Welcome to the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. We are thrilled you are joining us for your next academic year. My name is Katie O'Connor and I'm the vice chancellor for academic programs. This division covers a wide range of departments and areas on campus, including admissions, the library, mentorship and research, the registrar's office, engineering and technology, humanities, mathematics and science. You are embarking on an incredible journey and we are delighted that you have chosen to spend the last two years of your high school career with us. When NCSSM opened in 1980 it was the nation's first statewide residential high school for science and mathematics. NCSSM is publicly funded and when you take a moment to think about that you can easily equate it to receiving the best academic gift ever. The opportunity to further your studies is truly a gift. Many people from current students, faculty, staff, alumni, donors and friends of NCSSM work hard each day to make NCSSM an extraordinary place to work and learn. We want to make an investment in you and we want you to make an investment in us by working hard, being innovative and living with an incredibly talented and diverse student body from all over North Carolina. Now I hope you will take the time to view all the messages from the deans of our academic departments. They include important course information. Finally, congratulations on your acceptance and we are excited to get to know you during the next two years.


العشان العديد من صديقات العديد من أسلام السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته مرحباً لأخر أبسسوط من كاربلا وميروز تحمل علي قبل أن نترى أبسوط أحضر أن أرد من التكلم عن الإمام صاحب العصر والزمان ربما يرسل الله في محافظه لتركيز محمد عن أهل البيت ومسلم كيميوني لتلقي بلدي عيد الفطر ربنا الله سبحانه وتعالى أخبر هذا اليوم وخبر المنصف رمضان مع بلاسن ومرسي وفرغب next year إن شاء الله اليوم إن شاء الله we will continue our discussion around human rights comparing between the justice equity and genuine perspective to the declaration of rights of man and the citizens of 1789 yesterday for the respected viewers who didn't get the chance to view the episode we examined the equity of Ali ibn Talib and as well as the justice and we came to the conclusion that Ali ibn Talib even put the law to himself he was addressed to the law as well as the liberty and freedom that he allowed to the Muslims under his ruling however before we commence further into the show and to the episode let us welcome our very special guest who has joined us for the past four nights سيد مضفر القزميني سلام عليكم سيدنا الحمد لله وعيامكم إن شاء الله إن شاء الله and the families of our viewers إن شاء الله سيدنا there is no better place to be on earth right now between the two holy shrines of حسين وفل العباس إن شاء الله we can come here every day every year on aid and celebrate with the help of the bait إن شاء الله سيدنا yesterday we examined the equity of Ali ibn Talib peace be upon him his message to معلك الأشتر was be equal to everybody no matter if they were your family members or close friends someone from a specific tribe or someone high in society don't mind or don't favor anyone just follow the rules of Ali ibn Talib of being equal and just to everybody however tonight we are going to discuss freedom of expression someone that can explain himself or express his faith, his religion his denomination anything that he has we are going to discuss the 10th, 11th and 12th إن شاء الله the 10th article states that no one may be disrupted for his opinion even religious ones provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law this is very similar to the 11th article which states the free communication of thoughts and of the opinions of some of the most precious rights of man these 2 articles are very similar we learned from Ali ibn Talib that he ruled according to the teachings of Rasool Allah and Islam رحمة محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم الله سبحانه وتعالى في القرآن لا أعبد ما تعبدون ولا أنتم معابدون ولا أنا عبدما عبدتهم لا أنتم معابدون ولا أنتم معابد لكم دينكم ولا يديني or disbelievers or disbelievers you have your own faith and i have mine so you follow yours you follow your religion and i'll follow mine from that time gave freedom to everybody you're not forced into the religion of Islam إعلام عالي بنه إبي�� طالب خلال عالي بنه أبي لمسخحأة جيدة لإمكان جيدة قولة عالي بنه إبيطالب وكذلك أصدقائنا على نهاية العالم السلام الله عليه أمير المؤمنين عليه الصلاة والسلام يقول وَلَوْثُنِ يَتْلِيَ الْوَسَادَةَ فَجَلَسْتُ عَلَيْهَا لَحَكَمْتُ فيْ أَهْلَةَ تَورَاتِ بَتَورَاتِهِ وَفي أهلِ الإنجيلِ بِإنجيلِهِم وَفي أهلِ القرآنِ بِقُرآنِهِم if I was able to rule over human beings, over citizens, over the Muslims then I would rule over the people of Taourat accordingly by the Taourat and if I were to rule over the Christians, I would rule over them according to the Bible حتى نعمل فكل أسسلم ، يأتينا إ منهم منظمة باقرار القرآن باقرار القرآن ، ع gibi يكبرنا هذا في محمين ، و drawerat وصلاة والسلام ، يوجد المعرفة من تورات ، يوجد المعرفة من بيبو ، ومعرفة من القرآن ، لتأكيد أنه يقول ، يمكنني أن أقوم بعمل كل مجموعة ، باستخدام أمورهم ، ومعلماتهم ، وعلى الله سبحانه و تعالى ، لكن أيضًا ، عندما نرى أمير المؤمنين ، أو هذا يقول ، أمير المؤمنين ، عليه الصلاة والسلام ، نرى إميزات.  بالطبع. أية نفسي. لكن الد Tuesday is trying to explain to people that I will hold you accountable by your laws. So the Jews I will hold you accountable by what the Torah says. Yeah he's not gonna put himself. You know so they don't feel like Hence the word God. امير المؤمنين Awmineen as a Muslim leader is trying to force them into the Islamic teachings. Yes, we as Muslims believe أن الله's message was one but Amir al-Mu'mineen was to explain to his citizens that I will rule to you according to justice or rule over you according to justice and your laws and your belief. For example, at the time of Amir al-Mu'mineen, عليه الصلاة والسلام. In the same instance where Amir al-Mu'mineen, عليه الصلاة والسلام said, سلوني قبل ان تفقدوني.  الأشعاف stood up and spoke to Amir al-Mu'mineen, عليه الصلاة والسلام. He told him, يا أمير المؤمنين, يا علي ابنى بيطالب. How come then you take jizya, a governmental tax from the magus that live under your empire? أمير المؤمنين عليه الصلاة والسلام responds because they are under the category of Ahl al-Kitab. And if you look at the Qur'an, you see that the Qur'an illustrates that they are people of the book. And this is exactly what Amir al-Mu'mineen عليه الصلاة والسلام says to Ash'ath. He says, يا أش'ath قد أنزل الله عليهم كتابا وبعث إليهم نبيا. And another hadith it said that yes, a prophet was sent to them but they killed him. And a book was sent to them but they burnt the book. The prophet was killed and their book was 12,000 pieces of cow skin. 12,000 pieces of cow skin and every single one was an article. And they burnt the book that their prophet came to them with and they killed their prophet. So this doesn't mean that their idol worshippers when Allah سبحانه وتعالى sent them a prophet but they astrayed. And Shaytan was victorious over them. So Islam and the representative of Islam holding the true knowledge knows how to rule over them. So even the Majus, even the Majus they were allowed to marry as the religion allowed them to marry. In the religion one was able to marry his mother or sister. And Islam did not prohibit them but they were not to spread this belief in their community or the community of the Muslims. They were allowed to practice it by themselves in private quarters but not to publicly show it. And this is a freedom that Islam gave them. So even people like Majus in the nation of Ali ibn Abi Talib and the government of Ali ibn Abi Talib had their freedom. Let alone the Christians or the Jews. One day Amir al-Mu'mineen alaihi wa sallatu wa sallam writes a carriage. And a man comes and sits in the carriage. Amir al-Mu'mineen was going from destination A to destination B. So was this man. But Amir al-Mu'mineen's destination would end before the destination of this man ended. Amir al-Mu'mineen starts to speak to him. Makes a friendship with him. Makes him as a acquaintance. They start speaking. Tell me about yourself. What do you do? How many children do you have? And Amir al-Mu'mineen is very friendly with him. This man tells Amir al-Mu'mineen. I'm one of the Jews that live amongst the Arabs. I do this and I do that. Amir al-Mu'mineen stays with him until this man gets off and reaches his destination. He tells him, I didn't get your name. What was your name? I guess they pass Kufa. So he asks Amir al-Mu'mineen, what's your name? I didn't get to fully know you. Amir al-Mu'mineen tells him, my name is Ali ibn Abi Talib. Tells him, you're the Khalifa? He says yes, I'm the Khalifa. He says, well you had to get down in Kufa. Why did you sit with me the whole time? Spent all this time with me? Amir al-Mu'mineen responds to him that the religion of Muhammad, صلى الله عليه وسلم.  And that caused that Jewish man to accept the religion of Islam and he gave his testimony to Allah سبحانه و تعالى and the prophet of Islam and Ali ibn Abi Talib. And he gave his shahada. So Amir al-Mu'mineen did not distinguish. Even as a ruler, this is how humble he was. And another instance, a Christian man comes from Damascus. He comes from Damascus, he's a Christian scholar. He comes from Damascus, till today there are Christians that live in Syria. He comes to Kufa from Damascus and he's walking around Kufa because Kufa became the headquarters of the empire at the time of Amir al-Mu'mineen عليه و صلى الله عليه وسلم. He sees this man sleeping under a tree but his resemblance was not the resemblance of a poor man. He's dressed fine, he's dressed decent, he's clean. So he asks, who is this man? Why is he sleeping in the hot sun? He asks someone sleeping in the sun, in Karbala. It was like 57 degrees yesterday and today. He's sleeping right here. We see some of the Zawar sleeping in between the Harami. So Amir al-Mu'mineen is sleeping under a tree. He asks the people who are standing by maybe in one of the markets or something. He asks them, who's that man? Why is he sleeping under the tree? He tells them, you don't know who that is? That's our Khalifa. That's the leader of the Muslims. The leader of this nation. It's عجيب. He walks and stands over the head of Amir al-Mu'mineen. Amir al-Mu'mineen opens his eyes. He tells him, لقد عدلت. You truly showed justice. You are the leader of the Muslims and you're sleeping under a tree under this hot sun. I could see justice in you. Every other leader lived in a palace with maids and servants. Lots of gold. Lots of gold, drinks, food. A lavish lifestyle with bodyguards. Amir al-Mu'mineen didn't even have a bodyguard. I'm sure you've heard of the occasion when Amir al-Mu'mineen was walking with Qambar one night and a very dark night and Amir al-Mu'mineen told Qambar he drew a circle around him and told Qambar, don't move out of these premises. I have to do something and I'll be back. Qambar became worried. يا عمير المؤمنين. You have enemies.  It's not safe. You don't even have your sword with you. يا قمبر, I'm telling you to stand here. Don't move. I have to do something and I will be back. Qambar says an hour passed by. Two hours passed by. I became worried. What happened to Amir al-Mu'mineen? Where is he? He says I left. I left and I kept walking in the desert. Walking in the desert. I heard the voice of Amir al-Mu'mineen from far away. He's in tears. He's crying. He's speaking into a well. But what I want to explain to you is that he would even allow Qambar to walk with him as a bodyguard. Because you mentioned bodyguards. Amir al-Mu'mineen would walk by himself. He would walk by himself when it came in the time of his governance. Amir al-Mu'mineen showed equality to a point that a Christian man comes to him and he tells him you have truly showed justice upon your citizens. When Amir al-Mu'mineen was ruling and Mu'awiya was mobilizing troops against Amir al-Mu'mineen daily. And Amir al-Mu'mineen would tell his citizens and there is a khutbah sermon number 27 of Amir al-Mu'mineen نحج البلاغة and sermon 97 Amir al-Mu'mineen عنها فلصلاة والسلام is telling his people and citizens to stand up for jihad to protect themselves and their families from the troops of Mu'awiya. It's a very saddening sermon. But I want to get to this point. Amir al-Mu'mineen عليها فلصلاة والسلام says a messenger has came to me and told me that حسان بن حسان has been killed by the troops of Mu'awiya. The troops of Ibn Ghamid have reached Ambar and they have killed حسان بن حسان our worker on Ambar and I have heard and messengers have told me that the troops of Mu'awiya are entering the homes of the Muslims and the homes of the non-Muslims المسلمة والمعاهدة and taking the gold off their feet their chest, their hands, their wrist and their fingers exactly what you see today happening in Mousal in Ambar the soldiers of Ibn Ghamid المعاهدة have came back to Iraq and doing exactly the same thing taking Muslim women as captives and selling them as slaves in the black market the AZD women capturing them and exposing them nude and selling them in the black market the Christian women of Mousal capturing them and selling them as slaves in the black market and destroying of masjids and churches in Mousal and Ambar وعمير المؤمنين عليه الصلاة والسلام says والله by Allah if a Muslim hears about this message and does not die of his sorrow that a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim woman in their government was harmed and he does not die from sorrow I don't blame him if he does die from sorrow أمير المؤمنين did not have any criteria for someone to be living in his government both Muslims, Christians, Jews Majusi, AZD all were respected in his government he says أمير المؤمنين says أموالهم كأموالنا ودماءهم كدمائنا when it comes to non-Muslims when he was asked about non-Muslims he says أموالهم كأموالنا their wealth and their assets are like our assets and our wealth they are protected and they are respected and when it comes to their lives they're also protected their blood is like our blood if their blood is shed it is like a Muslim has shed blood if they are killed it is as if a Muslim has been killed in the Quran it states ومن قتل نفسا أو فساعدا في الأرض it doesn't say if you killed a Muslim it says if you have killed one person أمير المؤمنين explains this in a more broad way the Muslims shouldn't think that the Quran is only speaking about a Muslim that if one person dies that person is only a Muslim no Allah is saying if a human being dies if a human being is killed a human could be a Christian a Jew or a Muslim or an Azad or a Majusi his wealth is respected and his blood and life is respected his family is respected and honored and protected when it comes to the teachings of أهل البيت عليهم أفضل الصلاة والسلام this is why we find that even Christians fought alongside of course and this is why you see Christians fighting alongside their Shi'a brothers in الحشد الشعبي the voluntary army it's significant I mean I mean some people try to brush it away or you know put it in a hole but they couldn't you know there is Nawasl those who hate أمير المؤمنين and there is people like George who has committed his life to write about the history of عليبنا بيطالب الليبنين is Christian yeah he has his famous poem he has poems he has a full book about أمير المؤمنين and books and he says عليبنا بيطالب wasn't just for the Muslims it was for humanity because he respected Christians as he respected the Muslims and he says أمير المؤمنين says أدى انجيليا فقد آداني he who harms a person who follows the angel the bible has harmed me and tell me someone could could be more just than عليبنا بيطالب have you seen words by any other and the pros of عليبنا بيطالب من آدى انجيليا فقد آداني أموالهم كأموالنا ودماءهم كدماءنا also when it came to law the iron fist wasn't only on the non Muslims it was on the Muslims and the non Muslims law protected all and it was an iron fist against all and it was ولا ظلم منكم مسلم ولا معاهد says to his citizens no injustice by you my citizens whether it's a Muslim or a معاهد being a Christian a Jew a Majusi or any other religion that lived amongst or in the nation of أمير المؤمنين عليها صلاة والسلام when it comes to equality and treating everyone the same we find that one time was walking one time walking in the streets of kufa and he saw the old Christian man begging and he asked about his condition they told him that this man he worked all his life but couldn't save anything for his old age but he's a Christian he looked at them with disgust with anger he said doesn't matter if you're a Christian or a Muslim as long as you're a Christian he worked for you when he was young now when he's gray you abandoned him he served you when he was young and now you abandoned him so he ordered his workers to go and give him from the public treasury so it's significant to find such a character in history and even on the day of عشراء it's unfortunate to see this that Christians fought alongside أمير المؤمنين عليهم بيطالب and the followers we can't say they're far away from Islam same as Daesh right now they're fighting Muslims and they fought were Muslims it's unfortunate to see that was a Christian who became a Muslim after meeting Imam Hussain his mother and his wife were there his mother was a Christian his wife was a Christian they fought alongside Imam Hussain and Bani Umayyah fought and butchered Imam Hussain and even said it it was because we hated your father because of his justice because he didn't favor Bani Umayyah or any other tribe if you remember we mentioned this yesterday they were waking at each other and smiling and saying that this man is not the right person right now so they put أثمان and أثمان is famous for killing everybody and you know rolling and just me أمير المؤمنين says he says I order you and command you with justice to have justice on the non-Muslims don't be harsh on them don't be harmful on them be lenient and live with them and rule over them according to justice and to help and aid those who are mistreated and tyranny is placed upon them and injustice is done in their favor and and to hit those who are spreading mischief and injustice with your iron fist be harsh with them but the first segment أمرك بالعدل I order you and command you as your commander in law to abide by these laws to live and to command them according to justice and another segment he says don't show tyranny to the Muslims and don't have injustice upon the non-Muslims أمير المؤمنين repeats and repeats and repeats these words to his workers to those who govern over every city and every letter you would remind them and remind them over and over again to treat أهل الذمة according to justice just as the Muslims are being treated سبحان الله and the same letter we're going to repeat this I think for the third or fourth time in the same letter there are two kinds of people in this world either a brother to you in religion or a sister to you in humanity I mean he's saying that Christians and Muslims are equal in the eyes of Islam there's no difference between a Muslim and Christian and he ruled over them as you mentioned earlier he ruled over them according to their religion not according to Islam and that's we rarely see that in our world today سبحان الله and now we will get to number 12 number 12 it states that the guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizens necessitates a public force this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for a particular utility of those in whom it is trusted we see that with عليم وطالب in various ways force is not it's a side on people who follow the rule of عليم وطالب even if you're Christian there's no force on you to follow Islam but it's significant if you can come here between this and that when it comes so the 12th doctrine it's broken down into two parts the first part when it comes to leadership there has to be leadership before the masses there cannot be anarchy in Islam anarchy is not accepted where man roams freely and lives how he wants and this is what خوارج wanted خوارج told عمير المؤمنين عليه الصلاة والسلام لا امرت إلا الله this was their their head statement there is no command but the command of Allah سبحانه و تعالى we don't want a ruler but this is not the teachings of Islam of course Allah has his commandments but Allah سبحانه و تعالى has also placed those who rule upon man to teach them his rulings without a leader to lead the masses they fall astray without a shepherd without a shepherd his herd will scatter that's why there always has to be a shepherd and the messengers of Allah سبحانه و تعالى and his prophets were shepherds upon man so عمير المؤمنين عليه الصلاة والسلام says no there has to be a leader there has to be a leader and the leader chosen by Allah لا بدل الناس من إمام this was his response to the خوارج لا بدل الناس من إمام there has to be a leader and an imam now إمام is defined into two ways one, the imamah that we believed in an imam that was chosen by Allah سبحانه و تعالى and appointed by رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله the second meaning imam meaning a person that leads the ummah in Allah سبحانه و تعالى ways it does not differentiate it does not differentiate the imam is chosen by Allah سبحانه و تعالى a person that Allah سبحانه و تعالى has ingrained how to rule has given him the keys to rule has given him the tools to rule over the sons of Adam رسول الله had these rules 124,000 prophets before رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله had the rules and the knowledge was ingrained into them and and the 12 imams also have this knowledge ingrained into them أمير المؤمنين عليه و صلى الله عليه و سلام says رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله whispered in my ear and he taught me and gave me the knowledge of Allah سبحانه و تعالى within that knowledge رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله opened for me a thousand doors of knowledge and from those thousand doors of knowledge علمني رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله الف باب من العلم تلك الأبواب تفتح الف باب من العلم رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله gave the keys of leadership and Khilafa and successorship to Ali ibn Abi Talib من كنت مولاه فهذا علي مولاه even to a point the Islamic heritage it doesn't matter whether Shi'a or Sunni says that Omar and Abu Bakr came to Ali ibn Abi Talib on the day of Ghadir saying بخن لك يا علي أصبحت مولاي و مولا كل مؤمن و مؤمنة when we see the hypocrisy it's great there أصبحت مولاي و مولا كل مؤمن و مؤمنة they lived with him for almost 20 years they weren't friends if this is your theory or this is your answer رسول الله said that Ali has become your friend they weren't friends they lived for 20 years together رسول الله was their friend no he wasn't their friend he was their messenger he was their prophet he was their leader رسول الله didn't want to pass on a term of friendship to the Muslims he did that when they migrated from Makkah to Medina he was coming back from Hajj حجة الوداء and when he made everyone brothers when he created that brotherhood between the migrants and the people of Medina between him and himself but this is another topic Insha'Allah we will get to I personally will illustrate that رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله showed the Muslims from day one of his message from the day that رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله was ordered by Allah سبحانه و تعالى to spread his message to his family to his immediate family when رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله invited his household قرش أبو لهب أبو طالب all his cousins that was the first day of his message three consecutive days رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله and he would ask them من يؤذرني على هذا الأمر أن يكون وصي وخليفتي من بعد أن أمير المؤمنين would stand up three consecutive days he would say أنا يا رسول الله رسول الله صلى الله عليه و آله و التلق ريش إشهدوا أن علي و لي و وصي و خليفتي من بعد يا أبو طالب محمد your nephew is placing your son an authority over you this is in Shi'a sources more than it is in Sunni sources more than it is in Shi'a sources سبحان الله yet we still bash one another and Muslims this sectarian war that's going on is based on what I mean if we do really follow the teachings some people may hate علي بنبي طالب but I mean this is the teachings of Prophet Muhammad I mean you have to be a Muslim you have to follow the teachings of Prophet Muhammad in order to be a Muslim yet I mean we still have this struggle of not following the teachings of Islam the true teachings of Islam not according to the favors as and their previous rulers and for the second segment of the 12th commandment that everyone should be given the same amount of rights when it comes to gaining positions governmental positions or occupations or that those who do rule over the nation are only servants to the nation and the masses and the people who they govern over explains to his workers he says illustrating to them he says you're not more than people who gathered the wealth of the Muslims and representatives of the Ummah you are you are the Waqeel you are the representative of that poor man that's walking in the street you are representative of that widow you are representative of that orphan you are representative of that captive the person who doesn't have days end you're his representative and another segment أمير البؤمنين says that the wealth that you have the treasury of the Muslims is not for you and he addresses the Muslims he's saying that this wealth of the treasure of the Muslims it doesn't belong to anyone this wealth هذه الأموال ليست لهم بل هي أموال أموال من جاء قبلهم من الناس it's the wealth of those who came before them it's the wealth of those who came before them ومن سيأتي بعدهم and the wealth of the generations and the children of this generations to come after them it doesn't belong to them it doesn't belong to you or the ministry minister of wealth or the ministry of banking or the ministry of oil or the ministry you know this money does not belong to you سبحان الله this money does not belong to you it belongs to those who came before you as in the people or the government before your government governmented over and ruled upon it's the wealth of the nation and it is the wealth of those who will come after you your children and you will hand this off this responsibility to those who will rule after you and this is how the believers compared his words we compare his words to the doctrine that was written in France I mean after 1200 years they realized the words and wisdom of but we're coming to a conclusion if you would like to conclude with a quote that's the same but the last thing I would want to say what Amir al-Mu'mineen said about himself and we'll insha'Allah come to a conclusion Amir al-Mu'mineen says الإمام الإمام رجل من الناس the leader is a man from the public he's from the masses لهما لهم he has the same rights as they have وعليهما عليهم and and the law that goes against them goes against him as well and yesterday you mentioned how Amir al-Mu'mineen was taken into court yeah definitely even Prophet Muhammad the states I am a messenger but I'm similar to you except that there's divine revelation to me that's the only difference between you and me but إلا حليك have you heard this kind of saying from any other ruler الإمام رجل من الناس on one of you or they all see themselves as to be so much higher than the people who they govern and rule over or even if they do say I mean we do find but the hypocrisy have you ever seen a simple man be able to go and speak to our foreign minister or to our president or to the minister of defense or to the minister of wealth let alone the president or the Khalifa of that time these people are ruling over only the Amir al-Mu'mineen ruled over almost 35 nations what would these people do if they had this power الإمام رجل من الناس لهما لهم he only has the rights that any normal citizen has he only has the rights of any normal citizen Subhan Allah so thank you very much Sayyidina but it's significant إن شاء الله we'll conclude with this that when we hear of such justice and when we hear of such a character in history we would wonder that what happened to that character you know his aim, his main goal was to rule according to justice and equity yet the citizens of that time when you hear of such a character we think that he would live for 50, 60 years with such justice but I mean we thought he lived for only ruled 4 to 5 years Amir al-Mu'mineen also has beautiful words he says يأتي عليكم زمان لا يكون شيء أخفا من الحق the least apparent thing that you Muslims will see is the truth so this is why we see why so many people are lost إن شاء الله we can be guided with the words of Amir al-Mu'mineen with the words of Amir al-Mu'mineen يأتي عليكم زمان لا يكون شيء أخفا من الحق ولا شيء أظهر من الباطل we ask Allah SWT to guide us to show us the right path to bless us with the intercession of Ahl al-Bayt and the blessing of Ahl al-Bayt to reach us on this auspicious night the night of Eid and إن شاء الله we will pray for you tomorrow in the Salat of Eid إن شاء الله in the shrine of Imam Hussein if you couldn't if you couldn't have a special dua unlike this for the respected viewers since we are in between the holy shrines would be a great saving the dua that's said يفعيد الله مني أسألك بحق هذا اليوم الذي جعلته للمسلمين عيدا ولمحمد صلى الله عليه وآله ذخرا وشرفا وكرامة ومزيدا أنت صلي على محمد وآله محمد وإنتدخلني في كل خير أدخلت فيه محمد وآله محمد وإنتخرجني من كل سوء أخرجت منه محمد ونسأل الله على محمد وآله محمد ونسأل الله سبحانه وتعالى أن تحسن ربما أمام مهدي إن شاء الله شكرا لك for joining us on these blessed nights of Ramadan شكرا لك شكرا لك and thank you very much for the viewers for joining us in Ramadan إن شاء الله if you didn't get the chance to view this episode or the previous episodes you can log on to our youtube channel and on our facebook page and also check out our facebook page and on our social media and peace be upon you ورحمة الله وبركاته السلام عليكم و سيدنا


So my name is Cody Freitag. Today, I'll be talking about non-uniformly sound certificates and their applications to concurrence your knowledge. So to motivate this notion of non-uniformly sound certificates, I want to start with the problem of computational delegation. So this is the setting where we have some programmer, Bob, who wants to compute some function. But this function is kind of an expensive polynomial time computation. So he wants to outsource it to the cloud. So what he does, he asks the cloud to compute this machine, m, on some input x. And the cloud computes some output y, which it then returns back to the programmer, as well as its proof pi certifying the correctness of the computation. And the idea here is that the proof should be short and efficiently verifiable. Otherwise, the programmer could have just computed this function on his computer himself and figured out the output. So we want this kind of proof to be as efficient in much less time than to compute the function itself. And you can ask the same question for NP as well. So here you have some non-deterministic computation. And maybe we want to know, does there exist some witness that causes the verification circuit for the language to output 1? And so in the same setting, you want a proof that's kind of much more efficient that says that there exists some witness causing machine to accept. And here the witness can be even as large as the running time of the machine, because each kind of step of the machine, could make some different non-deterministic choice. So to satisfy the efficiency requirements of this protocol, we can use the synced arguments, which were developed by Killian and then later by Brock and Goldreich in 2002, where you have some prover talks to a verifier and a certain number of rounds of interaction to whether or not some statement is in a language. And we require kind of the three standard properties. So first is completeness. So if the statement is in the language, then an efficient prover should be able to convince the verifier. We require a computational notion of soundness. So if the statement's not in the language, then no non-uniform kind of efficient attacker should be able to convince the verifier. And then lastly is the synchness. So the communication in this protocol should be polylogarithmic, so almost independent of the size of the statement and the size of the witness. So what is this? And assuming just collision resistance, Killian and then later Brock and Goldreich in 2002, show that assuming collision resistance, there exists distinct universal arguments for all of NP. This universality means that there's one protocol that works for any NP language. And so what does this look like for this delegation problem? Well now the server and the programmer can interact through a number of rounds and the programmer will be convinced that the statement is correct. But the problem with this setting is if there's another person who comes along and also wants to be convinced of this statement, say she asked the programmer Bob what the result is, Bob's not able to just forward this proof over. She would have to kind of ask the server to redo the computation, maybe redo this interaction with the server. And so ideally what we want is to sync non-interactive arguments where the prover's message to the verifier or the prover's communication to the verifier is just a single message, which we'll call the proof pi, which should convince the verifier still satisfying the same notion of completeness, soundness and succinctness. So in the setting, now the programmer is able to just send a proof over to Alice and she'll be convinced. So the question we ask in this work is can these kind of ideal objects to sync non-interactive arguments actually exist? And the problem is that this notion of computational soundness that we want to achieve actually collapses to statistical soundness, where we're saying if any computationally unbounded prover can find a false proof that convinces a verifier of a statement that's not in the language. So this notion of statistical soundness is a question of does there exist such a false proof? So if there does exist such a false proof and statistical soundness is broken, then a non-uniform adversary can just receive this accepting proof for a false statement hard-coded into its advice. And so because it can receive this cheating proof, this would just break the notion of computational soundness. So the question is, can these statistically sound protocols actually exist? And unfortunately for NP languages, the answer is no, assuming at least the NP can't be decided in a sub-expandential time. And then even for P, we have kind of the same negative results that given standard de-randomization assumptions, this notion is impossible to achieve. So one way around this is to introduce like a trusted setup in the sky, which could be some structured setup with a common reference string or unstructured setup with a common random string, which this notion we usually refer to as snargs. And Macaulay in 1994 showed with his computationally sound proofs that this notion is actually possible in the random oracle model, assuming just an unstructured common random string. And then because this notion is so useful and has so many applications in so many areas, there are many more practical constructions assuming either structured or unstructured setup. But the problem in all of these scenarios is that the setup needs to be trusted in some way, although it could have been adversarily generated in a way that could introduce a trapdoor. So what we really want is some way to get a guarantee without any possible setup. Where recall we want the soundness even against non-uniform attackers, but from what I said before, it seems that we must be out of luck because this is equivalent to statistical soundness which we think is impossible. So another way around this was considered by Chunglin and Pass in 2013 by the name of certificates which are snargs without any setup. But they realized that we can't hope for non-uniform soundness, but at least this can be achieved for uniform soundness, where again this is just the same notion where a statement not in the language, no uniform polynomial time attacker can convince the verifier. And the idea here is that because this attacker is kind of a constant size Turing machine you can think of, it doesn't have the ability to hard code these false proofs even if they exist. And so they observe in this work that Macaulay's CS proofs actually does satisfy this notion in the random oracle model. But there's a reason that non-uniform security has kind of become the de facto standard in our community because it captures kind of targeted pre-processing phase, any unknown future attack, or arbitrary kind of side information you may have before the protocol started. One such example is with rainbow tables where you can kind of spend a long time computing a large pre-computed table to attack specific instances of a hash function. And in the random oracle model we can consider kind of a similar notion of non-uniform security where you have an unbounded pre-processing of the random oracle as long as the resulting output that you get whenever you're kind of performing the attack has bounded size. And so this model is known as the exoteric input random oracle model and was introduced and formalized by Unruh in 2008. So in this work, we're asking the question in this setting where we want to sync non-interactive arguments without any setup, what's the best possible soundness we could hope for against non-uniform attackers? Against non-uniform attackers. And so the first thing to note is that there's kind of this trivial attack which is similar to what I described before. So if your proof length is size U, then you can just hard code S over U, different accepting proofs for false statement directly into your advice. So what we want is to say that no adversary can do any better. So an attacker with some fixed amount of S bits of advice can't find more than a polynomial in S number of accepting proofs for false statements. So this is very similar to a recent notion of keyless multi-collision resistance where they're asking the same question about can you guarantee you can't find more collisions than the size of your advice? And also a similar soundness notion was used in this work by Batonsky and Lin in 2018 for one message of your knowledge. So just to recap, this notion of non-uniformly sound certificates, we require completeness and succinctness and also this best possible soundness notion against non-uniform attackers. And before moving on, I wanna kind of look at this problem through another lens. So the question of can we compress NP witnesses? So completeness says that valid statements should still be verified even with a very short proof, only polylogarithmic in the size of the witness. And then this best possible soundness notion translates into this kind of question of computational comagor of complexity of large sets of cheating proofs. In other words, if a large set of cheating proofs could be compressed in a way that could be easily decompressed, easily and efficiently decompressed, then a non-uniform adversary could receive kind of this compressed version of a large set of cheating proofs in its advice and then efficiently decompress this to break this best possible soundness. So really kind of these notion of non-uniformly sound certificates can be seen through this kind of complexity theoretic language of can we compress NP witnesses in a meaningful way. So what we achieve in this work, well first we observe that the known candidates of snargs without setup, for example, Macaulay CS proofs do not achieve best possible soundness. In the case of Macaulay CS proofs in the auxiliary input random oracle, where the advice is allowed to depend on the random oracle. Specifically, we show that with just a small amount of non-uniform advice, this can be used to generate an exponential number of false proofs. However, all is not lost because we show in the auxiliary input random oracle model, there actually do exist non-uniformly sound certificates for NP. And we show that these are actually useful. So as our main application, we show how to construct constant round concurrence zero knowledge from these primitives. So for the next bit, I will talk about this application to zero knowledge. So let's just recall real quick, in zero knowledge you have two parties that are interacting, a prover and a verifier, and the prover should be able to convince the verifier that the statement is in the language while revealing nothing else. So even if the verifier is adversarial and is trying to extract some information from the prover, it should fail. In the state of the fairs, zero knowledge has kind of been well known at least from a theoretical perspective for a long time because just from one way functions, we've known how to construct constant round zero knowledge arguments for all of NP for almost 30 years now. However, the situation is a bit more messy in this concurrent setting where maybe you have many verifiers interacting with many provers in this distributed, complicated fashion. We want to guarantee still that even if all of the verifiers are colluding, trying to extract information from possibly many independent provers, that they'll still not be able to learn anything extra. And kind of the holy grail problem in this area has been to construct constant round zero knowledge protocols with this additional concurrent security. And up until very recently, not much has been known. And then in 2015, there were some recent constructions based on obfuscation, specifically indistinguishability obfuscation. And so in this work, we show that given non-informally sound certificates for P as well as collision resistance, we construct constant round concurrent zero knowledge arguments for all of NP. So this is kind of a different flavor of assumption from the obfuscation type assumptions that were in 2015. Particularly, this is kind of a random oracle model type assumption, at least given our current construction of non-informally sound certificates. And so just to contrast these two assumptions, obfuscation kind of is still being studied is a relatively new primitive. Current candidates are based on kind of not well understood, not completely well understood assumptions. And random oracle model kind of gives a more heuristically sound argument that can maybe be more practically instantiated. And also I want to emphasize this public coin aspect of our protocol, which wasn't known before under any assumptions, even in the random oracle model. And public coin protocols have many benefits whenever the verifier has no private state and is just sending random messages to the prover. It has applications and leakage resilience and public verifiability and other kind of transformations to other protocols. And kind of the last thing I'll say about our protocol is that at a high level, it follows from this work in 2013 from Chung Lin and Pass where they achieve kind of a uniform notion of soundness because they're using kind of the certificates that I talked about before, which only had kind of the capability of achieving uniform soundness. And we show that with this kind of stronger notion of non-uniformly sound certificates, we can improve this to get kind of the full notion of soundness for a concurrent zero knowledge protocol. So for the rest of the talk, I want to focus on our construction of non-uniformly sound certificates and give kind of a high level idea of how it works and what we kind of have to go through to construct these. So first I want to talk about Macaulay CS proofs in general and why they don't satisfy best possible soundness where you can think of Macaulay CS proofs as applying kind of a Fiat-Chemir type transformation to Killian's async argument. And then I'll show how to modify this Fiat-Chemir transformation so that when you apply it to Killian's protocol, it will actually satisfy best possible soundness. So just to recap, I want to quickly go over Killian's async argument. So this is where a verifier first sends a description of a hash function. The prover computes a PCP proof for the statement and then Merkle Tree computes the digest using a Merkle Tree with this hash function H, sends the digest over, the verifier responds with a random challenge. Using this random challenge, the prover opens up the Merkle Tree in certain locations, sending them over to the authentication pass over to the verifier who verifies these openings and as well as the PCP proof. And the idea is to get a certificate system out of this, you can just apply Fiat-Chemir, which is exactly what Macaulay C.S. proofs look like. So here, first you use the random oracle to compute this Merkle Tree and then you also use the random oracle to generate the random challenge yourself. Then the verifier just checks as it would in the interactive case, as well as checking the correctness of the random challenge. So how do we actually cheat in this protocol whenever you have advice that may be based on the random oracle? So the first step, just as we saw in general, you can just hard code an accepting proof for any invalid statement you want. So let's start with that. Next, we can look at the Merkle Tree that's used and we can actually hard code collisions at each leaf in the Merkle Tree that leads to the same digest A. And then we can mix and match these collisions to get an exponential number of openings. So what this looks like is we have our PCP proof at the leaves of our Merkle Tree. If we open up kind of the first block and end different options and then with a few more bits we can open up the second block and end up different options and then we can mix and match them and now get a quadratic number of options. And if we continue this throughout the whole PCP proof, we can get an exponential number of ways to open up to the same statement A which we can then use to cheat on many different statements. So what's a first step to get around this attack? Well, we observe that if this statement is short enough we can actually just index the random oracle by this statement. So now if the random oracles index by this statement at a high level this forces the adversary to kind of use some knowledge for each new statement it cheats on. So we formalize this idea with a compression argument and show that this resulting protocol actually satisfies this best possible notion of sound as I put forth before. And the details are a bit messy with this compression argument but I wanna just mention that kind of the reason we were able to do this is because we indexed the random oracle by the statement and now whenever the adversary queries the random oracle we can kind of use the fact that it must have known the statement at hand. So how do we extend this to deal with long statements? So as normal one idea is to just index the random oracle with a short commitment to the statement. And we need a way to guarantee that the short commitment can't be opened in too many ways because then if the adversary can just cheat on the short commitment and open it in different ways then it could find cheating proofs for many different statements. And for example, if we just use a merkle tree for the short commitment then we're back to square one because we have the same mix and match attack from before. So our solution is to first apply a suitable encoding and then apply the merkle tree where this encoding we use is what's called a list recoverable code similar to work by Komagrotsky et al. related to multi-clision resistance in 2018. And so our commitment looks like applying a list recoverable code to the statement and then a merkle tree. And so what this code guarantees is if these are kind of the high level blocks of the encoding in the leafs of the merkle tree. If the adversary can only open up each of these blocks in a bounded number of ways, say L different ways then it guarantees that the number of valid encodings is only polynomial in this list size L. And furthermore we can bound this list size by arguments about multi-clision resistance because eventually all of the blocks the encoding will be merkle tree will hash down to a single digest A. So as I said before, the compression argument required us actually to know what the statement was whenever the adversary queries the random oracle. And so this introduces a new problem because now we're only querying where the random oracle is indexed by the commitment. And so the problem is we may not be able to actually extract out the statements from these queries. So what we do now is we need a way to tie the commitment to the statement X and we do this kind of with another merkle tree where we're using as the hash function in this merkle tree the random oracle which is indexed by this commitment. And at a very high level this forces by forcing a cheating prover to do this we're able to either extract out the statements by tying them together or in the compression argument we'll be able to compress at a different point. So that was all quick but I just wanna give kind of a high level idea of what this transformation we propose looks like. So first there's kind of a commitment phase where both the prover and the verifier are able to commit to the statement X. The first part with this merkle tree applied to a list recoverable encoding of X and then the second tree, the second part by applying a merkle tree to X using this previous commitment. And then in the proof phase you can think we're just doing Macaulay CS proofs or whatever protocol you want we're replacing the random oracle and indexing it with these two kind of commitments from the commitment phase. And at a high level what we're showing in this paper is that this modified Fiat-Chemir transformation when applied to Kilian's computationally sound argument satisfies best possible soundness. And in general this isn't going to work for all arguments but in the paper we actually show that if you just restrict to three round proofs you can kind of use the statistical properties of the proofs to show that this satisfies best possible soundness. And in fact it's the statistical properties of the underlying PCP and Macaulay CS proofs is what allows us to kind of prove this result. So to conclude I just wanna overview that we gave kind of this new notion of non-uniformly sound certificates. So what's the best possible thing we could achieve against realistic attackers which can be seen kind of this language of proof or comagor of complexity. We show that they're actually useful so we can or they exist we can construct them and furthermore they're also useful and can use to construct concurrent constant round concurrent zero knowledge protocols. So with that thank you for listening. Thank you Cody, any questions? So I was wondering whether you said this already at the end but why don't the techniques or do you think it's impossible to apply these techniques to say logarithmic on protocols like IOPs or other protocols where we use a Fiat-Chemier transform to make them non-injective. So you're saying. Like apply the same adapted Fiat-Chemier heuristic to make them like get this notion of soundness is adaptive. So there's no reason say if you had kind of a stronger soundness per round there's no reason necessarily why this wouldn't work. Okay, but you haven't looked at it. For arguments in general where you maybe don't have this kind of statistical properties we don't have any evidence that this kind of transformation would work. But for proofs it probably would. I see, okay, thank you. Yes. Thanks, great work. Isn't that concurrent zero-knowledge in the random oracle trivial? Is it an application? Concurrent zero-knowledge in the random oracle isn't the model, isn't it trivial? It's an application. Just Nizek. So in Nizek you have some, oh. I don't believe. The rest is great but just this application doesn't make sense. Yeah, I'm not sure. We can maybe talk about it later offline but. All right, let's send Cody again. Thank you. Thank you.


This is the only mug recipe I accept. Hi, I'm Brooke, and I don't like mug cakes, but I do love breakfast. So I'm gonna try making some breakfast foods in a mug and brownies, which isn't breakfast, but it should be breakfast.  And let's see if that changes my mind on eating things out of mugs.  Three tablespoons of packed brown sugar, and three tablespoons of cocoa dust. Do he make that tiny table? What? I'm sure I can do it. It doesn't seem that hard, but I think what's gonna happen is it's basically gonna be a huge circular middle piece. Are you a corner brownie person? I'm a corner person. I will fight you to get to the corner. My prediction is it's gonna be okay. That's it. Three tablespoons of all-purpose flour. Having made maybe two mug cakes before in my life, I always feel like there's too much flour. And then three tablespoons of packed brown sugar. Isn't that a lot? Am I crazy? That seems like a lot to me. Would there normally be three tablespoons in just my corner piece? Three tablespoons of... This says cocoa dust. Is it just because he's trying to find fancy ways to say things or is cocoa dust a thing? I just have cocoa powder. It looks dusty. And I have Dutch cocoa powder. I don't know the difference between all the cocoa powders. Pinch of sea salt. Weng jangle the dusts together. I assume this is weng jangling. Is that even a word? Add in two tablespoons of melted butter and three tablespoons of milk. Let's do 30 seconds to start. And then while that's melting, we can do three tablespoons of milk. This is why we work out, Brooke, so we can lift milk. It's so heavy! It's just so heavy! Now this is what you want it to look like. I would like to just eat this without cooking it. Throw in the microwave for one minute and 20 seconds. Okay, that's such a pretty mug. Okay, one. Yes, it looks like a brownie. It also looks like a pile of dough. Oh, it's hot. It's fudgy though. For three tablespoons packed tablespoons of sugar. It's not that sweet. Ooh, can I riff? I made strawberry sauce. I think that and blueberries would be really good with this. I'm so proud of this sauce. And then those look good. Oh, sh! Sorry for cursing. That changes it. That made it better. Not just because I made the sauce. A little bit though. It made it a little bit sweeter. Not as heavy.  Was it worth it? I mean, I guess. I've eaten half of it already, but I want more. I want my edges. There's no crispy edge in here. This was a middle piece. A good middle piece, but making it in the oven. Okay, next. A pancake in a mug, which I guess doesn't count as a cake. Why does pancake have cake in the name but is not considered a cake? Is this easier than just whipping it up and making it in a pan? I'm going to say probably not. So now I'm going to watch the video. This is the one minute microwave mug pancake. All capital letters. We're super excited. It's breakfast time from Emma's goodies. Making pancakes just got easier. Today we're making this quick one minute microwave mug pancake, which is delicious. Add the flour, and she's- She's so excited. I wish I could match her level of energy. I do like to swirl my mug that way. How is she not spilling this everywhere? Hers looks picture perfect. Mine's not going to look like that. This is my Jersey City mug. There's a lot of room in here. It's not my biggest mug, but there's a lot of- This is a lot of pancake. Melt the butter in the mug. Okay, I have 40,000 mugs. I use the same two mugs all the time. One of them is this one. And it's supposed to be 3 fourths of a tablespoon of sugar, but we're just using one. Mixing that together. I don't like mixing things in a mug. A bowl is easier because you have more space. Three tablespoons of all-purpose flour and baking powder, which is fourth of a teaspoon. Am I in a garden? No, but would you enjoy what I made you? Yeah, probably. I think it looks like pancake batter. I'm wondering how much it's going to puff up. Microwave for one minute. I can't wait to open maple syrup. I love maple syrup so much. I had at one point a huge jug from Vermont. It took forever to get through it, but I enjoyed it so much. Ooh, ow, that's hot. It puffed, but that doesn't look like a pancake. But maybe maple syrup will save it. Let's see here. It looks a little less sad, right? She says asking for validation. It's not cute, but it looks like it might have a heart of gold. It tastes like a pancake. It's too much pancake, but it does taste like one. Okay, last one. We're making French toast in a mug. So this is a spruce eats recipe. I've never made it before, but I'm going to give it a try. Think about French toast. It's not like, oh, I wake up and I'm just going to whip together some French toast. It's a commitment. You've probably told people the night before I am making French toast. The French toast, I think, is something where it would be better to have just a serving for me and save the whole process of making French toast for when I had people over or for someone at a restaurant to make for me or my mom who makes really good French toast. Can I just say, I'm already so excited that it's asked for a bowl. Mixing things in mugs is annoying. Oh, it's a little too much, but you know what? It's fine, Brooke, it's fine. One large egg. Half a teaspoon of vanilla extract. Fourth teaspoon of cinnamon. I don't have my fourth teaspoon, but I enjoy cinnamon, so if I do a half, that'll be okay. Pinch, pinch of salt. Is that enough? Oh, it smells so good. So we're using brioche. Fancy bread, because we're fancy people. I've already cubed it up. It's about a cup. See, no mess. From dredging the bread in the egg and then dragging it over to the pan, you've inevitably spread raw egg all over your counter. Didn't have to do that with this. Microwave it for two minutes.  So we're adding butter and syrup. Do you say syrup or do you say syrup? I wanna know. I'm very proud of this. This looks impressive and very, very good. And the maple syrup is just sloshing around in there and it's just like a dream. So I'm gonna stop talking and I'm gonna get a bite. Yes, this is so good. It's everything that you love about french toast. This is perfect and so much easier to make than actual french toast. I'm not fully convinced that this is the way people should make and eat food. But this one's very good and so maybe there are other recipes out there too that are just as good and actually save you more time and clean up. What's your mug french toast? The mug recipe that you made where you said, oh my God, this has changed my life and now I make this all the time. If you wanna see me cook more things or you wanna tour inside my fridge, let me know down in the comments below what you wanna see and make sure to subscribe to The Spree Seeds.


In order for the world to close gender gaps, it's very important that we track them and measure them over time. This report tries to do exactly that. We try to understand the gaps between women and men on health, education, economic participation, and political empowerment. We're trying to understand whether women have the same rights and opportunities as men, regardless of whether they're in rich countries or poor countries. In 2014, we cover 142 economies. While no country in the world has fully closed the gender gap, the Nordic countries have closed over 80% of it. Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark occupy the top 5 spots in the rankings. Rwanda enters the rankings for the first time this year. The Philippines at number 9 is the highest ranking Asian country. The US comes back into the top 20 while the UK slips down to 26. Out of the BRICS countries, South Africa is the highest ranking country at number 18, followed by Brazil at 71, Russia at 75, China at 87, and India at 114. Out of the Arab countries, Kuwait is the highest ranking at 113, followed by the UAE at 115. The bottom three countries remain Chad, Pakistan, and Yemen. We now have 9 years of data, almost a decade worth of information. Out of the 111 countries that have been covered since 2006, 105 have been making progress. What's also positive is where the change is coming from. Saudi Arabia, relative to itself, is the country that has made the most progress on economic participation. In the case of education, it's Burkina Faso. But there are countries that are falling backwards. 30% of countries are losing the gains they've made on education, and nearly 40% are moving backwards on health. People and their talents are the key resource that drives most economies. But the benefits of gender equality go beyond the economic case. Women are one half of the world's population. They deserve equal access to health, education, earning potential, and political empowerment. Because ultimately, gender equality is a vital part of humanity's progress.


The National Judiciary Council has set up a pro-panel to investigate three high-coach judges that issued conflicting expatriate orders on the same subject matter. NJC is settled for the parts of discipline judicial officers. It's directed the three judges who granted expatriate orders over the same case with the same subject matter to appear before other special investigation panel. They are to fill the panel in order to show course why disciplinary action should not be taken against them for such an act. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


We listen to see where the interest was. We have had our first, the website's only been live for just over a year. We've had our first consumers that have purchased more than 10 times. So they're buying Focal Revival essentially once a month. They're buying nearly $100 at a time. They're eating it for breakfast nearly every day. And I have interviewed one-on-one a bunch of those sort of heavy users to learn about what motivates them.