So, before we proceed with the work example, let me just illustrate alternative method for using the air table and that looks like this. So, we mentioned that for an isotropic process, we can calculate the reduced pressure using the actual pressure ratio. So, by using the fact that PR2S over PR1 equal to P2 over P1, we computed the value for PR2S and then with this value for PR2S, we went into the table to retrieve the value for H2S. This can be done in a slightly different manner without using the reduced pressure itself as follows. So, for any process, for example, for a process 1 to 2S, I can write the entropy at state 2S as S0 at T2S minus r natural log P2S over PRF from the definition of specific entropy itself. And this is equal to S1 because we are saying 1 to 2S is an isotropic process. Therefore, I can write S0 of T2S is equal to S2S plus r natural log P2S over PRF. S2S is equal to S1. So, the value is known. We looked up the value from the table that is 1.70203. So, we can actually evaluate S0 of T2S using this expression. So, with this value for S0, we can now go to the table and retrieve the enthalpy value that we are looking for. So, S0 of T2S is 2.36287. So, if I go to this table, 2.36287 would fall right here. So, that is the value that we are looking for 2.36287. I am sorry 2.36287 would actually fall here. 2.36287 will fall here. And the previous procedure where we used PR2S, PR2S was 13.86. So, let us see where that comes. 13.86, notice that this also falls in the same in the same between the same two entries in the table. So, both the procedures will give you identical values. So, depending upon which one you prefer, you can either use S0 of T2S to look up enthalpy or calculate reduced pressure and then do it that way. Both are okay. Now, let us go to the worked example. So, we have an ideal Brayton cycle, which means isentropic efficiency of the components is 100 percent. It operates with the pressure ratio of 30, peak temperature 1300 Kelvin. So, air is the working substance. It enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300 Kelvin. And we are asked to calculate heat supplied, power output, thermal efficiency and the second law efficiency and calculate the rate of exergy destruction in the components. Ambient temperature is given to be 300 Kelvin. So, we proceed in a methodical manner. So, what we do is the following. So, we start with state 1, look up the values that are required for state 1 and then walk through the cycle. So, here we have listed the properties at each state. The quantity that is shown in italics is the quantity that is used to enter the table. And the quantities that are retrieved from the table are shown in bold. So, the quantity used to enter the table is shown in italics and the quantities that are retrieved from the table are shown in bold. So, let us see how this proceeds. State 1, temperature is given to be 300 Kelvin. So, we go to the table corresponding to 300 Kelvin. So, corresponding to 300 Kelvin, we retrieve the specific enthalpy S0 at 300 Kelvin and pr. So, these three values are retrieved and S itself the specific entropy at this state is evaluated using the familiar expression S of t comma p equal to S0 of t minus r natural log p over p ref. Because p it is at this state the pressure is the same as the reference pressure S comes out to be just equal to S0 at that temperature. Now, we move on to state 2 S and the pressure ratio is given to be 30. So, that means the pressure at state 2 S is 3000 kilopascals. And since p 2 S over p 1 is equal to so remember 1 2 S is an isentropic process. So, p 2 S over p 1 is equal to pr 2 S over pr 1. So, that means I can evaluate pr 2 S to be 41.58. So, we go to the table with this value 41.58 for pr 41.58 would fall between these two entries. So, we interpolate for h and we interpolate for S0 from these two entries. So, let us see I am sorry S0 is actually not required for this case because it is an isentropic process we know the value of S itself. So, the h falls between these two entries here. So, let us go here. So, we look up the value for h like this. And since S 2 S is equal to S1 entropy value is known. Now, we move on to state 3 remember 2 S to 3 is an isobaric process. So, the pressure is known and the temperature is given to be 1300 Kelvin. So, we use this value to enter the table and retrieve quantities from there. So, 1300 Kelvin. So, we pick up the value for h from here and S0 from here and pr from here. So, h3. So, this is h3 this is S0 at 3 I am sorry S0 at state 3 and this is pr at state 3. So, h3 S0 at state 3 and pr at state 3 are all known. And we can evaluate S at state 3 using this formula S0 is known pressure p is 3000 kilo Pascal, p ref is of course, 100 kilo Pascal. So, we can evaluate S at state 3 using this expression. Now, we move on to state 4 S 3 to 4 S is an isentropic process. So, that means S 4 S is equal to S 3 that is known and pr 4 S over pr 3 is equal to p 3 over p 1 I am sorry p 3 I am sorry p 4 over p 4 over p 3. So, that means I can evaluate pr 4 S to be 11.03. So, this is the value which we use to enter the table pr equal to 11.03. So, let us see. So, this is where it falls. So, we can retrieve h at state 4 S0 is not required because S is already known. So, we retrieve the value for h at state 4 S from the table. So, that is given like this. So, now we have all the properties that we want for completing the calculations. So, at each for each state you need to identify the value that is going to be used to enter the table retrieve the values that are required and then proceed to the next state and then just walk through the cycle that is the procedure. So, once again like with the other worked examples my suggestion would be for you to pause the lecture at this point work out the problem yourself and then come back and compare the values with what is what is shown here. It would it would be much more beneficial to you than just going through these examples just by listening to the lecture. You should actually work out the problem on your own. So, application of steady flow energy equation to the compressor gives us this again steady flow energy equation to the turbine on a per unit mass basis mass flow rate basis gives us this rate at which heat is added rate at which heat is rejected and the first law efficiency is 59.8 percent for the basic cycle. Now, let us calculate the rate at which exergy is supplied remember in this cycle. So, exergy is supplied here to the compressor and exergy is supplied here in the form of heat to the combustor and exergy is recovered here. Notice that there is no exergy recovery associated with this because this is rejecting heat to the ambient. So, there is no exergy recovery corresponding to Q c dot unlike what we saw in the Rankine cycle where the condenser was operating at a temperature of 45 degree Celsius not the ambient temperature here heat is being rejected to the ambient. So, there is no exergy recovery at this state. So, let us go back and do the calculations. So, exergy supplied compressor plus Q h dot we get 955.73 exergy recovered as I mentioned is only from the turbine. So, that gives me 851.62. So, the second law efficiency comes out to be 89.1 percent which is pretty high. Rate of exergy destruction during the heat addition process may be evaluated using this expression and it comes out to be 38.49 and rate of exergy destruction during heat rejection process may be evaluated using this expression and it comes out to be higher than the rate of exergy destruction during the heat addition process. So, this is actually 65. So, the scope for improvement it would seem in the case of the Brayden cycle is actually on the condenser side and not on the not on the combustor side in contrast to the Rankine cycle where the scope for improvement was on the boiler side rather than on the condenser side. In fact, practically no change was made on the condenser side at all in the case of the Rankine cycle. So, this one this is the reason why we compute these values particularly exergy the concept of exergy is very useful because it alone can offer insights like this which is not something that we would have expected when we start it out. Now, the first improvement that we will try to do to this cycle is try to reduce the compressor work. You may recall that earlier we actually discussed this or contraction of internally reversible steady flow processes and we said that the work that is required for an isothermal process which is this one is less than the work that is required for an isentropic process. So, we have assumed the compression work to be isentropic. So, it is there is scope for improvement here number 1, number 2 we also mentioned earlier that the work power that is produced in the case of an isothermal process is more than the power that is produced in the case of a isentropic process. So, this is s equal to constant. So, you get more expansion work in the case of a reversible isothermal process than an isentropic process. So, this is something that we will keep in mind, but for now let us focus on the compression process. So, this is the compression process and this is the expansion process. So, what we are about to discuss is applicable equally to expansion process as well. So, the idea here is to do the following. Now, the reversible isothermal compression process is actually not practicable because it requires excessive cooling and that is not very easy to implement. However, we can try to do a constructor process which sort of mimics a reversible isothermal process in spirit. Let us see how we do that. So, basically what we do is we start then we compress along the along the s equal to constant or isentropic isentrope and then we cool the gas like this. So, we cool it to the same temperature as state 1. Notice that this isotherm runs from state 1 to state 2. So, they are all at the same temperature. So, if I take air in at a temperature of 300 Kelvin after this compression process I cool it to 300. Then I run it along another isentropic process like this and then we cool it again to 300 Kelvin and then I again compress along another isentropic process like this and then cool it again to 300 Kelvin and then again compress along an isentropic process and then finally reach state 2. Notice that the cooling here in this case is not as excessive as it would have been had we carried out the entire process as a reversible isothermal process. Here we are only compressing partially and then cooling it to the initial temperature which is much more practicable from an engineering perspective. The more number of steps we have here the more I mean the easier the cooling processes. But again it is also impractical to have too many steps. In fact, if you have infinite number of steps obviously we approach the reversible isothermal process. So, we cannot have too many steps but at the same time we do not want to have too few steps which would actually increase the cooling requirements. That is the general idea and we do the same thing here also. So, in the case of an expansion process we go like this. So, here at each horizontal leg heat is removed. So, this is a cooling process whereas each horizontal leg here is a heating process. We add heat to reach the same temperature as state 1. So, we will come back to the expansion process later on but for now we see how this is done. Now, this sort of compression process is known as compression with intercooling. So, this is compression with intercooling and let us see. Let us go back and then look at a simple situation. So, let us summarize what we have said so far. So, for a given pressure ratio, steady flow reversible isothermal compression process requires less power than an isentropic compression process. So, if the work required in compression is less our expectation is that the efficiency of the Brayton cycle can be improved because the work that is required is less. We will see whether it comes out whether it turns out to be the case or not. But as I already mentioned, a reversible isothermal process is very difficult to execute in real life because of the excessive cooling requirement. So, what we try to do what is more practicable is to achieve the compression in multiple stages with the air being cool to its initial temperature at the end of each stage. But the compression process across each stage as we showed before is still isentropic. So, here we have illustrated two different versions of a single stage two stage compression process with single stage intercooling. So, the air is compressed from here to here and then intercooled cooled and then taken all the way there. Here the air is compressed from here to here cooled and then compressed up to this level. So, it is two stage compression with intercooling in between the stages. Now, so you can see that both these are two stage compression processes. So, the question is what should be the intermediate pressure? So, this is the intermediate pressure. So, what should the intermediate pressure be in order for the work to be or the power consumed for the process to be as small as possible or the least possible? So, you can see that the area shown here the gray area is the savings in work. So, this is I am sorry savings in power. So, in one case you can see that this area is long and skinny whereas in the other case you can see that it is actually more like a rectangle short and fat. So, as this pressure intermediate pressure at which we are cooling the gas as it is changed the power saving also changes the shape of the area that we have shown in gray also changes. So, there is an optimum pressure in between at which we expect the power savings to be a maximum. How do we determine this? So, we apply SFE to the overall compression process. So, the first stage compression process we go from 1 to X and in the second stage compression process we go from Y to F where F is the final temperature. Depending upon where the intermediate pressure is the final temperature of course will be different, but the pressure ratio is the same P2 over P1 is the same. Now also notice that Ty is the temperature at state Y and Y state Y and state 1 both lie on the same isobar. So, I am sorry isotherm. So, state Y and state 1 both lie on the same isotherm. So, Ty is equal to T1 and states X and Y lie on the same isobar. So, Py equal to Px and Ty equal to T1. Notice that here we have assumed the air to be calorically perfect for the sake of simplicity. Remember we are just trying to get an idea of what this optimal value of what the optimal value for the intermediate pressure is. So, without any loss of generality and with minimal loss of accuracy we can actually and for the sake of simplicity we may assume the gas to be or air to be calorically perfect. So, this is the first stage compression. This is the second stage compression. Now 1 X and YF for isentropic processes what is that 1 X and YF I am sorry Y to the final state wherever it may be in this case it is 2 prime in this case it is 2 double prime. So, wherever the final state is 1 X and YF are both isentropic processes. So, which means I can replace this ratio Tx over T1 using the familiar isentropic relation Pv raise to gamma equal to constant. So, we get an expression like this again remember Px equal to Py. So, we differentiate W this expression for W x dot compressor compression with respect to Px and set the derivative equal to 0 and quite surprisingly it turns out that Px equal to Py equal to P1 P2 to the power one half. In other words the optimal intermediate pressure is such that the pressure ratio in each stage of compression is the same. So, this means that the pressure ratio in the first stage of compression Px over P1 and the pressure ratio in the second stage of compression P2 over Py are both equal and not only that it is also equal to square root of the pressure ratio across the entire cycle. So, this is nothing but P2 over P1. The additional fact that happens in this is since the temperature once we have an optimum once the pressure ratio is the same in each stage. Since the temperature at the beginning of each stage of compression is always the same. So, we started state one we go up to the intermediate pressure we then cool the air to the same temperature as state one then we continue the compression. So, the power required in each stage is also the same. So, our calculations actually become somewhat simpler if you employ the intercooling or multi stage compression with intercooling. Now, in case we carry out the compression in n stages instead of two stage the pressure ratio across each stage simply becomes equal to rp raise to 1 over n the nth root of rp. If it is two stages then it is a second root of rp it is n stages then it is the nth root of rp. So, the same consideration applies to an isentropic expansion process also. So, the intermediate pressure again during the expansion should be the square root if it is a two stage process should be the square root of the overall pressure ratio. And we will make use of this fact when we do reheat in when we add reheat to the Brayton cycle.


Ladies and gentlemen welcome back to another episode of toffee TV USA I am your co-host James Boyman joined by my other co-host Ryan Williams It's been a great week to be a blue. We have some big news to go through today We're gonna start with just a little bit of I wouldn't call it gloating but Celebration post Darby maybe a little bit me a little bit of gloating. I don't think there's anything wrong with a little bit of No, I think it's it's been well earned Ryan and then we're gonna move into of course the today's announcement of the signing New contract for our favorite left-back Lucadine We're then gonna talk a little bit about some transfer rumors already bubbling up even though it's only the end of February We're gonna end on the big news of the week Which is the approval of Everton's plans for the new stadium at Bramley Moore dock We'll start with Ryan with let's get into it Ryan post Darby fall out Yeah The reactions have been truly entertaining I've I've really I mean if there's been a week that I've enjoyed so far being an Evertonian. This is a highlight But yeah, a lot of mythology around there. It wasn't wind. It wasn't the officiating. It was none of that We had a good game plan. We executed it well, and we won the match and we deserved it And that's really it, you know, not too much more to be said But yeah, I think that you know not the only good news this week and certainly the Lucadine contract signing is big news And I think a great move for the club. Yes, most definitely I think this has been I think this is a real statement of intent able to lock down a player who by almost every metric is one Of the top left-backs in all of Europe and the top five European leagues definitely and to sign him till 2025 when he'll be 31 years old clearly the player feels very confident in Committing his future to Everton really his prime to Everton barring any ridiculous Transfer bids that come in and even so this is a sort of hedge against that and there's nothing nothing wrong with it and I just wanted to take a quick look at some of the statistics for Lucadine this season because We all know that we were able to kind of weather the storm with him out with Ben Godfrey filling in as an ad hoc left back But really what we missed on that left-hand side was his creation numbers and really for a player Who's third on our team and assists behind only Guilfee Segertson and Hamas Rodriguez? Third and progressive passes into the box per 90 behind Hamas and a will be Complets the most crosses per into the box per 90 at almost a full cross per match Third and key passes per 90 Ryan I mean you could go on and on but there's really no Understanding how important this guy is to our attack and also how impressive he is on the defensive end And I think he really showed both sides of his game in the Darby. Yeah, and I've really enjoyed some of the commentary by toffee TV Brethren ped explaining Lucadine and all the chances he's created more chances than any other left back in Europe's top five leagues Since the 1819 season more than Andrew Robertson and that for my friends. It's science That's it. Not logistics Not logistics at all. Not at all man. I don't even understand that it's Science, but yeah, I mean obviously it's a great move for the club. He's one of the best left backs certainly in Europe I can't even imagine losing him trying to replace him how difficult that would be And he's gonna be so key to us breaking down some of the teams that we need to in the next couple weeks So I'm thrilled all Evertonians should be yeah most definitely. I mean, I think it's it's really Boads well for the future. I think he's one of the cornerstone players for Everton in this kind of Mission to get to Europe and sustain that level of success. He's gonna be an integral part of that So more to come and he's he's really hasn't even hit his ceiling yet If you ask me and so still room to grow and really optimistic for him to have the opportunity to do that at Everton Now Ryan, let's pivot a little bit because we had I know that the right side of defense has been an area of concern And there were some Interesting rumors this week from our favorite most reliable journal in the game and that is for Britzy or Romano Who has said that Everton are interested in Norwich City's Max Aaron's as a potential target for the next transfer window? He's in the list. Ancelotti looking for a new right back. No surprise there but rumored that Byron Munich are also In talks as well as Manchester United for this kid and when you have clubs like that in the mix inevitably the transfer fee Starts out high and only goes higher. Yeah, I think that's fair. Look. He's a good player. He's a young player I mean, he doesn't turn 21 until April But there are a lot of right backs out there and look the bottom line is Everton does not have the revenues yet Even if we make Europe that a club like Manchester United or Byron Munich would have And while, you know, we need homegrown players. We need English players right now We have plenty of them so barring a mass exodus. I don't know I just I think he's a good player a young player that can get better But man some of the price tags you see out there 30 to 35 million pounds Is he I mean to me if you're gonna make that sort of investment in that area You're probably gonna have to sacrifice making investment elsewhere unless we have a lot of outs And I'm not so sure if you know, he's eventually gonna be truly that elite right back that we need Is he gonna be the Lucadine on the right side? Very good player. I don't know It just seems like there's a lot of alternatives There's a lot of fish in the sea shall I say a lot of right backs out there that I think maybe we could go cheaper at that position And go bigger elsewhere. I don't know what your takes are You know his performance in the championship the offensive numbers are still very good Defensive numbers are lacking. I actually think he's probably underrated as a defensive player and slightly overrated as an attacking player Interesting. Yeah, I mean look, I'll be forthright in that. I haven't watched a great deal of him But you know, just just going off the evidence that I saw in a handful of times I saw him play last season in the Premier League clearly a talented player and still has it I think he has a pretty high ceiling, but I think look, he's listed at 510. I think that's very generous Frankly, there's no way he's that big. He's small Which is not necessarily the worst thing probably can he's quick he can get up and down the pitch But if you're looking for again the type of player who can contribute on both ends I'm not convinced. I mean look that we said the same thing has some of the similar concerns about Ben Godfrey And we're proven wrong given how poor Norwich's defenses was last season and maybe that's a that's a product of that But in the championship, they've had the ball a lot and he maybe hasn't created quite as well as you might expect Yeah I mean look, you know some of the stuff for good the short the height really doesn't matter that much But he's he's not been good in the air So you kind of think ah boys, this is a situation where they're just gonna be firing hoof balls at that side of our defense But look, you know, he's second in attacking actions for for right back in the championship fourth and dribbles P9 Per 90 61% dribble rates. Okay. I mean is he fantastic with the ball juking people out right and left? No, but he can't get forward third and touches in the box P90. I mean, there's some good offensive metrics But yeah, I just think it's a price issue, you know, I mean he is a good player I know a lot of people latch on to him because he's English and we know him But there's a lot of right backs out there at least that's my thought Yeah, I mean, I think I think that has to be the case probably If you if you can find a player of similar caliber, maybe not as high a profile for 10 15 even 20 And you allocate that extra 15 million allegedly elsewhere I just think that that seems like a shrewd or move from Marcel Brands He hasn't been the type of guy to go for that kind of headline or signing Which max errands would probably be the highest profile signing. We've we've executed to date Yeah, in terms of a big dollar kind of allotment. Well, no, but in terms of competition though I don't think that's a crazy comment Now either way moving on we've had a lot more good news I mean the bottom line is we know we're going to have to make a right back move at one point But the big news was The approval of both the stadium and the goodison park redevelopment plan By the liverpool city council hammers. This is big news Very very exciting news. So the planning application for bramley more dock In the community led legacy project at goodison park unanimously approved by liverpool city council local authorities planning committee they hosted a special meeting For at which everton ceo, of course denise barrett backsindale And stadium development director calling chong presented had a very robust presentation I didn't obviously get the chance to see it, but the reviews were Quite impressive. They said that very well presented very well prepared for any follow-up questions and Very compelling case made for why this project should go forward and understandably it was passed in unanimous fashion And so I guess the question then becomes I think the celebrations was like this is happening This is done where this is going on and I think that it is warranted to some extent ryan But there is there are still some bureaucratic hoops to jump through Thanks to some certain organizations who've decided to put up a A valiant last stand on some bizarre basis. So let's let's get into that a little bit Yeah, this one's hard for us americans And I think that's kind of our take on this to truly understand the level of bureaucracy sometimes Well, obviously financial aspects remain for the financing, but you know I'm going to rely on paul the esque and and john and the rest of the crew to kind of get through that for us But yeah, the last hoop really is to have the secretary of state for housing robert genrich He's going to have an initial 21 days to review the proposal the plan Um, and yeah, we have an opponent historic england still objects to the plan I mean look We decided that the club has decided it's going to spend 55 million pounds preserving heritage assets for everyone to enjoy And they still object and to me You know, I I think it's all very strange for us But one thing that I will say in a tip of the hat tip of the cap to counselor joe hansen He admittedly said he was a red, but I think some of his Speech, I guess in the presentation was clearly targeted towards these guys And I really appreciated what he has to say And I think it's a very insightful thing that we can give in response to that as tourists Yeah, most definitely so the direct quote and it's a little long so bear with us But he said and again a red saying this so you kind of have to even appreciate it more Yeah I find it a little bit insulting that you have historic england who don't live in liverpool I don't even know where they swindon is their headquarters Swindon, but they can come in and pontificate and ask for a call in that could place the project in jeopardy and delay whatever Turner trying to do What they're trying to do is create employment Create an iconic stadium on the waterfront that will hopefully not just be used for football But be used for a diverse number of businesses and also be used by the wider community and become probably One of the most sought-after visitor attractions Hopefully within liverpool now. There's a lot of Hopefully's and probably's As this isn't done, but I think he makes a really good point in that Look, this isn't just about a football club looking for a new place to play this has such broad implications for the entire city for the region and for An economy that has had its struggles and so this is a huge injection of jobs of of capital In development into an area that frankly desperately desperately needs it Yeah, and and look we've we've both been to liverpool fairly recently just as recent as last year Um And look I I love the concept of the docks and i'm really into history probably more than most people And I truly enjoyed the maritime museum, but that's how I digested the history of the docks You know, you go up to the top floor You see a whole scheme of what the docks looked like and you know The elevated train that used to run through it and all the fascinating aspects of it And you can even there's a view window. You can look out kind of towards, you know Uh the mercy side and and the whole dock construction and it looks kind of cool But I mean their big issue is the filling in of the dock now now you've been there Um Did you really need to walk all the way down to the farthest dock from downtown and go check out a giant body of water to gain an appreciation And preserve the historical understanding of the docks. Is that really necessary at the expense of the public benefit of this project? I mean, this seems like special interest gone haywire to me. It just makes makes no sense I did go down briefly to the docks. You see them and frankly I'll do respect it is a it is a historical site and I recognize the important In importance that liverpool has played in terms of like the history of the british empire And as a hub for trade and all of these sorts of things But let's be clear. This isn't exciting stuff to go down to view. It's a body water and it's a dock And there just doesn't go much beyond that and the only reason that I went down there in the first place Is because I knew it was going to be the future site of everton stadium Right So otherwise I couldn't frankly have cared much less about it No, so what a better way to get people involved in understanding and appreciating the history of liverpool And frankly what I would do is you know renovate the hydraulic tower and make that a visitor center and get people in there to Look at stuff and really appreciate it. That might pique their curiosity and they may want to go back Through the other docks or whatnot. But look historic england's issue is really only one It's literally the filling in the dock when you read their statements and go on long The loss of the water would result in substantial harm For first of all the verbiage there is absolutely fantastic But this is their game plan truly, you know, they believe the application should be determined by the secretary of state Because of the national implications of this decision So as someone who grew up born and raised in a couple places, but pittsburgh pennsylvania is my my my hometown We built two stadiums on the river now granted that had significant public involvement because of funding issues but the concept that Someone would take umbrage with us renovating an old industrial site Which are up and down the river at pittsburgh being kind of the steel city capital of the country Like the idea that someone to washington dc in terms of your national government would come in and say No, you can't do it because you're not preserving the history Is is kind of ludicrous and I think some of their comebacks do in terms of their claims that the site's not derelict I mean their whole argument just seems absurd to me But the fact that they think that someone in the national office should be telling liverpool what to do when it's unanimously approved And so obviously of benefit To the community better than anything else I mean, what are they even talking about at this point? This is hard for me to understand As an american and maybe it's our pro commerce viewpoint on certain things But man more often than not the communities get together heck local governments will even fund for this because the benefits It's such a unique thing that doesn't come that very often You want to do it right and make sure it works within the public good not to turn it down Yeah, to to do nothing to a site that really I mean there's again There's the historical aspect of it but to but to pin it down to say that the Significance of the site itself is all of a sudden destroyed entirely by filling in of a single dock It's not like it's the only one and there's other iconic buildings in the area that are just as historic and would still be there And so it makes so little sense as well as just disregarding all of the positive benefits To say that we should just yeah We should forego all of the jobs and all the infrastructure and all of the businesses that it will help and Everything because we want to have this body of water still be there Well, well, okay, let's cut them a little bit of a break. So no, no, let's look at their art Okay, I think they have some serious merit here. Okay. The site here you are number one The site's not derelict. It was a working dock until 2019 It was used by tugboats and the warehouse was being used to film a major hollywood movie, hummus Oh, okay. Well, well if there's tugboats involved then scrap it scrap it Never mind in again. Okay. There's a there's a warehouse that was used in a film Can't be replaced. There's no other warehouses that could possibly can't find anything else Oh, I mean that that's what their house That's their first point as to why the site's not derelict because they filmed a major motion picture In the warehouse like no one is ever torn down a warehouse That was part of a major motion picture filmed ever Before okay, so that's that's point number one. That's a real strong one number two Number two There are potential alternative solutions that could retain the water filled dock While developing the currently derelict area So they then go back on themselves and admit that it's derelict. So like what? What other offers are on the table that could possibly have this sort of impact? It's going to bring 53 thousand people down to that spot that is derelict as they've now gone back on themselves So what bigger that could have a bigger impact? The worst though is their last point though is the worst point that they make whatsoever They sit there and call out the 10 streets framework that Liverpool City Council have come up with saying they set out a positive strategy Yet the council flat out came out and said it's going to be good for the 10 streets plan So I to me There is no way this There's no way that this should be in any way shape or form Be rejected by the home office. Um I mean if i'm missing anything here, this just seems so ludicrous to me Why why would this never happen in the u.s. Honestly because this would never this is so predominantly positive It would never happen It's it's not even like a partisan thing. It doesn't feel like it just feels like this organization that wants to take a stand for Almost as like a publicity stunt because there's no good faith argument you could make To actually again, they say, oh, well, there might be another project Okay, there might be in in five ten years 20 years. You're going to let it sit there for the time being this is here now This is an incredible opportunity. How are you going to just say nope? We'll pass you this should be rejected and frankly, I mean, I don't I don't even think the The idea of rejecting it should even be entertained and in the fact that they've allowed this to go on as long as it has is As it was alluded to earlier like disrespectful to to the city And that's that's an outside perspective. I don't want to speak for any anyone But I know it's blues are viewing it like what is the hold up here? This makes no sense Yeah, and honestly, look, I cannot even imagine spending. I mean literally the club and mosh are going to spend 55 million pounds To preserve the heritage assets. I mean, right? That's a heavy cost Just by putting it in that location, but the location is amazing I mean, this is the type of thing that could revitalize an entire critically historical area I know it's trampling on it and going to destroy it. I mean, so in the u.s. Obviously, this would not happen I mean, there's this is so predominantly positive It wouldn't even require the acquisition of private property, which has already happened You know, the u.s. Would use something like eminent domain, which is something that maybe some other people don't realize where Literally local governments have the ability to seize land provided they Reimbursed the individuals that own the land for the greater public good It's actually indirectly a derivation of the Fifth Amendment bill of rights. My friend. We're bringing up u.s. History right here It's toffee tv us a ryan. No better place for it It is so so people have to understand this happens all the time and even the governments will typically fund some of it So this one taxpayers will fund it taxpayers will fund this stuff. Yeah And it's amazing. I mean just you look at it. It's just phenomenal. We're so excited It's gonna bring people to the city. So speaking as kind of the american tourist. I can't wait for it I loved goodison that place is magic. I'm gonna try and hit it as many times as I can before it goes But this I what are we missing? Are we am I missing something? No, right? I mean look let's wind back the clock because it feels like I think So much appreciation of the fans has been been shown and in the consultations that the club have conducted Incredible various every step of the way. They've been transparent They've been very receptive to feedback. They did the survey of the city. They've done all of the steps to To the point where people were criticizing them for taking too long with taking too much feedback and yeah Consulting too many people So they've done it by the book. They've done it the right way and we're finally kind of at the final stages of The preamble I guess before you actually put a shovel in the ground And these jokers just want to show up and and make a scene to try to derail the whole thing not even It's disgraceful and frankly it doesn't again It fails on its merits and therefore I'd be shocked if it isn't laughed laughed out of the room All the way up until they have no further recourse. Yeah So I would love to hear perspective from others too that maybe feel a little more strongly the other way You know, obviously we don't have quite the historical appreciation of you know England and and but certainly I think we have some level of it for Liverpool, but I just it's very strange to me that some Body group could influence the central government to do something that's so predominantly in favor and positive from a locality Very strange to me, but we'd love and welcome the feedback either way Um, no matter what though, this is definitely progression going forward. This has been a great week to be a blue Let's hope it continues all through the weekend and we actually have a much better plan than we had the first time We played Southampton But yeah, it's been a fantastic week and I hope long may it continue Yeah, it really does feel like a culmination of events of the past week represent a significant Uh watershed moment perhaps for everton as we continue this Quests to be a powerhouse in the Premier League for years to come return watershed The tide is turning we're feeling a wave of positivity Blue wave blue way so bad apologies. I'm sorry. It's okay. No, I think that's probably before we derail too much further Probably a good place to wrap up. So thank you as always for watching this episode of toffee tv Usa if you aren't already subscribed to toffee tv hit that subscribe button hit that like button on our video Leave us a comment Also, if you did enjoy the video check out our show on the american toffee podcast You can see the logo right above ryan's shoulder We can be found all of our links will be in the description of the video and it is link tr dot e Slash usa toffee pod you can find all of the locations pod podcast platforms, etc As well as our social media and uh, yeah ryan, it's been good to be back on toffee tv usa Hopefully we don't take quite as long a hiatus until the next episode But uh, as always it's been a great time and thank you and until the next time up the toffees


Single-mode versus multi-mode fibre. Fibre optic cabling is a very common aspect of most structured cabling installations. Therefore crossing the correct type of fibre cable is imperative to the successful operation of your technology. In addition within those types, you need to choose the correct category within that cable type bracket. Therefore we compare single-mode versus multi-mode fibre and the differences between them. All fibre cables are constructed of individual cores, with which within the light is transported from transmitter to receiver. These cores are mode of either glass or plastic. Furthermore that consist of the actual inner core and the cladding surrounding and protecting that tube. In addition fibre cables can contain numerous cores within a single cable. Thus bundles of 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 are commonly founds in a single fibre optic cable. Single-mode fibre. The terminology of a single-mode fibre comes from the situation that is transmits a single mode of light down its cores. The transmission is via a laser from the transmitting device. A single mode of light is transported directly the core with minimal reflection within. The inner core is smaller than its counterpart for this reason and is referred to as 9 by 125. This is the 9 micron diameter core coated in a 125 micron cladding. Due to the transmission properties there is less dispersion of light as it travels along the core and therefore there is less loss of the original signal. Thus single-mode fibre is more suited to higher bandwidth requirements. Furthermore it is more suited to longer transmission distance applications. The cable is categorized into two sub-sections OS1 and OS2. OS1 and OS2 differ mainly in their cable construction. Thus OS1 is commonly a tight buffered construction and for internal applications. Likewise OS2 is usually a blown fibre or loose tube construction and for external purposes. They have similar transmission characteristics. However due to less attenuation, transmission loss on OS2 cables it can transmit similar speeds over longer distances. For example some manufacturers will state OS1 transmitting 10 gigabit ethernet up to 2 kilometers and OS2 transmitting 10 gigabit ethernet up to 10 kilometers. This is due to the attenuation loss on OS1 being 1 decibel per kilometer and OS2 being 0.4 decibels per kilometer. Less attenuation equals greater transmission range. Due to the specialist equipment for transmission, the overall cost of a single mode system is higher than that of multi-mode. However the cable can be cheaper to purchase and is the same cost to install. Multi-mode fibre. Multi-mode receives its name in an opposite way to its counterpart. Multiple or many modes of light are transmitted down its core, all of which travel at different wavelengths are in a different path. The light source is usually an LED source. Thus the light is similar to that of shining a torch into the core. Subsequently there is greater modal dispersion, loss, of the light as it travels. For this reason multi-mode doesn't have the same transmission distance capability as single mode. The cores in a multi-mode fibre are considerably larger than single mode. Four of the main categories are 50 by 125 and the legacy OM1 is 62.5 by 125. Notice that the cladding for all fibre cables remains the same and only the internal core size changes. The five categories of multi-mode fibre are OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4 and OM5. Each category is an improvement on its predecessor. Therefore this results in a greater ability to transmit greater bandwidth. Further higher grades are able to transmit the same speeds as the previous grade but over longer distances. Single mode vs multi-mode fibre summary. Core sizes. Single mode are 9 by 125 microns. Multi-mode are 50 by 125 microns and in the OM1 category 62.5 by 125. Transmission. Single mode uses a single mode of light transmitted via a laser light source. Multi-mode used many modes of light via a LED light source. Distance limitations. Single mode are commonly used up to 2 km and often beyond to 10 km. Multi-mode are limited to 550 m performance and therefore mainly used internally or on small campus plots. For a free quotation, please visit our website nmcabling.co.uk or call at 019 23 888 588.


Oh, hey there, it's National Titan Day.  Rise and shine as National Titan Day is right around the corner. Welcome to a new episode of Time 2 Football. I'm your wonderful host, Hasan Khan. And in this episode, we're going to be giving you five players that have the potential of being traded prior to the NFL trade deadline. We've already seen some big names being shifted across the National Football League, including Jalen Ramsey, Marcus Peters, Michael Bennett. And as a Falcons fan, I even had a little bit of a revelation when this player got traded. Adam Schefter has just reported the Falcons are sending wide receiver, Mohamed Sanu, to the New England Patriots in exchange for a second round pick. Ladies and gentlemen, if you don't think this season is ending up for one of the best players. So we're tankin', tankin', tank for Tula? You going to take Vic Beasley with you? We'll give him to you for free. Man, Dan Quinn is going to be fired. Who we get next? Chris Rashard, Robert Sala, Kellen Moore, Josh McDaniels? Why do I still watch football? The Patriots are going to win the whole thing. Man, our offense is too talented to be this bad. This ain't even a Nike jersey. It's Reebok. Maybe there's a possibility we can win nine games in a row, go 10 and six and make the playoffs. But before we name our five trade candidates, we're going to tell you about an overlay DFS. This is daily fantasy football where every matchup is in a start or set format. Pretty much you just guessed which player is going to have more fantasy points for that week. Some of the matchups for this week include Gardner Mitchell versus Sam Darnold, Todd Gurley versus Nick Chubb, T.Y. Houghton versus Keenan Allen, which that one should be a freebie because Keenan Allen is dealing with a hamstring injury, but there's so many more matchups as well.  And if you're not perfect, you just got to finish the top 10% to win nine times your money. In the progressive jackpot, it's at $27,800. Take advantage of it while you can. Download the app for iOS or click on the link in the description, www.overlaydfs.com. Hungriest player of the week, the one that wanted it the most. Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers, despite being on a very good team, has been the subject of criticism as of late because people just look at the stats and apparently that's all that matters nowadays. He hasn't had his best receiver in recent weeks. The Packers now have a run game so Aaron Rodgers doesn't have to throw the ball a lot, but people look at his numbers and they say to themselves, is Aaron Rodgers still a very good quarterback? Well, you got your answer. This past Sunday against the Raiders, he threw for 429 yards, five touchdowns, and the old man ran for one as well, proving that he's one of the best quarterbacks in the National Football League. And that is why he is the hungriest player of the week. Now we're gonna mention five players that could be traded prior to the NFL trade deadline, but we're also gonna mention the best landing spot, a team that needs this player the most, starting with our first candidate, offensive tackle Trent Williams of the Washington Redskins. Which team could use him the most? The Tennessee Titans, a realistic possibility of him being traded there. The Browns are the front runners and pushing the hardest to get Trent Williams, but Williams is at odds with the Washington Redskins, so it seems like they're not gonna hold on to him. Instead, think of the Tennessee Titans who gave up the most sacks in the NFL, and it showed how bad that offensive line can be when Jack Conklin missed a game and they looked terrible against the Chargers. Trent Williams may have to shift over to guard from tackle, but imagine Jack Conklin, Trent Williams, and Taylor Luan on the same offensive line, blocking for Derek Henry. That could be one of the best run offenses in the NFL. The next player who's been the topic of many trade conversations, Miami Dolphins running back Kenyan Drake. There's a lot of teams out there that could use a running back, but the team that we feel like needs him the most, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. I understand the Lions because of the whole carry-on Johnson injury, but I feel like Matt Patricia is okay with Ty Johnson, Jada McKessick, Trent Carson, maybe even Paul Perkins as his running back crew for the next eight weeks. Listen, the Buccaneers, they need a run game. They would have loved to get Tevin Coleman or Levy on Bell in the offseason, but they just didn't have the cap space. Peyton Barber and Ronald Jones, they're okay, but are they good enough to win you a Super Bowl? Probably not. Kenyan Drake, he may not be a franchise back, but he could be your starting running back and every down three down back. Not to mention that Kenyan Drake is a very good receiving back, and if he's coached by Bruce Arians, who made the most out of David Johnson in the past game and the run game in Arizona, Kenyan Drake could succeed in Tampa Bay. Player number three on our list, Bengals wide receiver, AJ Green. A lot of teams out there that could benefit with Green, the Packers, the Jets, the Bills, the team that we feel like could benefit with him the most, the Oakland Raiders. So here's why the Bengals should move on from AJ Green. He's in his 30s, audit is the future, Tyler Boyd is the present, AJ Green is the past. You're not gonna make the playoffs, you're gonna get a high draft pick, why not couple that with a second round, maybe even a first rounder for AJ Green. So why the Oakland Raiders? They've needed a number one receiver since the whole Antonio Brown situation. Ty Brown Williams is good, but he's not that guy. Yes, they got say Jones, but that's just not enough. They're still inquiring about other receivers in the league, such as Robbie Anderson from the Jets. Plus, this would be a John Gruden move. Gruden loves big names. So imagine if you got AJ Green to line up on the outside opposite of Ty Rao Williams, you got Zay Jones in the slot, Darren Waller at tight end, and a franchise running back in Josh Jacobs, Derek Carr has plenty of names to play with. Next up, we're gonna mention someone on defensive Vic Beasley of the Atlanta Falcons. There's a lot of teams out there that need pass rush help, but the team that would benefit the most, the Detroit Lions. It's time for the Falcons to move on from Vic Beasley. Had a great year during the Super Bowl run, but since then, hasn't done much. This move makes sense for both teams. For the Falcons, they just got a second round pick from the Patriots. Imagining a mid round pick for Beasley, maybe a third or a fourth round, you increase your chances of having a great draft in 2020. For the Lions, they could benefit with Beasley. They are the fifth worst team in the NFL when it comes to sacks. They need pass rush help. And for Vic Beasley, imagine this being a resurgence in his career, being paired with Matt Patricia, a creative defensive mind that will definitely find a role for him as a rotational player. The final trade candidate in this video, O.J. Howard of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The best landing spot, the New England Patriots. So I originally had the Chicago Bears as the best landing spot, but after sitting down and looking at their draft picks after that whole Clio Mac trade, I couldn't come up with a realistic scenario where the Bears would sacrifice more draft picks for O.J. Howard. Instead, let's go with a team that won't stop bothering the Bucks about Howard. For both teams, this makes sense. For the Buccaneers, there's just no need for Howard. That simple. The Patriots, there's a big need for tight end, the only position that you need. And if you acquire O.J. Howard, game over. We already know what's gonna happen. And movies have been spoiled. The Patriots are winning the Super Bowl. But that's all we have for this video. Thank you guys so much for watching. Don't forget to like this video and leave a comment down below. Do you like these trade predictions? Do you disagree? Do you agree? If so, what are your predictions? Who are other players that you believe will be traded prior to the NFL trade deadline? Leave a comment down below and interact with us. Also, subscribe to this channel so you can stay up to date when we come out with a new episode every single week. Also, hit me up on Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. The username for all three is at Time to Football. Again, thank you guys so much for watching this video and I'll catch you guys later.