicle locks to house locks? The reason vehicle locks are better was due to certain areas in the UK in Manchester and Liverpool specifically where people drove cars that they didn't own. Which takes us back to the tool rooms. Don't pick locks that you don't own about explicit measures to pick. And insurance companies spent a lot of money on transport and technology. But the proxies where you can keep on your person the car will start. It locks when you walk away and when you walk to it. The problem is how do you know your car is ever locked? Because you don't. Every time you come to it, it's unlocked. You've never seen your car locked. Unless you leave your key far away and walk back to the car, it follows a security risk to do that. With regard to domestic locks personally, Nigel will know that I have a different view on how domestic locks aren't going to move on much if any. The last 200 years are not going to move on the next because they work perfectly well. There's no need to be complicated electronics. I make a really good living on the fact that car locks are always natural. People lose keys. What could you drive next? What year? 2003 2003. What's the key to 250g of spare keys to 516? Your friend will lock. I would say no more than 10 for a spare key 100g of spare keys. If every time you lost your keys I would have 250g of spare keys. You wouldn't take the technology.  Based on that, say what you always have. For these Brox cards I met a girl once and she was in an apartment but that was on the ground floor and her parking spot was right in front of her door. She left her keys in her coat pocket and her coat was at the coat hanger which was right beside the door. Her car was never locked. She didn't know that. No, you can steal it. But you can get in it. You can go down the car lock and then it locks again. You are trapped in it until the next year. The other reason is that car locks are not the right way because generally how do you find it happy? Is that like the way you find out to get a colleague to beat you? There is a problem with rentals. There is a problem with rentals. There is a problem with rentals. Factory keys generally two remotes once per key. What you find is that the key program is locked down from the factory. There is a problem with decent rental company like Enterprise will have plenty of vehicles. They supply you with three keys they retain two keys and give you one key and there is an unasked electronic service can anybody remake a key? They just will not program in a modern vehicle will not program in a modern vehicle. So it is very difficult even for me to put new car keys into rental vehicles. Generally take the ECU out other than that. William Crookes found a workaround that removed the RFID from the official key glued to the reader glued it near the reader just hand back with the empty key and that can be cloned easy.  You don't get caught on the car insurance and you don't get caught on your own insurance. A smaller size, if not that's ever happened twice now to people out of your job. The range in which they work is really one key.  Beyond that for a rental car phone keys there's also another sort of relay attack that's basically somebody who will just stand next to you in the elevator and will basically have the communication relate to somebody that's standing next to your car. So whenever they try to open the car the car will ask, are you the key animal looking for and that will get relayed to you? So we've got five minutes left so we're going to go with a quick five question now so none of this happened ourselves? I've got kind of two quick one slightly relevant question. It's about sort of rental houses and stuff. Do you ever get problems where people rent a house out for like two months and just clone the key and then come back in and break in and then the second part is about 3D printing and stuff. Do you reckon when you get sort of cheap 3D printing of locks you're going to be sort of, I guess, accurate, homogenous kind of pin size and stuff. Is that going to take away from picking and then are you going to be able to have like 3D printed locks straight from the manufacturer and then you can check it and then they can send it back? Okay, so the first part was the first part was changing the locks. The same conversation we had yesterday we said they weren't going to change the locks just change them and take them to the stage and I've got the keys, they're the new locks the second part was 3D printed keys and 3D printed locks that was 3D printed keys, yes, 3D printed locks about the rent rent apartments the rent clients were about quite a bit off, just like the short-term rental payments but it basically did, every time you moved in you removed the lots of work technically only to buy the rent in the apartment and you bought your own locks and you just struggled with your own house locks so every time you moved into your apartment you just replaced all the locks and you knew you was the only one with the rent to that set? The third part with that is if you're moving around a lot you only have to sell I have to buy one set of locks because you keep on using those Yes, basically, yes Standard size so if in doubt and this is not the price just change it, take it with you when was the last time someone turned up and opened the door for a rent property? Many times As one of you said many times that happens The other thing is the lease or rent agreement says that the landlord has to have a key for inspection of things I suspect that most people rather have a few hours notice of that and if it just so happens that the landlord turns up and tries to key and goes oh it doesn't work, then in front of you you come back and open the door and swap them up again A couple more quick buy questions while we're quick firing Very simple thing about rentals your hotel room is also a rental Yes it is Next question I was just wondering Oh you again How many pins What's the most amount of pins that you've seen in a lock? The most amount 21 for me The most I'm aware of is 24 24 24 I know there's the I forget the name of it The most I've picked is 12 Ok that's good, next question No sorry I've got a 14 pin lock I don't want to have a look at it You got shut down Time is up They can turn the mics off Let's get there One more question Where's the good one Who has one last question Really guys? There we go What was the hardest pick you had to pick Hardest lock to pick What was your hardest lock to pick Go around Well I know instantly which one I wanted to tell you about but I can't I'll skip that one if you don't mind Quite boring answer but pretty much every lock I have to go to as a paid job begins out as the hardest lock I've had to pick Ford Fiesta with proximity key The customer didn't know that her key fob had a key in it The lock had never been used in five years and that took me two and a half hours on a HE101 after school It did open in the end and I got paid but two and a half hours I think is the longest I've ever sat on a bit to lock This is going to be a really ridiculous answer A master pal lock because I was stupid enough to take the bet that it could do it while upside down Okay so there's two parts to this The longest I've spent trying to open a lock is three minutes which was an Ingersoll 10Liver Three months Three months The longest The most expensive lock I've picked in the quickest time was someone asked me to open a Bannum as a challenge and it took three seconds That was a complete mistake but it's still opened and anyone from London has probably seen them They're the dimple picks with the holes all the way through They're not as safe as you think they are Are we allowed to tell people about that now? This one was really difficult because they had no tools but I've just done it on stage No, it's not that difficult With no tools That kind of wraps it up You can watch the video I once spent three and a half hours on a safe at a safe opening weekend Literally my arm was so tired that I got someone to get a piece of wood and put it under there so that I continued so I didn't drop believers but I got it open in the end It took an hour to get the broken key out first before I could even start Then of course there's locks that you just fails to open and that does occasionally happen Anyway, Lockpink Village is over there Thanks so much Just out of the door You're in the Lockpink Village Come by there


Daily Tech News show is made possible by its listeners, thanks to all of you, including Erwin Sturr, Ken Hayes, and Philip Shane. Coming up on DTNs, Dr. Nikki is here to explain that big advance for fusion energy you've probably been seeing headlines about, and to calm our fears about general AI replacing humans, even me. This is the Daily Tech News for Tuesday the 13th of December 2022 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt. I'm the man from Studio Redwood, I'm Sarah Lane. Brand new from Alabama, I'm Dr. Nikki Ackermanns. And on the show's producer, Roger Chink. Yes, we made Dr. Nikki move to Alabama so that we would have more states represented. So that my bird box could be better. And so that we could A-B test your bird box against New York City. No, real quickly, you've got a new job, is that why you're there? Yes, I am a newly assistant professor at the University of Alabama. Well congratulations. Very cool. Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, congrats. All right. Let's get into the quick hits. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has charged FTX co-founder Sam Bankfrenfried, we'll call him SBF going forward with fraud for allegedly moving customer funds from FTX to another of his company's Alameda Research. The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission filed a civil lawsuit against SBF for the same reasons. And the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York brought eight criminal counts, including alleged wire fraud, securities fraud, and money laundering. SBF is alleged to have used customer deposits to fund risky investments in Alameda Research, causing both companies to go bankrupt. Authorities in the Bahamas arrested SBF Monday, and he will be extradited to the United States. I just love the way you said, with fraud. I mean, we all kind of knew. Yeah. Right. Yeah. What are you going to do? Let's call it fraud. U.S. Senator Marco Rubio of Florida introduced a bill meant to ban TikTok in the United States. The bill would block transactions with any social media influenced by the governments of Russia or China. And that would, of course, probably be applied to ByteDance and TikTok. In 2020, the United States government's Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States ordered China's ByteDance to divest itself of TikTok in the U.S. That never went away. They never made them do it, but talks have been ongoing ever since to address national security concerns. Apple CEO Tim Cook has been visiting Sony manufacturing facilities in Japan posted on Twitter that Apple has partnered with Sony for more than a decade to make camera sensors for the iPhone. Apple had never before confirmed that Sony made that actual part, so they're confirming it now. Apple also announced Tuesday it has invested more than $100 billion into its Japanese supply network over the next, over the last five years, highlighting another way that Apple is pivoting away from Chinese manufacturers. Yeah. Tim Cook doing a charm offensive in Japan. Yeah. Talking about how much he loves it, posting on Twitter. All kinds of interesting things going on. The U.S. and the E.U. used to have an agreement called Privacy Shield that allowed companies to move data back and forth between the two regions while maintaining the privacy protections of the citizens in those regions. But challenges to those agreements have meant that the companies have not had that protection for years now, instead having to each negotiate their own what are called standard contract clauses or SCCs, or alternatively just stop transferring customer data between the regions, which increases the cost of your business quite a bit. However, the E.U. published a draft approval Monday to re-establish a framework for all companies. And this is because in October, the United States began implementing new safeguards on how its intelligence agencies can access such data. So under this new framework, E.U. citizens will be able to appeal data handling decisions to an arbitration panel. And the United States has agreed to limit intelligence agency data collection. However, lawyer Max Schrems, who is the person who successfully sued to strike down previous Privacy Shield agreements, has indicated that he finds this new agreement insufficient as well. Oh, boy. So it's not over. Probably not. Amazon announced new features for its digital voice assistant gestures on Echo Show devices. Those are the ones with screens and a camera. Let a user interact with the device using just their hands. The only gesture so far, pretty limited, is the ability to hold up your hand palm toward the camera to dismiss a timer. I actually tried to do this earlier and it did not work. Did you turn on the setting though? No, because gestures are only on by default. So I didn't. They're not on by default. They're not on by default. Yes. You have to turn them on by default, which I did not do. There's also a new text to speech option that can read out the title of menu options on the screen and consolidated captions turns on captioning for calls or videos or voice responses across all Echo Show devices on a single account. I can't wait to turn this on and stop the timer with my hand. All right, folks, you've been hearing a lot about Fusion in the headlines. Dr. Nicky is here to tell us all about it. I'm so excited. I'm the person who gets to talk about this on DTNS today because this is a huge breakthrough. So Tuesday, scientists at the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in San Francisco announced that for the first time ever, they achieved a net energy gain during a controlled fusion experiment. So if you've been following Fusion Science for a while, you know that this is a huge deal. And if not, I'm going to break it down for you a little bit more. So nuclear fusion is the type of energy that powers the sun. Understandably, this is something that we want to harness down here on Earth because it would be a great source of green energy if we could make it work. It also doesn't emit carbon dioxide or long live radioactive byproducts like from the nuclear power that we currently use. So researchers have been working on decades to try and achieve stable fusion. And this happens when two hydrogen atoms are mushed together under really high pressure and they fuse and they form a helium atom.  It, however, takes a lot of energy to actually cause this reaction and even more for it to be sustained. So the hope is that in the first round of fusion in a controlled laboratory environment, enough energy is released in the form of heat to trigger a sort of chain reaction with another fusion and so on and so forth, which would be a cascade of fusion reactions that would run until your said fuel runs out. So so far, the amount of energy, sorry, the amount of energy necessary to achieve fusion has outweighed the amount of energy coming out. We've been putting a ton into it, but the results haven't been, you know, as good. Yeah, so you put 10 in, but you only get nine out. That's not, yeah, or even way less. And, you know, we always hope to get to the point where we would get more out, but some people weren't even that confident to reach this reaction phase, which is called ignition. However, in August last year, the NIF got really close to that threshold. They generated around 1.3 megajoules of electric of not electricity, but energy against the input laser power of 1.9 megajoules. So it's close, but on December 5th of this year, they actually achieved ignition. So yay, clapping. Excited. Yay. It's a huge deal. It's a big deal. It's a really huge deal. And all of this was achieved inside a teeny tiny capsule that's like this big, the size of a peppercorn filled with hydrogen isotopes and a type of fuel made of deuterium and tritium, which is a type of fusion fuel. And this type of fusion is called inertial confinement. So the fusion reaction was kickstarted at 2.05 megajoules of energy coming out of the largest lasers in the country, which is also pretty cool. And they were pointed at this tiny capsule, and then they got 3.15 megajoules out, which is 50 more percent of what went in. Nice. This is the accumulation of over 60 years of research across the planet, and obviously it's a huge step towards proving that this type of reactor can actually generate energy. But this was only a proof of concept. So maybe, Tom, you can tell us more about what's going on in the future. Or maybe your dog can tell us more. Ray would like to step in and tell you. But Ray, I'm going to take this one because I agreed to be the downer and explain about the hurdles. It's important to note that the experiment produced more energy than went into the experiment. That's not the same as producing more energy than was used in the experiment overall. These lasers are very inefficient. It took more than 300 megajoules of energy to create the 2.05 megajoules that the laser put out. That's not very efficient. It's still something on the headline. Yeah, yeah, exactly. It's still scientifically important because what we showed, check me if I'm wrong here, Nikki, is that if we had a perfectly efficient input, that you could generate net positive energy. No, that's correct. Yeah, so the science has been demonstrated. It's a matter of now the practicality of making those lasers more efficient. And to do that, we'll have to see if we can repeat the process with more energy efficient lasers. They admitted at Lawrence Livermore. They were just trying to make this happen. They did not use the most efficient lasers that they could use. These are actually kind of old lasers. Or there might be an ability to do this similarly with a different method, like the magnetic devices used at JET or Eiter-Tacamac reactor in France. Those are different ways than the, what did you call it? The peppercorn. Yeah, different ways than the peppercorn. The constrained nature of doing the capsule. They do a different thing with the magnetics. But the point is, no, this is not going to lead us to diffusion any time soon. But yes, it's huge. And I think it even has a psychological effect to kick off people going, oh, this isn't theoretical anymore. You actually did it. You made more energy come out than you put in. Now we just need to work on how to make that better. Make it like you said, work in a chain reaction so you can have a sustained reaction. And that gets people excited enough to really apply their brains to this sort of thing. Yeah, and to the point that scientists are still warning like, listen, this is really exciting, but don't get too excited. We're still a few decades away from, you know, powering our houses and businesses with this kind of reactor. And also fusion is not going to be the immediate response to climate change. Like we need to work on other stuff. We're not going to sit here and wait for fusion to work. So they realize that this is such a big step that people are getting hopeful. But, you know, we still need to focus on other things. But like you said, this is a huge first step. And like we can make lasers more efficient. Like we're better at that than making fusion happen. So that was the harder problem. Yeah. So it's super exciting no matter what. Yeah, I agree. Sarah, what do you think? Well, for anybody, I don't know. I mean, as the layman in this conversation, Nikki, I mean, for anybody who's saying, OK, well, as a consumer, maybe nothing changes tomorrow. But what does change in the next five to 10 years?  And in 25 years, they're able to run a fusion reaction in a chain. And cleanly and safely produce energy. This could replace most of the things that we're using now. It's better than nuclear fission, which creates radioactive waste. It doesn't release carbon like all the coal burning and, you know, gas burning that we do. So we could actually have clean energy and a different clean energy than what we have today with windmills and things like that. So but that's a lot of ifs to get there. And I don't know if that's going to impact like prices. I don't know. The lasers are really, really energy consuming to start up. So what does that do price wise? I don't know. Yeah, that's the other part of this. It's the practicality of of making the laser the input more efficient, whether you're using lasers or whether you make a Tuck-A-Mac work or something else, you're going to have to bring that down. And then there's cost. That's a whole separate issue. You might be able to do a really efficient input that makes fusion work and generate more electricity than is even used in the entire system, which would be great. And it costs a billion dollars a month to run. Yeah, exactly. That's not going to be very practical economically. So there's that side of it, too. Right. Yeah. And like you said, with the magnet one, for example, that's another possibility. I know that those require even more energy than the laser one. So it's kind of a race to see who's going to go first. But I'm I'm here and we're going to keep watching it and covering it on the show. I'm sure.  And there was a it was a big long step before you could actually put people on a rocket. But eventually we got there and then we sped through putting people onto the moon and then having reusable rockets and shuttles and and all kinds of things. So it's, you know, we're we're early on in the process, but we're in the process where we went from, we think this could work someday to, oh, we made it work. Now we just have to make it practical. It's from maybe not in our lifetime to maybe in our lifetime. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And then what are we going to do with all that helium? Yeah, we don't need it. Well, what we do need is for all y'all to give us feedback about the show. One way to do that is in our subreddit, submit stories and vote on them at daily technewshow.reddit.com. News about AI. People use it as a catch-all for everything these days. But you see it in the headlines. The news comes fast and furious these days. TechCrunch just now reporting sensor tower data showing that that Lenza AI app, the one that is responsible for all the weird looking avatars people use on social media. So many of them. I have a few myself. It not only is continuing to top app store charts, but it's followed by several imitators, including three other AIR generators in the top 10. Do not pay demonstrated a chatbot that can interact with customer support chat at companies often handled by actual humans to negotiate better rates on like your cable bill or your phone bill or even cancel service. Those are stories that just came out today. You could be forgiven for thinking that general AI, the kind that people worry about taking over the world is just about here. So Nikki, can you explain, first of all, what we mean when we say general AI and why I shouldn't worry that Skynet is going to arrive soon and kill us all? Yeah, Tom, I can I can explain. And I've got to say the reason this this topic came up is like, it's a debate in my family all the time. They're like, no, I'm sure the robots are coming like every time something new comes out, they're like, they're going to get us. And I'm like, well, first of all, general AI is generalized. AI is is like really real intelligence. And and the fact that a computer could have its own thought that's not caused by humans inputting parameters or a data set, and we are not there yet. So the main problem with AI right now is that it's unreliable in unusual circumstances because we are training them to be good at repeating things that have already been done. It can't really come up with new things very well. So it has a prompt. It follows the prompt based on the mathematical likeness of whether X or Y answer is more correct according to its data set. An example would be with Dolly, the artist in quotes AI. And Dolly isn't able to tell the difference between the phrases an astronaut riding a horse and a horse riding an astronaut because it makes the mathematical assumption that one of them is more likely to be used than the other. And that's something that a human mind obviously could very easily tease apart. Yeah, we generally don't see horses riding astronauts. We just kind of got know that, right? Yeah, yeah, don't need to be trained. You could draw that if you wanted to. Yeah. So and then to follow up things like chat GBT that we've been talking about on the show a lot, they seem impressive, but it's kind of almost only a surface level. And that's because as with most of the machine learning processes, it's based on a data set. And this data set could be super large, but it's not infallible. And the calculations used to produce content can only run based on the parameters it's given by the developers. So original ideas couldn't be original if they followed a pattern. And that's why these these things, these AIs can't come up with original ideas and all the prompts created by chat GPT for like film scripts sound like an infinite iteration of Hallmark movies. They're kind of basic. Yeah, chat GPT, you can almost always see where it got its ideas, even if it's not copying them, although sometimes I've noticed that it just copies them. But you could you're like, oh, it's taking this piece, this piece, this piece. If you were to say to chat, chat GPT, come up with an idea for a film script that has never been done before, it's going to fail. It's going to come up with something, but it's not going to come up with a film entitled never been done before, or something like that, right? And it'll be a film, it will be a different text than has ever been done before, possibly barely, but it won't be a new idea. That's the difference, right? If I'm getting this right. Yeah. And the problem, and I think what a lot of people forget is that the data and the parameters that are restricting this data are human generated. You have to tell the machine what to do. So the AI is automatically going to be biased towards the same human biases that the human programmers are. And we've covered biases extensively on a previous episode. But, you know, you can imagine that if you have a huge data set of human faces and you want it to recreate a certain face, it's going to under represent whoever wasn't able to submit their face into the data set because they don't have an internet connection or something. Just things like this, just kind of snowball with AI. Yeah. So AI, machine learning, all these things are advancing at a huge breakneck speed and at a much faster rate than regulations are able to keep in check. We already know that our laws are slow, but compared to something like how AI is advancing, they're like snails. And so it's really important that we keep them in check and we keep kind of on our minds the benefits versus the drawbacks that we can predict for AI user cases. We don't, do we need an AI that tries to clone dinosaurs? Probably not. Like we can focus them on things that are useful. And do you, Nikki, you know, as somebody in the science community feel like you're getting pushed back on things like this? Um, no, I mean, I, I feel like my peers kind of know that like right now it's not a big deal. There has been an AI that writes research papers. Um, and it's very funny to read. It's, it's like, I think one of the questions they submit to it was do vaccines cause autism and the AI said yes and no. And so it's like, because it's probably found data on the internet that said yes, right? It said both. Yeah. So I'm not threatened yet. That's what I'm saying. And, and the cool thing about these AIs, um, and I say AI generally, but yeah, it's machine learning and algorithms. Um, there's a lot of inflammatory headlines that say that, you know, it's the end of the world, et cetera, but there is a silver lining. These products are in specific instances really, really useful for stuff that like we're too lazy to do. We don't want to do really complicated max pro math problems over and over and over. And, um, my favorite example is actually one from Scott Johnson, another colleague on the show who says something like Dolly can help create character inspiration for artists instead of trying to find the perfect Google image, just type it into the prompt and then you can draw from there. Yeah. And it gives you that was going to be what it was going to be used for. I think that's what we're experiencing with a lot of these different machine generated tools is, uh, that at first they're so impressive and maybe a little beyond what we expected that we get freaked out or easily impressed or both, uh, then like we have with all technology, uh, it's pretty soon we get used to it and start picking it apart. Like, oh, it's bad at this doesn't do this. Well, look at this horrible, didn't even put ahead on my, my, uh, Lenza AI avatar, you know, uh, that's what we do. And so as we love that humans do that, I think, I think as we become more familiar with these tools and they come out in the public more often, we'll become less freaked out about this. What I'm curious is what are the signs that something is a generalized AI? Like, and granted, as you've, I think, well demonstrated, that's probably farther down the road than fusion reactors. Like, what would it look like though? What would it do? I think if it gets to the point where the majority of the population can be tricked by it or even people who just aren't aware that it's an AI can't tell if it can pass its own, like a Turing test, a more specialized Turing test, like not the Turing test, but like a more specialized Turing test. If it passes it, then we need to start thinking about that, but we're not there yet. For now it's, it's not like all the AIs that we have would need to be all grouped together in one like mega AI and then be better and then we could get closer, but they all do very specific tasks. Right, because the chat GPT won't play Stratigo very well, but the Stratigo AI is not going to be able to create art and the lens AI can't create a film strip. But even if you combine them all together, you're still going to find gaps of like, well, this can't do that. There's the other thing I want to do. And a general AI may not do everything well because humans are general intelligence. We don't, each of us doesn't do everything well, but we would be able to, you know, conceive of it and come up with a, you know, an approximation of an answer for anything. Yeah, and we can also go super philosophical and be like, well, what is intelligence? Like maybe this is AI's own form of intelligence, like chickens are intelligent, but they can't, they don't have thumbs. So they can't use tools. So like, what are we, where do we want to go with this? Well, and that's gonna be really interesting is if an algorithm at some point demonstrates something that looks like intelligence that doesn't look like anything humans, dogs, dolphins or anything has. I'd be excited for that. Like maybe that could be super helpful. Yeah, yeah. Unanticipated consequences could be positive. They don't know. Yeah, we gotta look at this overlining. Well, speaking of maybe something that nobody asked for, Jeff Bezos's Space Tourism Company Blue Origin will release a kid friendly animated space adventure series called Blue Origins Space Ranger. Produced by companies Genius Brands and SMAC Productions. But a release is TBD. They've just said they're new in it. The series will feature the voices of Bezos himself. And good morning, America co-host Michael Strahan, who was a passenger in December of 2021 on Blue Origin and S 19 on a 10 minute space flight. Bezos took his first ride to space in July of 2021. According to the press release, Blue Origin Space Rangers, the show, will also include voice talent and other guest stars like junior astronauts, celebrities and adult leaders. So what I'm unclear on from what they've released about this is if Bezos is playing himself or not. But also, what's an adult leader? Oh, I mean, I don't know. That to me, that just means like counselor. Yeah, they're they're going to pick politicians and heads of NGO. Sure. I sure that's that's just that's a catchall term for important people who aren't celebrities or astronauts. It was like a big, weird ego trip. I'm sorry. I would like to say I'm an adult leader. OK, well, sure. Yeah, that's what I am. I mean, that was just in the Yahoo story. I don't know if that's the the actual text that Amazon is using to make this. No, it was in the press release. Yeah. Yeah. I can't hire like actual astronauts to do this. Why does that have to be him? They're going to have they're going to have actual astronauts in here. And in fact, Michael Strayhan call it qualifies as an astronaut. He's done it. He's done it. I just like the fact that cartoons used to promote selling toys and now they promote aerospace industrial projects. Do your parents want to go to space for three hundred thousand dollars? They can't. Instead of bugging mommy and daddy to buy that toy in the toy aisle, bug mommy and daddy to lobby their congressperson on behalf of Blue Origin. Get y'all to Mars. All right, let's check out the mailbag. All right. So Terry wrote in about our discussion about terms of service with I as actor yesterday. Terry said, it occurred to me that a simple solution could be put forth by either a big three group or the Fed having standardized abbreviated terms of services that could then be referenced. I.E. the general eula could be a general international eula. The use terms could be generalized and referenced as such. The liability waiver could also be generalized. Then to invoke each package, there could be a checkbox or a bulletless saying, quote, to use our service, you agree to the federal regulation eula terms of use or federal regulation liability waiver. The following terms are specific to our product. That is what Terry had suggested. He also says below listed with be the specific specific terms of service for anything not covered under the regulated terms of service scripts. We will. Add that to our show notes. Yeah, we'll have the e-mail in the show notes. He's saying below the checkboxes thing, they then every company could have anything else that wasn't covered by the by the the object oriented thing. I think this is an interesting idea, sort of, you know, object oriented. If your objection to this idea is like, well, I don't want the government involved. And OK, let's make it an industry standards organization, right? Similar to USB or something where we have blocks of of eula content that everybody knows what it means. Everybody agrees what it means. The industry agrees that it protects them. I think the the fact that you would have specific terms of service for every company does lend a little backdoor to them putting in whatever they want. But at least it's less the to cover and audit. I don't know, folks, what do you think of this? Let us know. Feedback at Daily Tech News Show dot com. Indeed. Also, thanks to you, Dr. Nicky Ackermans for being with us today. Let folks know where they can keep up with your work. Yeah, they can go to my website is Nicole Ackermans dot com or I'm still on Twitter for now at Ackermans Nicole until it dies.  Well, it's not dead yet, but yes. Many places to find various folks. So that's where you can find Dr. Nicky. Very happy to have you with us. So also very happy to have a brand new boss and that boss's name is Luke. Luke just started backing us on Patreon. Thank you, Luke. We're so glad to have you. Indeed. Thank you, Luke. Luke is now immediately signed on for the new Patreon merch. If Luke sticks around for three months, unless they're at the production assistant level, all the other levels will get a piece of merch with Len Peralta's exclusive nine year anniversary art on it. So at the various levels, there's stickers, there's t-shirts, there's hoodies, there's tote bags, there's coffee mugs. If you're not a patron already, now is a good time to get started. Patreon dot com slash D T N S speaking of patron stick around for our extended show Good Day Internet where we talk about all the things you can also catch this show. D T N S is live Monday through Friday at 4 p.m. Eastern 2100 UTC. Find out more at daily tech news show dot com slash live. We are back tomorrow with Scott Johnson and Will Smith, and we're talking PC upgrades. See you then. This show is part of the Frog Pants Network. Get more at frogpants.com. Diamond Club hopes you have enjoyed this program.


Welcome. This is Melissa Arnold, the stock swash and I'm reviewing the gap option of the week. It was paypal This was last week I'm gonna go over the trade here, but it was a really really just a perfect play perfect gap perfect move This was a short it was a putt. It was a 546 return investment and it went even further So this is an exit before the last day you actually could have held this into the very very last day And made money which is crazy. I Mean honestly like it just went straight down and I always tell people You know whenever you're in a train Don't expect something to go straight up or straight down whatever direction you're doing But this was so perfect so amazing so fabulous Which is why it was such a nice move or such a huge strain that you there was no management required even in this because it Just dropped it literally did go straight down and we're gonna go over it So if you have questions, you can always call me you can watch me on Fox News Fox business You can call me at 9 to 9 30 200 gap You can email me and Melissa the stock switch calm You can follow me on Twitter Facebook YouTube or Skype if you would like more information or you want to sign up for the newsletter So there is a gap options newsletter. I do It is a subscription service. I'll talk about that at the end of this lecture, but that's how you would have received this Trade and again, there are some trades that are huge winners. So everything I do though is based on one strategy It's my golden gap strategy. So again, if you want to learn the strategy, you sign up for the class if you want to Just get the newsletters like just get trades like PayPal you sign up for the newsletter service It's whatever you have time to do quite frankly And that's really up to you. So I sent this trade on February 10th. It was in the free market Okay, and I sent it for an expiration of 218 again, which was Friday. Now. Why was this such a big trade? It just dropped so hard through the strike Okay, so the strike was 122 So let's look Well, here's the trade first then I'll then I'll go over the chart. I Put two risks in here so people can see you can take an advanced risk if you have the money But you can also take a beginner risk and in fact, you could have done one contract What it would have cost you two hundred forty dollars You still would have made a huge amount of money so whatever amount of money you put on This was a winning trade from day one to the last day and again I'm going to show you the chart in a minute advanced trader risk Total was 40 contracts for ninety six hundred cost was two dollars and forty cents Sold at fifteen fifty again. This is the day before the last day of expiration Fifty two thousand four hundred dollars in profit return and investment five hundred forty six percent It's just a huge tree if you did five contracts, which is twelve hundred dollars You could have made six thousand five hundred fifty dollars. That's that's a whole That's like doubling somebody's account if they have five grand in the account I mean, you know, it was just a fabulous fabulous fabulous call So again, how did I make the pick? How did I know to do this send it out? Again, this was in the pre-market on the 10th. It's because I rated the gap I rated the gap in PayPal everything I do is about my gap rating system But you can just sign up for the newsletters if you want to so let's take a look at it. Here's the PayPal Show again here was the day take it up see it One two three plot and I do have the very last day here where you can see it continue so on this day Okay, right. Oh, no, here's the day. I'm sorry. It was a tenth It's hard to see here. That's the 10th So that's the day I called it at the strike again Then it broke and it fell every day. So again a put is a short So this fell when you're doing a put in order to make money the stock price has to drop That is what happened here It fell it continued and fell through the strike every day and again when I say no money management was really required It was a matter of when you were going to get out because every day you got up and every day this trade was up And it never ever ever backed up never went anywhere close To the original price point or strike or point at all in the chart now Is that always the case in every newsletter? No Some trains I'll call a newsletter and if you take it it could be down the first day It could take a dare to to go into the right direction in this case here This again was so perfect that it immediately went and just fell straight down That's what made this so such a big return on investment and such a nice straight and an easy trade to do We do have trades that are easy. I think we've had a lot of easy trades actually this year 2022 But I consider them easy not everybody would have thought they were easy because a lot of people are reading things differently than me For me, it's easy to see what's happening here in stocks like PayPal and other things to the market as well But conviction helps understanding helps Otherwise you just if you decide you want to sign up for the newsletter you set your risk you take it That's it and again This was easy because there was no management needed every day You could have got up and said well Do I want to get out today and then looked at it into the clothes and saw I kept dropping and held it through It continued down down down. It was such a great trade And so I don't always say to people hold to the last day But if you're so far through the strike, which you were here You could have got out the last day and actually made the most amount I don't know if it was over 600% But it just was was huge So again, let's go back Two dollars and 40 cents. Also, it's pretty cheap for something. This was out the following week So that was nice too. That was really nice too about it. And then here's a bigger picture I just plot this in here has a bigger picture charter PayPal where you can eat this actually depicts More than what I was talking about About the vertical drop where it has such a straight move down. This actually shows us a little bit better than here But this is all the same thing. It's PayPal Okay so Again, if you want to learn how to rate gaps how I make the pics like PayPal for the newsletter the day and trades and everything else You sign up for the Golden Gap course learn my system if you just want to get the newsletters You sign up for the newsletter service really nice trade So my system is about what it is a 26-point rating system I rate the gap the purpose of the system is to help you evaluate which gap to trade each morning using the checklist It is a professional bearish gap rating system. The class I do on a regular basis is the bearish class I try to do it once a month. It's been a busy year. I haven't done a class yet this year I will this weekend. I do have the March class date set if you want to sign up for that I wouldn't delay But as far as the bullish class, I do that class too, but not as often Again, this was a putt so it was a short This checklist tells you what to trade when in what direction the 26-point checklist predicts directional bias and a stop Why is that important? Well, very easily look here at PayPal if you had gone long at any point in here You would have lost so you can see so it was just a Really easy trade a nice to manage great to have a big winner there Nice to see the follow-through and and a good chart really So the checklist tells me what to watch how to do it targets all of those things That's what you'll learn in the class and again the class is called the Golden Gap course The next class is March 26 and 27. This is the next class that has available slots February's full It's 9 a.m. To 5 p.m. Eastern Time class tuition is 69 99 the class is online You can be anywhere the world and take it if you want to sign up you must email me for sign up forms The combo is 74 99 for the trends plus the Golden Gap Then you do the half-day class This is looking at long-term trends and this is very helpful for day trading swing trading and options All right, you save 500 dollars if you sign up for both If you just want to get the newsletters if you're interested in doing options only You can sign up for this today and start getting the trades tomorrow It's an annual subscription for 69 99 and a half annual subscription for six months for 49 99 The trades are emailed to you in live time again if you don't want to miss out sign up as soon as possible I never know when we're gonna have the next bit big one because I don't rate the gaps until the morning So I've rated the things today tomorrow get up and rate the things tomorrow It's day by day by day and that's how we take it. That's also how I look at the market, too So this is one of these things where 2022 has had a lot of opportunity for active traders People are happy. They're making money. It's always great to hear from clients If you would like to become a client email me and Melissa at the stockswish.com for questions. Have a great day everyone