Okay. Going live. Can you just change the slide actually? Forgot to change the title slide. Okay. So hi everyone. Welcome on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. I am Sanjay Gupta and I have Abhishek with me. So welcome Abhishek on the channel. So today we have one more session on Omni Studio and this is episode 7. And here in this session Abhishek will be explaining few more scenarios related to integration procedure. So in last session also we understood three scenarios related to integration procedure. So few more scenarios he will be implementing today. So no theory. All practical implementation so that you can understand like how different functionalities you can implement in Salesforce Omni Studio. Right. So over to Abhishek. Hi everyone. So myself Abhishek and I am working as a Salesforce Velocity Developer since 5 plus years now. And I am a pre-laired double star ranger and also I have done some certification around Velocity as well as Salesforce. And few certifications around like Velocity or Omni Studio is Omni Studio Developer then. Industry CPC and also I am holding one certification of Velocity which is as a coding developer. So that's it about me. Okay. So moving on to the next slide. So if you want to become part of a community where lots of freshers and experienced folks are connected. So you can join this telegram group. And if you want to share some feedback, whatever sessions we are doing. So please feel free to share those in the comment section. So we have, if you can go to the next slide. So we have six scenarios that you will be learning. Right. So all these scenarios are related to integration procedure. While Abhishek will be implementing these, so you can relate like if these problems are available in Apex, how you will be implementing them. So similarly, the replacement of Apex or coding stuff is basically integration procedure where you can implement all like logical building. Okay. So let's start with a conditional block implementation in IP. So over to you Abhishek. So let's just directly jump into the part. Basically, yeah. So for the first scenario, which is conditional blocks. So it indicates that if we want to execute some sort of functionality on a particular condition. Okay. So I'm going to create an IP first. Let's give it a name like IP demo, let's say demo of demo boos. So there is one, one thing called, which is called as conditional block. So basically what will happen in this one, you can write down any sort of condition. Let's say I want to say that a fetch account should be equals to true. Okay. That means we, I mean, like this, this block will only execute when, when this fetch account will be true. If it is not true, then this conditional block will not get executed. So just to make a scenario, what we're going to do is we're going to use some, we're going to call two data refters. First is data refter, first data refter, which will fetch the account records. Second data refter, which will extract the contact records. So if I go here and let's say I'm going to use a data refter, which is like TR extract account, for example. And as part of this data refter, what we want to do here is we want to pass a param value. So I mean, like this, these all should make sense to now because we already have gone through all on this one. So we tested ZTS one. Okay. And if I go to preview and click execute. So from the data refter, okay, there is no output because I think let's go here from the data refter. And so the name we provided test as ZTS one, so it was not available. No, no record is available with that name. Yeah, I think, yeah, so we have the records with this test, which is in caps value. So I'm going to do this. So now, I mean, like that question arises when basically we have the execution conditional formula in the data refter extract element also. So the thing that whatever we have written here, we can write over here as well. Right. So why there is two things conditional block and execution conditional formula. Right.  Right. So if you're calling those five data refters, you have to write this condition in each and every data refter element. Right. But whenever we have a group of elements that should be executed on a particular condition, then the better approach of developing is developing that functionality is using the conditional block so that you will write the condition only for once. And in that you can you can have multiple elements like this. So like now if I remove this from here, and so basically now what will happen if I'm going to add let's say one chapter action in this conditional block, let's say one delete action in this conditional block. So these all things will get executed only and only when this fetch account will be coming as true.  Yeah. This is a variable that we're going to pass. Yes. Okay. And from where it will be receiving the value from input. So preview. Yeah. Yeah. So basically I mean like for testing the IP we will be receiving the value from the input but in actual we will be passing this variable from either from a script or flex card. Okay. Understood. So let's say this is the one conditional block. Let's say we're going to create one another conditional block where we're going to say like fetch contact should be true. Contact. And for this data actor. Let's say we are going to call. This that's a contact. And this data actor is expecting a name. I think so. Yeah. Name param which is okay. We have to pass the account name over here. So in this data actor what we are doing according to this variable we are we have a where clause on the account name. So if I go here and simply. Now if I go to preview right if I go to preview and click execute there will be. I mean like I mean like both of the data actors will not get called. The reason being is we have added the condition fetch account and fetch contact and that we are not passing. Right. So I I'll go to preview again and I'm going to add one is this one is contact. Let's say contact. I'm going to pass it as all for now. And now if I click execute. So in the debug now you can see the. Are they are except for account. If I make it this true and the other one is false. Execute. Now data actor extract to action is getting executed and this is giving me the contact details. Right. Okay. And what if we pass both as true. So both the list will be ended. So both will get executed. Okay. Right. So yeah in different extract actions action one will be having one list and action two will be having another. Okay. Correct. So this is how we can use the conditional block and it's better to use conditional block whenever you want to. I mean like on a particular condition you want to execute multiple elements in the IP if you want to use. If you want to execute only single element and it's not a good approach to use the conditional block you can directly write the condition into the execution conditional popular. Okay. Okay. Yeah. So that's the one thing. Let's jump on. Another question the result which we are receiving. In form of list. So that result we will be using either in the omniscript or a flex card right. Exactly. Yes. So the same way the data rector result we are using in IP and the IP whatever result is receiving it will pass it to omniscript or flex card so that this data we can show in the UI. Correct.  Right. So this is how it works. So I hope yeah I hope guys with this example you are able to understand like how we can connect data rector multiple data rector with one IP right. So prior to IP sessions you were only implementing data rector. Now with this example you will be able to understand like what is the benefit of data rector and one more thing I want to highlight whatever data rector we are creating they are independent. So one data rector you can call into any number of IPs right. So this is the benefit of Omnis Studio. This feature is not supported actually in Salesforce flows in flows whatever elements you are using so that basically can be used in that flow only. But here data rector IP omniscript and flex card all are separate components so you can reuse them so that you can speed up your implementation. Correct. I mean that's a good example that you gave Sanjay like in flow if you want to use fetch records or I think get records elements in flow you have to use multiple times if you want to extract the records. But in the data in the case of Omnis Studio you can use your single data rector in multiple IP or multiple open scripts. So that's a good solution that Omnis Studio is providing. Now if we go to the next example next example is list action in IP. So basically what is list action okay. Now if we go here and if we see right with the name we have three with the name of test as just as just as we won we have three accounts. Correct. And if you go to the data rector extract two we are only receiving only one contact with the account name as just as one correct. So these two are coming into a separate list right now. Right. So here comes the user usage of list action. Let's say you have your account data in one list in your second list you have the contact data but in the in the contact data you have the account ID as we have over right. So we have a common key for both the list. Right. And now by using these I want to create a new list which will be a single list and wherever let's say this this account ID if I'm able to find in this one as we can see we can find this account ID. So as a result what I want is I mean like there should be another list created if I open the JSON block just give me a second. So in this JSON block what I want here is there should be a new list get new list should get created and what should be the output of this one. It should be like this. So basically this account ID will get matched with this account ID. And there should be a new list get created where if we have account contacts related to this account that should get merged with this one and vice I mean like so on. Yeah so you mean to say account and contact both information will be merged into a one list. Correct. And that will happen on the basis of a common key common key yeah that should be available in both the list. Correct. So now if I go to IP again and let's say here we have this list action. So how we can do is we have to copy the name of this conditional block. So first of all we have to add the list merge list order. So here we will say conditional block one then this so we have to paste basically element names. And if we see the result of this one is coming as easy list. Correct. So paste it here as easy list. Now second will be like this conditional block to data after extraction to and the output of the contact is coming like in context. Right. So this will be contacts. And now you have to select this checkbox advance merge and in advance merge you will click on this add merge map. And in this add merge map select the account list. I mean like whatever you have populated over here this will come as a drop down. Right. Okay. And in the matching path so if I go to easy list what is my common key which is the ID. Correct. So I'm going to select I'm going to type the ID over here and let's say matching group will be one I will tell you the significance of this matching group. Again click on add merge map select your contact one and in your contact one what is your common key this account ID type this over here and matching group will be one. So basically now what will happen we have created a map matching group where we are saying from the account list pick the ID from the contact list pick the account ID. And I mean like why the matching group for both of the both the conditions are same because these two are related to each other. So that is why we have we have did this. So if you see the description of this one as well assign an identical key to all nodes that may match for the merging to occur. So basically this and this matching should be come under the this matching group the one matching group. Okay. So you mean to say we can create another group. Yeah. Another mapping and we can we can give the matching group as two. Yeah. So pairing actually we are doing here. Correct. Yeah. Kind of. Yeah. Now again now if I go to execute and if you see the output of list action. Okay. Nothing came. And just give me a second. So we have this data rector DCC list. Then we have the data rector. Okay. I'm not sure but I think so that we don't need to use this one. Data rector. Data rector. Yeah. Yes. Now we can see that we just need to provide the node name actually right. Correct. Yeah. So I mean like you have to use the only the element name and whatever result is coming from it. So now as you can see the output that we were we were we wanted it is coming like that. So the accounts that do not have any out a contact it's doesn't it didn't get mapped with anyone but the account which have the contact we those those key value pairs have been merged together. Right. So that's the main advantage of using list actions. Yeah. And I think it is very useful if we have if we have called multiple data rector and if we want to combine the data. Correct. So basically sometimes what happened I mean like in this sort of scenario we always created data rector only where the contact an account will get. We get it from the extract data rector extract as a single single list. But sometimes in the real world scenario that happens I mean like the parent object is coming from another node and child object is coming from another node. So that in that case we have to combine them. So that is there. Now the next example is remote action in IP. Okay. So let me first drag and drop any remote action. So yeah. So basically what remote action does is sometimes what happened what happens your IP will not be able to do some sort of task with the help of all the configurations. So in that case we have to call the apex class. Okay. So when you want to call an apex class from your IP or omniscript then you have to use the remote action. So I mean like I have already created one apex class so I will. So whenever you want to call an apex class from an IP you have you have to implement one interface which is called as system dot callable. I mean like previously when velocity was not merged with Omni studio the interface was interface was a bit different but as soon as the they got merged I mean like they have introduced a new interface which is called a system dot callable. And in that system dot callable we have a call method which we have to extend or we have to define. I mean like if you are aware of interface functionality in the interface you always have methods which are declared and in the implementing class you have to define them. Right. Correct. So you have to define one method called as call and it will it will have two parameters. First is string parameter second is map of string comma object parameter. So these are these three things you always have to remember. The first one is the interface name second one is the method name and third one is the bot parameters that we that this method supports. Right. Okay. And and I will also tell you why this has have been designed like this. So basically now what will happen I will call my apex class from the remote action and this is my method name. So basically what will happen. So as soon as this is my remote action configuration you just give me the remote action class name give me the remote action method name. So now what will happen this test example will automatically get passed to this string parameter. Right. Okay. And in the in this method what we can do we can just check method name is equals to test example then we can create our own method and let's say if I have multiple methods for example if test example one so I can call some other method. Right. So this is how I mean like what you can say is whenever we create let's say some sort of utility class in Salesforce. So in a single class we define multiple methods for multiple functionalities. So it's kind of the same. Whenever we are working in on only studio in a real time project we never create a new apex class for every remote action. We always create a one remote class only and we create multiple methods in it. Right. Okay. And now we talk we will talk about this input. So basically if you remember these options from the data actor IP calling data actor to calling data actor from an IP these these are some options where we can send some input like we can for sending some inputs we can use San Jason path we can use additional input. So let's say I'm going to use the additional input and I'm going to use name let's say here I'm going to say SGTS. So in this like which which is used frequently this response Jason path or no thing or this additional input thing. So it depends actually so let's say if you have your all data into a single list they can then you can use the San Jason path. But if you have your data into multiple list then you generally we use additional input because here we can fetch the data from multiple list. Okay. Another thing is when you want to perform some sort of calculation before sending the data then in that case also we use additional input. Right. Okay. So now what I have done is I have just called my apex class and from the additional input I have passed one parameter which is name. Okay. And now if I go to preview and click execute and let me go back and go to the apex class I'll open the debug logs. So what I have done here is from this method I have called this test example and whatever I'm receiving an input I have passed it and first of all I have added one debug which is data. So this is whatever I'm receiving an input we are just debugging it. Okay. Right. So if I go here and paste it over here so line number 11 line number on line number 11 we have as you can see we have everything conditional block one null. I mean like whatever data we have into the IP we are receiving everything contacts and the reason why we are receiving is if I go back here I haven't checked this checkbox send only additional input. So whatever whatever things that have been executed into this IP tell now will be send it along with this additional input as soon as I click on this one send only additional input and if I go to preview again and click execute and there will be new data. So on the line number 11 as you can see in the data node we are receiving three things first is input second is option third is output. Right. Correct. And in the input node I'm receiving the data that I have passed from the IP which is name equals to as it is apex. Right. Correct. Yeah both key and values are available here. Correct. So basically this input will contain three nodes first is input second is options third is output. So input we have understood what will be coming into the input. Correct. Whatever we whatever we are passing as input will be coming in the in options what will come into the options. So in options what will be there I think there is one thing called set remote option remote options. So if I click here and let's say I'm going to pass one thing let's say test and let's say as it is test and if I click on preview execute again and another one data. Yep. In the options I'm receiving this test as it is one test. So what is the use of this option. Yeah. So now what will what actually happens here why we use the remote options to basically remote options send decent path and additional input are kind of same to send some some sort of input. So we have we have differentiated the send decent path and additional input. So the difference why we use remote options is like so let's say if you want to send some sort of settings I'm like it's not a let's say I'm going to say is call call account method. Okay. So this is also this is also some sort of this is also some sort of input but it's kind of a remote options like right that with the help of this input I can decide whether to call the account or not. So it's just a fundamental change. Yeah. Here we can pass only one one remote option only one key value pair. We can pass multiple. Okay. So there is I mean like if you go on a technical part there is no change into the remote options and additional input but if we see that fundamental part then we can decide. Okay. But we generally don't use the remote options in the real time college. Right. So if I go to go here and execute again I'm going to close this close this and in the data I'm receiving. Sorry. In the data I'm receiving the name as it is Apex. So we have understood input options and what is the output. So I will tell you. So I mean like this still until this line we have understood now from here what we are doing is I mean like if you want to fetch your inputs what how you can fetch it I mean like if you have worked upon the JSON part if you want to fetch some sort of key value pair from your JSON into the Apex you have to use the get method and into the get method you have to pass the input the key value. So your data is holding three key value pairs first is input options and output. So from the input you will receive your if I remove this and if you see the output of this one this debug log from the inputs now from the inputs you are only getting the input value inputs value not options not output. So this is this is how you can retrieve your inputs from your data. I mean like whatever input parameters that you are receiving now we understood the options as well you can use if you write here as options options will be available. Now the third variable is output. So basically the third node is used to pass some data from your Apex to your IP. So basically in the inputs and option you will receive the data from IP and in the output you will send the data back to your IP. So here what I'm doing is I have created one variable sorry one map which is of type string comma object and from here I mean like in this in this map I have set I have created one key value pair where name is equals to sjts from Apex and this output I am setting so basically this data dot put is used to put some value on your key value pair. So in this data on the output output key I am setting up the output variable that I have created so I'm like you if you don't get confused I'm like says like output one yeah so I mean in your data we had three key value pairs inputs options output and in the output we are sending the output one values and in your output one you can have anything right correct and now if I go back to my IP and if I see the output of the remote action I am receiving this node name sjts from Apex. So for receiving output we don't need to do any configuration it will be available in remote action one automatically correct yes if we have two remote actions it will be remote action one or remote action two correct yes okay so this is the another so this is the example of remote action actually okay so I mean like this the reason why we use Apex classes sometimes we are we will not be able to create a build some sort of functionality with the help of integration procedures so we pass the inputs from the IP from the IP to Apex in the Apex we do all the calculation and whatever we want to do and from the Apex we send the data back to the IP so I mean like I have I have explained the way of doing it now functionality can be anything scenario can be anything exactly correct so that is there yeah I think we can jump on to the next one the next one is the email action in IP okay so in the email action I am going to drag and drop the email action so this is very simple it's kind of the same when you want to send an email to the end user so basically in the email action configuration you can use the email template as well here you will be seeing all the list of email templates I don't think so I have anything yeah so what I'm going to see we have so many email templates these are the email templates which we configure as an admin right so I mean like right now I'm not I'm not going to use any email template so as soon as you deselect this use template it will ask you to email address list CCML email address list and BCC and you can set your email subject you can set your email body if you want to set your HTML that also you can do and you can set your org-wide email address content versions if you want to attach some content version files and this is your selected documents I mean there are some other options so we're going to use it I'm going to explain a very simple example so for example Sanjay if you can tell me any sort of your ID so that you can show to the user email ID yeah yeah so let me just so you can type sanjay gupta dot tech school at the read gmail.com so I'm gonna I'm gonna send email to this email address and let's say if you want to have multiple email address you can add comma and you can type in multiple as well and email subject let's say welcome on LZTS we're going to say hello world and if I go here and click on preview so I think Sanjay you must have received one email address because email because it shows me success equals to two yeah let me just say yeah I received an email so when you type in multiple email address you can add comma and you can type in multiple as well and email subject let's say welcome on LZTS we're gonna say hello world and if I go here and click on preview so I think Sanjay you must have received one email address because email because yeah I received an email so guys I won't be able to share that so if you want to experience it you need to implement and you will also receive an email yeah so very very basic example of using the email actions and this is this is this is what we use in real life as well I mean like apart from hard coding these values we get these values as a comma separated values from the DR and we pass it on a variable here that's it okay so that the data which we are receiving from the data rector we can pass it here also correct but it should be in the form of comma separated values yeah and if we that we can do with the help of formula okay and if we use the template then we don't need to type any subject or body that template we just need to use correct and you have to you can I mean it's similar similar thing that we do into the apex you have to set the what ID you have to set the email target object ID same things and what about two email addresses email template email template will give us the template only now how we can decide like to whom we are sending that email yeah so I mean like it I mean when we are using the email templates it would be decided by what ID right got it yep yeah so I think like people those who are watching they can explore this it is very simple config configurable action so in in flows also we use this in both the ways if you have template you can use that if you don't have templates so in flows we generally create text templates but here like we can type the body directly so I can recall it is similar to that it is similar to that yes so moving forward the chatter action in IP okay so so basically the chatter action what it does it's again similar to the flows it creates a chatter on to the record right simple so let's say subject ID I think in the subject ID you have to pass the record ID in the mentioned user ID you have to pass the user which to which user you want to mention in the image you can give some static resource ID and I think in the markup type you can set it is a bold metallic or underlying so these sort of things so let's do one thing I'm going to open one account okay what we can do here is from this data rep direction let's use this account ID okay the properties here will be the subject ID and I'm going to use my user only to chatter myself copy my user ID and let's say into the text I'm going to say hey and let I'm going to select the markup type as bold let's say and I'll go to preview and click execute and if I go to the chatter action okay there are a lot of things as coming as output but let's go into the record itself let me go to the account and I will I think this is the account not sure can I go to chatter yes it is there we can see the hay is coming in bold and my user have been notified right exactly correct yeah again they like viewers or learners needs to explore this right correct I mean like these are some some of the elements which is not frequently used so I mean like you can explore so many things around it like how we can do it and last but not least which is a delete action in IP okay so for delete action okay if I go here yeah so into the delete action we have to first of all we have this thing add as object to delete so in this as object you have to select the account the object records that you want to delete so I'm going to delete the account record records for example and what which records you want to delete so let's say yeah so whatever data I'm receiving from my contact records open this data reference that action so in this one path to ID I have to give the path so how we can do that so the result is coming in this one and if I go here sorry contacts okay I think we are not receiving the ID so I'm going to receive the IDs as well contacts I'm going to go here in the output I'm going to create one more mapping which will be like text colon ID and here also I have to mention ID okay and if I go to preview so first of all I'm going to go to that account and in the related list I'm able to see my contact now if I go here and click execute okay I think there is some issue delete action it says configuration error I think I'm not really sure but we have to use these as well okay the merge fields and execute no yeah now it is so such as false again okay configuration error so do we need to use that name data actor to what yeah I think so we have to use this okay oh see this is the error we want to delete the contacts but in the type we have selected the accounts we need to change the list then so if I go here contact so basically we are trying to delete the contact ID and on account object we are searching so it is not available exactly and now if I go to preview again and execute yeah now it didn't even error and success is true and if I refresh this account my contact is gone right so basically if we go again go to the configuration very simple you just give the object name and here will be the path so right now we have the single single record list if you have a list of records then that all that will also support this one okay and in this case this response transformations additional output doesn't make any sense yeah because it will not return anything yeah okay so I think you already explained all the scenarios so out of curiosity one question like if if anyhow we want to implement a looping scenario so is there any option for that also yeah we have the loop block through they want to implement it so I mean like I can execute this one so let's do so in this once first of all you have to pass the loop list on which list you want to loop okay for example let's I'm going to loop on this one colon I think it's coming into the not sure but yeah in this easy list so this is your list first of all okay right and now let's say you want to call your apex class so I'm gonna use this remote action in this one okay and let's I'm gonna click on execute and see this your remote action is getting called twice now okay one two and three so this is how you can do the loops but it is I think complicated yeah it is complicated but I mean like the basic fund of this one is like this one I mean like you just have to give the loop list and in that loop list or you can do whatever you want so basically let's say if if you want to call it after three times so one more question we are passing acc list and acc list having having three records three account records right so in remote action one so generally we implement for each loop and we create a variable also like account acc colon acc list so from acc list one by one record will come into acc variable so do we have that sort of thing here also or it will be yep okay we have so I mean like what okay what we'll do here is we will just simply pass the name okay so if I go I'm going to just say name so basically now okay let's just see into the action once then I'll explain so each account records name will be passing automatically exactly yes so in the input okay nothing is coming but it is called three times data is not coming but it is called yeah but I think okay we'll figure it out I think you have to use the loop lock one as soon as the mean I think because I also haven't used this loop lock much of it so yeah I think I have to check for this one and then I'm really not sure about this no problem so it is generally not used frequently yeah okay okay so I think you already covered all the scenarios so yep next next session we will be planning for omniscript and flex card so so guys we will be doing that session on Friday so so that all the like independent components will be demonstrated to you so data raptor we already covered IP we already covered whatever important actions you need to use right and in one of the session you will be learning how we can use omniscript and flex card along with IP and data raptor and then next week Abhishek will give you end-to-end implementation of a real-time project so we will discuss about the requirement first then we will explain you the technical solution of that requirement so requirement will be available in the layman terms right and then we will guide you like how its technical solution is being done and through that we will try to explain you like how exactly you can implement it in the Omnis Studio application right so if you follow all these videos I'm sure you will be able to understand or will be able to do all all the hands-on and Omnis Studio is demanding in the market so if you are working as a developer and you are struggling for a job so if you add Omnis Studio as a skill set in your CV so I think it will let you stand out from other folks okay so thank you Abhishek for spending time and I think we will be having two more sessions and then this season will be completed and then maybe we will plan something different other than Omnis Studio okay and there is one comment velocity open interface so earlier it is used to call this thing correct correct okay so someone like Krishna might be working on any project where they are still using this so in existing orgs like this is available in the new orgs so the thing is I mean like wherever in wherever we are just using only the Omnis Studio there will be the system dot callable interface will be there but let's say if you are using any sort of industry for example you are using the insurance cloud okay so you have to use that velocity open interface still okay yeah okay and I think okay yeah so this is it so I think we can wrap the session here on it and thank you for joining the session thank you Abhishek for sharing the knowledge see you in the next session


This is Kent. Kent has been making antennas longer than I've been alive. He didn't bring a computer to DEF CON, so he's borrowing ours to give his presentation. But I don't actually know that he uses a computer anyway. He was telling me a bit about his antenna process. Windows 3.1 just wasn't compatible with ASCII. Yes, his Windows 3.1 computer just wasn't quite there, so we were loaning him one for now. So hopefully the slides all look good, but he can make antennas with his eyes closed. Sometimes he opens them just to make it a little more fun for everyone who's watching. I'm out of antenna jokes. Here's a guy who can show you which direction size matters most. I'm not quite sure how to respond to that introduction. With insults like that, I normally expect black fish net hose and a whip to be involved. I don't care what you wear. Okay, we're going to talk about some of the antennas that you can use with your various receivers and software-defined radios. There's some real problems with the SDRs. There's some pretty good ones out there. The fun key ones have to be one of the few that actually have filters built in with them. And you stick a little whip antenna like that, and it's good for listening to transmitters that are 10, 20, 30 feet away. But if you're trying to do some really serious work, and we're talking kilometers and miles, you're going to need something a lot better. Now you take your little software-defined radio and you put a serious antenna on it, and something happens. It stops working. A little closer? I get feedback. Okay, so you put a serious antenna on it, and things stop working. And I've seen this so many times.  They stop receiving it. And I don't understand what the problem is because I've reloaded the software three times. Well, what your problem is, is this. This is looking at a spectrum analyzer from basically an AM broadcast band to one gigahertz. And you see all these monster signals. These added up together is enough to make most software-defined radios quit working. You have a first little transistor right there coming off the antenna. And if you hit that with enough signal, it goes non-linear. It stops working. This is an effect I'd like to describe as wearing a hearing aid to a rock concert. It just stops amplifying properly, and you no longer getting proper signals. Your biggest problem is that one over on the left. That's the FM broadcast band. Today, in most urban areas, there's more FM stations than there are TV stations now. And they run far more power. So if you're getting overloaded, it's probably in the FM broadcast band. One of the easiest things to do, it used to be get you a Radio Shack FM notch filter and notch out the FM band. No Radio Shacks, but there's a couple of these floating around. And another thing, don't be afraid of 75 ohms. When I connect a 50 ohm to a 75 ohm, I get about a 10% loss due to an impedance mismatch. But the 75 ohm coax has so much less loss, you're probably ahead in the long run. So don't be afraid of 75 ohm systems. Also, mini circuits makes entire families of filters. And it starts becoming important if you're doing some serious work to have filters that notch out everything except what you want to look at. Filters are very important. I also wouldn't rule out having some low power attenuators.  I'm putting a radio is enough to suddenly start making it linear again. So some low value pads are very, very handy. Here's an antenna. Super secret design from the 1930s called a planar disc antenna. We got one running right here. An extremely broad band antenna, extremely. The lowest frequency is determined by how big the discs are. The highest frequency is determined by how close you can get those gaps together. And making these work over octave ranges is quite simple. We have a variety of them here. A few more. The one on the upper right is currently in orbit on a Canadian bird. And some other ones are going to be on some other satellites shortly. The one on the lower right goes from 700 megs to 26 gigahertz. It's pretty much a circular pattern at the low frequency. It becomes more of an ellipse as we go up. Radio Shack used to sell it as a universal cell phone antenna. And a different version. Get that gap real nice and close. But there's other alternatives.  You don't want the aluminum ones. They're too hard to solder to. And mount them as close together as you can. And you now have a monitoring antenna that goes from about 150 megs up to about 2 gigahertz. Depending on how good your soldering job is. All the construction articles on these are available from my website. This is a winglet. Off of a long duration UAV that's designed for 11 day flights. Powered by a 9 horsepower diesel engine. Why diesel? Well, if you're in forward military areas, jet fuel is easier to find than gasoline. So it runs on diesel. This is the winglet. And as you can see, it's not quite three feet long. They sent it to me for testing. Because if you hold it up to the sun, you can see what we have inside the wing layout. Long periodics. And then the antenna going back to the 1950s. Another extremely broad band antenna. Directional, about 6 dB gain. Unless you're talking to the marketing departments of some other ones that sell them. Very broad range again. The one in the very middle goes from 300 megs to 11 gigahertz. And I make that for a spook in the UK. He sweeps offices for a living. Every so often people ask me, how do you stack log periodics? Usually not recommended. Your biggest problem is finding a power divider that works over that broad range of frequency. But the stacking distance needs to be a certain amount of a wavelength. So as you get to lower wavelengths, they need to be further apart. So if you do insist on stacking them, that's how you have to do it. Yes, I tried making some. They looked really good on the computer as a Gerber file. But after I got them back from the PCB house, I never figured out how to attach coax. Here's another technique. This is a log periodic to a Yagi. I've stopped figuring out how to blow on that. You can't add additional reflector elements, but you can add additional director elements. So this was used for basically a 2 to 6 gig log periodic. And they've added director elements at 6 gig. So that gives it a little more gain, a little more directionality up at the 6 gig area. And allowing for losses in the coax, you probably come out about even. Log periodics also make cute little dish feeds. I've had one up for about 20 years now. Not every 10 years I have to replace it. But now your dish works in this case from 2 gigs to 10 gigs. I've yet to understand the fascination of Helix and Tetas. Krause's originally formula for them were shall we be polite, optimistic? I have had perhaps a hundred of these on the antenna range. About one in 10 are circularly polarized. Just because it's a curly queue, it is not circularly polarized. The signal goes down to Helix, hits the end, reflects, comes back and cancels itself.  There's another major problem. If I have just a wire in free space, signal travels down the wire at about 95% the speed of light. When I put a dielectric material, plastic, fiberglass, anything else around it, the speed of light is slower. So now the signal is going down that wire at about 60% the speed of light, not 95%. This is the way NASA makes Helix and Tetas. Fiberglass center, tiny small spokes touching it. Other material is negligible. So now when I start wrapping that around what have I done to my turns ratio? It ain't what that little calculator calculated. I'm not saying you can't allow for this. I can get out my simulation packages, spend about three weeks letting it go through, but I have no problem. What's the dielectric constant of that plastic? Go down to Home Depot and ask the guy in the plumbing department what the die. Oh, I'm going to be smarter than that. I'm going to look it up on the internet. That is standard for... That calculating that is measured at 1 kilohertz, not 2.4 gigahertz. And the dielectric constant changes with frequency. I'm not saying you can't build it. I'm not saying you can't allow for it, but you're going to need a lot of tools. I will talk about some patch antennas. Here we have just one simple patch antenna. I've done a few. In total I've done about 1,200 different antennas. The bottom one is kind of fun. That's a Bluetooth antenna. This was done for a project where we set them up and shot Bluetooth across the interstate highway and tried to do a Bluetooth acquisition with every card that went by. This was a few years ago. We got a 15% hit rate.  How they knew how many cards went this way, how many cards went that way, and what the transit times was. The computing system was trying to read and remember every license plate. This was a little simple. Here's another way of doing a patch antenna. By trimming the corners, you see just a little bit of taking off the corners, you get the two sides out of phase. And if you get it just right, it now puts out a circular wave. So by putting it just the right place, I generate circular polarization. I got two attach points. Attach it one place, it goes out right, attach it to the other place, it goes out left. So now you end up with sort of a MIMO antenna. This is what you would call a sector antenna. Very commonly used in the cell phone industry. I've got a whole bunch vertically set up, so I end up with a pattern that's very narrow with the horizon, about 120 degrees wide left and right. Now we set up three of them, and we have the three sectors covered for cell phone use. Here's another trick. This is a way of going for direction finding. Most of the guys try and have the antennas find a peak, look at the RSSI, and try and find a 1DV change or something. That's not the way the guys, big guys do it. In fact, we're looking at the same technique as used during World War II to DF onto German submarines. We had three large direction finding systems along the East Coast, and when the submarine communicated back to Berlin, we knew their latitude and longitude usually to higher accuracy than their navigator. When I have the two antennas side by... Well, let's go to the next step. Here we have two antennas side by side. As I get the antennas further apart, I get a narrower beam towards the middle. So you have a little bit. I've got a narrow beam further. The problem is... I think we went with the wrong one. Okay, this is the pattern of the single patch. So this is what you see when we just have a single patch out there. When we go to the two patches, we start getting like this, and that gets worse as we go up in frequency. And that's what happens when we really start getting them far apart. Try looking for the peak on that using our SSI. So now we have one where the bottom one, the two patches are out of phase. There's got to be a better way of doing this. Where the two are out of phase. And when I have them out of phase, you end up with a null right in the middle. So I have a peak on the left, a peak on the right, and a 40 dB null one degree wide down the middle. And most of the direction finding systems are based on peaking on that null. All those are techniques where I could switch back and forth between the two antennas. So I go peak null, peak null. Now I have a one degree wide 40 dB change. Not a few points in our SSI. Good old Yagis. Named after Dr. Yagi, who developed them at the University of Tokyo in 1926. Although his graduate student Uta actually did most of the work. The center element, you can see the copper one is where you collect the signal. The one in the back is a little longer, so it acts like a mirror.  They tend to act like a lens. And this is what I like to consider to be the optical equivalent of a Yagi antenna. So you have a light bulb, a mirror, and a lens. You can't add another mirror, but you can add more lenses. So you can add additional elements out front to gain more directionality. My personal record is 80 elements. And they can be made on the friend at circuit board. There are quite a few different variations of those. Here we have a little 400 meg 3 element Yagi. It's built on a ground plane. So you only have half of the Yagi. The other half is part of the mirror image. This was a 400 megs. It was part of a radar system to determine when it was at exactly 1,800 feet. I've always enjoyed the irony that in 1945 we returned the Yagi antenna to Japan. Usually that gets a few giggles. Okay, we'll talk about log spirals. This is another extremely broadband antenna. Frequency ranges as much as 40 to 1 are possible. How fine you can do the little artwork in the very center determines the upper frequency. Total diameter determines the lowest frequency. Here's a couple I use on the antenna range that I've made myself. By flipping one over, I have one which is left hand circular, one that's right hand circular, so I can test a test antenna to see what's coming out. Historically, I found that when engineers design circular polarized antennas, they're left and right to have about a 50% chance of being correct. Ah, this is one I do for the Navy. This is a monopulse radar decoy. Aim 120 missiles, love it. So every time the Navy has a live fire exercise off the coast of California, I lose two antennas.  Breckage, burning jet fuel, this is fun, but it's expensive. So the Navy is now taking the drones and they put a stealth kit on it and remove about 90% of the radar echo, take a long wire, and you can see it shackled down at the bottom, hook a long wire to this, and the drone tows this, and the missiles go for this instead of the drone. On radar, this looks almost identical to a Boeing 727, and the missiles love it. Another extremely broadband antenna, Vivaldi. I had some rather interesting arguments as to whether it was designed in Italy or it was designed by an English engineer who just liked Vivaldi as the composer. We picked the wrong one, but this will work. The lowest frequency is determined by the width of the opening. The highest frequency is determined by how fine you can make that gap. These antennas run around 6-8 dB gain and easily operate over 10-1 frequency ranges. The big brass one is currently being mounted at the focus of a dish on some P3 Orion Elant aircraft. The smaller ones have a lot of other uses. If you've ever been around any EMI work, you've seen ridged horns. I like to think of Vivaldi's as a ridged horn without the horn, and they make cute little dish feeds. Everybody asks what simulation program do you use? I use the one by Rodin Swartz and Hewlett Packard. I have three families of antennas that HFSS cannot deal with.  There are big holes in those simulation packages, and because the guys are simulating and rarely build the antennas, they don't know there's holes in them, and when they do build them and they don't work, well, you didn't build it right. So I use simulations, but not very often. For those of you who've actually played with HFSS, I can build and test one in less time than you can set up your HFSS boundary conditions. I've also got an antenna range, and I can go out to 100 meters. I'm pretty continuous out to 30 gigs and spotty up to 100 gigs. I do a lot of TV antennas. We can go into Best Buy, Circuit City, Walmart, and I can show you some of myself hanging on the wall. This was a confusion factor. If you take the calculations for a horn antenna, this cannot work. It cannot work. No signal below 3 gigahertz can go in the opening. It cannot work. So we got the original sour cream and onion used in the original paper, built some of these up, and they did not work. But wait a minute. They're saying how great this is. Well, we made one as though we didn't know how to make one, and if you accidentally turn that coax connector ever so slightly and you don't have it tight, you now damage aluminum foil-coated cardboard.  Yes, I've been known to work on antennas of all sizes. I'm the little guy. The other one's the director of engineering of Daystar Network. He's got about 60 guys working for him, and only one actually came up with him and wouldn't get out of the elevator. He called me up and I just asked if he was buying lunch. So there's my shoes. How many of you have known this guy, assuming you're not this guy? I put in seven gallons of gas. I drove 200 miles. I got 28.5714. Somebody needs to take his scientific calculator, crush it, and slap him upside at the head with a slide roll. Here you go onto these guys who do these antenna programs that you can download. This one is now doing calculations in 10 billionths of an inch. How about this one? He likes to do it in hundreds of a millimeter. Ed may know how to do little calculators to put on a website, but he doesn't know very much about antennas. Let's see. Well, I had some others I was going to go over, but apparently they're not in this talk. This was an earlier version. This should look a little further. Any questions? Snydery marks? Insults? Yes. All antennas have reciprocity. What they do on transmit, they do on receive. The log periodics at the lower frequencies have run 100 watts through them without any issues. The little itty-bitty tiny one at about 7 watts at 10 gig, it does change color. If you can generate 7 watts at 10 gigahertz. Yes. Let's do here. I figure I'll make this thing come down. It was in there somewhere, wasn't it? That's right, it was right after the test equipment. You can see the top half of it. Okay, I use the older style. I have a signal generator that's modulated with 1,000 hertz. Then I have a receiver. It's just a crystal diode that goes down to an audit, a DC voltmeter, which is tuned to 1,000 hertz and calibrated in dB. So everything is done by looking at a 1,000 hertz tone. Any other direct current, DC current carriers out there or video carriers are not at 1,000 hertz.  It is a grant. The source antenna is placed on the ground, which then makes the ground part of it. I back up and find an area where the signal level is consistent. If I'm working up in the many gigahertz, then I'll elevate the source, have a high gain antenna on the source, and no energy ever really hits the ground. My lot's 550 feet long. I also pack it up and take it to various conferences and we test antennas at conferences. I was at the demo lab two hours ago. I brought a small antenna range. However, American Airlines bagging channelers had been a little difficult audit and the modulator did not survive. But I've got quite a collection of reference antennas. Most of my reference antennas are hordes because horn antennas are very predictable, very consistent. Aperture area is easy to calculate. Just need a yardstick. Yes, filters. Notch filters. And your option is what? How is the switch going to help you? You would have to somehow switch faster than the sample rate of the SDR and that's going to be quite a switch to switch at that speed. Well, if you know exactly what the high power is and knowing your services in the area is very important, look at a high-pass filter or perhaps a low-pass filter and those do not have as much loss as your passband filters. And if you know what it is, it's usually not that difficult to make a notch filter and then a notch filter will have almost no loss on your primary signal. Questions? Cygremarks? Insults? I don't want to wake him up. Any other questions? How do I return control of this menagerie to these guys? Okay.


It's one o'clock on Tuesday, January the 18th and you are watching Science Sets Host. I'm your host Pete McGinnis-Mark and this is a real experiment, not only for me, your host, but also this is intended to be a new communications course for some of the graduate students at the School of Ocean Earth Science and Technology. Last week, we had the first of our shows where we tried to outline some of the background too and today we're taking the next step. With me, I'm really pleased to say we have two professional science communicators. We have Leon Gershwin from NOAA, which is the National Oceanographic and Amnestyrope Administration and Marci Grubowski, who is the science communicator at SOES. And the intent on today's show is to try and get a handle on how scientists like all of the graduate students who might be studying, say, oceanography or atmospheric sciences, planets, renewable energy or whatever, how do they communicate their particular subjects to the general public? This isn't a science talk per se, this is more how do you communicate? And that's why we've got today's guests. I would first turn to Marci Grubowski because Marci, your job basically is the science communicator for SOES. Can you briefly tell us, what do you do? Sure, so I essentially translate scientific findings from technical language into more of a story essentially. So turning that technical language into something that our community members, our legislators, other folks outside of that particular field of science might be able to understand and use in their field of study. Great, and can you just say, and do you just write articles?  Or how do you communicate? Definitely not during COVID days. No, it's good distance. But yeah, I do a lot of written communication. So press releases, news stories, sharing that on our website, social media sites, as well as through local media, international media, and then communicating with our public, our community members, whether that's in person at a community meeting, for example, or a neighborhood board meeting or different outreach events where, Waikiki Aquarium has had these Maoka to Makai events and family groups come from across the island, individuals come from across the island. And they're just curious, what does SOF do? And we're able to break down that science into a digestible bit. So what's your background? And how have you developed this skill of communicating? Do you have a degree to research yourself? Or what kind of background do you have? I do, I have a geology backwards and a master's in oceanography. And as I was finishing up my master's degree and writing up my own research, I realized, hey, this was the great part. I finally got to tell a story about my research and turn that lab work and that field work into a real story that someone else could understand. And so that was kind of my first clue that, well, maybe there's more interest on my part in the communications realm. And then I just kind of did trial by fire various professional development opportunities. Lots of practice, I would write and iterate with researchers about how to communicate what they were doing. So always had the love and passion for science. In my family, we joke that my mom is the insatiably curious one. So always kind of had that aspect in my life. When you talk about the story, can you just say, yeah, how do you take a great science discovery that might be made within oceanography at SOES and pitch it to maybe different audiences? Maybe it's your mom there, maybe it's a legislature, maybe it's a high school student.   And you really wanna consider that person or that group of people. And so in as much detail as you can, you wanna consider, who are they? Where do they live? What issues might they be interested in or concerned about? And think about their frame of reference and what they might know and what you know and where those two things overlap is kind of the sweet spot as far as targeting your science method. I've been selling this whole series on TV as kind of like a 10 minute elevator tour where you get to meet somebody who normally wouldn't hear about the kind of work that's being done within souls, but you've got a limited amount of time. So I believe you've put together a slide and Michael if you could just bring up the slide. Marcy, could you just sort of run us through it? This is I think what you've described as developing your message. Yeah, exactly. So when you're talking to somebody and you have a targeted message for them, you have to pick and choose what it is that you're going to say. As humans, we just don't remember everything we hear. And so you want to come up with maybe three to five a comb messages. And what those messages might be are shown here, a couple of examples. So if you have science that might not be in the popular media just yet, you want to provide some context for your audience about what is it that you're talking about? And then I encourage students or researchers to kind of shake up the format for how they specifically talk about their research. So in academia, we have a very prescribed way of presenting research. Academic publication is the hallmark of how you would present your research. So you want to shake that up. Don't use that academic format because that's intended for other researchers. So you want to think of it more as problem, solution, if there's a recommended action coming up with that solution. And then certainly you want to show people what the benefit would be either to society or a group of people or an ecosystem and what the implications are for that intended action. And I'm curious to you, this form of presenting material to the general public, would that be as relevant say all the texts that you often put out press releases as this particular show? Do you see any differences in style that might work better in one medium than another? Yeah, so those questions or those bullet points are similar to the questions I would ask researchers to help me develop a press release about their work. But one of the main differences about written versus in-person communication is that with written, you really fine tune your message. You fine tune, you can word sniff till it's time to publish. And so you can be very precise with the words you're choosing. And that can be really great, but then that means once you put it out there in the world, that's it. You don't get a chance to have the conversation aspect of it. And so the in-person communication, what I love about that is that you can ask questions about what the person we are talking with is interested in. And then fine tune your message to what they are particularly interested in. So that's an advantage in person. And of course with this in-text series, what we're hoping for is eventually we will have online via chat and Zoom the actual conversation with some, not only of the guests, but maybe even some of the students involved online. Yes, and I think being able to think on your feet and coherently describe the technique, that is quite a good skill for students to develop. Well, thank you, students. Let's now move on to Leon. And Leon, we first met when you were a graduate student, right, correct me if I'm wrong, but you actually now the educational specialist Paul Noah, the National Ocean Graphic and Atmospheric Administration here in Honolulu is that right? That's right, Pete. So my official title on the Education Outreach Specialist at NOAA over at the Inoi Regional Center, which is our facility over on Ford Island. It's two World War Two hangers put together and we have about 700 NOAA staff that are there. And really my role is to work with all the different line offices in NOAA, whether it be looking at the atmosphere, sort of the surface of the sun all the way to the depths of the ocean and everything in between. That's kind of what NOAA focuses on. That's sort of my main role is being that bridge. And the wonderful background that you have behind you, that is actually slide number two. So can you just tell us a little bit? You graduated from SOAST and you're now with NOAA. What kinds of overlap do you see between SOAST and NOAA? Yeah, that's a great question, Pete. So actually graduated from the Global Environmental Science Program way back when. And now I've over know on a lot of the skill sets that I use kind of got familiar with in that program in terms of having that real holistic view of the earth, not just kind of compartmentalized in different offices, for example, was a big thing. NOAA's main mission is to really understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans and coast. So that's one part is understanding, sharing that knowledge with others and then also conserving and managing coastal and marine ecosystems. And there's a big SOAST connection. There's actually an institution called the SIMAR, which stands for the Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research. It's housed within SOAST. And their main purpose is to kind of pursue common research interests with NOAA and the University of Hawaii and SOAST. So anything in ocean, atmosphere, geophysical research, those are the connections that are made. And many of those UH staff are actually over on Fort Island at the NOAA Regional Center Facility working on a lot of those major problems. So you must be the role model for how the university trains professionals who then go into our community and talk about it. In an earlier series, I had Gerard Fion who were the Pacific Sonami Warning Center because he was our faculty. But the role that NOAA has as well as a SOAST in training new people to go out into the community, I think is very underrated. Would you or Marcy agree that our immunity did not recognize the value of SOAST? Absolutely. I part of my job, which seems like there's never quite enough hours to do this, but part of my job is to share with our community legislators, other research institutions what a quality research and education opportunity we have here at SOAST. So we are consistently ranked in the top 20 in the world as far as geoscience institutions. So that means if you think of other nations, top research institutes, various universities or programs across the country, right here on Oahu, you don't have to go far if you're watching this on local television. You don't have to go far to have access to this amazing resource here in our award-winning faculty and cutting-edge research. So yes, Pete. It's not the money that the researchers bring in, but it's highlighted even last weekend with the tonga of volcanic eruption, right? If there was a tsunami, there's volcanic ash and atmospheric phenomenon. I think it's really great that we have these technical resources. But Leah, one of the things I'm sure you have to spend a lot of your time about is communicating to the general public about the impacts of climate change. Can you sort of give us a little bit of a background on what climate change means not only as an individual living in Hawaii, but how does that impact your job? That's a great question, Pete.  It's not people working in their individual silos of the oceanographers or the geologists or the atmospheric scientists, they're all really needing to work together to really understand the issue. And I think one of the big issues in terms of communicating that science to the public, which has sometimes been a challenge, is to really use the proper language in that communication and not to delve too much into the weeds. So as an example, if you don't mind bringing up the next slide that I have here, a very classic example that we've heard a lot in the news of the difference between weather and climate. We see instances where people bringing snowballs to the Senate floor to talk about, oh, look, this is an instance of why climate change is not happening. That's really a fundamental misunderstanding of just the difference between these two topics.  But it's to really hone in on what those analogies that will ring true to your audiences.   Or even finance, whether it could be something is the money in your pocket at any one day while climate is looking at your net worth over time. So there are a lot of analogies that you can use to kind of connect with people and honing in on those, depending on what your audience is, I think is really key in getting a topic of climate change or anything and communicating that effectively to the public. And so you must have climate change issues, funds and center on many of your best releases as well. Yeah, I mean, climate is huge, whether it's anything from what's going with rising sea levels. And I think another big connection to make is the public wants to hear what they can do about it. So if there's an action-oriented step that you can take, I know there's some fabulous work being done and so has there's a king tides project where people can go out and take pictures of the king tides that are happening in their locale and share that with others around the world. So if there's any kind of connection where you can get the community involved, that sort of takes your message one step further and sort of turns it into action. So that's another thing that you might consider in terms of a lot of your communications to the public or students or whatnot, is that what's next? What's in it for me? How can I get involved? So you handled the climate change issue because there are many people concerned about you. The economic impacts or the environmental degradation are always so vulnerable climate change issues. How would you advise a student to tackle that if she was presenting on the show? So kind of going back to that point about the audience and considering who your audience is, I really like to relate climate change as a huge phenomenon to specific, either events or observations that someone might be able to make in their own life. So connecting that to something that people have already experienced is a way to make sure that it doesn't feel like a far off someone else's problem. It is something that whether you live in the middle of the country or you live right on the coastline where there's erosion, there are effects throughout the world. And so finding some ways to connect to local issues and letting folks know that you can take action as Leon said right here, maybe with a community group, but also that this is each of our problem. It's a collective issue that we all can make movement towards solving. And if you don't mind me adding on, I think a lot of people are faced with this sort of dichotomy of what they can do. They can do things on the individual level, right? Okay, ride your bike, turn off your lights, all these types of issues by a hybrid car. They can get involved in the government level, right to your legislators, right? Get involved politically. But there's kind of that sweet spot in the middle that's often not talked about as much in terms of how to engaging with your community, right? So, as an example, at the NOAA facility, how do we engage people in terms of doing some sort of waste audit collectively as NOAA or even at SOAS? Like how are we engaging our immediate sphere of influence around issues as it relates to climate change? So it's one step up from the individual, but maybe one step down from the government action and kind of moving within that continuum, I think is a helpful frame for people who are what next? How do I get involved? Okay, let's delve a bit more into this because obviously we're going to be doing this whole semester in the Tech Series, but how does a student distill her research down to something that the layperson might be interested in? Trying to find the context is important, but do either of you have any other suggestions here? What landmines await anybody who's going to talk to the public or what seems to work best for them? Yeah, my first suggestion would be try out your take-home messages, try out what it is that you want to say, and you could do that in as low a risk environment as you can find. You know, maybe that's other colleagues, other graduate students, and do it with someone who is not in your field of study.  And get feedback about that. What's making sense? What's not about your message? And certainly science communication is just like any other mode of communication. Feedback that is well received and improve your messaging. So I would say come up with those take-home messages, practice them, refine them, and see what might be a better alternative if something's not quite working. Sounds like a forward jogging. Yeah. Take that out of you. Definitely. Liam, what do you think?  I mean, look at who you can talk to immediately. If you've got kids or you have nieces or nephews, right? They are great audiences. They're gonna be completely honest with you if they're like, what are you talking about, right? So if you can talk to someone who's your middle school, high school, back on a range, that's similar to what audience you'd be speaking to for the general public. So find those audiences that are friendly and who will be honest with you. Kids are great at that. My seven-year-old will call me out anytime she has no clue what I'm talking about.  So Bishop Museum, Waikiki Aquarium, a lot of these institutions that interact with the public a lot, they'd be more than happy to have a lot of graduate students come and present their work there. As an example, Science on a Sphere, a big six-foot animated ball that's in locations all around the country. And that's an example where you could put some of your global research on there. So there are many venues that you can test out your stuff. As Marci was saying, first at a very level with kids and then maybe moving up to informal institutions and moving it up to, for example, doing a TV show. So it's a very kind of iterative process, I would say. TV show near the top. Don't encourage the students. We want them to take a leap. Yeah, and you can definitely take a leap and be willing to fail, right? I think that's part of it too, is put yourself out there. Get feedback, don't worry. Have those messages, I think that Marci said of like, here remain bullets, but know that it's there for refinement to get people to improve over time, right? So don't think it's the end all. It's just the way of getting it out there. Don't be afraid to push it out there initially and get feedback and willing to accept that constructive feedback. Speaking of message, Marci, maybe if we go back, Michael, to the first slide, Marci, can you sort of go over again, developing your message? Because this really is critical for us students. Sure, so with that contact bullet, the basic science, some science that's done it so us is not related directly to climate change. And so there might be a need to describe the basics about your field of study and get people up to speed with why your area of study is impactful and possibly connected to them, actually. You can think about microbiome research where maybe people are not familiar with microbiomes, but as we're learning, at the frontier of biology research is that microbiomes, microbes, are pretty much run in the show, whether that's in our gut or in our ecosystem. So that might be kind of the first bit of information you share with people. And then thinking of this, your communications as more problem and solution and then inferred benefits of doing that solution is a useful way to hook people's attention. Sometimes there is research that's done purely theoretical and that may not relate to storyline change, for example. But there's usually a way to connect people with a problem that you're addressing and the solution that your work has found. And so humans love stories. The Hollywood arc of a story, there's always a crescendo. There's always the peak of the story. And so we like problem solution. We especially like solution. Our brains like solution. So presenting the information in that way. And then as Leon and I have both said, giving folks a path forward.  It's critical actually that we have a community that is scientifically literate that understands that science is actually the way out of the problems that we are currently facing. So I want people, as many people as possible to understand what are the problems that are being addressed through scientific inquiry? What are the solutions that are being found? And getting more people engaged in science means we have more problem solvers, more ideas that are coming forward and providing the way out of this, the way out of climate change or pandemics. It sounds as if we've highlighted climate change but there are many other issues as well. The Red Hill groundwater resource problem or the changing volcanic activity of Kilauea or finding water on the moony. Yeah, we hope that we'll have students discussing many of those topics, some of which do not directly impact the local community because climate change on the moon isn't particularly a burning issue but the basic format I presume is about the same. Yeah, and I would encourage anybody who's involved in science that sharing your knowledge and sharing your passion for science is potentially the invitation for someone else to come join science. We need their ideas, we need their creativity, we need a diversity of voices and backgrounds and concerns in science and we need those brilliant minds. So even if you're not studying climate change, share your science. I'll say nicely, Liam, we've got about 30 seconds left. How would you close? I guess I would add, in terms of how to communicate effectively, look at the people who are effective communicators. Catherine Heyho who does this global weirding series as it appears to on climate change or Ana Elizabeth Johnson. I mean, those are just a couple of examples but there are effective communicators that are out there. Listen to their podcasts, watch their TED Talks, see how they communicate effectively and sort of take some notes and incorporate that into your message. Well, great. Well, I know we're just about one hour of the time so let me just repeat. You've been watching Science at Soast. I'm your host, Pete McGinnis-Marc and today it's been my real pleasure to have Marcy Grubowski from Soast and Leon Gershwin from the National Ocean Graphic and Atmospheric Administration with us here today. This show is intended to be sort of the blueprint for some of the graduate students who will be appearing in subsequent weeks so I'm hoping that they will take note of what we've heard. It's been fascinating for me as well as I hope the audience as well. I want to thank you both very much. I know it's a trial to come on TV but hopefully it's been fun for both of you and maybe you can watch some of the rest of this series. So thank you to the audience for watching. This has been Science at Soast and we will return next Tuesday at one o'clock again with a different and hopefully student, presenter and guest as well. Until then, goodbye.


The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant increase in mental health issues worldwide. Risk factors such as intolerance of uncertainty and maladaptive emotion regulation have been linked to higher levels of stress, depression, and anxiety. On the other hand, protective factors like cognitive control and cognitive flexibility have been found to be beneficial in mitigating the negative effects of the pandemic. Additionally, certain individuals may benefit more from interventions focused on improving their cognitive control and flexibility than others. This article was authored by Malvika Godara, Jainas Everett, Alvaray Sanchez Lopez, and others.


Welcome to Spotlight Advanced. I'm Liz Wade. And I'm Adam Navas. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live.  It is pizza. Very simply, pizza is a food made by putting meat and vegetables, called toppings, on top of bread. But pizza is not the same everywhere. All around the world, people enjoy different toppings on their pizzas. In Brazil, green peas are popular on pizza. In Japan, food from the sea, like eel and squid are popular. In Costa Rica, people enjoy the coconut fruit on top of their pizzas. In Italy, the bread, or crust of the pizza, may be the most important part. It can be more important than anything that goes on it. But in the Netherlands, toppings are very important. A popular pizza in the Netherlands is called the Double Dutch. It has two times the cheese, two times the onions, and two times the beef. It has two times the toppings. As you can see, there are many different ways to eat pizza. And each way is correct. The simple design of pizza is the same all over the world. But everyone likes something different on top of it. It is common for different cultures to have their own kinds of food. A food that is popular in one culture will not always be popular in another culture. But pizza seems to cross all these barriers. Pizza is popular in almost every part of the world. So why is pizza so popular? Where did it even come from? No one really knows where the idea for modern pizza started. But experts do agree that the design, or recipe, for modern pizza was probably put together using different ideas from different cultures. A few cultures already had a simple common recipe for pizza almost 2,000 years ago. Even before that, Middle Eastern cultures had something similar to pizza. Babylonians, Israelites, and Egyptians liked to eat flat, cooked bread. They would add olive oil and good tasting spices to the bread. Then they cooked this flat, spiced bread in hot ovens made of earth, or on top of hot, flat stones. It was a small food that people ate between meals, or they added it to a meal. Another version of this flat, round bread was also popular in Greece. The Greeks called it plankantous. They put vegetables and meat on top of the flat bread. But many experts believe that the version of pizza that people know best today started in the city of Naples, in Italy. It was a street food. Poor people there spent a lot of time outside of their very small homes. They could buy this food and eat it easily as they walked outside. One more thing added to the creation of the modern pizza. They put tomatoes on their pizza street food. Today, this soft red fruit is the most popular fruit in the world. But back in the 1700s, people thought it was poisonous. But that did not stop them from eating it. Finally, the popularity of pizza began to grow. Shops opened where people could buy pizza. In 1830, the first pizzeria opened in Naples, Italy. This restaurant only sold pizza. But the pizza of that time still looked a little different from the modern pizza we know today. However, in 1889, Don Raffaella Esposito created the first modern pizza. Katie Blake tells the story. Don Margarita Teresa was visiting Naples. She had heard of pizza, but she had never tried it. During her visit to Naples, she finally decided to try it. Don Raffaella was a famous pizza maker. She asked him to make a special pizza for her. So Don Raffaella created three pizzas. But he designed one pizza especially for the queen. He added three toppings to the pizza. The first topping was mozzarella cheese. Mozzarella cheese was made from the milk of a water buffalo, a kind of local cow. It is a white cheese. The next topping was red tomatoes. Finally, Don Raffaella added basil leaves. Basil is a green plant with a mild spicy taste. These three toppings were white, red and green. The colors of the Italian flag. He called this pizza the Margarita Pizza. The queen was very happy. She loved the pizza. And the Margarita Pizza is still a very popular kind of pizza today. After this event, people no longer considered pizza a poor person's food. Everyone, rich or poor, enjoyed this easy-to-eat, delicious food. As people began to travel more often, they began sharing the news about pizza. Today, people all over the world eat more than 5 billion pizzas every year. The recipe for pizza has changed a bit over the years. Today, people usually make pizza by putting sauce, a kind of thick liquid, over the crust. The most popular kind of sauce is made from tomatoes. Then cheese and toppings of all kinds go on top of the sauce. But pizza makers have tried to put almost any kind of food you can imagine on top of a pizza. People all over the world have helped to create the recipe for pizza. It is a food that combines different foods from different countries. And it is probably one of the oldest foods you can think of. But one of the best things about pizza is this. You can create your own special kind of pizza. You can put anything you like on it. You can mix different foods from different cultures and create something wonderful. Who would have expected that such an ancient and simple food would be popular today? Pizza is just one example of how great things can happen when cultures come together. Do you enjoy pizza?  Tell us what you think. You can leave a comment on our website or email us at radio at radioenglish.net You can also comment on Facebook at facebook.com slash spotlight radio. Visit us on YouTube at youtube.com slash spotlight English one. The writer of this program was Liz Wade. The producer was Michio Ozaki. The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom. All quotes were adapted and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this program again and read it on our website at www.radioenglish.net This program is called Pizza, the world's food. Visit our website to download our free official app for Android and Apple devices. We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye.


Hi everybody, Sean with jaspyscasebrakes.com. We just finished up 2020 Bowman Chrome Baseball HTA choice 12 box case break picker team number three I Was so excited with how the break went totally forgot to give away 250 bucks on break credit chat wouldn't let me get away with it So $250 giveaway if you bought two or more teams in this break you got entered in to win No max entries by two teams get one entry by four teams get two entries so on and so forth Top five after on the randomizer get $50 from break credit each. So I've taken the list of Customers from the break copied it over here and put it alphabetically. So Aaron Clark with two spots gets one entry Dvorak with two spots gets one entry Eric Ainge Two spots gets you one James Hanna two spots will get you one Jeffrey two spots get you one John McCall Yancy Mark with four spots will get you two and Zach Two spots will get you one All right, so Zach's got one Mark's got two Yancy with one John McCall with one Jeffrey with one James with one Eric with one Jeff with one and Aaron with one so we've got Ten names half of you will get break credit. Let's enter that into this randomizer right here Didn't copy the first time there you go dice roll Three into three six times. Good luck everyone one through five after six one two three four Five and six in final time from Mark Passett Congratulations Mark Yancy Jeff Aaron and Jeff Shiavetti You five earned yourself $50 and break credit each There you go guys Congrats and guys that was the break credit giveaway for 2020 Bowman Chrome Baseball HTA choice 12 box case break picker team number three You look down in the bottom of the link for this you'll find the link for the main video itself I'm Sean jasky's case breaks calm. We'll see you next time


One, for sure, let's go! Yeah, I was building on the lecture Versus coming daily under pressure Working on the plot and the scheme The true start, straight walk is at the edge Your dreams are talking one One shot for the kill, the breeze comes Freeze up, straight drop in the chill We're talking, taking over pieces And shares a bomb with sky high Check the movement is here, yeah Yeah, let's one more I'm turning dreams into reality In the night with the form of light and chemistry Memories spark and motivate And make the industry shape With the balls and the blades, I've got the one One chance at best, yes They influence us through the courts You keep the pressure fresh Flip the cover with the drama passion Never rest, freedom is our teacher I'm the pressure, not the best See, I was so going for the go It's one off, one shot, not a future for sure Let's go! Yeah, it's one off, one shot, not a future for sure Let's go!


Hello and welcome to the International Daily Roundup by People's Dispatch where we bring you major news developments from around the world. Our headlines, thousands of poor and working class people face forced evictions in Pakistan. Native leaders take stance against China and Russia and summit communique. Women killed after car driver rams car into a protest at police killing against police killing in the US. And in our video section we take a look at the indigenous let's struggle against the Enbridge Line 3 Pipeline. In our first story we go to Pakistan where 50,000 people in the city of Karachi are facing forced evictions. Local authorities are in the process of demolishing houses around the Oranji and Guja Nala Strom drains. The Supreme Court had ordered to remove the encroachments along the drains following severe flooding in the city in 2020. However, poor and working class residents have argued that district officials have deliberately misinterpreted the order. As a result, houses leased to these families by the local municipal authorities have been classified as encroachments. The so-called anti encroachment drive began in February putting 21,000 children at risk of homelessness. The Sindh government is also planning to construct a 30 feet wide road along the storm drains. Affected families will be paid a compensation of around $128 a month for two years. Moreover, delays in public housing means that affected families are forced to live in the rubble. Since then, activists and residents have been mobilizing as part of the Karachi Bataapachao Tehrik. The movement has obtained over 100 stay orders against the demolitions. Its leader, Fiza Qureshi, has stated that the Supreme Court has directed authorities to provide alternative housing. However, the affected families have not been resettled. The court also heard appeals against the demolitions on June 14. However, Chief Justice Gulzar Ahmad revoked the stay orders and the demolitions will now proceed. Meanwhile, activists and residents gathered outside the court to protest on Monday. KBT has also linked the eviction to the World Bank's $100 million sweep project in the area. The bank has claimed that it is not connected to or financing the demolitions. However, activists have pointed out the cleaning of drains under sweep and by extension the funding of this cleanup cannot take place without the demolitions. Local residents have also stated that the authorities are carrying out demolition in the bank's name. In our next story, NATO leaders have declared that China poses a systemic challenge to the international order. Leaders of the military alliance's 30 member states met in Brussels on June 14. The post-Summit communique released on Monday takes 90 China stands pursued by US President Joe Biden. He has urged NATO members to stand up to Beijing on issues including military power and trade. The communique also accuses the country of rapidly expanding its nuclear arsenal and being opaque in its military modernization. NATO leaders have also pointed to China's military cooperation with Russia and the Euro-Atlantic region. They also accused Russia of intensifying so-called hybrid actions, including interference in elections. Speaking at a press conference, President Biden said that both countries were trying to split the transcendentactic alliance. NATO members have also expanded Article 5 or collective defence to include responses to space and cyber attacks. Meanwhile, hundreds of anti-imperialist activists helped protest in the Albertina Square in Brussels on June 13. They condemned NATO for escalating tensions with Russia and China in what is being called a new Cold War. The statements made the NATO summit followed a day after the G7 released its own joint communique. It also called for collective approaches to countering China's policies. It included statements on human rights in Xinjiang and Hong Kong as well as the origin of COVID-19. China denounces communique as slander and called for non-interference in internal affairs. In our next story, we go to the city of Minneapolis in the U.S. Diona Maryknatak was killed after a man rammed his jeep into a parked car on June 13. Her car was blocking the street to protest against a recent police killing. Shortly after 11.30 p.m., the car sped into the protesters, injuring four people including her. She was pronounced dead in the hospital. People in Minneapolis have been protesting the killing of Winston Smith Jr. He was shot multiple times by U.S. marshals on June 3. The U.S. Marshals fugitive Task Force stated that they were trying to arrest him for a felony firearms violation. Authorities have claimed that Smith fired a gun from inside his car and they found spent cartridges. However, a 27-year-old woman present with him at the time has stated that she never saw him with a gun. Authorities have claimed that there is no police body camera footage of the incident. Smith's death follows shortly after the police murders of George Floyd in 2020 and Dante Wright in April. Protesters gathered near the parking ramp where Smith was killed in Minneapolis' Uptown area on Sunday. Activist Donald Hooker Jr. stated that the car sped up as it lost plot closer to the protesters. He said that it was an attack and it was on purpose. After the crash, the driver got out and tried to escape. However, he was apprehended by the protesters and turned over to the police. This contradicts the police claim that the driver is somehow injured by the protesters. Police reportedly also threatened protesters with maize, rubber bullets and arrests. People are demanding evidence in the killing of Winston Smith Jr. Meanwhile, a march and a rally for Dio Naknajek was also held on Monday. Continuing with the U.S. for our final story, we take a look at the ongoing anti-pipeline protests. Indigenous communities and climate activists have been struggling against the cross-border oil pipelines for years. In a landmark victory, the Keystone XL project was officially terminated on June 9. Activists are now intensifying their struggles against the Dakota Access Pipeline and the Enbridge Pipeline. Hundreds of people have been arrested while protesting the company's Line 3 project in Minnesota. Here is a video feature on the protests. We'll be back tomorrow with more news from around the world. Until then, keep watching People's Dispatch.