What's happening everybody? Thanks for tuning back into the channel today right here with the rust belt mechanic So you've cruised back in here for some more tools have you? So we've got all kinds of them here for you four new ones for the channel Gonna be showing you guys some new nifty tools of the week ones that have helped me get through my job And hopefully can help you out as well First nifty tool that we're gonna come to today is our newest item from Autel This isn't brand-new to the market, but it is new to me. Autel was cool enough to send me one to do some testing this week This is the Autel TS408 TMS relearn tool also is able to do RF transmitter receiving so you guys can test any of those key fobs out as well So I got to looking at this one this week using it here and there and is a great like midline TPMS tool it's not gonna do absolutely everything you guys need in a shop But it is gonna do quite a few different items It's gonna be able to read just about any sensor on the market up through 2017 this also does come up with come with free updates and software online Updatable through the USB port all you have to do is plug it into a computer You're not gonna have to pay for any kind of subscription or anything like that Very nice color screen to it. It does have a a really nice little amount of TPMS tools inside of it able to bring up the Latest tools and the latest kits that you were doing the testing on just to see which ones you were on prior to that test The TPMS function itself. It is able to program certain empty TPMS monitors But only the MX style monitors I did try to use this one and tried to program a couple of the easy link the Schrader sensors Both in the 433 and the 315 megahertz lines. It will not work for that It will only program blank MX sensors. So keep that in mind if you're looking to do that one I don't have anything against those sensors. Those sensors are great. They're a Cheaper sensor for you and they they still work fantastic So if you're looking on using that style of sensor, it'll work fantastic for you now here in the kit There is quite a few other small items in here for some of the older vehicles that do require Activation with the magnet tool it does come with the magnet comes with the instruction manual and then comes with the Charger cord for the unit as well as the USB updating cord as well One of the big fallbacks to this one is going to be the fact that it cannot plug into the OBD2 port of a vehicle So if that specific vehicle line does require you to plug the service tool in to do it a physical programming of new sensors This is not going to be able to do that one This one is going to be only for the ones that are able to program the sensors right there to themselves And then it will tell you whether it has its own relearn process Or if you're going to have to get another tool to plug in to relearn those sensors Now it is does have a very nice database of all the different makes and models of vehicles So if you have the new TPMS sensor that you're looking to program and it has a manual relearn procedure all you have to do is click on to that section and it will go into and show you exactly how to Manually relearn those tire pressure monitors pretty nifty tool now This also has a pretty decent price at $179 over on Amazon It's a great middle of the market for a TPMS tool most of the TPMS tools that I've tested have been in like the 250 300 350 dollar range So this one's a cheaper option to be able to do a lot of the sensors for a lot of the backyard Mechanic style guys it would be great for you guys to get this style of TPMS tool into your box Second nifty tool that we've got for you today is the mode of X tools MX 2342 And this is the Cummins oil filter adapter plug now if you guys are doing oil changes on Cummins engines Anything 2014 and newer you definitely are knowing about these tools now if you look back on this prior nifty tools I have done a review on one before and that was on this specific Lyle tool It's does the same thing it is a plug for that oil filter and it goes on and it is supposed to do just about the same thing Only thing that this one takes care of that where this one fails is going to be the fact that this one is a one-piece design and The Lyle one is a two-piece design where once you get this thing going on to the oil filter It is actually going to be able to spin the handle. So if you accidentally don't get it in there, right? the handle will spin and That will not seal correctly one of the biggest pet peeves that I don't like So like I said got a Cummins oil filter here for you guys who do not know what I'm talking about The oil filter has to come out through the fender liner area They do not allow the oil filter to drop straight down out any more on the passenger side You actually have to get into the passenger side fender liner So you unscrew this one by hand and then all of a sudden you realize It doesn't come out Vertically won't come out at all to be able to get it out. You have to tip it over and pull it out on its side and of course in Awesome mechanical engineering it actually just dumps oil absolutely everywhere and these guys thought about this thing really great Obviously, so mode of accident a couple of other companies They've got the plug tool to where you can unscrew it and you can set it down into a little catch basin This tool will then screw right onto that little area Right onto that and it will seal against the top of it allowing you to grab onto this nice little nifty handle right here on top Pull it out Horizontally without spilling a drop of oil now if you guys know what I'm talking about These things spill oil everywhere and it's diesel oil and it goes all over the place gets everything terribly messy Customers don't like it or you have to spend, you know an extra 15 minutes cleaning it up with two cans of Brake clean not any fun. So Motivex has done a pretty good job on this one I've used it for a couple of weeks now and it does a great job one piece design Which I also you know just absolutely like the fact that it does not spin Plastic really easy nothing to break on it Good tool to have now to find this one You're gonna go over either to Motivex website Well, which I will put down in the description below or you can go on over to Amazon They're $19.95 easy nifty tool for you guys who are doing oil changes on Cummins engines Third nifty tool the day is going to be the genius boost by NoCo This is going to be their GB 150 model And this is actually what we use here in our shop to jumpstart vehicles out on the lot If you guys have seen before you know, I've done review on the GB 40 the GB 70 as well as a couple of other Jump packs here on the channel SP tools did a really awesome one that had a capacitor jump pack and this is the larger version But not a capacitor. It is still lithium-ion batteries inside of here Now the GB 150 is rated at what they say is 4,000 peak amps of output now Whatever people intend to see with 4,000 peak amps is I don't know how great that one is There's a whole lot of other people on YouTube who have done tests on these to tell you how much peak amps really are So 4,000 peak amps, that's bam right away. That's what you get on the first second But after that one, I think we're working at right around 1200 to maybe 1500 constant amps from this They say it's able to jumpstart up to a 10 liter diesel which I have not personally tried one that large We have jump-started plenty of six sevens that are absolutely dead on our lot and works great for that has plenty in the tank 22,500 joules of stored energy inside of it weighs Approximately we're gonna say about five pounds You know, it's not the smallest thing and as you guys can see it's not the ones that can you can fit into your back pocket But for what this thing jumps it is a great size for that one It's not like the big old jump carry cases that are bigger than this all-tell case It's actually a pretty good size, you know pre-manageable to be able to take a round I like the fact that it does have these little nubs here on the side to be able to clamp the cables on when you're not Using them on the very end of it. It does have a 500 lumen lamp But again, how many of you guys are actually going to be using that one? You're gonna be using this one on the side of the road not usually to where you'll have to use that lamp But some people might the cool thing that the GB 150 offers that the GB 40 and 70 series Do not is the fact that it has a small LED indicator here on this side So when you hook this thing up to a vehicle it's going to have that LED indication of exactly what the voltage is on The vehicle that you are going to be jump-starting works great has all of the exact same features Safety-wise as any of the other jump packs have had it will not allow you to hook this thing up backwards It won't allow you to spark them together. It has all the safety precautions So your child or you know, whoever you might have entrusted to this one your wife put it in the cart They're not going to be able to mess it up either the jump pack or the vehicle They're trying to jump-start all you're gonna have to do is turn on the the button here It shows you how much indication of battery level is inside of it if there is above four volts It will automatically start to jump now if it's under four volts It has a hard time reading the the actual positive and negative side of the battery So it can't arguably say, okay I know what it's hooked up to because the voltage is just too low now Because of that happening there is an override button a little exclamation point right here in the lower side You hold that one for five seconds and it will automatically boost forward into whatever you need Now might not want to show that one to your teenage drivers because they'll then be able to mess something up Pushing that override button and running it along that line So just keep that one in mind here on the end. It does have quite a few extra little features You're able to charge it via a 110 volt a wall outlet plugged into a small USB port or a 10 volt DC Current where you can plug it in into a cigarette lighter. It will charge this much faster off of a DC power surge Also a DC power outlet for a cigarette lighter here on the end that the kid also comes with and a Two and a half amp output USB so you can charge any amount of phones or whatever you want to run on your USB Just turn it on and it's gonna charge quite a few things with the battery this size now Where can you get this one just about anywhere? Noko has it over on their website obviously gonna be a little bit more expensive or you can go over and get it on the Amazons 275 bones you can pick this one up for works really well I definitely recommend it for shop owners people who are using it to jumpstart larger engine vehicles It works great. I definitely recommend for you guys to pick one of these up Last but not least on our nifty tools of the week. We have the snap on 305 ASXW It's a five-piece wobble extension set in half inch Now I picked this one up off the snap-on truck this last week because snap on is running some really killer deals Now I know this one isn't the wobble pluses where it has the extension with the wobble and or you can push it on farther to Lock it into a straight use I actually just wanted a wobble set for working on a lot of the other Cummins vehicles Taking the fuel filters off which are in just that pain in the butt area where I need something to wobble just enough in there I don't like to use a big half inch, you know impact universal socket all the time They're extra bulky and I just pain in the butt when I just need that little bit of extra wobble That's what I ended up getting these for the five-piece extension set is really nice It's comes in all the sizes that I have come into needing over the last couple of weeks works out really well Like I said, it comes in this really nice blow molded case that snap-on stuff usually comes in Works out. All right. It works in my box for what I'm using it for for now I'm going to be doing some more Organization in the toolbox for my top drawer with sockets and extensions at a later time Just kind of waiting for a couple of different things to come out that I'm keeping my eye out on now Why I picked these ones up for sure this last week normally on snap-on site They run two hundred and five dollars, but there's a lot of snap-on reps this week running promos on these at 149.95 so I thought that was a great deal I didn't have a good set of wobble extensions for my half inch set Great little set to add to my collection. I definitely recommend those as well So in good fashion of nifty tools of the week I'd like to do a shout-out to another great content creator in the automotive or tool region of YouTube now I know I've shouted it out before but he is my kind of right-hand man and we need to push him over the top Mr. Captain Ron or who he's changed his channel to now the master apprentice He has got an amazing YouTube channel He does all kinds of reviews for tools toolboxes He went to harbour freight and did a whole review on some neat tools that for beginner mechanics on what they need to be Thinking about getting he does a great job at that one. He's at like 950 subs and we really need to push him over that thousand sub mark So make sure you go over to master apprentices channel I'll put the link right down in the description below make sure you go over to his channel hit the subscribe button See what you like with his channel. Maybe you guys will be interested in what he's got to put out Well guys, hopefully you've enjoyed what I brought to the table today for nifty tools of the week I know these things have helped me out tremendously over the last week or so and Hopefully they'll be able to help you guys out as well.  Also, I wanted to remind everybody that coming up We are going to have a live auction if you haven't been paying attention to the channel I did a 20,000 subscriber giveaway and I gave away this snap-on ethos edge scan tool It is used but very lightly I've only used it for testing purposes over the last eight to ten months So it is a pretty nice scan tool I'm I was giving that one away and I gave it away to somebody and he ended up saying hey I really don't need this one, but I want to give back to the Rust Belt Mechanics scholarship fund So let's auction it off and put all the proceeds of that. So thank you to Jason who so kindly donated that one back So this Sunday on September the 8th at 5 p.m. Eastern Standard Time here on the YouTube channel We're going to do a live auction Everybody's going to be able to bid on the ethos edge scan tool Maybe you guys get an awesome deal But every single penny that is donated by the winning bid is going to go directly into the Rust Belt Mechanics scholarship fund What is that one you might ask? I started a GoFundMe page over on this site here And that one is for new technicians who are going to school over at Sinclair Community College We're raising money for new techs there to be able to get tuition books tools All kinds of great things for a couple of the better students that they have working on over that the program That one is going to be given to the top few students over at Sinclair at the end of their first semester of this school year So big thank you again to Jason for donating back to that channel Make sure you guys set that in your calendar to be back here on the channel on the 8th at 5 p.m. Eastern Standard Time Thanks for tuning in today guys. I appreciate everything you guys have done for the channel We're on our way rocking up to almost 25,000 now. Thanks and as always you guys stay awesome


Yn ymgylchedd yma, rwy'n amser yma yn ymlaen i ddelweddolol y Llyfrgell Pugol Cymru, ond rwy'n credu i fynd i'r projeg yr Llyfrgell Pugol Cymru yn ymlaen i'r iechyd, ac ydych chi'n cywir yn ei bwysig i'r rhan o'r corffwyr. Mae'r angen i'r angen i'r angen i'r angen i'r projeg. Yn ymlaen i'r angen i'r angen i'r angen i'r angen i'r angen i'r angen i'r angen i'r angen i'r rhagwyr cyffreddau that we have compiled in a paper that they have recently published at the end of last year in a journal called Scientific Reports. So if you type this title into the internet you should be able to find the paper if you want to actually have a read of the actual document. If all this is published data, so if you want to take photographs, that's completely fine. A rare occasion when I am presenting. And below are a list of the authors on the I'm the one at the front. So, today I'm going to be talking about the main results of that paper, but first I thought to kind of introduce the concept of population genetics, also the genetics of Ireland as we knew it before we started this work, and then finally talk about the Irish DNA Atlas, and then talk about the main results of the paper for the main brunt of this presentation. So the main results of the paper were split into papers of two broad groups of results, one investigating the population structure of Ireland, which I'll get into what that actually means, and then also we investigated the genetic ancestries that are within the modern Irish, so that's kind of the bones of this presentation. So first of all, just to explain population genetics. So this population genetics is to do with humans, obviously you can use population genetics on lots of different organisms, but I study humans. So the human genome is about six billion letters long, we call them base pairs, and these letters are either AT, CLG, kind of like a binary code, but a base four system instead of base two. The genome can be thought of as a library of the blueprints that house a human being, and this library is organised into, or a book, sorry, and can be organised into chapters, and these chapters are called chromosomes, and they're separate bits of DNA, but you can put all of the DNA together, so if you put one copy of all my DNA in one of the cells, I think it's... I think the length of it is about as high as I am if you just put the entire molecule side by side on its end. And the basics of population genetics within any organism, but also with humans, is that human beings vary. So if you take around two random people, two random humans, and you compare their genomes, about one in a thousand of these letters are going to be different in each person on average. And these are mutations, or variants as we like to call them sometimes. The scale of these mutations can vary, so they can be single letter changes in the genome, or they can be very large scales. They can be whole swathes of a chromosome, duplicated, deleted, inserted, changed, inverted or whatever. And as you can imagine, the consequences of these mutations are also varied. So the vast majority of these mutations are actually quite neutral. They really have an effect on you as an organism. But a smaller fraction of them will be deleterious to you as an organism. So they'll create a genetic disease. So for example, cystic fibrosis. But an even smaller fraction may have a beneficial effect. So they'll give you a selective advantage over your generational peers. So a good example is lactose persistence. So within the Irish there is a mutation that allows you to continue digesting lactose milk into adulthood. And we think that that's to do with vitamin D metabolism and the, yeah, to do with that. So Irish genetics, if you compare Irish genetics to any kind of population within Europe, one of the defining signals of the Irish genome is this signal for lactose persistence, which is quite cool. So population genetics is simply just the study of this variation between groups of humans. So that's what I do as a living. And it's rather interesting. So these mutations, these variants can be inherited in different ways.  But you have these two types of systems of inheritance, two modes, two streams of the river of inheritance. One's uniparental and one's autosatron. So uniparental are a small minority of the genetic material that you carry on to your children. Uniparental just means from one parent. So it's either the Y chromosome or the mitochondrial chromosome. So the Y chromosome is inherited from father to son and the mitochondrial chromosome you're inherited from your mother. So I inherit my Y chromosome from my mum, but if I had children and if I had any children they wouldn't inherit my Y chromosome. They would inherit the mother of my child's mitochondrial chromosome. But for the Y chromosome I would pass on to my son but not obviously to my daughters. So the Y chromosome and the mitochondrial are very, very small compared to the whole genome. There are about less than 5% of the entire genome. And there's very little what we call recombination. So in the general genome, parts of the genome are swapped and basically shuffled from copy to copy. And this creates new combinations of genetic material and is one of the reasons how genetic variation can happen. Because the Y chromosome is very small for example and doesn't recombine much. Population differences, if you compare the Y chromosomes between two different populations, are exaggerated compared to the genetic variation that you see on the whole genome. So they're quite useful in the kind of an exaggerated viewpoint of population genetics. But to get a more accurate, more nuanced view on population genetics you have to look at the autosome instead. So this is the vast majority of your genomes. This chromosome is 1 to 22. And these have a 50-50, roughly 50-50 inheritance from your mum and your dad. And the majority of the genetic variation are located on these chromosomes and they recombine. Because they recombine, because they're so large, i.e. nearly 3 billion base pairs long, they're a very complex system to study. And we haven't begun, and we haven't studied the vast majority of the amount of mutation on variations in the genomes, like the bottom of the oceans. We know some stuff that's in there, but a lot of it's kind of unknown. So the data that I'm going to be presenting today is based on the autosome. So we haven't actually generated uniparental data on using the average DNA adverse yet. So, as well as most of the inheritance and population genetics in general, I'm going to be talking a lot about genetic structure. So genetic structure is simply the stratification of individuals based on their genetics. And this is because humans tend to group together to the exclusion of other groups. This may be for sociological reasons, or it may simply be because of geographic reasons. For the vast majority of human history in Europe, you're more likely to have a child with someone that also lives in Europe compared to someone that lives in Asia, for example. And because people tend to keep within their own groups at a continental scale or even at a country scale, the variety of groups varies because they keep the same genetic material and the same genetic variation within that group. And this is genetic structure, essentially, the different types and variations. So you might have the same mutation that are in all the populations in the world, but it's the frequency of that variation or that mutation itself might be the difference between populations. So this is genetic structure. And genetic structure is what we essentially detect around these analyses. This is a really good and very famous example of the genetic structure that's found in Europe. It's from a paper in nature 10 years ago. So before I started my undergraduate, let's ignore how young I am. So this is an xy plot through... So you've sequenced about 1,000 European individuals and you sequenced their genome so you've described their genome in about 600,000 different positions for 1,000 individuals. So this is quite a complex dataset and is very multi-dimensional. I.e. that you could describe 600,000 times whether they have a mutation at that point or whether they have a mutation at that point so on and so forth. So PCA is just a simplification algorithm. And what this does is output principal components but just simply just dimensions. And what happens is in a single dimension, individuals that are genetically related are on the same area of that dimension. So they cluster together and individuals that are genetically far apart cluster away from each other. And you can see that on this plot. So each letter is an individual and they're called by the country of origin. So this is an INNE, so this is an island, ENS is Spain, IT is Italy, and you can see that the peninsula starts to appear. So you've got the Iberian peninsula down here, you've got the Italian peninsula down here, the Balkans and Spain down here, France up here, and you can see Britain and Ireland over here. And this basically shows the main determinants of where your genetic material comes from is where you're born. For the vast majority of history within Europe or at least modern histories in the last couple of thousand years. So this is really, really cool. This has obviously made nature back in 2008. But nowadays we're looking at more in detail on these individual populations. So we want to know what the equivalent of this structure is within Ireland, for example, or within Spain. And this is essentially what I've been doing as part of my PhD. Looking at fine scale structure, so to quickly summarise the genetic work in Ireland. So to understand the genetic of Ireland you have to kind of understand the geographic location of Ireland. So Ireland, if you've got the map of Europe, Ireland is all the way over here. So to get to France you can go from Spain, to go for Italy, to go for Germany or wherever. So France is kind of quite admixtures. The mixture of lots of different populations from different areas in Europe. But to get to Ireland you usually have to either take a sea route up here, go through Britain, then to Scotland and then do a small hop across the Irish Sea to Ireland. And therefore, relatively speaking Ireland's quite isolated from Europe. So it's kind of like a reservoir of ancestry. And so this, and despite its geographic close to Britain you might expect it to be distinct from Britain because that has been a level of isolation between Britain and Ireland historically. So, using very simple methods back in the 60s groups in Trinity looked at the frequencies of ABO blood groups within Ireland for example. You start to see some population structure, i.e. kind of the stratification of genetic material. So if we just focus on the O blood group and the A blood group, the different shadings of hatching means progressively more frequent with the greater frequency of these blood types. So you can see that O is more frequent in the west of Ireland and A is more frequent in the south-east of Ireland. This is the first real evidence that there was some level of genetic structure within Ireland. Just to get forward about 50 years suddenly we're working with wider chromosomes. And we know from these papers we know several things about the population genetics of Ireland. For example, Ireland and Scotland has a degree associated with this wipe chromosome haplotype M269 and the haplotype is essentially just a type of wipe chromosome. There's a subset of that M269 called the Irish modal haplotype and it's associated in Ulster. This is what I'm showing here on the right. This is kind of a heat map of where this wipe chromosome is found and you can see that it's really centred around the north-west of Ireland. There's also another separate haplotype that's associated with the north-south of the island monster. This shows that there's also genetic structure if we look using white chromosomes. All these different methods are kind of looking at the structuring of the genetics of Ireland through a number of different lenses. We're seeing through independent lenses that there does seem to be this stratification of individuals based on their genetics in Ireland. We're seeing the genome and we're not getting the complete picture which is what we could get if we used autosomal analysis. There was also work done investigating white chromosomes and as an aside they didn't find any evidence of north's white chromosomes associated with north's surnames in Ireland. So we skipped forward another couple of years and we're now looking at autosomal data with Ireland and we did our lab ten, nine, eight years ago and did some of this work. The preliminary work in Ireland suggested that there was a slightly lower genetic diversity in Ireland if you compare mainland Europe which is what you'd expect considering geographic isolation from Europe. Genetically, Ireland is distinct from Britain but its closest genetic relatives are from Scotland. We should kind of expect given the history between Ireland and Scotland. There was also evidence found of a structure within the south, west and north of Ireland and this came from a paper in ancient communications last year. So these are three different kind of groups of individuals based on their genetics and you can see that one is centered around the north, one is centered around the south and one is centered around the west. Lastly there's been work using ancient DNAs. Ancient DNAs really exploded in the last five or six years and this is because of a variety of different reasons but suddenly we have hundreds of ancient genomes whereas 20 years ago this was like a Jurassic Park kind of territory. So at the moment there are four published Irish genomes, one in Neolithic which is the first farmers of Ireland and three Bronze Age individuals. So we know that the modern Irish genome was established during the Bronze Age so if you look at the Bronze Age this is kind of a heat map of genetic affinity to modern populations. You can see the Bronze Age has the most affinity to Ireland, Scotland and Wales. But if you look at the Neolithic actually has the most affinity with Iberia as well as Sardinia. And this is saying that this is showing that the modern Irish when they're not they're not descended mostly from the Neolithic they're mostly descended from Bronze Age. So to kind of wrap all of that up quickly so we're seeing evidence of genetic structure in Ireland through different lenses. But what we don't know is using the autism what the extent of that structure is in a comprehensive review of the genetic in Ireland. But we also don't know is the genetic impact of historical migrations into Ireland. So I've said that Ireland's quite isolated geographically and historically but that's not totally the case there have been historical migrations into Ireland and those have brought people and they might have brought genes with them as well. But we don't know the historical impact of that so we thought decide to investigate that using the atlas as well. So the Irish DNA atlas is a DNA cobalt of individuals with regional Irish ancestry that's essentially it. What that means though is that when we recruit individuals they have to have all eight of their great grandparents born within the same region of Ireland ideally within 50 or 30 kilometres. And this is a result of the as a collaboration between a Royal College of Surgeons and the Genial of Society of Ireland that really is quite unique from around the world. There's no other cobalt that combines this level of genealogical data as well as genetic data together. On the right you can see a map of the individuals that we've currently recruited and each dot is the average latitude and the longitude of that individual's eight great grandparents' birthplace. So essentially where their ancestry is coming from. And you can see that we've got coverage across the island of Ireland. We've got some areas that are kind of like gaps. But for the most part we've got even coverage across Ireland. So we've got both North Ireland, Northern Ireland and the Republic as well. So when we collect samples for the Atlas we collect genealogical data so name, birthplace, birth year and that's for the individual their parents, their grandparents and their great grandparents. We also collect basic health questions in case we need to in case we're investigating genetic diseases within Ireland and of course we take informed consent. So each individual knows what we're going to be using their DNA sample for and how we're going to be using it. And then also we anonymise each individual. So each individual is given a code and then for the most part that code is used for that individual. Only a subset of people are allowed to have access to the data that could allow you to join those two parts of the data together. Of the samples, so each individual provides a survivor sample to us and they combine it with a preservative that allows the sample to just remain at room temperature for about 18 months I think. So we just ship them off in the post. We've got samples from Australia I think. We've got a sample coming in from New Zealand. Hopefully, fingers crossed. So yeah, it's really this kind of like that technology is really useful for us. So the DNA is extracted at RCN site. We do some quality control just to make sure that there's actually DNA in the sample and then we start the DNA on site for various analyses. So at the moment we've got about 265 individuals recruited. The average area between great-grandparents is about 30 kilometres and the average date of birth of those great-grandparents is 1849. Which means that each individual on average represents the genetic diversity around Ireland in the mid 19th century. We've got kind of a snapshot of Irish genetics at that time for any major modern population movement. And then on top of that we've been genotyping. So genotyping is the collection of genetic data on individuals running chemistry on their DNA and getting the results from that. So we've done two rounds of this genotyping and we've generated autosomal data using those rounds of genotyping on a chip called a sniffery chip. It basically describes each individual 700,000 times. And we've currently genotyped 194 of those individuals. 194 of those individuals are included in the analyses that I'm going to present to you on. Speaking of which. So first of all I'm going to be talking about the population structure within Ireland. Describing just the underpinnings of the variety within Ireland. So to do this we used a combined data sets. We combined Irish DNA atlas with a few more Irish individuals that are power to detect Irish genetics. And then we combined them with a data set of British individuals called the People of the British Isle Study. And this is a similar study to the Irish DNA atlas where they collected genealogical data but they only took grand parental data. Not great grand parental data. And so we used this combined data set to investigate structure both within Ireland and in Britain. So Ireland and Britain are quite interconnected so it makes sense to analyse them and them together on glass down. So a structure in Britain we already know, it's been published two years ago. Or nearly three years ago. And so this is the People of the British Isle Study. So each of these dots represents an individual placed where that ancestry comes from. And the colour and the shape of that dot is a genetic cluster that they've identified. So they've modelled these individuals as I think 17 groups of individuals. So within that group it shares more genetic data with individuals in that group than they do with individuals outside that group. And you can see that these clusters are geographically bound if I can get them out to work in. So you've got Cornwall Denner down here North and South Wales, England, Scotland, North and South West Scotland. But you can see that there's a big gap of Ireland which we sought to fill in. So we took our combined data set of 2,000 odd individuals which included about 500 Irish individuals. And we ran some kind of some basic analyses just to check where the data set was working. So there's printable component analysis that I've mentioned before which kind of generates this kind of cloud plot of dots. So individuals that are genetically related kind of fall in with each other and if they're not they kind of fall apart from each other. And you can see that here. So we've got England in orange Wales in red Scotland in blue Ireland in green and Orkney in purple. So Orkneys in north are one of the islands or sets of islands up in the north of Scotland and they're quite isolated. So that's the reason they fall away from everyone else quite so distinctly in this analysis. So what we saw was Ireland, we recapitulated what we already knew essentially. Ireland's quite close to Britain or that's despite that it's distinct and it's close as relatives of the other Celtic populations in Scotland and Wales. This data used quite simple genetic data i.e. it recorded the allele frequencies. The frequencies of these mutations in all of the individuals. But mutations aren't inherited independently. They're usually inherited as chunks that we call hypertypes. So these chunks are regions of the genome across all the auto zones like chromosome 1-22 and they're all inherited together. So if you can utilise this information how the mutations are linked together and inherited together that's more data that you can use. If you've got more data you've got more statistical power to be able to detect genetic differences between people. So we used instead haplified based data and ran the same sort of analysis. And now you start seeing groups of individuals clustering away from each other at a finer scale. So for example Wales is no longer related to or so related to Scotland and Ireland in this analysis and they've fallen down over here. You can see two broad groups starting to emerge that might be north and south ways. England is over here and then Scotland is separated into these two broad groups over here that you've mostly found over here but you've got these Irish individuals that fall over to the Scottish or English genetic space which is quite interesting. So we took this haplified data and then instead ran clustering analysis so similar to what the POV guys did we tried to model them as discrete genetic groups. So in this clustering analysis we identified 30 Irish and British clusters of these 30, 10 included significant proportions of Irish individuals ignoring the odd cluster that had one Irish individual in it. Seven of these 10 we called Gaelic Irish clusters because 99% of the individuals in there were Irish in ancestry but three of these were mixed Irish and British membership. So they were predominantly a mix of Irish, English and Scottish to varying different proportions. So those three mixed clusters are up here. We call them North Ireland clusters 1, 2 and 3 and then the Gaelic clusters are down here. So what this tree is is like clustering the individuals we cluster the clusters and we put them on branches. It's not an evolutionary tree it's just simply a demonstration of the genetic relationships between each of the clusters. But you can see that all the Gaelic Irish clusters putatively Gaelic Irish clusters performed their own branch down here. So you've got North and South Munster that fall away from everyone else, then Ulster and then Lentster, Central Ireland, Dublin and Cullan. And these names we gave to them after this analysis. This analysis is completely blind geographies, it's just purely based on genetics which sometimes you've got to keep reminding yourself because the detail that sometimes kicks out is just incredible. So this cluster these clusters are quite it's just a tree, it's not very it's not very visual, you can't really see a lot of the genetics in here. So what we did was take those individuals and map them according to where their ancestors are from. So you can see within Britain we kind of re-describe the same sort of structure that you see on the previous map of the Pobyample. We've now filled in Ireland. So you can see these different clusters and they're geographically bound as well. Predominantly these blue triangles and green circles, this is north and south Munster and they perfectly describe the boundaries of the province of Munster. You've got Ulster up in purple over here you've got Lentster down in red Central Ireland is kind of a belt cluster Dublin over here in green and Cullan in orange and then also we've got the north island clusters. The largest of which are North Ireland 2 where's my mouse? North Ireland 2 are these blue crosses and they're shown and they are shared across both the south west of Scotland but as well as the north of England over here. So suddenly we're starting to see both these clusters that are purely Irish and these clusters that are there between Ireland and Britain and they're not found just randomly across Ireland or scattered randomly, they are in specific regions and this is telling us that people in Ireland historically have been preferentially breeding with people that are proximate. There's some interesting kind of features that are hidden in here with an island so for example the county of Clare that used to be part of Cullan apparently if I've done my research right but now it's part of Munster and you see that reflected in the genote here so there are a mixture between cluster and clusters that are found in Munster as well. The level of detail on this map was just incredible when I first did it it's pretty good. It's a good day at work. So by way of showing so this all looks very dramatic so we're able to show the different regions of Ireland how different they are the differences are very very tiny the only reason we're able to detect these is because we're using really powerful techniques and we've chosen our samples really carefully so we're using techniques so your laptop may have like four processors we're running analyses that use like 64 processors over the course of a day or two there's kind of like the computational power that's required for the sort of analysis so by way of a comparison so I've put these numbers these are genetic distances measured by FST if you're interested in the estimator so for example the average FST between Ireland and England is 0.0008 so the smaller the number the closer these two populations would be that seems like just a random number by way of a comparison in Ireland, so within our Gaelic Irish cluster it's 0.002 it's nearly an order of magnitude smaller than a genetic difference between England if we compare our Gaelic Irish clusters to our mixed Irish clusters that's 0.0038 so slightly larger but still quite small so these Irish British individuals are not that genetically distinct from Gaelic Irish the difference is between Gaelic Irish but there's still, you can still take them and lastly by way of a comparison if you take the FST between Ireland and Spain that's 0.0037 so an order of magnitude larger than the difference between Ireland and England so just by way of a comparison so the structure that we see within the British Ireland is incredibly fine in the grand scheme of things but we're able still to be able to detect it so I thought it might be quite interesting to show that to show the genetic differences of the largest genetic groups and sequentially the most finest scale of differences within Ireland as a kind of animation so over here we have all our Irish individuals greyed out and they haven't been assigned a cluster yet but if we assign the individuals that are the most genetically distinct first these are the north Irish clusters then the second largest difference in Ireland is Munster away from everyone else and then after that it's Ulster and then after that it's this kind of Lentster sort of Central Ireland cluster after that we're splitting the north Ireland clusters up into their constituent parts into their individual three clusters and then we assign the last remaining individuals the Cynonix and the Dublin clusters so now we've assigned all our Irish individuals to a group so after this it's kind of just the splitting hairs part the really fine level details within Ireland so we identify the difference between north and south Munster and then we split Central Ireland and Lentster apart so maybe wondering realising that some of these clusters look awfully like sociopolitical boundaries in Irish history so I've taken 800 AD just as a by way of comparison but you can take other time periods that are available so you can see the kingdom of Munster down here kind of somewhat sorry the kingdom of Munster over here kind of mirrors the genetics of Munster over here the same with Ulster so this is kind of just some position it's not statistically significant at all but it does produce a really nice light so I thought to show so what this suggests possibly is that this genetic structure we haven't been able to date this genetic structure but this genetic structure could be as a result or could be an echo of these political groups in Irish history so that's the population genetics in Ireland or the population structure should I say in Ireland so it's how Ireland has stratified and ordered itself genetically speaking but those actual genetic groups within Ireland what are they made of so first we looked into these mixed clusters these clusters of a shared Irish and British ancestry because they were of shared Irish and British ancestry and they were in the north of Ireland so they're obviously quite interesting so they're mainly found in Ulster although some of them are found in Dublin so there are several hypotheses on how these clusters could occur they could just be a reflection of just passive gene flow between Ireland and Britain so over the millennia people have just taken a vote over the ROC or both sides of the ROC kind of mixed with the different populations there and what we're seeing here is just a reflection of a subset of individuals with Irish ancestry that are mixed with British and Irish ancestry or it could be due to specific events in history one single migration that came over from Britain or into Ireland and mixed with vice versa and then suddenly you have this ad mixed population this mixture of both Ireland and British or it could be a combination of both so we investigated that population model of ad mixture point so we used a programme called Globe Trotter and we investigated this in all three of the mixed clusters but I'm just going to discuss the results of the largest of these clusters North Ireland 2 simply because they're a little bit more robust and it was 100 individuals in North Ireland 2 compared to 30 odd individuals in Ireland North Ireland 1 and 3 so we found statistically significant results or evidence that there was an ad mixture event sometime into the north of Ireland predominantly from the north of England and this was sometime in the early 17th century more interestingly what we found was evidence of prior gene flow i.e. a mixture between Ireland and Britain into the north of Ireland so what we're seeing is that the genetics of the mixing between Ireland and Britain is very complicated you can detect these ad mixture points these single pulses of ad mixture but you have to take into account on top of that you've just got low level gene flow across Ireland and Britain historically speaking and that muddies the water so this is basically the detail that we're able to detect and past that and waters are so muddy that it was rather hard to detect anything else so another way to describe all those results just to look at the surnames we've got genealogical data so what we did was all of the great grandparents surnames and classify them according to some broad surname origins Gaelic, Gallaglar, Scottish, Anglo-Norman English, Welsh, Manx, Scandinavian and even Breton and then we found their frequency in each of the 10 clusters so the three north Ireland clusters at the top and then the Gaelic clusters at the bottom and you can see the total of the surnames that we show in each of the clusters over here so you can see that the Gaelic clusters are predominantly made up of surnames that are Gaelic in origin although interestingly Dublin has a slightly lower percentage of that slightly elevated levels of both Scottish and English surnames although you'd kind of expect that and then in north Ireland 3, 2 and 1 you have various proportions of English, Scottish and Irish surnames and interestingly that mirrors the genetic the genetic proportions of Irish, British Irish, Scottish and English ancestry so north Ireland 3 has the highest amount of Gaelic ancestry and that has has also the highest proportion of Gaelic surnames someone with north Ireland 2 and north Ireland 1 so the surnames unsurprisingly are mirroring sorry the genetic variety that we find in these clusters and these significant differences are significant so we did a simple student test student test student test it is a simple student test and the p-value is very significant basically what this means is that if you are by genetics, if you are assigned to a north Ireland cluster you are six more times likely to have an English surname somewhere in your ancestry at the great-grandparental level and if you are with the Scottish surnames roughly the same p-value well exactly the same p-value but you are 25 times more likely to have a Scottish surname in your eight great-grandparents which is remarkable so we also looked into ancestry from ancient Ireland into our modern Irish clusters so you are seeing genetic differences in different regions in Ireland but that might be because different regions in Ireland have different proportions of ancestry from different periods in Irish history so for example Munster could be distinct because they are more early farmer than Bronze Age so we used two samples which is a representative of the Irish Neolithic and the Rathen 1 which is a representative of Bronze Age so first of all the Irish farmer basically see no statistical significance between Ireland so this plot shows the higher the value, the higher amount of ancestry that we can model at the bottom Irish farmer as contributing to these populations so these values are kind of relative rather than empirical but you can see that and the Irish farmer actually shows roughly the same proportion across the British Isles which would make sense considering those heat plots that I showed right at the beginning of this presentation where in fact the Irish farmer has far more in common with the Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia than it does with Ireland within the Bronze Age we show a similar sort of pattern in the fact within Ireland so there is no real statistical difference between different regions in Ireland the populations within Britain and Ireland show the most amount of ancestry from Bronze Age which again reflects previous results so what this is showing us is that the population structure that we observe within modern Ireland isn't due to differential ancestry from different regions in Irish history this post states the Bronze Age and then finally we looked at European ancestry so we wanted to see whether different regions in Ireland or Ireland or Brooklyn have different affinities to regions within Europe so for example if a load of Spanish dropped shore ages ago into Munster we would probably see that and detect that using this analysis with a massive spike in Spanish ancestry in Munster this is kind of the idea so we modelled Ireland and Britain as a mixture of various European sources these sources are shown on this map here so these pie plots are shown in different collection centres across Europe and where they're coloured in is a particular DNA source from a genetic group in Europe so for example in France we can broadly separate it out into this kind of yellow, orange, red red, orange doesn't really come out on this just trust me orange, red and yellow which is different from this yellow in Belgium so the yellow is more the south of France the red is more north east of France and this orange is more north north-west of France Britain it yet and the same with Norway, Germany and whatever so we reported the sources the European sources that contribute at least 2.5% ancestry to any one Irish or British cluster so this means that we're reporting the major determinants of ancestry under this model so that's shown here so along the y axis you can see each individual European source that we cherry pick along the x axis each individual Irish or British cluster and they're ordered according to population so you can see this France 1 cluster contributes a lot of ancestry under this model and this France 1's cluster is that northwest France region and we think that this is just reflective of a common Celtic signature between Celtic populations of Cornwall, Wales and Scotland and Ireland in fact you can see Cornwall in this analysis because it's that one looking distinct from the rest of the English populations and as you would expect Ireland has the largest proportion of this Celtic ancestry I use Celtic as a describer not as anarchaeological what you can see also is that within these German German populations within green there's particularly low levels within Ireland compared to say England there's been more Germanic influence within England compared to Ireland interestingly we found this high level of Norwegian ancestry in Ireland particularly from using this Norway 10 signature and this signature was really similar to the signature to the finding of Orkney that Orkney has a well-documented history of Viking activity at the cultural level as well as the genetic level so we started to investigate further in this Norwegian signature and we found that there is evidence of a Norwegian signature in Ireland and we can date it it dates around the turn of the first and second millennia around the time of the Norse Vikings and actually a separate group in Trinity have confirmed these results since which is always really nice so really surprisingly compared to the considering the microemzone work earlier we found a significant proportion of Norwegian ancestry within Ireland which is something that we weren't really expecting to be honest from this analysis and so with that the most exciting results out of our paper let's just finish by summarising some additional work that we're doing at the moment a nice end of chapter of using the Irish DNA Alice but we're going to continue using the Irish DNA Alice for analysis solely using it or using it in conjunction with other data sets and other pipelines so for example using Irish DNA Alice to investigate the links between Ireland and Iceland there's only one constant between them so the Irish Atlas was used in an investigation that looked into the founding of Iceland using modern source populations as well as ancient Icelandic can't show any data because it's not published yet and so we provided the modern Irish references but what was an interesting work for the further work that we might be doing in the future is that which regions in Ireland did went over to Iceland was it from any region in Ireland or were they from a specific region in Ireland so that's what we're going to be having a look at we're always using the Atlas investigating Irish travel genetics so a load of work that I also do is on the genetics of Irish travellers and a genetic isolate found within Ireland so we've been using the Atlas for example to investigate ancestry within the Irish travellers so as a quick explanation we've at the moment managed to group the Irish travellers into four different genetic groups like those genetic clusters that I've been explaining with the Atlas and we've been comparing their ancestry to two different regions in Ireland and we find that these two clusters travel one and two predominantly have ancestry predominantly from the north and west of Ireland and these clusters have ancestry predominantly from the south and the east of Ireland and actually if you look at the languages spoken by these two groups or two groups of two their languages are associated with those different regions as well which is really cool so that's kind of what we're doing as well I hope I haven't bored you too much I'd like to acknowledge the following people JP and Sean who are my supervisors part of my PhD Seamus, Michael and Darren as well as to everyone else at the GSI that have helped with this cohort since its inception to Sophie who was a summer student that was working on the traveller data Jim, Dan, Desi who have variously helped and advised me in different analysis techniques they are a centre behind computing so that's where we do all these analysis on their big supercomputer otherwise this would have taken like 12 years and finally to Science Foundation Ireland no, not to Science Foundation Ireland for funding my PhD otherwise I would be here and then also finally to the RHD and the others participants because we won't be able to do this without thank you very much for listening


Hello and welcome to a summary of all you need to know about the story of an hour, which is a short story by Kate Chopin. Now, I'll explain the meaning related to this text as it appears in the Pearson International GCSE anthology and I'll highlight literary and language devices as well as contextual factors that you should be aware of when studying this short story. So let's get started. Now before I delve into the story itself, it's important to know some context relating to this story. The story of an hour was originally published in Vogue, the iconic fashion and lifestyle magazine back in 1894 and the story was actually called the dream of an hour. It was later renamed the story of an hour in 1895. Now, do you remember this story was written at a time when women had very few rights? Indeed, women would have to wait until 1920 in the US to have voting rights, which was well after Kate Chopin herself died and this was in 1904. So women had really constrained and very likely tightly controlled lives and they were solely defined by their value in their households as wives. So we can see the story almost as a critique by Chopin of society at this time and how narrowly defined women's roles were. So what I'll do is read through this passage and highlight literary techniques that Chopin uses in this story. So let's begin. Knowing that Mrs. Malod was afflicted with great heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death. It was a sister Josephine who told her in broken sentences, failed hints that revealed in half concealing. Her husband's friends Richard was there too, near her. It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the royal world disaster was received with Brentney Malod's name leading the list of the killed. He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by second telegram and had hastened to full-store any less careful, less tender friend in bearing the sad message. She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same with a paralyzed inability to accept a significance. She wept at once with sudden wild abandonment in her sister's arms. When the storm of grief had spent itself, she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her. There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable roomy chair. Into this she sank, pressed down by physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul. Now this opening is really interesting because essentially we learn about Louise Malod, the main character of this story, who has become widowed and it starts in media array. So these first two lines essentially start in the middle of the action. Now it's really interesting because of course how Chopin writes is very ironic. She essentially is using language to show just how as society with presumed Mrs. Malod is very fragile. Therefore Josephine, who's her sister and husband's friend Richard, they take great care to reveal this information to her because of course at this time women's lives were really defined by being married and really if they were widowed essentially part of that life of theirs which is highly defined by the husbands is gone. Now the proper noun here at the beginning in the first paragraph introduces us to of course the main character as I've mentioned and the pre-modifying adjective here heart trouble emphasises how helpless Mrs. Malod seems to others outside of her and of course how women are depicted as quite helpless especially at this time in society. Furthermore, the adverb gently further emphasises this sense of helplessness that Mrs. Malod should have and of course the alliteration here her husband shows the very sudden nature of her husband's passing. So now the proper nouns Josephine and Richard as I've mentioned introduce her to both her sister and her husband's friend and Josephine interestingly speaks to her in broken sentences. Again, this idea of her being helpless almost like a child is really emphasised through this description. Now the reference to the railroad disaster this refers to trains at the turn of the century so much more rudimentary trains and of course this is setting us in the time that it was written which of course is the 1800s America. Now there's cataphoric reference made by Brent Lee Malod so always remember and for it is when there's a main subject who's repeated continuously throughout and reinforced cataphor or cataphoric reference is when initially we'll learn about a character indirectly and we don't know the main character and then their idea or the identity is revealed later on. So as I mentioned before the alliteration her husband he's mentioned but then this cataphor then tells us his name. Now we learn that Richards had hastened he was really really quick to action of course is emphasised through the alliteration and the comparative adjective here less careful again emphasises this idea that they're being very ginger in the movements and in the language when they're talking to Mrs. Malod they believe that she's just too weak to take on this information. Also the complex sentence here she did not hear the story as many women have heard the same with a paralysed ability to accept a significance. Now here this is an interesting sentence because actually it's showing that contrary to what society expects or believes about women like Mrs. Malod actually she has a slightly different reaction to when she learns that she's widowed and this is further emphasised within the sentence when the author Chopin says many women so of course this is showing that actually Mrs. Malod was quite unique. Furthermore it's interesting that Chopin uses language related to the semantic field of sadness and grief so of course she uses the word wept and grief. However it's interesting that she weeps with wild abandonment and this is an interesting choice of words because the term wild abandonment really shows this torrent and outpouring of emotions and it's interesting that actually rather than being completely broken down she's crying with abandonment. I think when we're using this term it's something that's quite freeing liberating so we start getting hints that actually this death might be quite liberating for Mrs. Malod as foreshadowing this for us. Also of course here the personification the storm of grief had spent itself this shows Malod's really dramatic reaction to learning her husband's death and the simple sentence here she would have no one follow her shows she's been quite secretive once she learns about this rather than wishing to be surrounded by as many people to really support her. Actually she emphasises her independence by wanting to mourn seemingly mourn alone. Also there's a syndeton used here. They're stood facing the open window a comfortable roomy chair and what this shows is this highlighting Mrs. Malod's growing excitement at the possibilities that are before her now that she's a widow. Also the sibilance she sank makes us wonder if Mrs. Malod is depressed or if she's experiencing a different emotion again we as readers are quite shocked we're not expecting to hear that a widow is maybe happy that her husband has died. Also the litteration here pressed and physical this shows that maybe she is being pushed down her spirit was being pushed down by something and maybe now it's going to be released it's going to be liberated. Furthermore there's hyperbole here so this exhaustion seems to reach into her soul so we start wondering what is this thing that was really oppressing her so let's carry on. She could see in the open square before her the house or the tops of trees that were all quiver with new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air and the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The notes of a distant song which someone was singing reached her faintly and countless barrows were twittering in the eaves. There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that have met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.  She was young with a fair calm face whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought. There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it fearfully. What was it? She did not know. It was too subtle and elusive to name but she felt it creeping out of the sky reaching toward her through the sounds a sense the colour that filled the air. Now this is a really really interesting development of the story. Now initially in this part of the story Chopin uses language related to the semantic field of nature which shows actually that Mrs Mallard is starting to feel a real sense of freedom. Also the spring that's being used here this natural setting symbolizes Mrs Mallard's excitement at freedom and the chance of a new life. And the sensory language that's used here delicious breath of rain and of course the personification of rain here shows that she's actually really excited. So the language is reflecting Mallard's own internal excitement. We wonder if actually this might reflect her feeling a sense of joy now that her husband has passed away which again is quite surprising. It's a complete opposite of what we expect when someone is widowed. Also onomatopoeia here again relates to language which comes with spring. Spring symbolizes new life and here she can hear birds twittering. This is a very beautiful sound so again it's really interesting she has a completely contrasting reaction to what we expect of somebody who's learnt that her husband has passed away. Furthermore there's vivid imagery of patches of blue sky which and this shows and represents the boundless opportunities that face Mrs Mallard now that she's a widow. Furthermore the mention of the clouds shows that perhaps she felt the marriage was like a cloud for her it was quite oppressive to her.  However it's really interesting that this simile as a child has cried itself to sleep still somewhat infantilizes her reaction. Now there's this repetition of her sobbing and this is quite vague because at this stage we wonder if she's grieving or if she's maybe crying tears of happiness. Also line 25 now gives us really vivid description of how she looks like and we learn she's actually quite a young widow so the description young fair calm faced it shows just how young she probably was when she married. Also the abstract noun repression shows again highlights that the marriage perhaps for Mrs Mallard was quite a repressive experience for her and this notion of her having a certain strength portrays her as enduring hardship almost like it's her duty as a married woman to endure hardship.  Moreover the notion of her having a suspension of intelligence thought essentially what this is showing is that she had to hide and veil her intelligence during her marriage. She had to hide who she really was and even the fact that she was a thinking intelligent rational being. Now in line 29 the reference to something this noun is quite mysterious we're not entirely sure what's coming to her and the hyperphoria here what was it she did not know. Now what this is doing is creating a sense of mystery and intrigue for us as readers. Furthermore the repetition of the third person pronoun it again it creates an adds a sense of mystery we're wondering what's happening to change her and the intensifier to it was too subtle again this adds the mystery what is this internal change very likely happening within Mrs Mallard. Furthermore the tricholon the sounds a sense the color the powerful sensory language used here shows her excitement at the promise of being an independent woman after being widowed. So let's carry on. Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously she was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her and she was striving to beat it back with her will as powerless as her two white slender hands would have been. When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips.  She did not stop to ask if it were or were not a monstrous joy that held her a clear and exalted perception enabled her to dismiss the suggestion as trivial. She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind tender hands folded in death the face that had never looked save with love upon her fixed and gray and dead but she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely and she open and spread her arms out to them and welcome. Now this part of the passage is actually a really interesting turning point because now we realize that actually Mrs. Mallard felt really oppressed by this marriage and now it's really clear to us as readers that she's actually excited the prospect of being a widow. She's no longer going to be bound by the duty to her husband she's going to have her own will and she's only going to have to look after herself. Now the complex sentence here where it states her bosom reason felt tumultuously this signifies the Volta the turning point of this story because Mrs. Mallard from this stage onwards seems really excited and exhilarated at her freedom. Furthermore the adverb tumultuously is quite violent so it's this real sudden shift in her feelings. Moreover the alliteration here this thing is quite mysterious and intriguing again it as this sense of mystery what is this thing what is this feeling that she's having. Furthermore we learn that she was still striving to beat this feeling back and it represents her constant repression and do remember again considering context women were expected to really just serve the needs of their family that didn't necessarily have the opportunity to really engage in self-discovery and of course this is shown through this repressive nature of Mrs. Mallard herself. Furthermore we learn of the two white slender hands and the adjectives here show just how dainty Mrs. Mallard is again adding to the idea that she's quite young probably as a bride but also just how happy she seems in spite of what society might expect of her. Furthermore there's this juxtaposition that we are told about how she abandoned herself. Now this could be a contrast between her real self versus her false and social self so this is her real internal feelings versus how she should act in the face of society so she's trying to abandon this false social self that she's cultivated over the years. Also the literation whispered words shows how fearful and tentative she feels at her growing emotions and her growing excitement at freedom. Also the repetition she said it over and over shows her excitement and this is further emphasised and there's a Christendo moment here where she repeats free free free and the exclamatory sentence here is quite surprising for us because we now really realise that she felt extremely repressed in her marriage and again contextually this could maybe make us question whether Chopin herself who was also married may she have also felt a similar repression. Furthermore she talks about the vacant stare and the look of terror she was terrified at her new found freedom she's not used to being free and not being told what to do by somebody. Also there's this sense of vibrancy and aliveness through these terms keen and bright and she seems so excited and also this is compounded by the description of how her pulses beat fast her heart is beating she's extremely excited. Furthermore she describes this joy or rather Chopin describes Mrs Mallard's joy as a monstrous joy which shows of course that Mrs Mallard feels somewhat guilty at being so happy. Also the repetition of the third person pronoun she fixes on Mrs Mallard's transformation as she realises her freedom. Furthermore the semantic field of body parts here hands and face refers to her husband's corpse and the syndantic listing and the rule of three here fixed and gray and dead essentially describes maybe how she felt towards her husband. Now we learn that she sees beyond that bitter moment and the alliteration here shows that she feels her future is really promising once her husband's death and his funeral is over and done with. Furthermore the adverb here absolutely shows that she feels really unshackled from the duty of marriage and she then opens and spreads her arms out so there's a sense of her jubilance. So let's carry on. There would be no one to live for those coming years. She would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow creature. A kind intention or a core intention made the act seem no lesser crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination. And yet she had loved him sometimes. Often should not. What did it matter? What could love that unsolved mystery count for in the face of this possession of self assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being? Free. Body unsolved free. She kept whispering. Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhole imploring for admission. Louise, open the door. I beg, open the door. You will make yourself ill. What are you doing Louise? For heaven's sake, open the door. Go away. I'm not making myself ill. No. She was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window. Now here of course we now really see her transformation. She also shows her resentment towards how society really really oppresses women's wishes and wants in favour of what men expect her. And Louise Mallard now starts becoming very assertive. Now when it states no one to live for, this emphasises just how Mrs Mallard felt really oppressed and trapped by her duty and gender both to society but also of course to her marriage. And here she would live for herself. So do remember that at the turn of the century women were expected to be quite self-sacrificing to live for their families and their identities were really highly defined by their marriages. Also the reference to no powerful will shows a symbol of patriarchal society. Furthermore the fact that she is talking about how patriarchal society has both men and women who believe they have a right to impose their private wills. This shows actually that she feels both genders are quite complicit in her oppression and the oppression of women in society. And also of course it's really interesting when we consider Kate Chopin what her message was of this story. This idea that actually the patriarchal society which favours men and men being in power actually it's both women and men who uphold this social structure. Now there's Oxy Moran here, a kind or cruel intention. However she feels that both coming from men and women it's all the same to her it's still part of upholding this patriarchal society which is reprehensible. Also there's this hyperbole used here and again it perhaps could show Chopin's own feeling towards how she felt that the way women were treated in society was a crime. Also the language that's used, illumination shows that Mrs Manlard is starting to really feel a sense of enlightenment and a sense of ease at the world. Now the declarative sentence here is interesting yet she had loved him sometimes and it shows her conflicting feelings towards her husband. She maybe loved him because she felt compelled to her society but actually she loved him only sometimes because she actually internally she didn't really love her husband. And again this is emphasised when it states through the simple sentences often she had not what did it matter because now she realises even if she never really truly loved him it doesn't matter now because she's now a widow. She doesn't have to worry about that. Furthermore it's still a mystery, this unsolved mystery, this idea of love being an unsolved mystery. It's a mystery to Louise Manlard because she's still not genuinely experienced love. The person she's married to she never quite loved so this is also very sad because it shows of course women married out of duty rather than marrying the men that they loved. Also there's this notion of self assertion and this idea that now Mrs Manlard is going to experience freedom as a woman. Now the exclamatory sentence here again she really whispers this idea of freedom. She's free and it shows that she's really excited and it's interesting because her sister Josephine is mentioned again. The proper noun here represents the outside world returning in and imposing its will on her. And Josephine is persistently imploring her to open and of course this is emphasised through her lips being in the keyhole. She's asking her to do something and she keeps on asking her open the door. I beg open the door and Josephine here is portrayed as quite relentless.  And of course it's also interesting that Josephine herself as a woman still ordering another woman like Louise around. Now Louise becomes really assertive. She uses the imperative sentence go away and it shows that she actually now is starting to take bold decisions to control her own life. She also speaks her own thoughts and she's very open and very frank with her sister. And the metaphor of very eglicia of life it shows her freedom and independence. She feels really excited at being a widow. So let's carry on. Her fancy was running right along those days ahead of her. Spring days and summer days and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long. She arose at length and opened the door to her sister's importunities.  She clasped at her sister's waist and together they descended the stairs. Richard stood waiting for them at the bottom. Someone was opening the front door with a latch key. It was Brittany Mallard who entered. A little travel stained, conversely carrying his grip sack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of the accident and did not even know there had been one. He stood amazed at Josephine's piercing cry and Richard's quick motion to screen him from the view of his wife. But Richard was too late. When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease. Of the joy that kills. So now Heather's a twist in the story because as it ends essentially we learn that Brittany Mallard after Louise Mallard goes through all of these mixed emotions and she's really excited to be a widow. Actually her husband returns alive and she ends up dying. And of course there's an irony in the end because of course we know at the time doctors were men and these men diagnosed her of dying because she was just too happy to see her husband alive again. But of course we know as readers that actually she died because she realized that this freedom was actually out of reach for her once more. Now when her initially before we learn of course of this plot twist so her fancies described as running riot and again this personification shows Mrs Mallard's uncontrollable excitement of being a widow. Also the seasons are mentioned so the spring and summer and again this represents a new start for her and the repetition of days shows she's really savoring her independence as a widow. Also she breathes a quick prayer that life is long so this is really surprising because many see being a widow as the end of a wife's life but actually Mrs Mallard sees this as a start of her new life and of course this obviously emphasizes why she's so shocked at the end when she sees her husband. Also it's really interesting that this is contrasted with the previous day where she thought with the shadow that life might be long and of course the repetition life might be long shows how she hated being in marriage and she felt really trapped by being married. Also the verb here she arose describes her as if she's resurrecting she has a new lease on life and the pre-modifier feverish to describe her triumph shows that she feels like she's one in this race of life. Furthermore the simile it refers to the Greek goddess of victory who's also called Nike and again she feels really really triumphant. Furthermore she then opens a door meets her sister Josephine and they descend down the stairs and of course this represents her going back down to reality and again it foreshadows this eventual twist. Now there's this mention of someone again, again there's some mystery someone's opening the door and then it's her husband, Brent Lee Mallard and now this formal proper noun shows this emotional detachment and emotional distance that Mrs Mallard has from her husband and he's compositely carrying his items and the alliteration here shows his self assuredness he doesn't even realise what's going on. Now the complex sentence here which is also declarative shows a massive dramatic plus twist he's still alive he didn't even realise that his wife had gone through all of these motions and didn't realise that he was supposed to be dead. Now Josephine, Mrs Mallard's sister has a piercing crying this onomatopoeia shows her sister's shock and her sister's unhappiness at realising her husband is still alive. Now here the simple sentence which is also too late shows how this dramatic revelation is really shocking not only for Mrs Mallard but even for us. Now of course the heart disease that Mrs Mallard dies from is down to the disappointment that her freedom is gone and of course she's heart breaking but of course the doctors who are men come in and diagnose that she died because she was just too happy to see her husband but of course this is not the case. Also here we learn that even in death Mrs Mallard's narrative is controlled by somebody else they assume she was too overjoyed to see her husband again. So that's all if you found this video useful we do have a course covering all the IGCSE anthology texts as well as model answers for past papers so make sure you head over to our course and sign up for it and check out our website www.firstreadtutors.com for lots of English worksheets to cause materials to help you in this and other areas of English. Thank you so much for listening.


Greetings, friends. Welcome to CTUCC Conference Cast for April 17, 2014, the regular podcast of the Connecticut Conference of the United Church of Christ. Whoever you are and wherever you may be on life's journey at this very moment, you are welcome here. We begin this Monday, Thursday, and Holy Week conference cast with this meditation from the Reverend Dr. Tom Clough, Eastern Regional Minister. The 30th and 31st chapters of Jeremiah are often called the Book of Consolation, when the prophet's words turn to reassurance and to hope. These verses from chapter 31 are as translated by Eugene Peterson in the message. This is the way God put it. They found grace out in the desert, these people who survived the killing. Israel, out looking for a place to rest, met God out looking for them. God told them, I've never quit loving you and never will. Expect love, love, and more love. Every year about this time, Easter arrives and laughs at my attempts to be realistic, prudent, and responsible. Having recently emerged from the state of dread induced from December through March by those angels of anxiety we call meteorologists, I find myself annually surprised to find that behaving like a mature adult does not necessarily involve sucking all reasons for hope out of the days you have left so that we might be properly prepared for the worst that may come our way. You would think by now I would have seen it coming, this joy, but I never do. The disciples should have seen it coming. Perhaps if they had only read their holy scriptures, they might have remembered how at a time when God's people had just been disastrously defeated by the Babylonians, their princes murdered, their king led away in chains, their holy temple utterly destroyed. At such a time the prophet Jeremiah remembered the stories of hard times that his people had endured previously, the hard times when they had wandered in the desert, thirsty and starving, and Jeremiah remembered that in all these hard times suffering never proved to be the end of the story, often a significant part of the journey, but never the end. Instead there was always the rediscovery of God's loving presence. At some point the scriptures say, the Lord always appeared to them, saying, I have never quit loving you, and I never will, expect love, love and more love. What if we were to listen to those true angels who said to the women at the tomb, do not be afraid. I know that you were looking for Jesus who was crucified. What if we anticipate that this is not the end of the story? What if we were to live instead, even through the darkest days, with the expectation that we can count on meeting God out looking for us? What if we were to live with the expectation of love, love and more love? Is that what it means to be an Easter people? Here is a prayer for this week. God of Moses and Jeremiah and the women at the tomb, find us this day and bless us with your loving presence. May these days of ritual and celebration inspire us to learn habits of hopefulness, so that we might see your joy in the gift of every new day, in the name of the one who has been raised from the dead and is going on ahead of us. Please hold the family of Martha Eshelman Brown in your prayers today. The wife of First Congregational Church in Stamford's long time pastor, the Reverend Gary Brown. She was a dedicated high school special education teacher, community activist, singer and even some time actor. She died peacefully at her home on Palm Sunday with her family gathered around at the age of 70. In the news this week, last Friday, Conference Minister of the Reverend Kent Solati offered a vantage point for Holy Week, in which he reflected on the stories of Jesus last week in Jerusalem. We are a people bound together by a story, God's story. Whether you're hearing these scriptures for the first time or if you have these texts embedded in your heart, the scriptures of this week called Holy shape us, form us and connect us together as God's people. Would you join me now in prayer?  We are bound together by the scriptures of this season of Lent. As we walk through Holy Week, we remember this incredible account of Jesus' final days. Open our hearts and our minds to the hearing and living of your word. Amen. Make sure to visit us at ctucc.org slash vantage point or at youtube.com slash ctucc to see his reflection in its entirety. In March, intro ministers from Connecticut and several spots around southern New England came to First Church of Christ UCC in New Britain, where they heard about changes in the landscape of transitional ministry from the Reverend Malcolm Hemshoot on the staff of Ministerial Excellence, Support and Authorization of the United Church of Christ. Since Lauren Mead's landmark work on the period between installed pastors as a potentially rich opportunity for church growth and renewal, interim ministry has become a highly valued specialized form of ministry. Today, however, new models for transitions are emerging, calling forth new ethical questions and review of decades-old procedures. The conversation said Hemshoot is still underway, and he hopes that more of a consensus will emerge over the next year. And for this Holy Week, an imaginative report from Jerusalem coming from on or about the year 33. Tensions have been rising in Jerusalem, as the annual Passover celebration draws near. Radical anti-Romans have protested the arrest of Jesus Barabbas after his attempted insurrection this week, while others in the city have cried for help to a Nazarene-traveling healer in a parade that evoked royal prophecy. Grimm-visaged officials of the temple and of the Roman governor have declared their willingness to use all necessary measures to prevent disorder during the festival, which has swelled the local population by thousands of pilgrims. Some zealots who have declined to be named plan to request the release of Jesus Barabbas when Governor Pontius Pilate offers to free a prisoner during the festival. Tensions grew last Sunday when Jesus of Nazareth entered the city in an impromptu parade.  Jesus made no royal proclamation, but some scriptural scholars have noted a link between his humble entrance and a prophecy of Zechariah saying the king would enter on a donkey. Jesus of Nazareth has stayed steadfastly in the public eye. Among the crowds who cheered him, any attempt on his person by temple or Roman officials would likely kick off a riot which even a legion would be ill-prepared to control. Sources within the authorities, both Roman and Temple, have said off the record that they would very much like to see the end of Jesus potentially destabilizing presence, and that they would welcome information about finding him alone away from large groups of people, they would pay well for it in fact. As for comment on this, one of Jesus' disciples simply said, I'm sure they would. So the city awaits the festival filled to the brim with people, upset by the recent insurrection by Barabbas and his followers, energized by the presence of the Nazarene prophet and balanced like a boulder on a mountain summit. All it will take is a slight breeze to bring the boulder crashing down, but where will it fall? For more on these stories and all the current headlines, visit us at ctucc.org slash news. This Saturday, the day before Easter, Mothers United Against Gun Violence will march and rally in Hartford beginning at 9.30 a.m. The weekend after Easter is a busy one, that spring action weekend which prepares Silver Lake Conference Center for the summer program. It's also the weekend of the Awakenings Conference in Holyoke, Massachusetts. On Saturday the 26th, the Historians workshop will be held in Coventry, and the Connecticut Conference Choir begins its rehearsals for next fall in Nagatuck. Please hold the members of our delegation to the Cungy Presbytery in your prayers as they make their visit between April 22nd and May 30th. This year's Journey to the Water's Edge Conference on Trauma Ministries is titled Joy Need Not Wait Till Morning. It will be April 29th in Madison. Learn about the science of climate change and global warming on May 3rd in Glastonbury. Silver Lake will host an open house for those interested in learning more about its summer program on May 4th. By all means, come then, but also visit silverlakect.org to find out about summer offerings and to register. Boundary training for authorized ministers will be May 6th in Tolland. This year's New England Association of United Church Educators Conference features Chap Clark, co-author of Sticky Faith, and will be held May 6th through 8th at the Craigville Conference Center on Cape Cod. A workshop entitled Jesus on the Road, Competing Gospels, is May 9th and 10th in Northboro, Massachusetts. A new Silver Lake offering this year is Clergy Camp for pastors to spend three days renewing themselves in God's backyard. Registration is now open. Clergy Camp runs May 13th through 15th. Learn about nurturing a healthy endowment for a local church at one of two workshops on May 15th in Suffield or on May 21st in Bristol. On May 17th in Clinton, we're offering creating a season of generosity moving stewardship from blah to transformational. Market calendars now form May 17th, the 4th annual youth revival. Be held this year at Dicksville Avenue, UCC in New Haven. Learn about environmental hazards keeping our churches and homes safe on May 31st in Deep River. And golfers, go get your clubs ready for the 8th annual Silver Lake Golf Tournament on June 3rd in Waterbury. You can always learn more about what's coming up in the Connecticut Conference by visiting us at ctucc.org slash events. We conclude today with a spirited Wednesday thought from the Reverend Matthew Crebin, senior pastor of the Newtown Congregational Church UCC in Newtown, Connecticut. Our conference cast custom for Holy Week has been to include two reflections, so I'll share his meditation in full. He begins with this quote from the author Frederick Beekner. Resurrection means that the worst thing is never the last thing. Good Friday writes Barbara Brown-Taylor is verifiable then and now. It is where we live, in the land of betrayal, corruption, violence and death. Easter, on the other hand, is a rumor by comparison. No one actually witnessed Jesus' actual resurrection, that moment when a dead lifeless body became a new mysterious living reality. We are left with empty tombs and somebody saw something kinds of stories. The gospel accounts tell us of angels and bits of cloth and chance encounters. Jesus shows up here and there, but much of the time his followers do not recognize him, and then just when they finally start to realize what is before them, he is gone. The resurrection faith came slowly to those first disciples. They could not seem to make heads or tails of it. They remained troubled and confused, not quite sure what to do with this fleeting rumor in a world accustomed to violence and death. For those earliest followers, that first Easter was tentative and unfathomable. It entered into their lives bit by bit, moment by moment. Slowly, a fragile little community began to discover the risen Jesus, not only in cemetery gardens and on dusty roads, but also in the face of each other. In the midst of ugliness, bitterness and brokenness, they began to recognize grace, peace and love let loose upon the world. Easter came slowly on that first resurrection morning long ago, but when it came, it changed everything. Last year, Easter arrived early for us in Newtown. It showed up on or about December 15, 2012. We got up that morning knowing all too well, that we lived in a land of corruption, violence and death. We were overwhelmed by horrific grief and unimaginable tragedy. But even in those earliest moments of a still long journey, we began to encounter fleeting bits of what I can only describe as the risen Christ. Moments of compassion and grace that testified, even in our darkest hour, that the worst thing is never the last thing. Mary went and announced to the disciples, I have seen the Lord. And that brings this conference cast to a close. Thanks to Tom Clough for his reflection and to GarageBand for our music. Primary funding for conference cast comes from your congregation's gifts to our church's wider mission, basic support, changing lives to the United Church of Christ. This is Eric Anderson, the Minister of Communications and Technology for the Connecticut Conference of the United Church of Christ, praying that your days this week may be filled with the presence, the guidance and the grace of God. This is Eric Anderson again with a program note. I will be among the delegates to this year's annual meeting of the Kyungi Presbytery in South Korea next week, so conference cast will have to take a week off. We'll be back the following week with stories from that trip and more words of care, compassion and wisdom.  Amen.