This is the exit here. I think people right here Don't let it pop over 30 if you did that trade. It's good. It's great here. This is the bounce Okay, question when you have a tailing arch with you order very far away. Yes He did that this morning with the zoom Z. I said do a test trade Trying to short zoom Z at 25, which it was not at this morning. It was gapping here Around whatever, you know 1825 so he had to actually put an order in and if it sits in his monitor That means he's got it to short that he cancels it If it doesn't sit it if it doesn't pop up in there, but he doesn't have it to short So he put him he doesn't have a jiggy to figure out that's he's testing to see if he has the short Rather than email the broker whatever he does a test right now. That's what he does So that's what you would do. You put an order so far away that it would never fill it in the pre-market And that's what he did with the other one steel hard. Good job. How much money did you make on this? That really was the morning exit people 10 minutes from 10 o'clock Mark We're gonna hold somewhere in here great trade almost a dollar boom out Jenner's jam Mountain girl steel her made 286 bucks good Let's let's go over What happened to the other one yesterday? Where did it go? Wow, this is still falling One from yesterday still going It's a 1540 something the TL our dean. Oh this fell broke the low kept going Where did this this ended up going? I think in 1575 yesterday 1571 Go over the test rate again The test rate is if you're not sure if you have something short you put an order out to short it so far away from the price It would never get filled in the pre-market if you order sits in your training monitor Then you've got it if it doesn't pop up then you don't but you must cancel it Otherwise you'll get filled or could get filled somewhere into the open So if it sits in the monitor, you've got it then cancel it then you know you got it And if it doesn't you don't have it you can request it Okay There's something else I was gonna say I forget what else are we talking about yesterday? What other questions here, this is a bounce on zoom Z and look no one should be selling this oh We were gonna go over Google we can do that over here. We can do that over here with the chart It's anyone still in Google at all anyone at all still in the Google Pull up your option chain. Are you signed in? Yeah, I mean into your options Express or whatever are they my retreat or whatever? Yes sign in Is anyone still gala had just said he should be Eric what gala had just said he should still be in Google. Oh, no Ericson no now Eric's actually gonna help you today, but I want Aaron to look up and see what it's worth first This is practice for Eric What would you sell it to on the day of that inspiration, right? It would deviate it would shrink Look, we'll pull it up. We want to see what we know what you paid for you know what you sold it How many shares did you have of it gala had you told me maybe $1,900 But you can tell me how the quantity you have of the price you have Well pay one to the target I said of course it did Hello Okay, what did to happen it's so you're looking at the ones expiring today the 840s Google What are they worth eight contracts? But what price did you pay? No, I don't talk to gal had I just want to see what I'm estimating what his profit would have been once we know But I want you to tell me what it's worth hurry hurry hurry It's today. Yeah, go ahead It's 260 430 by 260 No, that can't be right The 840s drop down go go go. Yeah expiring the 10th. Yeah No refresh Refresh and blow it up. Oh, you're looking at that was the change or the last what's the bid ask Go down down down. See you're over. You're in the money now. So that's why you're not used to looking at this here See you're in the money the other day you weren't Okay, now go ahead go up. Yeah, 840s ring 840s where there? No, no, no the first column is what no What is it? And then what's the second column? So that's the difference if you put an order out you go down.  What did I tell you this morning? Those of you more than you told them four dollars. So if you had kept them till today You had three contracts with 300 shares. You can sell them right now the second you're out of it ready for four dollars So what would your profit be? Figure it out figure it out 300 times four. Oh, it's one 1200. Yes But what if they wouldn't have been you would have lost completely? Oh, yeah, everything why there's no time There's no time value whatsoever expires today and every hour and every second It's 956 that number Will be worth less and less and less as it gets into the close you understand no matter what it has No, it happened to me before I realized The week week of expiration it just it just shrinks and then boom, you know, right? Yeah, it's usually worth like 10 cents or 20 cents or something But the good thing about this was that it went it went up to the strike which I said and went over this right So so but you're still taking a chance Gala had would have made 3000 but what was your what was your price now? Let's just this is a very good discussion here people and this will help everyone and I know not everyone does options But it's the same point with the day trading whether you get out of something whether it moves one arm with one and a half hours Or it drops to three hours How what was your price? No, well, how much cost did you actually pay? You did not pay three dollars and forty cents the day that I made the trade call What was the price that you actually wait 25? He had to 120 125. Yeah He might have paid a little bit less because we took it in the morning What did you pay gala had? And he added I believe no, what did you pay? What was the cost of the option that you pay this is running up right now quit refresh it It's gonna be worth more, but just refresh it. It said 845 Galahad, what did you pay for the cost of the option one dollar and 20 cents one dollar? You didn't take the ones that expire on the tent. Oh Then I don't even know what you did. I don't even know what you did I thought you did the same trade that you didn't do that you didn't get the ones then that I that I called I don't even know what you did then you did something. Look at this. It was 30 out of 5. Yes So you could have made like 1300 or something, but who would buy that on the day of expiration? How does that know you're you're you weren't waiting years? You can you can always get out of these because they always have volume you can I don't know if it has a volume up in there But these these are liquid things. We trade liquid stocks. We trade liquid stocks Whatever we do for the day trades are for the option saying to buy the person buying this Why would they buy that on the day of expiration because people do this as day trades? I told you that you could have taken it that out of the day that we did it. Don't you remember? Oh So we can buy this right now. It's it's going targeting in this today is 845 850 Some people will are perfectly happy buying something and getting out of making 50 cents or making a dollar Okay, you know what I'm saying So as a day trade this stock gapped up the stock looks higher the market is moving actually Google is moving ahead of the market. Here's the market. Here's the market. Here's the market long as you were here The market looks great. So who will buy this someone that wants to trade here. It's not even 10 o'clock with the market Yes, look at Amazon it all looks good, too So it looks like gala had did a one week out So he paid more so we can't compare it to yours But it's still the point that it was a good good trade gala had I didn't realize that you did this and had a week left. So yeah, you could have held it But you still were at $1,900 so so Eric Eric He said he should have gotten out whether he had one more week left in it or not Why do you think he should have gotten out with $1,900 go because you lost money could have went against you You can lost everything. Can you hear what he just said gala had? But you just did everybody here when Eric just said talk a little louder. You could have lost everything You could have lost everything and how much money did you have at risk gala huh? How much money did you risk in the trade 2700? I've lost everything He said you could have lost everything. It's not easy to say it's very it's it's it's simple to say it's more than easy It's it's easy. It's so easy. It's it's ridiculously easy. That's it's why you're going to see a count That's how I understand what don't you're gonna be blown up as a council.  Yes, he could have tell me how he could have Here let's go over here. Let's go from your chair over here. Come over and talk How could he have a decent there's no way Melissa that I couldn't


The floor may not be in the old box. My name is Jake. I like music.  One day while I was looking up songs on iTunes for my iPod Touch, I came across an album named My Favorite Tunes in the featured section of iTunes. The cover was just a photo of a dark room with a 15 or 16 year old boy lying on his bed with his eyes closed and with headphones in his ears. I thought it was funny that an album named this would show up in the featured section and decided to buy the album without even checking out the songs in it. It took about 30 minutes to download the entire album. My internet was pretty slow at the time and during that time I was playing some songs on my guitar. When it was finished downloading, I hopped onto the couch and started listening to the first song. It was the song Rock Lobster from the B-52s, but it sounded a little odd. The notes seemed higher in pitch and in some parts of the song, it just sounded like a big mess of random notes. I just thought that it wasn't the song and it was just me since I hadn't listened to Rock Lobster in a while. When the song was finally over, I started to switch to the next song. I glanced at the cover art and thought I recognized the teenager in the cover art. I thought nothing of it and proceeded to the next song. The second song was We Are The Champions, but seemed higher in pitch and had spots with jumbles of notes just like the previous song, but this time it was even more noticeable. Also, I heard someone whisper. My name was spoken at the end of the song, but just thought it was my imagination. I was a little scared, but still had the courage to listen to the next song. This third one's name was Bay, and when I listened to it, it was just ambience of a neighborhood or small town, alongside a running car engine. It was about 40 seconds long, and when it was over, I was confused, but still proceeded to listen to the rest of the songs. The next three songs were Sweet Dreams, Don't Stop Believe In, and Breakfast in America, all with the same effects as the first two, and I still thought I heard my name being whispered during the songs. Before I played the second to last song on the album, I looked at the cover art of the album again, and I thought I definitely knew that teenager, but didn't know who. The second to last song was called Night. The first 20 seconds were nighttime ambience, with the sound of someone walking on pavement. After that was the sound of the person who was previously walking now, lockpicking a door. After 25 or so seconds, the door finally opened, and the person now sounded like he, maybe she, was walking up a staircase. When the person got off the stairway, he sounded like he was now walking on carpet. While he was walking, you could hear him whispering. After hearing him, now I knew it was a guy, say that, my heart stopped for a second. I now knew that he wasn't in any random building, he was in my house. I started to reach for the phone to call the police, while still listening to the song. I heard him open the door, and walked for a bit, then stopped suddenly. Say cheese. I heard him say. He then immediately took a picture, and then the song was over. I quickly looked at the cover again, and realized that the picture was of me, probably taken at the same time as this song was recorded. I hesitantly listened to the last song in the album which is named, Best Friends. I heard the same guy from the previous song say. Hello Jake. If you try and call the police, which I know you probably will, let's say bad things will happen. All I want for us is to become. He pauses for about 10 seconds. Best Friends. I put down the phone and without thinking, deleted the album. I quickly went over to a friend's house, as my parents were gone to pick up my uncles and aunts from the airport, and told him about the album. He didn't believe me, and when I tried to redownload the album from the iTunes store, it was gone.  I went home, disappointed and afraid. It has been a couple months since the incident, and I am paranoid almost all the time, especially when I go to sleep. I have had no encounter yet with the person who created the album, except for sometimes this one car seems to slow down, whenever they pass by me when I am walking on the sidewalk, and that recently someone wrote on my iPod under where I wrote, I like music. It says, I like music too, Jake.


We should just start at the top and we've been talking about atonement or miracle and This just seeing that my mind is completely positive There's absolutely positive thing nothing in time matter space. It's kind of it at all I mean and you can tell that like Rhonda was saying the other day that about everything that seems to come out of the mouth You just are just watching for content You know I was noticing recently when you were just saying about Misha if I lock Misha up You know she'll feel deprived and then when I let her out You know she'll be more excited cause Misha's body being put behind their effects open the gate You know it's just it's just about anything you can think of has So based on causation in the world and so to accept the atonement and just hold to the fact that my mind Is positive and there's absolutely nothing on the screen at all in the entire cosmos that has any kind of causation whatsoever That's healing and that's what this this kind of lesson is about. How are healing and atonement related? Healing and atonement are not related. They are identical There is no order of difficulty in miracles because there are no degrees of atonement It is the one complete concept possible in this world Because it is the source of a wholly unified perception Partial atonement is a meaningless idea just as special areas of hell in heaven are inconceivable Accept atonement and you are healed Atonement is the word of God Accept his word and what remains to make sickness possible Accept his word every miracle has been accomplished He's forgive is to heal The teacher of God has taken accepting the atonement for himself as his only function Where is there then? He can't heal What miracle can be withheld from him the next one here we go into self-concept or transfer of training What will I hold back from the atonement? The progress of the teacher of God may be slow or rapid depending on whether he recognizes the atonement is the atonement's inclusiveness or For a time exclude some problem areas from it in some cases There is a sudden and complete awareness of the perfect applicability of the lesson of the atonement to all situations But this is comparatively rare The teacher of God may have accepted the function God has given him long before he has learned all that his acceptance Holds out to him He said if I don't know what was coming at the time when I was young I would have stepped into this It is only the end that is certain Anywhere along the way the necessary realization of inclusiveness may reach him If the way seems long let him be content He has decided on the direction. He wants to take What more was asked of him and having done what was required with God to withhold the rest I think of that is the way seems long let him be content.  Yeah, don't worry about if it seems like it's taking longer Don't get into judging based on increments the world or comparisons That forgiveness is healing needs to be understood if the teacher of God is to make progress The forgiveness being the reversal of the thoughts in the mind all the backward ones having been turned around The idea that a body can be sick is a central concept in the ego That's like the underlying assumption I mean even when things are brought up, you know, even when we start the tow Or the flu or the whatever, you know The underlying assumption in the presenting problem Is that okay now? I obviously have The sick body I feel it. I Where I had experienced it, you know, I have been through this and The idea that a body can be thick is a central concept in the ego's health system, you know, it's As we'll see as we go on this paragraph it's very important For the ego to hold on to the idea that the body can be sick. I mean it's It's that's one of its strongest witnesses But the separation that's one of the eight aces in the hole It's like Joey was describing. You know, she's in so much pain She finally said why give in, you know, it's like where you get to a point where you just say oh forget it not good It's like you try to keep your mind on the truth But after a while Can't do it. I can't stop thinking about my door Focusing on This thought gives the body autonomy Separate it from the mind and keeps the idea of attack and violent Like the body has power over my mind just keep me distracted from the truth And underneath it is I can't change my mind. I mean, that's what I hear when I'm in pain. Yeah, and I I tried I Asked the Holy Spirit to see things differently. I want To not be in pain, but I can't do it It's got power over me. You know, there's something It's frustrating. It's feeling of helplessness Listen that I mean, that's what the mind has chosen it and then forgotten exactly what it shows you know in order that it seems that The body has power and you know and we get into the deeper You know, it's the whole thing of the mind wants to hold on to the concept of itself as it precedes itself It wants to hold on so dearly to the separation to the small self So invested in holding on to that is so terrified of letting that go and just going into that life that that seems like Sickness is great. It's a great device serves value, you know clearly provides a witness Yeah Draws my attention off them off my mind again back out there on to the body in the screen And then the next time of course when you get into more of the metaphysics is like Louisa's thing about I want to understand this thing. I made myself sick. I mean, you know, then The mind has taken responsibility for the attack thoughts and for what it perceives is as sickness So I mean that's That's where the guilt is coming in any way the guilt is coming in from lining up with the wrong mind You know from raising body thoughts that was one of the quotes that she had that she passed to me That she wanted, you know raising body parts to the level of mind in other words saying I am responsible for Behavior I am responsible for you know Things that the body seems to do and has done and so on and so forth and If that's true, you know then Sins are only in bodies, but the mind is associated itself with the body and that's where the guilt comes in Bringing body thoughts to the level of mind It's a level confusion. That's an example. Yeah, yeah, it's about level confusion. And really it's the thing of Since their body thoughts are of the ego and body thoughts are not of the right mind But it's it's saying that really that body thoughts are causative It's really what it means by to raise body costs to a level of mind It's simply to say that That the body or something in matter is causative or creative And you can see that's where the level confusion occurs the belief that that bodies actually act I mean I started to get into that a bit in the sense that It seems in this world as if there are autonomous persons that that act Autonomously that it seems like you know in the deceased state like Rhonda and David and Beverly and Dorky have different minds But what he's got a mind of her own she can decide to come or just stay on with the honor, you know or Beverly has a mind of her own she can decide to do this or do that and Rhonda and David and everything It really seems that way. I mean that's that's pretty accepted thing that we're all persons and part of being a person is to have a mind of your own and It's still at the metaphor level because You know the mind has The mind the seed mind has a sign To the mind the properties of the body while the properties of the body or do we have four separate bodies? You know the seed mind sitting on the couch and that Each of these minds is also separate When really there's just one mind and all the characters on the screen all of the characters on the screen are all part of playing out a Script it's already been played out and Are all it's all been played out so in other words when I say that you know the mind wrote the script it hired the characters it gave out the parts It's everything that said Is it's own invention this one sleeping mind has invented and projected out all these other bodies and that it says that there's all these other minds and has given out all these parts and It's done the whole thing. There is absolutely nothing to be upset about when somebody Says or does something when Misha another dream figure seems to do or do something and you feel upset is That's that's part of the script. I mean If it's apart from my mind if I'm a Rhonda and that's Misha just a dog Children that's just a dog, you know, then you see you know, I'm upset at Misha's behavior or whatever And I simply denied that that's just a thought or an image in my own mind What's it? It's just an image another image. What's the big deal? But you see with them when the meaning gets read and this is I'm a person. This is my house This is we have guests coming over This is just a dog. The dog should not inhibit our social life. The dog should not, you know Be craving, you know, you can see where all that stuff gets read on as meaning and then by golly before you know it I'm upset at something That the dog is done So you can see that that from this perspective, you know The bodies are not autonomous. They don't act apart from what my mind I mean, they're just like thoughts that are that are in a concreteized form that are acting out So I'm not responsible for the The roles that I assigned in the sense that I'm not responsible for what it said Or what is done by the characters that I'm responsible for how I perceive that Yes That's all that's all it is Yes, everything is how you feel It's like when I walk I watch all this stuff And like as I'm going along I kind of think well, I'll see somebody to talk to And I know that I'm gonna still be Hello, good morning. Where do you live? What did you say? Oh, I don't live here. I'm just visiting. You've got a nice crowd. Oh, yes, we've had our house Really much happen


Good morning and welcome to morning prayer today. It's Thursday and it's an awesome day for us to behold Jesus, to draw near to His presence, put our eyes, put our hearts, put our attention, our full attention on Him. And as we pray today, the good news is that as we behold Him, His eye is on us. His heart, His affections, His presence draws near to us when we draw near to Him. And as we just think about that idea of drawing near and giving God our full attention, the story of the Samaritan woman who encounters Jesus just comes to mind in John chapter 4. After Jesus has this encounter with this woman who has really lost everything because of decisions that she's made in life and circumstances that may or may not have been outside of her control, she encounters Jesus at the well all by herself. Normally, she would have been with the other women of the village, but she's by herself, which means she's probably been ostracized. She's there at noon, which is the worst time of day to get the water. It's probably because no one else wants to be around of her because of her reputation. But Jesus intentionally goes to the well and meets her there and ministers to her and offers her a drink from the well of eternal life of salvation. Jesus offers her the water that will satisfy her soul. And when He does it, it changes her life. And the part of the story that I love the most is it says in verse 27 down through verse 28 that the disciples are coming back, they see Jesus talking to the woman. No one said anything, but in verse 28 it says, so the woman left her water jar, which represents her loneliness or isolation, the way of her life that required her to have to daily go and get water to satisfy her day by day based on her own strength by herself. But after encountering Jesus, she left her water pot there and it says, and she went away into town and she said to people, come and see a man who told me all that I ever did. Can this be the Christ? Listen to the invitation in her voice. She says, come and see a man who's changed my life. That's what beholding does. It changes our life when we put our attention, our physical attention, our spiritual attention, our emotional attention on Jesus. And we allow Him to satisfy us with rivers of living water, with the fountains of life that the psalmist said are in God and God alone. What happens is it changes us.  And He's here inviting us to behold Him, knowing that as we do, the rivers of living water satisfy us and change us and fill us with hope again. Remove guilt, shame and condemnation and flood us with acceptance from the presence of the Lord. So today, as we worship and we pray, I want to encourage you, let's give God our full attention. Let's have our Bibles ready. Let's have our journals ready to hear the voice of the Lord speaking over our lives today. Let's offer Him the one thing that He doesn't already have, which is our praise. Let's give God what He wants the most and watch how He gives us what we need the most. We're going to pray and we're going to worship and I want to encourage you, even if you're at home or here in the prayer room, it's not be spectators. Let's engage, body, soul and spirit, heart, soul and mind. Let's worship, let's pray, let's intercede, let's lift up our hands even at home. Let's minister to an audience of one. We're here to behold Jesus and to be transformed by His glory. Father, we love you. We give you our hearts. We give you our time. We behold you.  Draw near to you and we invite you to draw near to us. You gave everything for us. We just simply say thank you. Thank you for the cross. Thank you for your absolute surrender to the will of the Father, but your love for us. And Lord, before we could ever think about the cost of the things that we surrender, Lord, we start in humility at the foot of the cross, seeing all that you surrendered, seeing all that you laid down, seeing all that you gave. Lord, before our tears matter, we look at your tears. We see the tears of one left abandoned on a cross flowing down your face. Jesus, thank you. Thank you for the precious drops of blood that flowed from your brow down your face. All for us. All for love. Jesus, we see your outstretched arms fully embracing us, but yet nailed because of our shame and our sin and our transgressions. All the bruises on your body that you bore because of ours, our blows inflicted upon you, and you did it all for love. Jesus, we say thank you. Our heart cries, thank you. Behold, what manner of love is this? As we look upon your sacrifice, your perfect sacrifice where you gave everything for us. You gave up glory. You gave up heaven. You gave up dignity. You even gave up your life so that we could pick it up, so that we could breathe again, so that we could hope again, so that we could call you Father again. Thank you for your everything. Thank you for your sacrifice. Thank you for your love. Thank you for your willingness to surrender all. Well, let's just take a moment and just you to the Lord, to the heart of the Father, just thanking Him for His everything. You to the heart of Jesus, reminding your heart of the sacrifice. Stripes that you bore on your body, forever grateful. It's our joy to surrender.  It's our joy to offer you our tears, tears of bitterness, but even in our brokenness, to give them to you as an offering. It's our joy to give you the things that matter most to us, but to lay them down at the foot of the cross and say, not mine, but yours.  On the altar and let it go up in flames before you as a sacrifice from the deepest place of our heart, not just in the external movement and the giving of something that doesn't cost us anything. It's not even the, it's not even the thing itself. It's the fact that our heart lets go of it and puts it on the altar in response to all that you've given. Lord, would you give us hearts of surrender this morning to put it all on the altar, to put our Isaacs on the altar. It's easy to offer the Ishmaels, but the Isaacs cost us something. And today, even the Isaacs, even the dreams, even the promises, even the things that we could have, even the things that we want to have, the things that we feel entitled to, that we deserve, Jesus, when we stare at the cross, the question cease. And we just put it on the altar willingly, joyfully. And we say everything for Jesus, everything for Jesus, the bottled up tears, the boxed up questions, the hidden scars, Jesus we surrender, all to him we freely give. Jesus have it all, have our hearts this morning that scattered all over the earth during a season of lent, which is a season of reflection leading up to the cross and the resurrection. Praying today that there would be a breakthrough, revelation of the beauty of your cross, the Lord, the power of religion, the power of even ritualism that would dare to hide the beauty of the cross behind just mere observation, going through the motions, even marking dates on a calendar that Lord, that the varnish of that would be peeled back and we, as your believers, across every denomination and every continent of the face of the earth, would have a fresh revelation of the beauty of the cross of Jesus. The beauty of the cross, 1 Corinthians chapter one says, for the word of the cross is folly to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved, it is the power of God.  Isn't that defeat? Isn't that weakness? Isn't that ignorance? But yet we look at the cross today and instead of ugliness, we see beauty because it's love on full display and instead of weakness, we see strength. Jesus, you could have called down legions of angels at any moment, but love kept you on the cross. The strength of your devotion to the Father kept you on the cross. And when the world looks at the cross and says, foolish, we look at the cross and say, wisdom. We see the manifold wisdom of God redeeming us or pour out a fresh, fresh revelation, wisdom and understanding of the beauty of the cross. The beauty of Jesus, our sacrifice at the cross that He bore, open our eyes to the beauty and the wonder of the cross. Lord, the gospel message would not just be glossed over or hidden. Every time we look at the cross, we see our great poverty of spirit, that Lord, we could not save ourselves. We could not fix ourselves, but you came for us. Every time we look at the cross, we see love on display, the kind of love that doesn't keep a record of wrongs done, the kind of love that shows mercy, the kind of love that doesn't send someone else to do it, but God, you came running to our rescue. Lord, I'm praying that this Easter and this Lent season as churches celebrate that and fast and even sacrificially give things up, Lord, that it would be more than just some ritualistic observation. It's what we do every year. But Lord, this would be a window of time where you're peeling back all the layers of religion, all the layers of selfishness and reminding us of our deep need that was only met when Jesus died on the cross for us. God, I'm praying that in churches in our city, of every denomination, of every background, of every style that name the name of Jesus, that this year would be a year that the gospel would proclaim with might and with strength and with beauty that a generation who runs to church on Easter this year would be confronted with the beauty, but also the mystery and the wisdom, the foolishness in the eyes of the world of Jesus on the cross and be confronted with our own sin and the need of salvation. Jesus, we're praying that you would put the cross on display like never before, not just on the top of our churches or on the back walls of our sanctuaries, but you would put it in the pulpits of every church. And Lord, it would be emblazoned on the hearts of all of your followers, just like we're just saying we will follow the Lamb. God, let that be more than a mantra. Raise up, raise up followers that more than name the name of Jesus, but literally bear the cross of Jesus and follow the Lamb wherever he goes, sacrificially, unapologetically, unashamedly that we follow Jesus in the way of the cross. Put your cross on full display. We pray Jesus' name for giving trespasses and disarming the enemy. You did at the cross, Jesus. Cancelled all of the debts that we owe. You tore in half those legal documents of accusation by the accuser of the brethren that were written up to separate us from you. You cancelled them. And Lord, the enemy was perfectly disarmed through the cross. How wonderful, how beautiful is your cross. Oh, the wonderful cross. Lord, I'm praying that as the revelation of your cross begins to unlock people's hearts, that it would produce greater salvation. Lord, greater freedom and greater liberty in the hearts of people, that the enemy's weapons would be dismantled, that the devil's accusations would be cancelled, that our trespasses would be washed as white as snow as the message of the cross goes forward. This year, this spring, in every pulpit in this city, God, we're praying, elevate the cross in this city. High above every other name, let the name of Jesus be exalted. Above every trophy, let the cross stand front and center. Let the beauty and the wonder of the cross bid us come and die to find that we might truly live in Jesus.  And the power of the resurrection begin to transform and change lives because of the beauty of the cross. Lord, we're praying for boldness as the message of the cross is proclaimed. And we're praying for altars to be full of people receiving new life, all because of your perfect sacrifice, Jesus. And we finish like we started. We say, thank you for the cross. Thank you for the cross, Jesus. Thank you for the cross, the mighty cross. Open our eyes to see the beauty of it, afresh and anew. We pray in Jesus' name. Amen. Joining us, those of you at home as well, and as always, invite you to come and join us in person today at noon, tonight at 6.30 p.m. as we continue to pursue the Lord, let hunger stir in your heart. Don't ever allow the hunger for more of the presence of God to ever be satisfied. Draw near to him and let him draw near to you. We pray. And for those of you who are in the prayer room, we want to also let you know we're about to shift in to a devotional set. So you're welcome to stay. You're welcome to just spend some time in the presence of the Lord, meditate on the beauty of the cross, listen to his voice, be saturated in that. If you're going to talk and catch up, that's great. We're just going to ask that you would quietly leave today as you came in and join us as we pray and enjoy the presence of the Lord.


It takes a certain kind of person to work night shifts. Most people can't fathom the idea of getting up when the sun sets and going to bed when she rises again. I've been at Carter's convenience for three years now, and in that time I've had around 20 potential coworkers try out the overnight shift with me. They usually last a few weeks before asking to be moved to the day shifts or just quitting entirely. We find they just can't handle long hours of doing nothing but basic store upkeep at a time when they normally be fast asleep. Me? I don't mind. For one thing, I've always been something of a night owl, preferring the calm and solitude of the night to the glaring sun and frantic hustle of the daytime. And while my colleagues have to deal with dozens, sometimes even hundreds of customers over the source of a single day, I usually only have one or two dozen customers on an average night. And let me tell you, there are some colorful characters who frequent convenience stores in the middle of the night. You've got the drunk stumbling home from the bar after last call looking to buy a six-pack to keep the party going, and some ibuprofen for the morning if they're smart. You've got the stoners who just need their 3am twinkies. You've got the haggard spouses making a midnight grocery run because their pregnant wives had sudden cravings for pickles and peanut butter. You've got the other nightshifters like myself stopping in for a few necessities after work. And lastly, you've got the regulars, a particular type of customer who only comes to the store at night and only shop at Carter's convenience for certain special products we offer.  He comes every Friday night, or Saturday morning, if we're being technical, at 2.22am on the dot. I had my nose buried in a book when I heard the bell above the door let out a dainty ding. I glanced at the digital clock I kept next to the cash register, saw the acid green triple twos, and didn't even bother taking my eyes off the clock. Evening Jenkins, I said. Evening, Hubert, my boy, came the raspy reply. Yep, right on schedule. I looked up at Mr. Jenkins standing at a towering seven foot nine with skin like a 16th century tombstone.   What's on the reading list this week? Jenkins asked in his grinding gravel voice. In response, I lifted my book to show the cover of crime and punishment and he nodded. Ah, Dostoevsky, a classic that one. Yeah, bought this book years ago, but only just now getting around to reading it. I said as I set the novel down, couldn't let it gather dust on my shelf any longer. Jenkins chuckled. Well, you know what old Sam Clemmons said about the classics. They're the books that everyone wants to have read, but nobody wants to actually read. Yeah, sounds about right. Pretty good read so far though. I grabbed a keyring off of a hook under the counter and stood up from my stool. Just the usual this week. If you'd be so kind. The two of us made our way to the back of the store, fluorescent lights humming steadily overhead. We walked past the shelves lined with foodstuff and toiletries and pharmaceuticals and other sun dries, basic goods for when you need to make a trip out for two or three things, but don't want to go all the way to a grocery or department store. At the rear of the shop, I unlocked the door to the refrigerated section and stepped inside. Jenkins followed closely behind. From there, I inserted another key into a second lock. This one nestled between the shelves holding the milk and beer. As the tumblers clicked, a part of the back wall slid away with a rumble. Here's what we've got. I said shivering slightly in the chilly air. Jenkins pursed his lips as he surveyed his options. Some of the jars on the shelves of the hidden alcove contained a wide assortment of hands, feet and other body parts. Others contained nothing but crimson handwritten labels detailing the blood types they held.  Not much of a selection this week, Jenkins noted with a frown. In fact, I'm pretty sure I saw some of these last Friday. It's been a slow week for inbound shipments, I said with a shrug. The boss is expecting some fresh goods sometime in the next two or three days. Sorry I can't do much for you now, though. Quite alright, my boy. I know how business gets sometimes. He pursed his lips. I guess I'll take. Jenkins was cut off by the sound of a slamming door, making us both jump. We turned through the foggy glass of the refrigerator doors and passed the shelves lined with cold goods. We saw a masked man, clad in all black, sweater, pants, gloves, and a ski mask. He quickly looked around, then ran behind the counter and started fiddling with the cash register, smacking a handgun against the side. I sighed. Jenkins blinked. Oh, well, that's a bit of good luck right there. He said, turning to me. Shall I take care of this, Hubert? I know greeting the customers is supposed to be your thing, but… Yeah, go ahead. I said, wrapping my arms around myself.  Jenkins answered, with a predatory grin, bearing those pus-colored chompers. No promises, but I'll do my best. With that, he swaggered out into the store, freezer door swinging shut behind him. Evening, my good sir. I heard Jenkins say, his scratchy voice muffled. Terribly sorry, but I'm afraid only employees are allowed behind the counter. The would-be robber jumped. He visibly flinched at the side of Jenkins and quickly raised his firearm in a trembling hand. F-freeze! The thief shouted, a tremor in his voice. Don't move! But Jenkins surged forward. Fast, cleared the distance from one end of the store to the other in a fraction of a second. So fast that the poor crook didn't have time to get a shot off before Jenkins was upon him, dragging him behind the counter. A primal scream of raw terror echoed through Carter's convenience, which abruptly ended in a choking gurgle. A spray of blood shot up to splatter against the wall, and I sighed again. This had to happen after I cleaned for the evening. Retail work. Am I right?


Thank you very much. Thank you Tanaxan for giving me a floor. I'd like to share with you one important and interesting book which Michael Bloomberg launched quite recently. It's a book called Climate of Hope and he said climate change is a positive element, positive drivers to make the society change. We shouldn't wait for the governments to act, but rather community, companies, civil societies can do everything and to take it a positive opportunity and make every effort profitable incentivize. This is the basis of attitude towards climate change. The next point is the role of technology. Technology is a game changer, a real game changer in fighting climate change. People's mindset will change, politics will affect the attitude of the government or policy makers, but once technology is built in, there's a right job. So let's give big role to technology and what we can do about making technology having bigger role to play. So I'd like to pick up particular type of technologies in the following discussions. And also we have to shed light on what we can do with huge hydrocarbon reserves buried in the ground. We shouldn't just let it go as standard asset. We have to make best use of those hydrocarbons still together with renewables. Those are the point I'd like to share. Thank you.


Good morning everybody. We are headed into Tracy Arm Fjord. He's starting to see a little iceberg. Haven't seen any wildlife yet but we've heard that you might be able to see some on the shore. It's another cold but beautiful day in Alaska. All right I'll be back. So it's just a local food source. It's something we're going to see. We are now ascending 1,800 feet above sea level. Mount Roberts Tramway is the only aerial tramway here in Southeast Alaska. Mount Roberts Tramway was built August 10th, 1996. We have been up and running for 10, 20 years, excuse me, 20 years now, though we only operate May through September. We are now passing through Alaska Temperate Rainforest where we average 90 inches of rain and 100 inches of snow a year. There are three different kinds of trees that you guys will notice. The first one I'll be telling you about is called the syccus fruits.  The second one is called the western hemlock. These are the droopier trees with the droopier tops. Clingent people use this mainly from medicinal uses. Third one is called the red alder trees. These are the green leafy trees that you guys see right here and clingent people use this to smoke the fish in. The green stuff that you guys see hanging off the tree, the green mossy stuff, that is actually called lichen. It is an algae and a fungus that grow together in only form when there is absolutely no pollution in the air. Once we reach the sky bridge, you guys will notice that there are windows around all around for you guys to enjoy this beautiful scenery. All that we ask is you please keep your phones, tablets and cameras inside of the windows because we have no way to retrieve them and they will become a part of the mountain. On the sky bridge on the left we have a raven gift shop. We also have Alaska Timberlite restaurant where we offer things such as nachos, Indian tacos and the judges blueberry pie. We also offer vegetarian menu and and we also have a children's menu as well. Downstairs in the main building there's a fellow taking pictures.  There is a rapper Sarah where there's a light bald eagle. Her name is Lady Baltimore. She was injured so she was not able to be released back into the wild. If you guys go see her, please keep the noise down to a minimum and turn the flashes off on your cameras. There's also a nature center. They offer information on the conditions on the trails up here and you can purchase them out for a dollar. It's also a chill cafe here. I want to show you an award-winning documentary on the clink of people and culture here in Alaska. It runs every half an hour and on the hour. It runs approximately 18 minutes long. Please watch your step as we are excavating. We will exit all these doors in front of me.


Okay, thank you everyone. So we'll kick off, this is the second press conference of VEGU 21, and excitingly it's named Scientific Sleuthing, Geoforensics and Fingerprinting. And this year's EGU we have more than 14,000 abstracts and 16,000 people from across the globe participating in the meeting. So in case you weren't with us for the press conference just now, my name is Erin Martin Jones, I'm this year's EGU press conference assistant, and I'll be hosting today's session, which will include a question and answer period, following on from presentations by three speakers. To allow members of the media to ask your own questions, we're conducting this, this is a Zoom meeting obviously. And the best way to do this is after all of our speakers have spoken, if you can then please write the letter Q in the chat box to ask a question. And of course you're also welcome to type your questions in, and I can also read them out if that's preferable. So hopefully this won't happen, but if some for some reason zoom suddenly quits, I'll restart the press conference and give you all a few moments just to rejoin the session. So for reference you can find the abstracts and other documents relating to the press conference, all uploaded to the documents section of the online press center. That's media.edu.eu. So you can have a look there for more information. And I will introduce our three panelists now to make for faster transitions in between them. So yes, so this is the press conference theme scientific sleuthing and scientific sleuthing. If you can say that today are firstly, Dr Christine Sidaway, who is a professor at Colorado College in the United States. Dr Chiara Teloli, who is a researcher at the Italian National Agency for new technologies, energy and sustainable economic development in Italy. And last but not least we have Laura Crick, who is a doctoral candidate at the University of St Andrews United Kingdom. So I will now pass the floor over to each of these speakers in turn starting with Christine to introduce their topic. So Christine are you ready. Yes, indeed. I'll go ahead and share screen. Excellent. And do alert me while I'm screen sharing I can't see time so please alert me when I need to stop. So I'd like to share with you some exciting results from 2019 international ocean drilling that took place on the continental rise of the Amundsen Sea Antarctica. This region is of quite some interest because the nearby glaciers and ice streams of the West Antarctic ice sheet have been deemed the doomsday glaciers. The purpose of the drilling was to discover evidence from sediment records for peeling paleo events that may resemble what is going on presently with ice sheet change. The major findings from study of 5 million year old and younger deep sea sediments are that even in this very deep marine location there are rock fragments that were rafted to the sites by icebergs. And the number grafting specifically occurs during de glacial events when the West Antarctic ice sheet must have retreated dramatically, possibly to Alpine ice camps on the high mountain ranges in West Antarctica. We characterize the rocks recovered from the deep seabed and compared them to online geology of Antarctica to identify where the fragments came from. There are dropstones of a unique green sandstone that could only have originated in interior mountain ranges far from the coast. The West Antarctic ice sheet therefore must have been absent or drastically retreated at this time of ice rafting about 4 million years ago. 4 million years ago is a time that's viewed as a proxy for global climate change of the future in that there's sedimentary records from coastal areas around the northern hemisphere showing that shorelines moved inland at that time. Climate scientists forecast that sea levels are again on the rise and the change may come very rapidly within decades. The drill sites that Expedition 379 to the Amundsen Sea investigated are so far from the coast of Antarctica that we could not see the continent. These are in water depths and distances that no stream river or beach processes could have supplied pebbles, cobbles, and boulders to the site. This is how we know their ice rafted debris. The pulling up cores from the seabed is the action of this drill ship, the famed and historic Jordy's resolution. Zooming in on some of those sections, we saw in the main what we expected to see lots and lots of thinly laminated mud deposited in quiet conditions. What we were hoping for, but we're almost afraid to find are iceberg rafting pebbles and granules and sometimes visible identifiable stones that are indicators of glacial events. My role in the expedition was to study these rocky particles and small pebbles and stones that were introduced into the base of the West Antarctic ice sheet by interaction of the thick ice pressing upon bedrock, headed to the edge of the continent, calved off or broken and then carried into icebergs that once in the warmer ocean water melted and dropped material to the sea bottom that revealed where the ice sheet had been on the continent, and where rock material must have come from some signature types of material or volcanic glass as is shown here. And do last a long time. Here's an example, a modern example of one of the hundreds of icebergs the Jordy's resolution crew tracked, each of them dropping debris to the bottom. And the comparisons underway show specific sites that these icebergs and their entrained rock came from, mostly along the coast of West Antarctica showing that the sediment cores are very sensitive indicators to the advance and retreat of this ice sheet on West Antarctica. We discovered at times that the ice sheet retreats all the way back to the Ellsworth mountains. And when the ice sheet here shown in a transparent layer has melted away stones of the type shown in this green dropstone can be floated upon icebergs along the interior passage in Antarctica to spin north out to the Scotia Sea or come out to the Amundsen Sea and drop this rich evidence on the seabed. So I'd like to stop there and look forward to hearing from our next speaker. Thank you, Christine, for that interesting introduction there. So next let's head over to Dr Kiara Tello, tell only if Kiara is about. Okay. Thank you. So, but only the introduction on all my presentation. Oh, you're so you can show your presentation. That's right. Yeah. Okay, okay. Okay, can you see. Yep. Okay, so I am character lolly from DNA research center in Bologna. And I'm talking about the possibility of extra virgin olive oil. In a fast growing expansion of the free market together with the relatives with which food products are transported through and between countries and continents. The safety and the quality of what we daily it has become a real issue I lightening the structural need for measures to identify the origin of the food commodities for both consumers and the producers. We demand the food stuff with identifiable origin and specific characteristics, and the producers, including for example, like the cultural farmers, retailers and administrative authorities, reclaim reliable or all methods that will be put on their market. For this reason, it is important to evaluate the food traceability and the food authentication. Food traceability covers all processing, producing and distribution steps to better characterize a food product and food authentication is the comparison between same time of products based on a geographical technical or processing difference. The approach on food traceability regards different tasks development, putting side by side the increasing legislations that aims at protecting the origin and the reputation of food commodities, preventing adulteration, and the continuous research on implementation for reliable technologies in order to reach a functioning control system. To do that, different markets have to be chosen to successfully represent the entire change of product, as for example macro and trace elements, ultra trace rare earth elements, contaminants and isotope ratios. As a case study, we collected samples of extra virgin olive oil in meals in different parts of Italy and different years. And we selected extra virgin olive oil because it is a characteristic product of the Mediterranean area, but due to its high nutritional value and high cost of production, it could be subject to fraud. So we analyzed all the samples using an instrument called the inductively co-platplasma mass spectrometer, but in this case is a triple quadrupole. And the implementation of high level laboratory facilities for trace element and isotopic analysis was realized at the Nea Brasimone research center that is near Bologna. We are present both a clean laboratory for sample pretreatment and preparation and a clean room with a controlled pressure, temperature and humidity in where the triple quadrupole is present. The importance of the clean room is to better prevent alteration due to atmospheric fallout and reduce natural contamination of samples, especially during trace and ultra trace analysis. So this is an example of the results. It's not easy to read, but only to give you an example. If you see these graphs, you can show the different fingerprint of the different kind of samples that were representative of different markers. As for example, if you see the graph, so on the right part, in the central Italy, the extra virgin olive oil of Liguria, colored in green, shows high value of rare respect to the other extra virgin olive oil. And the same in the south of Italy is for the extra virgin olive oil of Calabria, colored in yellow. Generally, the extra virgin olive oil of the south has high value of multi-element and rare ultra trace elements. For multi-element, we have value at 120 ppb that is part per billion, respect to 40 ppb in the central Italy, so very, very small. And the same for the array. 40 ppb is part per trillion, so very, very small quantity, respect to 25 ppb. At the end, we analyze all this data in statistical analysis. It is not easy to read, but it is only to give you an example of the importance of statistical analysis. And we use this, we're using, sorry, the principal component analysis called PCA to investigate a possible relationship between extra virgin olive oil samples and analyze elements. The loading plot is a correlation circle that display variables that in our case are the elements in the space. This graph provides information on the correlation between the elements in which F1 and F2 represent the 60% of the variability of the element in the samples. In our case, the sample is the same because it is always extra virgin olive oil, and so there are no high differences, but micro differences that can be linked, for example, or to the territory or to pollution or to alteration, we don't know. In detail in these loading plots, we can see that the most valuable elements are represented by PC1 that represented all the elements and PC2 that explain some of the contaminants, like for example cadmium arsenicum, varium and vanadium. They are the elements at the bottom of the graph on the left in the yellow circle are the constant elements in the samples such as calcium, sodium, so all the elements that we expected to find in the extra virgin olive oil. Taking into consideration ray and contaminants, we see that between them there is an angle greater than 90 degrees, and it indicates that ray and contaminants are correlated to each other. That is, if ray increases in the sample, contaminants also increase. Given that the rays element indicate environmental matrix, while the contaminants anthropogenic matrix, probably, but probably the cultivation soil that could be contaminated. So this is only to give you an example. On the other side, the B plot is used to have an overall graphic idea of what samples and elements studied, in which the information of the loading plot is repeated in the B plot, but including the observation, so including the name of the samples. All the elements are present in all the samples, but in different concentration and to understand in which concentration each element is present in its samples, the sample vector must be projected onto the element vector. This is an example. For example, if I project the vectors of Toscana and Abruzzo in green on the manganese vector, we see that the extra virgin olive oil of Abruzzo affects manganese more than the extra virgin olive oil from Toscana. This is very difficult to read statistical data, but it would be more important because you can give a lot of information, especially if you have a very high database. But with this presentation, I want to put the attention, sorry, on this method, this new technology, so the ICP-MS, but triple quadrupolo, because it's able to analyze trace and neutral trace elements at a very short quantity and very short concentration. And it is important in the case of the extra virgin olive oil, because it could trace the extra virgin olive oil in a very short concentration. In addition, adding the statistical analysis, it is possible to know the relationship between samples and or their origin or maybe adulteration. So this methodology could be applied in a very, a lot of field for a different kind of food products, and you can know that, for example, if you have a fake food products or adulterated food products. Thank you very much. Thank you, Chiara. So last but not least, let's move on to Laura Crick. Okay, is that sharing okay for everybody? Yeah, looks fine. Thank you. Thank you. And so I'm Laura, PhD student in the St Andrews isotope geochemistry labs. And today I'd like to share with you some of our data from the Toba super eruption. So why are we interested in volcanic eruptions through time? We know that volcanic events can impact climber on both local and global scales. Perhaps one of the best examples is the eruption of Tambora in 1815, which led to cooling across much of the northern hemisphere with 1816 often referred to as the year without a summer. And that through time this potential effects on human evolution. The Toba eruption has been proposed to have caused a bottleneck in hominid populations at the time. However, this is still widely debated. So we need a continuous record of historic organism, and particularly for our work volcanic sulfate. So for this we turn to the ice core records. The ice cores are available from both the Arctic and Antarctic. For example, we have the sulfate records for an emberg in Greenland and sulfate from EDC in Antarctica. And we can see that volcanic events are easily distinguished above the background level of sulfate as these peaks. So this gives us continuous record of volcanic sulfate going back 800,000 years in Antarctica and 110,000 years in Greenland, making them an ideal record for looking at historic volcanism. We also note that we see several of these bipolar peaks in the course where sulfate is apparently deposited simultaneously at both Arctic and Antarctic latitudes. So there's two potential mechanisms for these bipolar peaks. The first is if we have a large tropical eruption sending material high up into a stratosphere, where it can be distributed globally and deposited at both poles simultaneously. However, we'd also see a similar signal from two extra tropical eruptions happening within a small time frame, and then apparently depositing at the same time. So we can distinguish between these two scenarios. This is where we turn to the sulfur isotopes. So if we follow this schematic, if we have sulfur aerosols erupting into and above the ozone layer, they're exposed to ultraviolet radiation. This irradiation causes the aerosols to undergo photochemical reactions, and these reactions induce a mass independent fractionation or myth signal into the sulfur. The signal is then preserved in a sulfate into positive ice cores. And both the ozone layer, this myth signal is not signal is non zero. It can either be positive or negative, depending on the phase of the eruption. Whereas we'll also get sulfate in the ice cores from extra tropical eruptions. And these events does not reach the ozone layer and isn't exposed to ultraviolet radiation. It won't inherit this myth signal, so which will be approximately zero. So we can use this mass independent fractionation to differentiate between these two scenarios. So we've applied this to the top of eruption. The top of crater is located in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. And about 74,000 years ago, it underwent one of the largest eruptions of the quaternary period, and we can see the resulting crater lake here. And multiple sulfate peaks have been identified in both Greenland and Antarctic ice cores, these bipolar events within the age estimates for the tober eruption. So we have measured the sulfur ice topes for 11 of these potential candidates across two Antarctic ice cores, EDC shown here, and also the EDML ice core. And from this analysis, we have identified peaks that contain only tropospheric sulfur, which are indicative of these high latitude smaller eruptions. And then we've also identified three sulfate peaks that contain only stratospheric sulfur. This is characteristic of a large tropical eruption, therefore making these the most likely candidates for the tober event based on our data. But we've also measured the largest magnitude myth signal that has been recorded in volcanic ice core sulfate to date. And we have a potential climatic impact of tober. If we look at some other paleoclimate records from this period, we have the oxygen isotopes for the n-grit Greenland ice core in red and top panel. And then the oxygen isotopes for the Yankal speleotherm here. And we can see over this time period, they're undergoing these significant fluctuations. When we're interpreting these records in the Greenland ice cores, this correlates to cooling and warming events in Greenland. And then in the speleotherms, this indicates changes in the Asian monsoon. So if we look at around about 74,000 years ago, the time of tober, we see we're moving into this cooling period in Greenland. And if we plot our most likely candidates for tober based on sulfur ice tobes, we find they actually lie on this transition into the cooling period, suggesting that although they may not have caused this cooling in Greenland, they may still have accelerated or amplified this event. So though we've successfully managed to narrow down the tober candles, there's still more work that can be done using the ice cores. One of the first things we could do is measuring the sulfur ice tobes for these same candidates in Greenland ice. See if we see the same myth signals, particularly the large magnitude events. And also identifying tephra shards in ice. When the shards are preserved, we can analyze their chemistry and match them to their potential source eruptions. And when considering sulfur preserved in ice in general, we're also looking at the diffusion of sulfate through ice and how that may affect the sulfur isotopes, tens or hundreds of thousands of years after they've been deposited. And finally, the incorporation of volcanic plumes into photochemical models and how the import of large volumes of sulfur aerosols high into the stratosphere may be affecting the atmospheric chemistry. Thank you very much for your time. I look forward to questions. Please feel free to get in touch with any other questions and we have a research article in climate of the past in review currently for further information. Thank you. Thank you, Laura for that nice overview and to all three of our speakers we've got three fascinating very different topics there. So, as I said before, if you've got questions, the easiest thing is just to drop the letter Q into the chat box, and we'll go to you for questions or you can of course type your question out and I can read them. We have already a question in for Christine from Jonathan Amos. Jonathan, should we go ahead to you? Are you able to unmute yourself? Yeah, yeah. Cool. Yes. Can you hear me? I hope so. Yep. Excellent. And for Christine. Christine, thanks very much for doing this. Some quick questions, which I hope are one word answers, and then something that will require a little bit of explanation. Sure. What is the, what is the distance from the Ellsworth Mountains to the current ice edge, and also from the Ellsworth Islands mountains to the drill sites, the Jody's resolution drill sites. Do you know those numbers? I know them in general. It's about 1000 kilometers from the Ellsworth Mountains to the Shelf slope break, and then another 300 kilometers to the Amundsen Sea drill site. I will have to check the distance of the Ellsworth to the Scotia Sea, but I could easily email you that. That's very stimulating for us is the dropstones that we have found in both of these different locations. Those sites are 3700 kilometers apart. It would require, from what we understand of the oceanography, icebergs to float off the Ellsworth range in different directions, bearing the same type of rock and drop them to the seabed. Right. Okay. The West Antarctic ice sheet would need to have been considerably reduced in extent between four and three million years. The mid-placing, so the current sort of Amundsen Sea ice edge, you know, the front of Swates and Pig, that is about 1000 kilometers away from Ellsworth Mountains, yes? Yes, from the range itself. Okay. In the picture that you showed, did you show some of this green sandstone from the mountains? Yes. And what I showed was a dropstone that appears in the sediment cores. And I can show that again for a moment by sharing my screen. Okay, so I won't go to the full extent, but amazingly the dropstone that we have is quite small, but it yielded hundreds of zircons, so we have very robust information from isotopic information from those special types of sand grains. Okay, so isotopically, they're a distinct match for the sandstone to Ellsworth. Yes, and we're using two indicators, not simply just the zircon age, but we're also using appetite, fission track information. And based on that line of evidence, we feel that the dropstone that we recovered is from a deeper level of the Ellsworth Mountains than is today exposed above the ice sheet. Okay, the final question that requires some explanation, I guess, here is, you know, snow falls on the mountains. It compresses into ice and it runs downhill towards the ocean. You carve icebergs and eventually they'll drop those stones somewhere out in the ocean. Why couldn't these dropstones have just been, you know, a long track journey that started high up in the Ellsworth Mountains when all the way to, you know, kind of, I mean, I know this isn't the case, anyway, all the way to the edge of Swates where it is today, calves, and then travels out with the iceberg. What is it that enables you to say, there's no way in the mid-Pliocene that that rock could have got out to that location in the Southern Ocean, unless West Antarctica, as we know it today, wasn't there? Yeah, this is a fabulous question and it does have to do with the nature of that dropstone in as a sandstone of, you know, aggregated grains that are reasonably cemented. But in our view of observations from that material, it would not withstand a great deal of transport with deposition and then re-transport over multiple steps of the cycle. Furthermore, it probably would not hold up well to a great deal of interaction between the ice sheet and the bedrock. It would be destroyed and disaggregated. So we believe it was floated on an iceberg that originated in alpine glaciers of the Ellsworth Range. Here's a quick map, but to produce debris late in icebergs, they're needed to have been somewhat wet-based and channelized glacier streams in alpine topography, potentially with a tidal glacier expression of the type we'd see in southeast Alaska or British Columbia today. And we think that these green sandstones could only withstand this sort of local transport, not survive through multiple cycles to travel from the Ellsworth Mountains out to the mouth of the Amundsen Sea or north to the Scotia Sea. Fantastic, yeah. And you date their deposition in the muds out in the ocean, yes, to get when they were deposited. Is that right, yeah? Yes. Do you date the muds? Yeah, there's a very strong continuous chronostratigraphy from the actual drill core themselves. So we know the age of the sediment that the iceberg-rafted material resides within. Thank you so much. It's really kind. Thank you. And please do take advantage of the materials that I uploaded to the media site. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. So we have another question for you, Christine, coming in from Julianne. And they say, knowing that the West Antarctic ice sheet must have been drastically retreated millions of years ago. What does this mean for today when we are confronted with climate warming? Do your findings confirm the fear that the ice sheet will disappear completely? Okay. Our findings do confirm that the ice sheet can disappear fairly rapidly and also that it can reestablish itself fairly readily. I'm aologist of the sort that I am. Three or four or five million years is incredibly recent in time. And we read from very detailed records that we're striving to make more detailed that the ice sheet has collapsed back in a considerable extent, specifically in the middle pliocene. There's an interval if we read current literature from climate modelers that we may be entering within the next one or two decades. The climate conditions of the pliocene are what we are expected to enter. And if warming continues at the rate that it is now, we may stay there. We're very intensely interested in these sediment records that can reveal to us what the situation in Antarctica was like at that time. Thank you for that question. Okay, thank you. Onto question now for Chiara. And this is from Sarah Darwin. Now that you've mapped out some chemical signatures of extra virgin olive oil. Is there a way to do a quick onsite testing without a clean room. I'm imagining that a quick test would be useful for those purchasing olive oil. Okay. So, to answer one related to the onsite test and one related to the clean room. Generally, the onsite tests are related to macroelement or for example like smell, but you can't know the, for example, small differences, because in this case, we wanted to analyze different kinds of extra virgin olive oil from different regions. On site, you are not able to distinguish this very small quantity with the test onsite. And you have to use chemical analysis in laboratory. Generally, the laboratory not have a clean room. For example, in Italy, there aren't a lot of clean room. But all the university, for example, analyze the food products. There are a lot of cases related to food products, but they don't have a clean room. They have only a spectrometer and ICPMS normally, and they analyze the food products. In this case, it depends on what we want to do and to understand because, for example, in this case, the clean room give you, you are sure to know the very small differences and you are sure that what you analyze is what there are in the samples. And there aren't, for example, adulteration to the environment or rather what you analyze on the spectrometer in a clean room is really what you have in the samples. But it depends on what you have to do. Yes, in the clean room, it's not so important. It depends. But onsite, test onsite, with the test onsite, you aren't able to discriminate these very short differences. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. So, Sarah Darwin has another question. This time for Laura. And Sarah says how long does it take to transfer ash from a tropical volcano to make it to polar regions. I'm wondering about lag time and correlating eruptions with signatures in ice. Thank you. Thank you very much for the question. So, yes, when we have sulfur erupted from the tropical volcanoes into the stratosphere. Certainly in the case of the sulfur aerosols they have resident times of sort on the order of months to years. So it may see a delay in perhaps a month or so before sulfur starts arriving at the poles and then it'd be deposited over a sort of several months period, depending on the size of the eruption and the sort of the amount of sulfur that's actually been erupted. And I would imagine a similar mechanism will also affect the sort of particular ash and things as well. So yeah, we will see a very slight lag to in the eruption and actually showing a very nice cause that when we source working 10s of 1000 years in the past. That doesn't really make as much of a difference, but it certainly applies to more recent events like, you know, Tuba and Tambora. Thank you, Laura. Yeah, and Sarah says faster than faster than she thought. Any further questions for our speakers today. Christine so she's she's got to pop off but I'm sure Christine is available via email for more questions of course so please reach out to her. Thank you very much everyone. Nice to be here. Bye bye. Good to have you. Thank you. Okay, any more questions for Laura and Chiara. If there's no more questions, we will leave it there and say a big thank you to our speakers for those really interesting topics. As I said before, please reach out to our speakers via email. I'm sure they'd be happy to be contacted and also there's lots of really useful information in the press center of the eG website. So feel free to head there and and there are more press conferences tomorrow afternoon as well.


Hello, instant match reaction, the Bevan versus Crystal Palace and opening day of the season in glorious summertime for the free advertising for jet air game. Get that off there, can't be having that. Not the best of games to watch. I was watching her on an American channel via my little box. Thanks BT for trying to block it at the end, didn't work, I got it back on. Yeah, wasn't very entertaining game. I think we had half chances, they had half chances. Pickfright made a good save against that little shit-eye who ruled around the pitch to get snyddol yn bwgd, as if he'd been taken out by a little landmine there. The second yellow card was the yellow card. No excuses. Doesn't have a time snyddol, he's not reliable. Gabyan, no look at the Premier League pace at all. Gave the ball away far too many times, what I've seen. I didn't think he could pass the ball to somebody. We've given it away actually. That's cos he's not used to the Premier League. Mina, quality, keen, quality, DNA quality, Coleman quality, Richardson, Bernard tried, Richardson tried, Dominic wasted time. Moise done nothing. No opinion on him yet. I wouldn't have an opinion on him on the 20th match he's played for, to be honest. And Gabyan, give him time. Gotta give him a mile time. First game of the season, the point with 10 men. Not too bad, even though they didn't come out with the end one then. You know, we could have Tom Davis, when he come on, good player, showed a bit of passion, bit of quality as well. Overall, I'm happy with the point. Should have been three really if I want to hit the top six. Teams like Liverpool and Man City, blown teams away, everything, no no. Would be last on match of the day, no doubt later. Thanks, thanks everything. I'll not be staying up for that one, please I've got a link actually. But first game this season, still optimistic, still think we'll hit top six this season. And I still think what a quality say, just going to take a little bit of time for the amount of gel in properly again in Ghana is definitely a massive miss.