Cannabis stocks and CEO interviews brought to you by rich TV live years ago before the advent of salt and different nutrients. All natural. All natural. We use a wheat bran base and we inoculate it with a bunch of probiotics, beneficial fungi, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, organic whole food complex. We ferment that down. It kind of breaks it down to its building volume. And then you can use it as a soil amendment. You can use it as a top dressing. You can actually make the most palm post tea out of it. Are these samples I can take? Absolutely. So my name is Richard. We have a YouTube channel called Rich TV Live. We talk about cannabis every day in our channel. And we work with a lot of licensed producers. So they're always looking for companies like yours. So you guys are proud of it? Actually we're on the corporate and we've taken three puns that have taken us on to exclusive distributors. Very, very good. So if there's any way that we can maybe do some business or collaborate then I'll stay positive. Appreciate it. Appreciate it. Nice meeting you Gary. My name is Richard. I'm Rich TV Live. Every time you vacuum seal something, you're losing the atmosphere from the chains. It gives the freedom to the particles in the chamber to move rapidly, right? It allows water to evaporate and escape from your product. Because it's a grower, it's got a lot of time making sure that it's going to be clean. You don't want that to happen. So I'm going to show you what my competition does with the magnets and then I'll show you how it's going to fit that way, right? They're 97, 98 percent. That's the easiest. Something we don't want, right? You want to contract your vacancies in June, you can't just get it dry out. Stop that manually. It is a sham laundry. Whatever happened to that guy? He died on a plane in Florida. I think he hit his head while the plane was landing. And then in his sleep, yeah. Wow. Actually in Tampa Bay, I was flying out that day. I heard about it, yeah. Small world. So the next one, I've already got this pre-programmed. I like the control sensor. It's going to detect that point of evaporation. It won't boil. It won't burst. It'll notice the evaporation. It'll send it from the back here. It stops the vacuum. It'll start in the ceiling. This is one piece.  I can't say it. The only guy I can mention is H&M. They're using some smaller water over there. Another one that everybody is using is this soft air sensor. Our company is GBS. We're a national supplier for 11 different brands of equipment nationwide. One of them is Henkelman. And Henkelman, they do 65% of the total supply for vacuum systems in the world actually. It's very nice. Are you guys public or private? We're private. We're a family. Very nice. We're a family service. Excellent. Are you looking to go public soon? No. No, I don't believe so. Okay, stay on the private side. Okay, great. And where are you guys located, Vancouver? Oakville, Ontario. Oakville, Ontario. There we go. Excellent. Here is Sproutly. This is the Sproutly booth. Rich CME Live was the first one to bring Sproutly to you guys. There's the Canadian symbol, SPR. But are you looking at Candles as a medicine? And you're looking to go back to Canada as a medicine? And in order for doctors, physicians, and staff to be able to sign this, this goes back to Canada. What you've seen is countries such as Germany have been very receptive to what Canada has done. And you see that anywhere around the world that you go that the Canadian model in the opportunity to provide research, which will then trigger the physicians and their level of comfort around being able to prescribe cannabis as a medicine because of this deeper understanding, will open up legislation. Culture always swings way before the politics, right? Way before legislation swings. And the thing that we have going for us in this industry is that the stigma around cannabis has lifted. You know, again, in this last year, I think Stephen, you can back me up on this because I don't want to spill facts that may be questioned later. But I think in the last year, we've seen more change and more advancement and more money spent in the cannabis industry than in the previous decade, mine. Yeah, like at the start of last year, there was eight countries in Europe that was legal. By the end of it, there was 19. So, you know, that's one market alone with hundreds and one times that change. So you can see, we're reaching a tipping point now within the cannabis industry that events like this, you know, the scale and the size and the sophistication is only going to rapidly grow. And that's something that is usually exciting and not just for Canada. So far as how Canada takes this global leadership position and rolls it out across the world, but also how from an investment point of view, we don't understand what the next 10 years is going to look like for cannabis. For, then I'm saying that the Canadian LPs currently should get the credit for this leadership. At Zenibus, we're fully grounded and rooted in the fact that there was pioneers way before the LPs arrived on the scene that helped promote this as medicine, that helped break the stigma, that paid the cost for LPs today to be able to enjoy the fruits of their labor and their passion, which was, you know, going to jail for making medicine for their kids or their wives or their loved ones. So at Zenibus, we have the Zenibus Craft Grow Program, which is specifically designed without us or our branding or any of that in mind, but specifically to bring in and bring along and be collaborative and inclusive and show respect to the pioneers that came before us and give them a vehicle, if they so choose to partner with us, to enter into the adult use recreational market in Canada or the medicinal market, whatever they choose, but we want to make sure that we help the pioneers of the industry. Great, thank you. Okay, so with the changing landscape. This is a fragmented ecosystem with a huge variety of actors, hospitals, decisions, insurance companies, parties, and the other half, the public market exists soft systems in this public health system, so it is important for the rest of the environment the economic health and social development environment in Mexico can start with a many problems and problems. On the other hand, the recreational families wouldn't have enough information about the market, so congratulations. Richard, thank you.


Thank you very much. As it has just been said, we are going to go a bit of topic compared to the title of the school and get our hands dirty. So as you might or might not know and you talk to experimentally, many of them think that we are full of crap to be interested in such a problem. But the only reason is that no one explains it properly. V konce je potom izvržil, da bi h FRP nekaj nepravil, in imal niske v bonesh teori, da ne zelo se vnešljenje med zelo v tom, da ne lahke je vizivne. specično roastedite. Ne zelo, čekaj, da ima to napraviti. No, zelo sem to, čeh ti je zelo. N Themenje zlovali v dišli, In, potem, sem prišličeti, da se pravamo nekaj solutov, ki veli nekaj solutov, ki tu svoj nekaj vši včin ni včalj, in kjer se nečo všim vseče je izgleda.  OK, priča in nekaj vseči, Zato bo me zelo, da je to nekaj stvari izgledaj, da je to najpravno način, da je tudi način, da se kaj več avšojeva izgleda, kako so prišli, da je zelo, in nekaj nekaj nekaj težne začin. V vseh uklavna časke izgleda v vzivnih vklavnjih je to vsez nekaj, odlega elektronovih sredne energij. So, you might ask what's the electron rest energy and it's is mass, you can measure it quite precisely. Let me write it bigger. And you know that this number is roughly alpha and imd. And of course, throughout the lectures, I'm gonna use natural units. And then at this point, you might wonder how to compute it in potrebujte to v pridikšnih. Evoč there'a svega člistnika z večem Belagranjšem parametrem. I tega v državnih elektrodynamikv, there'a svega energija, kaj je zelo v elektroni kaj je zelo, da je to vsega. Zavrčazim všem svega, na razlog od nekaj povedaj, that we know the electron size roughly up to 100gv. Assuming that we still have classical knowledge of electrodynamics, but we have lab-type knowledge of the electron size, so this just comes from having collided electrons at these energies and not having seen any constituents come out. The actual best limit right now might be better, but that doesn't matter. To je nekaj, če je zelo počke, da prijeljemo, če je to problem. PLAYING B for this number, you immediately see that in the experimental value you need a huge cancellation. So this quantity here is going to be of the order of 10 to the 5 MeV. And somehow it has to cancel against something else to an accuracy of alpha and MeV. Prvno je nečo vzelo viztelijno problem, boš ne možete začiči vzelo vzelo vzelo, ti je zelo blizi, da se dobro vso drugi zelo vzelo v zelo vzelo. In taj počet način iznačen, kako jaz nekaj začeljamo način, in je to način izbavno, tako pa se zelo tudi način vzelo vzelo, laughed that if you go too close to this kind of scales, quantum mechanics is going to start to play a role. In these problems, precisely around our radius of roughly 1 over the electrodimus. We're going to have quantum effects become important. Then if you do the computation properly and interacting in classical electronics, tudi ga se je zelo našem energijih, zelo početnega, pa je tudi se je inoč, in tečnji pa se vse. Vsih vse tem, načo je zelo način, je početna inčenja. Zelo početno, vse pa je začin. Tako, zelo, zelo začinj zelo, in ki je zelo, je zelo začin, več nekaj, that at some point your classical description breaks down and a completely para d Flag kicks grew. So these already should be enough to give you a hint of why these kind of tuning problems are interesting. But let me tell you about another historical example that has a completely different resolution and which is something that I've stolen from a public lecture by Prof. Sойдberg that will lecture you later in the day. So, at the time of Kepler, in planetarii orbit nič del situ Personal saturni začeli pri takrenu slajna izevimi. V 1569 vse začeli Vistaj, če mu je pokazila, da je tih svi orbiti Sorbetem semetrično zelo skor dejКu. Vse je obiteljba, kako je zs крanji rašad tudi tudi platonici zelo za pomečne in način tudi. Čekaj, on je začet v rečjo zredno in pri vseh 14. stvari, imaš vidno, da v tom, da je zelo po komentaciju, vseh 6 planeti, po vseh Saturni, se na pomečnosti. Se ga da vseh, inželimo to, kaj je ničične počarje, inšli je to našli izgod, od komentacija Kepler. Zato počri se bo, kaj je ničično počarje, izgleda, da se držemo, that we discovered that we are not alone, that there are many, many other systems that are just like a solid system. And these kind of accidents, even though they are likely, get one other one probability when we integrate over ces huge amount of starts and planets up there. So you might say that the resolution of these inter public problem was kind of completely opposite to the electron. There is no dynamics going on. The dynamical explanation was the one by Kepler. Svekštno,다는či,akštino z vsej zelo potrebovali izvršenja in če je stvarne do vsey. Svekštino izvršenja pozicija in našeljamo, da je zelo zelo več neče nekaj, da sem videla. Svekštino neče neče neče nekaj, da sem videla. Zato videlem tudi bolje zelo težko in je zelo pohvoj, všeč, da se je vsega pravda, da je več nekaj nekaj vzelo. Najske v pravda je, da se je zelo izgleda, da ne da srešem, kako ne bilam že, kaj je ještje, in kako je do vse kategori, nekaj da se srešem, da se je zelo izgleda. Vzelo se, da je zača. Zato vsega prišla izgleda, ki se pristim. in tudi počkaj smo počkali v arhiji problemu. Prezivno, da smo počkali, da počkali, da smo počkali počkali počkaj rejučnji teori, da je tudi vse dobro. Vse teori je tudi vse, da imaš teori, da je počkala počkala počkala počkala. ,, but your experiments can prove nature only at a much slower scale. Early reasonable question is whether the degrees of freedom appear, influence the nanomix down here and in which way. So you might start in purely formal way by biting your thought integral of your full theory and then split outra центр in 2 parts. There are modes that are light in the sense that theirordan ki da energije bolj zelo, in možume, ki je zelo, ki energije bolj zelo. Tudi je to tvoje komponente, in taj rač, kjer je vse vse vse. Vse je vse, vse vse vse vse, ko drugi pojelite. Vzelo vse na to, na naša vse, zelo pojelite, izgledaj, ki je pojelite, in vsebezgav, ki je izpravil. Od njih ne zestavim vseb, če je nisi, da je neko neštrža, kot na delovaj splušč? Zato izgledam, da nekaj je nekaj delovaj energi, ko je nekaj, in je kaj, nekaj neva infinitsa vsezne rukov z delovaj splušč, nekaj je večo vsezne, iz noženja.   So in this case, the symmetry that we care about are dilatations and its selection rules. Clearly, dilatations might be broken in this theory, but we can still categorize these operators in terms of what representation of the dilatation operator they transform into. And this is just a fancy way of saying that we can do dimensional analysis. So we set h slash to 1 and c to 1, so our only dimension for quantity left is energy. And I can classify the operators based on what's their scaling dimension. In order for the action to be dimensionless, given that I set h slash to 1, then I know that the coefficients of these operators are gonna have dimension where d is the number of spacetime dimensions. And since I have a large scale in the theory, I can always make an answer, well not an answer, but I can always rewrite these coefficients in the following way. Where now the lambda i are order 1 numbers that multiply the right dimension for quantity. And notice that, again, here I've not lost generality in any way, so these g i's might get contributions from many different scales. But I know that my theory is only valid up until lambda. I know that lambda is gonna be the largest contribution, so at most I'm gonna get this. And maybe for symmetry reasons the lambdas are not gonna be order 1, but a bit smaller. So this is just a parameterization. But with this parameterization and knowing the dimension of the operator, so now I know how each of these g i's contributes to unobservable low energy. So the contribution to the action of one of the terms in this sum will be roughly scaling like this. Oh, sure, sorry. So what's the contribution to unobservable low energy? This is just given by the contribution to the action roughly of this operator.  So from here you can see that based on their scaling dimension I can classify the operators in operators that have dimensions larger than the number of spacetime dimensions. And these at low energy are going to be suppressed by a power of this small number, the ratio of the low energy over the high scale. And so they're called irrelevant. Operator with scaling dimension equal to the number of spacetime dimensions are called marginal. And you can guess that these guys are called relevant. So now we have prescription to do something useful with this theory. Because given an experimental accuracy we can target this sum at some scaling dimension. And the contributions after that are gonna be smaller than our experimental precision. So we have a Lagrangian with a finite set of terms that allows us to make predictions after we fix the coefficients with some measurements. And so this is a very nice general way of taking a UV theory and getting its infrared counterpart. Or vice versa, it's also a tool if you don't know the UV theory to make predictions just purely based on low energy observable. So you might identify a set of fields at low energy, identify the symmetries of the problem, and then just write down this expansion up to whichever order you care about. So this might have been already familiar to some of you, but now we're in a position to define the hierarchy problem properly. But before doing that, I would like to show you really the power of this framework by writing down some low energy Lagrangians and asking whether they are surprising or not. Because this is another thing that this kind of formalism can do for you. So if you know the symmetries and you see some set of terms, you might ask whether they make sense or not. Even if you don't know the UV theory. But actually before that, I'll spend one more word to make this idea more precise. And the reason is that you might say, yes, this is all very nice, but you haven't taken care of divergences. So you might worry that when I integrate out the stuff at the high scale going down and I close some loops, there might be divergences that mix operators of higher dimensions with operators of lower dimensions. And it might be that all this construct is completely useless because in the end all the operators contribute at the same order. In practice, however, there is a very simple way of making this more precise. I'm not going to go very much into the details, but it's the usual Wilson way of the renormalization workflow because you can just integrate in small momentum shells and do this step by step. And at each step, you don't have any divergences. The limit of integrations are all fine. And you'll see that in the end you're going to get precisely this result. So what this step by step integration generates is a flaw in the space of actions that is moved and is precisely the renormalization workflow. So given a UV theory, you can ask where the action is flowing to. OK, so after this parenthesis, let's get to the power of symmetry and let's make this construction a bit less abstract and more concrete. So let's say I gave you this Lagrangian at low energy. Would you be surprised? For this, the answer is obviously no because you know why there aren't any other terms. So there is just a simple shift symmetry that this scalar possess that sets to zero the other terms. And when you see something like this, you might ask, is there a symmetry that allows me not to write down all the other terms? And in this case, there is a very simple symmetry. So then there might be higher derivative powers in this expansion but they're going to be suppressed by powers of the cathode. So this one was easy, but let's say we had this. So by definition, since at low energy you are seeing this scalar, the mass must be much smaller than the typical scale. And again, the answer is that this action is not surprising at all because this mass is breaking the shift symmetry. So if you make it very small and get to zero, you are restoring a symmetry in the Lagrangian. So there is a sense in which contributions to this m square are always going to be proportional to small parameters that break this symmetry. Typical in this theory but to m itself. However, there is another way of seeing why this Lagrangian is not surprising that I think it's more novel and more instructive and I heard it first from Ricardo Rattazzi. So this is not the only symmetry that justifies the form of this Lagrangian. There is actually an infinite power of higher spin symmetries for the free scalar that you can see immediately if you write it in momentum space. If you write the action in momentum space, you are going to get something like this. And any rotation of the scalar of this type, the alpha satisfying the form and property, is a symmetry of the action. And you can check that this sets to zero or higher point functions. It's very easy to check by just doing this rotation. And what is nice about this symmetry is that it also gives you selection rules that will sit in a second. And it's going to tell you what powers of the coupling can enter the generation of the mass if you have any. OK, so now one more example and then we're going to be done and get to the hierarchy problem per c. And the last one, again our friend, the scalar, in this time I'm just going to add an interaction. And as you might have guessed, even not from physics, but just from the fact that at some point I have to give you an example that is surprising, this is surprising. And the reason is very simple. The reason is just that this coupling is breaking the shift symmetry, is breaking this symmetry. So you can expect a mass term and other couplings to be generated. And you can even from the selection rules of this symmetry predict that it's going to be generated with one power of the coupling lambda. So the typical contribution to the mass you expect is going to be generated, for example, by this diagram. It's going to scale us lambda without loop factor times the large scale. So the mass, at least of this order, you should be surprised.  And it turns out that this is precisely the case with the standard model. So the problem is not just free scalars in general with a mass smaller than the cutoff, but interacting scalars with a mass much smaller than the cutoff. So if you write the standard model Lagrangian, or at least the partial element to the problem, they're going to have something like this. Actually this is enough. So from the argument we just made, we expect contributions to the mass at this order, whatever the scale up to which the standard model is valid is, but also contributions at this order. So if you want to extrapolate the standard model up to in Planck or the Gutt scale, you're going to immediately eat a wall because these couplings are both order 1. Well, at least the top two couplings has been measured. And so you might wonder what is going on. So clearly the symmetry is broken enough to generate a mass that is much larger than the weak scale if you want to extrapolate the standard model to very high energies. And this is the hierarchy problem. So there are no quadratic divergences, no nothing, there is only symmetry and some physical scale. So you might think that this physical scale is very close to us, is approximately the weak scale, so that you're going to get the right contribution to the X-mass. More precisely, you might expect that lambda is sort of the order of 4 pi on X, so a few TV. So here comes the problem. It was very easy to state once we introduced the framework of effective theory. But I want to show it to you yet in another way by showing you where the cancellation really comes from. So this was all very nice, based on symmetry, and simple, but let's take a concrete example of something leaving at this scale and see how it affects the X-mass. So let's say that I have a theory valid up to some large mass plus a small increment, and this theory looks roughly like the standard model. So again, we have our more scalar, and then we have a Yukavo with some evi fermion. Can you still see, or is it too small? OK, so at this high-scale m plus some small incremental dm, we have the equivalent of the standard model. So this is our toy representation with an evi fermion and the scalar. OK? So now, let's say I want to do what Wilson did and integrate out small momentum shells, one after the other, until I get to the weak scale, or the scale I'm making a measurement out.  I'm integrating out the whole of the fermion since it's massive. At three-level, you can check immediately by looking at its equation of motion that is not going to contribute to the Lagrangian of the scalar. But at one-loop level, it's generating everything. So we're going to have some contribution to the two-point function of the scalar, some contribution to the four-point function, even six-points interaction, and so on. And we care mostly about this two-point function. We care about the contribution to the mass. You can do the usual one-loop calculation that you always see when they present to the hierarchy problem, and you're going to get something of this form. So let's say that now we are in four dimensions. OK, so this is the usual one-loop integral where the quadratic divergences come from. However, now I'm integrating over a tiny momentum shell.  And what matters here is some finite threshold contribution from the mass of the heavy fermions. From the mass of the heavy fermions. OK, so in the full theory, the mass of the scalar is going to come... Actually, let me write down the couple. It's basically... The mass of the scalar is going to come from this contribution and the parameter in the Lagrangian. In the full theory, my physical scalar mass that I can measure as the pole of the two-point function has two contributions, the Lagrangian parameter and this leading one-loop term, plus sub-leading terms. And now I can match it to the effective theory. So the effective theory below the scale at which we integrate out the fermion is just what we said before. So all the operators you can write are actually the scaler that are consistent with the symmetries. So in this case, everything. And let me call this m prime. OK, so at the scale at which I integrate out the fermion, this m prime squared in the effective theory should match the result of the full theory. And I can keep doing this step by step and generate more and more corrections. If this coupling is somewhat small, all these corrections that I generate until getting to low energy are going to be sub-leading to this first term. Because they're gonna come from this lambda here and the loop diagrams we wrote before. But this lambda was only generated at one loop by the fermion with four powers of this small yukawa. So in the limiting which this yukawa is sufficiently small, this is all I get also at very low energy generating out all momentum shells. And now, here is the fine-tuning problem in all its concreteness. I mean, you can see it. So if this scalar still survives up until very low energies, you can measure its mass and find it to be something, say 100 GV roughly. And then you might wonder how comes this contribution that was much larger and generated at a much higher scale cancels against this parameter that has nothing to do with it So now, we've seen the hierarchy problem in many different ways, just from a symmetric perspective and from this more concrete perspective of directly integrating out stuff. So I hope I've convinced you that it's just a problem of symmetries and physical scales and that now you're ready to confront your experimentalist friends. Now, you repeat all that I just said. I'm just kidding. Okay, so this concludes also part two I think I've been way too slow. I should have checked the clock long ago. All right, so now... But anyway, so this was the nice part of the talk where you see the power of theoretical physics at work. And now we're gonna go into the painful part of the talk where you see theoretical physics meeting experiment and failing horribly. And how much time do I still have? 25? Oh, okay. That's much better than I thought. All right, so... Roughly speaking, well, I mean, there are many solutions of the hierarchy problem on the market and you can categorize them in different ways. I'm gonna show you one possible categorization, but you shouldn't take it too seriously. It's just a way of organizing our ideas. So there's a set of solutions based on symmetry, a set of solutions based on the cosmological history of the universe and these are similar to what we've seen for the electron self-energy. These are something completely new that pertain only to the hierarchy problem. And finally, there is something that I'm gonna call a not well-posed question, meaning that the hierarchy problem is not a well-posed question and these kind of solutions are more similar to the Kepler resolution, so we are not the only standard model out there. Roughly, the symmetry category contains, of course, supersymmetry or, well, let's call it composite eggs and extra dimensions, which are the same thing and some conformal solution to the problem, which is almost the same thing as the next dimensions, but we're gonna see why it's not exactly the same thing. And then here we have the relaxation and naturalness and finally here we have the multiverse plus some tropics and in some sense we also have a naturalness. So you see that these categories are a bit fluid and not very precisely defined, as I said, it's just a way to keep track as I speak of what we're talking about. So to be completely honest, the idea of composite eggs is not really a symmetric solution but is yet another solution that falls outside of these categories because it's just based on an accident in some sense. So if you imagine that at some very high scale you have only marginal operators, okay, a gauge coupling, then your theory is going to flow very slowly towards the infrared, meaning that these couplings are just gonna scale logarithmically and again this is purely based on dimensional analysis all the story I told you before about effective theories. At some point, if this theory is asymptotically free, the coupling is going to become strong and you're gonna generate a new dynamical scale and this is roughly going to be of this order. So you might say wonderful, I have a huge hierarchy of scales, I generated it dynamically, I'm good to go, it's down here, I'm done, no symmetry, no nothing, very easy, QCD inspired, it already happened in nature, maybe it's gonna happen again, who knows. But then, okay, so let's put the eggs here, but just as in QCD, around this scale you expect all zoology of stuff, you expect from mesons to show a variance and maybe pions even below and so on. And all these particles are strongly coupled to the eggs, so you definitely expect to have seen them already. If nothing else in indirect experiments, like those that measure flavor violation or those that measure precisely parameters of the electro-wikla grange, like the WMAS, for example. So this idea that was called Technicolor is now considered almost unanimously dead. However, there is a small deformation and that's why I put composite eggs down here in the symmetric solutions. That kind of saves it, because you can say, okay, sure, but what if the eggs is really a pion of this strong interacting sector. What if there is a spontaneous symmetry, like in QCD, Karol symmetry, sorry, there is a symmetry that is spontaneously broken, like in QCD. And then there is some separation of scales where the strongly interacting sectors become strongly interacting and where you find the eggs. Sure, that's definitely a possibility and you also know roughly what this separation is, because this symmetry is going to be explicitly broken by the couplings of the eggs in the standard model. So based on what we said until now, you expect to generate an X-mass of the order of the largest coupling it has in the standard model, so the top yukawa over a loop factor times your strongly interacting sector scale. So since the top yukawa is order one, you generated an hierarchy of at least four pi, so you can put all these guys at a few TV and keep the eggs down here at 100 gV. So this all seems nice, but again let's confront experiment one more time. So what you have here, at this scale f, is a complicated nonlinear Lagrangian as you usually have for pions, which is definitely not going to look like what I wrote down before. It's not going to look like a phi to the fourth theory. So by just writing down higher dimensional operators that you know are going to be generated by the strong dynamics, say something like this, again purely based on our previous effective field theory arguments or any other stuff, you know that x-covins to standard model particles are going to be affected by these operators at order d squared over f squared, where now v is the measure digs vacuum expectation value. Compare this prediction with experiment, now that let's see those discoverings say at the 20, 30 word cent level and you find that you cannot possibly have the lightest digs live up here, but you need another separation of scales that is mild, but it's there, and there are two ways to generate the separation of scales. Either you just call it attuning or you add more structure, you add another symmetry, and this other class of models is called litholiks, but it has a lot of structure, so you are getting a small hierarchy out of a lot of new fields and new symmetry, so you see that you start confronting experiment and you build up more and more crap on top of it, to the point that when you get here, you just don't want to look at your theory anymore. And this is more or less the story with any of these solutions, at least any of these solutions that is on solid enough theoretical ground as to be compared with experiment, because some of them are not at all. Okay, so this more or less concludes what I wanted to tell you as far as this composite was. Now let's take a look somewhere else into this landscape of solutions. So what about the not well posed question story? So here I'm not going to tell you a lot, but just to get a feeling the point is the following. So it's exactly like in Kepler's case. We have a mechanism that can generate many causally disconnected universes with different values and different parameters. And by many, I mean an exponentially large number which is what we need if we want to explain an hierarchy between the plan scale and the X mass, which is a big exponential number. But now you have to wonder why do we exist in one of the very unlikely universe where the X mass is small. And here come the anthropics, which until recently was the part I like the least about the solution, but now I like even less the first part. The reason why I didn't like the anthropic part is that there are some unwavy arguments for why you cannot take the X-veb too large or too small without destroying life. Essentially, if you take it too large the nuclei become unstable and you don't have chemistry anymore, you just have hydrogen. If it becomes too small then the proton decays and you don't have hydrogen anymore so it's hard to form starts. If you take the X mass to be positive so zero-veb, some huge disaster happens I mean like the C and B fries chemistry and then spalarons cancels the varnas humidity but all these statements I'm making are very dependent on not changing any other parameter in the theory. So if you change also the Yukawa couplings for example together with the X-veb almost nothing happens in most of these cases. So somehow you need a model in which you are generating a universe in which essentially only the X-veb is barring. And if you look at the explicit models that generate this exponential number of universes they really don't work in such an accurate way. They are just generating all possible metastable vacuum of your UB theory so it's kind of hard to imagine a concrete model that realizes this paradigm. In the other end this is really the only paradigm that at the same time is addressing also the other tuning we have which is much larger which is the cosmological constant tuning that I'm sure you heard about. So right now the energy density of our universe is dominated by this tiny number so if you compare it to the Planck scale or whatever scale you think your theory is valid up to even the electron mass whatever there is a huge tuning not to completely destroy the cosmological history of the universe as we know it. And so far this idea of generating an exponential large number of universes with different values of the parameters and then invoking the fact that we are alive to justify why we live in an atypical universe it's really the only way to address both these problems at the same time. So if you look at it from a very low energy perspective and incredibly simple theory one of the best known examples is split supersymmetry you just have supersymmetric partners of a few hundred TV that gives you gauge coupling unification a dark matter candidate you have no problem at all comparing with experimentals in these cases and then how to take inflation generating all these universes plus some form of the anthropoclims it tells you why these parameters are small. Ok, so in my very very personal opinion this is this looks appealing because it's still very far away from us because we haven't even started writing down concrete models of how this game is gonna look like like when a very ugly person is walking towards you so long as they are one kilometer away you don't know they're ugly but sooner or later they're gonna approach enough that you realize they are probably worse than your friends that you didn't like before. Ok, but I want to stress that it is a very personal opinion and other people definitely otherwise among which, distinguished among which is NEMA that lectured you a few days ago. Ok, so this concludes my list of insults to the multiverse which brings me to cosmology and then if we have time I'm gonna go through the rest. So, both of these solutions that I've called cosmological have been proposed in recent years in the last couple of years and the reason is very simple and it's that you have to relax a lot your aesthetic criteria so they're also very ugly but they are ugly in a precise way unlike the multiverse so I can tell you that they are ugly and I personally think that the ugliness is not a good criterion in theoretical physics I mean so far it has not beauty has not really guided us very well I mean the standard model is kind of a random addition of components that have nothing to do with each other there are some random gauge groups some fermion masses that spy five orders of magnitude there are a lot of parameters that we don't understand maybe one day they will all merge into something beautiful and complete but we don't know yet so since experiments keep killing our beautiful ideas maybe the solution is not so beautiful and comes from something completely different there isn't why these solutions are worth of attention is also because in spite of looking a bit artificial they are very deep in the sense that they link the hierarchy problem to something that a priori has nothing to do with it which is the cosmological history of the universe so there are very spectacular consequences for experiments and they truly represent a change of paradigm they don't even fit into the previous examples of solutions to turning problem that we had so no matter how ugly you find them I think they are worthy of your time at least to realize what kind of thing they are and I think I'm gonna tell you about naturalness in one of the let's say proud but maybe not so proud authors so in the naturalness you imagine that you have many copies of the standard model and each one has a different value of the X-mass if I imagine that zero is not special at all so we have both sectors that have a positive X-ma squared in the Lagrangian and sectors that have a negative X-ma squared in the Lagrangian so this means that in this sector zero and this is different from zero here fermions are almost massless but not exactly massless because electro-wiximetry breaking is sorry, electro-wiximetry breaking is triggered by QCD so you're gonna expect some masses of the order of lambda QCD cube over Mx squared for the fermions and for the gauge bosons you expect masses of order lambda QCD so it's a very different universe compared to us many weird things happen as I said but I want to stress that this is not a multiverse so all these sectors exist are part of our Lagrangian you can write only one Lagrangian they're all gravitation like apple, to us etc etc these sectors are very similar to us and then as you take the X-veb larger and larger things start happening but that is not that important for now I've imagined the existence of this sector so now I have to tell you what's the distribution of the X-ma square and I'm gonna take the distribution of the X-ma square parameter to be uniform and the reason is that if I take it peak close to zero I'm cheating I'm not really solving the problem with this mechanism but I'm imagining that there is some extra dynamics that is helping me if I do the opposite of course I have to explain why the X would be peak somewhere else so I'm just gonna imagine that we have a uniform distribution for the X-ma square parameter which means that for a theory that is valid up to some scale lambda you naturally expect the lightest of these X bosons roughly of lambda over the square root of the number of sectors and here you already see the problem because even if you want lambda to be say miserable 10 TV you need 10 to the 4 standard models so if you want now you can leave the room but if you don't leave the room I'm gonna go on and tell you that if you really wanna solve the problem all the way to where gravity becomes strong then you need 10 to the 16th sectors because in this case what happens is the following g newton is renormalized by this huge amount of stuff and gravity is becoming strong at the intermediate scale roughly 10 to the 11 g and at the same time this 10 to the 16 is bringing the naturalness cutoff of the theory at the same scale so this is in a sense a full solution of the problem however if you know something about the C and B then you can really solve the problem and this model is awfully excluded because we know for example for the measurement of at the time of plus scattering that we dominate the energy density of the universe so there is not much stuff out there that is gravitationally coupled to us which can be phrased more precisely in terms of the effective number of neutrinos at the time of the C and B which is roughly one half which means that you can make alpha standard model neutrinos and I've just told you that I'm adding 10 to the 16 full standard models so now there is an obvious answer to this which is let's say that at some point in the history of the universe there is an inflaton that couples only to us so it decays only to us after inflation and it populates only our sector but again this is not a solution to the hierarchy problem because now you have to explain why the life sector is also the only one that couples to the inflaton so you have to save yourself without making our sector special in any possible way but it turns out and this is the only part I truly like about this old business that there is a way of doing it and the best part is that this way is possible at all only because there exist operators that generate the problem in the first place so the only reason why I can write down a viable model of treating the universe is that in the standard model you can write down relevant operators with a combination of x bosons that is a singlet or even also marginal operators of this type the way I'm going to solve the problem is by imagining that at some point so there is inflation say then the inflaton decays to some gauge singlet of all the gauge groups then the density of the universe and then in turn decays to all our sectors we are one of these two relevant or marginal couplings let's make another assumption which is where the true audience comes in which is the fact that you want the mass let's focus on this model for example so now let's take the mass of this guy to be smaller than the mass of the lightest sticks and of course I mean you can you can imagine constructions that give you these, right? you can imagine that these are all brains in an extra dimension and the guy lives so in the fermion case it's easier so you can imagine that this is the Lyak fermion and one of the two vile components lives in the bulk but the other one lives on a brain and then you're going to get a volume suppression for its mass that is precisely of the order of the square root of n so there are ways of doing this or in the case of the scalar you can imagine that again you have a tower of scalars just like this and then they all decay to the lightest one before the lightest one decays to us so there are ways, they're not pretty but there are ways but what happens if you postulate this then in the effective theory that describes the reading of all the sectors from this gauge singlets it's noics anymore, you have to integrate out and you might ask what operators can I write down with lighter standard model fields and this guy that treats the universe and this is very simple of course you can write some Yukawa coupling say to be d bar but then what do we expect the coefficients to be here so this coupling here is breaking a ship symmetry on phi so again by selection rules you have to have it here in front but you can immediately notice by looking at this operator that this coupling is dimensionful so in four dimensions scalars have dimension one so this guy also has to have dimension one which means that you need a scale down here to restore dimensions and in the effective theory the only scale you have is the X mass itself so you're going to generate this operator plus there is yet another symmetry of the fermions that you know is broken by the Yukawa and the Xbeb so you need the Yukawa up here so this is the leading operator that you can generate in sectors in which you do have electro-wix symmetry breaking and you're generating it just by mixing of phi with the X to its bed however in sectors where you don't have electro-wix symmetry breaking contribution is obviously zero because here what you really have to think about is something like this because the spurion that is along for this operator is really the Xbeb so in these other sectors it turns out that the leading operator is something like this where f is the field strength of one of the gauge bosons actually all of them which is generating at one loop through this diagram and again where these are the X and this is phi so again you can do the trick of dimension as before and you know that this has to scale like this and this is very nice so I've added a very simple operator to all the standard models and now I have a natural way of populating the most the sectors that are the lightest because from these effective operators here immediately that the decays of phi into sectors with electro-wix symmetry breaking are going to scale like mhi squared and the sectors without electro-wix symmetry breaking they're going like mhi to the fourth so I've coupled all the sectors in the same way I haven't cheated but I'm getting much more energy density into our sector what's even better is that these yukahuas give you some natural protection from the UV because as the x-veb grows also the masses of the leptons grow so at the beginning you might be able to decay to bb bar but after a few sectors you have to decay to cc bar so you're going to have a ci yukahuas oppression and so on so there is a way of truly solving the hierarchy problem without making a special and I'm not going to go more into the details but I mean there are the formations of the simple models that can get all the way to 10 to the 16 but what's nice here is that no matter how hard you work you're always predicting something for the next generation of cmb experiments so even if you have the scaling you're still going to populate nearby sectors a little bit which means that you're going to predict some amount of radiation that should be detected in the future and I think that really the rock bottom value that you cannot do without is roughly comparable to the sensitivity of the next generation experiments that should be start taking daytime 5 to 10 years so if you don't see any of this and naturalness is dead of course this is not the only explanation but you can keep hoping and the way you can concretely do something to follow up on your op is to look at neutrinos because not only you're going to generate extra radiation but you're also going to put some energy density into the neutrinos which in practice means some consequence for the cmb that I'm not going to go into the details but if you have infinite resolution it would be very spectacular we would really see little stairs in the matter power spectrum that nothing else can generate anyway let's not dwell on this too much finally one more thing to be aware of is that of course this coupling is tiny so it has to scale like some power of n so you're never going to see directly this reeton fields at colliders so this is an example in the third category you see that these models started simple and beautiful and then got ugly while confronting experiments while these models start ugly by construction with this huge number of copies but a priori this is not necessarily a good reason to discard them but what am I doing? that's it so I'm glad I managed to make at least one example per category well I think you're not gonna miss the usual Susie lecture you must have heard it a million times might would have been nice to talk about the relaxation but well next time so in conclusion there is really no conclusion we have a very deep problem what the right solution is so many people are depressed because they are not finding anything they are crying and they are sad but I am incredibly happy because I would have died if I had to do ten years of supersymmetry spectroscopy in the rest of my career instead I have a truly deep problem that is facing me and I have no idea what the solution is so maybe I'm not gonna find that job but at least I'm gonna be happy with that new position thank you


If you're like me, you're not watching the Olympics, currently taking place in that winter wonderland of Beijing, China, where the snow is totally fake, but the silencing of American athletes is depressingly real. The TV audience for the opening ceremonies was down 43 percent compared to the last winter games, and it's not just because of yet another hideously ugly mascot, time zone differences, and the cultural genocide of Uighurs killing the buzz. Olympics viewership has been dropping for decades now, which is a welcome development if you care about human dignity and wasteful government spending. The games are a global grift run by one of the most corrupt scandal-ridden bodies in sports history. The International Olympic Committee is happy to massively rip off whatever sucker cities and countries are dumb enough to beg for the right to host them. I'm looking at you Los Angeles 2028.  More important, they are the embodiment of a worn out, collectivist 20th century attitude toward competition among nations that makes no sense in our increasingly globalized individualistic world. The modern games got started in 1896 by French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin as a way of reviving Gallic national pride after his country got its ass kicked by Germany in the Franco-Prussian War. That's why athletes represent countries rather than themselves. And it's also why the Olympics were politically charged to the hilt throughout the 20th century such as in the 1936 Berlin Games, which Hitler overtly staged as a showcase for rising German military might and aggression. During the Cold War, the Olympics functioned as one more proxy battle in the twilight struggle between the free world and communism. When the U.S. and Soviet teams faced off in basketball and hockey, it was every bit as much a geopolitical showdown between superpowers as anything happening in Southeast Asia or Central America. That made the Olympics more exciting to watch.  But there was a ton of collateral damage from such a framing, with ongoing national boycotts over political disputes, meaning that athletes who had trained for years were figuratively sacrificed on the altar of nationalism. Or as in the case of murdered Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Games, literally killed in the name of international politics. DeCoubertin famously said that the most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part. But when the games are taking place in an authoritarian country and we're still tallying medals by nation and the athletes are treated like geopolitical pawns, rather than superlative individuals, it makes more sense than ever to tune out the Olympics. Let the competitors represent themselves on a neutral playing field, far from the distraction of politics, and you'll see the audience return, ready to cheer athletes who inspire us by embodying the Olympic ideal of going faster, higher, stronger.


This paper presents an analytical study of the air-gap magnetic field of a surface permanent magnet, SPM, linear machine under no load. Using the method of images, the complex expression of the magnetic field of a conductor, inside the air-gap between two smooth iron surfaces, can be retrieved. Integrating this expression, the formulation of the magnetic field of a current sheet and thus the one of a SPM, using two vertical current sheets, can be obtained. At last, the no load magnetic field expression, for a generic time instant, of a slotless machine can be retrieved. The novelty of the proposed approach is the availability, due to a different calculation approach, of a unique closed form formulation for the slotless machine air-gap field, a quantity that, in literature, is usually present in Fourier series formulation. Additionally, as a means to calculate integral quantities and show the goodness of the method, a complex slotting function has been introduced to account for the slotted geometry. Finally, starting from Lorenz's force formulation, the expression of the Maxwell tensor in complex form has been retrieved and the contribution of forces, integral of the complex stress tensor quantity, will be This article was authored by Antonino de Gerlando and Claudio Ricca. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


So I don't think I know everyone. I'm Lorraine Lally. I'm dean of students at the law school. I want to welcome everyone to our National Law School Mental Health Day event So I bring remark greetings on behalf of the law school, but also especially from our wellness committee That was newly formed this semester to help bring wellness health and wellness initiatives To the law school and the members are myself Brianna Klein Amanda Weber Justin Kishbaugh Alicia Pina and who am I missing and Jolie vacay and admissions who I think can attend today And so it's been really great to have a group of people focused on the health and well-being of law students Law school is super stressful, and we want to try to support you Support you as you go through this Really thrilled that people are here. I see members of our counseling center staff members of our professional staff Students and anytime you have an event you're always worried will people come and I just really appreciate everyone taking a time out of your busy Schedule especially with the holiday weekend coming up to think about wellness and to think about stress anxiety and depression And how it impacts us all so I'm going to turn the mic over to the the board members of fire for Delta who Really get all of the credit for helping bring this event together Kailin Pelletier, which you go former former justice of pad Came to me last semester With this idea for this program, and I'm so pleased that through your support we are able to have it happen So I'll bring Amanda and Brianna up from pad Hi, everyone. Thank you Dean Lally for those remarks. I just wanted to introduce myself quickly My name is Brianna Klein. I'm a 2L, and I'm the justice for file for Delta We're really happy to have Mr. Lucasic here this afternoon And I just wanted to give a quick. Thank you to Dean Lally the rest of the wellness committee Amanda and the rest of our e-board without all of you guys this wouldn't be possible So thank you guys for all of your support and all of your help and so I'm going to turn it over to Amanda Hi everyone, my name is Amanda Weber. I'm also 2L and I am the vice justice for file for Delta I am beyond thrilled humbled honored anything under the moon to introduce Mr. Dan Lucasic He was my first boss. So it's a little bit of a full circle here So Dan Lucasic graduated from the University of Buffalo School of Law in 1988 He's been a trial lawyer for over 30 years and is listed in the publication Best Lawyers in America 10 years ago after being diagnosed with major depression Dan created a weekly support group in his community of four attorneys who struggle with illness and a website lawyerswithdepression.com Which is very active and if you have the chance look at it. It's updated constantly as well as the Facebook I get a lot of my material from there. So he takes all the credit for that And it's the first website and blog of its kind in the nation to help law students lawyers and judges Cope and recover from depression His work on mental health has been featured in the New York Times the Wall Street Journal the Washington Post and then CNN as well as many other National and international publications and media outlets He's lectured across the country on the topics of stress anxiety and depression at law schools bar associations and judicial groups Dan is the executive producer for an original documentary a terrible my link Holly depression in the legal profession which is where we kind of stole our title from and Is the recipient of the public service merit award from the New York State Bar Association and the distinguished alumni award for Public service from his law school in Alma Mater For his work in this area. So without anything further I give you Mr. Dan Lucasic Thanks Dean and thanks Amanda for that kind introduction Greetings from Buffalo where I just flew in from this morning I feel as if some good things are happening with the issue of mental health In law schools and the legal profession Because I've become kind of a road act, you know, I've got been going from city to city to city next week I'm in Columbus Ohio speaking at Capitol in the following week at Yale Law School Speaking to their law students and I really feel passionate about this topic because we really have so much in common You know, I was a law student like you are now and in the not too distant future you'll become a lawyer like I am now and I'm here to talk about stress anxiety and depression in law schools and the legal profession And I want to start By telling you a brief story, which is I call it my opening statement I am currently 57 I'm a trial lawyer and have been for almost 30 years. I began My training as a lawyer trying cases in New York City in federal district courts there and state courts and At the time I was When I'll soon to tell you the problem started to happen. I was the managing partner at our litigation firm So I had a lot of responsibility Both as running a business and trying cases Somewhere when I turned about 40 things started to go off the rails for me I Really didn't understand what was happening to me. I started feeling profoundly sad Much of the time I Started my sleep became kind of fragmented. I'd wake up and I Never felt rested My concentration Started to fade and all one this was happening. I remember feeling terrified Because I didn't understand, you know, and you know, I'm an educated person like you were as well And I thought I knew about depression, but I didn't know anybody with depression and I didn't think I had depression so something dramatic start happening to me and It wasn't getting better was getting worse and this certainly showed at the law firm where my productivity went down I started adjourning things. I had my door closed the majority of the time When people would walk in I put as many files and books around my desk as I could to look busy But ultimately I kept praying things would get better, but that didn't happen and At some point. What was the tipping point? I Live maybe about a half hour from my office to my house and when this was going on It was in the dead of winter. So it was very dark. So I drive home in the dark by myself and I recall Seeking out abandoned parking lots looking for a target or Place like that and going into the back of the building where there was nobody and it was dark And I would just start crying crying crying crying For no reason that I could articulate. There wasn't a specific reason why I was crying But it could go on for 15 20 30 minutes and I'd get in you know start the car back up and go back home Nobody knew about this and I think what was distinctive about this Was Normally when we cry, right? It's an emotion expressing grief or loss. We can feel better, right when we cry This didn't happen to me, you know crying beget more crying beget more crying. There was no catharsis involved with the crying So at some point I Went to my family doctor explained my symptoms and he referred me to a psychiatrist and that was really the loneliest experience of my life because I made a Point of picking a psychiatrist deep in the suburbs in an office park where no one would know I was even I mean this sounds Silly now, maybe or that might sound silly to you But at the time I was worried that someone might see me a colleague a judge an opponent lawyer So I was really scared to go my wife didn't know my best friends didn't know So I go to the psychiatrist and I go into the waiting room and it's a large waiting room Maybe had like 30 chairs in it and there's no one else in there So this seemed to like underscore how painfully lonely this experience was for me And I waited and I waited must have waited an hour, you know for the psychiatrist to call me. He finally did He said I had major depression and he put me on some medications the difficult part of his Treatment was I had to take three months off of work So I'd have to tell my fellow partners that I needed to do this And I wasn't going to tell them that because I had broken my leg or you know I had some other kind of disease or illness, but because I had depression so I called the meeting with them and and there are three of them and They're all litigators professionals like me and in a kind of a quaking voice I told them what had happened to me and that I'd need to take this time off and It's really interesting their responses And I think they're typical of the kind of responses that many people get in our society at large But in particular in the legal profession where mental health issues are there's a lot of stigma attached to them But the first partner said to me and shook his head and said, you know, Dan Why don't you go on a vacation? You know, you know, what is the problem here?  You have a beautiful wife You're an accomplished lawyer You know, you make a good salary. What is the problem? That was his answer The second partner was silent He was looking out the window we're in a huge high-rise He didn't say anything, you know, and in many ways that was the most painful response Because I imagined the worst, you know, there was no offer of support or anything like that The third partner was kind of like a network news anchor real handsome guy, you know, perfect hair Megawatts smile and always always in a happy mood. Don't matter what what was going wrong with the firm or what was going right So he was listening and nodding his head as I was talking and he was smiling like like this You know, it was so Disconnected to the message. I was telling him But he said his response was Dan you know you You at 90% is better than any lawyer. I know so But the truth of the matter was and I told him I wasn't at 90% I was more at 10% 10% of the person I used to be and I think that Looking back on it what I think is important to recognize was that the first lawyer The take a vacation or get over it kind of response is so typical, right? You know for people who don't know about depression or who've never experienced depression The quiet or cold shoulder treatment is also very common. Sometimes people don't know what to say or Sometimes in their own mind The thoughts are percolating that, you know, this guy can't cut it, you know, what's his problem? This is a tough profession.  I didn't want anybody to know that I was taking time off So I would go to that Starbucks continue to go there during that break in My suit with my briefcase as if nothing had happened as if no one I didn't want to take any chance that anyone would ever know Where's Dan? Where is he? You know, why is he in court? so I would Shower shade get in my suit my briefcase get my coffee and then after all the lawyers or judges Left for the work day go back home and go to bed So that was my experience for about three months At some point it came time to go back to work Which I dreaded because I wasn't well. It wasn't fixed or healthy and what was most striking to me And I'll talk about stigma a lot today What was most striking to me was that and I worked at a large firm No one said welcome back or you know, are you feeling better or cheese or anything? I can do is like silence silence as if I I'd seen these people yesterday but I hadn't seen them in three months and I think it was this sense of Tension like do not disturb the apple cart. Do not talk about this issue, you know Looking back on it, you know at the time I was really hurt by that experience and That's why I think I can speak speak so strongly about stigma because I experienced that deep in my bones and I think When I look back on it clearly everyone doesn't have a hard hard or they're not, you know Dismissive dismisses above me. They weren't dismissive of me But they just didn't have any reference point for what depression is and I think most people in our culture and maybe in the legal profession think of it as Sadness right I did You know, what's the difference? I'm often asked this what's the difference and I think there's a profound difference and one of the things that best explanation I ever read was by this guy who's a psychologist in New York City Depression sadness and grief However, however, the opposite of depression is not happiness But vitality The ability to experience the full range of emotions including happiness excitement sadness and grief It's not sadness or grief. It's an illness and I think that encapsulates Much of my experience and it took me a long long long time to understand that depression or clinical anxiety are illnesses Right they go from the mild end to the more severe end, but at some level there's Neurochemical changes happening in the brain. There's hormonal Changes happening in the brain that make it an illness so I Think we all know, you know that depression is a big problem in our culture Maybe we don't know how big of a problem it is in our culture in our society but depression is the leading cause of Disability in in this country and in the world right now When you think about it or I tried to think about it visually for you guys 20 million people 20 million people at any Point during a year. I diagnosed or live with depression. So to do the math That is 250 football stadiums That's how many people right now as we're talking our strokes a suffering from depression not sadness, but true clinical depression Now let's bring it home to what does that mean to you to you guys? I mean It's going to mean a lot as you'll soon see because the depression rates for Law students and lawyers according to these large studies that just were conducted Are much higher much higher than the general public the general population This study was conducted last year And they surveyed I think it was 15 lost schools and Thousands and thousands of law students from around the country. So these are your Your future colleagues. These are your your classmates, right? And they found that 37% had anxiety 17% had depression and 21% had suicidal thoughts These numbers are two to three times higher than that experienced for regular folks around the country So something seriously going wrong, right with mental health in law schools Why? Why is law school so difficult? Well, they've identified a bunch of reasons you probably have some of your own but here were some of the most Sighted reasons pressure to get good grades the Socratic method pressure to get good summer jobs Excessive workload lack of human connections if you're about a job after law school and poor self-care you know so These things I think in what we're they're trying to do here at this law school in law schools across the country are Trying to reverse this trend By making mental health and mental well-being a higher value and how they teach you They also did a study last year on Lawyers and this was this covered. It was another big survey and they surveyed over 12,000 lawyers from around the country and what they found was Depression rates of 28% that's four times the national average Suicidal ideation 11.5% that's five times the national average okay, if You try to get a sense of the proportion of that There's 1.2 million lawyers practicing in America today, so if you plug that depression rate in That means that 365,000 lawyers across America or roughly the size of the population of Pittsburgh are suffering from depression right now The same study found Also problems with anxiety and stress Okay, about double the national average And I think this is significant because for lots of reasons, but one of the reasons it's significant is that Most people with a mood disorder such as depression Also have an anxiety disorder. It's called comorbidity and they believe it's because The part of our brain that regulates our moods the limbic system is involved deeply involved with Anxiety and depression and actually stress management So many people with depression and anxiety are not good at stress management When I when I was talking about that with a fellow lawyer I said I wasn't very good and it certainly it had a role in my developing depression How ironic is that I'm a trial lawyer and I'm very busy and very stressed But that's the problem, you know people who are Successful don't necessarily aren't necessarily good at managing stress. I mean the best example is that at law schools You're all very accomplished. Otherwise you wouldn't be in law school But many of you are not good at managing stress just like I wasn't right Let's talk a little bit about some causes For me, I like to think of it as the perfect storm In my family in my family tree There's a lot of people with depression or bipolar or addiction problems I wasn't I never thought I would be one of those people because I didn't like to drink smoke Take drugs. I was a good kid good kid who got good grades, but looking back on it they believe that as much as 50 percent of People who develop depression have a genetic component to it The other thing that's important to recognize and there's a lot of research being done on trauma these days I Had a traumatic childhood my father was a severe alcoholic and I he died from alcoholism when he's 56 and I imagine that if We look back on it and he was evaluated They would have determined that he had either depression or bipolar disorder, you know at that time they didn't have Many resources to to to diagnose someone or treat them So I brought that risk factor with me into law school, right? genes trauma personality Most lawyers and I'll talk about this in a little bit They've studied this and not surprisingly many many people who go into law school and become lawyers are type a Personality types right their self starters They're driven They're perfectionists They are can be kind of pessimistic Okay, so there's a certain personality type that generally goes into law many many many exceptions but the studies have shown that there's that link and Finally, I think that's true for me personality-wise, but finally the stress of being a lawyer And when I talk about stress I often say, you know stress is a very good thing for much of my life And I think even now People are motivated by stress. So there's good stress, right? What I'm talking about is chronic unremitting perpetual stress which Humans were never didn't evolve to handle that kind of stress in their bodies in their brains so much of the law practice today and The experience of many lawyers is that there's just too much stress involved in the day-to-day life of being a lawyer So for me personally Each person may have a different story. It was the perfect storm of these Things that I think coalesced and created depression for me I mentioned personality. This is just a recap of what I was talking about highly ambitious How many of you raise your hands can it can identify with some of those qualities? More than a couple And I think one of the things that's interesting pessimism When we talk about pessimism and this has been Researched and written about as it relates to lawyer personalities. What it means is not so much Is the glass half-empty or half-fold? That's not what we're really talking about It's really it's called a cognitive explanatory style. All right, so it's a way of looking at the world in a negative way All right that puts you in the position of you're always looking for trouble All right, you're always problem-solving. You're always on your toes thinking something bad is gonna happen. Okay, and I as a lawyer and Many many many hundreds and hundreds of lawyers. I've talked to around the country Said that is dead-on and why is that dead-on? Because I'd walk into a courtroom or in a deposition and they'd be scanning my environment Looking for trouble Looking for an opposing counsel was going to be a jerk that day. I'm thinking I'm in for a long day, right? I better get my backup or It might be something as I'm sitting at my desk and I See a fat package come in from an opponent and it's a emotion You know on a case so you develop That capacity and I think it's often something They say it's you know, you're learned to think like a lawyer They say that in law school all the time or they did when I was a law student We're gonna teach you to think like a lawyer well Part of that thinking is this kind of thinking and what they found is that lawyers Who have this quality are very successful people? Okay, the problem is the problem is it while it may make you very successful It doesn't go a long way as far as establishing good mental health, right? People who are pessimistic don't necessarily have depression But most people who have depression are pessimistic or negative thinkers So that's another risk factor, right when we think about depression and what causes it And why lawyers have so much so many problems with that This is what I mean more specifically when I talk about stress and perpetual stress, okay? Fight or flight the adversarial nature of the profession winners losers time crunch little time for self-care Okay Some people when I lecture on this and I lecture to judges and trial lawyers They will say well You know That's just the way it is, you know, it is an adversarial profession. There are winners and losers and Or they might say most of these problems are attributable to trial lawyers or people with big law firms And the studies just don't bear that out These depression rates hold constant across people who are in government and private practice solo practice big law firms So there's something going on in the culture Of the law and that culture begins in law school, right? And then it continues on into the legal profession the thing that I had the most difficulty with I Think was number one and two and then the last one I Had always grown up in my family. It was a dysfunctional family This is an understatement But I was always kind of like the the good kid that the overachiever of the family hero in my family of five five kids so I got along by always being a kind of a pleasant conciliatory person and This idea that all lawyers or trial lawyers or litigators are pit bulls is just false Some of the nicest people I've ever met have been trial lawyers, but there are There is a group of people in in that Litigation group that are like that and those are the people I would dread the most and When that happened when I got those people Immediately my heart would start racing my I would sweat I Was terrified, you know, you couldn't show any of that but I was so I had the most difficulty with adversarial nature of the profession and Consequentially, I also had little time for self-care Which was a big problem Stigma the studies that I showed you earlier about law school and the high rates of Law students with depression What was interesting Was that not only were there high rates of law student depression and anxiety is that most of them didn't seek out any treatment of any kind whether it be with a The counseling department at the law school or at the university or off-site okay so They attributed most of the people who who responded to the study said the biggest reason was Stigma, you know being identified as somebody who had a mental problem or they cited privacy concerns or they talked about What's going to happen if my future employer finds out about this? Do I have to what if it comes up on the character and fitness part of becoming a lawyer? So that's a big deal and I think what we're finding is that law schools and Across the country and law firms and the legal profession is saying this isn't working You know stigmatizing people because what's happening is the depression rates and anxiety rates are not going down. They're going up By historically they're going up So there's a high cost to be paid with stigma I Think for me and it's different for every person, but in my family. I experienced stigma because many many people in my family it was really Pull yourself up by your own bootstraps kind of family upbringing. My dad was a World War two veteran a kind of meat and potato, you know have a beer every night kind of guy and Certainly talking about one's feelings or one's mental health problems Weren't common at the dinner table so People experience Stigma at their job they can experience with it and their family when they come home and I think There's also this side of stigma. That's an inside job, right?  I Think that's true because depression is such a powerful experience for most people and What's interesting is that? When you go through a depression many people with depression everything shuts down, right? They appear flat and motionless and lifeless, but they actually know that a lot is actually going on inside a person's brain When they're depressed, I started with an opening statement. So I'll have a closing argument Which some thoughts I have on this topic How many of you have taken trial technique? Oh Gee, this is a bad slide then, you know Are you saying to yourselves? I don't know what a closing argument is well It's at the end of a trial and I've had to give a lot of them Usually that's not a good sign if the jurors look like that, you know if they have that kind of expression of their faces And I've had a few juries like that but What I wanted to say and I think we're getting to the point that we all recognize What the problem is right too much stress toxic stress anxiety and depression in law schools We know there's a problem We now know and have identified some causes, right? We outline them here Law schools are responding beginning to respond as is the general legal culture But I think The proof is in the pudding with the recent study on law students that stigma is still a dominating factor that prevents Law students from getting treatment That's nationally true on a national level. That's true 80% of people Nationally don't get any treatment for the depression or anxiety Law students, it's about 50% that's still a lot a lot of people not getting help And I've been to too many law schools across the country Where law students have committed suicide just too many at every law school I've spoken at So when I When I talk about this I often that's why I don't come with a to-do list of things you can do You know, what can I do to feel better? What can I do to treat my depression? You know, I'm not going to do that today because I think many of you probably know what those things are or You can easily go on your smartphone and find out what they are exercise therapy medication so what I'd like to conclude with is To challenge you to think about these conditions differently, okay So what does that mean when I was a kid? This was my superhero. He really was and you you may know superman With different actors, you know But when I was a kid Christopher Reeve when I was a teenager a young man he was Superman and he could fly and do all this cool stuff and He was my hero But Something as you may know some of you may know or all of you may know The person who played that character had a tragic Accident how many people know about that raise your hands? Well, this will make the story even better the you know, he was involved in that Accident where his horse riding and was going over a fence One face forward and broke his neck and was in a wheelchair the rest of his life and One time I think it was on CNN I actually saw him interviewed and they asked him, you know, what is the hero? What is a hero, you know? People when they looked at him Thought he was very heroic in what he did This is what he said Which has always stayed with me and it's something I have on a card in my wallet a Hero is an ordinary individual Who finds a strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming odds? That stayed with me a long time I don't know why but then it worked its way into my thinking about stigma and How people still view people with mental health problems In a poor way, right? I mean they do often too often and how People struggling with these conditions view themselves that way Right? They're ashamed. They're broken. They're never gonna make it. They're never gonna be successful So in many ways, I think This fits fits well with what I'd like to leave you with in some measure and that you could take that quote finds the strength to persevere and I think In your profession in your law school time when you're here and when you go on to become lawyers Perseverance is a huge Part of being a successful lawyer huge, you know Some kind of saying that you know the kids who were on lock law review and got a's and that stuff They all became like appellate judges. So most of them are not real lawyers That's what you know my friends that I would say the majority of people who the B and C students, right?  So I would find Over my career The most important quality next to hard work because you're gonna work hard as a lawyer as you do as a law student the biggest thing That kept me going was perseverance Getting back up, you know, when you're knocked down In a case or in a legal matter You'll lose it's a win-loss kind of game oftentimes Getting back up and going forward. All right that lesson applies equally to mental health, right? It applies equally because when I think of people who struggle and there's millions of them walking around, you know How many people are there here today? I'll say 50 for the sake of our 60 would be easier So that means 20 of you have a Problem right now with anxiety or depression So if you don't have a problem look to your left or right and somebody probably does Right and that person is going through a tremendous Battle every day to keep going to class to show up on time Right to keep up with everybody And that demands a lot of perseverance and in my view that is a very heroic thing heroic the complete opposite of stigma right these people might not wear like, you know shiny metals on their lapel We don't have parades for them or bumper stickers But in my experience over the last ten years some of the best of the best of the best of the people I've met Persevere and our people who struggle with mental health problems and who want to achieve amazing things So I checked that box and They endure in spite of overwhelming odds right Just like going into the law, you know, you're the creme de la creme, you know It's not easy to get into law school. You're very privileged to be part of this great tradition this history of being part of our democracy So you hand to endure and overcome a lot of odds Right to be here and then you'll have to pass the bar exam. I was just talking to somebody who just took it Good luck It's it's a ordeal, but you're gonna have to endure that and overcome it but Getting back to depression and mental health. It's it's really the same thing because Mental health conditions many people when we talk about depression or anxiety Yes, there are solutions. Yes, there are solutions to treating these conditions but if you talk to many people Who suffer from them? You'll find out pretty quickly if you don't know already they live with them Most people do So in fact, they not only have to persevere. They have to endure They have to keep going. They have to keep hoping the things will get better and When I talk about overwhelming odds, I mean when we think of heroes, that's what we think of they've done something special, right? And that's how I think of people Lost students and lawyers who go into this extraordinarily challenging profession really tough profession And if that weren't enough, they're also carrying with them this tremendous load of Mental illness, right? That is a heroic thing and so for those of you here who Have one of these conditions You're a hero to me. I mean I from the bottom of my heart. I feel that way For those of you who don't suffer from one of these conditions You should really think about how you view somebody when You're told if you're fortunate enough to be told that someone suffers from one of these conditions They're not less than They're really heroes. They really are you know so Thanks for your time. I Didn't have a lot of time to cover an enormous topic. We could have talked probably for a few hours but I think I Wanted to get now to the documentary. I'll tell you very quickly what that is a Few years ago. We received three grants to create to hire a documentary filmmaker And the topic is depression in the legal profession. So we interviewed lawyers law students judge an expert in psychiatry an expert in psychology and a Lincoln scholar now why Lincoln you'll find out So I don't want to tip my to tell you too much sit back and just watch the film Thank you again to Dan LeCasic the deans and our wellness committee


Sorry for the background noise and everything but while my eggs are boiling for Easter, those are the Easter eggs we're boiling, I'm going to open this little package because I got it from Chloe Ting. She has a workout band that I got. They come in this like really good quality like plastic bag. Oh my gosh, I'm dropping everything. Very cool. So we got the blue color. The colors represent a different resistance like one is like super resistant and then one is like easier. This is the string bag that it comes with. Here's the light pink version. Keep thrusting. Oh, this, this one seems a lot less strong than the blue one. Then we have the purple. This one seems like medium. What I'm guessing is this one's the toughest one, the toughest resistance. Then we have purple and then the pink is less. I'll probably end up starting with the least amount of resistance. Then next we have the string bag to keep them in. Look at how cute. So adorable. It's little Chloe doing an exercise on the bag. That's adorable. I don't even think I started this vlog but welcome to the Easter special. I just got done boiling the eggs. I have them sitting in some ice right now to cool down and I cracked one. So that's really sad. But first we're going to eat having my salad in turkey. I'll show you. There's mama's enjoying their meal and then I have my, I have my salad and turkey. Woohoo. Okay. So all the eggs are boiled.  Either one. We are going to do eggs tomorrow night just because it was getting kind of late anyway and they were just like, let's just do it tomorrow night. So we're going to do it tomorrow night. Yeah. I just felt the need to up to you guys and tell you that so on to tomorrow. Okay. So it is currently eight o'clock and I swear I haven't vlogged all day today. Dinner is served. Dinner is served. There's Mallory. She's carrying in the casserole. I don't eat this but anyway. Casserole hot dogs, stiff, deviled eggs. This is our fattening food meal. I boiled the eggs. Yes. This is like actually what the food that started to eat the eggs all the time. Used to call them deviled eggs. I know. We just didn't like the middle. Yeah. We got the hot dogs here. Ooh, looks how pretty. I normally have like two hot dogs or three because I don't like deviled eggs. Well, I eat eggs all the time anyway and I don't like the casserole so I'm going to get myself two of these.  So now I'm going to eat. Oh, and I forgot to show the family size bag of chips. There was no room for it. The day has come. It is Easter. Happy Easter, Sherry. Well, I thank you, baby. Happy Easter. You too. I look so bad. That was about it for me. My hair is all weird. Anyway, we are going to take a good picture sometime today. We are. Because, you know, Sherry is always in the videos but we don't have any good pictures. I have like maybe at the most three. Yeah, so we have our matching outfits on. Yeah. So this is from the copper closet. I don't know where hers is. Oh, that's from Chico's. This is from Chico's. Yeah, it's like a perfect. And this is from Sherry's closet. I always love Sherry and Tan. You know why? Because it matches my hair. Just my hair. Yeah, so. Kind of. Kind of. So anyway, Valerie is going to do her little talk and then do Easter Bunny. I think the Easter Bunny came. We haven't done Easter Exits so that's also coming like after. Easter Bunny and Inside Easter Egg Hunt. Yes. Okay, Valerie, tell us what we're doing. I am going to do my very first universe responding service over Facebook Live. And then this is her setup so you guys can kind of see a behind the scenes. Yep.  And I'm going to. This is the Yeti microphone I was telling you about. And then this is a webcam. I don't know what brand it is. I'm very happy with it. So this is the camera she uses. It's the C922 Pro Stream. Okay, so Valerie's talk went well. I'll link it down below if you guys want to see it. But now we're going to do our Easter festivities. We're going to be decorating eggs probably soon and we're going to find some eggs because the Easter Bunny still hides eggs for me. So you're never too old for that. The Easter Bunny visited our house and now we're going to have Alex see what the Easter Bunny left. The Easter Bunny is an essential worker we found out. So that's why he came. I was telling Sherry, so I was fluffing up because you said, oh, get the living room looking nice. Right. So I was fluffing up the pillows and I started finding the eggs. I was like, oh, no, he really wants me to open this. I actually got it from the mail and it says all Terry Jewelers Broadway Jackson, Ohio. Oh, cool. Al Terry. Al Terry. I think it's Al. Okay. Oh, a coin. It's a very special coin. Okay. The present. Don't you see it's a hologram? Yeah. Let me see. It's iridescent. The Easter Bunny found the hollow bunnies. Oh, milk chocolate. Wow. And then I'm going to have one of these right now because these are the white chocolate Reese's eggs that I got. So good. We're starving. We haven't eaten today. Okay. So we're going to be starting our egg coloring pretty soon. Valerie's prepping and getting everything ready. There's the vinegar and there's our eggs. I am having a pink lemonade. This is what it looks like. And what inspired me were these colors.  Don't worry, guys. I will not get it confused with this. And then Sherry, I always make her, is it an Arnold Palmer? It's called Arnold Palmer. Where it's like half lemonade, half iced tea. So we're going to sip on our little beverages, alcohol-free just so you know. I don't want anyone getting confused. I wonder what we added to that to make it a Long Island iced tea. And I'm a bigger kid now so I can do more responsibility. You can. I know the colors. Orange, pink. I don't know. Pink and orange are the same to me. That's how I know. Okay, there we go. That's how I know. But the colors look very vibrant. I know. That's a nice one. That's really pretty. I love the bright colors. Sherry's egg here has a little birth mark. Mine's going to have a little freckle. Oh, no. I love these colors actually, Valerie. They're very pretty. Brilliant colors. This is how the blue one's looking. Okay guys, it's my favorite time of the day of the event. Valerie, this is not a ceremony. It's a sudden strange ceremony. She likes to go to the ceremony. Well, I like to see the colors mix. Okay. Why is it so funny? See, okay, watch how satisfying this is. Okay. It's not satisfying. It is satisfying. It's satisfying. Okay, we're good. We're on recording. We're recording. It's satisfying.  Pink and yellow? Are you sure that's going to be satisfying? I don't know. Yeah, it makes orange. Oh, that was beautiful. Valerie's being a smart boy right now. I'm keeping some of this audio in because it's funny. And this is what the mothers find satisfying. Bounty the quicker pick her up. Cleaning up. We like to make fun of it, but that's okay. We good here. I'm not actually doing like this. Oh, okay. Okay guys, so here is our Easter dinner. We actually got it from Bonefish Grill. Valerie's taking a photo for Facebook here. But we got mahi mahi fish, shrimp, broccoli, and some potatoes. The salad, the yummy cookies, and bread. It's great being able to get this for such a good deal. $60. Wow. $60 for all this food. Like, that's a good deal. That was $50 plus the tip.