t call amendment 167 as a preemption. Kate Forbes, to move or not move. The question is that amendment 102 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those members in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those members opposed. Those members abstaining. The result of the vote is 7-4-2 against and the amendment has therefore been agreed. I call amendment 39, in the name of Edward Mountain, already agreed. I beg a pardon, already debated with amendment 183. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. Not moved, convener. I call amendment 40, in the name of Edward Mountain, already debated with amendment 183. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. The question is that amendment 40 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those members in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those members opposed. Those members abstaining. The result of the vote is 4-4-5 against and the amendment has therefore not been agreed. I call amendment 41, in the name of Edward Mountain, already debated with amendment 183. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. Sorry, just two seconds. The question is that amendment 41 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those members in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those members opposed the amendment. Those members wishing to abstain. The result of the vote is 4-4-5 against and the amendment has therefore not been agreed. I call amendment 103, in the name of Finlay Carson, already debated with amendment 78. Finlay Carson, to move or not move, moved. The question is that amendment 103 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those members opposed to the amendment. Those members wishing to abstain. The result of the vote is 4-4-5 against and the amendment has therefore not been agreed. I call amendment 42, in the name of Edward Mountain, already debated with amendment 22. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. The question is that section 16 be agreed. Are we all agreed? We are all agreed. I call amendment 168, in the name of Rhoda Grant, already debated with amendment 183. Rhoda Grant, to move or not move. The question is that amendment 168 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those opposed. Those members wishing to abstain. The result of the vote is 4-4-5 against and the amendment has therefore not been agreed. I call amendment 174, in the name of Rachel Hamilton, grouped with amendment 175. Rachel Hamilton, to move amendment 174 and speak to both amendments in the group. This amendment simply amends the Fire Scotland Act 2005 to ensure that personnel are trained in relation to mureburn. It adds a statutory requirement for firefighters to be provided with training to specifically include sessions in relation to issues arising from making mureburn. It is crucial that our fire services are aware of, understand and provide, provided with the requisite training in relation to making mureburn, not only for the safety of the public but also for the safety of themselves. Amendment 175 requires ministers to publish a report on the role of mureburn in relation to wildfires in Scotland every two years. The report must consider the impact and damage caused by wildfire on wildlife habitats, conservation of natural environment property alongside other matters. It was interesting to note that, in the Canock wildfire and other wildfires, it is very difficult for those people who manage land to understand the significant impact of those specific parts of nature in terms of the damage, which I was specifically interested in. The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service has been clear that mureburn is not the primary driver or cause of wildfire events in Scotland. On the contrary, the fuel load management that is achieved in the course of making mureburn is often credited with limiting or reducing the effect of wildfire incidents where they occur. Compelling ministers to produce a wildfire report every two years will consider the impacts of mureburn activity on wildfire. Intensity would be a practical and advisable thing to do as wildfire events become more frequent and prominent with the advent of climate change. Rachael Hamilton's amendment 174 charms with something that I said earlier. I would take this moment to remind members that it is often that people who practice mureburn have the best equipment to fight it. Argyrchau cats get people up on the hill and the firefighting equipment that goes back on it. The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service sadly does not have access to all those equipment, unsurprisingly, because it may cost £45,000 or £50,000 to equip an argyrchau cat to go out. Therefore, it seems entirely appropriate that firefighters who will often be working beside gamekeepers and more than managers go out on the same mureburn course so that they can work together. If it does nothing else, it will foster good relations and create a greater understanding. For that reason alone, I support Rachael Hamilton's amendment 174. The current provisions in the Fire Scotland Act state that the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service must secure the provision of training for personnel. That is purposefully broad and nondescriptive and therefore already covers the issues relating to the making of mureburn. It is already a priority for the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service to ensure that its operational firefighters are properly trained and equipped to undertake the professional duties that it expects of them. That includes tackling wildfires. It would be helpful if I am not disputing what you are saying. How many firefighters have done a mureburn course in the last three years? I do not have that number to hand, but if you allow me to finish what it is that I am going to say, that might put your mind at ease. The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service regularly reviews training capacity against demand to ensure that there is sufficient training capacity and investment in people and resources to ensure that staff are competent and that they are always expected to undertake. In my view, it would be too prescriptive to amend the Fire Scotland Act 2005 to specifically mention mureburn when no other individual fire types are specified in it. For those reasons, I cannot support the amendment and ask members to vote against it. In our 2020-23 programme for Government, we committed to working with Scottish Fire and Rescue Service to ensure that continuing priority is given to the implementation of its wildfire strategy. They have produced this strategy in partnership with various agencies and groups in the rural and land management sectors. Within it, SFRS is adopting a burn suppression technique, such as those used in the new Mediterranean-style specialist wildfire units. They remain fully ready and able to respond to any instance of wildfire that occurs across Scotland and substantial investment has recently taken place in rural areas in terms of provision of additional specialist wildfire equipment and PPE. The service plan spend is around £1.6 million over the course of the three-year role of its wildfire strategy. While SFRS is fully supportive of training for those undertaking mureburn, it is not supportive that the training for mureburn is explicitly added to the 2005 act. Amendment 175 would require that a report on the role of mureburn relation to wildfires in Scotland be laid before Parliament every two years. My view is not only unnecessary, it would also create an additional and onerous administrative and reporting burden on various organisations, including the SFRS and NatureScot. The Scottish Fire and Rescue already records and reports on fires through its incident reporting system inputs. Scottish Fire and Rescue Service has also produced a wildfire strategy in partnership with the Scottish Wildfire Forum. The strategy includes a commitment to review the distribution of wildfire danger assessments and measure how effective they are in preventing wildfires. On mureburn and its relationship to wildfire in 2022, NatureScot produced a comprehensive report reviewing, assessing and critiquing the evidence based on the impacts of mureburn on wildfire prevention, carbon storage and biodiversity. It covered decades of peer-reviewed academic literature on wildfire and mureburn and concluded that the evidence based on the impacts of mureburn on wildfire habitats and species is limited and sometimes contested. The report also highlighted that there are a number of knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to determine the pros and cons of mureburn in regard to a suite of upland ecosystems and murelands, sorry, a suite of upland ecosystems services that murelands provide. Ultimately, those findings recommend that targeted scientific assessment is required to better understand the role of mureburn in relation to wildfire and biodiversity. The detailed scientific research is not something that can simply be generated and reported on every two years. I believe that it is more appropriate and proportionate to monitor wildfires through the existing reporting systems in conjunction with the wildfire strategy. This in turn will enable NatureScot to take into account the most up-to-date evidence on wildfire when updating the mureburn code and assessing licence applications. For those reasons, I cannot support this amendment and ask members to vote against it as well. I will be pressing amendment 174. I have not been convinced by the minister's arguments that the Fire Scotland Act 2005 should not be amended to recognise training for mureburn. It is an important aspect considering the danger that it puts to themselves and to the wider public in rural areas, particularly when using the example of Cannack and others. I also think that, although it was referenced that the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service carried out training and are quick to tackle wildfires, there were distinct gaps in the provision of tackling the wildfire at that time last year. To Edward Mountain's point, it is really important that that they are able to use the equipment that others use, such as the equipment that GameKeepers use, and others to mitigate the wildfire risk. It might be that they do not have that in their suite of training. I still think that it is very important, and I am not convinced by the argument. In terms of the additional scrutiny that I am asking from Parliament in terms of a biannual report, that is important. We know that biodiversity loss has not been reported and the minister himself acknowledged that there have been knowledge gaps that need to be filled. I hope that what I will do at stage 3 is to bring back this amendment in terms of getting some more detail around the scientific research that NatureScot does and in the timeframe that they are able to provide it. It is a really important piece of work that must be completed and reported to Parliament. I will not be pressing that amendment because I understand that the two years could be challenging, but I think that I will come back at stage 3 with a different amendment that could possibly reflect the scientific research that the minister referenced. Thank you. The question is that amendment 174 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those members, in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those members oppose the amendment. Those members wish to abstain. The result of the vote is 3, 4, 6 against. The amendment has therefore not been agreed. I call amendment 175, the name of Rachel Hamilton, already debated with amendment 174. Rachel Hamilton, to move or not move. I call amendment 43, in the name of Edward Mountain, already debated with amendment 31. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. The question is that amendment 43 be agreed. Are we agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those members, in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those members opposed. Those members wish to abstain. The result of the vote is 4, 4, 5 against. The amendment has therefore not been agreed. I call amendment 104, in the name of Kate Forbes, already debated with amendment 91. Kate Forbes, to move or not move. The question is that amendment 104 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are all agreed. I call amendment 44, in the name of Edward Mountain, already debated with amendment 22. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. The question is that section 17 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are all agreed. I call amendment 76, in the name of the minister, grouped with amendments 169, 45, 171, 170, 77 and 172. I point out that amendment 169 is agreed to. I cannot call amendment 45, 171 or 170 due to preemption. I remind members that amendment 45 and 71 are direct alternatives, that is, they can both be moved and decided on. In the text of whatever is the last agreed is what will appear in the bill. Minister, to move amendment 76 and speak to all amendments in this group. I move amendment 76, in my name. Amendment 76 and 77 changed the definition of Muirburn in the bill. During the stage 1 evidence sessions, we are from stakeholders who were concerned that the definition of Muirburn could be broad enough to cover situations that would not normally be considered Muirburn. The current wording in the bill uses burning of heather or other vegetation, which may capture dead piled-up vegetation, and that would include things like bonfires and campfires. We also heard concern that this definition would include the activity of flame weeding, which is a method used to control weeds in a garden set in our agricultural fields or in fields, golf courses and urban areas. It was not the intention to include these types of activities in the provisions in the bill. The Muirburn provisions are intended only to cover the burning of vegetation on a heather or a muir. These amendments would align the definition of making Muirburn in the bill to what is currently used in the Hill Farming Act 1946 and what is well understood by practitioners so that it means the setting of fire to or the burning of any heather muir. That would provide welcome clarity, and I encourage the committee to vote for amendments 76 and 77. I do not propose to speak at this point on any other amendments in this grouping, but we will listen to the proposers and what all contributors have to say before responding with my winding up to the debate on this grouping. I call Ariane Burgess to speak to amendment 169 and the other amendments in this group. Thanks, convener. The definition of peat has been discussed during the stage one, and this is reflected in a variety of amendments before us. Why is there a focus on peat depth at all? The IUCN's peatland programme is clear that all peat from the shallowest peaty soils to deep layers is vital peat and an integral part of the overall health of peatlands. In fact, the shallowest of peat soils, those below 30cm in depth, are arguably the most in need of protection, being more susceptible to damage and drying out. I was surprised to learn early in my discussions with stakeholders about this bill that the current definition, based on depth, stems from post-war land management strategies when Britain was looking to maximise its natural resources and agricultural productivity. It is not based on ecological understanding or rooted in climate adaptation practices, but rather in an arbitrary assessment based on what was required over half a century ago. My amendment 169 therefore seeks to remove this arbitrary definition entirely, removing the link between the depth of peat and its status under the licensing regime set out in this bill. All peat soils would therefore be subject to the mureburn licensing regime. In a time of climate emergency, we should be looking to maximise protection of peat and not undercutting the work that other parts of the Scottish Government are taking to fund the restoration of peatlands. I am well aware that there will not be consensus on my amendment, and I wait to hear the minister's response, but I believe that it is important to highlight this aspect of the debate on how peatland is defined. Thank you, and I call Edward Mountain to speak to amendment 45 and other amendments in this group. Thank you, convener. We laughed before the meeting that some things that Ariane Burgess and I agree on. The issue of peat depth is not the relevant factor here, because we are not burning peat, but I do believe that carrying out mureburn on shallow peats is bad, because it does encourage drying out. Usually, the shallow peats are in areas where there is greater altitude. That is a huge generalisation, but there is a schist underneath the peat, which is not fertile at all, and it is very difficult for the plants to regrow on it. That is why I put the amendment in as a probing amendment to increase the depth from 40 to 60 centimeters. I was interested in the first thing that when I put that amendment in, I got absolutely slated by people who thought it was amusing to say that I had no experience of what I am talking about. I am probably one of the few people, practitioners in this parliament, that have actually carried out mureburn. I think that not understanding the parliamentary process for probing amendments is deeply unhelpful and should not be encouraged. Therefore, I say to the Minister that the point of my amendment is to try and work out what the Minister feels is being burnt, because it is not the peat that is being burnt, it is the vegetation that is on top of the peat that is being burnt. I think that we have all seen the demonstrations of quick fires across peatland and slow fires. A quick fire can burn might not even melt a bar of chocolate if it was sufficiently quick over the surface of the soil. In fact, I have seen fires on heaths burn sufficiently quickly that it actually passes through without even damaging fence posts or removing the galvanised on the wire around that heathland. It is a probing amendment. I want to see why the Minister feels that the depth of the peat is the prerequisite for discipling peatland and mureburn. I have to say that I am slightly taken by the previous Minister. The current Minister's amendment is 77, but I am concerned about the word heath, because heath could indeed encompass a lot of crofting ground where grassland improvement would be, because by definition it is acidic soils with low fertility. That may include some of the areas on common grazings where mureburn may be being considered and you are now automatically bringing it in with the legislation. I will be interested to hear the Minister's response to my probing amendment and in an acceptance of the fact that it is not the depth of peat that is relevant, it is the actions that is being carried out on the surface. I could just add one more thing. I do absolutely agree as well how things have changed. When I was younger, many years ago, we were being paid to put grips in across Moorland to drain them and to drain the peatland off to make it easier to graze. We are now being paid to put it back. We have come full circle, but we still need to carry out mureburn to control the vegetation. I call Colin Smyth to speak to amendment 171 and other amendments in this group. One of the key aims of the bill is to protect our peatlands by limiting burning on them. Therefore, the definition of what is peatland is clearly important. The bill seeks to place that definition on the face of the bill stating that the land where the soil has a layer of peat with a thickness of more than 40 centimetres, meaning soil, which is an organic content of more than 60 per cent. The consequence of that definition is that extensive areas of shallow peat of a depth less than 40 centimetres will be treated as not peatland, even though they are functionally part of a peatland and often the most vulnerable areas. The best option would be defining peatlands on the basis of a specific depth. I have some sympathy with amendment 169, and there I agree with some of the observations from Edward Mountain, albeit not his amendment. Burning for the purpose of nature restoration will, fire prevention and research would still be allowed under amendment 169, but the need for people to measure depth would be removed. That would be in line with the Scottish Government's response to the Grouse Moor review group report of 26 November 2020, in which it stated that there will be a statutory ban on burning on peatlands except under licence for strictly limited purposes. It is not clear to me why the Government has reneged on this approach in the bill and proposed what I think is an artificial measure of 40 centimetres of peat to be defined as peatland. If we are to have a depth measure, arguably there is a case for a depth of 50 centimetres as set out in the Muirburn code, not least given the available mapping. There are also arguments for the widespread calls for this to be reduced to 30 centimetres, which would provide more protection and is in line with international recognition. However, there is almost universal opposition. I have to say that it does not appear to be any scientific basis for the arbitrary 40 centimetres, which is very much an international outlier and seems to be little more than a case of splitting the difference between 50 and 30 centimetres. If the Government is determined to stick to its view that there needs to be a depth definition, my amendment 171 supports 30 centimetres. A 30 centimetre peat death is the definition used in the peatland code and in the UK peatland strategy in natural England. We will be applying that to common standards monitoring. It is also noticeable that Scottish Forestry has recognised the importance of limiting damage and practice on peat and are now not accepting any forestry grant scheme applications, which include ploughing on soils where peat death exceeds 10 centimetres. Lowering the depth to 30 centimetres, as proposed in my amendment, would have the effect of increasing the area of land that is treated as peatland under the terms of the legislation and so includes some of the shallower peatland areas, which are themselves important large carbon stores. While it would be better to treat areas of any depth as peatland, changing the definition to 30 centimetres is an improvement on the 40 centimetres, including in the bill, and it leases a figure that is widely recognised. Setting the level in this bill at 40 centimetres in my view is a backward step, with no scientific basis, but lowering the depth to 30 centimetres would improve the protection of peatlands at a time when we need to be doing everything we can to protect and restore these important areas. I call Rachael Hamilton to speak to amendment 170 and other amendments in this group. National Survey data of peat at 50 centimetre depth threshold is currently available, so it follows that this is the definition that should be retained to provide land managers with a degree of certainty over where constitutes peatland and where constitutes non-peatland. Before making similar amendments in England, the then Secretary of State George Eustis MP ensured that peat survey data was available at the requisite threshold before passing the heather and grass-burning regulations. The provision of de minimus will also help to safeguard against variable peat depth in small areas, instead of mandating that the peat must be of a depth of 50 centimetres in a single area of half a hectare or more in order to constitute peatland. On amendment 169 in the name of Arrian Burgess, I believe that this amendment is completely unworkable and would unreasonably curtail mirror burn activity by stealth. It would also have a Scotland-wide impact, which would rapidly increase fuel load and carry a significant wildfire risk. On Collin Smith's amendment 171, I don't believe that peat depth or a below-ground metric should be used to regulate mirror burn, which is an above-ground activity. I favour the retention of a 50 centimetre peat depth as a defining characteristic of peatland, because national survey data exists at that depth, providing greater certainty to the end-users. There is no scientific basis to move to the depth of 30 centimetres. Thank you. I now call Rhoda Grant to speak to amendment 172 and other amendments in this group. Thank you, convener. This amendment is similar to previous amendments that I have table trying to insert to a degree of scrutiny into the bill when it comes to subordinate legislation. It is clear that how mirror burn impacts on peat and what different depths mean different management techniques will depend on the science. The science is not clear at the moment, and the minister cannot pretend that there will be consensus on that, even if the science becomes clear as demonstrated by the array of amendments that we have in front of us today. Therefore, any change in the depth of peat impacted must be properly scrutinised. I fear that the minister is more interested in avoiding scrutiny than he is in saving parliamentary time. It is Parliament's role, after all, to scrutinise the Government on behalf of their constituents. Therefore, I hope that he will at least accept this amendment. Thank you. Any other members? Thank you, convener. Amendments 169, 45, 171 and 178 all offer alternatives what the definition of peat should be for the purpose of the mirror burn licence. I want to be clear that the approach taken in the bill in line with wider mirror burn provisions follows the precautionary principle in the depth of 40 centimetres that arose from that principle. I thank Ariane Burgess, Edward Mountain, Colin Smith and Rachel Hammond for laying these amendments, which has allowed us to have this debate during the passage of the bill. It is an important debate and it reminds us that balancing the need to protect peatland against the practical necessities of managing a land productively was always going to be difficult. I think that the debate today, where some of you want it to be deeper and some of you want it to be shallower, leads me to believe that the definition of the bill of 40 centimetres is probably the right way to go and adequately accounts for what we know are the potential risks associated with mirror burn on peatland. The public consultation on the definition of peatland was similar to the divide of 38 per cent of respondents thought it should be 40 centimetres, but those who disagree with 40 centimetres were split between wanting it to be 50 centimetres and arguing it should be 30 centimetres or less. I am also mindful of the fact that the 40 centimetre depth is being moved to England and we have considered carefully the approach taken there, not least the evidence and science that was considered by the UK Government. However, in recognition of the lack of strong scientific consensus relating to mirror burn on peatlands, the bill contains a regulation making power that allows the Scottish ministers to amend the definition of peatland. That means that we can take a proactive approach and respond to new evidence and data in the future to ensure that the definition keeps pace with scientific research. To reassure the committee, the bill provides that the Scottish ministers must consult with NatureScot and such persons they consider likely to be interested in or affected by the making of mirror burn before making any regulations to amend the definition of peat or peatland. A lot of us have been out to see mirror burn and I was just wondering what argument the minister had if he had indeed been out to see mirror burn, whether he witnessed that peat was burned after the mirror burn and if sphagnum moss remained wet after mirror burn at the current depth of 50 centimetres? I accept that this is a difficult position that we are trying to establish what constitutes mirror burn. I was out in a hill last week, in fact it was the beginning of this week. This week has been such a difficult week. I was out there on Monday and I have witnessed it and what I witnessed was absolute perfect burning conditions and they managed to go right over the top of a chocolate bar. I have seen all these provisions but I also know that when it goes wrong peat gets burned so we are trying to find a balance in this particular part of the bill. The regulations developed to amend the definitions. I think that the minister has confirmed the concern that the 40 centimetre figure seems to be a bit arbitrary. It is almost a split in the difference between everybody's different view but he has indicated that ministers by regulation can amend the definition and they would have to consult with NatureScot and others on that. Does he accept that the definition needs to be kept under review given the fact that there is a mechanism to change it, not least because of his words earlier about the growing impact of climate change? Would he agree to meet those of us who have a different view on the level to discuss what mechanisms are in place within Government to keep that definition under review in the future? That would provide some assurance to the many stakeholders that that scientific evidence will be looked at on a regular basis and it would be helpful to discuss that with the minister ahead of stage 3. We are keeping it under review anyway. I fully understand that this is a difficult one in order to get everybody on board and the bill is trying to find that balance in the middle. I will meet you before stage 3 and we can have a discussion about it. Right now, my preferred option is that we sit at 40 centimetres. The regulations developed to amend those definitions would therefore be subject to consultation and also enhance parliamentary scrutiny as they will be subject to the affirmative procedure. Taking this into account, I would hope that amendments 169, 45, 171 and 171 are not pressed and if they are, I would encourage members to vote against them. Amendment 172 would add to the process required of Scottish ministers if they changed the definition of either peat or peatland in the future through secondary legislation. As I and previous ministers have explained that on a number of other similar amendments, those changes are not necessary. The amendment adds another additional burden on the Scottish Parliament when there are already established procedures in place for changes through secondary legislation. It could lead to unnecessary delays in amending the depth of peat, which could have consequences for the natural environment. Any change to the definition of peat or peatland for the purpose of the bill would be subject to affirmative procedure as well as the consultation requirement. The Parliament will have an opportunity to consider the instrument and draft, take evidence on the instrument and vote on it. That is the correct procedure for any such amending instrument, so therefore I encourage the committee to vote against amendment 172 on that basis. The question is that amendment 76 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are all agreed. I call amendment 182 in the name of Edward Mountain, already debated with amendment 181. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. The question is that amendment 182 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those supporting the amendment, please raise your hands now. Those members are not supporting. Those members are wishing to abstain. The result of the vote is two for seven against. The amendment has therefore not been agreed. I call amendment 169 in the name of Arianne Burgess, already debated with amendment 76. Can I remind members that if amendment 169 is agreed to, I cannot call amendment 45, 171 or 170 due to preemption. Arianne Burgess, to move or not move. I call amendment 45 in the name of Edward Mountain, already debated with amendment 76. Can I remind members that amendment 471 are direct alternatives? The text of whichever is the last agreed to is what will appear in the bill. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. As we are sticking at 47, are we just not moved? Not moved. I call amendment 171 in the name of Colin Smyth, already debated with amendment 76. Colin Smyth, to move or not move, not moved. I call amendment 170 in the name of Rachel Hamilton, already debated with amendment 76. Rachel Hamilton, to move or not move. The question is that amendment 170 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those members wish to abstain. The result of the vote is two for seven against. The amendment has therefore not been agreed. I call amendment 77 in the name of minister, already debated with amendment 76. The question is that amendment 77 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are all agreed. I call amendment 105 in the name of Finlay Carson, already debated with amendment 78. Finlay Carson, to move or not move and moved. The question is that amendment 105 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those members are opposing. Those members wishing to abstain. The result of the vote is four for five against. The amendment has therefore not agreed. I call amendment 46 in the name of Edward Mountain, already debated with amendment 22. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. Not moved, convener. The question is that section 18 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are all agreed. I call amendment 172 in the name of Rhoda Grant, already debated with amendment 76. Rhoda Grant, to move or not move. The question is that amendment 172 be agreed. Are we all agreed? We are not agreed. There will be a division. Those in support of the amendment, please raise your hand now. Those members are opposing. Members wishing to abstain. The result of the vote is four for five against. The amendment has therefore not been agreed. I call amendment 47 in the name of Edward Mountain, already debated with amendment 22. Edward Mountain, to move or not move. Not moved, convener. The question is that section 19 be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are agreed. The question is that sections 20 to 28 be agreed. Are we all agreed? The question is that the long title be agreed to. Are we all agreed? We are agreed and that end stage 2 consideration of the bill. I now close this meeting. Thank you.


The prize winning author Maya Angelou once said after publishing her 11th book that every time she wrote another one she'd think to herself, uh oh they're going to find out now I've run a game on everybody and they're going to find me out. Even Maya Angelou experienced imposter syndrome. But to call it a syndrome is to downplay how universal it is. To that end the psychologists who first described this experience didn't call it imposter syndrome. They called it imposter phenomenon. You will find imposters in all facets of society regardless of culture, gender, age, or occupation. In fact psychologists estimate that 70% of people will experience this feeling at least once in their lives. And you can be sure that 70% of people are not incompetent. So it's not an issue of competence, it's an issue of confidence. I am one of these imposters. I'm a programmer from a non-traditional background. My first career was as an architectural designer. I designed buildings and urban landscapes for tech companies in Silicon Valley. You might even recognize my work. When I left architecture, I attended a code school here in Portland where I learned Ember among other things. It was awesome. I was so stoked to get my new career started. One evening I recruited some code school colleagues to join me at the local JavaScript meetup. The meetup turned out to be a bit of a dud but by stroke of good fortune in walked in a crowd of people all clad in Ember gear. It turned out that an EmberConf happy hour had arrived. Despite being super nervous, I did my best networking and met a crowd of very nice folks. But one conversation stuck with me the most. After bragging about having graduated with his computer science degree the year I was born, a man tried to convince me that code school is a bad idea because the market was oversaturated with junior developers. He then proceeded to give my male code school colleagues sage career advice. I started to think, maybe I don't belong here. Later at our school's showcase demo day, I presented my hobby app to potential employer after potential employer but one interaction in particular stuck out. I recognized Yehuda Katz from across the room. He's like the guy that wrote the thing, right? I stumbled through my presentation and less than an hour later I had a very flattering email in my inbox and I've been working at Tilda ever since. And yet I still felt like an imposter. Mr. CS degree was still in my head. Three years into my journey at Tilda we decided to finish converting our app to Octane. Since we were already refactoring our entire app, we figured we might as well convert it to TypeScript at the same time. God Free gave us a TypeScript demo and we were off. At first I felt a little overwhelmed but eventually as we worked our way through the app, I started to really see the benefits of TypeScript. I found myself drawn to working on more complex, sometimes crafty areas of our code base, code that had intimidated me before. On transforming our code base, I myself was starting to feel transformed from a competent but hesitant mid-level engineer to a competent and confident senior engineer. I was starting to feel less like an imposter. Imposter phenomenon is talked about quite a bit in the programming community and there's a lot of wonderful advice to be found. Everything from surround yourself with supportive people to just decide to be confident, rarely are technical and tooling solutions offered. Based on my experience, I propose adding one more item here. Convert your app to TypeScript to foster confidence in your engineering team. Now the last thing I want is to imply that converting your app to TypeScript is going to be a piece of cake and if you don't agree with me you must be well, an imposter. So we're going to start with the basics. What even is a type? What is TypeScript? Then we'll look at what TypeScript looks like in an Ember app before circling back to the benefits of TypeScript in the context of developer confidence. You've likely come across that concept of types before. A values type tells us what type of data it stores and what you can and cannot do with that data. There are nine types in JavaScript. The most basic types are called primitives. Most primitive types include number, string, boolean, big int, symbol, undefined, and null. You can check a value's primitive type by using type of, with the exception of null. In addition to primitives, JavaScript has more complex structural types. An object is a mutable collection of properties organized in key value pairs. Arrays, sets, maps, and other class instances are all objects under the hood. Now because type of will return the string object regardless of the class, instance of and other checks are more useful here. The other structural type is function. A function is a callable object. You may have heard that JavaScript is a loosely typed and dynamic language. Loosely typed means that every variable has a type, but you cannot guarantee that the type will stay the same. For example, you can change the type of a variable by assigning a different value to it. Even stranger, in some instances, JavaScript will implicitly coerce your value to a different type, sometimes in unexpected ways. For example, you can add the number 2 to the number 2 as expected, but JavaScript will also allow you to add any of the other JavaScript types to the number 2 without throwing an error, leading to a variety of not so useful results. JavaScript is also a dynamically typed language. This means that you never need to specify the type of your variable. Instead, the JavaScript implementation determines the type at runtime, and it will do the best it can with that knowledge at runtime. Sometimes that means coercion as we just saw, and sometimes you get the dreaded type error. What could go wrong? It turns out quite a bit. In 2018, the error monitoring company Rollbar analyzed their database of JavaScript errors and found that 8 of the top 10 were some variation of trying to read or write to a null or undefined value. Furthermore, because of type coercion, it's possible you might have additional type-related bugs that don't even cause errors to be thrown in your app. All of this leads to uncertainty, and uncertainty is the enemy of confidence. Fortunately, TypeScript is here to help. TypeScript is an extension of JavaScript. When writing TypeScript, you can use all of JavaScript's features plus additional TypeScript features. The main difference, syntactically, is that TypeScript adds type annotations on top of the JavaScript you already know and love. When the compiler turns your TypeScript into JavaScript, it determines the types of the values in your code, and checks the validity of those types in the context in which you use them, before outputting standard JavaScript with the type information removed.  Also, because our text editor can run the TypeScript compiler in the background, it can integrate the type information and other related documentation into the editor user experience to give you, for example, code completion, hover info, and error messages. VS Code gives you these features out of the box, no installation required. And because TypeScript comes with all of JavaScript's built-in types baked in, such as DOM types, you have a ton of information at your fingertips. It's basically like having an answer key to your code. Having an answer key available to you at all times not only reduces your cognitive overhead, but it makes you feel like a rock star. And it's hard to feel like an imposter when you feel like a rock star. So how does TypeScript get the answer key? Because TypeScript is a strictly and statically typed language. Statically typed means that TypeScript checks your code for potential type errors at compile time. For all of this magic to work, TypeScript needs to know the type of your values at compile time. Sometimes TypeScript can infer the value of a type from its usage. Other times, you may need or prefer to declare the value to the type of the value with the type annotation. It's worth noting that unlike some other statically typed languages, TypeScript will still compile even when you have type checking errors. In other languages, the type system can feel like a gatekeeper. In TypeScript, it feels more like a messenger. While type checking errors can be frustrating at times, they're almost always telling you useful information. TypeScript is also more strictly typed than JavaScript. Once a variable has a type other than undefined or null, TypeScript will not allow you to change that type. Also, TypeScript disallows a lot of implicit type coercion. For example, you can add the number 2 to the number 2, but you will get a type checking error if you try to add, for example, an array or a set to the number 2. Interestingly, TypeScript will still allow you to add a string to a number. The compiled JavaScript will implicitly coerce the number to a string before concatenating the two strings. In my example, this might seem a little ridiculous, though you might be able to imagine it happening in the case of, say, an input value. In the real world, however, adding a number to a string is a common enough thing to do intentionally that it's considered idiomatic. The TypeScript team decided not to make TypeScript too strict in this case. If you disagree with them, you can enable an ESLint rule to forbid this. This is one example of how TypeScript's strictness is configurable. You can also increase or decrease the strictness by a file called TSConfig. Strictness helps you to achieve something called type safety. This means that TypeScript will help you avoid those pesky type errors. In fact, researchers found that TypeScript detected 15% of public bugs. Shipping fewer bugs helps you to become a more confident developer. TypeScript has all of JavaScript types. Here are examples of explicit type declarations for each of JavaScript's primitives represented in TypeScript. Because TypeScript can infer the type of your value from its usage, these explicit annotations may not always be necessary. The annotations for structural types, however, start to get a little more complicated. The array type is an example of a generic type, a reusable type that takes another type as an argument denoted with angle brackets. In this case, the array type takes the string type as an argument, and TypeScript knows that our variable is an array of strings. To declare the type of a function, declare the type of each variable and the return type as so. For an object, use an interface to represent each of the properties and their types. In addition to JavaScript's basic types, TypeScript provides even more types. Let's go over a few types you might need to understand this talk. The void type is the absence of a type. The void type is most commonly used to specify that we don't expect this function to return anything. The unknown type is useful for when you don't know the type of a value. When you use unknown, you can narrow the type of the value using type of or other comparisons. The any type can also be used when you don't know the type. The difference, though, is that when you annotate a value as any, TypeScript will allow you to do anything with it. Essentially, when you use the any type, you are opting out of static type checking for that variable, proceed with extreme caution. Alright, let's convert an app to TypeScript. We'll use the Super Rentals app from the Ember Guides as our example. Super Rentals is a website for browsing interesting places to stay during your post-COVID vacation. Super Rentals is a very modern Ember app using the latest and greatest Ember octane features. Admittedly, using TypeScript with pre-octane Ember was clunky. With octane's native classes, however, using TypeScript with Ember is pretty straightforward. The first step is to run Ember install Ember CLI TypeScript. Installing this package adds everything you need to compile TypeScript. The TypeScript package itself, types packages for each of Ember's modules, a default TS config, and some utility types and directories. While Ember itself isn't fully written in TypeScript yet, there's a project called Definitely Typed that acts as a repository for types for hundreds of libraries, including Ember. You can install these types as packages, then import them the same way you would a JavaScript module. Now that we've installed TypeScript, we can start converting files. Fortunately, TypeScript allows for gradual typing. This means that you can use TypeScript and JavaScript files interchangeably, so you can convert your app piecemeal. Of course, many of your files might reference types in other files that haven't been converted yet. There are several strategies you can employ to avoid a chain reaction resulting in having to convert your entire app at once. TypeScript declaration files are a way to document TypeScript types for JavaScript files without converting them. Alternatively, you can sometimes get pretty far just by annotating types as unknown. Or you can opt out of type checking for a value by annotating it as any. A better strategy than any, however, is to mark offending parts of your code with the TS expect error directive. This comment will ignore a type checking error and allow TypeScript compiler to assume that the value of the type is any. The value is of the type any, sorry. If the code stops triggering the error, TypeScript will let you know. You can also gradually increase TypeScript's strictness. There are two ends of the spectrum here. On one end, start with all of the checks disabled, then enable them gradually as you start to feel more comfortable with your TypeScript conversion. I do recommend switching to strict mode as soon as possible because strictness is sort of the point of TypeScript to avoid shipping detectable bugs in your code. On the other end, start in strict mode. This is the strategy we will use for converting super rentals since I want you to see the full power of TypeScript. In fact, I want my TypeScript even stricter. I'm going to also add the TypeScript ESLint plugin, which adds additional checks. So, which file should we convert first? Here are four strategies to choose from. 1. Outer leaves first. Models likely have the fewest non-ember imports, so you won't have to use as many of our gradual typing hacks. This strategy is best if your app already uses Octane, since Octane getters might not always be compatible with computed properties. 2. Inner leaves first. This strategy is best if you are converting to Octane simultaneously with TypeScript. You will need to make heavy use of our gradual typing hacks. 3. You touch it, you convert it. Whenever you are about to touch a file, convert it to TypeScript first. This strategy is best if you don't have time to convert everything at once. 4. Most fun first. Pick the files you are most curious about. Refactoring to TypeScript is an awesome way to build confidence in your understanding of a chunk of code. This strategy is also great for onboarding new team members. The Tilda team tried all of these strategies for our elderly half-classic, half-Octane app, and settled on a mix of you touch it, you convert it, and most fun first. For our super-rentals conversion, however, we are going to approach the conversion Outer Leaves First. Our Outer List Most Leaf is the rental model, and JavaScript, it looks like this. The rental model keeps track of various attributes about our vacation rentals. It also has a getter to categorize the type of the rental into either community or standalone. Step 1. Rename the file to TypeScript. And we're done! Congratulations! You've just written your first TypeScript class, because all valid JavaScript is valid TypeScript, any JavaScript code will still compile as TypeScript code. But we've got some type checking errors. It looks like we have a little bit more work to do. These squiggly lines indicate type checking errors. Let's start from the top. Member title implicitly has an any type. This error is telling us that we need to annotate the title attribute with the type. We can look at the seed data from the super-rentals app to figure out what the type should be. It looks like the title is a string. Let's add the type annotation, and we get a new error. Property title has no initializer and is not definitely assigned in the constructor. This message is a little confusing, but here's what it means. TypeScript expects properties to either be declared with an initial value, be set in the constructor, or be allowed to be undefined. TypeScript doesn't really know that the adder decorator is making the property exist. So TypeScript thinks that this property will never get set. In this case, we can tell TypeScript something external is setting this property by marking the value with the declare property modifier. Let's go ahead and resolve the rest of the squiggly lines on the attributes. The last error is coming from ESLint, asking us to provide a return type for the type getter. Because we know that the type getter will always return either the string community or the string standalone, we can put string in as the return type, or we can be extra specific and use a union of literal types for the return value. All right, we're free of squiggly lines. Let's commit. One more thing about models before we move on. The rental model doesn't have any relationships on it. But if it did, we would use a similar strategy to what we did with attributes, the declare property modifier. Also, the ember data types give us handy types that keep track of the many intricacies of ember data relationships. Cool. The next sleeve in includes routes. Let's convert the index route. It's pretty simple with a model hook that accesses the ember data store and finds all of the rentals. First, we'll rename the file to TypeScript. And once again, we have some errors. The first error is member store implicitly has in any type. We know that the type of the store service is a store. We can import the store type from ember data and add the type annotation. And because the store is set by the service decorator, we need to use the declare property modifier again. And the last squiggly line is again the linter telling us that we need a return type on the function. But how do you know what that return type is? Here's a little hack you can use to check the return type. Pop void in as the return type. This gives us a type checking error, as expected, because we know the model hook does not actually return nothing. Promise array makes sense, but I wouldn't expect an array of any values. It should be a more specific type. Something seems wrong here. We've run into one of the first gotchas of using TypeScript with ember. Ember makes heavy use of string key lookups. For example, here we look up all of the rentals by passing the rental string to the store's find all method. In order for TypeScript to know that the rental string correlates with the rental model, we need to add some boiler plate to the end of the rental model file. The ember CLI TypeScript installation added a model registry for this purpose. And we just need to register our rental model with the registry. And now we get a much more useful error. It looks like our return type is a promise array of rental models. We can add the appropriate imports and the type annotation. And now we have no more squiggly lines. Let's commit. Next, let's try converting a component, the innermost leaf of our app. The rentals filter component list filters the list of vacation rentals based on a past in search query. When we rename the file, we see some squigglies. The first squiggly is the linter reminding us to add a return type to the function. From reading the code, it looks like we are expecting results to turn an array of rental models. So let's put that for now. The next squiggly says property rentals does not exist on type empty interface. We are destructuring the args, but it looks like TypeScript has no idea what properties the args object should have. We need to tell TypeScript what the component arguments are. Fortunately, the glimmer component type is a generic. It takes an optional type argument where you can specify your args like this. Now TypeScript knows about our components arguments, but it's complaining that the rentals argument type is unknown. By doing a little sleuthing, tracing the component invocations back to the route template, we discover that the rentals argument is the resolved model from the index route. We can extract the model type from the index route by using the model from utility type that we can borrow from the Ember CLI TypeScript documentation cookbook. And now we have some new squiggly lines. This lengthy error is telling us that the rentals argument returns an array proxy of rental models, but filter is coercing it into an array of rental models, which has slightly different behavior. For example, array proxy doesn't have pusher pop methods like an array does. This could cause a bug in our future. We always want to return an array, so we can resolve this by first converting the rentals argument to an array before using it. Bye, bug. The last error is argument of type unknown is not assignable to parameter of type string. TypeScript is telling us that the includes method on the rental title string expects a string to be passed to it, but we've passed an unknown. Let's find out what that query argument type actually is. Just like with rentals, we want to extract the type from the calling component if possible. In this case, query is a tracked property on the rentals component. We can get the type of that property by importing the rentals component type and looking up the type of the query property using a similar syntax to what we'd use to access a value on an object. Phew, we're done. Let's commit. Let's take a look at one more component. The map component displays a map of the given coordinates retrieved from the map box API. First, we'll rename the file to typeScript, and we see some errors. Let's start by adding our arguments interface and resolving the return type lengths. And look at that. All of our red squigglies went away. For your first pass converting your app, I think it's totally fine to merge the unknown types like this, but I have a few more things I want to show you, so we'll add the real types now. We'll reverse engineer the types from one of the invocations. With the actual types, we still don't have any type checking errors. All good. But I wonder if there's anything we can do to make this component easier to reuse. For example, is there a way to throw an error anytime an engineer forgets to pass in one of these arguments? It turns out there is. We can use a union type to tell typescript that the longitude and latitude arguments might be undefined. Then, we can use getters to alias the arguments, but with an added check using Ember Debug's assert. The assertion will throw an error with a provided message if the condition is false. Also, the type for assert is written such that typescript now knows that the condition must be true for all of the following lines. This allows us to drop the undefined type from the argument before returning it as a number. Thus, we can use this dot longitude and this dot latitude elsewhere in our code without having to worry about the possibility of them being undefined. Also, the best part is that the assert code and its condition are stripped from your production builds, so you haven't added any production overhead. Alright, let's commit. And we're done converting our app. If you don't want to switch to typescript, you can get some of typescript's benefits, such as code completion and documentation on Hover, by using JS doc documentation in your JavaScript along with the VS code text editor. JS doc allows you to document types, though it doesn't have all of typescript's features. VS code's JavaScript features are powered by the typescript compiler under the hood, so you even get access to typescript's built-in types. You can also add types packages from definitely types, and VS code will use those types as well. Once you've documented the types in your JavaScript files, you can even add a TS check comment to the top of your file to get type checking in your JavaScript files powered by typescript. If you Google why use typescript, you can find all sorts of blogs about the technical benefits of typescript, and sure, there are many. But to me, where typescript really shines is not its technical, but its personal benefits. Many legacy code bases have code that people are scared to work on. I found that refactoring to typescript makes understanding these crafty spots so much easier and sometimes even fun. Once you've added types to a significant chunk of your project, you will really start to see the benefits. Type annotations coupled with JS doc are a place to pool the knowledge of every engineer that ever worked on that code. Eventually, you start to notice that you don't have to refresh your development app so many times to experiment because your code just works the first time around. I used to be scared to open pull requests on open source projects because it felt too public and unsafe. Opening PRs on the Ember Types on Definitely Typed was a great way to get started in open source, and I've since moved on to opening PRs on other projects too. I've been a REST conf like four times and each time I take the beginner and intermediate trainings and still feel totally overwhelmed. After using typescript for only a few months, I was able to transition to writing REST and it made so much more sense. I will forever refer to typescript as baby's first type system. Typescript's answer key gives me confidence. So much so that I signed up to do this talk after years of saying maybe one day, and now you all have to listen to me. And for that, I thank you.


From DailyDoseOfWeirdNews.com, I'm Darren Marlar and this is your Daily Dose of Weird News. While in Berlin yesterday, for a forum for female leaders hosted by German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Ivanka Trump praised her father for being a tremendous champion of supporting families. As she was saying this, members of the panel's audience booed and hissed. And that grandchildren is how Germany started the Third World War. Federal authorities have announced nearly two dozen safety violations issued to an auto parts manufacturer after a bride-to-be who worked at its Alabama plant was crushed to death by a robotic machine. It probably had something to do with her being named Sarah Connor. Congressional Republicans are floating a spending deal to keep the government going that does not include funding for President Trump's southern border wall. But Mr. President, you're welcome to take 20 bucks out of that budget to buy yourself a copy of Pink Floyd's The Wall.  If the government does shut down on Saturday, it will coincide with President Trump's 100th day in office. I will let you interpret that however you wish. Ontario, Canada has launched a guaranteed income program that will pay people a minimum of $12,600 a year. Boy, that could put a dent in the standing-by-the-free-way off-ramp with the sign industry. Even if you feel alert and think you're getting enough sleep, constant yawning clues you in that you're probably sleep-deprived, says Lisa Shives, MD, a sleep medicine specialist in Evanston, Illinois. You're likely getting poor quality sleep from waking often in the middle of the night or not achieving deep sleep, she says. Either that or life is just really boring. The United Airlines flight had to make an emergency landing after one of its engines overheated. Fortunately, all the passengers were dragged out of the plane safely. The attorney for the United Airlines dragged passenger is now representing the woman in the stroller incident on American Airlines. Talk about a niche industry. Andrew Taylor was sick and tired of being sick and tired. In 2015, the Melbourne Australian man was clinically depressed, suffered from anxiety and weighed over 300 pounds. On January 1 of last year, he began his journey to change all of that by making one simple choice, to eat nothing but potatoes for one year. Today, he weighs in just over 200 pounds. For every day since the beginning of the potato diet, Taylor has only eaten mashed, boiled and baked potatoes morning, noon and night. Potato chips and french fries were not allowed. Oh, well, then forget it. A survey says Wi-Fi in the home is more important to people than having clean underwear. Which begs the question, why can't we just have both, please? Facebook users will be warned before sharing a story that's actually fake news. The social media giant says it's working with fact-checking groups to identify bogus stories and warn users if a story they're trying to share has been reported as fake. Our condolences on the soon-coming demise of the onion and MSNBC. A Dutch restaurant whose name translates to The Unwanted Animal Kitchen is now offering the My Little Pony Burger. You guessed it, the patty itself is made from the meat of butchered, aging horses that have worked at a local amusement park. So would you eat a horse burger? What do you think? Yay or nay? If you like this video, please give it a thumbs up and be sure to subscribe if you want to see more. Click that little bell next to the subscribe button to be notified when I post new videos, and if you're already an official Weirdo, please share this video with your friends. Be sure to join me for my first official live chat on YouTube. It's coming up Saturday, May 6, 3pm Central Time, that's 4pm Eastern or 1pm Pacific. We'll do a Q&A, I'll have a giveaway or two, and I might even tell a Weird Darkness story during the broadcast. That Saturday, May 6, hope you can join me. For more weird news anytime, visit DailyDoseOfWeirdNews.com. I'm Darren Marlar, and I'll see you next time. Weirdo's.


Now as howling winds echo across the snow-covered reaches of the wild northwest the quaker roads company makers of quaker pop wheat And Quaker pop rice the delicious cereal shot from guns In cooperation with the mutual broadcasting system Present by special recording Sergeant Preston of the Yukon It's Yukon King swift as a strongest lead dog of the Northwest Breaking the trail for Sergeant Preston of the Northwest mounted police in his relentless pursuit of lawbreakers Discovered in the Yukon a stampede to the Klondike in the wild race for riches Back to the days of the gold rush and the adventures of sergeant Preston and his wonder dog Yukon King as they meet the challenge of the Yukon Our venture will begin in just a moment As a parent would you fail your own child? You may be doing just that by ignoring the serious problems that our schools face today Overcrowding to the point where students must share desks and books attend only half-day sessions not enough teachers With the school population growing by a million every year. What will a situation be in ten years? Realizing that these educational problems must be solved President Eisenhower has called for a White House conference on education to be held in November as a Citizen as a parent it's up to you to join your community's efforts toward better schools Start today by writing for free information on how to hold a community conference write better schools To West 45th Street, New York 36, New York Remember better schools build better communities. This message is brought to you as a public service The factor of the Northwest Company trading post on Lake Kusaya Was talking with Miyaku the chief of the neighboring Indian Village on the door to the living quarters at the rear of the store opened Jane Hank's daughter called to her father Yes, you hear a noise outside. What sort of noise is it someone were moaning? Oh, it's just the wind will have a blizzard before long. It sounds exactly as if someone were moaning. I Don't hear anything. I'm going to take a look outside I Didn't you hear it then? Yes Around the corner. It's a man lying in the snow It met God he's been sure it will carry him in Wounded Indian was carried inside the trading post and placed on a cart as soon as Hank examined him He realized that nothing could be done. I'm afraid he's a good meal dude that good boy He's trying to think for money Raku no lenta mania for money Go to Manonee Dantic a tree did he say a creature? Oh, that's right Kree who wear mask on face Let Raccoon Indian from South Kree shoot at sea London Metka Sealat dead What about me didn't he say factor ah Sealat Metka have furs them bring you the Kree Indian shot at them and stole their furs. Is that it? Ah? What does it happen the nori monta for? Ramune Not far on trail near big pine Dead pine the one that was hit by lightning last summer. Ah, that's only about a mile from here. I think he's gone Covering with a blanket Metka sealat Good boy We'll find Sealat's body and then start looking for the murder hand. I'll harness my team The storm broke as Hank and Miyaku left the trading post By the time they reached the big pie and the willing snow had covered all the tracks around Sealat's body It was placed on the sled and the factor and the Indian chief drove on to the south hoping to pick up some sign of the killer Finally Hank stopped the team He pointed to the opening of a cave just ahead of them that smoke coming from the king Someone's been the fire inside. Ah, that's right. He'll leave the team here That's a slip by the opening That's bored in the snow door catch killer him make half.  Yes As Hank and Miyaku waited for their guns ready a young Indian stepped into the open His Parker was open and the men could see the beadwork on his buckskin shirt. He's a creole This way He is a friend to white man. He's young to be a killer. I have killed no one come over here Let's take a look at the man on this sled Do you ever see him before? Yes, but that shouldn't surprise you See if the first one is slipping out of Very creepy aren't you? Yes? My name is Kalu. My home is far to the south. I Go to the mission school. What are you doing up here? I am looking for my lead job Someone's story. Well, that's your story, huh? Isn't good enough Carl. Oh One of the men you shot lived long enough to get to the post. He said it was a Cree who held him up You're the only Cree in this neck of the woods. I have done nothing wrong. There are no Maybe him hide them. We'll look for them later Get your team hardest color we're taking you back to the post.  He'll continue our adventure in just a moment Are you kids there? Are you seeing the exciting homers that your home team makes? We'll lose as nothing like the fun of a baseball game the hot dogs of popcorn seeing star players in person Come out to the ball game now as guests of a major or minor league team Your free ticket is waiting for you right inside packages of Quaker pop wheat Quaker pop rice Muffet shredded wheat Quaker Paco 10 which has two free baseball tickets Yes, if you are 12 years or younger just bring mom or dad or another paying adult relative and see a wonderful Major or minor league baseball game free names of teams and dates are on every ticket hurry Get a free baseball ticket package of Quaker pop wheat or rice Muffet shredded wheat or Quaker Paco 10 Remember the more packages of these delicious Quaker cereals you get the more free baseball tickets you get to continue The young Indian was taken back to the post and locked in one of the travelers cabins The factors daughter talked with him for a long time that afternoon when she returned to the store When you set the sergeant right he's you tonight Of course, it may be someone else making the patrol this month. Oh, I hope he comes If he doesn't couldn't we bring Cali over here tonight that murdering Cree let him sleep on the same roof with you and me Absolutely, no he isn't safe in that cabin. Of course. She's safe There's a good luck on the door. I don't mean that there's any chance of his getting away I'm afraid the Indians from the village will break the lock from the outside Tonya says there'll be a funeral ceremony tonight You know what such things can lead to? Oh, I'm afraid the engine will break into the cabin. You're called those that he must wait for the northwest mountain Well, after it's all over Miyako will say that he couldn't stop his man. He may not even try Dad you can't let any harm come to that boy before the sergeant gets here You talk as if you were on the killer side Well, I don't believe he's guilty of course. He's guilty there You heard met you say it was the Cree who shot him. Yes, I heard him. All right There is another Cree within a hundred miles of here But you can't be sure you stopped looking when you found him. Well, if there is another he'll be found Yaku and his been I was searching the force for the stolen furs, but he's been on the trail a month losing it picking it up again We've gone through any number of hardships and all because he loves his dog so much. I Just can't believe a boy like that could kill a man Find stolen bird Where that I find them near cave where Cree may camp you that James? I guess that proves he's guilty. He's guilty. I've never been so mistaken about anyone in my life sergeant come. What's it? Ah, no stop me see him come across late. They're another fellow. Oh, I'm so glad. Come on. Let's make him welcome The van with the sergeant was Constable Downey who was to take over the patrolling of the Lake District It was getting dark as they drove up and time for supper So it was while they ate the sergeant learned the details of the double murder and Kahlu's capture After supper the sergeant and the constable went to the cabin where the Indian boy was being held prisoner and after questioning him They returned to the post No and all the evidence is circumstantial I think I don't like to make up my mind too quickly in a case like this Did he tell you about his dog? Yes, he did a big gray husky with white mark. He'd love that dog. What have you? As far as I'm concerned at the great point in his favor, but it is an evidence But this is a key to him Jane heard him Yeah, who heard him?  I'll let him out Come with your boy Sure does Our cook says that the Indians may try to break into that cabin and kill Kali tonight Things worried about something outside. Come on, Jim Indians all around the cabin come on As the sergeant and the constable ran toward the cabin with their guns drawn the Indians saw them And most of them ran for the words but the door of the cabin been broken open and one of them pushed his way inside He had a knife in his hand. Now just to kill you The Indians watched at Kali with his knife, but the boy caught his wrist and tried to twist the weapon from the older man's grab They fell to the floor and rolled over and over a man with a knife trying to drive it home The boys struggling desperately for his life. The plate was forced closer and closer to his heart Then suddenly the older Indian was pulled to his feet. That's enough. Give me that knife. Got him, King You've been hurt, Kali No, point of a nice scratch hand Let's see us taken care of you. What's your name? What's the meaning of this? Didn't the Ark who warn you this man must be left alone until a time for his trial and why didn't you obey him? Met her. She left. Good friend to Jatak.  So does the crown's law, but first there must be a trial You've done a bad thing Jatak. You'll have to be punished. There are other cabins and we lock them up in one of them No, we've only got this whole thing settled right now. I'll take both of them over the Indian village and hold court tonight Hank Williams and his daughter accompanied the sergeant the constable and their prisoners to the Indian village There were hostile mutterings when the members of the tribe saw that Jatak was a prisoner But Miyaku greeted the sergeant with great ceremony and ushered the party into his own lodge a large well-built log cabin The sergeant took up the question of Jatak's punishment first. Miyaku You were warned by the factor that any attempt to take the law into your own hands would be punished Miyaku not know that young brave go to post. You should have known But since the crown's laws are new to your people, I'm going to make allowances Jatak won't have to go to jail, but he must pay a fine. How much? One dozen fox pelts. Him not have any. Him not trapped. How does he make his living? I'll explain, Sergeant Jatak is a great hunter. Ordinaryly he provides the village with most of its meat What do you mean ordinarily? He's been away. That's interesting. Where? North I think. Ah, that's right. Him bring back many dogs. Dogs?  Sell to Indian for dogs Sell dogs to Indians here for food, money. Come here, Kaloon.  Yes, Sergeant And you trailed the thief all the way up here? I learned on the trail an Indian with many dogs had gone on reform How about it, Jatak? Did you steal Kaloon's dog? No Describe him, Kaloon.  Does Jatak bring back any dog that answers that description, Miyaku? Ah, him have dog like that, but him killer. A killer? Him plenty bad. My dog Mogo was a good dog. He was no killer. This dog work in harness all right But when him not work Jatak have to chain him. Where? In lodge where Jatak live. Take us there, Miyaku. I want Kaloon to see this dog When the sergeant and the others reached the lodge where the hunter lived they heard a savage growl When the door was open the great husky strained at the chain and held him bearing his teeth and snarling at the sergeant He bore the marks of many beatings raw welts around his head and shoulders his eyes were red with hate. You see him plenty bad I see Come in, Kaloon Is this your dog? What have they done to him? This is your dog. Yes It's Mogo I'll show you he's my dog. Don't go near him, Kaloon. He's savage. He will recognize me He doesn't though. Mogo It is Kaloon Or you'll remember me, don't you? Mogo? Good dog Good dog You see you see how glad he is to see me Mogo Mogo boy That's good enough for me, Kaloon. You've proved he's your dog. He isn't bad But he was never beaten before. You see what this means, Miyaku? Jatak lied to you He found the dogs he brought back here down in the Cree country. He stole them. Ah Constable, take Jatak back to Miyaku's lodge. Right. And the rest of you Miyaku, Hank and Jane, you wait there for me too You may tell your braves to build their council fire, Miyaku We'll be ready to start with the murder trial in 10 minutes. Come along, Jatak Please, Sergeant May I stay here with Mogo or take him with me? If I leave you... I want you to stay here, Kaloon. I have a few more questions The sergeant questioned the young Indian closely about his movements that afternoon Kaloon's story couldn't be shaken. He had been no closer to the trading post than the cave where the factor had found him You don't believe I killed those two men. Do you, Sergeant? No, I don't But unless it can be proved to the satisfaction of the tribe, we'll be in for plenty of trouble Oh One of the men who died Said it was a Cree who shot him I am the only Cree Indian. Yes, that's what makes a job difficult Still, there may be something in this cabin here that'll help. We'll see King watched his master search the cabin He had no idea what he was looking for, of course But he knew he was looking for something and as always the great dog wanted to help That was why he began to sniff around the cabin The floor was of dirt hard packed and king's investigations took him to the farthest corner from the door Here the dirt wasn't hard packed and king began to dig There was something buried here and king intended to bring it to the sergeant's attention The flying dirt was enough to bring the sergeant to the dog's side. What is this king? What have you found, boy? Let me see Good work, king. Good work. Take a look at this, Kaloon. Look what kings found We'll continue our adventure in just a moment Say kids, which would you rather do? Read about your favorite baseball team in the papers or see a game on the screen Or be right in the ballpark yelling for the players on your team eating hot dogs drinking soda pop and having the time of your life Golly, nothing beats the fun in the ballpark Come out to the game now as guests of a major or minor league team Walk right through the gate without paying a cent if you are 12 years or younger and bring mom or dad Or another paying adult relative You can now get a free baseball ticket right inside a package of quakerpuff wheat or quakerpuff rice Or muffet shredded wheat or by quaker pacco 10 and get two free baseball tickets Names of teams and dates are on every ticket get in on the fun right away Get a free baseball ticket package of quakerpuff wheat or rice Muffet shredded wheat or quaker pacco 10 bring the whole family to the ball game You'll all have a picnic The council fire burned high The tribe chanted as they took their places around it Miyaku sat in the place of honor with a rifle across his knees The sergeant sat beside him and jatak and kaloo stood facing them The chief raised his hand and the signal for sergeant Now sergeant you start crying Very well, Miyaku. First, I'll call on you for your testimony What did matka say as he was dying him say kree shoot Make them keep quiet me I want you to tell us everything matka said Matka sillat drives through forest with plenty first to sell at post Them here shot them see indian who wear buckskin with plenty beadwork like kree wears Him shoot again Matka run away, but him wounded Get to post die there after factor me find them I think what did you do after matka died? We went into the forest and found sillat's body And we drove on and found this young kree hiding in a cave Listen your chief has more to tell you What's that?  Let's have a dim here Look everyone a beaded buckskin shirt If you saw a man wearing this shirt, you'd say it was a kree wouldn't do Me not wear a shirt. Why did you bury it? May not wear it. You answer sergeant Why you bury shirt? That's not true sergeant not tell lie Him find it in your lot. You take word of white devil Sergeant good man. Him always tell truth Him friend to indians Him always try help indians and tell lie. It's you who lie You buried the shirt because you wore the shirt this afternoon When you ambushed metka and sea lot You meant to steal their furs and you did steal them But when kaloo was found in the cave you wanted him to be convicted of the murders It was jatak who found the furs near the cave, wasn't it? Was anyone with him when he found them? No He took them from where he'd hidden them and placed them near the cave And tonight jatak it was you who led the raid on the cabinet the post You wanted to kill kaloo before he had a chance to convince people he was telling the truth That his dog had been stolen that you had stolen it That you'd been down in the kree country instead of up north. No, no It was you who killed your brother metka your brother see that You die The killer screamed with rage as he dashed straight at the chief He pulled the chief's rifle from his grasp and leveled at the temple The sergeant's hand was on his gun, but the berserk indians next word stopped his draw.  He take your gun They go He's the first man who come after me. You seem to have the upper hand. I don't see how we can stop you Make sure anybody who tries to stop me don't move anybody He killed the indians started backing away from the consul fire and no one made a move Sergeant spoke quietly to king get him king King heard the command and meant to obey it But he knew better than to make a direct attack on a man with a gun in his hand He slipped away from the sergeant's side and out of the circle of life cast by the consul fire Jatak continued his backward course his eyes riveted on the sergeant and constable downy He reached the chief's lodge edged his way to the corner back around it and then turned to run What king was waiting for him there? The indian was knocked to the ground and the sergeant went into action Before the renegade could fight free of king the sergeant had wrenched the weapons he carried from his grasp All right, boy. Let him up on your feet Better handgubbing right Now you take him to jail sergeant. Yes Miyako will tell the judge and white horse what he's done and he'll pay for his crime That's good I can take mogul and go home. There's no charge against jukalo Miyako. Sorry him think bad thing about you It's not your fault Miyako plenty glad sergeant come here Not let Miyako make bad mistake. You'll see that the dog Jatak stole our return to the creed And we send present to with kalo Show him Miyako's people live by law that means you'll live in peace and that this case is closed Sergeant Preston will return in just a moment with a word about our next exciting adventure The warm weather and long daylight hours mean more fun out of doors Especially for the younger members of the family But sometimes it's not possible to be outside or it's important to relax and sit quietly for a little while Then is the time to tune the mutual every week day afternoon at five o'clock There are programs of imaginative entertainment and bring all over the adventure and excitement of the wide open spaces Sergeant Preston of the ucon member of the famed northwest mounted police Braves the dangers of a wild and lawless territory in the days when gold was king With his faithful dog ucon king sergeant Preston is a challenging example of courage and daring And following sergeant Preston every day monday through friday is bobby benson Every weekday afternoon at five o'clock the doors open wide on a whole world of adventure With sergeant Preston of the ucon and bobby benson both on mutual over most of these stations Because of a chance meeting on the boat from the states Sergeant Preston became interested in the young couple heading for selkirk Later he discovered they were being victimized and their lives endangered by crooks Preston went to their cabin to help them.  You have no right butting in Well, what is it sergeant? We don't understand.  Sergeant are you badly hurt? A shot through the window caught sergeant Preston unawares Was he injured too badly to prevent the crooks from going through with their plans? Be sure to hear this next exciting adventure These sergeant Preston of the ucon adventures are brought to you every monday through friday at this time by the quaker outs company makers of quaker pop week And quaker pop rice the delicious cereals shot from guns By special recording in cooperation with the mutual broadcasting system They are a copyrighted feature of sergeant Preston of the ucon incorporated Created by george w trendle produced by trendle camber mirror incorporated and directed by fred flower day The part of sergeant Preston is played by paul Sutton This is j michael wishing you goodbye. Good luck and good health from quaker pop wheat and quaker pop rice so long This is mutual radio network for all america


This study examined streamflow trends in 441 small catchments in 15 European countries over the period 1962 to 2004. It found that overall, streamflow trends were negative in southern and eastern regions, while they were generally positive in other areas. Additionally, it showed that the winter months had positive trends, while the summer months had negative trends. Furthermore, the study confirmed that these trends were consistent with projections from climate models. This article was authored by CaseDall, HSL, Jay Haniford, and others.


Dear Diary, my name is Lizzie Byron, and I am 7 years old. My mommy and daddy and me just moved into a new house in a town called Frankenburg. My mom says that we came here because of the daddy's job and so the baby can have new room. I am excited for the baby. Mommy says his name will be Tommy and we will be friends. I hope he will be my friend, Lizzie. Dear Diary, today when me and mommy were in a top room of the house, I found a teddy bear. When I found him, he started to move. He gave me a hug. I took him in my dress and hid him in the toy cabinet. I named him Benny. He is my new friend, Lizzie. Dear Diary, today my friend Jenny came over to play with me. When I showed her Benny, she said she thought it was the best toy ever. Then Benny went over to my crayons and drew a picture of me and Jenny holding his hands. It was the cutest thing ever. Then mommy came in and saw him, and she started to yell about it being unnatural. Although she took him away and made Jenny leave. I was sad, but then later Benny came back. I gave him my biggest hug and made him promise to never leave me. Dear Diary, today mommy had to go to the doctor. I don't know why, but daddy and the doctor said mommy will be gone for a long time now. They won't let me see mommy. I don't know where Benny is. He went away and now I don't know where he went. The doctor said that Tommy is gone too. I want to see Tommy. He is supposed to be my friend. All my friends are gone. Dear Diary, today I went outside while daddy was at the bar. I was out by the bench when Benny was there. I picked him up and hugged and kissed and told him I loved him. It was happy, and then the best thing ever happened. Tommy was there too. He moved kind of funny and he looked like Benny on the outside, but I knew it was Tommy. I picked them both up and took them to the toy room. Tommy is all lumpy and slow, but he plays just the same as Benny. I love him. Lizzie. Dear Diary, today I saw that daddy was sad, so I asked him why he was sad. He said that, Lizzie, you need to stop asking so many goddamn questions. I asked him if he missed Tommy and he didn't say anything. So I went and showed him Tommy. Daddy went all weird and ran to the kitchen. He wouldn't stop crying and crying and crying. I told him that me and Tommy loved him forever. He told me to go. I went to my room and held Tommy for a long, long time. Lizzie. Dear Diary, today I found a new friend. His name is Davy and he will be my best friend ever. He is made of daddy. I don't know where daddy is, but he didn't love me as much as me and Tommy loved him. I thought daddy loved me. He told me he hated me. I don't go in the house anymore. I stay with Benny. He brings me and Tommy food, and we have all the love we need. We are a family together with love. Nobody can take it away.