All right, good morning, good afternoon, everyone. Really excited to have a panel here today, business discussion, generally around how to build a case for OpenStack in your organization. And I'm thrilled with the three panelists because I think you're gonna hear a lot of different perspectives. Let me just do really, really quick introductions just to my left here is Matt Haynes from Time Warner, Andy Salem from RGB Networks, and Doug Soltees from Bud Van Lines. And instead of them giving you their bios, what I thought I'd do is have them each go through just quick their infrastructure today and what they're doing with OpenStack. So Matt, why don't you go ahead and start. So yeah, I work at Time Warner Cable. We have a fairly expansive infrastructure, as you can imagine, supporting both the IT side of our business, as well as what we call the subscriber side, which is the side that serves all of our video, broadband and phone to customers. That entire set of infrastructure is fairly classical, and it's in the way it's put together and deployed today. And so we're on a mission to revolutionize that, put that into more of an on-demand as-a-service offering and OpenStack is one of the tools I'm using to pull that off. And before Time Warner, you were at HP, building out some of their OpenStack efforts as well. Yeah, I ran the engineering group for the HP public cloud. So a lot of experience. I've been around this game for a little while now. Andy. Andy Salo, so I run product at RGB Networks and we build basically IP video delivery products, software and hardware solutions and we sell to companies like Comcast or Time Warner or I guess just Comcast or anything. No comment. And we build a lot of software solutions and we've started to basically cloudify all of those and I can describe what all those mean, but really for us it was just a natural evolution of where we were heading with our products and how our customers were deploying their products and what we wanted to do internally from a hosted environment and testing perspective. So I think what we're interested in to talk more about is you actually go into customers with your product and install with OpenStack. That's right. Yes, so very interesting. Doug? So in our environment, we're an end user of OpenStack technologies. Most recently we started using Swift and we're actually trying to look at Seth. We've always been trying to keep ahead of larger moving and storage companies or one of the largest independence, but competing with their resources means that we've gotta be maybe a little bit more bleeding edge so we certainly virtualized way back in 2006 earlier than other companies. Today we're looking at how can we cloud enable our drivers out in the field? How can we better manage disaster recovery, storage rollouts, everything like that. So we're a classical customer changing over to the OpenStack approach as it's maturing against proprietary systems. So interesting, so from a van line perspective, let's just start with you. It's a somewhat traditional kind of enterprise company. What was the core problem really that you were trying to solve with OpenStack? So we didn't have necessarily a core problem. We have problems all the time and we constantly are solving those problems. And so way back it was virtualization. Our servers are getting to be too much. Today it's more we have an infrastructure that's aging because computers are durable products.  The issues that we're having is a couple of years ago we got hit by the hurricane on the East Coast, Superstorm Sandy. We had a little bit of downtime there. We're nationwide and it just seems like with the blackberries, with the iPhones, we've really moved even though we're an independent van line to being a 24 hour operation. There are times when we're down at three o'clock in the morning for maintenance and actually get emails from users. So I needed to improve our disaster recovery. And so we started most recently using SWIFT as a backup disaster recovery replication and just something that's really durable because at the end of the day, previous solutions we've used whether that's tape and a lot of tape, you know, tapes fail, drives fail. There's just so many points of failure and really as we move forward, we want to do the same thing for less costs at a faster delivery speed with less points of failure. And that's what we recently found with SWIFT and that's what we're looking at with CEPH and other technologies. And what, from a disaster recovery standpoint, there's obviously, there's a lot of solutions out there that could solve your problem. What drove you to SWIFT? What drove you in to OpenStack and looking at that as an answer? So, you know, we always have to look at proprietary, so I'm saying right here, and I just heard somebody's phone go off with an email message. I'm sure I have emails right now from EMC, Dell, HP, saying, hey, let's go to lunch and talk about this proprietary solution that we can offer you. And that's what we're using today. When we start looking at a technology like SWIFT, it's more because we went out and we started looking at what technologies can solve our problem. And the hard thing is, they don't have the same marketing team. It really has to be more on us to figure out these OpenStack technologies could enable us. And then we have to build a business case around these technologies. So for example, recently, we were looking at these deduplication products and every company out there has them, EMC, Dell, HP. When you're looking at these deduplication products against OpenStack SWIFT, they've got these marketing magics, right? So you're buying, let's say, 30 terabytes, but you can get a, in certain environments, a 300 to one deduplication. You can get a 50 to one, or you could get a this or you could get a that, and that's their proprietary magic. Whereas when we look at SWIFT, we know we've got this many objects, we've got this many terabytes, and we've got this price per terabyte. And so comparing them isn't really apples to oranges. It can really make it tough to determine the actual TCO of an OpenStack solution. Really it came down to how many times we've done forklift upgrades. So time and time again, we've deployed a solution, whether any sand that we've ever used. They've told us that, ah, in the future, you'll just be able to scale up, scale out. And then a few years later, they went, wow, we don't offer fiber channel drives anymore, you have to have a completely different, you know, infrastructure. We don't offer this, we don't offer that. And we've always gone back to the market, which I think any company should do, and said, hey, it's been three years. Staying with my existing vendor may be the right choice, but more often, there's something new, something disruptive out there. And in this example, most recently, it was SWIFT, it was the disruptive example. That's great, we're gonna come back to TCO here in a minute, cause I think it's a good topic, but Matt, let me ask you again, just to do contrast, big service provider, big infrastructure, a lot of probably, you know, different groups inside that have different opinions about what the direction is to go. What was the problem, I mean, you came in, obviously a believer, haven't been at HP in terms of what, you know, OpenStack could do. So what was the problem there that you saw that you could go tackle and talk a little bit about that? Sure, you know, and it's important that I've said before, I wasn't hired to deploy OpenStack, right? So, you know, I sat down and Michael Joy, who's the CTO's office, and he said, look, we have three problems, you need to go help fix. One is, it's too slow to develop and deploy applications. It's way too slow. You know, we live in a world where it can take weeks to deploy a VM. The second problem is really around scaling our infrastructure with reliability. We have so much infrastructure, we have lots of data centers, but it's difficult to present to the application developers at Time Warner a consistent model of HA and DR capabilities. So a lot of applications get built without all of those features built in. So that causes outages, which bothers Mike. And the third one is cost. He said, look, I spend too much money, and then he showed me how much we spend. And I said, yeah, we do spend way too much money on infrastructure. And so that's- And is it money, both CAPEX and OPEX? Both, both CAPEX and OPEX. We're a very heavy CAPEX shop. Basically what cable companies do is they leverage CAPEX to print money. But it's a good business model. But those are the problems we're trying to solve. For me, OpenStack is one of the tools that's well suited to make progress against all three of those. It lets us deploy with low cost because of the commoditization of the hardware underneath. The intelligence software layer drives the smarts down to commodity hardware. It allows, obviously, us to deploy a system. The entire infrastructure, we're turning it over to as a service, what we call a cloud, which to me has the properties of self-provisioning, multi-tenancy, metered, automated. And so all of those help drive fast deployment as everyone who's used OpenStack knows. And it allows us, and I'll point to Swift as well, we are deploying Swift in two national data centers with one ring and four copies. So not only do we have local HA in each data center, we have DR, I can lose a whole data center. It's really solving the reliability. Yeah, and we can offer that then to our customers who are all the application developers of Time Warner Cable in a real consistent way and say, look, we've enabled you to go build DR applications now. Put all of your state in Swift at some point, you don't have to leave it there, right? You can bring it back up into Sendr or whatever you need, glance, but if it's there, it's available. We can lose the entire data center and you have it, right? So those are the problems we're solving. That's great. So, Andy, just to contrast with you guys, very unique where you're actually using it almost as part of your product. That's right. You know, it's interesting. We've, you know, we listen to our customers and so people like Time Warner are doing exactly the thing that Matt is highlighting of, you know, they want to leverage commodity hardware that they know they can purchase on different cycles, different budget cycles, and then put whatever software applications they need on that commodity hardware and deploy it whenever needed and do it much more quickly. So what we saw was, number one, we were listening to our customers and number two, because of the way we've taken our kind of just our software product direction, we were building, we were going from really kind of point products, such as transcoding and packaging to more solution sets of products for doing like NDVR and ad insertion. And when you do that, you basically start to have an ecosystem of applications that need to talk to each other. And when you have an ecosystem, what better way to orchestrate that ecosystem than through a cloud-based application like OpenStack? So it became, it was just a natural fit for our product direction and a natural fit for what our customers were already trying to do in their environment. That's great. So I wanna mention everybody too, I'm gonna try and take some questions from the audience. So if you have some, you know, start thinking of something and I'll take some here in a minute. But let me turn to actually how you got OpenStack moving inside of your organizations. Because I would say all three of you are still relatively early adopters in the process. I mean, there are lots of good production use cases now with OpenStack, but you know, it's probably not necessarily the easy decision I should say inside of an organization. Maybe Matt, maybe start with you. I mean, just in terms of kind of, how did you build that case? Was there pushback? What were the friction points? And kind of, how did you think about that inside the organization? No, I mean, to be honest, there wasn't a lot of pushback. The, you know, the objectives I mentioned were given to me and it was up to me to go figure out how to solve it. So really I had to convince myself that this was the best approach. Having familiarity with it, knowing this beast, if you will. You didn't have any pressure to, I don't know, AWS, hey, it's a great solution, hey, you know Matt, why don't you go, why, you know, I hear these all the time. In our case, again, we're a little different. Maybe we are a networking company. We are an infrastructure company, right? So outsourcing that to AWS is not, I don't think it's the right decision for a company. We should have that core competence.  Absolutely, right? We have to make those decisions to be ready to do that. Right. But, you know, there wasn't really, there wasn't a case that I had to make to the management. They've given me the confidence. They've given me the gun and I'm trying not to hit myself with it. They've given you the rope. They really have.  Yeah, yeah, yeah. But no, it's, you know, I had the confidence that this would be, and I said it's one part of a broader solution we're deploying. It's not the only thing we're not just doing, not replacing everything we've got with OpenStack, but it's an important component, not just because of the cost metrics it brings to the table when we deploy it, but also the philosophy that it gives our developers for scale out architecture, for rapid development, they need that as well, right? They're looking to move in that direction as well. When you get a VM once every six weeks, you don't really have a scale out architecture in your head when you're building, right? So it drives that mentality as well. Did you have, I would imagine, just back to the AWS point about being agile, if it takes six weeks to get a VM, I mean, I love how you describe your customers, the internal application developers, because I love that mindset.  Yeah, some, yeah, some of the folks, especially some of the folks, I mean, it's relatively a sort of traditional business, right, it grew up in the 80s, and so the people that do the core applications have been around for a while, but you know, folks that run our website properties, and a lot of the new applications that are being developed, you can get your time-warner lineup on an iPad. We encode it and stream it live, you know, the IPTV part of our business is really growing, and all of the services that support that kind of application are modern, and those are the folks that are dying for something like this, right? So yes, they've been poking around at AWS, and you know, wondering when we could get something. So they're kind of lined up. Well, they'll become your biggest supplier. And we're, you know, we're almost open for business form, so. That's good. Well Doug, I imagine in your company, it was probably a little bit different story. Yeah, we're constantly battling. So, you know, whenever I spend money, it's, our core competency, we're a trucking company.  So first I have to convince somebody that we need this core competency. So let's say virtualization. We did that many years ago. Once I convinced them that we need this core competency, then the next thing is it needs to be supported, and that can be kind of tough. When we virtualized at the time, Microsoft was not supporting Exchange and a bunch of business critical applications on virtualization. But virtualization was such a critical technology that we did anyway. Today, when I go into the board and I'm arguing for a product like Swift, if I convince them that we need this new backup disaster recovery solution, they're going to say, well, what's the Swift? Who's Swift stack? And I go, well, they're gonna give me the enterprise support, and they're gonna go, but this other company's using EMC, and I just golfed with them the other day. In fact, we're trying to get into their accounts. Why not use EMC? And the thing that will happen is I'm gonna lose that argument because my company gives a high level white club service and they expect our customers to pay more for the service we're providing because it's a superior service. And they see the same thing. When they hear the name brands, right, they hear IBM, they hear HP, they have, they hear EMC, they're expecting that same white club service and that we're getting what we pay for. So the argument that I go in with more often than not is not to say that this EMC product against this they've never heard of before, right, Swift stack product. What I do is I go in and say, we need better disaster recovery and EMC has these products, but have you heard of the cloud? And of course it's in the Fortune magazines and they've all heard of the cloud. And I go, we can send the state up there, we can hold it, we can have it longer, it's not proprietary, it has all these different things. And cloud can be EMC in an argument. So it's kind of like rock, paper, scissors, right? EMC can get beaten by cloud, but EMC could be, say, Swift stack. However, once you've convinced them that we need to do disaster recovery that's dynamic and using a cloud-based technology, then you come back a few weeks later and say, we have determined the cloud-based technology we want to use. We want to use Swift stack because we want to have this cloud be a private cloud on-premise, still get the cost effectiveness, all of the things we sold you on in cloud. And so now you're not having EMC or Dell or NetApp battle against your smaller technology. You've convinced them of a, you've kind of gone non-linear. You've convinced them that they need this other technology and then you've picked the proper provider of that technology. But you certainly still want support. Obviously, with going with Seth, we're looking at Ink Tank. We use a ZFS-based NAS today. We buy our support from Accenta because we like these technologies, but we need support. The only other thing I can comment on with that is I was in a session yesterday and it was on Seth with Ink Tank and Dell was there. And at the end, they had a reference architecture and that really helps because I can tell you that I had to make a much bigger argument for an Accenta a few years ago, but today doing Seth or an Accenta, I can maybe eek it in where I go, well, we're going to compare the HP left-hand solution to the Dell Accenta or the Dell Seth solution as soon as they hear that bigger name company and you can show them that reference architecture. All of a sudden the butterflies in their stomach kind of subside a little bit, but it's definitely, every project is a battle and I don't want to say at the trick my board because I hope they don't see this, but you do. You have to bring them to the answer you've come to and sometimes that is still staying with the proprietary technology. We're not looking at open compute today because we have virtualized on VMware and just because Microsoft did not support them at the time, now it's all supported. To move now to open compute, well, gee, I already have a big investment. It's working well and I don't want to lose some of that support or pay the additional licensing. Right, right. Well, that's great. The, may it's a good time to just transition to this concept of, you know, kind of TCO seems to be a big discussion point with OpenStack when it's getting deployed because you're shifting to what looks like potentially a very agile low-cost open source solution, but as we all know, there's no free lunch. And certainly in their early days, Diablo days of OpenStack, it was kind of a bag of bolts, took a lot of work to put it together. It's got a lot better today. Maybe, Andy, you can just start off talking. How do you guys think about TCO and making that case and kind of the trade-offs internally, because obviously you could go with a turnkey solution and it would work, but, you know, they talk a little bit about that. Yeah, I mean, so internally we, I'm almost on like two different fronts. There's sort of the internal selling, you know, and then there's the internal selling for how we position our products, right? So, and part of it's just the internal selling is like eat our own dog food, right? So we want to, you know, be agile, deploy quickly. You know, the same things that I was positioning for the board, you know, I had that similar board discussion that was a little bit challenging, but you know, the same thing that you have to position for here's a go-to-market approach for, you know, how we should do this. It turns out that that actually is a great thing to do internally as well and just how you develop the products and how you kind of deploy both internally and in a hosted environment. So, you know, some of our customers face the same challenges of, well, I want to go deploy something and have the design and engineering group create that environment, but then I have to go turn it over to operations, right? And so they have that challenge of they want to replicate that in an operational fashion. We have that same challenge internally of, well, I gotta develop it and then I have to turn it over to system test and then eventually to customers. And I want to do that in a very cookie cutter way if possible. OpenStack is great for that. If I'm orchestrating with heat or anything else for that matter, but using heat templates to basically create an environment on the fly and build and tear down environments, it makes my internal development job a lot easier. And did you internally, one of the things I hear often in talking to enterprise customers is, yeah, I have a lot of VMware trained engineers, but I don't have anybody that knows OpenStack. How did you guys deal with that internally? We had exactly that challenge, right? So, in fact, both in customer environments and internally, we use VMware all the time, right? And so it's a different, it takes a different set of a, just a different way of thinking, but one of the things that we did was created an internal, both internal and external, a deployment tool for making a turnkey, right?  So just making it easier for people to adopt it was pretty key. But how about in your organization? I imagine, you know, that whole concept of TCO, understanding those, the hidden costs and kind of thinking through all of that, it's probably very complicated and hard to get your arms around. How do you guys think about that? No, TCO is difficult with OpenStack, right? You know, I always feel like a balance sheet and sometimes I say, you know, open source is free, but it's not cheap. You have on the positive side of the balance sheet, you have things like, it drives commodity hardware. That gives me better opportunity to work with multiple vendors at that sort of most basic level that they sell. You know, it certainly has attractive license fees for the software itself, right? So there's a number of things that make it, that are positive on the balance sheet, but anybody looking at deploying OpenStack really has to also focus on what I'll call the hidden costs, right? The hidden costs are things like, you're gonna have to have support, right?  You're also gonna have expenses in building some internal expertise, right? You know, it's certainly at a level we run it, you know, when you're sort of see, not to give away actual numbers, but in CS notation, you know, big O notation, we're in the O 100 range, right? So that covers me from like 100 to 1,000, if I remember. You know, when you're on that kind of many nodes, you know, you have to have an internal competence and it's a different level of effort than it would be, say, to run, you know, a VMware product out the door. So you'd be willing to invest in, say, a team that's gonna have that. There, you know, the problems that, the biggest problems that plague Diablo, a lot of those exist today, which are the operational issues for OpenStack. Standing it up to get Nova running is not hard. Operating it is difficult, right? The operational issues of operational monitoring, you know, really good billing and metering, all the issues it takes to run this thing take a skill set and you have to be willing to invest in that. So when you're looking at OpenStack, yes, it's free, but you're gonna have costs. You're gonna have support.  Yeah, exactly. And you're gonna just have to, it can be challenging to put those into all into a spreadsheet, although we do try to, you know, my management does like to see numbers and so we have taken a swing at putting some of these things down for them to do comparisons for TCO against the vendor product. But they are sometimes surprised that there's actual costs there. I thought it was free. Okay. How do you guys look at TCO? Is it similar kind of way? Oh, definitely. So they're definitely letting in costs. Again, I echo, you have to use support, right? I don't want to stand up, you know, a Swift install that I have no support on. I don't wanna stand up, you know, a ZFS install, any of those. Because at the end of the day, you don't wanna be the guy holding the torch when something goes wrong and things do go wrong. I would echo that, you know, definitely trying to get people with training. So, you know, it's much easier to get somebody with VMware training. I think a great thing in the OpenStack and the community is the ability to get training kind of first. So for example, we don't have any Chef deployment and yet next week we're sending people to Chef training. I guess you could do the same thing with VMware, but again, going back to it runs on any hardware. So we have test servers that may not meet if I was gonna be doing Open Compute today, that may not meet, say, VMware's HCL list. And if we download it and we try it free, you know, we might crash and have a bad time.  We're gonna be able to do that. I'm sorry, we're gonna be able to kick the tires a little bit better because just because it's OpenStack doesn't mean that we're gonna do it, you know, because it's cheaper. It's gotta work, we've gotta be confident in it. So we will have normally probably about a six month testing period.  They're pretty glad to send me something small, but they're not glad to let me test it for six months. You know, they wanna, if it meets these requirements within a certain period of time, you will purchase. Whereas I can grab commodity hardware so my engineers can take stuff home. They can play with this in VMs and their own environment. So it really kinda helps the whole kick the tire approach and see, you know what, this isn't up to snuff yet. We're gonna wait on it. We're gonna go ahead with this proprietary solution. Do something else. Yeah. Annie, let me come back to you. When you were looking at OpenStack and thinking about it, what were the biggest deficiencies? I mean, from looking at it as an enterprise customer, you're a real user, you're not, you're running a business. This isn't about a developer, hey, it's cool to play with. You got a job to do. What struck you as big, what's really deficient today with OpenStack? Yeah, so there's a few things, you know, I would say, first of all, Havana and now Ice House have made some of these things better already, but things like, for instance, you know, the orchestration. Havana was really when you guys stepped in. Yeah, Havana, you know, we started out with Grizzly, but immediately with Grizzly, you know, we were focused on the orchestration aspect and so Havana, including Heat, was a big plus. You know, but it's really the orchestration. It's, you know, it's monitoring challenges with the salameter and making sure you can kind of monitor the environment. It's, you know, for video, there's an aspect of multicast, right, and that's something that's not talked about much in an OpenStack environment, but you really need multicast to deliver video. So that's, you know, that's still actually an ongoing challenge. So there are a number of things that, you know, need to be solved, but that's good for people like us because then we get to be the ones that solve that. Right, so you're actually working on contributing things like multicast, you know. Yeah, absolutely. We're doing things within the networking realm just to try to make sure that our applications work well and therefore video applications in general work well in an OpenStack environment. So Matt, you mentioned operationalizing. It sounds like that's probably when you think of OpenStack and the biggest efficiencies, you know, tools, the tools are great, standing it up, the basics, but really the operational. Yeah, I think operating a large-scale deployment is challenging, right, the community is in a great job with not just the services, but a lot of tools, but sometimes, you know, again, unlike a vendor who takes a very directed path to putting out solutions, you know, the open source community, what's great about it is it kind of moves in a chaotic and parallel fashion and things come out with many options and eventually a winning choice usually survives, but, you know, it does leave us choices sometimes. So sometimes there's no choice or too many choices. There's still deficiencies. I go back to operational monitoring as one of these. You know, when you're running it and you're running it at a large scale and you're trying to figure out on my services up, are they healthy, is everything working? You know, you have to collect information from the message queues, from the logs, on every host and everything else and there's no good way yet to, although I think our friends at HP have recently released something into the open source community that helps to address that block, but those are some of the gaps that they're starting to get better, but it's still operational complexities of a large open stack deployment are still challenging.  There's not that many. So, you know, people are learning. I know. I wrote this blog post last week called End of the Beginning where I kind of feel like we're past the stage of anyone's questioning that it'll work, but we're not quite at the stage yet where there's, you know, massive large scale deployments.  You have, you know, just the attendance of this kind of a audience, you know, this kind of a conference shows that people are, I think, invested in this is gonna work.  There's about 10,000 people there. I know what they're saying about 4,700 here. So, yeah, it seems real. Well, let me turn to the audience. Are there any questions from that insist? Yes, sir. That's a great question. Let me just repeat it so everybody can hear. So, the question was, you know, talk a little bit of ROI in terms of how am I gonna make a return on my investment against open stack and how did folks make that case internally? Well, you know, again, for us, it's fairly straightforward because the business model is set up to make money off of infrastructure. That's true. So, for me, if I lower the cost of the infrastructure, I increase the ROI, right? But the engine is already set up to leverage infrastructure to deliver services that we charge for. So, for me, that's sort of built in. Let's say two quick ones for us were, number one, of course, enabling a service and helping sell our software applications as a service and as a solution set. And the second is really agility internally in developing and testing. You know, working in a continuous integration, checking this kind of model, deploying new builds, new releases, getting things out there very quickly and getting through automated testing done very quickly. You know, not everything for us has a good ROI. I gotta be honest. So, tapes are still one of the cheapest mediums out there and you'd be hard pressed to beat a truckload of tapes. You know, I got big trucks.  I bet you I can be any fiber link in the world with the amount of throughput because I can get that truck there in a week. So, you know, it's hard. You have to start looking at things that aren't dollars and cents.  When does that go off-site? Well, that goes off-site, you know, Monday. Well, what happens if everything burns down? Now, they don't like to hear that. Nobody wants to hear that. But it's the same argument we make for getting a generator for anything else. A generator only has an ROI if you have a disaster. You know, disaster recovery only has an ROI if you have a disaster. And a lot of the new technology makes it simpler and easier for me, but you're playing a statistics game. And so I got to be honest, sometimes the ROI is worst and you got to win the argument by giving the technological benefits or the hey, we can sleep better at night. Yes. Yeah, I kind of want to follow up that last train of thought around disaster recovery. So clearly tapes are cheaper, but is there some kind of a justification of operating a cloud environment that makes disaster recovery easier, more reliable, better, whatever, that helps in the justification of moving down this path? I think you guys have kind of talked about that. I thought maybe you could kind of elaborate on how much of that is part of your justification. So for us, we're a different situation than other companies. We have offices nationwide. So I have the space and I have the electricity. And so that's kind of cheap for us. And we have our headquarters in New Jersey, we're very centralized. We set up a DR site in California, but then we start to look at scenarios. What happens if Jersey goes down in California? What happens if we get a virus because say we use Ubuntu? Let's say somebody writes in a Ubuntu virus or maybe use Red Hat, somebody writes something like that. And it gets propagated through. So now we need secondary systems. We need to replicate and we need to go to, say, Swift and have it do and let's call it out-of-band replication that hopefully will survive a virus that attacks our sand, a virus that wipes out something like that. So a lot of it's around the fear that we're seeing today, right? And XP law support and we'll probably see a whole bunch of viruses related to that and Heartbleed and the stuff that NSA does. So as my company moves forward, even though we're a moving and storage company, Americans want to be able to pick up the phone and talk to one of our coordinators right now and they don't want any downtime. And yet we all know that in our server environments, we need downtime and things like being able to motion VMs from one machine to another mitigates that. But certainly for us, we went from having headquarters and offsite backup to having a headquarters and a DR site to now having headquarters, DR sites, a DR site and having our data distributed amongst all of our other sites because at the end of the day, it's affordable and tapes go bad and yet data running on hard drives that's being CRC checked doesn't and that's a winning argument. That's great, yes? So I guess something fundamental.  Chairman looks at you and goes, what's a cloud? Secondly, why should we be a cloud enabled company? And third of all, why should we be doing a cloud internally rather than relying on somebody like Amazon to do it for us? I'd like to hear from all three of you. So back to what's a cloud? You gotta pick your term, right? So when I had EMC duke it against cloud, well right now, clouds in all the magazines. But if I had said cloud two years ago, they would have gone what? So you've gotta make sure that you're keeping up with what the latest is and Forbes and whatnot and use the proper technology. So if your CEO doesn't know what a cloud is, you should know that ahead of time and you should use a different analogy in your meeting. So you need to make sure that you can definitely win that argument is what I'm gonna say. And then also when we talk cloud, we are using the Amazon, right? They are the name brand out there. That's what he's thinking of when he hears cloud. And then we start to make the points for, well, we wanna keep it in-house. We wanna use Swift stack. We don't wanna use the S3 cloud. But let's face it, even when I go through documentation of how to get my backup product to talk to the cloud, there's seven pages on how to connect to S3 and there's one on Swift or an open stack product. Right. Anybody else wanna? Well, I'd say just real quickly. For me, it's knowing your audience. So internal selling is key, knowing where they're coming from. So if they don't know cloud, then I talk about IDC, with the market going from 47 billion to 107 billion by 2017 and that 451 report says that number one driver of cloud is internal private cloud for enterprises and kind of show the, kind of paint the picture first and then it's talking about if there is a TCO element or ROI, then I'm gonna talk to that. Let's get one more quick question and then we'll have to end. It's just a quick follow-up. So I know that at TWC you said your business is infrastructure, so you're not really interested in sort of using hosted solutions. But at RGB and Bud, given some of the deficiencies you mentioned, I'm wondering if you're constantly sort of reviewing the trade-offs with going to a hosted solution that's perhaps more mature, that doesn't have some of the same issues, because things like DR and those sorts of solutions are available through availability zones and replication and things like that in hosted clouds as well. So just curious if that's something that you continually consider, are you really set on a strategy to use an on-premises cloud with OpenStack? No, I would love to put everything in the cloud cloud. I'm still a little fearful of the cloud. So let's face it, if Anonymous is in the room, if they wanted to attack Bud Van Lines, I'm pretty sure they could get through our defenses. And I'm sure they're attacking Amazon, all these other people today, and they're not getting through. But when I put my data in the cloud with somebody else's more important data, I've kind of, I've grouped myself in with that potential. So again, I'm not saying that my security and my uptime is really, really high, but compared to, say, Amazon, but we know that a few years ago they had the problem around Christmas, Netflix, other services going down. When we went down for the hurricane, it was acceptable to our customers to say, hey, we had a day of downtime failing over and switching around because Superstorm Sandy hit the East Coast and we were one of the first companies back online. But if in the middle of a nice sunny day, we're down because we're using this cloud and they're down, that's not, they don't forgive that. So I would love to, and I think we will, and I think that's the future, but I need the cost to come down and I need, I sell some butterflies in my stomach. Well, let's, let's, let's end that when we're sensitive every time. Listen, I appreciate everyone giving us your time and especially the panelists. So let's give a big round of applause for everybody. Thank you very much.


Alright so this is a good place as I need to record a new video it's been a bit difficult to record videos recently because the lighting is not great in the apartment and then when I'm out I just want to sunbathe and explore and things like that. Anyway so today I want to explore a bit more about the 90 isle of technique so this is essentially a way that you can lose a dream very very quickly within a few seconds I would say. So yeah this is a way of lose a dream very quickly within just a few seconds and I did actually explain this in detail on my live stream but I really just wanted to give a little bit more detail about this just because I feel like it wasn't explained that well and also it took a very long time to explain it so this is going to be the concise version and a short version of how you can lose a dream in five seconds or five minutes. It depends roughly. I don't want to be too quick weighty because it really does depend on how you follow the steps and you know how well you do that but yeah this isn't be the concise version of the 90 isle technique which is a technique I invented which will let you lose a dream very very quickly and so firstly my last video was a joke when I said about how to lose a dream yesterday that was obviously a joke video. I hope not too many of you took that seriously so let's try and find the best lighting here. So the 90 isle technique is a combination of all of the lucid dreaming techniques that you're very familiar with for example the way back to bed wild the mild but it sort of combines them in a way that makes them all more effective so the best way I have of explaining this is imagine your sleep is broken up into 90 minute chunks which it is by the way this is your length of your sleep cycles so each sleep cycle is 90 minutes to 120 minutes. The idea behind the 90 isle is you set your alarm on your phone to go off every 90 minutes. When it goes off the first thing you do is you do a reality check this is to avoid false awakening loops and also to just make it easier to have lucid dreams long term. So you do a reality check you then write your dreams down. The next thing you do is you go through and you do you do cycles of for example the senses in lucid dream you do the cycle of that and then you would do the finger in lucid dream so you would imagine moving your fingers and then that would help shut your brain off as you fall back to sleep and that is combining the way back to bed method and then you also do things like as you're doing that you repeat affirmations to yourself I will lucid dream I can control my dreams this sort of thing right so it's a and by doing that by by doing that every 90 minutes throughout the entire night you're very likely to lucid dream very quickly. Now I did actually write a blog post about this explaining in a very large amount of detail how it works and you can actually find that blog post I'll link in the description to that and you can read up more about it there because that's going to really help you it's going to explain in much more detail how the technique works and what you need to do but so really it's just a bit of a summary video I guess of the live stream I did which was I think it was about 14 ended up being 40 minutes long in the end can you believe that 40 minutes of me answering you guys's questions and having internet and audio problems and all this sort of nonsense so yeah we're back to simple videos now five minutes or so hopefully I don't ramble too long in this one so that's an idea old technique you know if you were a beginner if you're looking if you're looking for something to get started with that is the technique I would suggest you start with because it's the most effective it combines all of the other techniques and makes them the most it makes it the most effective technique overall so that is what I would suggest now in terms of the type of videos that I might create in the future it's hard to say really because I've made another video about how explore lucid dreaming has become such a reckoning force in this in this space and so the video I made sort of answered that question you know how did he do it how was he suddenly gained over 200,000 subscribers when the people like me who have been doing this for several years posted hundreds of videos we're nowhere near that and I think the answer is in the YouTube algorithm and also the type of videos for example the edited nice B-roll stock footage type of thing with the text edited over it so I will be experimenting with that type of video going forward and then one more thing which I'm actually gonna make a more detailed video about this you know explaining just about this in depth but the lucid guide Daniel Love has recently sort of shifted his focus to creating more dreamscape type guided meditation soundtracks for lucid dreaming I've listened to the first one and I have to say it's really it's really good really interesting I've I think I've written on the blog about how sound influences your dreams and how the sounds that you hear while you're sleeping actually do enter your dreams and influence it in a big way so this is that it is taking that that one step further and it's just going to add a huge amount of interesting dynamic effects to your lucid dreams and as I said the the first one is on his YouTube channel which is now called Otherium I think I'm pronouncing that right Otherium there'll be a link in the description yeah you should check that out and so I would recommend doing that with the weight back to bed or even as you're doing the 90 isle technique just put this put the sound track on the loop in the background and see what you think see how it goes if you do like it go and check out his website he's actually selling a download to that track unless you would rather just play it on YouTube but I would recommend you go and support him and his work because he's been one of the OG lucid dreaming youtubers and he certainly inspired me in a big way as well so go and check it out beyond that I guess subscribe leave a comment and let me know what you think of the 90 isle technique and let me know what you think I should do with titles as well I'm never I'm never sure how to title these videos simply because I want you guys to click on them and watch them but at the same time I don't want to be click baity and I've been accused in the past of being sort of click baity with the titles but I feel like if you're not click baity no one you just wouldn't watch the video right so there has to be some element of enticing people to click otherwise you wouldn't click right the fact that you guys click on click baity titles means they do work and it means that it's a good way of getting people to watch videos and I always try and be descriptive I try and you know make sure that title actually does describe what the video is going to be about and in this in this case for this video you can lose your dream in five minutes five seconds it really depends on that particular lucidity attempt I guess so in my opinion it's very accurate but it's up for debate isn't it so leave a comment subscribe and I'll see you next time


The international criminal court has sworn in British barrister Karim Khan as a new prosecutor, an outsider who cut his teeth as a top international defense lawyer. Khan who starts and once they inherit probes open in hotspots like the Palestinian territories of Afghanistan, Myanmar and the Philippines by outgoing prosecutor Fatou Bessunder. Already short of resources, the ICC is dealing with 14 full-blown investigations. Thank you very much. In this 21st century, medieval crimes are being committed by modern people. Rape, slavery, killings, torture, attacks against identity, all manner of persecution and destruction of cultural property take place as we speak. But through the other prism, through the other lens, this court and the whole Rome Statute architecture represents in my view a promise to the future that tomorrow need not be as bleak, as sorrowful as yesterday. Don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Welcome again to another Narks by the live video Just checked in to this new room. Got my new nikes here bought these here in Taiwan They got a pretty cool style here, and if anyone wants to come and join me on my travels I've got a nice little bird here for you, but yes The topic of this video Will the narcissist find someone better? Before I get into it Because I'm really going to give it to you in this one I'd like it if you could give it a thumbs up down below very important It will help to support our community So yes, let's get into this Will the narcissist Find someone better Because let's be real Whenever the narcissist is done They finish with you They've used you up They've drained you and your supply has lost its potency When that happens they want to move on They want to act like They found someone else Someone who is so much better than you Maybe they're more attractive More intelligent The wealthier Whatever it is So they run off with this new supply as though they're now just living their best lives They're having such a great time without you And they're posting it up all over social media You see all of these pictures They've got their arms around each other with these big grins on their faces Looks like they're really living it up without you Looks like they're having a great time Or at least That's what it looks like Because that is not what is happening in reality And I just like to quote dr. Ramani. I remember she said one of her videos She said that the better a relationship looks on social media The more toxic it is likely to be in real life And I couldn't have said it better myself That is very true all of these relationships you see on Facebook Twitter Instagram and even TikTok the better it looks like on there The more toxic it is likely to be in real life And I'm sure many of you who are watching this And I myself We've been in these relationships taking these pictures with a narcissist Go into all of these places Anyone would think we were having a great time because they don't see what is going on behind the scenes They don't know what the narcissist is really like if you just joined the video now, please do give it a thumbs up down below Very important as it will help to get this message out there so that other viewers can see it as well But yes, that's all it is Just remember back when they first targeted you they manipulated you They manipulated you They gave you a false character and all they're doing now is they've just tailor-made a new character for their new supply And then they're feeding this illusion back to you When it's just as fake as it was in the beginning with you It is really no different and yet there they go Posting these pictures up on social media Flowing to their new supply in your face And why? Because they want to irritate you They want to get to you because they've learned something very true While being with you they've realized that they can't experience life in the way that you do They can't experience real intimacy Love a deep emotional connection They can't experience any of that Because they lack a fact of empathy So they have an inability to connect Which is why the first thing they have to go and do When they discard you Is they've got to run off and find someone else Unless they already have someone lined up and it's just to show you to prove to you No, there's nothing wrong with me. I Can go off. I can find someone else. I can have this amazing connection this wonderful relationship. I Can experience love intimacy Just not with you Because you were the problem You were the reason why I couldn't do that Yes, an amazing story and it's quite convincing It's quite believable, but that's all it is It's a story It is not reality and here is the Contradiction with what they're trying to portray to you because at one point in time they had something with you And if they're so empathetic They have this ability to connect and to build a Loving healthy relationship with someone else Then why couldn't they do that with you? And that is how you know It's all lies Because if they had even an ounce of empathy, they would have been there for you They would have cared about you But they didn't They didn't do that And they didn't do that Because the truth is that they do like empathy They have an ability to read into your emotions and this is known as cognitive empathy Remember they are predators so They actually tend to have higher cognitive empathy Than an empath But what they're deficient in is Affect of empathy and if you are an empath Then you have a lot of a effect of empathy And that is where you can feel another person's emotions As if they were your own This is how they could do all of those horrific Abusive things to you Because they lack Affect of empathy You know that feeling you get when you see someone in pain or distress It could be a loved one It could be a pet it could just be something Where you see a dog crossing the roads in front of a car And then it's like suddenly the alarm bells are ringing in your head It's like you're jumping out of your skin and you're just reaching out you just want to save them You want to rescue them that feeling you get That is a fact of empathy which is something that narcissists Lack that's not hard-wired in them for us. It is instinctual if you are an empath As I've said before empaths are very rare Studies show that maybe one to two percent of the world's population Are empaths who are high in affective empathy, but channels such as mine They do tend to attract a lot of empaths So I'm sure many of you who are watching this right now. Yes, you may be an empath yourself And I'm sure you will know if you can relate To that instinct that feeling When you see someone experiencing pain or distress You just want to run and save them And at times it may even be to the point where you neglect your own feelings and needs I'm sure many of you can relate to that I'm sure that is what many of you did when you were with the narcissist and yet they want us to believe That they can just move on they can find someone else Have this amazing connection Build a healthy relationship when they've clearly forgotten about the key ingredient Which of course is affective empathy which they never had for you and that is not a choice You can't choose whether or not you feel that And that is why it was so easy for them on so many occasions To guilt trip you To make yourself loathe and feel bad about yourself And they made you feel bad for them on many occasions Even after all of the times that they abused you They were still able to get that reaction out of you When you saw them in distress and you just wanted to save them That's hardwired in you as an empath And that is also what allows you To experience the higher vibrations It allows you to experience peace love and joy It allows you to experience an amazing deep connection because you're able to Share another person's feelings and emotions As if they were your own It's something a narcissist cannot do That is why they couldn't have a healthy relationship with you At times it just seemed like they couldn't even understand you Because they couldn't feel your pain If when they were abusing you And you were experiencing pain and distress You were angry you were upset You were going through something You were experiencing anxiety depression whatever it is If they had an affective empathy They would have felt your emotions your pain as if It was their own But they couldn't They couldn't feel that That's why you could never have a connection with them It's why you could never have anything with them So you could be sure But whoever they find Even if they find the perfect person in the world That's not going to make a difference It doesn't matter who they're with they're going to experience the same issues Unless they just find another person who can live a lie Someone who doesn't mind a fake relationship Just this image that they portray to the outside world Of how everything is so perfect But in reality there's no connection. There's no nothing They're never going to have that with anyone And just look back at everything you went through with them They were always so miserable Always so angry Always pointing the finger at you for everything that went wrong They're not just going to change overnight and suddenly be happy It doesn't work that way So I hope you can rest Knowing that yes it is all fake It doesn't matter what you're seeing on their social media It isn't real And I know that yes it may look real Of course it's going to look real because These narcissists they have been doing this their entire lives They are masters of manipulation And I'm sure you will remember that when you were with them You will know that because just look at how they portray this False narrative about you And they were abusing you behind closed doors while acting like this Completely different person to everyone else The masters of manipulation And deception They can make something look like whatever they want it to Doesn't mean that it's real It is all fake And the reason why they do this They constantly try to make you envious and jealous of them They triangulate you with other people Because they're projecting their feelings of envy and jealousy onto you Yes, they are envious and jealous of you Because unlike them For you it is real You can experience real happiness A deep emotional connection True intimacy You can experience all of that and you get the full effects You feel everything You're highly sensitive to it And they're very envious and jealous of that Because for them They're always so miserable They're never satisfied with anything I mean they were never satisfied with you Just look at everything you did for them You were at their beck and call When they said jump you said how high You were willing to do anything for them And if they couldn't be happy with you, of course They're not going to be happy with anyone They're not even happy with themselves They're not happy being alone Which is why they can never be alone They always need some distraction They can never just be alone with their own thoughts Because it's misery inside their heads And that is what they're constantly projecting onto the external environment Or onto you What you get from them Is what they have to give You can't get blood from a stone So please don't worry about it When you see these pictures on social media And it looks like they're so happy with their new supply Yes, I know I understand what it looks like But trust me I've got over five years of research in this Every day And making videos I've got a lifetime of personal experience And even if you're in show of whether or not you were dealing with a narcissist This goes for toxic people as well I mean really it goes for everyone If someone has an effect of empathy Where are they now? If they care about you, if they ever cared about you If that was true, they would be running right back to you They would be doing whatever they possibly can to make it right Because it would be killing them inside But of course they're not doing that Because they lack effective empathy And you should know that just by looking back at your relationship with them They abused you On many occasions They felt nothing They couldn't feel your pain So that's it That's all you really need to know And the best thing that you can do now is Just get off their social media Don't even look at it Because they will be putting things out there To hurt you To cause you emotional pain Because as I said, they lack effective empathy They don't feel your pain It does nothing to them It doesn't affect them And at some point When that all goes wrong They may just then start playing the victim Because although your pain does not affect them They already know that other people's pain Does affect you Yes, they're already fully aware of that They're not stupid They study us Very well They know exactly what is going on They may not know the exact term Of an empath But they know who you are And they use that To their advantage To manipulate And control you So yes, deep down they already know That it's them They know that something Is very wrong with them They know you're alright You're on the right path You're a good loving caring person Deep down they know that But on the surface As you can often see In denial They know it, but they don't want to accept it That's why they create the forced narrative The smear campaign It's why they enforce their flying monkeys Because if they can get other people to believe it It makes it more believable for them And if they can manipulate and gas like you Into thinking That's something that's wrong with you Again, that makes it more believable for them But just think for a moment Why do they have to do all of these things Shouldn't it already be believable to begin with No Deep down they already know the truth They know that something is seriously wrong with them And they know That you are an empath That's why they put so much effort Into all of these things Into the manipulation The gas lighting The lies The smear campaign That's what motivates them to do it So I don't want you to worry about it I mean if there was anything to worry about Of course, as you should know I only speak the truth on this channel And if the case was But actually The narcissist is doing better They've moved on They're happy without you If that was the truth I would just say that This isn't just to make you feel better This is the actual truth This is what is really going on In reality As we know, narcissists They do not live in reality They're in denial That's why they always project To deflect But yeah, this is the truth They are completely miserable without you Regardless of who they're with It does not matter They're never going to be happy Or satisfied They're never going to be at peace They're never going to enjoy their own company And that's just the way That it is always going to be for them Which is why They're always on your case It's why they may come back and hoover you They may stalk and harass you Because they know that you have the ability To go off and be happy Whether it's on your own Or with someone else But for them, they are never Going to have that That's never going to be A reality for them This is why they do what they do It's why they create a false reality And they try to pull you into it Because the true reality Is just no fun for them They don't like it It puts them at a disadvantage That's why they're so heavily Involved in the manipulation And the gaslighting Because that's what seems to work for them Anyway, I do hope that This video is helpful for you I'm going to do some more work now I actually just recorded My first Pre-recorded video I know for a while I've been doing these videos Where there's just The Narx Viva logo But from now on I'm going to start introducing These pre-recorded videos So it's going to be like this Where you see me But it's not going to be live It's pre-recorded I was just sitting here Earlier this evening Just recorded the first pre-recorded video On my laptop So that should hopefully be up By the end of this week Some big changes on the channel So I'm going to continue With my work tonight And Wake up early then, ready for Some more travelling tomorrow Just checked into this room Got a little badge here You're welcome to come along But yes, that's it for this one I'd just like to thank you all For joining me If it was helpful, you can give it A thumbs up down below It's as important as it does Help to support our community It will get this message out there So that other survivors Of narcissistic abuse will see it Also let me know Your thoughts in the comment section Let me know what you've experienced As a narcissist Discarded you And are there with their new supply Let me know what's going on And also very important Please hit that subscribe button Down below as well It will help the YouTube algorithm Spread this message And click the bell icon So that you will receive Notifications For my future videos And if you need more support You can book a one-on-one with me On my website It is Narcisfyver.co.uk And also there is my Instagram NarcisfyverYouTube and Instagram You can follow me on there Send me a message Check out the pictures and videos Of my travels which I post Every day on there So yeah that's it for this video I just like to thank you all for joining And as always I will talk to you in another one Very soon


It's a kind of dance move that I used to do when I was a kid and it was just like this. It's Stree! Stree! Stree! Stree! Stree! Stree! You idiots, I am Corbin Miles. This is Rick Sigurd. Oh dear God, what's happened to my limbs? If you're new to our channel, go and smash the like button, subscribe, ring that little bell to be part of the notification squad, and follow us on Instagram and Twitter! So juicy. Thank you. We're getting to the point. We're getting to it fast. We've had a lot of coffee. Stree! Apparently it does not star Meryl Streep. And apparently they forgot to add the T at the end of the word. Yeah, crazy. But it's very requested in the comments. Yep, like everything. Thank you. Yeah. No clue. So we're just going into this blind. We could have started off with a zany opening only to discover that this is extraordinarily painfully sad. It's like Schindler's List. Right, which would be really insensitive of us. So let's see if we just really royally screwed up. Walk with our stupider actions. It is. Ladies and gentlemen. I'm telling you, Vicky, please. Not even your little brother in love. Vicky, please. Why not? What the hell's going on?  We thought it's a rom-com. And then all of a sudden it's a freaking zombie film. Yeah. Yeah, that started horror, turned into this silly rom-com, and then went back to horror. Interesting and funny, and it does. Scary? Scary. It's a cool trailer. Very cool trailer. It's very original. It's cool being like thrown off in a trailer when you think it's going one way and then it goes a completely different direction. That's always fun. Yeah. It's just, you don't see that a lot here at least. No, we really don't. And that's something with the trailers from India that we've gotten a lot of is that, and the films. A lot of mix of genre in films. If it's a zombie film in a romantic movie, it's more campy like a zombie land. Correct.  That one's more like the United States. This one, it goes different. Yeah. Like romantic comedy funny. And then it goes flat out Jordan Peele. Yeah, Jordan Peele. Scaring is sort of like the curse of La Lorena. Right. Yeah. I like it. I mean it's cool. Let us know how it was. I came out 31st so I'm guessing it's more scary. Right. Because it's Halloween. I'm heading out of the fall. Halloween. But yeah, that was cool. Yeah. I'm glad we finally got to it. Yeah, thank you. If you see a pile of clothes somewhere, run.


Hello everyone. Welcome to rural water resource management NPTF course. This is week seven. We are covering the syllabus as given in the website and if there's any questions feel free to check the TA through the group. Let's do the recap of week six and link to week seven. In week six we looked at surface water hydrology equation and also how surface water is being stored across India with some special focus on rural water surface storage structures. These structures are predominantly used for rural water irrigation schemes or programs. Some of them are run by the government. Some of them are run by the state agencies and some with local punch islands, etc. There are some ad hoc surface water hydrology structures which are made by the individuals, maybe legal or not, but these are kind of obstructing the flow and holding it for their personal use. What we saw that is if surface water hydrology is developed like this through ponds and command areas, there could be some issues in the downstream farmers community. So for example, we have upstream farmers. They can store the water in lakes, dams, ponds, manmade ponds, etc. However, if it is not released eventually to downstream communities, then there is a risk of having a downstream starvation for water. So it has to be balanced, not only for farmers, but also for other living things which constitute the ecosystem. And we looked upon ecosystem services concept. Moving on, let's come to the week seven where we combine the previous week lectures like for example groundwater precipitation, etc. into the hydrological water balance and see where the understanding takes us. We also jump into the conceptual model framework wherein you use your hydrological water balance understanding, then you collect data reflecting your water balance and you input them in conceptual models to understand the performance of different structures to understand the need of water, which is the demand side, and to understand the supply side scenario. This gives insights for better managing by having alternative methods for demand side management and for supply side management. With this introduction, let's do a recap of your hydrological cycle with groundwater and hydrology for surface water. You have different types of surface runoff based on your precipitation input. So you have precipitation, which can go as overland flow into the rivers, lakes, or streams. This becomes your discharge. Then you can have water to go into the soil profile and then come out as subsurface flow. Then you can have deeper groundwater infiltration as groundwater and come out as base flow. So all of these come back to one point where you can monitor and measure it as discharge. Moving on, let's look at the distribution of rainfall components in India. So like breaking the rainfall. So this is an attempt to do a water balance, but let's go through the exercise from Lagunath's book 2006. So the annual rainfall over the entire country for which the author has taken a timeframe is 370 million hectares meters. Evaporation loss at one third of the item above. So one third is also kind of empirical, but it could be based on statistical information, which is giving you 123. So one third of 370 is 123. Then runoff from rainfall in rivers also could be an empirical estimate, not a discharge estimate because not all data is coming together. So this is an entire India scale. So these kind of assumptions kind of smoothens out. It is not noisy to create a big disturbance, but it can smooth out. We'll see how it is. So runoff from rainfall in rivers is 167, which is what? The remaining component. So if you add both, what do we get? You get 0, 9, 2, 9. So there's evaporation loss, there's a runoff loss and you have an annual rainfall. So what are the other components? C-page into subsoil for which the remaining water can go into the groundwater. So you have 290 units of water, which goes, one third of it goes as evaporation loss. And then there's another fraction, which goes as runoff loss and the remaining 80 goes as C-page into soil. How did we call it as infiltration? Okay. So there are other aspects as I said, interception losses, there could be soil evaporation, plant evaporation, animal drinking it. But all those kind of are negligible when compared to these big, big units of evaporation and runoff. So for an India scale, they have taken it as an average. Water absorbed in top soil. So off the 80, now we're going to break the 80. Okay. So here we stop and now we go into the ground. C-page is going into the ground infiltration. Water absorbed in top soils, i.e. contribution to soil moisture. So when water moves through gravity, the first part of your soil is going to get the water and it can increase the soil moisture. Then you have your groundwater component under the soil moisture. Remember, soil moisture is the component where it supplies water to the plants. And whereas the further movement of groundwater or water through the soil profile would be eventually contributing to groundwater flow and groundwater change. So now we've been divided. So 43 goes to approximately 43, approximately 50% goes to water in the soil. So it is not going to release it. Another field capacity concept that we looked at in previous lectures. So where in water is going to be held by the soil. The remaining what happens through percolation, it goes down further into the recharge into groundwater. So which is just basically 4 minus 5. The C-page minus the water stored in the top soil. Now this component is full. 80 has been divided into soil moisture component and your deep groundwater component. Ground water that can be economically extracted from the present drilling technology at 60% of item 7, which means all the water cannot be extracted out. As I've been telling in the groundwater hydrology concept slides, you cannot extract all the groundwater out because some would be going into the deep, deep aquifers. Some the energy is too expensive to even extract. And some water would be attached to the materials of the soil or the rock. So assuming at 60% efficiency, we're going to remove the water. So 60% of item 7, which is 45 is 27. Present utilization of groundwater at 50% of item 8. So not all the water which is extracted or which could be economically extracted. Please move the word economically. You cannot spend a lakh rupees on water to irrigate a field which is going to be 50,000 rupees profit. You understand the concept. So economically, it has to be viable for the farmer or they will try it and then they just abandon. So let's assume an estimation of 50% of item 8 that could be used for groundwater. So available groundwater for further exploitation and utilization is another 50%. So not all groundwater can be used. And off the groundwater, only 50%, 60% can be economically used, but out of the 60%, 50% is present current, the current status of utilization. The remaining 50% can be utilized by further exploration, utilization, improved pumping efficiency, economic cost, etc, etc. So this can be evaluated only if you have all the parameters on the top. For example, I want to start with groundwater. I say no, I want to understand what is number 10. You cannot come to number 10 without going through one, two, three, four. You cannot say 30% of the rainfall can come into groundwater. Let's jump into groundwater because it might be misleading. So for your plot scale, you have to go through the cycle of hydrology to fit in the numbers as much as possible. If you don't know, then you have to discuss it and make sure it is negligible to remove it. For example, interception loss is not put here. You can club it into evapotranspiration and remove it. Let's get back to this slide. So let's take a hypothetical field. In a hypothetical field, you should know the input of the water coming in. Let's remove the lakeside. You're not going to look at the lake, you're not looking at the stream, only your field. So from here up to the overland flow. This is number one, two, three. So you should know the precipitation level, which is coming in, which is why people are striving to say we need more rainfall gauges. We need to understand the rainfall variation. So you need more rainfall gauges to catch the precipitation rate. Then as I said, you won't have proper estimation of interception loss or we can say whatever water is intercepted falls down back into the land. For example, we have a short crop like spinach and spinach leaves are brought, water falls on the spinach, but it can drip down. So assuming that this interception loss is negligible. So we are going to not estimate it. Knowing your soil profile, you could estimate the infiltration and your runoff. So only two components. Now precipitation is falling. It is dividing into infiltration versus runoff. And the infiltration is going to give you some evaporation and transpiration loss because you have plants. The plants have a consumption rate. We looked at this in the FAO method. We looked at KC value. So the plant will just take the water and evaporate it. Okay. Evapotranspirator. So transpiration also occurs. So ET is the term. So we started with precipitation. We went to seepage. We went to evapotranspiration. What is not being used goes to runoff. So every land has a runoff potential based on the land use land cover. For example, if it is a cement row, 100% rainfall would go into your runoff. Maybe 98% because 2% can be vetted and evaporated. So there's no transpiration. There's no seepage. Let's say 98% goes into runoff. Where it would be 100%. If rainfall falls on an open water body, let's say river, ocean, lake, all of that goes into the runoff. There's no seepage. There's nothing. It just goes into the water, which is actually a runoff. So like this, based on your feed area where you want to do the conceptual model or the water management practice, you should be identifying the parameters that are more important and you should neglect those you cannot feel it is important. And or if there's no sufficient data, you have to market that there's no sufficient data. Let's go through the field exercise now. So precipitation eye monitor. Then knowing the land use land cover, let's say I have an agricultural field, 70% of the water is infiltrated. 30% is gone as runoff, for example, for that particular crop. So 30% I know. The remaining 70% goes into seepage and out of the seepage, some part goes into evapotranspiration, most of them. So now the seepage is then or infiltrated water is then allocated into two compartments. One is your soil moisture and then the other is your groundwater. Soil moisture holding capacity is taken from your SR value. If you remember, it is your serve specific retention and specific yield values. So if you know your specific yield, you can know your porosity, you can know your specific retention. So the amount of water that is held up by the soil can be estimated and then multiply to get the volume. So now you have the groundwater. All the groundwater, how much water can you take out? And that depends on your economic analysis and you can say approximately 30%, 50%. You do not know about the groundwater aquifer. Let's say I don't know about my groundwater aquifer. A good estimate is 20% is lost. Okay, so that is what this author has also done. It's a beautifully set up equation, which equates out. So if you add all these relevant features, it should come to 370. There should not be extra than 370. You get my point. But when you use pump groundwater, there might be some old water that is present. Same way, your soil moisture can have some old water, which is also evaporative transpiring. So somewhere you need to adjust these values to come to the exact PPT or the precipitation that has entered into the soil. It is necessary to relate all those into one equation. Don't you think so? So because somewhere you say out of 370, one-third, then out of one-third, I'm taking subtracting to get the seepage. So it is necessary to collate them into one equation so that a user can go to the feed and use that equation to populate it for his or her own study area. And that can be done only when you arrest a size for your analysis. So before that, what is your unit of analysis? I've been telling in my previous example that I would like to do it for my feed. So I won't talk about the lakes. I will not talk about the rivers. I would only focus on my land, which is a one-acre plot of sugarcane, for example. Or I like turmeric. So I'd be putting turmeric. So coming back, that size has to be first set up before you get into your water balance concept. In the previous example, what was the water balance done for? It was done for India. So India, the whole boundary, was taken as a unit of analysis. So you're free to take as much or big or small size depending on the availability of your data. So let's come back to this discussion. We have different hydrological terms for unit of analysis. Normally we don't do plot scale. We don't say, I'm going to do India scale at all. There is a hydrological unit of analysis and it is called watershed size, basin size or catchment. I will explain them now. So what is a catchment? It is a small watershed and a watershed could be basin, which is a large watershed. So you see the size could be different depending on which notes you use. In India, sometimes you say Ganges basin, which is a big watershed. And within that, you can have smaller watershed, Koshy watershed, for example. Koshy watershed leads into the Ganges basin. So you can have it. So this can be interchanged in the US. So that's why I've kept two different formats. One is a watershed can be bigger than your basin or your large watershed can be called as a basin. So let's define each term. The size can come later. Catchment, what is a catchment? If you look at the term and this is good that all these terms have the meaning within them. Catchment, what does it mean? Catch. So you catch rainfall. So this is a catchment. The name is given because rainfall is coming and I catch the rainfall. I catch it and it is a small size because it doesn't give the water out. It holds it within the area. It is called a catchment. So your land, your plot can be looked at as a small catchment. Where do we use it in hydrological terms? We use a dam catchment area. So when you want to construct a dam or you discuss a dam's potential, you put a dam and above that or upstream of that is called the catchment command area. And all the water catching in that will come to your dam. So it's catching. Now coming to watershed. Let's use the Indian term. So in India, catchment is the smallest, then is the watershed and then it's the base, this one. So what is a watershed? Let's break the name, watershed. A shed is not a shed that you put for your scooter or your car but shed means giving off. A tree sheds the leaves. So there's a tree and during autumn season or fall season we call it sheds the leaves. It falls down and then new leaves come up. And that is called shedding. So now combine watershed. So it catches the water and sheds it. It gives it out and that is a true concept in land. What happens is, let's say for this figure, this is the state of Missouri, you have water coming into the land. The land catches the water because it is made up of smaller watershed which is also called a catchment. So water is first caught in a catchment and then it sheds. So it brings all the small catchments together, all the water comes to one point and then it sheds it out which means it gives out the water. The same thing is happening here. You have water from the small watershed. It catches the water and then gives it out. Let's take the Ganges. The Ganges has smaller, smaller catchments. All the catchments give water for Ganges to flow and the Ganges is flowing. If it is not flowing, it is not a watershed. So water is let go of the system. So naturally, waters will flow from high potential to low potential and because of that, it is called a watershed. It's not storing the water. It's leaving the water. So watershed is taken from that concept. So watershed is something that catches the water and combines it to one point or concentrates the water to one point and from there, it leaves it. I hope you remember when we discussed about the fern shape watershed, elongated watershed, leaf shape watershed. What does it do? It takes the water and then puts it in the stream channels and brings it to one point out as discharge. When we discussed about discharge, we discussed about this watershed concept. Now coming to basin. What is a basin? Everyone has a basin in their house. You have a kitchen basin. You have a sink basin in your washroom. So something that catches the water, catches it, doesn't spill it out within the boundary of the basin and goes into the drainage. So here you can look at basin as a large scale catching land. It catches the water and it also sheds like a watershed. So the shedding part is still there. The Ganges basin is there. It takes all the water from starting from Tibet flowing into Nepal and then India then goes into Bangladesh and then sheds it into the ocean through the sea. Goes to Bay of Bengal and then the Indian Ocean. So all this is shed from a point where the rainfall occurs or precipitation occurs and then it goes through a small watershed which is called a catchment. Normally catchments keep the water but if it is connected together it becomes a large watershed and as the name suggests watershed will shed the water and so watershed all combined to a big basin and then comes out. Cauvery basin, Krishna basin, Ganges basin. We go to the western countries watershed is bigger. The basin is small. So you can discuss that where you are but for our class let's keep basin as a big and how do you know by going to government reports and how do they call the Ganges? The Ganges is a river and the river basin not a river watershed. The Khoshi which is a tributary to the Ganges can be called as a sub basin or a watershed. So sub basin is also another term that is being used which is also a smaller watershed than the basin. It's not the catchment. So catchment is always the same. Catchment is the smallest. So now we have the unit of analysis. It could be a catchment, it could be a watershed, it could be a basin. It could be a plot depending on where you are. If you want to do your farm, it is a plot. That's why we say river basins, sub basins, village and regional watersheds, sub watersheds and catchments. So sub word can be used for small size basin, sub basin and then watershed, sub watershed and then catchments. It doesn't differ when you interchange in models. You should understand what you put as a watershed but the same process is there. Catch the water, stores it and if it is combined together it sheds the water. So let's come to the hydrological water balance. We had the hydrological components. Most of them we have discussed in class in the previous lectures. Let's do the basic hydrological water balance equation which is the objective of the lecture. It follows the basic continuity equation as storage is mass in minus mass out. What is the basic continuity say? That if you have a mass which is coming in and you have a mass which is going out. The storage, what remains in your storage is your mass in minus mass out. If your mass in and mass out are same, it is zero. Your storage is zero. So you're not saving anything. Think like a bank account if you have 100 rupees coming in and you're taking 100 rupees there's no storage. If you have 100 rupees coming in and you take 80 rupees, 20 rupees is your storage. So that is the basic continuity equation. So a water balance equation can be kept as simple as possible or as complex as possible depending on the number of variables. For hydrology, we put it as the following. It is input is equal to output plus storage. You can rearrange it to bring it out the real meaning. Why do we put input in one side? So we actually rearrange the storage mass in minus mass out. So we keep the storage on the side. We take the negative in front of the mass out to the other side which is the output and then you get input is equal to output plus storage. So that we have a better understanding of the input which is your precipitation. So precipitation is equal to output which is your losses plus storage. So now all this combined to your input. Remember the example we saw 370 is the total rainfall units and that if you add all the other components it should come to 370. So now let's discuss the water balance equation which I pulled out based on these estimations. So your del S which is your storage or your change in storage. In some books it is called change in storage because it is a changing term and some books are just S, which is storage. It's equal to P which is your precipitation. You can take it from here plus Qn minus Q out which is your surface water coming in minus your surface water going out minus your Et plus groundwater in minus groundwater out. So let's look at this equation here. Your storage here also is your mass in or your volume in which is precipitation.  So Q out is a loss. So that is a minus sign minus Et evapotranspiration is a loss. So you take it out as a loss and then you also have G out which is another negative you take it out because it is leaving the system. So all that is coming into the system is a positive if you have storage on one side the water that is coming into your system will have a prefix positive. So P, Q in, G in are positives groundwater in. So let's say this is my storage structure and I'm trying to see how much storage is changing your precipitation is positive it is coming from the top your Q in the river is discharging so Q in is positive Q out is negative so somewhere another way the water is leaking out okay so this is groundwater let's take this work yeah so water may be flowing out to the ocean so that is Q out minus Et evaporation is happening plant is taking so Et is loss the arrow mark is up plus G in groundwater is coming into the lake so it is a positive and G out is negative because groundwater is losing to the system. So you could actually visualize this equation as I've done now in this image I always use this image because most of the components are reflected and if I don't have that problem I can strike it up you say strike it also negligible or zero good so why is this important for water management this question should always lag because this is a water resource management course and it is very important to understand why we learn these concepts. So if I know the storage change and if I know the key dominant losses in my system can I better manage my resource that is the idea. So better management scenarios can be produced from your water balance exercise supply side management which is your water coming in because precipitation is the same even before or after the management I'm saying but now you can store the precipitation and give it as a storage you can store the precipitation as in a river and then bring it as Q in okay that is a supply side also you could arrest your Q out so how much water leaves your system you can close it let's take a plot in my plot if I have water coming in if I make buns across the plot then all the water stays right I'm arresting the water from going out so Q out is zero Q in I'll have a higher potential water coming in through a pipe so I can put more water in so supply side I'm managing understanding water availability knowing the precipitation cutting down the losses I now know better how much water is available for plants storage requirements so if there is excess water even all these buns I've created but water is overflowing from my plot or my area of watershed what do I need to do I need to arrest the water how do I arrest it by increasing storage structures one such storage structures is a check that we're discussing this in future but check downs are good to catch the water and store it in your local area you can have rainwater harvesting systems to push more groundwater storage by pushing rainwater into the rainwater harvesting then goes into your groundwater storage and then green infrastructure where they could slow down the water so that your plot can have more water so think about your equation again going back so here you have increased your Q in by supplying more water you have decreased your Q out in the supply side by raising buns and preventing the water from going out or having a storage structure you have also increased your groundwater in okay by recharging and then using it again and reduce the groundwater out so that is your supply side management okay better supply systems which is your pumps your drip irrigation those kind of things you could evolve now knowing that you have X amount of water so now if you know your water you can have better supply systems let's do the demand side management but I also wanted to mention that in your supply system you can have a drip you can also have a channelized water only for some parts you can arrest the top of your land you've seen strawberry farms they put plastic sheet in the empty land so along the plants there's a hole water is taken but on the other part of the land there's a plastic sheet which prevents the water from evaporation which means your E part in the ET is slashed down so all this is better supply and management systems another management system which is important is your demand side management if I know that the water is not enough based on my equation can I not reduce the transpiration which is a loss how do I reduce the transpiration yes by changing the type of crop okay because crops transparent your plants and animals and trees transpire so how do you reduce it by changing the type of crop or plant better options for crops can be given diversification of crops or also area that the crop is going to take can be controlling cropping acreage the better options could also include better types of crops for example if you have rice there are some less water intensive rice that you could use for growing your crops crop diversification means changing it totally for example I have a plot I have water coming in for my sugar cane now I know that my groundwater is less so groundwater in component is going to go less my storage is going down so what do I do I change it for this year I say no I'm going to diversify my crop I'm not going to put sugar cane I'm going to put turmeric so then or millets then I grow a much more different crop with less water requirement thereby increasing my storage for the next sugar cane crop so it's about long-term vision not short-term this vision if you're just showing no no I want to get my sugar cane this year then you boom you do it but your water is gone so you have to be very careful about it then you have controlled cropping acreage knowing the water now you could tell how much water acreage crop can be used so if I have 1,000 millimeters of total storage then I can choose an ET crop which is much much lesser than 1,000 so then the acreage can be increased better crop irrigation facilities which is also a supply site and a demand site management with example drip irrigation those kind of things so you have to pick a crop which is suited for drip irrigation that's why I'm putting it in the demand side in the supply side every crop can be used for drip irrigation but in the demand side you have to pick a crop for suitable drip irrigation methods and analysis you could look at climate change trends okay and understand from your water balance are you following the current trends or have you taken future trends and scenarios in your analysis like as I said long-term vision to take them in your analysis and thought about your storage which can change in the years to come so in the current trends I only know the current rainfall pattern my current rainfall pattern I put in my water balance equation I estimate what is the ET what is the losses then I pick a crop also use future trends and scenarios and then pick a precipitation and based on that you now play with your storage play with your groundwater in groundwater out Q in Q out to arrive at which crop can be grown for optimum ET your ET should not go above then the water you have which is your precipitation and so today we have covered a very broad topic of the need of a water balance equation given what a water balance means the name water balance can be differently given as water budgets water mass balance and a hydrological balance you have multiple other names this is all based on the continuity equation of storage is equals to mass in minus mass out and we have also seen how we could use it for a India scale example from the book and also a short pilot scale or field scale analysis by the equations we did and we also saw how that understanding can be used for better management in the demand side and supply side we also thought about trend analysis given the climate change projections and trends how can you better manage water so with this I would like to conclude today's lecture on water balance components I look forward to the next discussion in the next class which would go further in developing these water balance equations and developing the conceptual model at different scale sizes which could aid your analysis until then see you thank you