Okay, now it's 10 passed. Yeah, maybe wave your hand if you are around.  All right, good, we have some people. So let's move on to the functions and struct section. Just closed my demonstration notebook, here we are. Okay, so if you've been bored for the previous two hours, this is where it gets interesting. If you want to know how Julia is different from other languages, we'll go into a lot more detail here. These functions really are the thing where Julia is different and where it does things well. So let's get into it. Oh, well, okay, so if you are relatively new to programming and if the first two sections were not too fast, then what you need to get from this section is how to define a function, how to define a struct is also very useful. And actually, that's mostly it. So how running functions works. So it's multiple dispatch, it's not exactly, it's not the most complicated thing, but what you really need to know from it is that when you can run a function with a given set of parameters. Okay, so Julia is kind of a functional language. It doesn't have a lot of data types. We can declare our own, but functions are the basic building blocks. So basically any other programming language has functions but a fortune calls them subroutines. They can also be called procedures and I'm gonna see you have blocks and so on. In Julia functions does the basic job of all of those structures, okay? So a function at its core is something that takes in some arguments and returns something. So or does something with those arguments so the print function is a function. It takes some arguments and it prints them. PrintLn does basically the same thing and also prints a new line. And we saw the push function, which takes an array and put something at the end and so on. Okay, so that is the basic idea. So this is how you define a function at least most of the time. This is the clearest way, but also the way that takes most space. So let's define a say hi function. It takes as an argument a name and a lot like the print function itself. This just prints something and doesn't really return anything that's useful. So it prints hi and now we'll do some string extrapolation, interpolation, even though we'll actually talk about it later. So this will put name inside the string. Let's say nice to meet you. Okay. And then the function ends with the end keyword. Okay, let's define that. And it returns the name of the function which is a generic function with one method. We'll get back to that. Now, generic part means you can call it basically anything. We can call it with the name. A little bit look out of course as well, but it doesn't really have to be in a string of course, but it doesn't have to be even a string. So we can call it with the number two or 2.0, which is a float or even a fraction or with any other data type we may define later. So because we didn't specify what name is, it can be anything. And as long as it works, it works. So this is called also duck typing in programming language or new functions. So if it walks like a duck, if it walks like a duck, then it's a duck. If it goes here and it works, then fine, we run the function. Okay. So a second example function. So again, define a function with the function keyword. We'll call this function F and it takes a parameter X. So this is in mathematics notation, you always your first function is F. The second one is G and so on. It always takes the parameter X. Okay. What we will now return something and what we will return is the square of X. Okay. And again, this is a generic function. So it works with anything. And let's take the wrong window. Let's take F of 42, just to check. Okay. We get something. That's probably a square of 42. All right. Now immediately we have, because of course defining a function is an important thing to do. We have two exercises for defining a function. And let's give this at least five minutes or as long as it takes for basically everyone to do this. So please do exercises one and two. And if you already, I mean, yeah, if you have the green reaction button, remove it or an edit when you are done with the exercise. Okay. So we need to define a function called add one. So we do that with the function keyword. The name of the function goes here and it adds one to its input. So it needs to have at least one input parameter. Let's call it input. Return something, return to use the return keyword to return something and input plus one. So I assume by add one input, that's a spelling mistake. By add one, I mean run with the plus sign. And then the end keyword. Okay. So this will work. We can also test it. Okay. Yeah, we can test it. So add one to one, returns two, so seems to work. You can also omit the return keyword. So in Julia, this is important to know just in case you are expecting a function not to return anything, it will always return the result of the last statement. So it's important to verify that the thing that it's returning is what you actually wanted to return. Okay. So this will still return input plus one. That's actually one of the main source of fights about the style, like whether to use or not for the return. Yeah. For the last, there are people who strongly says it's better people who strongly says it's better without. So yeah, it's, as long as you know what it's doing, everything is fine. So I like to be explicit and have the return keyword so that it's very clear what it is returning in the end. But of course, if you know that the last line is always returned, then you never need the return keyword. You always know what's going on. Yeah. Now this is another function and it needs to be poly two, oh, poly two for second order. Okay. I was wondering if I'm missing something. Poly one, yeah, poly two that takes in the argument X. And it needs to evaluate four. So return something four plus three times X, but we don't need the times here. Actually plus two times X squared. And end with the end keyword. A, N, D for N. Okay. Right. And let's try this. So call it with a number. Five point zero, okay. Poly is not defined because it is called poly two. Okay. Yeah. So if you try to call a function that doesn't exist, you will get undefined variable error. And this is a good place to look at the stack trace as well. So when you get an error, you always, you basically always get a stack trace. It tells you where the problem happened, including the line number. So this is much more useful, of course. If, so this is, okay. This is much more useful if the problem is in the file. If you are writing the code and putting it into a file, because then it will tell you the name of the file and the line number where the problem happened. Here for us, it's telling that it happened in cell 12. That's in 12. That's the, yeah. That's the name of the cell. And then this is, well, this is also the line number. So it is actually completely accurate. Okay. It tells you exactly where the problem is. So the first line here, this section one, is telling you, well, on the top level, where you were running your code, where the problem happened. It was actually calling this. So there is a second level. It was calling a function that's in this boot.jl. But we don't have to go there. We can figure out from here what happened. So I didn't write this code. So I probably don't need to inspect it to figure out the problem. And there's a third level. This is Julia base. So, yeah, this is the Julia interpreter really, at this point. So I definitely don't want to go inspecting that to figure out my problem. Sometimes though, the problem is in a library and you actually have to go there. So here it was, the number two was missing here in the function name. Okay. Then this is asking us to expand the function. So we can define poly2 again. But this time it takes x and this co-fs parameter. So it takes two parameters. And co-efficient co-fs is a array of length three. Okay. I don't necessarily need to do anything, except assume it's an array of length three. I could check that it is in fact an array, but we'll do that later. So this should now return. It should return the result of the polynomial, but now assuming that the coefficients are in this co-fs parameter. So co-efficient one plus co-efficient two times x plus co-efficient three times x, x squared, okay. So again, in Julia, numbering in an array starts from one. In many languages it starts from zero, but also in many languages it starts from one. Okay. So again, this is an array of length three. Okay. So now we have defined a new version of poly2 function. Just test it. So for 42, and let's do x is 5.0, the same as above. And let's give it the same coefficients as well. So this needs to be an array. And the coefficients are three at four, three and two. Okay. So it gives the same result. So it seems to work. Okay. But yeah, this is a matter of taste and a matter of if your collaborators understand what's going on or you in 10 years, cause you have to think of you in two years is the person who is the most likely to be confused with your own code. Okay. Right. So there's ways of defining a function in a single line especially if the function is only one line then it often makes sense and it can be clearer. So we had the say hi function here, which is just one line and it just brings something. We can do that in this one line function definition. So this is say hi two, a different function with a different name. And then we just, we basically, like we're calling the function, we have say hi and the in parentheses, the arguments, but then we just assigned that to that. So equals assigned with an equals sign and then one line of Julia code. So this print a line statement and this will define a function called say hi two. So just to demonstrate that it works. Albert needs to be a string. Okay. Okay. So it works. And similarly for, so this F two, which takes a square, we could have defined in a single line. So this is especially, this is much more readable really, than this one is F. But of course, if the function has multiple lines, if it's doing complicated things, then this is not a good way of doing it. It's just for short one line functions. Anonymous functions also, I mean, they exist, they can be useful. So this does exactly the same as this F two, but it doesn't give any name to this function. It defines the function, it's generic function with one method, just like this one, but it doesn't have a name. So you cannot call it directly, but it can still be useful. So if you define a function that takes a function as a parameter, like this functional square and what this thing does is it just calls the function twice. Then you don't necessarily want to need to define this function separately. You can just give it here and this works. So this is mainly what anonymous functions are useful for. You give them as a parameter to another function. And if you never need it later, then it works. Okay. So yeah, back typing. This is just saying that you can call it with any type. So we can say hi is not defined. I have never run this. Okay. So now say hi is defined. Okay. So yeah, you can call it with anything. I already mentioned this. It can also, it can even be called with a matrix. So I could call say hi with the matrix. The result is kind of weird. Yeah. It kind of puts the matrix in one line using this space and semicolon notation. Okay. But it's much more, it makes a lot more sense to call F. I didn't define F either. Sorry. Okay. Now F is defined. And now I can call F with that matrix. Okay. And there we are. So yeah, as long as you can evaluate the function with that type, it just runs with that type. This I already mentioned. So there's mutating and unmutating functions with, and mutating means it changes its arguments and unmutating means it doesn't change its arguments. So it's just a convention, but by convention we add a exclamation point to the name of mutating functions. So another demonstration. So V is a vector with elements are not sorted. There is a function called sort. And it doesn't have an exclamation point. So you know it doesn't change the vector. So it returns a vector where the elements are sorted, but the original vector is not sorted. Okay. There is also a sort with an exclamation point that changes the vector. So it still returns the sorted vector, but the original vector is now also sorted. So is that clear? I guess this is a very quick exercise. Let's do a poll. Do you think, or can you figure out if there is a function called push without an exclamation point? Do some, the X, the red X to say no, and the green check mark to say yes. I think we have, we are arriving at a conclusion. So the fastest way to me, and this is, but yeah, this is the fastest way, but maybe not the best type push. See, there's nothing. Okay. Push not defined. So there is no function called push without the exclamation point. So for the function push to make sense, it really needs to modify the array. So yeah. So this actually adds something to the end and this one doesn't exist. I guess it could return a new array with the element added at the end, but there is also an append function. Is there an append without? No. Okay. Sorry. At least you can add it like this. No, dimension don't match. There's the cut at least for concatenation in Julia. The function, if you want to concatenate the two arrays, the vertical cut. V, yeah, V, yeah, sorry. Okay. Okay, but yeah, I guess. So push, if it returns a new array would kind of make sense, but it doesn't exist. Okay. All right. So now a quick introduction distracts before we go into multiple dispatch. We have time. Good. Yeah, I think we have 20 minutes before the next break. Yeah, that's an interesting question. Can a function be defined inside a function? I mean, yeah. So you can define functions in another function and that function then doesn't become defined outside the function. You can also pass functions as parameters like we did in the functional square example. So functions are basically variables just like any other variable. You can pass them and you can, you can't really redefine them, but yeah, you can pass them as parameters. You can define them inside another function and so on. In the wrapper, you can redefine those, but... Yeah, here you in the notebook, you can't. Okay. I mean, you can define with a new set of parameters. So yeah, abstract is in principle a very simple thing. It's a collection of data wrapped inside a name. So let's say, okay, for a good example of where this would be useful, we can scroll down for the epidemic simulation. So a plant in our simulation contains an infection status. So whether it's infected or not, or if it's recovered or anything else, immune, and the time it's been infected because it recovers after a number of time steps. So a plant has at least two things associated with it and it makes sense to wrap them in one object, right? So that's the situation where structs are useful when you have some related things that you want to wrap in one object. They're also useful when you want to redefine a function. So here I'm defining my integer and in a moment we'll redefine some functions to work differently when you give a my integer to them, right? So, but yeah, that's multiple dispatch. That's a very important topic that we'll go into in a bit more detail. So to define a struct, you use the struct keyword and I should be typing this out at this point. So my demonstration page instead of the actual notes. So we'll define a my integer and what my integer really just contains an integer number. So it only contains one thing. We could have a number and whatever properties my integer would have skewness, which is a flow, abstract flow, and end with the end keyword. Now, yeah, but it doesn't have skewness. It's a property that something could have, but my int doesn't have that property. So it just has a number. Okay, and now it's defined. You can create a new variable of type myint by basically calling this struct name as a function. So we call myint and the number of parameters is the same as the number of things inside the struct. So we'll call it with one integer, okay, yeah, integer five. Right, and well, now myint is a new object of a new object that contains this integer five. You can directly refer to the thing inside to the number, but one thing you cannot do is modify it. So I cannot directly replace the number inside with another. An immutable struct of type myint cannot be changed. Instead, I could just create a new myint variable and assign it to the same name myint and just replace it. Okay, so structs by default are immutable. So the insights cannot be changed once it's been defined. You can though create a mutable struct.  This type specification is used a lot. So the name of the variable and then two colons and then the type. So well, we'll get back to functions, but a function parameter, you can narrow down the type of function parameter like this. And yeah, you can also use it in the struct, okay. Now, if I define my mutable int is, and now the tab is also useful here. So I start typing something and I press tab once to complete it. So let's put a five in there, okay. So now I have a my mutable int using tab again. I can print it and now I can in fact, I can refer to the number with the dot syntax and I can replace it like this, okay. So just to check my mutable in now contains the number two, but integers are not mutable. So you cannot say five equals two. That doesn't make sense. So really you shouldn't also, you shouldn't be able to replace my int five with the number inside with something else. So I would rather use the my int later rather than my mutable int. However, if you define a plant for the simulation, you want it to become infected and behave, well, I mean, you wanted to change your simulation. So we will make it mutable. Before we defined the plant though, there was the infection state. So it can be infected, it can be recovered, it can be just starting state, uninfected. And for that, this enum keyword is very useful. So enum defines a new style, very much like a struct, but it only has a set list of possible values. So here we, well, just enum keyword. This means, this thing means it's a macro, but if we have time, we'll talk about macros. So we define a type called fruit. It can be an orange, a banana, apple, pineapple, or a lemon. But it cannot be anything else, pineapple. Okay, that's written correctly. So fruit is an, well, it prints all the possible values of fruit. It's a type. So let's do my fruit and assign it the value apple. Okay, so now my fruit is, well, my fruit is an apple, but I mean, if you type two, it will print the value two, or if you type A equals two, it will print the value two. So in the same way, this actually prints apple. But it then specifies apple is of type fruit and its numerical value is two. So the way enum works, it assigns all of these in numerical value. Here it's actually start from zero, which is, yeah, that's just how it works. It's actually an integer, that's why. So an orange is zero, banana is one, apple is two. Okay, and then you can also check the type of my fruit and it prints the same thing as here. So it is of type fruit. So let's do an exercise before they know the next exercise we need the first two, the epidemic simulation. Yeah, okay. So for the simulation, like I mentioned, we first want to define a list of possible states for the cell. So it can be uninfected, which is the normal starting state. I mentioned immune, and in the first page we have some immune cells. So it can be immune. It of course can be infected. It can be dead or it can be recovered. Okay, so now we have, oops, I made a mistake. I probably cannot undo this without restarting the interpreter. Now there is a new type called uninfected. That's not what I wanted. I want the type to be called infection status, but now all of these names are reserved for something else. So this probably doesn't work. Yeah, it doesn't work. So I will go here and I will restart the kernel. That was actually also asked a few minutes ago in HackMD that if I do a typo when I define the struct or want to change the definition, what can I do? And while for the way Julia works internally, you cannot type, is it like that? So you just need to kill the session and start it again. Yeah, of course. If you are doing serious programming and writing stuff into a file and you change something and then rerun it, you are always restarting Julia when you're rerunning it with Julia and the file name. So then this is not a problem, but in the notebook and in the REPL, sometimes you just have to kill the REPL and restart it on my lab. Yeah, I'm going to change this to infection status because that's what I have in the notes and I will get confused. So, yeah, I cannot. Okay, let's restart again. Okay, so what happened is that this, the names of the states also are reserved and cannot be defined as something else. Okay, all right. So now we'll do a create a struct that contains the needed data for the plant. So it's a mutable struct called plant and it contains the status of the plant, whether it's infected or something else. And now we want to specify that that is of type infection status, infection status. Okay, so it needs to be unaffected, immune infected, dead or recovered. Those are all the possibilities. There is also the infection time, which will contain the number of time steps in the simulation since this plant was infected. And, okay, so if it's not infected, then this number doesn't really mean anything, but if it is infected, then it means how long it's been infected. Okay, and now we can define create new plants. So we'll create a plant in the state uninfected and zero because it's not infected. So we'll just give the number zero. So the first thing goes to status and the second thing goes to infection time. Okay, let's create another plant. Let's make it infected. Let's say it's been infected for one turn, one step in the simulation. Okay, and we can inspect the contents, plant1.status, okay. So now we have a big exercise. So let's give it at least seven minutes until the break and then maybe a bit more time after the break. So this is writing a function but a somewhat complicated one, of course, yeah. I have a skeleton structure for it. So maybe it's not as big as I was sort of immediately thinking. So it needs to do, well, it takes three parameters. It takes a plant. So some, a variable of type plant. It takes the time it takes for a cell to recover and the probability of an infected plant dying in one turn, right? So every turn, this plant gets updated and when it gets updated first, if it's not infected, then its state doesn't really change. The only thing we're really modeling here is the infection. If it is infected, there is a probability that it dies. This is something that this if statement I already written here. So to do something with a given probability, we create a random number. So we already saw this random function and we just do one number and we'll take that number from the array. So this kind of weird looking expression but it just takes one random number. And then if that happens to be smaller than the death rate, the death probability then the plant dies, okay? The every time step, the time the plant's been infected the infection time increases by one. And if that time is higher than the maximum so there is a recovery time given here that's a second variable. So if it's higher than the recovery time that plant recovers. So that's all, well those three steps those three things go into simulating one time step for one plant. It doesn't include any interaction between the neighboring plants yet. Okay, so basically the exercise is to fill in these steps in this skeleton code. If you have any questions just go ahead either in the HackMD or in the notes and let us know by using the green check mark when you're done down here. Okay, so let's start. So yeah, if you're working in a different notebook or in a file it's important to get all of these. Well, I guess not these ones necessarily but at least these two definitions. And then we can actually get started with the simulation. So the first thing is basically we only do something if the cell is infected. Otherwise with true interactions they may get infected but they don't really change at all in simulation unless they get infected. So, well first in the parameters of a plant, a recovery time and a death rate. So if the plant.status, so the plant has a status. If the plant.status is equal to infected then we do something. And what we do is one it ties with the probability of the death rate that keeps happening. So this is already here like I already explained this is just a random number between one and zero. Yes, around one. So the probability of a random number between zero and one being smaller than the death rate is the death rate. So this happens at the right probability. And we'll also use the same construction for the interaction when the cells have a random chance of infecting each other. Luca, by the way, I haven't found a nicer way of getting a single random number, but do you know one? Yeah, just a random, without any input should generate a random number. Oh, just one. Yeah, I mean a random, just parenthesis without any, yeah, like that. Okay, okay. So if I have run one, then it gives a least length one. Yeah, and if you give like two inputs, it would be a matrix. I wonder why I didn't spot this in the instructions. Okay, so actually this one would be much cleaner this way. Okay, thanks. So if the cell dies, a plant, if the plant dies, we do the advice changing its status. And since it's mutable, we can assign directly to the status. So we call it not infected, but dead. Okay, now we always add one to the infection time when we take a time step. So plant dot infect, is it infection? So the tab key, I think will complete this, it's infected now, no, it didn't complete it properly. Infection underscore time, I think. Let's just go up and see infection underscore time. Okay, here we are. So, yeah, there is, somebody asked if Julia has this add assignment of this, modifying assignment operators and it does, so plus equals one will add one to the infection time and assign it. And then the last thing is, if the infection time is greater than the maximum or the recovery time, then the cell becomes recovered. So we have if plant dot infection underscore time is larger than, and now it's called recovery underscore time here. Then plant dot status equals recovered. So there's a bit of repetition here, which is nice. And a bit of typing. So, but yeah, if statements and the dots to get the contents of a variable, of a struct. Okay, now this should work with a plant. So we have defined plant one and plant two. Plant one is uninfected and plant two is infected. So what should happen to plant, let's call update for plant one. So what should happen to a plant one is it should definitely, oh, you can't call it just one parameter, it has three parameters. So recovery time, let's say five. So it takes five time steps for a plant to recover and death rate, like 2% is sensible for the simulation. Depends of course on what the infection rate is and so on, how big one time step is. So now it should work, but it shouldn't really do anything. We actually have to print plant one to see if anything's happened. Plant one is infected, oh, plant one, plant two. Oh, I changed it into infected here, sorry. Let's rerun this. So plant one is uninfected now. Okay, and it stays uninfected no matter how many time steps you take, as long as it's not interacting with anything. Plant two is infected and it has infection time one. Sorry, infection time zero first and then it increases by one every time step. It might become dead at any point, let's see. But if it survives five time steps, then it should become recovered. Two, three, four, five. Okay, now it's recovered. Let's go back and start from zero and increase the infection, so the death rate to 0.5. Okay, it's immediately dead, all right. There's a hand up, but that's probably from from coming back from the break. But go ahead and ask if you have a question. Okay. All right, now this could just as well have been an exercise, it's very similar, but here we have a function that takes two plants instead of just one, maybe. So another thing that's kind of new here. So here we just have plant and in principle, this plant could be any type, but it needs to have a status and an infection time. If it has those two things, then this function will go through without the problem. Here we specify that it needs to be a plant using this double colon syntax. It's an interaction between two plants. So it also gets another plant as a parameter. There's this plant and this plant and other plant because we will only be modifying this plant. So the other plant may infect this plant, but the interaction only goes one way in this function. And later you'll see why. I will point it out in case, because I don't think, I'm not sure it's written down, sorry, but I will try to remember to point it out. Okay, and then it gets an infection rate which is the chance of one plant infecting another. I keep saying cells, sorry, because I used to call themselves in the previous version of this course. So, okay. So what should happen is if this plant is uninfected, that's uninfected is the only status that can get infected. So that doesn't get infected, infected doesn't get infected, immune doesn't get infected, and recovered also doesn't get infected. We could make it more complicated by adding and reinfection rate, but that's not there in our simulation. Okay, so it needs to be uninfected and the other plant needs to be infected and then something might happen. That's the only situation where any interaction between the two plants happens. Okay, so there's that if statement. And then there's a random chance of this plant getting infected. So again, we just take a random number, see if it's smaller than the infection rate and that should give us the right probability, okay? And then what happens if the plant gets infected? We change the status to infected and we put the infection time to zero, okay? I should have thought of this earlier, but I mean, I should have written this in a different notebook. I'm not going to go back and read and write the whole thing down, but yeah, it's much clearer if I write it rather than just point things out in the code itself. So sorry about that. There's no greater new cell here. So the interact function should now take two plants and if one is infected and the other one is uninfected, there should be a chance of infecting the first one. So we'll create plant one. And this is a plant that is in the state uninfected at first. And the number doesn't really matter that much. The infection time number because it is not infected. Now we'll also create a plant two. Like earlier, this one is infected. Let's say it's been infected for two times there. I mean, it doesn't really matter here, but yeah, let's make it realistic. Okay, then we'll call the interact function with plant one, plant two. So plant two now may infect plant one. And let's give it a 50% probability of infecting. And print, well, we don't need to print statement necessarily just have plant one here. Okay, so first try, it did get infected. Now we can rerun it multiple times. It will always start from the same initial state because it just runs this here. So it just recreated. But about half the time it gets infected and half the time it doesn't. Okay, so it seems to work. Okay, and then we'll get to a somewhat different section, multiple dispatch. So I'll hand it over to Luca. Yes, perfect. Sure. And actually I'm answering now a question which we are going to talk about, about multiple dispatches. So that's perfect moment. So whoever asked that question, how come do you are going to have a more extensive answer soon? Okay, so boom, boom, boom. I'll just a second. I'll start sharing my screen in a second.


Do you ever wonder what happens when the police leave? Crime scene cleaners are private companies that handle the cleanup after the police are gone. Spalling Decon is one of the nation's largest cleanup companies handling the aftermath of homicides, suicides, decompositions, hoarding, and much more. These are our stories. We are here on a hoarding and apartment complex, which I had to keep my voice down because it's supposed to be super, super discreet. Oh my God. The roaches are everywhere. Oh my God, this is crazy. Yeah, the longer you work with balding, the more you're going to be balding. I'm getting hounded, hounded by the client's mother. We are here on a hoarding and apartment complex. So the sun is 32, I'll order the mother. There. Babying. Don't stop, babying. So how would you guys describe the smell? I'd have been full. You'd have been gagging a year ago. Yeah, there's no big deal. You'd have been gagging a year ago. You'd be tears, yes, yes, there's a f***ing bunch holding air. Oh, look at those spiders. I throw away three helmets. I'm stuck to your foot. God, Mariah, why can't you do something and go pull the passes? I'm making you look beautiful. He swallowed it, actually. Something about the curses there.  With some fluff in the air. I don't know what it was. It was disgusting. Five roaches. Protein. Yo, yo, what up, man? Weep. Nah, I'm just kidding. Just kidding. It's just me. We're here on day two on this extreme hoarding and deep clean. Spiders, roaches are everywhere. I've been splattered with mayonnaise already from just walking through. Probably three to four dozen of pizza boxes have already been cleaned out. That's really loud, that annoying squeal. Anyway, so we're gonna get the hoarding portion done and cleaned and gut it all out now. And then we're gonna move on to the deep clean. It'll all be done by five o'clock tonight. What's up, everybody? Here with Nick. So the job is going all right. It's not as bad as some hoards could be. It's actually pretty clean compared to what I've actually seen. So it's going all right. My thoughts on the job were very dirty. Just hoping Jai's the stuff to as far as how people live and makes you very grateful and thankful about how you live. You know, it's just eye-opening, man. Everything that's going on in the world and this is what it is. I'm very happy to be here. That's usually about it. You can't with me? I can't with you.  And that too. Are you keeping...  Okay, we're gonna... We're gonna have to throw the rug. I'm not happy about that. I follow you guys on YouTube. Oh, that's so awesome. Yes! That's awesome. And I was looking at your videos and I knew you guys were here and I was like, I gotta go take a picture with them. Oh, that's cool.  I'm a little gross right now but we can still take a picture together if you want. Of course! Yes! I've been following you guys for a little bit. Oh, that's cool. You're like, no way! I was like, I wonder what apartment they're in. As soon as I saw her out here I was like, where is he? His name is like... He's like, oh, that's Kyle. I love it. I love it. Well, I'm glad you stopped by. Of course. That's cool. Are you on Instagram? Do you follow us on IG? Not on IG, just YouTube. Okay, well we have a whole IG page. Alright. Yeah. That is so cool. So it's under the same name, Prime Scene Cleaning. Prime Scene. Yes. And we post a lot more on IG of our photos and all of that kind of stuff. So you can check us out. We're here with the mess and everything. Yeah, you'll have to tag us in it. And the photos that we just took. Alright! I'm gonna be in there? Yeah! That is so cool. I'm so excited. You have a good day. You too. We're gonna get back to work. Bye, you guys. Bye! I'm like loving this music. IG. It's so soothing. Uh, so we're... Oh my god. The roaches are everywhere. Falling on our heads from the ceiling. Oh my god. It's just crazy. Uh, we had to take a quick break. Kind of let them things calm down a little bit. We're gonna dive right back in. One landed on my neck. Oh no. It's already dead. It's already off of me. I already need a bath and are disinfectant. Did you catch that? Is that another one? Yeah, it fell landed here in...  No.  If I'm not crying, you're not allowed to cry. Fine. I'll put you up on the ladder and we'll put it in the sweater. Then we'll both be crying. Okay, that's a good deal. Done. You wanna do like a... Let's take a crash run with these two baths. I heard that on the YouTube joint. The daddy. The daddy.  Who wants a daddy when they can have themselves a daddy? This chick. Oh my god. So what'd I just do?  I'm just kidding. Really small ones. I've never seen a roach trap thing work before. I'm not really playing. I'm just trying to... Switch again. Yeah, what are you? So I'm taking these little roach traps. Or tarot multisets. They said it only takes like two to five minutes for them to notice that there's roach traps there. So I'm standing here for the two to five minutes to see if I can catch them. So I've never seen these work before. Do you buy ear dildos with your drug dealer? Or are they like separate? Cause mine are all combined. Like it's a one stop shop. I don't kiss and tell. Oh, I don't either honey. You just think it's total all your business. What?  Oh hunty. That's not for all of my business. That's like six percent of my business. Yeah, that's like two eighths of my business. Just wipe it with paper towels and then I'll watch you bend and snap. I mean I'll instruct you on wiping.  Can't help it. It just kind of happens. Your girlfriend's not going to approve of this. She's never going to approve of this. Oh yeah, it's out of you. You like that wall.  Whatever. You took my glory. You have all that glory. How are you going to be mad about the one? It's my time to do the interview because... Alright Mariah, go ahead and introduce yourself. Hi Mariah, social media coordinator. Hi girl, how are you doing? Yeah, I was good. I was busy. So explain to us what just happened from this pile. What happened? I missed the work. Yeah, I missed the work. Yeah, but why? I don't know. It's not like we're filming an episode of Jackass. Somebody could be rolling around here. Yeah. I feel like everyone has their thing in mind. That's what it is. Okay, you can start taking. You can take the back of your camera. Okay, I don't like the whole filmography thing. One way. Yeah, I'm sorry, thank you. Subscribe, pause for the cause and ring that bell to get notifications when we launch our new episodes every Thursday. Have a good day guys. Peace. For more information visit any of our locations. That's it guys. On to the next.


This is Think Tech Hawaii, Community Matters here. What do we know? Okay. You may be wondering what we're doing here. Happy New Year, Jay. How about looking at the other people and look and see if they're wondering. They're not wondering. They know what we're doing here. Happy New Year. Happy New Year. Hishigin Kwaile. Anyway, this doesn't come until February. But anyway, this is Think Tech Hawaii and of course Wednesday at four o'clock is Hawaii the State of Clean Energy, which is organized originally by Sharon Moriwaki, co-chair of the Hawaii Energy Policy Forum and co-host of this show. Welcome, Sharon. Aloha. Why don't you do a little introduction of Chip Fletcher? Okay. Chip Fletcher, Dr. Fletcher is the associate dean at the EUH School of Ocean, Earth Sciences and Technology, long name, but they do a lot and his area of expertise is really something that we all should be concerned about and happy that he's doing the work. It's on climate change, on sustainability on the coastline, and he has very good data on the impact of disasters and what all hazards are impacting on the environment. And we're really pleased that he's taken this on and is actually a scientific advocate and we don't usually have those science advocates that can tell us that climate change really does exist and we really need to plan forward for it. So I'm so pleased that we have an ally today, but also to talk to the legislators on January 10th. January 10th. What is that? What is that? Thank you. Would you tell the people what is happening on January 10th? Oh, January 10th is the forum's briefing to the legislature on significant issues, usually it's on energy this year because of all of the need for good plans because we can't do things just willy-nilly. We have to really have good plans. You probably named that program Making Good Plans for a Sustainable and Resilient Boy. And it will be an exciting program and it will be one of the key knowlers on the panel will be Dr. Fletcher telling us all. So today we're going to discuss your slice of it, and your slice is different in my view because when we talk about making Hawaii sustainable, making it resilient, those are relatively speaking their intermediate or even long-term goals and it's plans that take a while to develop to the extent they don't exist already. But in this case, in the case of climate change, sea level rise, that's pretty fast, maybe not so fast as weather and weather-related disasters, that's really what we want to talk about today because that is by definition emergent. That is the short-term worrisome possibility that exists out there. That's right, extreme weather. As the atmosphere gets warmer, it holds more water vapor. This does two things. It creates more drought and it also creates heavier rainfall in places and it provides more energy to storm systems. The ocean is absorbing heat and CO2 and that's damaging our marine ecosystems. So here we are in the middle of the ocean, 2,500 miles from anything. We have to be resilient and sustainable and independent and capable of operating on our own but before we even get to that, we have to survive because all of that doesn't mean too much if you're not surviving. So the question is, how immediate is this risk? The risk of extreme weather, let's call it that, and how capable are we or can we be if we really belly up to this, to deal with extreme weather and survive because I think we're talking about human lives here. I think we are extremely at risk to extreme weather. I think that we are currently not capable to come out of it extremely well if they were, say, a direct hit from a hurricane but I think we have the capacity to prepare ourselves to be much more resilient.  And I see us as having huge vulnerabilities in several sectors, especially the electrical grid. We still have power lines all over the place even after Hurricane Aniki when there was a lot of discussion of hardening our power grids so that it would survive a direct hit from a hurricane. It doesn't seem like we have moved very far in that direction. We're vulnerable with regard to food resources every day. Our lifeline arrives in the form of Madsen and other shipments of food. We need to increase and invest in growing our own food. So the degree that we can come back from a direct strike of a hurricane with electricity hopefully to the point where it doesn't go out or gets brought back online extremely quickly and then can feed ourselves and have the medical supplies we need. Medical supplies. Yeah. And do you include water? Water. Absolutely. I have the supply of water. Yeah. So I mean these are all risks. And if you look at worst case analysis, we don't have medical care. We're in trouble. If we don't have water, we're in trouble even sooner. If we don't have food, we're in trouble in a couple days. Electricity. Yeah. If we don't have electricity, that's almost, think about it, that's almost immediate because everything collapses. It is immediate. And with electricity, you don't get water delivered to you and you don't get medical supplies delivered to you. And you go to the hospitals and they're running on backup power.  Yeah. People get stranded in the upper floors of condos because the elevator doesn't work and the water doesn't run. So compare. I hate to ask worst case analysis questions, but just to get all on the table here, compare what could happen here with a storm or a heat wave or some kind of natural disaster, weather-related natural disaster, and what happened in Puerto Rico. Well that's the scary comparison because Puerto Rico is going to be at least a decade, maybe more before they come back into having a full robust economy. All we have to do is look at Kauai and the hit it took from Hurricane Aniki in 1992. It was a decade before you could travel through Kauai and not be surrounded by evidence of that hurricane that occurred. If we get a direct hit of a hurricane in Honolulu, Aniwahu, it's going to devastate all the sectors of our economy, especially tourism. And for us not to prepare for that, given especially that the climate models are predicting that we will see more and stronger El Niños, and we know that the strong El Niños typically are accompanied by active hurricane seasons. The El Niño of 2015-2016 had a record-setting number of tropical cyclones. At one point in that summer, we were tracking three simultaneous hurricanes in the waters around Hawaii that had never been done before in the era of satellite monitoring. And there is robust science indicating that the zone of maximum winds, the zone of tropical cyclone movement in the north-central Pacific where we're located is migrating towards the poles. In fact, this is happening around the planet. The storm tracks are migrating towards the poles. And if you look at the tracks of past tropical cyclones that have come out to the north-central Pacific, they tend to pass south of the big islands, so now they'll be migrating to the north. So there are lots of reasons why we need to be a lot more active in terms of preparing ourselves for a direct strike of a hurricane. So it goes in the sort of groupings. Number one is the things I have to do to prepare to save myself in my home, my family, whatever. Two is what the community has to do to save community services like water and sewage. We didn't mention that earlier, but that's another one that's really deep on us. And of course, rebuilding, because if you don't rebuild, then the economic blow is just huge, and it could be in terms of preserving this island as a place to live, because I think Puerto Rico is really not being preserved as a place to live. People are leaving by the carload. We could lose Hawaii. We could lose Hawaii. We can't rebuild it fast enough, because remember 9-11, the day after 9-11 the beaches were empty, and they stayed empty for a week or two or three or more. No one was traveling. And if people read the paper about how Hawaii was devastated by whatever it was, they would not come, and tourism would be dead as a doornail for a long time. It shows how fragile our economy is. We are very vulnerable to global events, to world affairs, and imagine a direct strike or a direct event here in the Hawaiian Islands, even worse. The worst is that in Kauai it was like the receiving end of the headquarters city, right? The headquarters city could, Honolulu, could support Kauai and send food, whatever necessary over there. We heard a story about, what was it, in Kauai? Somebody sent a ship full of- From the military. From the military. It was carrying a ship full of supplies. Food. Food. Food. It was carrying a ship full of supplies.  It was really silly. It was Carl Kim, the National Prepared Disaster Training Center and all that stuff. We're not sure that we can handle all that, what people know what to do. It's not clear. We're not certain that we could rebuild in time to resurrect the tourist industry. And if that happens, I mean, aside from all the people who get sick and die as a result of the event itself, these islands could become ghost town. Uninhabitable is what might happen without an economy. So, not going so doomsday on that. I just wanted to put that in the same way. Okay, okay. So, there is something that's prevented. We can't stop it, but is there a preventive? Is that the adaptation part of it? If we did certain things that we may not have such a serious strike, and then the resilience part, you know, the aftermath, then what do we do? I mean, are there some thoughts about that? Sure. And the research on that? Well, like I said, the electrical system needs to be hardened, if you will, is the term they use, and I probably want to do that in a place-based manner. Some places you would want to put the power lines underground. Other places you'd want them in volts that sit on the ground. Other places, maybe hurricane-resistant towers. There are other people that know more about this than I do, but something to harden our electrical grid. Accompanying to any hurricane is storm surge. Storm surge is actually the one element of a hurricane that is most fatal, leads to the most property damage and the most fatalities. That's a big wave. Yeah. Storm surge is where the ocean rises because of the on... Well, if you imagine a hurricane as a storm that is where the winds are rotating counterclockwise, as it approaches the shoreline, the vulnerable portion of the shoreline is in the forward right quadrant of the hurricane. That's where the wind is blowing on shore. So let's say you have 100-mile-an-hour winds. The storm itself is moving at 10 to 15 miles an hour, so over there the winds are 110 to 115 miles per hour, and the low atmospheric pressure creates a bulge of water. The winds create a bulge of water. The waves made by the wind create what's known as sea level setup. All that runs ashore, and you can get a storm surge of 10 feet in a Category 2 or Category 3 hurricane, taking out all of our shorefront homes that are built slab on grade. In other words, houses that sit on their foundations. So a simple change in our building codes so that new homes and homes that are being renovated would have some freeboard underneath them, up on post and pier, the water could run underneath. That doesn't wait. Waikiki's not built that way. Well, I mean, this makes sense for tsunamis. This makes sense for sea level rise. It makes sense for a whole number of hazards. But Waikiki will take its own sort of set of tools, Kailua, Waianae. Every place will have its own sort of place-based solution, but there are lots of tools to be applied. So what do you do with these high rises in the condos, for example, in Kakaako, which is underwater in your graphics, you know? I mean, what do you do with concrete and glass? There's no anything underneath, and there's a high sea level to begin with. What can be done? Well, you can put the power plant up on the roof rather than down at the ground level or below ground level. You can raise the walkways around the building. You can design protection. Well, not for protection, but so that you can move when it's high tide and sea level has come up through the storm drain system. You can design the first floor so that 50 years from now when that area is being flooded by high tides, such as we see today in Mapuna Puna, Mapuna Puna is a great natural laboratory for us. You can design the first floor of these buildings so that whatever is in there can be moved up to higher floors, and the first floor simply becomes a place where it's floodable, right? It accommodates the water. I see dollar signs hanging all over this. Very expensive. Billions and billions of dollars. And we are not yet requiring of the developers to build these adaptation steps in. And so the longer we take to make law out of these, the more billions of dollars we're committing to development that in the future will not be sustainable, not be resilient. This is really sort of a happy note. After that, let me take a short break. We're going to come back. We're going to talk about the status of the planning efforts and your participation, a couple of commissions, and what they have done, what they are doing, what they might do in order to protect us. We want them to do. Okay, we'll take a short break. Come back for much more. This is Think Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. I'm Ethan Allen, host of Likeable Science on Think Tech Hawaii. Every Friday afternoon at 2 p.m., I hope you'll join me for Likeable Science, where we'll dig into science, dig into the meat of science, dig into the joy and delight of science. We'll discover why science is indeed fun, why science is interesting, why people should care about science, and care about the research that's being done out there. It's all great. It's all entertaining. It's all educational. So I hope you'll join me for Likeable Science. Oh, the steps that go up. The sidewalk is actually high. Yeah, it goes up. Are we on right now? No, not yet. Yes, we are. We're back. We're live. Yeah, okay. It's just a refresh. It's so exciting down the tube. That was a very important question, Chip. We are now, and we are. I want to answer that. Sharon Warki, co-chair of the Wai'anji Policy Forum, and co-host of this show, Chip Fletcher, the associate dean of the SOESTA at the University of Hawaii, Manoa, the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. And technology. Very good. But we are talking about his role, his keynote, if you will, in a program next week in the Capitol, in the Capitol Auditorium, which you should consider coming to, which is one o'clock to four o'clock. One to four o'clock. Okay, on the 10th. At the Capitol Auditorium. Capitol Auditorium. And it's entitled Making Plans. Good Plans. Making good plans for a sustainable and resilient Hawaii. Okay. And Chip is one of the keynotes. And we're talking today about his special slice of that, because he deals in a lot of things, but one of the ones that we're really interested in is cataclysmic things. How do you sleep at night? Because we should be not only worried about it, but taking affirmative action. And since you and I spoke last, they didn't have those commissions dealing with sustainable resilience and protection. Now they do, and you sit on two of them? No. One of them? Yeah. There's only one that's been created. It's a state one. It's a state of Hawaii. The city and county is going to be creating a climate commission sometime in the very near future. Yeah. Okay. And so, I mean, I hope that works to have one of the city and one of the state. Sometimes we see them go in silos, you know. It'll be interesting to see how they work together. Hopefully they align. Yeah. But I mean, so the question of this segment of the show is, what have we done, at least since we spoke last? What are we doing? What can we do to really make this happen? You know, for example, a small thing, but in the Iniki case, a lot of roofs flew off because they didn't have those... Hurricane clips. Hurricane clips. Are hurricane clips a matter of code now? I kind of wonder about that. It's a good question. I don't know. Yeah. I don't know. Little things like that. If people don't think about it, they don't do anything about it. They put it off. They say it never happened here, but it will happen here. So what has happened and what is the process by which things can happen? So the Rockefeller Foundation has created a 100 Most Resilient Cities program around the world and Honolulu is one of the 100 Most Resilient Cities. They have had a couple of workshops here in Hawaii and they developed some terminology that I find very useful, shocks and stressors. Stressors are that high energy events such as a hurricane or a tsunami, a stressor is sort of a chronic background stressor that can wear away at a community. Like homelessness. Homelessness and sea level rise. Getting back to your question, the Hawaii State Climate Commission has just issued a sea level rise report, which was three years in the making under the direction of the Department of Land and Natural Resources and the Office of Planning. And this sea level rise report identifies the impacts of sea level rise under six inches of sea level rise, one, two and three feet of sea level rise. And they are proposing a new planning zone called the sea level rise extreme exposure area. Everything that the models indicate will be exposed to sea level rise impacts under up to 3.2 feet of sea level rise are being proposed as a new planning zone. And within this planning zone, the state legislature and the local counties have the opportunity to develop new policies in reaction to the science that suggests there are going to be negative impacts there. So what has been done? This report has come out. There have been solid proposals and now it's up to the constituents, the elected representatives to do something with these. So what kind of recommendations have you looked at the report in depth to know what kind of recommendations if I have a building there, am I to take it down, am I to do X, Y or Z to make that detailed in terms of recommendations? The report doesn't get into thou shalt do this. The report sort of provides recommendations at the 10,000 foot level, which I think is very smart of the report because it allows for flexibility and discussion in the different constituencies for, again, place-based decision making and place-based policy development. There are a myriad of things that one could do. You could elevate the homes. You could talk about moving the roads. You could talk about the impact of sea-level, excuse me, of seawalls on certain beaches that you want to keep. You could approach it from a triage point of view and say, you know, that beach is extremely important. It's more important than the road or the homes that are next to it, whereas this other beach is already heavily damaged by seawalls and the, you know, the cats out of the bag, let's not worry about that beach, and other types of steps to build a resilient community knowing that these are the exposure, the vulnerabilities that they have. Who makes those decisions? The commissions or the city council or the state legislature, who makes those decisions? I think the commissions are going to be providing recommendations and it will be up to the city councils and the state legislature. Recommendations are affirmative steps, though. Yes. Build a seawall. This location. That's what I'm saying. Yeah. There will be solid recommendations. Well, the recommendations in the report are, so again, they're at about 10,000 feet and there is more detail that needs to be added to that. Yeah. But the commission would do that. That'd be the next. That's not necessarily laid out. You know, I mean, I'm asking, for instance, if you have the county of Maui, I think that a combination of the planning department and the mayor's office at the county of Maui working with the city council, with the county council would come up with the specifics that would, that would, you know, work with the data that's in the sea level rise report, but it'd be very specific to Maui. Okay. Somebody would decide within, say, county government, and then it would be passed by the county council. Because it'll cost money. It'll cost money. It'll find the money. And if you have a lot of seawalls, that's a lot of money, lots and lots of money. And then I guess it has to, it's going to have to be public input discussion because some of the seawalls would be outside of the house. Democratic process, transparency, whatnot. And then find the money, get a contractor to it. And I doubt you could do it all at the same time. You'd do one by one, or segment by segment. And it makes me think that this used to be different if we were in China with Xi Jinping, or in New York in the 1930s with Robert Moses. It would happen virtually overnight. In our beautiful democracy, it doesn't happen overnight. We have enough time. Yeah. Government is messy in a democracy. A democracy is messy. Yeah. Yeah. But at least everybody gets to express their point of view. I say, Chip, getting back to the report because it's the most recent and substantive piece of work on what the impacts are and the red zone, so to speak. And if you're in that red zone, does it, does the report say, you know, you're required to vacate or you're required to nothing? It just says, these are the dangerous spots. Yeah. It identifies the danger zones. And when they become dangerous under one, two, and three feet of sea level rise, when will sea level reach one, two, and three feet? That is shifting science. We, in doing the modeling for this report, my research team adopted the intergovernmental on climate change, United Nations report that came out in 2014, estimates of when you'd hit one, two, and three feet of sea level rise. But since then, we've learned more about the melting of the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet. And there are estimates that three feet of sea level rise originally thought to be a worst case scenario at the end of the century now might just be an intermediate scenario. So, you know, planners and communities need to be aware that the science surrounding these problems, hurricanes, sea level rise, what have you, is also changing and build that into how they develop policies. It also occurs to me that some of these zones that would be developed as a result of the report would be zones of private property, not necessarily all government property. Correct. In private property, then you have to deal with the owner of that property. You may have to condemn the property or somehow get the guy to buy into the program. And everybody will feel that it depreciates the value of the property. What have you, they may not believe that this is necessary and so forth. And there could be litigation about this, which also takes time. That's already playing out. Is it? Yeah. In addition to the counties, there is the state. And the state is responsible for the beach. And the attorney general just came out with the decision that as the shoreline, which is a legally defined term, as the shoreline moves landward due to erosion and sea level rise, the land reverts from whatever ownership it previously had to state ownership, conservation lands. And so that piece of property comes under a whole new set of rules. And we see this playing out today on Sunset Beach on the north shore of Oahu, where you have homes that are literally being undermined by the ocean. And there's a very vigorous debate as to is this a temporary thing? Is this sea level rise? What should you be allowed to build a seawall to protect your home? If you are, will that seawall damage the beach? Is this beach too important to allow seawall construction? What do we do with these homeowners that are in a world of hurt? Do you bail them out with willing seller programs with public funds that would buy the land, basically expanding beach parks or putting in new beach parks? Is it right to use public money to buy private property from people who knew they were living on the edge of the ocean? Controversy. And sea level rise has not yet reached that severe upward rate of rise that we're going to be seeing in the next couple of decades. It seems that policy should come out of these kinds of examples, so that when it does hit, you have something in place already. It really tests the wisdom and the cohesiveness of the community in general to survive. These are survival issues. And if we can't come to some sort of agreement, we're going to have chaos on our hands. Chaos on the shorelines. Which leads to chaos in the streets, actually, ultimately. So we only have a few minutes left and I wanted to pursue your thoughts because you've come out as the guy who wrote the charts about how we're going to be inundated. You've been studying this for, it must be 10, 20 years or so. I can make it older than you are. And you've been giving talks. You've been talking to government agencies in the public through the media for as long as I can remember, actually. And here we are. And we still do not have, in my view, a level of public awareness that is going to be meaningful as we get closer to the crunch. We're getting closer to the crunch. So I'm really interested in your advice about what we should do. There is nothing more important at this stage than public service announcements. I wrote a piece on this for Civil Beat last year. Radio, TV, Internet of various types. We need to be educating the public about what climate change means in Hawaii. Sea level rise, how strong El Nino's bring certain negative impacts to bear. The rising air temperature, the damage that's being caused to marine ecosystems. We have over 100 years of declining rainfall. We're going to have some areas where there will be more rain in the future and other areas where there will be less rain. Public needs to gain comfort in thinking about climate change so that they can begin assimilating the need for new policies and commenting on these policies and thinking to themselves how in the life that I lead and in my work life am I going to build in the need to become more resilient to climate change. If you had a public service announcement and you were speaking to the people what would be the first ground zero thing that you would tell people about climate change and what they need to know? Climate change is real. It's dangerous. I would in the space of a minute show them the peer-reviewed science how it goes back over 120 years to physicists and chemists in the 19th century. The whole history of understanding the anthropogenic greenhouse effect and the role that carbon dioxide plays. I know right there I probably got too sciencey but it can be laid out in very simple terms so that everybody can have confidence that this is a solid science as anything you can think of. It's a fine line though because you want them to have comfort in the knowledge confidence in their ability to do something about it. You want to move them to action intelligently. But you don't want it to panic. Because what does panic mean in this context? It means getting on a plane, selling your house, getting out of town, leaving. A lot of people do that. It's not good. So the question is how far can you go? This is a really sociological question. How far can you go before you hit the panic button? That's why public education. Once they become educated you avoid the panic because you're knowledgeable. And coming with the knowledge is the understanding that we can still respond to this problem. We can still build a healthy, vibrant future Hawaii. But we need to get going. Yes, in one way or another we're out of time too. Looking forward to your remarks next week. Thank you. It'll be very important. Looking forward to see you come back here on Think Tech and talk about... Any kind of media, we love to make people informed and raise their awareness. When the commission has something they're doing, we would really like to know that. And we would like to educate the public. So maybe the PSAs is not hard to do. We could do it. We have weekly shows. He has many other shows. Let's do them right here. Yes, we could do them right here. And put those videos out everywhere. Well, thank you very much, Chip. Thank you. I'm the associate dean of SOAS, the School of Ocean and Science and Technology. So enjoy having you on. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. I've enjoyed it. Aloha. Happy New Year.


Right, so I think I've just got some friends that I found can we have a little shout out to corrupt FM and Stormzy By the way, thanks for getting me even though it weren't on time, but you know, whatever Well, you know, I mean like it's just like getting you here. Do you know? You're hearing yeah, hey, I'm all right. Look, we're stopping Jared let go from walking across come on in come and join the party I love Jay Leno man. He's a secret. No, no, that's not his name. It's Jared Jared Jared, oh, I think what's your name? Grindar, okay, I'll get to know it. But good to see you By the way, I just have to say Rita Ora is doing an incredible job on the show tonight. You are amazing. Thank you Thank you


So, good morning, good afternoon, and good evening to everyone wherever location we are right now. So, I'm privileged to share with you some stories of our Binhay program, a corporate-led urban green initiative by saving our native place. So, just a big background of my organization or company, the Energy Development Corporation, is the largest renewable energy in the Philippines and it's the world's largest vertically integrated geothermal company. So, our energy business is into geothermal because among our business portfolios, we also have wind, solar, and hydro. So, as our commitment to help address the continued degradation of our forest and biodiversity, the company launched the Binhay program in 2008. By the way, Binhay is the Philippine word for sibling, which symbolizes a hopeful environment. And Binhay is our company's nationwide greening legacy which aims to restore the new dead forest, preserve and propagate threatened trees, and protect biodiversity resources. So, our Binhay program actually integrates our company's watersheds and other environmental portfolios. But my presentation this afternoon will focus more on our efforts in initiating greening of the urban landscape as a refuge for threatened trees. So, this component of our program aims to secure and bring back to abundance the 96 of the most premium and threatened Philippine native trees. And in doing so, we will contribute in updating the conservation status of these threatened trees. So, why 96? Well, out of the more than 500 threatened trees that were assessed in 2006 when we started the program, we identified 96 as our priorities for our mainstreaming effort. So, we put grades in the prioritization where we use criteria such as ecological factors on one hand and economic and static values on the other hand. And these 96 trees perhaps are among the rarest and most premium trees in the country. So, this includes the Philippine ironwood, the terrocarps, and other threatened trees. And to guide us in our mainstreaming program, we follow this framework of conservation value chain. And among them is the establishment of future mother trees in urban environment. So, this is an exit to conservation with the establishment of arboreta and the parks of the Philippine native trees. But before we can start, we also have to undertake the first and second items in the value chain. So, first, our team searched these 96 pieces in the remotest part of our remaining forest in the country. And it took us, I guess, seven years to complete the task. And when we found them, we documented and tagged them. So, during our search, we also gathered seedlings, wildlings, and cuttings. And these collections are brought to our nurseries for mass propagation. So, we have adopted the automated vegetative material reproduction, or we call it BMR. Where we adopted the technology operated through a computer built-in controller with sensor to mimic the natural habitat condition of this tree snow. To increase their survival and providing good quality planting materials. Now, in the selection of areas for urban cleaning, we identified three areas as school grounds, public parks, and industrial state. Because these areas are considered for the seedlings can easily be maintained and monitored. These areas are also extensive. They are readily available for educational or learning experiences. And are also access to a wide range of visitors. And to cover as many areas as possible, we partnered with several organizations. And at present, we have already established more than 20 arboreta and more than hundreds of tree parks across the country. And as of this month, we have close to 200 partners across the country. That include the government institutions, civil society groups, academic institution, private organizations, and even individual enthusiasts. So we have planted more than 10,000 threatened trees spread in the 16 regions of the country. So here are some of the snapshots of our tree parks and arboreta for planted trees. So you can see trees during the planting and the recent pictures now. So these are planted in school grounds. Okay, just a rundown. And also in public parks and also in industrial states. This is our linear park. And these are also within a park independent system. And we also planted these threatened trees in military grounds. So what are the common features? So we put a site development plan or layout of the area. In trans marker, signages, just to describe the species. And also we put three guards just to protect them from any harm. So for the last 10 years, our big trees have shown success at early stages. They've been bearing flowers, fruits, and seeds. Even only three years of planting, breaking the myth that maybe trees are slow growing and will take time before the bear fruits. That's why many choose exotic fast growing species in many tree planting activities. So our arboreta are now grown into biodiversity hubs in urban areas providing shades to people, habitat to wildlife, and also sanctuary for health and wellness. And also this arboreta are now also serving their purpose as a learning laboratory, not only to students, but also all work supplied because it frequented these areas. So while we have seen some successes of this program, the challenges are still there. First, it remains a fact that native trees are nowhere in the consciousness of many Filipinos, particularly in the urban setting where concrete jungles have been their familiar surroundings. Majority of the people visiting our big tree arboreta trees have their first time seeing these native trees in person, although they have been seeing them as the name of streets, bilades, and so on and so forth. And another challenge in the limited space in urban areas since greening is only secondary to physical development such as buildings and infrastructure. We still have limited number of planting materials. Another thing is that while we have some successes putting up this exit to conservation areas and the program arboreta, their natural habitat are still facing the threat of deforestation and forest degradation. And also we need more hands, we cannot do the work alone. We need the support of many stakeholders in this airport. So what's in the pipeline for us? So we are looking for more partners to support this initiative and we have to be fast and passionate enough. We have to broaden our pace and persuade other organizations to have tracks of urban spaces to allocate their green spaces for threatened native trees. Of course, advocacy is a key so we will extend our reach to social media and other platforms for maybe more awareness campaigns. And we will encourage low landowners to develop their urban spaces with native trees as a carbon sinks which they can maybe monetize for carbon credits. We will also work with different local government units for the formulation of local ordinances, for the location of urban greens in the respective areas and prioritizing the use of native trees in their areas. And lastly, to transform these networks of arboreta into urban biodiversity hubs and forest-batting retreat area. So I guess that's all for my presentation and I hope that I was able to share some learning that everyone can maybe adapt in your respective location. So maybe you could connect us through Facebook and other social media platform. So thank you very much.


Welcome to this week's edition of Business in Hawaii. I'm Dalen Yanagida and we're broadcasting live from the ThinkTech studios in downtown Honolulu. If you want to tune in live, we are at www.thinktechhawaii.com and you can subscribe to our programs and get on our mailing list at that site as well. The theme of Business in Hawaii is to share with you stories of local businesses by local people and our guests share with us how they were able to build successes in our challenging environment. In the ThinkTech studio with us today is Colleen McColney, McColney, the Patsy T. Mink Center for Business and Leadership, or more commonly known as MCBL. Colleen is the program manager for MCBL and we want to thank you, Colleen, for joining us again. We've been blessed to have you on our show a couple of times previously with Teri and we're very excited to hear about all the new things that are going on with MCBL. But for our viewers who missed that episode, why don't you go ahead and tell us about MCBL and what the good work that you folks do there. Okay, thank you. Thank you for having me today, Dalen. I really appreciate it. So the Patsy T. Mink Center for Business and Leadership is a women's business center that was established by the Small Business Administration, the YWCA, Oahu, and a whole lot of community partners. We are the only women's business center in Hawaii. There are 114 across the country and our mission basically is to help women but also men who want to start their own business. So we're very, we help people at a very base level who want information about how to start a business. Nice. I know that you folks actually have a physical location at the YWCA. Yes, YWCA Oahu downtown on Richard Street right across from the palace and our offices are located on the ground floor lobby. And it's a great resource, a great place for folks to go, right? Definitely. There are all kinds of resources right there in that space, is that right? Yes, definitely. Yes, so our center focuses on two main programs. We have leadership programs and small business programs. And before I get started on that any further, I wanted to just show you our proclamation for Women's Small Business Month that Governor Igay signed just recently for us. Congratulations. I'm not sure if you can see it. And so we're really proud of that. And then also in about a week and a half, we'll be at his office again when he signs our shop small Saturday proclamation. So we'll get into that later. But anyway, regarding our programs, our leadership programs focus on helping women specifically build their leadership capacity. So we're most known for our Patsy Teen Mink Leadership Alliance, which is focused on mid-career women who are looking to increase their leadership capacity and who would like to make the next step in their career. And we help support them with a 10-month program that we're currently on our cohort three and our cohort four will start receiving applications for that in April 2019. Wow. So that's really exciting. Are you able to share with us some of your success stories from your earlier cohorts? Well, so our cohorts are actually very corporate oriented. And so it's interesting because that's kind of a different point of view than our small business point of view at the Mink Center. So their successes are that they are getting promoted in their jobs and they are gaining knowledge and being able to incorporate what they're learning into their everyday workplace and with their teams. They actually do have to have at least five years experience in leadership before joining the cohort. So we have had some wonderful successes. It must be nice also for those mid-career level women to be able to have a forum in which they can share some of their experiences and their struggles and their challenges. And then they can also dialogue about the things that have taken them to the next level. Oh, definitely. Definitely. That must be an amazing conversation. They really appreciate each other and that's what they look forward to the most is helping to build a network of support for themselves and each other. That's been one of the best outcomes of the cohorts for sure. And so do the corporate entities nominate there? They do. Okay. And when does that application process happen? So that usually happens in April and May. And then so our current cohort just started in August. So cohort four applications would be April and May of 2019 with we do one-on-one interviews with them and that's usually in June or July. And how many in a cohort? So this year and last year we had 21. And the first cohort was 14. It's pretty big. Yeah, we're finding 21 is a little large. So we had so many fantastic candidates and applicants that it was really hard to pair it down. But the ideal number would be 15, but we're getting by with the 21. It's fantastic. They're a wonderful group. So what is the format? Is it you meet on a weekend and go through leadership development? No, they meet once or twice a month for like a nine to two day. And they meet with a facilitator on that day's topic. Then they do a recap session on how they're going to implement that or what ideas they have to implement, what they learned between today and the next session. And then the next session they'll open up with their experiences, their positive negatives, what worked, what didn't work. And then they'll go into the next session. How did the leadership cohort concept come to fruition? Was it by demand or were folks? Well we have a fantastic advisory board at the Patsy Mink Center. It is a separate board from the YWCA board. It's advisory and wonderful passionate women leaders in the community who really felt that there was a need for a very specific women's leadership program. So we are the only women's leadership program so far in the state. And so we've got, we've had so much interest because of that and it was basically driven by them so very grateful for that. How do you select your mentors? So our advisory board helps to bring them in so it basically has to do with their expertise. Fantastic. There's a completely other side. There's another program. There is. I'll just touch on one more thing regarding our leadership. We have our youth leadership. So we have what we call our Girls Summit and it is a one day conference that high school girls come to. They attend for like a nine to three day and we have a keynote speaker. We have workshops for them to choose from and we focused on STEM and leadership the last couple of years and we also have a wonderful mentoring session. And so we bring in our advisory board members. We bring in the facilitators we've used for the leadership alliance and some of our cohort members as well. And they mentor during lunch and afterward for like a ten minute speed mentoring that lasts an hour with rotating facilitators that they love. And then we do a little advocacy at the end just so that they understand how their voices can be heard. So we're actually having our first Kauai Girls Summit which is sponsored by Wilcox Medical Center in Hawaii Pacific Health in about two weeks so we're very excited about that. So which high schools participate? So let's see on Oahu we have the Priory, we have Farrington High School and McKinley High School have participated the last three years. And then on Kauai we have Kauai High School, Waimea High School, Kapa'a High School and Island School. So we usually try to get at least one private school and pair with public schools just to have a nice mix of networking for the girls. Sure. Wow that's amazing. It is. And there's also a small business side, yes definitely. So our small business side we're most known for our free business and legal counseling and we offer that, we're able to offer that through our, because of our grant with the Small Business Administration and it's like I said before it's a very basic how, what do I do? Our clients they come in, what do I do? I'm not sure what I'm supposed to be doing and they want guidance. So it's very nice because we usually serve about 80% women, 20% men and our counselors are women and it's a very nurturing environment, very safe, very nurturing. So they always come back. So that translates, the business counseling translates to our Launch My Business classes. So we have a Launch My Business start for people who just have an idea, it's a one day class and then how to develop that. And then Launch My Business Grow is a seven week, 45 hour class for basically for companies that have already been in business up to a year or two and they're looking to take that next step and grow their business. So is that a cohort model as well? It is, we're currently on cohort 13 for Launch My Business Grow. Okay so share with us some of those success stories and the businesses that have come up. So we have some wonderful business, a lot of them actually are food. So we do, they do a lot of food, just food trucks maybe or we have had a couple of brick and mortars. We've had, we have, let's see, Sarah who has a bra shop.  We have, gosh, I'm just trying to think, sorry, a number of different businesses. But yeah, so it's actually starting your business is very difficult. So of course the biggest roadblock is funding, right? So most of our, because our clients are at such a basic level, most of what we do is help them in what they need to know to get started and then they'll, once they have that established and they can try to get some sales under their belt or open their business and get going, then a lot of times they'll move up to one of our SBA partners like the SBDC Small Business Development Center or go directly to SBA themselves to have more access to funding and finding that. So your cohort participants start from ground up then. They come to you in the pure infancy stage with the idea and you folks guide them through perhaps loan application, finding that funding, how to. Or even what they need to do to get to the loan application, right? Because many, many traditional banks need a business plan. So even getting them to write that is very, it's kind of overwhelming for them. So we try to get them to get to that point and just keep counseling them. It's a very long process. It's interesting where entrepreneurs are concerned because you either have somebody who just dives in and they quit their job and then they say, I'm ready to start my business. And you're like, no, no, no, don't quit your job yet. Or you have the people who just take years because they've had this idea percolating for so long and they just take their time getting going. And it must be scary to go all in and say, okay, this is it. I'm chasing my dream, right? So the mentors for that program, are those folks from the community or are those? We actually have a hired counselor. And she's actually our instructor also. And so she has her own family business and that she's run for 30 years. But we also have a lunch by nonprofit because we have a number of clients come who want to start a nonprofit. So she has also done that herself as well. So she's very experienced in that. So in fact, we have a lunch by nonprofit class coming up in December. Fantastic, yes. And so, but that's not an application process. No, it's not. You can just go to our website, which is mcblhawaii.org. And you can click on our events or programs and find that there. Fantastic. MCBL is also involved in quite a few other things with some very large partners. And we're going to go to a quick break. But when we come back, I want to talk about your partnership that started with the American Express. And then we'll we'll see all that's coming up for you, folks. Excellent. We are going to take that short break. This is business in Hawaii, and we'll see you back here shortly. This is Think Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. Welcome to Sister Power. I'm your host Sharon Thomas Yarbrough, where we motivate, educate, empower, and inspire all women. We are live here every other Thursday at 4 PM. And we welcome you to join us here at Sister Power. Aloha and thank you. Welcome back. Today, Colleen McAloney. You got it. Keep doing that. Is joining us from MCBL. And we're super excited to hear about the partnership that started with American Express. And it's going to roll us into the holiday shopping season. That's right. That's right. So what happened was in 2011, American Express established Shop Small Saturday, which is the Saturday after Thanksgiving as small business. Shop at your small businesses. So it's Shop Small, Shop Local is the tagline. And that was 2011. And then a year after that, the Small Business Administration partnered up with American Express to promote Shop Small Saturday. So fast forward. And the SBA partners wanted to get involved also with their clients in Shop Small Saturday and Shop Small Hawaii was created. So our director, Teri Funakoshi, she has built a website and helped to get the program up and running. And we are very excited for the next couple of months because we have a number of events coming up celebrating Shop Small Hawaii. But the way you can get involved is, well, first of all, let me back up. It's Shop Small Hawaii and Shop Small Saturday are basically a platform for small businesses to be able to be recognized in a bigger way and also for customers to connect with them. So that's why we have a number of events coming up. And we wanted to support our clients who are small businesses and, of course, a number of other clients that are associated with our partners and support everybody in the community who has a small business to Shop Small Shop Local. I think to give some background to Shop Small Hawaii, we have a few pictures here that you shared with us OK, great. Yeah, so those are actually a lot of our partners. That's the Shop Small Hawaii kickoff. We have Susan Nutsugi from Central Pacific Bank. There's Central Pacific Bank is a sponsor, the main sponsor for Shop Small Hawaii this year. And that's Teri Funakoshi, our director, and then Senator Glenn Wakai, who's always a supporter of small business. He looks excited to shop. He is, yes. And then Pony Askew, who is from Honolulu Night Market, who we're also partnering with. And then, of course, Mellie James from Mauna Up, who is another partner for Shop Small Hawaii with MCBL. Yes, and then those are SBA partners. Right, so we have Jane Sawyer on the left, who is the Hawaii District Director for the Small Business Administration. And Dennis Kwok and Victoria Anaylaiti from the VBOC, Veterans Business Outreach Center. And then you have Laurie Hiramatsu from the Small Business Development Center. They're all SBA partners. Very nice. Yes. Do we have one more there? Yes, so this is the Women's Farmers Workshop at Kahuku Farms that I got to attend last week. And they're holding up our proclamation there for Women's Small Business Month. And so they had a workshop for women who own farms and who are wanting to do added value production or added value products out of their farm production so that they can increase their income, of course. And our partnership there is with Oahu R-C-N-D, who helps farmers with establishing their farm, with making sure that they are using their water, not accurately but appropriately, also that they have a conservation plan for their farms to make sure they don't have too much soil erosion and to help from too much eroding soil. So we've partnered with them just recently, very excited for that. Very nice. So there are a number of events that are coming up that are going to ramp us up into that holiday shopping season. And of course, the most important thing is how it promotes the small businesses and supporting those small businesses. Everybody knows Black Friday, the large retailers, but really bringing it back to shopping local and keeping it Hawaii and for our small businesses. So we have some flyers for your upcoming events.  So that was the Shop Small kickoff that was the first pictures with the partners there. Yes, that was in September. Let's take a look at your upcoming events. OK, great. So this one is on October 27. This is at Kamakana Ali. And with Noeow designers, they are a store that has all Hawaii. They represent all Hawaii made and local craftsmen, crafts people, crafts women. And their store is fantastic right there at Kamakana Ali. So they're having an all day Shop Small Hawaii event. And they have a gift with purchase for anything that's purchased of $50 or higher. You get some kind of swag. I believe it's a bag, a Shop Small Hawaii bag, which is really cute. So that's going to be one of our kickoff events. And so is that one mainly apparel or is it? No, it's actually gift items. Oh, very nice. Yeah, they have a number. I think they have over 30 crafts people that are represented in their store. Yes, it's a fantastic store. Very nice. Lots of parking out there. That's going to be great. You have another event coming up after that one. Right, so the Mana Up showcase, that is, so we're partnering with Mana Up. And our director, Terry, has been a mentor there. And we will be having, MCBL and Shop Small Hawaii will be having a table at their showcase for their clients and their up and coming small businesses. So we're very excited to help support them. And they will have a marketplace open as well. That event you can find on Event Bright if you would like to register to attend that. Tell us a little bit about Mana Up. Mana Up is an incubator, small business incubator. And they have two cohorts a year. It's an application process. I believe that their criteria is that you are already have revenue of 100,000 or more per year. And it's definitely a big ramp up for those companies. This is their cohort, too, that they're on right now. And they just do so many wonderful things for their cohort. It's fantastic. Just everything they can do from marketing, promotions, just teaching them what they need to do to step up their business. And this showcase is one of the great things. It's going to be at DFS in Waikiki. So it's a wonderful venue. Right, I believe that's November 2. And so it features the participants in their cohort and those businesses. And all of their products. Yes. Fantastic. What an opportunity. OK, and I know we have another event after that one as well. Yes. Oh, OK, so this is actually our MCBL event. This is called Downtown Uncorked. This is our fifth annual Downtown Uncorked. It's a beer and wine tasting that we have at YWCA O'ahu. And it's not a huge fundraiser for us. It's actually more of a thank you to our community and our partners and our clients. And we have a lot of fun. It's a very fun event. It sounds like it. And it's great because we can showcase our Launch My Business graduates. And actually, we have a current cohort right now if they feel like they're ready with any kind of marketing materials. So they really don't sell anything there, but it's more of market research so they can interact with our attendees. And our attendees can ask them questions and just starting to get them ready for real business. Right. Yes. So it's very exciting. And then one other thing about that one is we'll also be supporting the VBOC, the Veterans Business Outreach Center, in having their annual awards ceremony and kind of embedded in our Downtown Uncorked. So that's going to be exciting. Very, very nice. And that's right at the YWCA in that courtyard. That is at Fuller Hall. Oh, I've seen beautiful events. Oh, yes. So beautiful again. Yes. Very convenient. Then we have some other small events. Right, there's more. That's great. Right. So this is on December 2nd. This wraps up our events for Shop Small Hawaii. And this one actually is sponsored by OHA. We received a grant to produce Make It Hawaii, Celebrating Hawaii's Cultural Makers. And we are also incorporating Shop Small into the event. And this one is going to be fantastic. There are, I believe, over 20 local crafts people, in addition to the Noao designers' crafts people in their store. And it is a 12 to 5.30 with workshops. There's cultural workshops on how to make some different things. I'm not quite sure what those are going to be. But I think there's like a lahala. There's a lei. I'm not quite sure what else. I've been to one before. It's very fun, live Hawaiian entertainment. And then actually Kamaka Peely, who is Aloha Authentic, he is one of our Launch My Business graduates. Oh, wow. And so he's going to be emceeing the event. So it's going to be really exciting. That is really exciting. So this is not the first rodeo for Shop Small Hawaii. Right. So tell me about the turnout, the attendance at these things. Well, we've had some, our kickoff had some wonderful attendance. That was really fun and great. We actually had that in our lobby at YWCA Oahu. A lot of fun. We're expecting, I know that Mauna Up is expecting quite a large crowd. They're a big draw there. So we're excited to be a part of that. And of course, we're hoping that as many people as possible can come to the Kamakana Oliii events. We do have two more events that are actually on Shop Small Saturday. So we are partnering with the Night Market, Honolulu Night Market, at Salt Kaka Ako that night. And we will be having a large area for Shop Small Hawaii and small businesses. And we will be giving away quite a bit of Shop Small swag. My pin here is one piece. But we have our bags. We have refrigerator magnets. We have stickers for hydroflasks. And a lot of fun, a lot of fun things. So make sure and look for our orange tent at the Honolulu Night Market. Fantastic. So I know that a lot of people are ramping up their holiday shopping right now. There was a lot of information about a lot of great events and opportunities to do that shopping. Where can they find all of this information in one place? Right. So where Shop Small Hawaii is concerned, you can go to ShopSmallHawaii.com. That will give you all the events and all of the fun things that are associated with Shop Small Hawaii. And it's also where small businesses can register to become part of Shop Small Hawaii. And then the last thing is you can also go to the Shop Small Saturday website, which is the American Express website, to sign up as well and become a neighborhood champion. And then American Express will send the retailers free Shop Small Saturday swag. Fantastic. And it's not too late for them to do that. No, I think it's still available. That's fantastic. Is there anything else that you'd like to share with your viewers before we wrap up for today? Let's see. Please come out and Shop Small and Shop Local and support all the small businesses in Hawaii. And please give your feedback to your small businesses, especially at the craft fairs and at the small gatherings that Shop Small Hawaii has, because any kind of feedback to small businesses is greatly appreciated. Thank you so much for joining us. MCBL does such amazing work for the community and, of course, to support women in business. And we're so appreciative of what you do and the contributions that you make. But thanks so much for joining us. And I'll see you at some Shop Small events. Thank you for having me today, Dylan. We are out of time. But thank you to our guests and our wonderful production staff here in the studio. If you would like to be a guest on the show, please email your information to shows at thinktechhawaii.com. Business in Hawaii airs every Thursday at 2 PM. And we are looking forward to seeing you here next week.