Hello everyone, this is Dan O'Neill, the executive director of the Ethan Allen Homestead Museum and Historic Site, and I'd like to welcome you to our third Sunday lecture series. First, I'd like to thank all of you, the supporters, who have made this season and made the museum possible. If you'd like to make a donation to continue supporting our operations, please look in the description box below for a link that will allow you to donate securely online. We'd also like to thank the sponsors of our third Sunday lecture series. These businesses have made a vital investment in their community so that we can continue bringing you these programs at no charge. They are Burlington Cars, 802 Cars, and People's United Bank. We are also including links to those businesses in our description box below. For this month's third Sunday lecture series, it is my pleasure to introduce Glen Fay. Glen Fay is a seventh generation Vermonter, was an educator for many years as an adjunct professor at UVM, and a chemistry teacher at CVU High School in Heinsberg. He became hooked on primary source research related to the American Revolution and the Maritime War of 1812 on Lake Champlain while completing an NSF grant. As a result, he is now researching the life and characters in New England during the same moment in history. He has a BS in biology and earned a doctorate in educational leadership and policy studies. His book, Vermont's Ebenezer Allen, Patriot, Commando, and Emancipator is due out on or before July 4th, 2021. It is with great pleasure that I introduce Glen Fay. The life and times of Vermont's Ebenezer Allen, Patriot, Commando, Emancipator, and Public Servant, historian Alan Stratton complimented Ebenezer Allen. He said Alan's chronological record was literally unbelievable. Alan accomplished more politically, militarily, and personally in a span of eight years from 1775 to 1783 than an ordinary man did in a lifetime. And in that time, he pulled off some astonishing accomplishments. If we peel back the military accomplishments and examine some of his civic life and decision making, we see a no-nonsense principled man. As we shall see, some of Alan's activities will have some shock value and might be offensive, even considering the fact that they occurred during our revolution. If you're not a Revolutionary War history scholar, keep in mind that in Alan's birth year, 1743, there was no United States yet. And it would be almost 50 years before there would be a state of Vermont. In simple general terms, the colonies were British colonies that had been one from the French and indigenous people over a bloody couple of hundred years. New England was increasingly polarized between American patriots and British loyalists living side by side. The Vermont that we know today was part of the New Hampshire land grants. In fact, the word Vermont had not even been invented yet. Also keep in mind, as tempting as it may be, that we should not be too quick to judge others from another time, using our own hindsight and present-day ethics. My upcoming book, Vermont's Ebenezer Alan, goes into much more depth on this Patriot Commando and Emancipator. Ebenezer was born in 1743 to Samuel and Hannah Miller Jones Allen in Northampton Mass, later to be raised in New Marlboro Mass. As a point of reference, Ebenezer and Vermont founder Ethan Allen's great-grandfathers were brothers, meaning these two heroes were cousins, although it is unknown if the two men were aware of their common lineage. As we shall see, Ethan and Ebenezer did frequent many of the same towns and territories, along with several others of the Allen clan. Ethan had been born in 1738, making him five years older than Ebenezer. The other Vermont founder, Ira Allen, wouldn't be born until 1751, making Ebenezer eight years older than him. Perhaps in the future, instead of people defining Ebenezer Allen as the cousin of Ethan and Ira, Ethan and Ira will be defined as the cousins of Vermont's Ebenezer Allen. Throughout this presentation, I will refer to Ebenezer as Allen. We know very little about Allen's early life, but we do know his father passed away when he was 12, leaving him with his mother and two older siblings to an arduous farm life. Survival skills were not just a fad, they were essential. He received little formal education and an apprentice briefly with a blacksmith at a young age. At that time, blacksmithing was a prestigious profession and the king of the trades, often part of the social and political hierarchy. Blacksmithing was in high demand for making tools, repairing almost everything, and relied on engineering and problem-solving skills. Allen also became acquainted with Indian character at a young age and spoke three Native American dialects fluently. This helps explain how Allen became a man with discipline, know-how, brawn, and a healthy self-esteem. In 1762, Allen married Lydia Richards in a new Marlboro Mass, although not much is recorded of Richards' family history or of their early matrimony. We know that by 1765 they had produced two children, Abil and Timothy. Ethan Allen had just been banished from Salisbury, Connecticut for publicly questioning and antagonizing church beliefs and Northampton Mass for getting variated or vaccinated against smallpox, which was frowned upon by fatalistic church beliefs at the time. Life in the New Hampshire land grants during the later 1700s was difficult at best. New York and New Hampshire both claimed the territory between Lake Champlain and the Connecticut River, which is now known as Vermont. Therefore, buying or trading land parcels from either colony was risky. A lot of the territory was still wilderness, occupied by long-time indigenous natives, and plenty of British loyalists lived among those with strong American revolutionary sentiments. The loyalists feared spies that would evict them. The Patriots distressed the loyalists and feared they would collaborate with British forces. The New Hampshire Green Mountain Boys militia group was established at some point in the late 1760s by Ethan Allen, and Ebenezer was an active charter member of that rowdy rough-housing group. They quickly opposed and rebelled against enforcement of New York laws, such as the one that prohibited meetings of more than two people at one time. In general, colonial Americans moved around the New Front here for all kinds of reasons. Americans often claimed that a chief reason was to be near family members and friends. Finding success on the American Front here meant setting up businesses, trade, or land speculation opportunities. Properties near bodies of water offered transportation and sometimes energy for mills. In 1771, Allen, along with his friend and fellow Green Mountain Boy, Thomas Ashley, who had married Lydia Richards Allen's sister, Zeroia Richards, built shanties in Polney. They took advantage of land grants from Governor Wentworth of New Hampshire. Unfortunately, the land deeds were challenged by the so-called Yorkites who maintained that New York owned the land. A lot of the Polney grantees were former residents of Litchfield County, Connecticut, and Berkshire County mass. Often the land grants came with stipulations. In exchange for the land, the grantees were required to pay the rent of one ear of Indian corn a year for ten years, one shelling per 100 acres, cultivate five acres for every fifty they owned, and reserve large white pines for the Royal Navy mass. Settling in the wilderness might have seemed like a good strategy at the time, but Allen would not remain in Polney for very long. Allen had an interest in farming, the timber trade, and land investments, and he wanted to explore opportunities in the vast Northern wilderness too. A daughter, Ashti Allen, was born in Ontario, Canada in 1774, possibly while on a travel expedition. By 1775, the family had moved to Tinmuth, which was a growing town, and by 1790 it would grow to a population of almost 1,000 inhabitants. Even though Tinmuth was Allen's family residence for three years, the record is clear. He was not much of a homebody. On May 10th, 1775, Allen was one of 83 men led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, who captured Fort Ticonderoga before a daybreak. Most accounts of this Green Mountain Boys mission agree that it was risky, with not enough boats to move men across the lake in the darkness. As usual, they signaled with owl hoots, with the good fortune of the Fort's centuries rifle misfire, and surprising the British commander with a rude awakening in the darkness. There is no doubt that the surprise and ferocity of Allen's unit overpowered the British, and they didn't have a chance. The capture of the Fort marked a turning point for the Continental Forces, and was celebrated by George Washington as scores of the Fort's cannons were moved by Oxcart to Dorchester Heights in Boston to fire on the British ships who were menacing and controlling the city from the harbor. After the surrender of Fort Ticonderoga, Captain Seth Warner led a small detachment of Green Mountain Boys, including Allen, 12 miles up the lake to the ground point, and easily overpowered a small unit and captured that fort as well. In 1775, the Green Mountain Continental Army Rangers Militia, often referred to as Warner's Regiment, was established by the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, and paid for by New York. This was much to the chagrin of the Yorkers as the Green Mountain Boys had a history of resisting their governance, terrorizing their lawmen, and running them off what would become Vermont territory. Seth Warner was selected as commander of the Rangers, and Ethan Allen was chosen as a first lieutenant of that regiment, which was sometimes called the Green Mountain Boys, not to be confused with the pre-revolution Green Mountain Boys. As a side note, Ethan Allen was captured outside of Montreal and imprisoned for almost three years in 1775, during which time Ebenezer was having a breakout military combat career. And that year, 1775, Allen was part of a company of men in Warner's Regiment that he had helped muster from Poltny and Tynmouth and served in a five-week scouting party into Canada. At 32, Allen's courage, military skill, charismatic leadership ability, and gutsy physical presence were getting noticed. The following year, Allen served as a delegate to the Safety Committee Convention of New Hampshire. He was also commissioned as a captain in the militia group known as Harrecks Rangers for immediate defense of the New Hampshire colony. As we shall see, a lot of paramilitary missions emanated from the Council of Safety and were carried out by small, well-trained units, and Allen was a key operative in these missions. The differences between the training and strategies of the British infantry and Rogers Rangers woodland fighters were very different. European units were comprised of career warriors, and in Europe, the poor and lower class artisans. Strict discipline was imposed with punishments such as flogging. European battlefields were often more open than in the thick wilderness of the east coast of New England. Troops marched in formation and often attempted to volley into masses of their opponents. By contrast, the American Light Infantry militias were more accustomed to woodland fighting and sharpshooting. The cis and rangers tended to be intelligent and well-trained. The strategies used in the Light Infantry were passed on from Rogers Rangers standing orders and they give us insight into warfare in the woodlands of New England. Here are some of my favorites. Don't forget nothing. 2. Have your musket clean as a whistle. Hatchet scoured. 60 rounds powder and bulb. Be ready to march at a minute's warning. 3. When you're on the march, act the way you would if you was sneaking up on a deer. See the enemy first. 4. When we camp, half the party stays awake while the other half sleeps. 5. If we take prisoners, we keep them separate till we have had the time to examine them so they can cook up a story between them. 6. Don't sit down to eat without posting sentries. 7. Don't sleep beyond dawn. Dawn's when the French and Indians attack. 8. Don't stand up when the enemy's coming against you. Kneel down. Lie down. Hide behind a tree. 9. Let the enemy come till he's almost close enough to touch.  The regimental dress code was not always faithfully adhered to in the North Country. The Warners Regiment dress uniforms included cocked black felt hats, green coats faced with red buckskin waistcoats and breeches, coarse woolen stockings, heavy low shoes checked with white shirts. In the field, they sometimes wore rifle frocks. Not all the troops were equipped with bayonets, and they carried English or French muskets, though some carried American rifles. Jerry Mullen of Warners Regiment of Reenactors, who has carefully researched the topic, says only 60% of the warriors in the regiment were uniforms. Officers bought their own uniforms and usually carried swords and pistols. Mullen said it was unlikely that Herrick's Rangers wore uniforms unless they had procured them from their work in Warners Regiment. So it is likely that Allen wore the green regimental uniform when on duty since he was an officer. What was Allen like as a person? His grandson, Dr. Melvin Barnes, Jr., of Grand Isle and Alberg, Vermont, was 12 years old when Allen passed away, and he was well acquainted with him. Burns noted he was very perceptive. In general, Allen had a military manner and character.  He had a deep chest with long, stout upper limbs and shorter legs with bigger-than-average size and strength. Apparently, one of the past times of Ethan and Ebenezer and their lot was to pick up 25-pound bags of salt in their teeth and toss them over their shoulders, competing for distance. According to his grandson, quote, his disposition left him eminently exposed to the designs of cunning and less scrupulous beings, to the views and artifices of the times. Other accounts confirm Allen's spirited and combative personality, and he harbored a particular contempt for dishonesty. One has to wonder how he would view our elected officials today. At any rate, these personal qualities merited recognition and respect with his contemporaries. As a kid, Burns listened to many hair-raising tales told by his grandfather, although he admitted he had no reason to believe they were exaggerated. For example, Burns recounted a corroborated story about Allen, who was eating with British officers in Quebec after the Revolutionary War had ended, which would have made Allen age 40 or older at the time. Apparently, the trash talking evolved to the point where one of the officers, who was sitting at the table across from Allen, challenged him to a duel and asked when and where they should meet. Allen replied, Here's we now sit, drawing his pistol, he said, quote, I will take your pistol in my mouth, and you should take mine and yours, and we will both fire at the word of command by the Jesus, end quote. There is no word on whether the British officer complied with Allen's daring retort. In July 1776, after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence of Philadelphia, Allen was a member of the Convention at Dorset and the 1777 Convention at Windsor, representing Timmeth, where the Vermont Constitution was written. At that convention, Vermont declared independence from New York and Great Britain. Incidentally, they also made slavery illegal, which would go into effect largely unenforced the following year, in 1778. The Republic of Vermont would exist for the next 14 years as an independent territory before it became a state. In the late 1770s, Vermont was still a dangerous place to be, whether you were a British loyalist, also known as a Tory, an American patriot or a Native American. The southern towns like Bennington were the safest places to be for settlers since the north was still wilderness. The British occupied some American cities in Canada, and raids by the British and Native Americans, sometimes in concert, were prevalent. Fort Vengeance in Pittsburgh, 1780, and a fort in Rutland were built to protect settlers from British General Haldeman's raids and included garrisons of the Vermont militia. In fact, historian James E. Peterson points out the Council of Safety, as late as 1780, proclaimed that settlers were not safe north of Pittsburgh. In the towns without forts, settlers faced a constant threat of attacks, being taken prisoner and being killed. But living among the patriots were loyalists whose sentiments lay with the British, and life could be hazardous for them too. Some of the loyalists were known as protectioners because they were receiving protection under British General John Burgoyne. The Council of Safety often suspected them of spying for the British and often confiscated their properties or worse. There was also a word of a Tory camp and nearby Clarendon. In July 77, after the Americans surrender Fort Ticonderoga, a number of the residents of Tinmuth anticipated British attacks and left town. Together south, in Arlington, Chasbury, Bennington, where it would be safer. However, some citizens who had British loyalties stayed behind. Two of the alleged loyalists were brothers, John and William Irish, who had built adjoining farms in Tinmuth. The Republic's Council of Safety, an independent leadership group for the Republic, sent Captain Allen with his tactical unit of private soldiers, including Phineas Clough, John Train, and Allen's Lieutenant, Isaac Old Rifle Clark, to reconnoitre so-called protectioners in the area. On Sunday, midday, July 27, 1777, the men got to work. Allen, who was well known in Tinmuth, and received information that the Irish brothers were indeed Tories, and he ordered Clough to approach the Irish brothers on a ruse and tell them he wanted to join the Tories. John Irish told Clough to accompany him to his house, and that he would take him to the Tory camp, but that Clough needed to go as a prisoner and sign papers first. Allen and his men covertly observed the encounter and took up concealed positions behind the trees, with loaded rifles from a few dozen yards away. Apparently the Tory, John Irish, had gone to get papers for Clough to sign, and Clough decided the jig was up, and it was time to make a run for it. Clough bolted out of the house, headed for the woods with Irish in pursuit with his rifle. Irish warned Clough to stop, and that he would shoot him if he ran. Irish aimed his gun to shoot Clough. Allen shot Irish in the left hand, and Irish dropped his gun. According to Melvin Burns, Irish exclaimed, Captain Allen, you have killed me. At that point, Lieutenant Clark aimed his rifle and said, no, he ain't, but I will, and shot him through the heart. After killing Irish, the party continued on to reconnoiter the Tory camp, then moved on to Arlington. There are several different versions of this story, and this one was corroborated by Dr. Burns and Judge Obadiah Noble. Judge Noble was described as having impeccable character and served in the public office for many years afterward in Tinnmouth. Lieutenant old rifle Isaac Clark reportedly carried out other, shall we say, well executed orders, similar to this one in his service with Allen. Other stories are reserved for the book. Clark was soon promoted to captain, would marry Governor Chittenden's daughter Hannah, and would eventually become the distinguished Colonel old rifle Clark, commanding the 11th U.S. infantry stationed in a condonement that he bought, located in what is now Battery Park in Burlington during the War of 1812. My book includes excruciating details from loyalist Rebecca Irish's account of the incident, which differs from the preceding account and the family's subsequent eviction after their house was confiscated. A month later in August 77, while serving with Captain Samuel Herrick's Green Mountain Rangers, Allen played in a heroic role in the Battle of Bennington, fought in Wall Loom sick New York against the British forces under General John Burgoyne. Herrick's Rangers was a group of Minuteman infantry soldiers that were well trained, disciplined, and hardy. These guys could go on long marches quickly and remain concealed through the backwoods without food and fight fiercely at a moment's notice. This militia unit was more like a special forces unit than the Continental Army units, which tended to be slower moving and often carried heavier supplies. The Bennington battle was where American commander, John Stark, famously declared, these are your enemies, the Redcoats and the Tories. They are ours or this night Molly Stark sleeps a widow. After the battle, Stark remembered it was, whoa, the hottest engagement I have ever witnessed resembling a continual clap of thunder. Allen's role in that battle was significant. He was known for being cool and deliberate while facing extreme danger and one of the best marksmen in the Continental Army. Abbey Hemingway's Gazetteer refers to the battle with this account of the Americans facing a British cannon on the battlefield. The British had a field piece placed upon an eminence which very much disturbed the Vermont militia men. General John Stark ordered Ebenezer Allen to take 20 sharpshooters from his company and go so near the cannon that they could shoot down the artillery men firing it. Just as Allen entered the field, there came a great shot from a field piece which grazed his cheek.  No more disconcerted than if a snowball had been thrown. He rushed on, made the attack upon the artillery men and in a very short time all that were not killed or wounded fled and left the gun. After fighting in Bennington, Allen served in the Pallet Expedition Force with the Rangers along with 2,000 other soldiers from the region. This was a strategic location for keeping Burgoyne's armies under control. At that time in 1777 the wagon rode when only as far north as Pallet, so moving northward would be on foot with limited supplies. The following months in September, Allen was appointed to the rank of Major in Herrick's Rangers and served with Colonel John Brown, sweeping the British from the north end of Lake George and subsequently from Fort Ticonderoga. Allen was complimented by the Vermont Council for his spirited conduct in action. To some historians, Allen's capture of Mount Defiance on that outing was his greatest achievement. It was audacious and courageous to say the least and he did it before daybreak. Allen's ad hoc special forces unit scaled an almost vertical rock face that was opposite the cut trail. Allen, quote, clambered to the top and in a stentorian voice cried out, shoot them rascals. At that moment his men were hanged by crevices and bushes below the summit. The surprised British soldiers panicked and the canineers wildly fired into space, not knowing what to aim at. Allen and his men came after them like a swarm of hornets and the entire British garrison fled down the cut trail. Historian Russell Bellicoke says Allen's men then turned the cannons on the British in the fort and fired at them. Unfortunately, they found that Fort Ty was out of range of the cannons. The entire British garrison was captured by Major Benjamin Waite at the bottom of the mountain. After the war, Waite would become the founder of the town of Waitesfield, Vermont. But that's another story. After the capture of Mount Defiance, 1,000 American troops under the command of Colonel Brown surrounded Fort Tyconderoga. The British appeared to be well defended inside the fort. Allen decided he would go on a scouting expedition to see what he could learn about the size and condition of General Watson Powell's force. Allen tied a piece of white cloth on the end of his musket and strolled alone toward the fort. He was able to ascertain that the British group was not a large force and they were not prepared for intense combat. Nonetheless, even though the Americans realized they vastly outnumbered the British inside the fort, they lacked the fortitude to attack. One cannot help but wonder what might have happened if Allen had been in charge of the American troops instead of Colonel Brown. Later on, following the eventual British evacuation of the fort and retreat towards Canada, Allen's company ambushed the British rear guard who were 40 miles north in Essex, New York, headed for the safety of Canada. By some accounts, the British recognized Allen's unit and were terrified of their well-known ferocity. As he would later recount, they captured 50 of Burgoyne's forces as they retreated for Montreal. The haul also included three boats, 100 horses, four cows, and 12 yoke of oxen. At that time, his men also captured a female British slave, Dinomatis, and her infant child. Allen reacted by obtaining leave of the detachment under his command to handwrite a certificate of emancipation and deliver Mattis to Bennington. His emancipation stated that based on the Continental Congress resolve, all prizes belonged to the captivators, and he was conscientious that it was not right, quote, in the sight of God to keep slaves, end quote. The emancipation would give her and child their freedom to pass and repass anywhere through the United States of America, with her behaving as becoming and no trade and no traffic for herself and child as though she was born free without being molested by any persons or persons. This certificate was recorded by the Bennington Town Clerk. It is worth noting that in 2014, in a seven days interview, University of Vermont professor Harvey Amani Whitfield praised Allen's decision to free Mattis, calling it glowing significance of his decision-making at a time when there was still and would continue to be slaves held in Vermont. After capturing the rearguard, Allen was subsequently commissioned as a colonel in the state militia. The Americans didn't have the money or military personnel to occupy Fort Ty, and most of the Rangers returned to their farms, livelihoods, and families. As we know, the fort, along with other fortifications, changed hands several times throughout the war. Another mission in 1778 put Allen in charge of the fort in New Haven, just above the falls, later to become for Gens, Vermont. Keep in mind, Vermont had declared itself a separate republic, and New York especially was having a hard time accepting this. What events led up to Allen's mission in New Haven? Back in 1769, a few families moved north from Salisbury, Connecticut, and settled near Otter Creek in New Haven. Cleared land, built dwellings, and a sawmill at the falls. Not long afterwards, a colonel reed of New York arrived with a group of armed settlers who claimed the land on both sides of Otter Creek for a distance of two miles on each shore, based on New York grants. The New Yorker colonel reed ejected the Connecticut settlers, moved his group in, and built more houses in a grist mill. Soon, the Yorkers were in turn dispossessed by Ethan Allen and his crew. Their houses and grist mill destroyed, and the rightful owners put back in possession of their property. But not so fast. Colonel reed eventually arrived again with a number of Scottish immigrants and expelled the first settlers again and repaired the mill. When word of this reached Bennington in March of 1778, Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain boys headed to the New Haven Falls and forcibly ejected and restated their friends. They broke the mill stones and threw them over the falls, erected a blockhouse, and garrisoned it with a small party under the command of none other than Ebenezer Allen. Allen ordered scout patrols into the area and from time to time to deter further interference. Life was good until Allen left town. This time, Tory Justice Sherwood and his crew of followers broke up the settlement again and evicted the original settlers. Remember that name, Justice Sherwood. Sherwood was a former Green Mountain boy who increasingly had ambivalent feelings about the revolution. In 1776, he turned traitor and British loyalist and by 1780, he was a British secret agent living in Quebec. Sherwood would soon be the Quebec governor's main northeast negotiator and spy operating out of North Hero, Vermont. Contrary to some public opinion, the War of Independence did not end in 1776. Hostilities continued for years and even long after the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783. Between the years 1778 and 1780, Allen was still in a prime of his mid-thirties and he was ordered to conduct dozens of missions for the safety council. These missions included the aforementioned Tinmuth and New Haven assignments as well as other assignments protecting patriotic Vermonters in various locations. In one case, he and Ethan and a detachment of 100 men arrested a number of loyalists in Cumberland County now in New Hampshire who refused to recognize the authority of the new state of Vermont. Most of them went to trial and paid small fines. In November 1778, under orders from the British command in Quebec, Major Charles Carlton began a raid with eight large vessels, a great number of bateaus and Native Americans and canoes with a total of around a thousand men. They went a short two miles south of Chimney Point to Middlebury and scorched and burned everything near Otter Creek all the way down to Ferrisburg. This included burning mills and the New Haven blockhouse and taking prisoners as well. It is possible that the Vermont militia prevented further scorching and burning since Carlton's men had left everything including settlements and Panton and Monkton in ashes. Apparently, Alan's scouting party became aware of Carlton's raids and he sent a message to Ethan who pulled out all of the Vermont militia. Carlton's forces subsequently stood down and passed down the lake without further attacks. Alan planned and oversaw the construction of Fort Vengeance in Pittsburgh in 1780 which was commissioned by the Council of Safety for protection against Native Americans and British. In 1780, Alan assembled a force of 200 men at the request of Governor Clinton of New York to successfully deter an invasion by Sir John Johnson from Canada. Keep in mind, as we shall see in a moment during that busy time period in his life in the year 1779, Alan was granted a 64-acre lot by the Vermont Assembly. Alan selected the lot on the southern tip of an island on Lake Champlain in a drawing with two other men. In fact, it is fairly well established that he built a log house or shanty on that land and spent some time there during the next couple of years when he was able. This location in northern Vermont would become his stomping ground for a couple of decades of work and community service. During the 1780s, controversial negotiations proceeded between the British Governor General Frederick Haldeman and Ethan Ira and Joseph Fay. The headquarters for Sherwood's spy operation and negotiations was in the Champlain Islands located just a few miles north of Alan's new homestead. Under Haldeman's orders in 1781, Sherwood built the loyal blockhouse on Dutchman's point later to be named Blockhouse Point and North Hero on the on the map here. Keep in mind, the land and water in Vermont was still locked in a power struggle with the British forces still hanging around, especially on the lake. North Hero historian Mary Jane Healy found that two years later in 1783, the Vermont Assembly voted to give more than 300 North Hero property lots to the Green Mountain Boys in 64 acre parcels. According to the land records, the lot where the blockhouse had already been built two years before was sold by Joseph Fay to Justice Sherwood in 1783. The blockhouse was built to be an outpost and sat elevated on the southern point of North Hero Island overlooking lake transportation routes during the summer of 1781. It was also Sherwood's command post for parties of spies and for overseeing political kidnappings in Vermont. The building was a typical two-story blockhouse design. The aerial photo was taken of the blockhouse site in 1955, but we haven't determined the original size. Many blockhouses during that revolutionary time frame had a 16 by 20 foot sidewalls with up to 32 portholes, two stories high. They served as an arsenal and a meeting place. A sons of the American Revolution historical marker and flags remain at the blockhouse site, which is now owned privately. We can presume this site, including outbuildings and watercraft, and we know that it was used by British soldiers for at least 15 years until they abandoned it finally in 1796. Sherwood was despised by a lot of the patriotic Vermonters and apparently Ebenezer was assigned to provide protective security for Sherwood during the negotiations. According to Sherwood's journal, there was no love lost between the two men. Sherwood, who was Governor Haldeman's main negotiator, wrote of as Ebenezer, quote, this is the same Alan who treated me so ill when I was on the first flag. It is so painful for me to see him that I can barely treat him with common civility, end quote. Apparently, Alan enjoyed aggravating Sherwood. Since then, at least one historian by the name of Mary Beacock Fryer has restyled Sherwood as the Buckskin Pimpernel. As if the perils of the cold northern frontier were not enough, the post-war economy made life very difficult for settlers in Vermont. The realities of survival in the wilderness on indigenous land and the post-war economic recession created crisis and a conflict of commitment for many Vermonters. Accounts of the period described the lack of prosperity, food, and business opportunities despite hard work. When Alan sold his estate in Tinmouth, he took beef and pavement, then attempted to sell it privately to a private buyer in Canada via Crown Point. Since the British were still hanging around and would benefit from trade to Canada or directly with them, this was a no-no. And Colonel Alan found himself in hot water. Governor Chidden referred to American beef as contraband. His prosperity grew, and there were no further records of his active continental military duty after 1781. As an entrepreneur, there was no question that Alan was successful. Despite some of the aforementioned stories and the lure of British money, there is no evidence that he felt any loyalist yearnings. One story has Alan bringing lumber from a sawmill over water to the island on a raft to build a new frame house to augment his cabin in 1783. He unloaded the lumber, disassembled the raft, and used it to build the frame house and outbuildings, soon to be known as Alan's Point and South Hero. He planted the first apple orchard, grew wheat, corn, and other crops, and his farm thrived. He then built a blacksmith shop, and hundreds of new settlers followed to populate the community, which would come to be known as South Hero. In 1787, Alan enlarged his house, constructed outbuildings, and opened a public house. He operated a ferry to the mainland from the tip of Alan's Point to Colchester Point during the summer months. Alan operated a flat-bottom scow ferry to carry people, animals, and wagons from the tip of South Hero over to the reef to Colchester along the current Colchester Causeway bike path. Some of the crossing was fordable with reefs and sandbars, but a lot of it would have been perilous over deep water. The ferrymen might use poles, oars, or sails to move a boat across the water. The fastest transportation technology in that era was over water, but trails and primitive roads were being cleared by the end of the century. Alan built the first road in South Hero, from his place on Alan Point to Lamberton Alan's place on what is now the Lake Champlain Transportation ferry landing and site in Grand Isle. This road would have been across what is now the current railway bike path and present day West Shore Road. Alan ran a prosperous lumber business, rafting lumber to Canada, which was a dangerous proposition at best. It involved a crew of men living on a huge log raft equipped with sails and orders, subject to unpredictable weather, big waves on the lake, currents on the river, not to mention hostile encounters along the way. In addition, Alan's public house at his residence became a popular meeting place for lodging and meetings. He became heavily involved in community service and served as the South Hero proprietors clerk, which was similar to the town clerk before the town was chartered in 1784, and he was selected as one of two justices of the peace. The other justice was a man by the name of Colonel Stephen Pearl. Remember the name Stephen Pearl, as he will pop up later on. In the meantime, land speculation was quite popular. According to historian Mary Jane Healy, many of the Champlain Alan's grantees had already settled elsewhere. Consequently, they sold their island lots. The Vermont Assembly had levied a tax of one half-cent per acre in order to support a general fund, and many of the grantees sold their lots without properly recording the sale or paying the tax. As a result of not being recorded or taxed, the lots were foreclosed. Public auctions known as sheriff's sales or vendues, where the lots were auctioned off, led to disputes over lots and that appeared to have multiple owners. Alan bought and sold hundreds of acres of properties in the islands, as did other leaders as well. In 1786, Alan was chosen as the second selectman for the New Town of South Hero and represented to the Vermont General Assembly, which he did until 1798. Since there was no town meeting house, it wouldn't have been unusual to hold meetings in his tavern. He continued to serve as town clerk until 1795, and even though historians note that he was no longer active in a military role, he did serve as a problem solver for the Council of Safety of the Young State of Vermont. Governor Chittenden appointed Alan in 1786 to remove all quote unlawful intruders in the Missisgoy Bay area by force. Back in 1765, the Abnakis had leased their lands on the bay to James Robertson of St. John Quebec. Swan had been chartered in 1763 and had a growing population of settlers by the 1780s, although Ira Alan claimed ownership of over 90 percent of the shares of the town in 1786. During that year, the alleged intruders, also known as the Abnakis, according to Power and Havilland, had left the Missisgoy area during the war to get out of harm's way. They returned and laid claim to the lands and threatened to dispossess the settlers. Ira Alan's argument was that the intruders were from the St. Francis tribe in Canada. Furthermore, he said the original inhabitants had lost their title as a consequence of the French war, and perhaps they could find justice by applying to the courts of Vermont. This controversy is a whole other story that deserves further discussion at another time. As a result, a small detachment of troops remained in the Missisgoy Bay area for at least two years to end the attacks and protect the settlers. We don't know if Alan used negotiations, force, or both to end the conflict. We do know that tribal lands have continued to be in dispute over the centuries. Recently, in 2020, four indigenous tribes, including the Abnakis, have been granted free fishing rights in Vermont after more than 200 years of trying. The summer of 1789 brought a severe drought. In fact, it was commonly called the Scarce Year and the uncommon year of starvation. Ebenezer was more fortunate with his hay crop than Cousin Ethan in Burlington. And because of that, what was about to transpire would be the reason why Ebenezer Alan would be remembered in history. The story is well known. General Ethan Alan showed up with his hay wagon on February 11th. Ebenezer had invited a number of Patriot brothers from the Green Mountain Boys ranks for an evening of reminiscences with stone walls, punch, and flips. Apparently, quite a crew showed up at Ebenezer's tavern. As we know, Ethan suffered a traumatic medical event during the return trip over ice. Although there are different stories about his demise, the most reliable one is that he suffered a stroke, never regaining consciousness, then passed away in his bed at the Ethan Alan homestead on the following day, February 12th, 1789. During that uncommon year, two citizens were brought before justice of the peace, Alan, after being proven that they stole food to eat. One man was apparently quite affluent. Colonel Alan expressed great chagrin at the thieves and noted scarcity could be no excuse for stealing. After ruling against the prisoners, their counsel countered that this warrant had not even been signed, and therefore the whole proceeding should have been legally nullified. According to grandson Dr. Burns, Alan took the summons, signed it, then said, now go to trial. Everybody knows I'm justice itself. Alan continued to live in South Hero for another decade. In 1790, South Hero was the most populated town in northern Vermont with over 1,000 inhabitants. Burlington only had 332 in the 1790 census. For almost a year, Ebenezer toured unsettled territories with a group led by his namesake, the loyalist Ebenezer Alan, who had also fought at the Battle of Bennington for the other side, the group, including Ira Alan, toured western New York and the Niagara regions. In February 1793, a British group of travelers led by Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, and his mistress stayed at Alan's house en route to New York. Followers of the royal family know that Prince Edward was King George III's fourth son, and he would become the father of Queen Victoria a few years hence since 1819. Alan ventured out to the Midwest in 1795 with Vermonters Charles Whitney and Robert Randall, as well as two Englanders, to buy 20 million acres of land on the Michigan Lower Peninsula. They created a stock company, and Whitney and Randall promised congressmen stock or cash for support of the plan. The scheme was exposed, Whitney and Randall were investigated by the U.S. House, and the plan fell apart. Despite Alan's keen interest, his family dissuaded him from moving out to the Michigan area. Within a few years, though, Alan would get into serious hot water and a dramatic international incident. According to Alan's grandson, Dr. Burns, in 1798 a suspect in Sheriff Ebenezer Alan's custody, John Gregg, drowned in Lake Champlain. However, the Vermont Assembly records state that the arrest was carried out by Deputy Sheriff John Allen from St. Albans. The Vermont Assembly record indicates that in 1798, a man they identify as John Allen, in his capacity as a Franklin County Deputy Sheriff, with a posse followed a suspect, John Griggs, aka Gregg, from the neighboring town of Alberg, Vermont, who had fled across the border into Canada. The Allen posse broke into his room arrested him, bound him, and put him on a sleigh to take him back to Vermont. Unfortunately, the sleigh went through the ice while in Alan's custody, Mr. Griggs drowned in Lake Champlain within the Vermont border. The Colonial Court of the King's Bench of Criminal Jurisdiction produced bills of indictment for Alan and his posse so that they could stand trial for murder in Canada. The indictment and extradition for Alan and his posse was delivered to Vermont Governor Isaac Tischner. A court of inquiry into the incident at Alberg found that Gregg's death was accidental. Governor Tischner's statement noted, quote, an occurrence of so serious and delicate nature, end quote. He conceded that Mr. Griggs was inconsiderately arrested and deceased within the territory of his Britannic Majesty. The statement went on to note that the unhappy affair had long given painful anxiety to the citizens of this state. Regardless of whether Ebenezer was involved in the small tight-knit island community which included Alberg, the drama, the investigation, the indictments, and the rumors must have carried a burden on everyone. There's more to this story, but one has to wonder if Ebenezer was involved in this traumatic incident and if that impacted what happened next. By 1800 Ebenezer and Lydia Allen's youngest daughters, Charlotte and Eunice, were 23 and 21. Allen moved to the boom town of Burlington and opened a public house at the head of the Wharf on South Wharf, which was the site of a bustling lumber shipping center. On this sand-borne fire map of the South Wharf is on the lower right of the image which is at the bottom of today's Maple Street. Water Street, which is now Battery Street, was adjacent to a cliff at the water's edge and lower Maple Street was then called Wharf Street. It was there that Ebenezer operated his tavern until his death. None of the buildings from that time exist today, although several brick and stone structures exist that were built in the 1820s. Allen got into some legal trouble and was apparently imprisoned after being sued in a civil suit by Sheriff Stephen Pearl in 1800 on unknown charges. The first courthouse in Burlington had been built in 1795 on what was then called Courthouse Square, located in what is now the center of City Hall Park. Pearl had large land holdings at about the same time as Allen and was also known to speculate. Allen family letters show Timothy Pearl, Stephen's brother, asked the Allen's, possibly including Ebenezer, to co-sign for financial transactions. According to genealogical records, Pearl was involved in a number of land trades and schemes, and not all of them ended well. Allen did make bail of $700 and a jury eventually ruled in favor of the plaintiff, Mr. Pearl. The defendant Colonel Allen paid $129 in damages. Colonel Ebenezer Allen passed away in March 1806. His remains were buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Burlington. Allen's wife, Lydia, returned to South Hero and lived with her son, Timothy, on Allen's point until her death in 1833 at 88 years old. Allen was remembered fondly by his Masonic temple and by his grandson as a Calvinistic fatalist and a Hamilton federalist with reliable virtues and a warm heart. He was a patriot, a commando, an emancipator, and a public servant during a tumultuous time in our past. Next month's third Sunday lecture series brings you Elise Gayet. Elise Gayet's book Discovering Black Vermont tells the story of three generations of free African Americans trying to build a life and community in northern Vermont in the years following statehood. By piecing together fragments of the history of free black Americans in Vermont, tax, real estate records, journals, diaries, and the like, the author recovers what is essentially a lost world, establishing a framework for using primary sources to document a forgotten past. The book is an invaluable resource for those conducting local history research and will serve as inspiration for high school and college students and their teachers. It was originally published in 2010 by the University of Vermont and the University Press of New England and it has been reprinted in 2020 by the Vermont Historical Society. We look forward to seeing you then.


I once again welcome you all to MSB lecture series on interpretive spectroscopy. In my previous lectures, I had elaborated on NMR spectroscopy. What you should remember about NMR is all nuclei with nonzero nuclear spin value would behave like tiny bar magnets and they will be randomly oriented in the absence of magnetic field. When you apply magnetic field, majority of them are aligned with the magnetic field and some of them will be opposing the magnetic field. And then, since they are charged species, what they do is with respect to the magnetic field, they start precessing without aligning the exact aligning with the axis of rotation, axis of precision is not permitted according to quantum mechanical rules. As a result, what happens? They will be precessing with an angle with respect to the applied magnetic field. The frequency with which they precess is called normal frequency omega. And if you consider that one to position frequency, since it is angular, we call it as 2 pi nu. That means, omega normal frequency equals 2 pi nu and this is proportional to the gyromagnetic ratio of that nucleus and applied magnetic field. That means 2 pi nu equals gamma B naught. And if you consider the energy difference, then h pi 2 pi h nu equals h gamma B naught. And then, if you simplify that one, what we get is nu equals gamma B naught over 2 pi. So, this equation one should remember. Once you remember the equation, this gives you very nice correlation of the frequency of operation with respect to the applied field and gyromagnetic ratio. So, here we use the term chemical shift. What happens when the nucleus is precessing with a frequency called normal frequency? So, this is aligned at an angle. So, in order to flip that one, we have to apply another frequency in a direction perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. So, that influences or pulls down the normal frequency away from the axis of rotation that is with respect to the magnetic field. And once when it completely comes off, it flips. So, this is called transition or flipping. So, in order to flip the nuclear spin to see transition, we have to apply another frequency at right angle to the applied magnetic field, which should match the normal frequency. Then we call it as resonance, then we will see spectrum. So, in that case, what is chemical shift? When we are putting the nucleus in the magnetic field, they are always surrounded by electron. We are not talking about naked nucleus. We are talking about the nucleus surrounded by electrons. So, these electrons are also charged particles under the influence of magnetic field. They also produce magnetic field, which can either align with the magnetic field or it can oppose the magnetic field. So, when it would be aligned with the magnetic field and when it is going to oppose the magnetic field, we should look into the symmetry of the electron density. If the symmetry of electron density or the circulation of electron density is symmetrical, then there will be unhindered circulation we can observe under the influence of magnetic field. So, when there is unhindered circulation of electron density because of the symmetric distribution of the electrons, then what happens the magnetic field generated because of circulation of electron density would always oppose the applied magnetic field. As a result, the net magnetic field experienced by the nucleus decreases and this we call it as diamagnetic shielding. In this case, what happens since the net frequency net magnetic field experienced by the nucleus decreases, its normal frequency also decreases, then we need to give a low frequency pulse to see resonance that is reason it is also called low frequency shift. Diamagnetic shielding, low field shift and also low frequency shift. On the other hand, if the electrons density surrounding the nucleus is unsymmetrical, there will be hindrance for the circulation of electron density. So when there is a hindrance for the circulation of electron density under the influence of magnetic field, what would happen is the magnetic field generated would be aligned with the magnetic field. As a result, the net magnetic field experienced by the nucleus would increase and hence its normal frequency also increases. As a result, another frequency we are applying to cause resonance would also be high frequency that is the reason we call it as high frequency shift or down field shift. So in this case, it is also called high frequency shift and this unhindered circulation of electron density happens when we have the nucleus surrounded by uneven number of electrons. For example, if we have p electrons, when we have p electrons, p6, s2p6 is not a problem, but we have other electronic configuration. In that case, what happens since p orbitals are not spherically symmetrical unlike s orbitals, no matter how many electrons are there, always it generates some hindrance for the circulation. As a result, what happens the magnetic field generated would always align with the magnetic field and then this is called paramagnetic de-shielding. When paramagnetic de-shielding is there, we observed high frequency shift, more de-shielded whereas in case of diamagnetic shielding, signals are more shielded. That means the electron density prevents the nucleus from experiencing the magnetic field. So then frequency decreases, laminar frequency decreases that is called diamagnetic shielding and this is called paramagnetic de-shielding. That is the reason wherever we come across nucleus having only s electrons in their valence shell, the spectral width is very small because whether you have one electron or two electron because of the symmetric nature of s orbital, it is always the magnetic field generated would be very small and hence we will see either small diamagnetic shielding or small paramagnetic de-shielding as a result spectral width would not go beyond 1 to 10 or sometime it is 1 to 15, but on the other hand when we have p electrons. So then the magnitude of paramagnetic de-shielding is enormous that is the reason in case of nucleus such as 19 f, 31 p, 13 c, we will see a wide chemical shift range. So then I also discussed several examples and also many nuclei I discussed, again I come back at the end to discuss more about the problems. So now with this let me start discussion on UV visible spectroscopy. So here I have shown the electromagnetic spectrum here and here lot of information is there you can see the wavelength in meters is given here, the size of wavelength is also given what would happen to the size of wavelength from left to right and common name of wave also we have given for example radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, soft x-rays, hard x-rays and gamma rays and then the sources of this corresponding frequency is also shown here and frequency waves per second is also shown here and also the energy of one photon in electron volts also given here is a very useful slide just go through it. However attention should be towards UV visible and region in the electromagnetic spectrum. So this is the range we are going to focus in our discussion on UV visible spectroscopy. Before we go further let us again look into the approximate time scale for structure determination with various techniques as I had mentioned earlier electron diffraction up to 10 raise to minus 20 and x-ray up to 10 raise to minus 18 and UV and visible will be coming in this range 10 raise to minus 15 to 10 raise to minus 14 and of course later when I take up IR it would be around 10 raise to minus 13 and ESR is 10 raise to minus 4 to 10 raise to minus 8. We discussed NMR and also we saw some NMR dynamic process and all those things. Fast kinetics would be 10 raise to minus 3 to 10 to 2 and physical separation of isomers the time scale is greater than 100 seconds. So then we should be able to visually monitor and visually we should be able to look into the morphology and we should be able to separate if the crystals have different morphology. So let us look more in a simpler way to understand ultraviolet spectroscopy. Ultraviolet spectroscopy involves the measurement of absorption of light in the visible as well as ultraviolet region. So visible region we are talking about 400 to 800 nanometer whereas UV region is around 200 to 400 nanometer so that means this essentially involves the absorption of light by the substance under investigation. So since the absorption of light involves the transition from one electronic level to another electronic level that means electronic transition UV spectroscopy is also known as electronic spectroscopy. What we should do to get a spectrum that means for recording the UV spectrum the given compound is dissolved in a suitable solvent and the solution is placed in a quartz cell of path 1 centimeter we call it as path length. At the same time solvent is taken separately in another quartz cell that is known as reference cell. The sample solution and the solvent are simultaneously exposed to UV at visible radiation in spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer operates by comparing the amount of light in the beam that we supplied transmitted through the sample as well as the reference and then whatever the light absorbed by cell as well as the reference will be subtracted from the light absorbed by the substance to get the actual absorbance by the sample so that determining the spectrum would be easy. So this is how spectrometer measures the amount of light absorbed by the compound at each wavelength of the UV as well as visible region. The absorption gets recorded in a chart as a plot of wavelength of the entire region on the horizontal axis versus the absorbance of light at each wavelength on the vertical axis that is y axis. So this is how the typical UV visible spectra would look like. So what is the principle involved in UV visible spectroscopy? So absorption of visible and ultraviolet light results in the excitation of electron from a lower to a higher energy level that means when we supply energy in the UV visible region depending upon the gap between the two levels where transition is supposed to occur that means homo highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. So each electronic level in a molecule is associated with a number of vibrational sub levels and also each vibrational energy level in turn is associated with a number of rotational sub levels. For example, if we consider an electronic level say E naught.  That means when we are performing process of an electron from one energy level to another energy level it is not guaranteed that the electron will be originating from E 0, V 0 and R 0 instead it can go from anywhere between those allowed vibration levels and rotational levels as a result what happens? Same thing happens when it occupies the excited state also. That means because of the presence of several vibrational levels and rotational levels in the electronic state and also the energy required to promote electrons from different vibration rotation level is very small when we look into electronic transition we observe several transitions starting from different vibrational rotation levels to the excited state as a result what happens? That spectrum we obtained will be looking much broader. So as a result absorption spectrum contains a large number of lines which are too close together to be distinguished or separated and are recorded in the form of broad bands in the spectrum. For the same reason UV spectrum looks much broader unlike other spectra. This is how a typical instrument looks like. So here two sources are required to scan the entire UV visible band because we are scanning for both UV as well as visible. So deuterium lamp covers 200 to 300 nanometer. This is for UV region and tungsten lamp covers 300 to 700 this for visible region. The lamp illuminates the entire band of UV or visible light. The monochromator sends the radiation to the beam splitter. The beam splitter sends a separate band to a cell containing sample solution and a reference solution you can see here. The detector measures the difference between the transmitted light through the sample versus the incident light and sends this information to the recorder and then we get a plot in this fashion. This is how a spectrum can be obtained. The sampling handling is also very very important in any measurement for that matter. So here UV spectra recorded in solution phase cells can be made of plastic glass or quartz preferably quartz should be used because when the quartz is transparent in the full 200 to 700 nanometer range plastic and glass are only suitable for visible spectra. Solvent should not have conjugated pie system or carbonyl groups. When we are using a solvent to dissolve the sample we should keep in mind that it should not have a conjugated system or it should not have carbonyl groups or any other groups with a pair of lone pair of electrons. What are the commonly used solvents then? Astronitry, chloroform, cyclohexane, 1,4 dioxane, 95% ethanol, n-hexane, methanol, iso-octane and water depending upon the solubility of the sample we can conveniently use one or the other solvents shown here. Then there should be certain rules we should follow while measuring the spectrum. So we have to put together two well-known laws that is called Lambert's law and Bier's law. What Lambert's law says is observance A proportional to the path length of the absorbing medium. So path length of the, that is whatever the quartz cell we are using it refers to that one. And then Bier's law says observance is proportional to the concentration of the sample. So when you combine together we call it as Bier-Lambert's law that says observance is proportional to the concentration as well as the path length. That means for most spectrometers the path length would remain constant. So standard cells are typically one centimeter in path length and concentration is typically varied depending on the strength of absorption observed or expected. And epsilon is molar absorptivity vary by order of magnitude. For example, if you look into the values in the range of 10 rise to 4 to 10 minus 6 they are termed as high intensity absorptions. If the value is in the range of 10 rise to 3 to 10 rise to 4 they are termed as low intensity absorptions. On the other hand if the value is much below it's like 0 to 10 rise to 3 the absorptions are weak absorptions, very weak absorptions are forbidden transitions they are due to forbidden transitions. We will be knowing later what are the forbidden transition and what are the allowed transition, what are the selection rules, all those things in more detail when we go to transformative complexes. So observance equals log 10 into I naught over I that's equal to epsilon E cell epsilon molar absorptivity coefficient and C is the concentration and L is the path length. This equation is very very important. So here a longer path length L through the sample will cause more UV light to be absorbed. So the greater the concentration of the sample the more UV light will be absorbed. So UV visible spectrum consists of a absorption on y axis and wavelength on horizontal axis. So now let us look into the different type of electron transition we come across in molecules. So electronic transition occur from HOMO that is highest occupied molecular orbital to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital that means we call it as HOMO to LUMO transition and what are the different type of transition we can have sigma sigma star transition highest in energy and then we have n non-burning electrons to sigma star transition and then we have pi pi star transition and also we can come across n to pi star transitions. So energy follows this order energy required is very high and energy decreases in this factor decreases. So if decreases means the gap is decreased for example you can see here sigma to sigma star the gap is more here. So energy required is very high and then between pi pi star is lower n pi star is even much lower it follows this order it is the typical the energy you can expect for sigma pi and n electrons. So this is unoccupied levels and this is atomic orbitals and this is occupied levels. So in which compounds we come across this kind of transitions for example if we consider all case we invariably see sigma to sigma star transitions and you can see the gap is more here sigma to sigma star the high energy ones and then if you have carbonyl groups then we can anticipate sigma to pi star transition in case of unsaturated compounds where double bonds are there pi pi transitions are quite common and the other end if you have in the compound oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or halogens we can anticipate n to sigma star transitions and again carbonyls can also show n to pi star transitions. These are the few transitions we come across in the electronic spectroscopy. You can see here the energy gap or energy difference or energy required for different types of electronic excitations or transitions and of course the magnitude it gives and also what range energy required also can be clearly seen by looking into the gap between the homo and glumo levels. Among them n to pi star is the lowest one and then it goes to pi to pi star and then n to sigma star and the highest energy one is sigma to sigma star. So let's look into now different type of electronic transition as I mentioned sigma to sigma star. So these transitions are shown by saturated hydrocarbons in which all valence cell electrons are involved in the formation of sigma bond that means we don't have any lone pairs in the system. These transitions request very high energy and accurate lesser wavelengths so that means less than 200 nanometer and fall in vacuum UV region and n to sigma star compounds having non-bonding electrons on heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or halogens can show such type of transitions. The energy required for these transitions decrease with the decrease in electronegativity of heteroatom and therefore the wavelength of absorption increases. N to pi star we come across where we have double bonded heteroatoms like C double bond O, C double bond S and N double bond O etcetera show these kind of transitions. These transitions require only small amount of energy and take place within the range of ordinary ultraviolet spectrophotometer. However, the intensity of absorption is generally very low having epsilon values of less than 10 rise to 4. Pi star transitions occur in compounds having double bonds. The intensity of absorption is very high for these transitions. These transitions have epsilon value of 10 rise to 4 or more and they are called allowed transitions. So, let us look into more details in my next lecture until then have an excellent time reading about spectroscopy. Thank you.


Good afternoon everybody. This is the first day of the co-fest at the Galaxy Community Conference and we have Dave Clements and James Johnson also known as JJ who are going to talk about their experiences here at the GCC 2022 Hello Dave. Hello, JJ So yeah, I mean just wanted to get a feel about What was your experience? I mean Dave you've always been kind of The main organizer at the Galaxy and this time, you know, you're here in a different role. What was your experience like this time? It was spectacular. So critique. Thank you for being one of the lead organizers this year. So I didn't have to It's interesting to actually beat her as a participant. It is spectacular to be back in person So I really enjoy that really enjoy seeing people really enjoy connecting in ways that Aren't possible or don't feel the same on zoom. So And right now in the world, we're on zoom all the time with people from all over the world, right? It's really it's a very cool experience to see them in person So for me, it's been great. Great JJ you're back after, you know after five years the last time you attended was I think 2017 in France How does it feel to be back in person at the Galaxy Community Conference? Fantastic. It's a wonderful community of people and it's so good to get together to see people People were very nice over video, but as Dave says you lack a little of that That personality that goes on In an in-person con or conference, you know, we never saw Bjorn and John Chilton hug Under the formal meetings right for a whole different experience. That's true. Yeah In terms of the talks and you know sessions that you attended or even the workshops or box that you attended Was that anyone that stood out and you know any of you can start with an answer So I'm always impressed with the non biology topics So physics material science things like that. It's always good to see Galaxy applied outside of the domain. It was originally written for And it's good to see that it actually works in those domains. So that's really rewarding for me I also enjoy the boss in general because it's small group interactions, right? You have really Interesting discussions when you have ten people in the room You can interact in real life And I would Concur on the material science group because they are a group that I've worked with over the last two years Had never met them in person. I kept trying to tell them about this community as we try to Work a few things in and now that they've met the met the people here Learned more about Galaxy. It's fun to see the excitement that goes with a whole new platform That's going to have them help them solve so many problems That they've dealt with in terms of maintenance and reliability and Tracking what what their users do just this morning one of them said They got a call they asked the user. Well, what did your configuration file look like I don't have that anymore It's a very true I Really like the last Keynote talk. Yes, I'm thinking a lot of people did it wasn't Galaxy oriented at all great Yeah, I mean I think that that talk was great and there were many talks during the the conference as well I had another question. I mean both of you have some association with Minnesota. I mean how How much joy does it give you? in terms of having the Galaxy Community Conference here in in Minneapolis or in the Twin Cities Well, you know from the first time I went to these Galaxy conferences Well, at least the first couple it was practice to put at the bottom of your last slide any questions Meet me at the bar. I Have had so many questions over the years that people have helped me with right I'm in huge debt so They found me now they know where I live and and I'm trying to help pay back the community a little bit, right? What about you Dave? It's great to be back. I got a master's degree here 30 years ago To see what has changed Almost feels like coming home And in a way it like you know this conference was after a gap of three years, which means we're coming back on track You know you have been associated with Galaxy both of you What's the journey like I mean in terms of I won't say journey, but what's the trajectory like? What does it look like right now in terms of where it's going? I'm sure you're happy But you know what do you think is something that you're looking forward to? So I think we are becoming a more truly global organization So when we started there were a couple of groups in the US and now we have significant Tribute in groups at least six labs maybe ten that are around the world We have people that contribute from all sorts of communities Galaxy training network is my favorite example right with 200 plus contributors from all over the world Describing, you know 200 different topics covering the full range of Galaxy Yeah All right, so on that note, I think thank you very much. Yeah, you wanted to say something Yeah, because anybody interviewed you and now should we do that right now? We can do this afterwards Not right now, but you know, we'll keep this to both of you guys, which you know But again, thank you very much for doing this and thanks for coming here I mean, I know JJ is already always here, but I haven't seen JJ for last two three years now So it's really good to meet both of you in person here in Lovely yet hot summer of Minneapolis. So thanks again and hope to see you again soon


Welcome to Keys to Success, which is live on the ThinkTech Livestreaming Network series weekly on Thursdays at 11 a.m. We are your hosts. My name is Danelia D-A-N-E-L-I-A. And I'm the other half of the duo, John Newman. Welcome to today's show. The goal of this show is to provide professional and personal development tools and profound insights on how to achieve success in life, career, and or business. Dana Land, pop jazz vocalist, was our guest on our last show and her words of wisdom can be accessed on Newman Consulting Services website, NewmanConsultingServices.com or our landing page, danelia.org. In Hawaii, we have what's called the brain drain. Hawaii's young people appear to be one of the state's leading exports and Hawaii businesses are feeling the effects of this. Not only that, but Hawaii's unemployment rate in October of this year was 3.2%, which is great for our community for challenging for employers as there is a smaller pool of qualified workers. But there is help for employers in this area. The State Workforce Development Division offers funding for employers through the Employment Training Fund, referred to as ETF, that has helped hundreds of employers enhance their workers' skill sets. Employees can now translate their new skills into improving job performance as well as increase their chances to future promotions and increase in pay. Eligible employers participate in the ETF program are able to receive tuition assistance for courses through their list of approved vendors. Currently, employers can receive 50% tuition assistance for ETF approved courses, up to $250 with a $500 tuition cap. In 2017, the good news is that this is increasing to $400 with an $800 tuition cap. So if you would like to learn more about the ETF program, please call 586-887-7 or 596-0200 or go to the Hawaii Employer Training Fund Program website, which is located at the laborhawaii.gov site. Joining us today in the studio as our honored guest is Sal Guevara, Vice President, Digital Technology, also known as that, Alarm System Technology. Sal is back in July, he was on a show in July, but he's back now to share more of his wisdom. Thank you for joining us, Sal. Oh, thanks for having me on your show. Yeah, great to have you on board again. I love both of you. I get excited when I'm in your company. Yeah, you see, there was so much that we, that you talked about last time that was so valuable, and so you had so much more to say. So we said, we have to have you back. Yeah, I forgot what else I had to say. We don't want you to forget anything, okay? All right, so we know that you are truly an accomplished entrepreneur. And please share with our viewers, if you will, some of the insight that you have in building a successful business. Somebody insight I have. Okay. Well, you gotta wake up every day. One day at a time. You gotta keep your eye on the goal. Okay. Keep your eye on the price, and just do it and don't quit. All right. Well, you know, Sal, one of the things that we've talked about and when we spoke to you recently, you talked about the fact that you received another Rolex for being the most sales, is that what it was or what was it? Yeah, for sales in a certain time period. Okay. And I went to New Orleans, not knowing to accept a Rolex, that was the farthest thing from my mind. I was bringing a couple from Australia there to look at the business, the alarm business. And we had a general meeting and the guy, the president said that he had two Rolexes to give away. And he called the first guy and I said, well, you know, boom, boom, boom, clap hands for him. And then when he called me, I mean, I was like shocked. You know, I wake up every day and I work every day not to win anything, but just to be the best I can be. That's what I do. And that's just the byproduct of the end result of all the effort that I put in. And what we teach in our school is that you don't have to win every game, but you have to give it a winning effort. And that winning effort will show up no matter what you do. And it'll show up at times like you share with us right now.  Isn't this your third Rolex? That's my third Rolex. Third Rolex.  It's just really fantastic. You know how to do it. Yeah, I'll be 75 February first. Wow, you know how to do it. And we've made a pact. That fourth Rolex comes to me right now. That's on there. We got it on tape. Well, when did you consider yourself a success? Never. The road to success is always under construction. You know, the road to failure is paid with good intentions, but yeah, I don't feel like I'm successful, really. I mean, I'm in a better place than I was when I came to Hawaii and stuff. And since I've came here and since I was living on the floor and only had $75 left in my pocket to owning 12 properties free and clear, six of them here and six of them in Tampa, I feel the same as the day that I started. So when did you have the vision to have six properties and be able to use the money that you earned to develop the retirement type of portfolio? Well, being an independent contractor, not working for the government, not working for the city and county, not working for a big corporation with pension plans. I had to do some financial planning and have an exit plan for the future. And I lived on very little and the monies that I made, I took, I put it into properties.  Would you say that again? That's a tweetable quote. Would you say that one more time? Absolutely, you're working for your dollars now, right? So what you need to do is eventually take those dollars, turn the tables on them and send those dollars to work. My dollars are working hard. Okay. Well, you know, it's interesting because we really feel that a successful retirement is a retirement where your money is working for you. So that's exactly what you're talking about. Absolutely. I could retire tomorrow and not change my lifestyle. Yeah, that's fantastic. What do you feel, Sal, is the difference, if any, right now between achieving success in your younger years as to what you're doing right now? There's no difference. Okay. There's no 30 years ago when I started to today, if someone was starting the business, takes the same effort, the same attitude, and the same don't quit. The people that make it are the people that don't quit. You know how many times I wanted to quit? Yeah, we know, because we feel the same way. And I'd go back in the next day and you'll look at all the people that depend on you and look towards your leadership. I can't quit on them, you know. Quit on myself, but not on them. But what you just said is very profound and it's very heartfelt. And Zig Ziglar says pretty much the same thing. He's gone now and we all love him, you know, and we wish him the best in his journey. If you help, you can have anything you wanna have.  Absolutely. And what you said was caring and sharing.  And when you create jobs, you have to help people. People depend on you. And like you said, you can't give up on it. Right. And that's why we're here. I didn't make all those sales. My people made all those sales, you know. We did it as a team. Teamwork makes the dream work. Oh, there you go, I love that. Another tweetable quote. One more time, Sam. Teamwork makes the dream work.  What are the biggest challenges? Looking back, what do you feel comes to the forefront as the biggest challenges? Oh, just having the guts to go ahead and do it. Just waking up every day and not even thinking of failure. Just putting one foot in front of the other. Working 12 to 16 hours a day, day in and day out until you make it happen. I know if you put in constant effort and you're doing the right thing by people, by your customers, eventually you'll win out. I've gone out and I've worked, when I first started, made a sale by one o'clock and went home and felt lousy. I've gone out and knocked on doors for 12 hours, didn't even get in the house and put on a demo. Went home and felt like a million bucks. I didn't even make a sale or get in the house because I knew that day I gave it all I got. The day I went home at one, I didn't give it all I got. And that taught me a lesson, give everything you got on a daily basis or you're not given nothing at all. Give it a win and effort. Every day, every time. And how do you let go of the fear? The fear, you step into your fears and eventually they disappear. Fear, F-E-A-R, is false evidence appearing real. You know, when I first, when Kirby, when I first joined Kirby, I never got up and spoke in front of people. They pulled my name out of a fishbowl. And I said, oh my God, there was like a hundred people in the audience, my peers. And I got to get up and speak to these people. My spine tightened up, I was shaking from head to toe. I got up there and believe me, I flopped. I couldn't even speak. But I said, someday I'm gonna get up and I'm gonna speak in front of hundreds of people and I've spoken in front of a thousand people at one time. Because you speak from your heart. I speak from my heart and I stepped into my fears. You got to, when you fear something, just keep doing it until the fear disappears. That's right, you have to believe, right? You got to believe. Okay, well, that went really quick today. So we're going to take a short break. This is Kids to Success on the Think Tech Live Streaming Network series. We're talking with Sal Sabera, Vice President of DAT, Digital Alarm Technology, Regarding Kids to Success. My name is Danelia D-A-N-E-L-I-A. And I'm the other half of the duo, John Newman. We'll be back in a minute, so please stay tuned for more Kids to Success. Hi, this is Jane Sugimura. I'm the co-host for Kondo Insider. And we're on Think Tech Hawaii every Thursday at three o'clock. And we're here to talk about condominium living and issues that affect condominium residents and owners. And I hope you'll join us every week on Thursday. Aloha. Hi, I'm Keely Akina, President of the Grass Root Institute. I'd love you to join us every week Mondays at two o'clock PM for Ehana Kako. Let's work together. We report every week on the good things going on in our state as well as the better things that can go on in the future. We have guests covering everything from the economy, the government, and society. See you Mondays on Ehana Kako at two o'clock PM. Until then, I'm Keely Akina. Aloha. Aloha, everyone. I hope you've been watching Think Tech Hawaii. But I'm here to invite you to watch me on Viva Hawaii every Monday at 3 PM. I'm waiting for you. Mahalo. Aloha. How you doing? Welcome to Ubachi Talk. Gordo detects our here. We're here every Friday from one o'clock until about 1.45 when we talk tech with many, many great guests. I got Andrew the security guy who helps me co-host and I got Poppy Chulow who comes in once in a while to help us through the show. So please come join Ubachi Talk every Friday. Angus will be here too. So remember, like we say at the end of every show, how you doing? Welcome back. This is keys to success of the Think Tech Livestreaming Network series. We encourage you to call our hotline at<PHONE_NUMBER> to join our conversation or tweet us at Think Tech H-I if you have any questions or comments. We've been talking with Sal Savera, Vice President of DAT which is Digital Alarm Technology. My name is Danelia D-A-N-E-L-I-A. And I'm the other half of the duo, John Newman. Welcome back to the show. Sal. Yes, sir. Are you ready? It's good to be back. All righty. We'll take a deep breath and jump right back into it. Yes. Okay. In your words, Sal, what is your opinion when it comes to the qualities and skills that's necessary to succeed? Okay, that's a good question. First, you need a good moral compass. That's important. Then you need a positive attitude. Good people skills, very important. And to me, the most important thing is you need mental toughness. Well, you know, if you can't take it, you can't make it. You gotta be able to take it. Yeah, I love that. All right. So, and to piggyback on that, Sal, what is the one question that every entrepreneur should ask themselves? Am I doing the right thing? Am I going after what I want? Am I gonna be helping the community? Am I gonna be helping enough people to become successful? Because when you go into business, you're gonna be hiring people.  They got family that depends on that income and keeping your business going. You don't wanna build a business that goes out of business. You wanna build a business that is there for the long term. That endures. That endures. You know, I wake up every morning. I mean, I could retire and not have to work anymore and still, and travel and do whatever I wanna do, but I do it. I wake up every morning because people are depending on me. When I go into that office and I see people come in and ask how the kids are, we'll go into a one-year-old birthday in February for one of the people that work with us.  And what you just said was very powerful. You said people that work with us. Yeah. If your staff understand that they're working with you and not for you, that's a powerful statement. You know what I tell them? I tell them I don't write your paycheck, you write mine. I love it. Yeah, I love that. And you know, sometimes with staff, because we manage several businesses, and sometimes with staff, they really don't understand the amount of pressure that a business owner has with the amount of expenses that occur.  So it's, you know, it's really interesting because I was talking with a business owner the other day and we determined that our staff get more vacation than we do. I was so confused. Yeah, because as a business owner, you work in 24-7. I mean, you might be in Dubai, you might be in Machu Picchu, but you still think about the business and how things are going, and it always pops into your mind to try to do things better, you know? Absolutely. When you were in South America fighting for your life, you were trying to survive to come back here because of the people that depend on you. Exactly, right? That's a whole other story. You let the kid out of the bag, no one's supposed to know we're in South America fighting for our lives, okay? So funny. So, you know, one of the things that we talked a little bit about fear earlier, but I really want to touch more on this subject, you know, the fear of the unknown is just, you know, our fear can really, really hold us back. You know, do I let go and move forward or do I stay where I am because of that fear? And I've been telling individuals, you know, you only live once. You have to go for it. I mean, you really have to go for it. If you don't succeed, you learn from the experience, but you will be always be okay. I mean, you will. I totally agree with you 100% because this is not a dress rehearsal. We don't get to do this life over again. That's right. So if you feel strong about something and you have passion for something, just go ahead and do it. Like the Nike slogan, just do it. Yeah, just do it, absolutely. And those naysayers, which we call, you know, there's always somebody who wants to share with you why they think you shouldn't do this or that. The thing is what you just said, you focus on what you want and just go for it. Yeah. So what is the motto or advice that you live by? I have, to me, the most important thing is attitude is everything. You got a positive attitude all the time. Life is great. And I choose to have a positive attitude 100% of the time. Talking about attitude, I got a little math question for you. Okay. Okay. A-T-T-I-T-U-D-E. A is the first letter in the alphabet. T is the 20th letter in the alphabet. I believe U is the 21st. I is the 29th. D is the fourth and E is the fifth. Now, if you take each one of those letters and you put a number to each one of those letters, it equals 100. Oh, that's cool. That's really cool. So to me, attitude, if you got a positive attitude, you got 100% of the formula. That's great. That's it. And that's how I live by. That's great. And what we share to our team and the individuals that go through our job readiness training course is that your attitude determines your altitude. Absolutely. So is there anything else that you'd like to accomplish that you haven't accomplished? No, just wanting to see people become successful and happy and hopefully someday step into my shoes and take over my position and take over the responsibilities. And, you know, when I see people go out and succeed that came through my organization, I'm more proud of them than the money I make on them. You know, in promoting people to the road to success in Kirby, I've earned over a million dollars, just in promotions. And some of those people that I promoted built bigger businesses than mine. And I get more joy at it at than forget about the money. The money's just the byproduct of the end result. Oh, that's so true. Yeah. So true. So how do you maintain your daily motivation and inspiration despite all the setbacks and everything? I know you mentioned that, you know, just going in and seeing your staff and everything, but is there more, more? No, I jump out of bed every morning, happy as can be. I mean, it was a year in Kirby, like I didn't take any salary because business was on a down slope. But I walked into that office, like we just had our best day and we didn't even have a sale yesterday.  And then I hired people during that year that were ignorant to the conditions out there and they started selling and taking in older Kirby's that are a couple of years old when I had veterans that would never even put a demo against an older Kirby and created a whole new market and boom, you know. You know, Sal, I'm sorry, but we're out of time again. We're out of time, we'll have to wrap it up. John, would you like to share your quote of the day? Yes, to Neil, you know, I would like to share a quote by Albert Einstein, which says, imagination is more important than knowledge. Sal Saberra's words of wisdom with regards to Keystone to success can be found on Newman Consulting Services webpage, NewmanConsultingServices.com and landing page, denilia.org. Thank you so much, Sal, for being a part of our team here today. It seemed like it was five minutes. I know, it's just amazing, isn't it? We can't squeeze another 10 minutes. All right, think keys to success will be back on Thursday at 11 a.m. We ask that you please tune in again and ask your family and friends to do so as well. My name is Denilia, D-A-N-E-L-I-A. And I'm the other half of the duo, John Newman. We thank you all. Aloha! Aloha!