Thanks, Lorena. So yeah, I got my start in science, really as an engineer, working on wastewater systems and water quality systems. And actually, most of the stuff that I learned in that context was directly transferable to sort of planetary scale climate dynamics. So a wastewater treatment plan is kind of like modeling the global ocean, same sets of equations. So what I'm going to talk to you today about touches on some threads in what I think of as this synergy between three primary paradigms in science. And that is the ability to construct theory that describes the natural systems that we're thinking about, the ability to go out and observe those systems and collect empirical information about their behavior. And then finally, our ability to encode equations that describe the behavior of those systems in numerical models and directly simulate those systems and use those models as tools to advance our understanding. I am an oceanographer at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. And as an oceanographer, one might think of ships going to sea to collect observations. But here at NCAR, this is the National Center for Atmospheric Research. And so one of our primary observing platforms is this Gulfstream V aircraft. And I'm going to tell you some stories about how we've taken this airplane down to collect observations over the Southern Ocean. Most of my work is focused on modeling. And in the Climate and Global Dynamics Division at NCAR, we develop an Earth system model. It's called the Community Earth System Model. This is a climate model that couples together general circulation models that represent the circulation in the atmosphere, the full 3D circulation of the ocean, and the communication between those two systems. And then embedded within those models are representations of processes that capture the interaction of the biosphere with the physical climate system. So these are very useful tools to understanding the trajectory of climate change over the future. And also, we can use these models to interrogate geologic records of past variability in climate. So the title of my talk, Containing the Word Metabolism, Planetary Metabolism. And just to define that word for you, so we can proceed with a common understanding, here is one definition of the word metabolism. The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. So I said planetary metabolism. So I'm thinking about this on the scale of Earth, the whole Earth. And this notion of energy maintaining life then becomes relevant to understanding, what am I talking about here? Well, Earth has a molten core and nuclear reactions that sustain the heat in that molten core. But this is not what I'm talking about. Very little of this energy actually leaks out to the surface of the Earth. And very little of it is actually available to support life. What I'm talking about here is this notion of ecosystems that are constructed from primary producers who are photosynthesizing at the base of the food chain and then up through secondary and tertiary consumers that harvest the energy from the primary producers. So really, the major source of energy driving this system is the sun. And we can boil that whole complex ecosystem down into sort of two primary sets of reactions. So photosynthesis harvests light from the sun. It uses that energy to split water. A byproduct of that reaction is oxygen. Heterotrophic organisms use respiration. They use that byproduct of photosynthesis, oxygen. They break apart organic matter, oxidized organic matter to develop energy and release CO2 as a byproduct. And so that forms a carbon cycle where carbon is ingested into the food chain by a photosynthesis. It's respired and exits the food chain as carbon dioxide again. So this is the planetary metabolism that we'll be talking about. So now this starts to get really interesting, because what I've just told you is that life cycles carbon dioxide. As I am sure many of you know, carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas that regulates the amount of heat that escapes the atmosphere. So already we have this interesting notion that life on Earth has the capacity to interact with climate, because life on Earth is cycling carbon dioxide and potentially perturbations then, therefore in that system, have the potential to feed back onto the physical climate system. This is a picture famously called Earthrise that was taken by an astronaut on the Apollo 8 mission in 1968 on Christmas Eve. And I think I like this picture for a variety of reasons. It's a beautiful picture of our planet. But I think it's emblematic of the notion that, or the growth of an awareness of our planet at the planetary scale. Here we are, this blue dot floating in space. And indeed this picture played a significant role in the environmental movement in the late 1960s. It sort of caught people's attention that were isolated, were floating out in space as an entity. So what I'm gonna do now in the talk is present a few anecdotes from the history of science and use those anecdotes as a means of illustrating how this sort of planetary awareness developed in the field of climate science and planetary biogeochemistry. So our first starting point here is the late 1950s. And Dave Keeling, who decided to start measuring carbon dioxide at the Manila Observatory in Hawaii. And so he went out and he installed a carbon dioxide sensor on the top of the Manila Volcano. And these are some of his first data that he collected. So this is a graph on the y-axis of the graph shows the CO2 concentration measured in the atmosphere. And on the x-axis is time delineated by months of the year. Before these observations were taken, people didn't really know what to expect. There had been some Swedish measurements taken previously and the concentration of carbon dioxide seemed to bounce around from 200 to 800 parts per million PPM. So it was really exciting at the time to see these regular seasonal cycles. And Dave Keeling correctly observed the following. Nature's withdrawing CO2 from the air for plant growth during summer and returning it each succeeding winter. So at the beginning of the talk, we talked about these reactions, photosynthesis and respiration. We can see direct manifestation of these reactions in the carbon dioxide composition of the atmosphere. And indeed, now we have satellites and we can look down on the earth and make measures of greenness on land, the normalized vegetation index and DVI, or measures of the greenness of the ocean, the chlorophyll concentration in the surface ocean. And this is a picture then of the seasonal cycle of greenness of our planet that these are the same processes. This is the photosynthesis that's generating those seasonal cycles in atmospheric CO2. So Dave Keeling had a son named Ralph and Ralph has made another key contribution to our understanding of planetary metabolism in that during his PhD at Harvard, he figured out how to measure oxygen. And the measurement of oxygen is extraordinarily challenging because oxygen comprises about 20% of the atmosphere but variations in oxygen that arise due to these photosynthesis and respiration reactions are in the sixth decimal point. So we call the unit there per meg to denote that it's this tiny deviation. And look at these data. So Ralph started a global network of measuring oxygen and carried on his father's measurements of CO2 at that network. And here is some oxygen time series from about 1991 through these measurements carry on through today, but this graph only goes to 2011 or so. And this is interesting. So I showed you the seasonal cycle that Dave Keeling measured at Monteloa. And we see that in the CO2 trace from the Northern Hemisphere, this black line. But if we look at CO2 from the Southern Hemisphere, the red line, there's very little imprint of seasonality. And that's because there's not much land in the Southern Hemisphere. So most of this respiration and photosynthesis and respiration is occurring on land in the Northern Hemisphere driving seasonality in CO2. But if we look at the oxygen trace, don't worry too much about this unit. Just think of it as an anomaly in the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. We see that we actually do have a seasonal cycle in oxygen in the Southern Hemisphere. And that's basically indicative of the fact that the ocean is contributing to seasonality in oxygen, but actually contributing very little to the seasonality in CO2. So what does that look like? Well, here's a simulation that I did with the Community Earth System model. And what we're looking at here is the surface atmosphere concentration, the surface concentration of the oxygen anomaly and the CO2 anomaly generated by exchange with the ocean. So if we just think about the seasonal patterns here, in summertime, there's a net evasion of oxygen from the ocean. The water is warm and there's photosynthesis happening in the surface ocean. So we're producing oxygen that's leaving the ocean entering the atmosphere. So we see rich oxygen concentrations, the red colors. And simultaneously, photosynthesis is pulling CO2 out of the water and pulling CO2, therefore, out of the atmosphere. And so we see a depletion in CO2 during summer and pretty much the opposite in winter. And then superimposed on that dominant seasonal pattern, we see the effect of atmospheric weather, storms passing through and stirring in these large-scale tracer concentrations. Okay, so the Keeling curve has now become something famous in that Dave Keeling's measurements continued and Ralph has continued them and a global group of scientists are continuing to measure CO2. But here's what the data looked like as of this month. So when Dave Keeling started, CO2 concentrations were in the low 300 ppm. Just recently in the last few years, we've cleared 400. So this is the inexorable rise in CO2 that's associated with human activity, primarily the burning of fossil fuel. Okay, I'd like to return to this Earthrise image and note that the dominant color of our planet is blue, right? So we've talked about signals in the atmosphere. So let's go and probe the ocean a little bit. And our anecdote for this, our touchstone for this anecdote is this textbook written or led by Wally Broker who spent his career at the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory in Columbia, okay? And this textbook was written at an era, or you know, the culmination of a grand era of observing the global ocean, right? There was a program called Geosex. And the objective of Geosex was to go out and collect samples with a device called a CTD, a conductivity temperature depth sensor. And this is a device that is lowered in the ocean and collects temperature profiles. And each of these small cartridges, they look like cartridges that actually bottles that are lowered in the water column in an open position and then triggered to close at specific depths such that we can bring water up from the ocean abyss and measure its properties, right? And Geosex was the first time that this international cohort of scientists was able to develop comprehensive maps of properties in the ocean. So here's the first figure in this textbook, right? This is potential temperature, right? A profile at a particular location in the Pacific. And notice that this is a profile, the y-axis here is in kilometers, right? So this is a profile of temperature from the ocean surface down to nearly six kilometers, 6,000 meters in the ocean depth. Comparably a profile of salinity, the salt content of the water. A profile of oxygen and a profile of nitrate, which is a major limiting nutrient for photosynthetic organic matter production. So these types of measurements can be combined, right? And here's an example of a map. This is not a map in the 2D space that we're thinking of, sort of plan view, but a map that represents a slice through the ocean depth. So on the y-axis, we have depth. We just have a panel at the top that sort of zooms in on the top kilometer, and then a panel at the bottom that shows the full depth. What I'm showing you here is the total concentration of carbon in seawater along a transect that extends from near Antarctica in the south, sweeps past New Zealand, crosses the equator, and goes up and touches the Aleutian Island chain. This is a map then of carbon dioxide along that chain. And note that there's substantial structure in this field. This is not a homogeneous ocean filled with carbon, but rather the imprint of biology and the imprint of circulation are contained in this map. And those processes, our ability to map those properties in the ocean has been a key element of our ability to understand Earth's history. For instance, over about the last million years that have been fluctuations in glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere. The Laurentide ice sheet, for instance, at the last glacial maximum covered much of North America, and ice core measurements of CO2, shown here as purple dots, plotted against ice core derived estimates of temperature, indicate to us that these glacial interglacial cycles, fluctuations in Earth's temperature of millennial scale duration are led, are associated with changes in atmospheric CO2 of order almost 100 ppm, right? So these are natural processes in the Earth's system that are resulting in a repartitioning of Earth's carbon inventory between the ocean and the atmosphere. And the observations that were collected in the geosex era and were put together by Wally Broker in this textbook Tracers in the Sea were fundamental in enabling us to start to develop compelling hypotheses for how the ocean dynamics in the ocean primarily control these fluctuations in atmospheric CO2. Okay, now back to the modern era. And I'm gonna talk a little bit about the effect of the release of carbon dioxide through the burning of fossil fuels. So if we take that record of CO2 and just look at the last thousand years or so, here are those same purple dots, those are measurements of CO2 reconstructed from bubbles in ice core. And we see that over approximately the last thousand years, CO2 was basically constant at a pre-industrial level of about 280 ppm associated with what we think of as the interglacial period, the warm phase in Earth's history. But look, the industrial revolution kicks in and there is an exponential rise in CO2. The red line there is the Keeling curve. It's got all those seasonal wiggles in it. It's just that we're zoomed back at such a scale here we can't discern them. What we see is just this massive increase in CO2 associated with industrialization. Okay, what's the effect of increasing CO2 in the atmosphere? Well, I would argue this is the dominant effect. The ocean contains the most carbon, active carbon in the Earth's system. It is also the dominant reservoir for heat in the Earth's system. And we can very clearly say now that the ocean is accumulating anomalous heat. That's what this plot shows. The y-axis here is joules, the units are joules, which is a measure, a unit of heat. It's actually 10 to the 21st joules, right? And the x-axis is time. Each of these lines presents a different estimate, a different reconstruction of the ocean heat content anomaly. And the shading here represents our estimate of the uncertainty in the ocean heat content anomaly. So one thing you notice is that early on in the record we were not very certain about ocean heat content. But as we've continued to add observing systems to enable us to make estimates of ocean heat content, that uncertainty has narrowed. And indeed what we see is this inexorable rise in ocean heat content that's a direct manifestation of the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. So if we look at the Keeling curve, and this is just another plot of that Keeling curve, there's something that is interesting to notice. If we just integrate up all the CO2 emissions, right, we should be able to match that integral, the sum of all the CO2 emissions with the CO2 that's in the atmosphere, right? But indeed that is not the case. And in fact, if we just integrate CO2 emissions, we get this solid line. And so what we see is there's actually a deficit of CO2 left in the atmosphere relative to our expectations based directly on emission. So what's going on here? Well, this is where the biosphere comes in, okay? So we have two dominant sources of CO2 emission. The biggest one is fossil fuel burning and cement production. Land use change is another significant contributor. And collectively, we have this release of CO2, only about 44% of it is actually staying in the atmosphere. The remainder is split in roughly equal proportion between the terrestrial biosphere, that's plants photosynthesizing, okay, and taking up more carbon than respiration and the absorption of CO2 by the global ocean. So this phenomena then, this notion that there's natural sinks for anthropogenic carbon, human derived CO2, is a critical thing to understand in order to be able to project the climate, right? So if we have a scenario of emissions, human emissions of CO2, and only a fraction of those emissions stay in the atmosphere and affect climate change, we need to be able to understand what controls that partitioning. And so this plot is illustrative of that exact problem. On the y-axis, we have a CO2 flux from the surface and we force a model with this red line, the fossil fuel emissions, right? So we develop a scenario that says, you know, here are the fossil fuel emissions, here's our projection of what those will be over the next approximately 100 years. We also force the model with an estimation of land use change, how much excess carbon is being generated from land use change. And then we have prognostic descriptions in the model that enable us to predict the function of the ocean and predict the function of the terrestrial biosphere such that we can predict the amount of CO2 that those two reservoirs are absorbing as a function of time, inclusive of interactions with climate, okay? So it's an imperative for a system model, therefore, to be able to represent these fluxes. But here's a problem, okay? If we look at a compilation of the air sea flux, okay, in a, in, in, in latitudinal bands and compare a variety of estimates, we see something interesting, right? And in particular, this, this plot shows four different estimates or four different ways to estimate the CO2 flux. And they all pretty much agree if we're north of about 44 degrees latitude, right? But in the Southern Ocean here, we see this significant discrepancy between the various estimates, okay? And this discrepancy has plagued the oceanographic community for more, for, for about two decades now. We've been trying to, to really dig in and understand what's going on. And indeed that, that uncertainty in the behavior of the Southern Ocean with respect to its ability to absorb CO2 was a major motivation for a aircraft campaign that we, that I, that I co-led in 2016. This was called Orcas. So the first prerequisite for being capable of planning an aircraft campaign is being good at generating acronyms for the aircraft campaign. And so, you know, Orcas turned out to be a pretty good one. We flew upon the G, the G5, the Gulfstream 5 aircraft and we were based at the tip of South America there in Punta Arenas, Chile. And we flew flights denoted by these colored lines out over the Southern Ocean to measure the distribution of CO2 and oxygen in the troposphere, the lower atmosphere, overlying it. This background color image shows you an estimate of this, a satellite-based estimate of the chlorophyll concentration. So this measure of greenness in the surface ocean where, where red colors denote very rich, waters very rich in, in chlorophyll. So our objectives here were to measure this, this distribution of CO2 in the atmosphere and try to use that distribution to make some inferences about the mechanisms affecting carbon and CO2 fluxes. This is sort of a cartoon cross-section of the Southern Ocean where we have circumpolar deepwater upwelling at the surface and then subsequently subducting to depth. So as an oceanographer, during my PhD, I actually went to sea on an ice breaker in the Southern Ocean. And I would spend, you know, a month and a half, two months at sea bobbing around on a ship, you know, taking measurements. I have to say, flying, doing oceanography by air is just far preferable, right? You can stay in a hotel, right? You get up in the morning, 9 a.m., make your way to the airport, fly all day, come home, back to the hotel, go out to dinner, you know, it's just, it's just way better than being stuck out in the middle of the Southern Ocean and bobbing around on a ship for two months. Okay, so I told you a little bit about this campaign. Now we're gonna go on a flight, okay? So what we see here is an image, a movie, from the forward-facing camera on the G5 on one of the Orca's research flights. So that's what the picture shows. Keep your eye to an extent on the map in the top right. That is the trace of where we're going in terms of geographically. And then in the bottom left, there's three lines that are being plotted directly from the data streams that are coming in on the instruments on the airplane. So the gray line shows our altitude, right? So the first thing we did was climb up to about 41,000 feet. We did a small dip to measure the top of the troposphere, okay, and then we climbed back up again. And then we've reached our target study area and we've dived down to the ocean surface to measure gas concentrations in the marine boundary layer. The red line shows the measurement of atmospheric oxygen anomaly from a sensor developed by Britt Stevens, my co-PI on this campaign, and a scientist here at NCAR. And the blue line shows the measurement of CO2 measured by some colleagues at NOAA. What we see, what we're doing now is a series of dips, okay? So we plunge the plane down to about 500 feet and then climb up to maybe 3000 feet and measure, therefore, concentrations of gases in the atmospheric boundary layer and then across the top of the boundary layer back into the free troposphere. If you look closely, what you'll see with each of those dips is that as we go to the ocean surface, oxygen concentrations are elevated and CO2 concentrations are depressed. So by now I've told you enough that you can infer the processes going on, right? Oxygen is elevated, that means we're measuring a signal associated with photosynthesis. CO2 is depressed, so that same photosynthesis actively drawing CO2 out of the air and causing a depletion in CO2 in the lower atmosphere. So on ORCA's we had different measurement objectives. What we just witnessed in these small boundary layer dips was our sort of small scale measurement objectives. But another objective was to map CO2 and oxygen distributions in the full troposphere. So now what we're doing is a northbound transect where we're taking the plane down to about 500 feet above the ocean surface and up to about 28,000 feet, right? So this is like, if you've flown on a commercial airline this is like coming in for a landing, okay? Coming back out, coming in for a landing, right? And a platform like the G5 actually makes this a lot of fun. So now we're doing our final dip at the north end of the transect. You can see us skimming the ocean surface water and eventually we're gonna climb up, climb out up into the stratosphere and just make our way back home. Okay, so on ORCA's we did about 16 research flights, similar in fashion to that. And that's what the map on the right hand side of the screen shows you, the track that the airplane took. The flight that we just witnessed was this green line here. And this panel shows the type of data we collected. So each of these little gray dots represents a measurement of CO2, the location of that measurement, in a plane now, I'm sorry, collapsing all our measurements into a single curtain through the atmosphere as a function of height, or we plotted against pressure, but you can think of this as height into the atmosphere and latitude, right? So this type, this map of CO2 in the atmosphere is what we are using now to develop inferences about what the air-sea flux of CO2 was during the summer of 2016. And we're doing a lot of work then to compare this metric of the air-sea flux to our model predictions of air-sea flux and try to understand whether the processes that we have in the model are accurate. We now actually have a means of pinning down what the air-sea flux is through this distribution of CO2. And indeed, what you see here is this deficit, this deficit of CO2 in the lower troposphere that's associated with the uptake of CO2 by the ocean. Okay, I wanna return back to this plot, the accumulation of anomalous heat in the ocean and tell another story about research that I'm actively involved in. And this story is about oxygen now, not CO2, but it's about the loss of oxygen in the global ocean. Okay, and that's what I'm illustrating here. In the top panel, we see the oxygen inventory normalized to a period in the early 1900s, 1920 to 1950. And the red line, let's just focus on the red line, is a simulation, is the results of a simulation of our earth system model out to about, out to 2100 under a business as usual warming scenario. And what you see here is that, the oxygen concentration integrated over the whole ocean is declining, moreover, the rate of decline we might expect to accelerate in the coming decades according to this model. That rate of decline is directly linked to ocean warming and indeed, if we plot this, a similar plot, but now for temperature, okay, before I showed you the accumulation of anomalous heat in the ocean as a function of joules, a metric of energy, here's just the temperature in degrees Celsius, something you're probably much more familiar with. You know, we see this strong rise in globally integrated temperature that's driving this decline in oxygen. So why do we, why does this matter? Well, I just like you to focus on the top two panels here, so the x-axis here is oxygen concentration and if you just look at the blue line, that shows you a distribution of oxygen concentration or the volume of ocean binned by oxygen concentration. So what we see is that most of the ocean is reasonably well oxygenated, but there are pockets, small pockets, in the ocean where oxygen is depleted and indeed in some cases, depleted to near zero concentrations. Well, why does this matter? Well, if we look at mortality data, right, where people have basically tortured fish and mollusks, right, in laboratory settings and determined at what oxygen concentration, excuse me, they're capable of surviving, we see that as oxygen concentrations decline, the percentage of animals capable of surviving also declines, right? And so it is a major concern at present for the health of our ocean ecosystems to understand how oxygen concentration will evolve and indeed this ocean deoxygenation trend is very likely to have significant impacts on marine ecosystems. How does oxygen in the ocean work? Well, if we look at the surface ocean, okay, oxygen is pretty much saturated or concentrations are high because of exchange with the atmosphere. But as oxygen is entrained into the ocean interior via ventilation pathways, that's a term we use in oceanography to talk about the ability of water masses to exchange properties with the atmosphere, but as water is entrained into the ocean interior, it begins to acquire a signature of respiration, right? So there's photosynthesis, production of oxygen, consumption of CO2 in the surface ocean, the organic matter that is produced via photosynthesis sinks and in the interior, there's microbial respiration, the consumption of oxygen and the production of CO2, right? And so it's that process that leaves the ocean depleted, the ocean interior depleted in oxygen, okay? But how climate warming works, right, is that at the surface, we decrease oxygen concentrations because of the temperature dependence of solubility. So think of a soda can on a warm day, you open that soda can, there's this effervescence of CO2, right? The same phenomena works for oxygen. The other factor is that as the surface ocean warms more than the ocean interior, we begin to stratify and limit the effectiveness of this ventilation pathway. And so the interior of the ocean begins to lose oxygen. This is a plot that shows a compilation of observations at the global scale and models showing the change in oxygen in a unit of concentration relative to the change in temperature. So the trend I am talking about now is observable in global reconstructions, we see this decline in oxygen as a function of increasing temperature. But note that that black dashed line is the change in oxygen we might expect if we were just dealing with oxygen, a reduction in oxygen due to decreasing solubility. That's the direct effect of temperature. The change in oxygen is actually much more significant than that solubility prediction because of the responsive ocean circulation. The ocean is becoming more stratified limiting that ventilation pathway. There's another very disturbing feature of this plot and that is the fact that our compilation of models is not capable of simulating the trend to the extent as the observations. So if we're to believe the observations and there's good reasons to be skeptical, the observations are very sparse, we're trying to infer a signal over 72% of the planet's area. So we need a lot of observations to be able to do that robustly. But if the observations are right, that indicates that the future of ocean oxygen is likely to be much worse than our models predict. So this is an area where we're working actively with a community of colleagues distributed internationally. This is of deep concern because if we go back into the history of Earth recorded in the geologic record, we see signatures of changes in oxygen concentrations in the ocean associated with warming driving significant changes in the habitability of the planet. And in particular about 252 million years ago, there was a release of CO2 from volcanism in proto-Siberia. And that accumulation of CO2 drove warming and it drove a depletion of oxygen in the ocean. About 90% of marine species perished. This event, the end permian extinction event is called the Great Dying. It is the most significant disruption in the history of life on Earth. So we're driving changes in the ocean distribution of oxygen that are comparable to what occurred on this event, but we're not gonna get to the magnitude of the end permian over the next 100 years. Maybe over the next 300 years, if we continued to emit CO2 under a business as usual scenario, we'd start to see something of the same order of magnitude as this significant event. I mentioned that we're working with a group of international colleagues to understand this. And indeed, there is consensus in the scientific community that we have reason to be deeply concerned about the trends in ocean deoxygenation. And this is just representative of that. This is the Keel Declaration. It was signed by over 500 scientists and it came from a conference on ocean deoxygen that occurred in Germany last year. So if you wanna know more about this, you can search the web and find plenty of information. Okay, I've given you a few vignettes in the context of the history of science. I've talked about some of my own research. What I'd like to do now is return to this Earthrise image and add a final piece to this talk by bringing out another point of reference from the scientific literature. Okay, and what I'd like to talk about here is an idea that was first proposed by James Loveblock and through collaboration with Lynn Margolis advanced this idea. And here is a paper that was published in 1974, Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere, the Gaia hypothesis, right? So Gaia was the mother of all life, the Greek goddess of the Earth. And let's just read this paragraph. This paper examines the hypothesis that the total ensemble of living organisms which constitute the biosphere can act as a single entity to regulate chemical composition, surface pH, and possibly also climate. I think I've basically given you the building blocks to understand that that is indeed very possibly true. The notion of the biosphere as an active adaptive control system able to maintain the Earth and homeostasis we are calling the Gaia hypothesis. So this is the idea that by virtue of climate operating as a selection pressure on the evolution of life and life operating to manipulate climate through the composition of the atmosphere we have feedback and that potential for feedback has the potential to lead to homeostasis. Life can't do stuff that disrupts the climate because if it does that, then life won't survive and vice versa, right? And so what does this organism look like? Well, the fluid spheres, I've given you examples, the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the atmosphere, the distribution of carbon in the ocean. These fluid spheres of the Earth system are Earth's circulatory systems. And what we see here is the mixing of constituents. These are not biogenic constituents per se, but this is a simulation conducted at NASA that just shows material being scooped up off the land surface and scooped up off the ocean surface and distributed in the atmosphere, right? So the visualizations we've seen earlier about the seasonal cycle of CO2 and the seasonal cycle of oxygen are reinforced by this image. So Earth is an organism, right? Now, this idea, the Gaia hypothesis, got a lot of flak in scientific literature, right? It was a little bit too new wave, right? And people for a long time didn't take it seriously. But I'd like to just present a final story from the scientific literature that to me, this was the thing that got me hooked on Earth system science, right? And it's the story of the evolution of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. Earth is about four and a half billion years old. Life on Earth is about 3.2 billion years old, right? But when Earth first began, the atmosphere was not oxygenated. There were all sorts of crazy metabolisms when Earth first began, based on iron, based on sulfur, until a certain class of organisms developed this neat trick of photosynthesis, right? And we know about this from deposits of very old rocks. And these are called banded iron formations. What we see here are these successive layers of iron that were deposited on the sea floor as pulses of oxygen came into the atmosphere via photosynthesis and caused iron, the solubility of iron to collapse and iron precipitate out of solution in seawater. So this is our sort of best estimate of the time frame over which this happened. I mentioned Earth's about four billion years old, right? About 2.2 billion years ago, there was this great oxygenation event, okay? So organic, oxygenatic photosynthesis started to evolve, right? And there was these pulses of oxygen as the evolution of what our cyanobacteria began to leak oxygen out in the atmosphere. We get these pulses of iron at the seafloor and ultimately the system tips, the system tips. Photosynthesis takes over and the whole planet becomes oxygenated. Now this is really compelling, right? Because essentially this molten cord chunk of rock, this floating around in space, you know, developed, bootstrapped itself up, developed a set of organisms that were capable of exploiting the sunlight and the physical substrate and fundamentally change the character of the planet, right? And hence we have this profound radiation in the diversity of life, right? And indeed, you know, we ourselves are respiratory, we're heterotrophic organisms, you know, we require oxygen to breathe, our metabolisms are enabled by photosynthesis. Okay, so I've basically asserted that Earth is an organism, but you might complain, wow, it's not really an organism. It's a collection of organisms, right? Look, just, you know, here's just a picture of the diversity of life on Earth. Well, I'd like to convince you that that thought is actually misguided and we should properly consider it an organism. So Lynn Margolis had another famous hypothesis, right? And it was the hypothesis about endosymbiosis. The fact that eukaryotic cells, cells with a nucleus have organelles, right? She noticed something about those organelles, their similarity to bacteria, to cyanobacteria. And indeed, DNA evidence today has basically convinced the scientific community that she was right. The organelles in modern eukaryotic cells are derived from independent organisms. This is a symbiosis of two different or multiple different kinds of organisms living collectively as a single entity. Indeed, if we look at our own bodies, we're comprised of a society of cells, individual cells, right? That come together as a collective to build a human. And it's even more complicated than that. You know, increasingly, if you read the newspaper, you'll see discoveries about how the microbiome affects our metabolism and is an integral component of making us who we are. The microbiome affects our emotional state, right? It affects, it's a dominant factor in obesity. I read an article in the New York Times this morning. So this idea then that we can't form a single organism from multiple organisms is really misplaced. The way we should think about this is that these systems, these are complex adaptive systems, and they're subject to the laws of evolution, right? And there's a particular way in which we need to think about how evolution operates in order to understand how we can form single entities from a collective. So I'm just gonna talk about that briefly and illustrate an experiment that was conducted by William Muir, who was a professor at, I believe, Purdue in agricultural sciences, okay? And he was interested in increasing egg yields from chickens, right? And so he conducted two different experiments. He had a set of chicken coops, okay? And from his chicken coops, in his first experiment, he selected the best layers, the hens that laid the most eggs, and he bred those hens to produce, to produce, you know, to build other coops. In the second experiment, he selected the best coop, right? So the best collective. And this is the result. In this experiment, basically he selected murderous hens and egg production plummeted, right? And in fact, many of the chickens died because the society of hens was dominated by these pathological, you know, power hungry chickens, right? And in the second experiment, he increased egg yields by 160%, okay? So what's the lesson here? The lesson here is that in order to think about this notion of a collective, in the sense of a complex system, such as human society, we need to think about the level in the system at which selection pressure is exerted. William Muir artificially exerted selection pressure at the level of the individual, at the expense of the collective in this experiment to great detriment, right? And he selected, he enforced selection pressure at the level of the collective in this second experiment to yield happy productive hens. So let's pull this back. There's many examples in the natural world of social animals. Ants comprise order 10% of animal biomass in all ecosystems on earth except Antarctica. And they do that because they have exceptionally effective law rules for social organization. You know, we have this concept of hive mind, right? Ants have a super-organismal consciousness at the scale of the colony. They are able to perceive and recognize existential threats and deal with them, right? They know how to do that. Well, our species evolved on the African savannah in small group tribal units. And so we too have that capacity to operate as a collective and to perceive existential threats and as a collective understand how to deal with them, right? And we learn that through the order six million years of our species history. This is what the distribution of our species looks like now. So the Gaia hypothesis, right? Really in the context of this evolutionary theory is can be reframed as the notion that climate, planetary scale forcing drives selection pressure at the level of the collective, the collective being all life on earth, right? If we think about our society of cells, you know, there's examples on our bodies where cancer is an example where the selection pressure, the collective selection pressure is escaped, right? And the individual cells go haywire and to great detriment to our bodies, right? So the challenge we now face in this modern era that is increasingly be called the Anthropocene is develop this super-organismal consciousness at the scale at which our selection pressures being exerted, the planetary, the planetary scale. And so that's really where I'd like to leave you. I think this notion of planetary metabolism, how the planet functions as an organism provides a pretty interesting lens in which to view the modern era. And our challenge now is to really develop new perspectives on the function of the planet in this context. Fortunately, we have growing technology and scientific capabilities. This is an artist's rendition of all the satellites circling the earth and, well, they're not to scale. But, you know, our capacity to put our finger on the pulse of the system is growing increasingly. And as we continue to invest in science and continue to develop advanced understanding of the dynamics of this complex system, Earth, we will develop the capacity to manage our impact and we'll develop the capacity to manage the system at the scale commensurate with the problem. Okay, so that's where I'd like to leave you where we started, that this idea of science and the three paradigms of science forming a basis upon which we can build a sustainable future is really essential. And with that, I'm happy to take questions. Thank you.


Detention in Non-International Armed Conflict Essential Rules During armed conflict, detention is a common occurrence. International Humanitarian Law provides essential rules to ensure that detainees are treated humanely. Once an enemy surrenders or is wounded and no longer fighting, you must not harm or kill them. Evacuate detainees away from hostilities. Register personal details to identify the detainee, such as their name, date of birth, rank or service number. Inform your superior of any detainees. You must give wounded detainees the medical care they require. Transfer them to a hospital if needed. Release civilians. They must not be detained even if they cook for the enemy, are required to help with the soldier's logistics or family members. Do not torture detainees. Detainees must not be beaten or treated inhumanely in any other way. Provide detainees with food, water and humane living conditions. At a minimum, share what you have. Allow detainees to contact their families. This can be done by phone, by letter, by email or through humanitarian organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, the ICRC. Inform the ICRC about any detainees as soon as possible. Allow the ICRC to visit the detainees and to speak to them in private. In enemy hands, detainees are vulnerable to abuse. It is your responsibility to treat them humanely.


Coming up on my next episode of Inside Ideas, I'm going to have a wonderful discussion with the author of this book, Cranky Uncle versus Climate Change by Dr. John Cook. So he does a lot more and he's done a lot more than just write this book. He's also part of Climate Science Deniers website and also a professor and lecturer at the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network that offers graduate level MOOC courses on edX and I'm excited to have him as a guest to do a deep dive and ask some of those questions. You might be wondering if you've ever been confronted with the cranky uncle who is a denier towards anything that's going on in our environment, the climate, COVID, whatever it may be, how to use critical thinking and some very good tools to have a logical and rational discussion and flesh out the truths in some of these things with Dr. John Cook.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jasby's CaseBrakes.com coming at you with a quick little pack here. 2020 Mosaic football, no huddle edition, only eight cards. Random team break number 24, and giving away the last nine hip parade dual case spots. We'll do that at the end of the break. But first the break. Big thanks to this group for making it happen. And there are the teams right there. Let's roll it, let's randomize it four and a five, nine times for names and teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine. And for hip parade fans, we have another dual case football break loaded up, Jasby'sCaseBrakes.com. Nine times for the teams, one, two. Those are the only two more hip parade football cases we have. So the next break, so version two is the last break of that. So don't miss out. If you miss out on this one, don't miss out on the next one. All right, there's the first half of the list right here. And there's the second half of the list right over there. No trades. Let's just roll. Now let's print. And Rick. All right. Got Jaylen Ramsey. We got traded away earlier today, and we've got Van Jefferson rookie and a Deandre Swift. So a couple of rookie cards popping out of here. One for the Lions. It'll be for Eugene. And one for the Rams. Nico. A lot of debate in LA. Local sports talk radio. Are the Rams rebuilding? Or are they retooling? Or are they going for it? What's going on out here? I don't know. I don't know. We'll find out. All right. Now, the primary reason for this is who's going to win those hip parade spots. Let's gather everybody's names again, one through 32. And it's going to be once again the top nine after nine, five into four, nine times. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and ninth and final time. So after nine, from 10 on down, it's going to be sad times, especially for Nico, who is very close. But thank you, Nico and everybody, 10 through 32 for giving this shot. Now, there is another version of this. So if you want to get some full spots or another filler in the next two box break after this one, go for it, jazby'scasebreaks.com. All right. Top nine. Congrats to you. Nico, you're in. Nico is happy. So is Kym, Joel, Eugene, Eugene, Rob, Joel, Evan, and Jason K. Congrats to the top nine. We'll see you in the next video for the break, jazby'scasebreaks.com. Bye.


Hi everyone, Joe for jasmizcasebreaks.com coming at you with another case, another inner case of 2021 Tops Triple Threads Baseball. Just dropped today. This is pick your team at number four. Remember, we popped open a fresh master case in the previous break and I marked that with the letter A. Kind of looks like an X, but it's actually an A. Pick your team four right there. A very big thank you to everyone who picked their teams straight up. Appreciate it. And we've got some more in the store, so check it out on jasmizcasebreaks.com. And it ended up being Carl with Last Spot Mojo and the Angels. There are some random number block teams here, so let me show you that. And that I uploaded in a different video, but here are the results. If you want to watch the actual randomizer, check out the video. So it's a block of numbers, applying only to those teams and only for pick your team four. Good luck. Let's set that over here and let's pop this open. Here's the first box and all these packs look like they have books in there. Rex saying, I really want to go hit list. Don't let me down. I won't, Rex. Under promise over deliver. That's what I say. So right out of the gate, we got Hank Aaron, 119 out of 150. Let's get my list right there. So that goes to Matt and the Braves, Austin Meadows to 199 and some base cards here. On this side, we got Ricky Henderson to 299 for the A's will be from Matt Medlin and Nolan Aronato to 125 going to the Cardinals. That's a number block team. So that'll go to Steven P in the number eight. Shipping team will make sure those numbered cars will go to the right place. Base cards there and our hits. Triple Relegant Autograph 14 out of 75, Tariq Scoobal. There you go. Tigers. That's going to be for Michael in Detroit. And behind George Brett is single jumbo relic, three out of 48 Nolan Aronato Rockies. It's going to go to Andrew and the Rocks. Albert Pujols is two out of three, Exit Vel Otani. That's pretty nice. Carl Last Spot Mojo strikes again. 70% of the time, Last Spot Mojo hits 100% of the time and this is an out of three and a train whistle. Out of fives and under, get the train whistle. All aboard the Big Hit Express, whoop whoop. There is Exit Velos. Pretty good. Nice. And behind Pujols is Mike Kostremski, jersey and autograph, 14 out of 50 and that's Ross with the Giants. Picked up the Giants straight up. Next box. Good luck. Now, full disclosure, I'm sure most of you saw this video and the video has been posted but we did have the White Whale and a triple relic triple auto in the first inner case. So let's see what we're going to get in the second inner case. I think I saw a redemption over there as well. All right, there's JD Martinez to 50, 39 out of 50 for the Red Sox and Albert Pujols 32 out of 99 for the Dodgers. Yeah, there is a redemption there. Here's Ozal Tuve to 299. Otani triple relic, two out of three Rex. Dylan Carlson to 75. Non-numbered base cards here. There's another look at it. Two color triple relic out of three. Behind Xander Bogarts is Joey Gallo, four out of 18, 93.8 mile per hour. Exit Velos. And that's for the Rangers. So Rangers are a number block team and go by that digit right there. So if it was four out of 18 or 14 out of 18, goes to number four. And that'll be for Steve H. Oh, that's nice. Look at that. One out of 10, Sonny Gray patch and autograph. That looks like Mr. Red. Is that what they call him, Mr. Red? That's his name.  And that goes to Chris Walker and the Cincinnati Reds. It's pretty cool. All right, the single jumbo relic is Jordan Alvarez, 10 out of 18. That's for Tim and the Astros. And the redemption behind Manny Ramirez. Upside-down Manny Ramirez, congrats. You, someone, is due to receive a base, rookies, and future phenoms autograph relic hard gold. Maybe to 50, perhaps? It's going to be, that must be a short name. Oh, there we go. J and A. So name and team. Oh, Joe Adel? Angels. Nice. Nice break for the Angels. Carl Lastbot Mojo again. They're a big up-and-coming prospect here. They kind of fooled me. They usually put the city name on there, too. All right. Next box. That was a Lastbot Mojo team, too. They're a pretty pricey team, as well. Scared money don't make money, ladies and gentlemen. Next break of Triple Threads is from a Fresh Master case. So give that a look. GaspysCaseBreaks.com. There's Tony Gwin, 278 out of 299. Anthony Rizzo to 125. Bryce Harper to 299. And 9 out of 25, Greg Maddox, the professor. A Triple Relic. Nice. 6 out of 9, Triple Relic for the Reds. Chris Walker, that's Jesse Winker, Joey Vado. And Eugenio Suarez. Rebel saying that Adele is out of 35. Nice. Behind Devers is Aaron Nola, jersey and autograph. 22 out of 75. One of the nicest bit of penmanship in the hobby. That's for Raymond and the Phillies. And on this side, we've got Altuve revealing a Slammin' Sammy Sosa, 5 out of 18. That's pretty cool. Jonathan Arnaldi with the Chicago Cubs. Nice. And back here is Single Jumbo Relic. Garrett Cole, 25 out of 36. And that's going to go to the Yankees that goes to Mark S. And there's Jose Altuve right here. All right. Third of the way through this break. Give me a moment here. Let me, I think I have something arriving here. Hang on. Hunts have so much bread in there. Next box. Foxy Blasters, would you like some? Yeah, yeah. Yeah. Yeah, you don't see a lot of Sammy Sosa autographs for you guys, so that was pretty cool.  Yeah. They use it all over Canadian, which is, like, weird to think about. I think they get the base parts. Like, they just put them in there and like that. Yeah. It's multi-mashes. So multi-homer in here? Yeah, the Sammy Slam more than one home run in a game, 69 times, which is a total exceeded only by Babe Ruth and Barry Bonds. Wow. Multi-homers. He really was all time. He just cheated. Yeah. 83 out of 199, Anthony Rendon. Which is unfortunate, because it's one of those things where they probably didn't have to. Especially Barry Bonds, dude. 77 out of 259, George Brett. That was a multi-time all-star before he fell the juice. Mike Schmidt to 75, and then there's Garrett Cold to 99. Have you ripped any of these triple threads yet? No, not yet. I'm hopping on IG. Oh, OK, nice, nice. I think I'm going to do that in there. Looks pretty nice. 31 out of 36, Hot Streak, Reese Hoskins. Can I take a look? Just like anything? Yeah. Do they look the same? Oh, no, it looks a little bit better. Yeah, I like how they do the colors in the background this year, because there's like a nice texture to it. No, that looks good. Raymond in the Phillies. And behind Willie Mays is jersey and autographed Bren Lau, 50 out of 99. And that is for Tampa Bay. That's a number block team. And that goes to 0, the number 0. So raise 0 is going to be for Adam Harper. Behind Hank Aaron is Nick Madrigal, triple relic and autograph, 25 out of 25. It's a nice color match there. That looks pretty sharp. White Sox picked up straight up by Josh M. Nice, congrats. Behind Hank Aaron is single jumbo relic, Trey Mancini, 28 out of 48. O's, that's going to be for Jake and the Orioles. Next box. Got our file of Devers to 125. Alex Kirloff to 150. Got a Mad Max Scherzer, 94 out of 150. And Mariners Ichiro, 111 out of 199. Base, base, non-numbered. All of the ships, of course. Today's the 10th. Triple relic, Carlos Correa, Jose Altuve, Jordan Alvarez, 21 out of 36. That's for Tim and the Astros. Where's Carlos Correa going to go? He's a free agent. I think it was Carl who had mentioned earlier. I forgot to respond to that. I think it was Carl who was mentioning earlier that Correa might get a big offer from Detroit. It's possible? I don't know. We'll see. Luis Robert, nice, 23 out of 25. The White Sock pinstripe on the left side. That's another one for Josh and the White Socks. The next side here is Jared Kalanek, Bo Jackson, and Chris Bryant, four out of nine. Triple relic and autograph says Lefty OPS. That's Cubs Edition. And that's going to go to Jonathan. Jonathan A, nice. And over here is Single Jumbo Relic. Kessen here, a seven out of nine. Nice little number for the Brew Crew, Donald, with the Brewers. Yeah, there's Carl. Yeah, that's what I was reading. Says Carl. Tigers.  Are the Astros not going to retain him? Is that not the strategy for the Stros? Do they feel like they have enough? I mean, they do have some good young talent coming up the ranks. So maybe they think they have enough of that. Yeah, I'll do a recap for you at the end here, but after I'm done here. But you've got a Chris Bryant auto and a Sammy Sosa autograph. All right, there's Vlad Guerrero Jr. to 259. Astros already offered him 150 for five years. There's Mount Castle to 299. Yeah, Sean's also saying, Sean M saying they offered him five years, $160 million. So what is that? That's an average annual value around 30 million a year. So maybe a little bit more. Interesting. It's Kearlaw. And there's the Ech, Dennis Eckersley. 5 out of 18 A's edition. Is that 100 complete games and 100 saves? Yeah, there is only, wow. I guess we, I mean, this day and age, you really don't see a lot of complete games. There's only been one pitcher in major league history to record 100 complete games and 100 saves. The Ech. That's pretty nice. Oakland A's Matt Medlin. And behind Chipper Jones is your single jumbo relics, 6-0 Sanchez, 4 out of 36 for the fish. Marlins are a number of block teams. So that goes to Steve H. and the Marlins. Yeah, that's one of those records. Oliver's right. That's one of those records that'll never be broken. There's DJ LaMahue, 23 out of 27. Big triple relic there, RBI. And behind Randy Johnson is Garrett Crochet, rookie autograph for the White Sox, 39 out of 199. 100 complete games. I mean, nobody's completing games anymore. So it's just not how, that's how the game has changed, has evolved. Bam, what's going on? How are you? I mean, I feel like it used to be you were only a reliever or a closer.  I mean, all relievers and closers were like failed starters, right? It was one out of 99, Kyle Lewis. But now, now I feel like these days, pitchers can be groomed for relief spots or even a closer spot. Don Mattingling to 199. Tom Siever and Mark McGuire to 259. This is Cal Ripken Jr., Jeter, Yelp, Bregman. And your hits behind Bichette is Steve Carlton. Legend, triple rally. Four out of nine. I don't think we have, well, I'll have to double check. I'm pretty sure we don't have any more triple threads after what's on the site. And there is Eric Hosmer, jersey and autograph, 33 out of 50. And I'll have to double check, Mark. I don't know off the top of my head.  So that goes to Padres three. And that'll be for Harry. Behind Greg Maddox is Sixto Sanchez. Triple relic and on-card autograph, 48 out of 75. That's another number block team that goes to number eight. 48 out of 75. Stephen P with Marlins eight. And then we got a single jumbo rally. That's JD Martinez, one out of 48. Red Sox, Jonathan K picked up the Red Sox straight up. Two boxes to go. Good luck, everybody. The next inner case break, the next nine box inner case break, pick your team five, is gonna be from a fresh master case. And it looks like we just popped that into a number block. So let's fill up that number block and let's get that break going. And then we have 12 teams left in pick your team six, the second part of that master case. And we should be able to get another master case done tonight. Yeah, I've not seen it. Yeah, Rex is right. I haven't seen any wonder Franco just yet. All right, there's Juan Soto to 299 for the Nats. Vlad Guerrero, Jr. to 125 for the Blue Jays. There's Scherzer to 99 for the Nationals. Yeah, I really like the design this year. It's not just a kind of a flat color. There's just a nice pattern, nice texture in the background. Jazz Chisholm, 158 to 259, rookie card for Stephen P. Trout, Lindor, Acuna, Jr. Jazz Chisholm. And behind Bellinger is a triple relic, triple auto. Joey Votto, Barry Larkin, and Tony Perez. Nice. And that's the bottom left-hand corner has the number. That's three out of nine. Right there, right on Tony Perez's jersey. You can kind of see three out of nine there. Nice one for the Red Legs. That'll be for Chris Walker. Had the nice Mr. Red Head on that sunny gray. And the triple relic, triple auto. Joey Votto, Barry Larkin, and Tony Perez. It's pretty nice. Congrats. And behind Bellinger is Eloy Jimenez, 23 out of 27. Josh with the White Sox. White Sox racking up the relics. Yeah, I think that's a nice hit, Stu. Behind Frank Thomas is Chart Topper, Trey Turner, nine out of 36. TBD on what position he's gonna play next year because it'll depend on Corey Seger. What happens to him? And behind Frank Thomas is Jersey and Autograph, Shirt and Apostle, 24 out of 75. Rangers are a number block team, so it's 24. Rangers four is gonna be for Steve H. There you go, Steve. And there's Frank Thomas right here. Trust me, she'll like it too. All right, final box. Yeah, I wonder Rex, cause the first intercase had a White Whale and a triple relic, triple auto. Does that mean this side has both of those as well? White Whale here and no White Whale here. So maybe that first intercase we just got a bonus. A bonus triple relic, triple auto. All right, there's Babe Ruth, 99 out of 259. And there's Dalbeck to 299. There's Machado to 299. And there's Machado again, blue. That one's a one out of 25. Here's your base card, one more behind Nelson Cruz. You got Ryan Mountcastle. Soto Alonzo Yachty. And your final four hits, we've got Glaber Day, 20 out of 27. October OPS. The only Yankees hitters with higher post-season OPS with the minimum 75 play appearances is Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, and Reggie Jackson. He's in pretty good company there. Behind Nelson Cruz is Luis Campuzano, 120 out of 199. Rookie autograph for the Friars. That's a number block team. And 120, Adam Harper with Padre Zero. You got Tariq Scoogle. Triple Relic and autograph, 76 out of 99. That's for the Tigers, that's gonna go to Michael. And behind Freddie Friedman is a single jumbo relic Trey Turner, 13 out of 27 for the Nats. That's Washington, Washington is a number block team. So Nationals three, Harry. There you go, ladies and gentlemen. Thanks everybody for watching. Let's do a quick randomizer. For the non-numbered base cards and then we'll do a quick little recap as well. So let's flip back to the number block list. Let's gather everybody's names. New dice, new list, and let's roll it and randomize it three and a six nine times. Name on top after nine gets the non-numbered base cards. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and ninth and final time. After nine, we got Mark S on top so you'll get some of those non-numbered base cards. Thanks everybody, that was Pick Your Team. Number four, let's do a quick little recap. So, I mean, really nice stuff as usual. Triple Threads, they always do a really good job with Triple Threads, one of their flagship. There's that Chris Bryant, Jonathan. One of their flagship products. Got the Joe Adele Redemption as well. Sign your cards, Joe. Got another Tariq Spooble earlier and some of the nicer hits here right here. The Triple Relic, Triple Auto, the Sammy Sosa, the Mr. Redhead, is it Mr. Red, Sonny Gray, and the Otani two out of three, Exit Vel V Lo, Tony. Another nice one. In the books, I'm Joe for Jaspeyscasebreaks.com. Thanks for watching, thanks for breaking with us and I'll see you next time for another Triple Threads break, bye-bye.


The following message contains distressing scenes based on hate crimes prosecuted in Wales. Actors have been used and details changed to protect the victims. When he came up to me, I didn't realise he was going to hurt me. It was such a shock. It was so frightening. Look at you.  Sometimes I feel like I'm treated like I'm not a human being because of my disability, just because of the way I look. It made me frightened to go out and do things on my own and enjoy life. I shouldn't be made to feel like this. I'm glad the man was found guilty. I feel safe now and he knows what he did was wrong. That man now understands that disabled people feel hurt and think themselves. I achieve great things too. Hate hurts Wales. If you see it happen, report it and get support by calling the police or visiting gov.wales.hatehirtswales. Let's stand up to hate crime together.


The diverse community of Sausage Bo joined together at Nimitz Park for the American Festival to enjoy music, food and fun. Sausage Bo is kind of famous for having the American presence here. So when they have these festivals, a lot of people come in to see the American community. Historically, this has been the largest festival for the Japanese and Americans to get together and celebrate the different communities. Just a great opportunity for Americans to get out and meet Japanese and for Japanese to meet Americans. Thanks to MWR and many private organizations, American Festival once again welcomed participants from all over Japan to get a sample of the United States. Petty Officer Christina Coffey, Fleet Activities, Sausage Bo, Japan.


Jimmy, I get lumped together with you all the time. Maybe we found the common denominator, the problem here. Yeah, it is such strange bedfellows too, because I think in our approach, we could not be any more opposite than we are. It's true. We couldn't be in any way, but they hate us just the same. I understand why they hate you. You're terrible to them. Next pitch, change up, bang, bang. That sequence is so upsetting, there's no way that is done without technology. How fast they get the bangs. All I've done is just say, you cheated. Yeah, you troll them pretty hard, though. Like if we're being honest now, like if I'm being the independent adjudicator in this situation, you absolutely troll them all the time. And you take joy in it. I take no joy in going on ESPN and standing in front of their 2017 World Champions logo for two and a half straight weeks. Like spring training was definitely a very odd time. I will say this. I kept saying to people are saying, these are fellow reporters saying, how long you been here? And I was like, I've been here for a long time, but I'm getting paroled in a couple of days. I had driven cross state to Atlanta's facility. And that's where all the GMs were meeting, and they had the managers there too. It was like spring training meeting a day. And I was looking forward. I was supposed to meet with someone from the Braves organization, have lunch the next day, and I was just going to live the normal life of spring training that I'm used to on the other side of the state. And then I got a call that night. And the call that night said, El Tuve's going to walk through the clubhouse with his shirt off tomorrow. Oh, my God. And I'm like, really? I miss those days. I like really. Yeah, don't you miss like how bad is Jose El Tuve's tattoo actually? And so that night, got back into the car, went to the nearest gas station, bought a pack of sunflower seeds and a couple of 20 ounce Coke zeros and drove three hours to watch a grown man walk through a clubhouse. Oh, my gosh. That was organized like that? It wasn't that's funny. So he wanted to say, yeah, I actually have a tattoo. Here it is. The whole thing was so comical when he was doing it too. He walks into the clubhouse. It's just like Baywatch. He like stripped the shirt right off. The tattoo stuff was like the first thing that fully added up, like all of the parts of it. It was like regular print when he didn't like it. He blurred it out in a picture of him on the beach after he got it, which proves he was embarrassed of it, put a shirt on right before the celebration and like actually added up. It was like, oh my God, it's kind of embarrassing that he was so embarrassed of just a simple tattoo. And then he got it redone with cursive in between the World Series. I gave him credit. I was like, hey, that's weird, but it adds up.


Crazy, crazy day everybody. All right, just getting my cross-training in, going to the gym right now. I've got maybe 45 minutes, so we're gonna do a quick core session and then into the pool for 30 minutes hard. I'm actually crazy enough, I can't believe it. I'm actually sore from, I have some doms in my leg, delayed onset muscle soreness from Friday. I can't believe it, I never thought I would be sore. From a cross-training session, anyway, so that's good news. I'm glad my legs are feeling it. I just, yeah, I was working hard on Friday, so anyway, and yes, I think you're gonna wanna stay tuned for this running shoe extravaganza, where I attempt to do a blindfold running shoe test. We've done this once before, I'll probably do a little flashback here in a minute, but all right, into the gym.  On a Monday, case of the Mondays. No, no case of the Mondays allowed here. No case of the Mondays allowed here. All right, rolling, rolling, rolling, rolling. That's a doozy, it's only 30 minutes, but I was trying to push, I was breathing at the end, that's for sure, and I do have some thoughts and updates on cross-training. After I get the results back from the MRI, I will update you on probably my strategy moving forward, but I'm just waiting, hopefully, today, actually. If you're watching this on Monday, hopefully today, I get a phone call from the doctor, we shall see. So, oh my heart, loading up this scooter. Answering your questions, doing my best to stay on top of it, they're coming in hot, holy smokes. All right, we are off to the skate park. Sunday afternoon picnic at the skate park. We just found a new place to hang out all summer, didn't we fam, hey y'all, good veggies. That's right, we're back from the skate park, and yes, the keyword is a number, one, two, the number 12 is the key number, I guess, today, and it did cross my mind going down the ramp there at the skate park on the scooter, but then I was thinking, gosh, what if the doctor calls me tomorrow and says that the MRI is negative, meaning there's no stress fracture, but I wake up in the morning with a new pain, a new pain, anywhere, oh boy, hold on. Light went out, hold on. This happens, everybody, this is live and raw here. So what if I wake up and there's a new pain in my femur, in my lower back, in my elbow, maybe I take a tumble, so I decided against it, but that was fun to go get a little, a little skate park time. Okay, let's go get true love. First of all, let me, I forgot something, hold on. There we go, all right, I got it, I got it, here we are. So basically, here's a little flashback to, here's a bandana, here's a flashback to, I think four months ago, we did this, and yes, the running shoe collection has basically doubled since we did this. Do I just hand you a shoe? Yeah, that would help, but it's gotta be kinda, so if you wanna set a few, it's gotta be random, but you gotta set them out, and drop them. Get set, go! Oh my gosh, Nike, Bill Bowerman, so I believe the last time we did it, I got a score of eight out of 12, so eight correct, and yes, it's upper right-hand corner, if you wanna go see the first time, eight out of 12. So basically, yeah, I'm gonna try and beat eight out of 12. Can I do it? True love is gonna pick 12 random shoes, they're just outside the studio, and see blindfolded if I can guess them in under two minutes. So I basically, on average, get 10 seconds per shoe. Sound good? All right, let me go get true love. We're gonna do this, oh man, this is fun, get ready. Pulling up the stopwatch, here we go. All right, camera's rolling. Oh my God, just keep rolling. So I got the stopwatch ready. We're gonna do 12 shoes, and basically I need you to come in here and put this on, say hello to true love, everybody. Hey, YouTube. Hey, YouTube, all right, so you put, you know how to put that on. And do I just grab random from that giant pile right here? So true love, you grab random from the pile, any 12, and you can just do like one of each pair. So 12 total, true love's gonna basically hand them to me as quick as possible, and where'd the phone go? Oh boy. Here we go. Let's see, where's, oh.  Key number is 12. This is live, baby. All right, so now, get my moj, it's like we're on the starting line. Focus, focus, calm, breathe, breathe. All right. Mark. Five, four, three, two, one, go. Nike, Airfly, no, no, no, no, no. Nike, Zoom, Fly, Fly it. Okay, uh, uh, okay. This is the Mizuno Wave, uh, Flyer, Fly it. Uh, something like that. Oh yeah, this is, oh, hold on. Okay, oh, whoa, whoa. Okay, hold on. This is the Las Forteva Tempesta GTX. I don't know, I don't know. The Hoka Carbon Rocket. The, the, uh, Sa, Salon and Speed Cross Five. Oh, baby, we're crashing in here. Nike, no, yes. Nike Wild Horse Five, I think. All right, the next one is the, oh, la, la, la, la, la, la. Oh, let's see, let's see, let's see. What is this? Oh, uh, Skechers, Skechers, Razor Three. Oh, I got it, oh, okay. This is the Reebok Float Ride Run Fast Pro. Wow. Oh man, oh man. Let's see, let's see, let's see. This is the Ultra Torin 3.5. Wow. Oh man, we're doing good. I can sense it. This is the, this is the Nike Baker Fly 4% Pinet. This is, hold on, oh boy. Okay, this is the, nope, Soccany, uh, snow. Oh, maybe, I'm gonna go Soccany Fast Twitch Six. I don't know, that's a tough one. All right, we're gonna go, okay, this one. Oh, this is the Nike Wild Horse Five. This is the Nike Wild Horse Five. That's it. Woo! Not too shabby. Okay. You got two wrong, I think. I think I got, okay. The audio's four. And that one you got wrong. Really? That's, no, no, I'm just shocked. Yeah, no, no, no, because I did not say this one. I think I, I think so, I think, all right. I know, but like they need to go in Michael's room. So I'm gonna put them back in here. I can just shove them all in. Okay, you can start doing that. Yeah. These are still a red dot. Yes. Perfect. Should I hit stop? You know what, no, I'll stop. All right, there we go. That is always fun. We'll probably do that two or three times a year as the collection continues to grow. It'll become a little more difficult to figure out, which, ah, audio's four, I got wrong. And then the, I'm shocked that I got the on cloud X wrong because the outsole is so unique on that shoe. Anyway, it's a lot of fun. I hope you enjoyed that. And yes, I'm not shutting down the vlog yet. I'm gonna do a little more filming tonight. I'll get you the question of the day here in a minute. Ah, good times in the studio. Good times in the studio. Oh, glad that didn't hit me in the head. Holy smokes. Okay, I actually ended up not filming any other clips tonight, got a little busy and it's 10 47. So I'm gonna call it there with the question of the day. Are you ready? Some, I would call it breaking news just happened in the running world. What is it? And it is now Sunday night, 10 47 p.m. Denver time. So some breaking news. I just saw it on Twitter. And if you know what I'm talking about, let us know down in the comments.  I will tell you all about this tomorrow. Yes, tomorrow's vlog. Come back to tomorrow's vlog. Seek beauty, work hard and love each other. Thanks for coming into the studio tonight. That was crazy. So I, it was nine out of 12. Yeah, I missed three, the audios four, the wave knit from the wave flyer from Zuno and then that Nike Wild Horse five I said too early. Anyway, I missed a couple, I missed three shoes. So we did pretty good, we did pretty good. It's a beauty for work hard and love each other.


what's up everyone take down here welcome back to another video as you guys know i used to work retail and i absolutely hated it that's why i decided to leave but today i decided to share with you my pros and cons of working retail let's get right into this so working retail does have its ups and downs and at the end of the day i just had a lot more cons where i worked than pros so that's why i decided to leave so i might be a little bit one-sided for this i might be addressing the cons a little bit more but i'm going to start off with the pros because working retail there is some pros to the jobs so let's just get started so up first the first pro is certain holidays the stores are closed and holidays that are have the store open you usually have shorter shifts so if the store is open on a certain holiday like canada day or fourth of july normally the store would be open but it'd be a shorter shift and you'd be working less hours than a normal day so instead of eight hours you might work six hours or something along those lines now on holidays that are closed the huge pro for that was for example christmas easter and thanksgiving if the retail store you work at is closed you're able to enjoy the day with your family and you're able to just enjoy the day off and that for me was a huge benefit where i used to work because where i work now of course i'm working new years christmas i'm working every holiday because it's a 24 seven operation but i enjoy working the holidays now so if you don't like working the holidays working retail that is an advantage because certain holidays they're closed or shorter hours the next pro is depending on where you work you might get discounts where i worked the discounts i think if i remember correctly were like 15 maybe 20 off and basically that just covered the taxes and stuff like that we didn't get much more than that now if the sale if the item was on sale already we would only get about five percent off so it didn't really make much of a difference it just again cover the taxes so we didn't get much of a discount but i did hear of other people that work other retail jobs they get a little bit more of a discount where i worked we would get something that would be called profit sharing so every year based on your performance you would get money that be put away in your profit sharing and you can use that money if you were to get married or buy a house or buy a vehicle that is expensive the longer you work your profit sharing goes up and once you leave that job you get that money and that's something that i had at my last job but it was more of a hassle when i left but definitely the discounts were okay it just covered the taxes for me next pro was knowing when items will be on sale because i worked retail normally we not only would get the flyers in advance but if i seen a product that was interested in and something that i wanted to purchase in the future i could simply look it up on the computer and go into the back end of the computer and see when it was going to be on sale in the future and at what price it was going to be on sale so if it's something that i really wanted all i had to do was look it up on the computer to see when it's going to be on sale and just wait for it to come on sale on top of that if i knew when it was going to be on sale some stores will have a two weeks before or two weeks after sale so i would be able to check to see if it was recently on sale and also get it for that price if it was in that two week range which was always awesome to do you just had to wait to see when things were going to be on sale and not purchase it at that time and the next thing is steady shifts now this is not all retail jobs this was mostly where i worked so there was two shifts for full timers you would have either your eight to five or you'd have eleven to eight because the store is only open from eight in the morning till eight at night so eight to five or eleven to eight part timers would get maybe 10 o'clock till two o'clock and then four o'clock till eight o'clock on average but normally you would know those would be the shifts that you would work you're not going to have odd shifts and come in at odd times you kind of had steady shifts and you know when you start and finish at all times now for the cons of working retail which as you guys know for me they outweighed the pros because at the end of the day i ended up leaving because i absolutely hated retail so up first is no job security now for where i worked at least it didn't matter if you were there for one year or if you were there for 10 15 or 20 years they could lay you off at the seasons where they weren't given that many hours because it's kind of dead in the store the store's not making money they could lay you off at any time and for me having no job security made no sense and that is one thing that resulted in me leaving for me personally i was at one point full time 40 hours a week and then out of the blue during the busiest time of the season which was november and december for retail of course for the holidays they're always working on boosting their sales and stuff like that they ended up cutting my hours down to about 15 hours a week and they stayed at that for six months until i ended up quitting for absolutely no reason so with retail there is at times no job security and i know that firsthand the next con was working minimum wage i was working minimum wage absolutely hated it based on the fact that i felt like i had more potential i could be making more money working at a different industry and for me working retail was not worth minimum wage due to the job itself there is a little bit high demand some retail jobs as the employee the more sales you generate the company's making more money but yet you're still making a minimum wage that's why that's the biggest thing i hated about working retail is you're making minimum wage while the company is making a lot of money off of your sales next was dealing with rude customers i fortunately live in a small town so a lot of my customers were regulars a lot of my customers were awesome to work with they were awesome they came in they never gave me problems but we also live really close to a highway and since i've worked automotive we'd have a lot of people that would break down and come in that would demand stuff right away and that's just not how i worked and that's not how our store works so we'd have a lot of rude customers a lot of times and i'm the type of person when i work to retail that if you're going to be rude to me i'm just not going to help you plain and simple if you're going to come with me yelling and screaming and demanding stuff i'm just going to take my sweet ass time and i'm just going to handle it as calmly as i can and as professionally as i can but i'm not going to give into rude customers i've never been like that the next thing is a heavy workload this was more so whenever i was getting my hours cut because i would be in for shorter shifts but i'd be told that i have to do just as much work as i did if i was there for an eight hour shift in a four hour shift but on top of that i'd have to do my manager's work and stuff like that so i was getting less hours but i was even more stressed out because when i was at work i was just constantly doing stuff over and over and running around the store and as somebody that's only four hours i'm going to be there for four hours doing the work of one i would be there for eight hours plus my manager's work it's a lot of work honestly it is exhausting that's why i hated it and another con would be getting treated poorly by management like i said i would not only have to do a lot of my manager's work whenever i would also have to do my work but my manager in automotive didn't do anything he didn't know anything about automotive he was very clueless and also the owner as well because like i said already they cut my hours from 40 hours week full time to 15 hours a week so that was with no reason so work in retail you will butt heads with your managers most of the time and you get treated unfairly a lot of the time customers complain and usually the management will take the customer's side on things even if you had no control over the situation there's no possible way you could have helped the customer managers a lot of times don't care now thankfully where i worked i was close to some of the managers just not the ones that were in my departments i was friends with one of the cashier managers i was friends with the sports department manager he was pretty cool as well and of course my department my supervisor is pretty cool i call her my supervisor but she wasn't actually but she's been there long enough that she should have had that role but some of the other managers they just like to demand things like to put the push you around and order you around which i understand you're working that that is what the manager's job is to do is to manage you but do it in a respectful manner is the way i've always seen it if you're going to treat me poorly why should i treat you with respect when i'm not being respected at work so these were for me the pros and cons of working retail and for me i think the cons outweigh the pros because number one having no job security not knowing if when come january if you're going to get laid off or not number two working minimum wage for me absolutely sucked i absolutely hated it and i felt like i could be making more money than i was working retail uh deal with rude customers was neither hero there i could deal with the rude customers but some customers were just really hard to deal with having a lot to do whenever you're working retail there's always something to do even when it's dead you have different sections to redo and stuff like that and management treating you poorly i i do not i do not work like that if you're going to treat me like crap at work i'm not going to treat you very nicely either so hope you guys enjoyed this video comment down below what your pros and cons are at working your job or working retail i'd like to see what you guys think on this but i know there is probably a few things that i missed and i'm probably one-sided when it comes to cons because i ended up quitting my job because i hated it but let me know what you guys think down below i'm going to leave this video here please take care peace