Hey what's up everyone welcome to another video my name is Dylan and I'm a cycling coach at CTS and today we're going to be discussing reverse periodization. Is it a superior training method to traditional periodization and what does the science have to say about it? I'll go into that and some instances where reverse periodization may work and some instances where reverse periodization is far from optimal. I'll also talk about whether or not traditional versus reverse periodization is even the right question that we should be asking when we're talking about our training. If you're new to this channel I make weekly training, racing and gear related videos going over tips and tricks that I've learned in my 12 years of racing experience that have gotten me to the top of the ultra endurance mountain bike game in the U.S. and as a cycling coach at CTS. If you want to learn how to get faster or just more about the science of training in general be sure to subscribe and if you have a training question or a topic you'd like to see me cover in a future video be sure to leave it in the comments section down below. I do my best to get to all the questions in the comments. Let's jump into today's topic which is reverse periodization and I'll start by defining it. So traditionally with normal periodization you would start with a low intensity but high volume of training in what's typically called the base period. This is when we're months away from racing and then as we approach racing the volume of our training comes down but the intensity goes up. Reverse periodization is just as the name suggests it's the reverse of this. So we start off with high intensity below volume and then as we approach racing we increase the volume and decrease the intensity. So instead of doing your long slow base miles in the winter you would do them in the months right before your A race. This is obviously a huge generalization and not every periodization or reverse periodization model follows this template. In fact reverse periodization is pretty loosely defined and there are many training methods that one might consider reverse periodization that can differ quite drastically. Reverse periodization can be intriguing because you don't have to spend a ton of hours on the bike when daylight is limited and weather is bad and then when the weather improves and you get more time to ride in the day that's when you can spend more time in the saddle. Are they calling for snow again this weekend? Well I guess I'm just going to do reverse periodization this year. From a lifestyle standpoint it makes a ton of sense but will it lead to the best results or the most fitness gains? Now on this channel as I'm sure you know by now if you've watched more than two or three of my videos I like to dig into the science on the topics I'm covering to form an opinion about them. With reverse periodization however there is no science at least none that I could find. The closest study I could find to investigating reverse periodization was this study on different high intensity periodization models on endurance adaptations. In this study 69 subjects were split into three training groups all training for 12 weeks with two interval sessions each week. The groups differed in how they ordered the intensity of their intervals. The increasing intensity group did four by 16 minute intervals during the first four weeks, four by eight during the next four weeks and in the final four weeks did four by four minute intervals. One might describe this as classical periodization since the intensity was increasing and the volume was decreasing. They had another group test the reverse of this and one could argue that this is the equivalent to reverse periodization and the last group mixed their intensity throughout the 12 weeks. They found that performance increased the most with increasing intensity then decreasing intensity and mixed intensity showed the least improvement however the results were not significant so the authors couldn't conclude that increasing intensity was better. Although increasing intensity did show the best response rate of the three groups. Given these findings the authors concluded that ordering interval sessions in any particular way has little effect on training adaptations. So should we just chuck the whole notion of periodization out the window and do whatever we want all year? Well this is still far from what one might consider periodization or reverse periodization and tells us more about how to structure our interval work. Fortunately it seems as long as there's some progression it doesn't really matter. The heart of the reverse periodization argument is that you start off with high intensity intervals and then you start incorporating longer lower intensity rides as you get closer to racing not necessarily that you decrease the intensity of your specific interval sessions. One way to get an idea of what the best training practices are is to look at the best athletes in the world. There are flaws with this reasoning at the local level like when one rider dominates a local race series but somehow has the worst training practices. Man Dylan I don't need your science there's this dude at the local Tuesday night group ride who crushes everyone every week and all he does is CrossFit. I think that if I just stop riding my bike and do CrossFit I can be fast like him. A state champion who trains poorly may have the potential to be a national champion if they train properly. This argument crumbles though when we're looking at world and Olympic champions because statistically they have to be doing something right to be the best in the world given all the people who are gunning for that number one spot and the slim margin of victory at that level. This brings me to a study on world champion and Olympic champion cross-country skiers. In this study 11 skiers wrote down their day-to-day training in the year leading up to their most successful competition of their career. They found that training volume and specificity distribution conform to a traditional periodization model. So one might argue that this is evidence against reverse periodization and I would agree with that. However I think there's a bigger takeaway from this article that might save reverse periodization for some specific events. They found that during the competition phase the training became more specific. If we look at the athletes training we can see that they do appear to follow a traditional periodization model but most importantly the volume of specific work increases as they get closer to competition. This right here is what defines periodization. Periodization doesn't necessarily mean moving from high volume to high intensity. It just means that as you get closer to your race your work becomes more specific and usually for most racing this means higher intensity although not for all types of racing. Let's take for example ultra endurance races where you'll be racing for more than seven hours and up to 24 hours or even multiple days. In this case making your training more event specific would mean increasing the volume of your training. One might call this reverse periodization. As an ultra endurance racer myself I typically don't bring down my training volume as I get closer racing until I start tapering. I instead keep my volume consistently high and increase my training load by increasing the intensity. This doesn't really fall into what one might consider classical or reverse periodization but it's periodization nonetheless because my training is getting more specific to the demands of the event. For people doing ultra endurance events reverse periodization in a way may actually work because high amounts of volume is exactly what you need. I would argue that even for these people though you don't want to go straight from the off season straight into high intensity intervals. A review on the best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes stated that an established endurance base built from high volumes of training may be an important precondition for tolerating and responding well to a substantial increase in training intensity over the short term. On top of this you gain fitness from high intensity work quicker but you also lose fitness from high intensity work much quicker. Once you stop doing that sort of training it may only take a couple weeks for you to see substantial decreases in your high intensity ability. This is why I suggest that if you're going to do a form of reverse periodization for ultra endurance events that you keep that high intensity in there and instead increase your volume as a means of increasing your training load. And even ultra endurance events have bits of high intensity sprinkled in. In my last video I reviewed my power file from the Croats Hand Buck 50 which is a 150 mile gravel race. The race took over seven hours so it would certainly be classified as an ultra endurance event but during that event I spent 34 minutes at zone six or vo2 max style intensity and above. And this is not uncommon for long races. Even in all day events you may spend a significant amount of time above your ftp either as a race winning move or as a necessity because of the terrain. On top of this intensity work over threshold can bring up your threshold quickly and can be used as a way to boost your threshold before an event even if you won't be spending a lot of time over threshold during that event. Ultra endurance racing is one scenario where reverse periodization with some modifications may work but you also may have heard about some grand tour riders employing a form of reverse periodization before their races. Again these are extremely long events where riders are spending four to six hours in the saddle every single day. For this kind of racing high volumes of training is event specific training and make no mistake these riders are not neglecting high intensity work leading up to their event. Although the days are very long when these riders do go hard like in a sprint or a tt or up a climb they're going extremely hard and these riders work on that ability. And the reality is that most of us are not racing for hours and hours day after day. A lot of cycling events can last 30 minutes to two hours and because of this extremely hard efforts are required. Because of this scrapping your high intensity work for long volume right up before the event would be a mistake. For the vast majority of racers doing criteriums or short track or cross country mountain biking or cyclocross I would recommend sticking to a more traditional periodization model where intensity is high right before the event. This is because relatively speaking these events are lower in duration and higher in intensity. If your goal is crit racing and all you've been doing is long slow five hour rides then you're not going to have that snap of power that you need even if you were doing high intensity intervals in the winter. All of that being said if you bring your volume down too much you may be compromising your season long fitness and there's certainly an argument to be made that you want to keep long rides in your training plan even if you're training for shorter events. So what can we conclude from this?  If there's one takeaway from the video it's this. If you're asking yourself if you should do reverse periodization or traditional periodization you're asking the wrong question. What you should be more concerned with is whether or not your training is getting more specific to the goal event. Some events require high intensity and others require high volume and you want to make sure that you're meeting those demands in training and that will produce the best results. Thanks for watching and I hope you guys found this information helpful. Let me know your thoughts on reverse periodization down in the comments section below. If you like this video be sure to give it a like share it with a friend and be sure to subscribe. If you want more coaching and racing content be sure to follow me on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook and if you want to follow my training leading into this upcoming season be sure to check me out on Strava. Finally if you're looking for a coach shoot me an email at djonsonandtrainright.com


It's strange how we assimilated social media into the very DNA of our relationships. When at one time we used to say, we used to question ourselves, how are we able to live our life of social media? And now we question ourselves, how will we be able to live without it? To some degree, this is very troubling to many as we realize some of the disadvantages of living a life on social media and yet we're too afraid to cut the cord. We've gotten so attached to the reality of social media. What's the solution? Well, to me, I think there's only one solution and that's dealing with it. Respecting viewers, brothers and sisters in Islam, As-salamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Welcome to Deal With It with me or host Ahmed Ali. Now, this show is dedicated toward discussing and analyzing some of the most controversial topics that affect our lives on a daily basis, whether in a positive or in a negative way. Throughout the show, you will be able to comment and ask your questions for we are joined with a very special guest, Sayyed Hussain Qazweeni, who is here to talk about the dangers of social media and to answer whatever question you have. Sayyidina, As-salamu alaikum. How are you? Very well. You know, tonight is a very blessed night. We're in Bail Haraman. The only thing we can kick off our show is a quick ziyarat to Hussain A.S. and to his brother Abul Fadal Abbas. In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. As-salamu alaikum. As-salamu alaikum. As-salamu alaikum. As-salamu alaikum. The viewers, once again, As-salamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. I do welcome you back to our show. Deal with it. Now, this show, as I mentioned, is dedicated towards discussing and analyzing some of the most controversial topics out there that affect our lives, whether negatively or positive. This, inshallah, will be discussed with my dear guest, Sayyid Hussain Qazweeni. As-salamu alaikum. Sayyidina, once again. As-salamu alaikum. I congratulate you on the very auspicious occasion, which marks tonight the birth of Sayyidina A.S. and honestly, one of the most blessed occasions out there that anyone can celebrate. Now, what better way to celebrate it in his own shrine, in his own city? Perfect. I mean, put it perfectly right there. Now, tonight's topic is somewhat, it might upset some, it might make some people realize, come to epiphany, you know what, we're doing something wrong. Now, social media has gotten into our relationships, where it began to distance between family members, but inshallah, you could touch upon that. Now, in your opinion, what are the dangers of social media? I mean, there are, but specifically, what are they? I was going through a family album, album, a word that is forgotten. You remember those things where we would pick pictures in them, something so long forgotten. You know, we all used to have albums, but maybe not the generation of the 90s. I remember albums. You're from the 90s. I'm from the 90s. Great. We had albums, and pictures meant something. It's not that you could delete a picture and replace it and put filters on it. No, pictures had meanings. They were so beautiful. Anyhow, I was going through family pictures, family gatherings, family reunions, and I was going through these pictures, and the family looked so happy. And I think this is something that everyone could relate to, not just me, myself, and my family, but I want my dear viewers to go back to their family albums and look at pictures from nine years ago, eight years ago. Look how happy people are. All of them together in one picture. They're all together. Everyone's communicating. Everyone's engaged in talking. No one has their, you know, their phone on, going through Twitter or Facebook. No, everyone's engaged. Now, take a picture during family gatherings today.  Or they're looking at the camera with the phone on their hand. Or they're looking at the camera, but it's a quick look. Like, you know, don't take too much of my time because there's something important going on. This is a problem. Social media, these phones, they've made life easier. We have to admit that. Maybe we'll talk about that. Life has become a lot easier. You could be lost in the middle of nowhere, but you could get to somewhere because of your phone. You have a navigation system. You have a GPS. You have prayer times. You have maps, you know, in the West. If you're in London or, you know, these metropolitan cities, if you want to take the train station, you have the timings exactly where you need to. Life has become a lot easier. But at the same time, family relations have changed. Family relations have not been the same. I want anyone to test, to think about this and test what I'm saying to their life. The gatherings that they have today, or not like the gatherings that they had 10 years ago. Previously, there were no distractions during family gatherings. Now, there's so much distractions. So many distractions. Everyone's on their phone. You know, you're not getting that quality family time because of social media. You know, I saw a quote on Twitter. And it really got me to think that some people are just addicted. Oh, yeah. Turn on the phone. Go on Twitter. Okay, nothing's there. Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, WhatsApp. And then start this after five minutes. Start the cycle again. Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, WhatsApp. And so on and so forth. And after the 10th time, when you keep on checking and there's nothing new, you go to the weather app to check on the weather. What's the weather like tonight or tomorrow? That's the reality.  You can't leave the house without it. You can't leave the house without it. I want my dear viewers starting from tomorrow. Sometimes when I come to work, I forget my phone at home and I'm like... I'm going to go back. Two or three kilometers away from home. You're going to come back home. I've got to go back home and it's a rush hour. Because we feel like we can't live with that. It's like a bodily organ. It's like leaving home without a shirt. It's a necessity. It's becoming a necessity. To some degree, I can understand. It's important. You need it for directions. You want to discover, you know, office hours. Pokemons, that's another story. You know, it's becoming a necessity. But everything should have limits. Everything should have limits. If you are the type that have to check your phone every five minutes, you can't have a 45 minute discussion with someone without going through your phone. And you know, it's disrespectful. When you're speaking to someone, all of a sudden they take out their phone and they go through Twitter. Or they go through WhatsApp and they try to navigate two conversations at the same time. One online and one offline. It's very disrespectful. It is. If you're the type that cannot go on for 45 minutes without having to check social media, then you have the social media syndrome. Let's call it the social media syndrome because it is a syndrome. It's a problem. The syndrome that we have to deal with. Almost 5 billion people across the world have it. Absolutely. You know, right now in Iraq, we have exam season. I know because I have an 8 year old child. He's in second grade. He's starting on Thursday. It's exam time. Now my child is still young. But the older ones nowadays, you find a 10 year old child that has an iPhone. Or a Samsung. 11, 12, they start early. You know, they all have their devices. If it's not a phone, it's an iPad. It's an iPad. And whatever you could put on your phone, you could put on your iPad. It's distracting. Instead of spending time on exams, reviewing for tests, students are busy all night. They're either on Snapchat, or on Instagram, or on Facebook, or on YouTube. Speaking of YouTube. Or on Netflix. And children, I have a 2 year old that won't go to sleep unless I give him the phone. Put it on YouTube when some song comes up.   And that's our fault. You know, from such a young age. That's the fault of parents. Because we want the child to quiet down. We want to keep them busy. So we keep them busy with these gadgets. Not thinking that, well, this child is 2 or 3. What's going to happen? Well, I can't spill the beans all at once. But yeah, I'm guilty as well. Yeah.  Keep him busy. We all do that. You know, a couple of weeks ago, or a couple of months ago, when there was a ban on iPads, on air flights to the U.K. and the U.S., a lot of parents went crazy. They said, how do you expect us to keep a child for 13 hours or 13 hours quiet? Without an iPad. Without an iPad. You know? It's a problem. It's not just distracted for children. It's even distracted for parents. Even for couples. Couples begin to neglect one another because they have a replacement. You can never get bored. So the small chat that couples have with each other every day, before going to bed, after coming back from work, all that has been replaced with social media. Husband comes back from work. He hasn't had time to go through social media at work. So he comes and he goes through his phone. Instead of coming and talking to his wife, the same thing goes for the wife. She comes back from work or from school or whatever it is. And instead of talking, they're on their social media. This didn't happen a couple years ago. It didn't. None of this happened. People were conversing. They would discuss their problems. They would discuss their issues. They had affection.  It can cause depression. If you're on your phone all the time, you don't speak to friends. You don't speak to parents. This happens. You don't speak to siblings. And you're always, your face is on the screen and you don't speak to anyone. And day in, day out, you're going to develop depression. We human beings were social beings. And social, not just on social media, not just behind the screen. But socially, we need to interact. We need to see faces in person. We used to even one time, this is on a weekly basis. Sometimes we would go out with friends and we would sit in a gathering. Everybody's talking and then there has to be that one or two people that just sit there and face their phone. And they ruin the whole gathering. Yeah, they ruin the whole gathering. Because, you know, we're talking and stuff and then they're just there. The odd person out. And, you know, we do, for 15 minutes, that's too much. Five minutes is probably the max, 10 minutes max. We talk and then everybody's back on their phones. Absolutely.  They made it addictive. Very addictive. Because pictures, filters. You can see everybody across the world. News. There's so much that keeps you entertained. You know, you think that you don't need to speak to anyone. You don't even need to go out. That's wrong. Even parents. We can't just put the blame all on teenagers. Even parents. How many parents neglect their children because they're busy watching a video or reading an article or chatting or texting or tweeting. You know, we're neglecting our children. We're even neglecting our spirituality. The month of Rajab. The month of Rajab that just finished. There's so many supplications. Yes. So many da'as. Instead of spending the nights in worship and supplicating. You know, these small, beautiful da'as. I call them sandwich da'as. They're on the go. You know, we're in a fast... We're in a fast paced world. So, SubhanAllah, even the da'as of Rajab are on the go. They're very short. They're very short. They're meant to feed us a spiritual, quick, spiritual sandwich. Because it comes swiftly. It's so quick. The month of Rajab passed by. We didn't read these narrations only once or twice. But how many hours did we spend on Twitter or Facebook or Snapchat or WhatsApp or YouTube?  It's all being affected. If we allow it, of course. If we allow it. Some of the viewers might say, say you're exaggerating. My kids are doing good in school or if they're a teenager, they say I'm doing good in school. I go out. I do my prayers. You're exaggerating. Well, this might not apply to you, but it might apply to thousands of others. Thousands of others. Plus, one of the dangers of social media is that it's a playground for shaitan. It is. Playground for shaitan. SubhanAllah. Every year we make things easier for shaitan. Shaitan used to come through alcohol and music and gambling. No, this is considered nothing. Right? The Quran says that gambling and alcohol these things were tools of shaitan. Shaitan upgrades every year. When TV came out, TV became one of his tools. When satellite channels came out, it was one of his tools. Now it's social media. You want to see what's haram. You want to listen to haram. You want to see bad images. Gossip. Backbiting. Slandering. Fights on Facebook. Fights. Damaging people's reputation. Spreading rumors. It's all on social media. It's all on social media. Especially for the Bataleen. Those who have nothing else to do. They're unproductive. Social media is the best outlet for them. Shaitan comes. We shouldn't give him that tool. Shaitan can easily come. It's funny how you mentioned that. Social media and stuff. Now we've got a question. We're talking about the dangers of social media. We're going live on Facebook. That mean. Are we controversy ourselves? No we're not. Because I will get to that. Social media has its pros. And has its cons. We'll get to the pros. We'll get to the pros. I just want to mention that out there. We're not contradicting ourselves. Just like right now we're on a satellite channel. This is a religious satellite channel. But how many satellite channels are there that are promoting Shaitan? Shaitan is very active on other satellite channels. Social media is one of those things. That you could be a slave of Shaitan. Or you could be a slave of Rahman. Allah Azawajal. The choice is yours. And that's what I want my dear viewers to know. Just like anything else. Just like anything else. Social media could either damage you. Or it could take you to good places. As we'll talk about. InshaAllah. Another problem with social media. Is that. I want youth to pay attention to this. Is that just because you have social media. You have a lot of accounts. Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram. You know there's social media outlets that I haven't even heard of. And I haven't even seen. Like what? Like Snapchat. I've never even used or seen. Me too. You have to move up saying it. I personally have a Twitter account of Facebook account. Where I share my lectures. In my classes. But I don't have a Snapchat account. There's so many outlets that I haven't even heard of. Anyhow. One thing that I'd like the youth to know is that. You don't have to share everything about yourself. On these outlets. There's some people. You know. Whatever they eat. Take a picture. It's on Instagram. Wherever they are. Take a selfie. It's on Snapchat. Whatever comes to their mind. I'm pretty hungry right now. I'm going to put that on Twitter. Relax. You don't have to share so much information. Am I right or am I wrong? You're right. There's some people they feel that whatever they feel. Any emotion that they have. Whatever they eat. Wherever they go. Whoever they meet. It has to go on social media and people have to know about that. You don't need to do that. You don't need to have people know so much about you. Respect your privacy. Respect your own privacy. A lot of people say we have friends and our friends want to know where we're at and what we're doing. We need to share this stuff. I'm hungry thing. I've seen it on Facebook and Twitter. It's annoying. But it could be damaging. A lot of people retweet it too. It could be damaging. It could be damaging. It's sad. But this is a reality. Nowadays. But if someone proposes to you. A guy proposes to a girl. The best way for her to get to know him is not in person. Because in person he'll put an act. He'll put filters. The best way is to go on his Facebook account. What if it's private? If it's private that's another story. But a lot of them they're not private. Here and at all. They go on their Facebook account. And they look at the pictures. Posts. Comments. And all they say is masha'Allah. And all of a sudden. This guy. This guy proposed. But this is a different person. Yeah. You don't have to reveal so much about yourself. You know. They say that if you want to know what a person thinks. Go on his Twitter account. If you want to see what a person eats. Go on Instagram. If you want to see where a person lives. And what furniture he has. Go on Snapchat. You know how many robberies. Occur because of Snapchat. People take pictures. On Snapchat. All of a sudden it's on Snapchat. People know that you have this furniture. You have gold. You have a big screen TV. You have. And they get robbed. Wow. Or wherever they go. They take a picture. People realize you're not at home. You're traveling. Your home's empty.  These are all part of the dangers. I mean to a certain degree we can say that. That's one of the dangers of degree. Because it's so little that we hear that. I think one of the main dangers of degree. Is the fact that. When we do post something on Twitter. On Instagram. Some people are public. And really it ruins the image of the individual publishing it. Exactly. It can ruin your reputation. It can ruin your reputation. It can ruin your reputation. Exactly. It can ruin your reputation. Because what you do out in public. For example right now. We're in a holy place in Karbala. For example a young lady decided to take her hijab off right now. How many people are going to see her? 10, 20? 100. But when she exposes herself. Without a hijab. On Twitter or Facebook. There's hundreds. Of thousands. Of millions. Of people that will see her. You know. And I see the comments by our youth. Some comments are unnecessary. Sometimes they use foul language. Youth. Shia youth that attend Majales. And come to Islamic centers. They use foul language. Or they'll make inappropriate comments. For example they'll post a picture of a football player. They'll have that face with hearts. Hearts of eyes. These things are not appropriate. It's funny. Even in the Middle East now it's known as Zahaf. In English you want to translate that. It's going to be crawling. We don't have that in English. But it's the same way. And a lot of people do it in the name of Islam. They would go to Karbala and say. Mashallah you're very beautiful. I mean does the mashallah make the beautiful okay? It's nice to compliment someone. But to the extent you don't know the individual. If they might take it or not. Another problem that we have is the disagreements between the followers of Maraja. A lot of them have taken it to social media. And the wars that occur on social media. Between followers of different Maraja. The individuals. The wars. Trying to set traps for others. Defamation. Defaming others. Using pictures and filters. This person's a British spy. This person's an Israeli spy. That's all over social media. And we don't realize some of our youth unfortunately. They're naive.  That even others from other schools of thought are going to see this. And they're going to laugh at us. They're going to say look these are the Shi'a. Followers of this Marja are attacking. Followers of that Marja. And they laugh at us. Or maybe even non-Muslims. They look and say look. Look at what Muslims are doing. What Shi'as are doing. Between themselves. Sometimes followers of the same Marja. They fight between each other. It's funny to see that. It's all over social media. This is among the challenges. But we'll continue that after a short break if you want insha'Allah. So respected viewers do stay tuned. For insha'Allah we'll continue the topic about the dangers of social media. But that's after the short break. So do stay tuned. Let me just send this message real quick. Yes sorry. Yes we aren't here. My bad. My bad. Back to the discussion Sayedna. We do apologize for that. This is what we're talking about. This is the social media that we're talking. We're so addicted to it. Before the break we did talk about some of the dangers. But Sayedna now I want to talk about some of the pros of social media. Right now people think we raged a war against social media. We're anti-social media. We call it social media syndrome. A lot of people have that. So let's clear up some of the misconceptions that people might get from our discussion. Absolutely. So what are the pros of social media? Like I said in the first segment of this show. Don't tweet when we're talking about Twitter. Because we didn't encourage the dear viewers to send questions on Facebook. So I'm just checking Facebook. That's a good excuse for you to check your phone. So yeah go ahead Sayedna. Yes. Social media just like anything else. It could have positive uses. It could have negative uses. It's like owning a car. You could use your car to drive to bars and clubs. Or you could use your car to go to a mosque. The glass example. You could drink water in it. You could drink alcohol in it. Telephones in general. Before social media. You could use it to call parents when you're away. Or you could use it to speak to your girlfriend. A significant other. Not your but yeah. A significant other. TV. Yes. TV is a good example. TV has good channels and it has bad channels. TV is not the same TV. That's a good example of a good channel. Or there's bad channels. Social media is the same. I don't want to give an image that social media is completely evil. Or it's completely positive. No. It could be good. It could be bad. One of the positive things about social media is the amount that you could learn from. There's a vast amount of knowledge. For example, Twitter. On Twitter, there's so many accounts that you can subscribe to and follow. That give you general facts. Or if you're interested in something specifically. For example, among my interests are Islamic studies. Islamic studies. You know, I like to know what's happening. What's the latest in Islamic studies? What's what are the latest books, articles, publications? Are there any conferences going on in Islamic studies? What's the latest topics in Islamic studies? That's available. If you're interested in, you know, the world of animals, animal planet. There's so many, there's so many accounts to follow. You'll get the latest images, pictures, the latest information. Craziest information. It's real. There's facts. Even if you want news, the news. You know, as Donald Trump's one of his favorite expressions, it's fake news. And you know, to some degree, he's right. There's a lot of fake news out there. The majority of the news we get is fake. It's a lot of fake news or the news is distorted. Yeah, it is. But on social media, you could get accurate news. You know, someone, you hear about something that happened in Paris. But there's an exaggeration. You hear of 30 people dying. But there's someone from Paris that says, no, I was there at this incident. And there's only two people dead.  Ironically, I was there. It was the day that I arrived to Paris. Yes, I had gone for a spiritual retreat with the Shi'a youth in France.  You know, according to Iraqis, they say, Rizal al-Khadra.  So, you know, and I was being asked what's happening. And I was, you know, an eyewitness account. The streets were closed off and there was one person killed. My point is, even if you want accurate news, one of the best places to find accurate news is on social media. It's a world of information. A world of information for someone that's never been to school and has never studied. If you have social media accounts, whether on Facebook or Twitter, there's so much that you could learn. World of information, world of news, there's so much out there. So this is a major advantage of social media. There's so many documentaries, so many movies that you learn so much just by sitting for an hour or less, more, and you learn. So definitely it's an outlet for information and for knowledge. Let's just answer this question very quickly. Now, this person asks, Salam al-Hassani says, what's the problem with sharing my interests and opinions on social media? There's nothing wrong with that. Share your interests and share your opinions, but keep a limit. Yeah. Keep a limit. Tell us what you think of, you know, ISIS or how to eradicate ISIS or, you know, something important. But don't tell me that you're craving ice cream right now. The most funniest thing I've seen. No one wants to know that. The funniest thing I've seen on Facebook, this is, I think, a while ago. I don't know. People do it. They do do the duck face. But do you remember the times where they took pictures in the bathroom with the stall behind them?    Share your opinions. That's fine. Express yourself and share your opinions. There's nothing wrong with that. But be careful. Mm-hmm. Be careful of what you say and how you say it. You know, for some people, for some reason, some people, they're not so brave in person. So, in person, they might not be so straightforward, but they'll come take their phone and they'll be so evil. Yeah. They're so harsh.  Someone will come and say, say, you know, you did a great job. I liked it. But, you know, there's something that I think you didn't emphasize so much on. Or maybe you shouldn't have said this. It wasn't appropriate. You should have said something, but they'll do it nicely. That same person, when he's on his phone and decides to email me about it, he'll be like, say it, you know, you're such a disappointment. I can't believe that you said, they become a lot harsher. Yeah. For some reason, people are a lot harsher on social media. And something that they can say so nicely, they say it in a such harsh way, just because there's no one to see them.  Exactly. Or Twitter muscles. In person, there's no way they'll say something that harsh. But all of a sudden, on social media, they feel like, you know, they could say whatever they want. A Terminator. They're a Terminator and they could get away with whatever.   Whether you say it to a person in person. Yeah. Or you send them an email. You know, something relevant. Or you comment on their Facebook post. Something relevant to that is sometimes even messages where good intentions are, you know, that you're trying to get across.  They don't know. Absolutely. Which side you're on. Absolutely. That's why I say be careful. You don't have to tweet every 20 minutes. You don't have to make a post every 15 minutes. Be careful. Posts, it's a responsibility. Tweets are a responsibility. Think ahead.  Five years down the line. Ten years down the line. You know, Donald Trump, there's tweets that are coming out from 2013, 2012, where he was against striking Syria. Now they're coming out all of a sudden. People are saying, see, in 2012 or 2013, you were against striking Syria. You were against so-and-so or you were pro-so-and-so, but you changed. They're using his tweets against him. Wow. They're using his posts against him. Wow. So you have to think ahead. You know, do I really want to say this? It's fine to share an opinion, but are you sure it's not going to damage you? It's not going to hurt you? It's not going to hurt others. Sometimes you only hurt yourself. Okay. You want to hurt yourself, be my guest. Sometimes you hurt an entire school of thought. You hurt an entire faction or an entire mosque, an entire group of followers of a certain merger. You know, you have to be very careful. Going back to the benefits of social media. Now, before we go back and ask the question, because we need to clarify something. Now, Mohammad Radha, he asks, what is the solution? How can we live in this world, in this digital world, without social networks? Now, from what I've got, just to minimize everything and take advantage of the time, we don't mean to live a life without social media. Without social media. No. Don't misunderstand. Yeah. And I wanted to say this at the end. Can we save this till the end? Go ahead. Perfect. As how do we balance? Yes. How do we balance? Okay. So among the benefits of social media is, you know, the opportunity to spread awareness. The opportunity to spread awareness. You could be a normal person. You're not a scholar. You haven't graduated from Hausa. You haven't graduated from university. But if you can make good posts and good tweets, you could spread a major message about Islam. Yes. About the school of Tahrir al-Bayt. You know, you could improve the image of Islam. The image that, the image of Islam that is today in the minds of a lot of people. You know, the image of Islam is ISIS in the minds of a lot. Yeah. And France, you know, when I went to France, there's hatred for Muslims. Muslims to them are, they're evil. They're backward. Some of them are criminals. They cut people's heads off. And they're facing elections. And these elections that are coming up soon in about a week in France, they're a breaking point in the history of France because they can take a major step towards anti-Islam and anti-Muslims. We can enhance the image of Islam and Muslims through social media. That's right. By the things that you say, by the things that you post, you give a good image, be nice to people. Show them the bright side of Islam in Ahl al-Bayt. Ahl al-Bayt, I believe Imam Raza, he says, You could simply post sayings of Ahl al-Bayt. You have to, you know, you have to choose wisely which sayings are appropriate for social media, how to translate them, because some narrations, if they're mistranslated, if they're mistranslated, they could do more damage than benefit. They could do more harm than benefit. So, if they're mistranslated, if they're mistranslated, they could do more damage than benefit. They could do more harm than benefit. Choose the narrations of Ahl al-Bayt, choose verses from the Quran and post them on Twitter, on Facebook, on Instagram, on, you know, let's spread the message of Ahl al-Bayt. We could do so much. Even when it comes to political events, what's happening in Iraq, a lot of people don't know.  There are so many people, they're tweeting and it's trending. But let a bomb occur in Karada and Baghdad. No one cares. Well, triple the amount of people die here, then over there. And no one cares. No one cares. We could create awareness on social media, create a trend. You know, I have some friends in the UK, they created a trend. There were bombings in Pakistan, in Afghanistan, where Shi'a were being killed. They created a trend on Twitter, on Shi'a genocide. And that trend, there was an entire article in the New York Times about that trend on Twitter. And I encourage them, that start a trend. You have to know, you know, how to do it. You have to know how social media works. How to make it attractive. How to make your tweet attractive. How to get retweets. You could serve Islam and Ahl al-Bayt and your cause through social media, it attracts attention. You'll have your name in the New York Times or the Washington Post just by starting a trend on Twitter. Now, in your opinion, which social media network is best? Facebook, Twitter, Instagram. You haven't used Snapchat. I encourage you to download Snapchat. This is not, we're not getting paid by Snapchat, but it's a nice app. I don't know. You're asking the wrong person because, you know, I'm a bit old school and, you know, Facebook was one of the earliest outlets of social media. And so was, Twitter came, I first had a Facebook account and then Twitter, and that's it. And then I stopped. I'm the wrong person to ask. Maybe there's better. According to you, I'm asking you, in your opinion. I think there's different messages. What do you use? I think if you just want to express your thoughts on 140 characters and you're good at that. Twitter. You can condense your thoughts on 140 characters. Go for Twitter. And I think Twitter is a good way of spreading your word quickly. The word gets out quick on Twitter. There's a lot of intellectuals there. There's a lot of journalists, academics, politicians.  So it depends. Maybe a picture will spread on Instagram faster than it would on Twitter. This is really not my field. I'm not an expert on this. I just want to see which one you use the most. So I'm guessing Twitter. Twitter and Facebook. Both. Both. Yeah. I would say maybe for images. Instagram? No. No? I don't use Instagram. No. For images, if I take a picture of a shrine, I would post it on Facebook. But if I have something to say, I would post it on Twitter. Generally speaking, but it could. So you don't have Instagram? No, I don't. Okay. Good. Is that one of the questions? No, no. I just want to see which one you like the most. So we can get to know you more. Sure. There's another question by Sayed Ibrahim. He says, what's the problem with sharing my interests and opinion on social media? The same question. There's another question which says, you're criticizing social media so much. And yet you've mentioned not a lot of pros as much as cons. Now is that why? Is it because they're more cons than pros? Should we leave social media? No. Or should we stay in connected with it? No. Keep a balance. I say keep a balance. Those that have social media, you don't need to leave social media.  I don't think they won't. No, there's no need. It's an addiction, just like someone's addicted to it. Right. But I say if you have social media, make use of it. Follow accounts that you learn from. Don't follow people that will waste your time. You don't need to follow all of your friends or comment on their posts on who won today, which was at Manchester United or Liverpool or something like that. That's nice. This is nice. I don't mean to offend football fans, but I'm saying there's things that will waste your time. I see some youth that will spend literally hours just commenting on a game. Who scored? Who advanced? This is something nice. But it kills your time. It kills your time. I have time to kill. No, you don't have time to kill. You don't have time to kill. Because every minute that passes by, that moment will never come back again. And we're one step closer to our death. We'll regret this time that is being wasted. So what I'm saying is do not deactivate your accounts. Keep your accounts, but make good use of them. Number one for educational purposes. Learn. Yes. Go out there. There's lectures out there. There's quotes. There's a hadith. There's motivational quotes. Yes. Sometimes you'll read one tweet and it can change your entire day. Yes. It'll change your perspective. I get this a lot. Say this tweet of yours, it changed my day. It changed my perspective on certain things. So follow up with things that are beneficial. Now follow up with things that will kill your time and waste your time. This is one. To make use of your account. Spread Islam. Spread awareness on Islam, on Muslims, on our political issues. Our causes, we can push those causes on social media. I'm not saying leave. Do not leave. That's a mistake. In fact, we need more social media accounts. Look at ISIS. ISIS, where did it get its most recruits? Social media. Social media. Through social media. ISIS. I remember reading in the New York Times that on a single basis, on a daily basis. This was before. I don't know about now. This was about two years ago. That on a daily basis, ISIS creates thousands. I don't remember the exact number. Thousands of accounts on Twitter. That's how they recruit people through social media. Why don't we recruit people to Islam? Not in a military sort of way. Don't misunderstand me. Recruit them in a good way to our faith. Let's preach our faith and our school of thought. And the real Islam, not the Islam of ISIS. Not the cutting heads and chopping heads off and enslaving that barbaric image of Islam. Let's show them the real image of Islam through social media. We can do that. We can do that. So yes, when I attack social media, I'm attacking the cons. The dangerous side of social media. Not the good side of social media where you could learn. You could spread the message of Islam. You could meet people from all across the globe where you never thought of meeting them. You could meet them on social media and interact and work for the cause of Islam on social media. Now, in conclusion, just for a minute, I know we have a minute or two. What do you advise the youth to use? I know you just mentioned quite a few. It goes on with the pros of social media. But just as a conclusion, what do you advise the youth to take advantage of social media? I would say have specific hours for social media usage. Social media usage doesn't have to start from 6 in the morning till 12 midnight. No, have specific hours. For example, from morning till afternoon, no social media. From morning till afternoon. For example, it's for work. It's for study. It's for a specific purpose. It's very realistic. I am being realistic. You could check social media very quickly. Especially if it's something like WhatsApp where it's work related. It's work related, that's another issue. But if it's for entertainment purposes, if it's leisure, we have to make a difference. Between that is what is for work and what is for leisure. If it's for leisure, keep it at night. Keep it in the afternoon when you come back home from school from work. One hour, two hours, maximum.  And once you're on social media, try to be productive. Use it for Islam, for Muslims, for spreading the cause of Ahlul Baik. Keep a balance. That's a message that I want my dear brothers and sisters to take home. Keep a balance. Don't make social media. Social media is there for us. We're not for social media. It should not take control of us. We should take control of it. Hopefully we can get the proper message from what we talked about today. And thank you very much for joining us. Hopefully we can continue serving Ahlul Baik through social media. InshaAllah. And continue in that way. InshaAllah. Thank you very much once again. Respected viewers, let's keep one thing in mind. Is that we are not bashing social media at all. We're just saying what the dangers of social media is. And the pros and the cons of that. Thank you very much for tuning in. Wa Asalaamu Alaikum. Wa Rahmatullahi Wa Barakatuh Sayyidina Kusafi. InshaAllah. Since we're just talking about social media. Why not? Ya Allah, Bismillah. Is this going on Snapchat? This is going on Snapchat.


Item No. SCP-407-JP Object Class Safe Special Container Procedures Containment Procedure 91-Vita Standard containment for anomalous mid-urban structures is to be followed for SCP-407-JP. Security personnel are to be placed outside SCP-407-JP's location of origin to prevent unauthorized civilian access. Description SCP-407-JP is a standard fiber-reinforced plastic bathtub that measures 1200mm x 685mm x 550mm, located in an abandoned hotel of ██████ City ██████ Prefecture SCP-407-JP was discovered following a Foundation investigation regarding the disappearance of a civilian writer for an occult magazine within the writer's assumed destination. All attempts to remove SCP-407-JP have been unsuccessful. SCP-407-JP's bath plug is usually inserted into a drainage outlet. It cannot be removed except during the activation of SCP-407-JP. Upon deactivation of the object, the plug spontaneously inserts itself through unknown means. SCP-407-JP activates whenever an individual directly observes it. While viewing SCP-407-JP, subjects perceive SCP-407-JP as being filled with warm water, despite it being empty. During this, subjects start feeling compelled to enter SCP-407-JP. Subjects who enter SCP-407-JP will claim that they can feel the stated warm water to their shoulder height, and will begin to perceive it as if they are in a relaxing dream. During this process, any attempt made by the subject to touch SCP-407-JP's plug will fail. The subject will not be alarmed by this. The subject will claim to never want to exit SCP-407-JP. Subjects can still be forcefully removed from external forces. Once SCP-407-JP is removed from the subject's line of sight, the effect will wear off. If SCP-407-JP's plug is removed by external forces while the subject is still in SCP-407-JP, the subject will perceive the floor of SCP-407-JP gradually lower while keeping the water level constant. Personnel can observe that the subject is sinking through the floor, moving straight through solid matter. All attempts to pull out the subject during this process have failed, as well as the observation of the completely disappeared subject. Inspection of SCP-407-JP's plumbing trap reveals a large amount of the composition which is consisted of tear fluid and human saliva. The origins of these materials are currently unknown.


Okay, in the second of your two problems you're given these two numbers in the problem, thirty-eight miles per gallon, and the volume of gas that you've been able to use is seventy-six point five liters. So really all this problem is, it's two kind of little quirks to this problem. Of course you've got to know that you need that conversion factor from miles, or from liters to gallons, which I've given you there, one gallon is three point seven eight five liters. And then as you're going through the distance, what you're really just doing is converting that liters to miles. So how do you do that? You convert liters first to gallons and realize that the rating of the car is actually another conversion factor where you can convert miles to gallons. So you put the gallons on the bottom, it's just like how it's written there as it's given, and the miles on top, and that allows you to cancel out your gallons, giving you miles for your answer. And then if you look at your calculator, the number it gives you is essentially 768 miles. Well if I look at my two givens, one of them only has two sig figs. So I have to put this into two significant figures. So you could do that in one of two ways. You could write the scientific notation like I've done first, seven point seven times ten squared miles. But people like miles in nice little round numbers, so seven seventy miles, seems nicer to me just because I'm more familiar with that. And that number, seven seventy, only has two significant digits because there's no decimal point after that zero, so that zero is not significant. So remember your units and your sig figs and you should be set for this one.


U.S. courts are deciding the future of medication abortion right now. President Biden's team appealed to Texas judge's odd ruling, which called the abortion drug Mipha Pristone, unsafe and unfit for FDA approval. Weird, right? Because it's actually safer than both Viagra and Tylenol. So here's the state of things right now. The Supreme Court kept a pause in place on the drug's ban, meaning the drug stays accessible for now. But now it has to make its way through the appeals process, and will likely end up back at the Supreme Court. And whatever their next move would be, as anyone's guess.


The thing about justice is that it's an embodied act. You have to do it, right? And for a five that can be overwhelming. For a while, I felt guilty that I wasn't putting my body in a public space for the sake of justice. But people work to make change because they've learned what injustice is. Why do we know about mass incarceration? Because Michelle Alexander researched and wrote a book. Embracing the traits that make up a five has freed me to see that my own reading and writing can be an important part of doing justice.


We don't even know a gamma ray source is an AGM without multi-wavelength observations. So multi-wavelength observations are absolutely critical to understanding this very important topic in gamma ray astrophysics. So, want to start off with this data sharing idea. This is the critical Fermi starting point.  Astrophysicists used to treat data sort of the way mythological dragons treated gold. We sat on them, we polished them, we squeezed every result out and only then released data by published papers. Now, in the past, there were very valid reasons for being dragons. Communication was difficult. Multi-wavelength resources were limited. The gamma ray data analysis was time consuming. We used to analyze things by hand, individual photos. Systematic uncertainties were hard to quantify. And certainly we wanted a fair return. Anybody who builds an instrument wants a fair return for the time we invest building it. The term multi-wavelength, in fact, is almost unheard of before the emergence of the World Wide Web in the mid 1990s. I did some studies a while back. I went and looked at ads and looked for papers that included multi-wavelength in the title. Now, if you do that these days, you'll find dozens of papers that say multi-wavelength. But I went back to 1986. And in the entire year of 1986, there were two papers that mentioned multi-wavelength in the title. So I went back a decade earlier to 1976. And as you might not be surprised, the number of papers in 1976 that had multi-wavelength in the title was zero. So things have changed. The first four things I list here have really changed. Communication is now possible, electronic communication. We have lots of multi-wavelength resources. Gamma-ray data analysis, thanks to computing, is improved. Systematic uncertainties, which were hard to quantify. We now have good modeling for these. We understand all of these things. The last item, we still want a fair return for the time we invest building instruments. And that remains, but these other reasons for being dragons have largely disappeared. So with this in mind, we go back to the time when we were planning Glass to be launched. That is before it was named Fermi, it was called Glass. And the large area telescope collaboration included some dragons who were reluctant to share any data. And these were people who had no experience in doing multi-wavelength astrophysics. They just didn't know. But the collaboration members who had multi-wavelength experience argued, the project would be a scientific disaster if we could not fairly share the Gamma-ray data. NASA headquarters stepped in. NASA was paying a lot of the money for this and they could apply some pressure and they did. They pressured the team into a compromise. The data release would be limited in the first year after launch. A loud checkout and verification of how things worked. But after that, all the Gamma-ray data would become public immediately. Turns out this was a good idea because in the first year after launch, we learned a lot about how the lab worked, things that had not been anticipated before launch. But afterwards, this critical decision to make data public immediately has then been the driver for the Fermilat multi-wavelength program. So how is this implemented? The Fermi Science Support Center was set up by NASA. It's the central element in sharing. And I show you an image of the webpage that has this. What do you get there? This is where you can get the data. You can get the software to analyze the data. There's a help desk. There's a guest investigator program. There's a users group that provides advice and pressing outreach activities are all handled by the Fermi Science Support Center. So this is the way we implement the data sharing. Now, you may have noticed on that slide, there were a couple of links to Fermi blogs. This was an idea that we came up with to share information via blogs. And I show you an image from one of these about which sources were active in a given week. We thought this information might have been useful for multi-wavelength studies. In practice, almost nobody read the blogs. We haven't updated them in years. When you have all this experience, sometimes you learn about things that work and sometimes you learn about things that don't work. Blogs turned out to be one of those that weren't such a good idea. We did, however, decide as a Fermi-LAT collaboration, remember Fermi is two instruments, the LAT and the GBM. The LAT collaboration, we had a basic agreement. We deliver the gamma ray data. We deliver the software to analyze anyone to analyze the data. We provide documentation for that. We also agreed to provide some higher level data products that would encourage multi-wavelength studies. We said we would provide source catalogs in machine-readable form that would enable analysis and plotting. We would provide pulsar timing information. And we said, oh, well, we'll provide light curves daily and weekly for a selected set of about 20 sources, mostly AGM, and these were based on the LAT team's automated science processing. This is a set of software that runs automatically as soon as the data become available. The ASP generates this information. It's sent to the Science Support Center and these plots are generated. I show you an example here of one of them. This is the light curve over the history of Fermi for PKS0538 plus 134. This is one of the original 20. Now, all those red spots you see there are upper limits because we chose those 20 based on what we had seen during the Compton era. And back then, this was an active galactic nucleus that was gamma-reactive. Since then, it has not been very active. This is like those ads you see on television advertising you to buy something. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. But nevertheless, we provided these. So, having done that, what did the LAT team decide to do? Here's our basic idea. We take advantage of the fact that Fermi is an all-sky monitoring. We see the entire sky typically every three hours. We're gonna use that capability to offer useful information to the multi-waveline community. We realize, well, that data are public. Most astrophysicists don't wanna spend their time learning how to do gamma-ray data analysis because it's different from X-ray or optical or radio analysis. Second, by example, and by direct communication, we promote the idea to other astrophysicists of making at least some data public in useful formats. Nothing useful here, nothing unique here. It's useful, I hope, but nothing unique. The various other groups were already doing this. The third step is we encourage other scientists to work with us on multi-wavelength and now multi-messenger projects. Not everyone's gonna choose to do that. And we accept that risk, but we make this offer in the interest of maximizing the scientific return from the Fermilat data. We've set up Memorand of Understanding with many groups to work on joint projects. Now, I should emphasize here, we didn't do this because we're particularly altruistic. This is really a case of enlightened self-interest. See, Fermi being funded by NASA every three years has to go through a senior review. We have one coming up next year. And which NASA is gonna decide whether or not they continue to fund Fermi or whether they dump it in the ocean. And the more scientific papers and the more presentations at conferences that use Fermi data and Fermi results, the easier it's gonna be for us to convince NASA to keep funding the project. So this basic strategy of sharing is based on our interest in getting the maximum science but also in keeping the project going. So our three applications of these principles then are monitoring, pre-planned campaigns and rapid responses to events of interest. All right, monitoring. Well, as I already said, AGN are highly variable. And one of our goals then is to compare variability patterns. Differences in variability patterns or lack of those shed light on where and how the radiation is produced. What we'd like to do is use analysis tools like this, discrete cross-correlation function. They can extract needed information but only if you have simultaneous or at least contemporaneous data available at multiple wavelengths. So monitoring of AGN without regard to the level of activity provides the data needed to carry out such analysis. Well, we get that automatically with Fermi and what we wanna do is encourage other groups to do the same thing. But we get this with Fermi, how do you provide this data in a form that's useful to those other groups? We have a number of ways of doing this. We have quick look data. This is our monitored source list. This goes back to what we originally promised NASA that we would have these 20 sources and we would put out daily and weekly monitoring of these using the automated science processing. We've now expanded this. We add a new source to this list every time the lat daily flux above 100 MeV reaches one times 10 to the minus six. We have now over 180 AGN are part of this list. I show you an example here. PKS0346-27 was only added in early 2018. Before that it hadn't been bright enough. It has however remained fairly active since then. What you see here in this diagram in the upper is the entire history from the beginning of the lat mission and down below it's the most recent one year data segment. And you can see not very many red spots these are actual detections. These light curves are updated daily. Now these are automated processing. It's not a full likelihood analysis. And so the calibration is not perfect but it gives a good idea of the activity and it does so daily. So if you have a source you might be interested in monitoring you can go to the Fermi website and say, oh yes, this is one Fermi has been monitoring. And by the way it's data activity in gamma rays has been pretty solid for the last year. Maybe we'll go ahead and monitor this one. That's the idea. Another way is using aperture photometry light curves. Remember we have only 180 monitored source light curves. These 30 day light curves are done for all known Fermilat sources. Energy is above 100 MEV based on one degree apertures. No background subtraction however. But again, you can see the pattern over the entire course of the Fermi mission. And I show you the light curve on 30 day intervals for this same AGM that we looked at on the previous slide.  These light curves are updated weekly. In addition to this, it also produces a power spectrum for all these light curves, any power spectrum between 65 days and the length of the light curve. So this is another way of getting an estimate of what activity is taking place on an AGM. A third way is something called the Fermi All Sky Variability Analysis, FABA. This is photometric analysis of all that data. It's done on weekly interviews, intervals, studying two energy ranges, 100 to 800 MEV and 800 MEV to 10 GEV. And this is available like those others on the Fermi Science Support Center website. Provides a list of flares every week. And the thing is, it is not limited to known sources. What it does is to take the sky and energy as seen in a recent week and compare that to a reference gamma ray sky accumulated over several years and look for differences. And therefore it can indeed detect new flaring sources. It can also generate light curves, photometric analysis for any point in the gamma ray sky. This is once again the same AGM using the FABA light curve generator. And if you have a source you're interested in, whether or not it's ever been detected by Fermi, you can look using FABA at the gamma ray light curve for that point in the sky. So all these different ways of doing this. Now, all these methods produce useful information, different methods, different time scales. None however, produce calibrated quantitative flux values. This is where we've got something new coming. Publication quality Fermi light curves. And this is coming soon. Actually it's something we promised to NASA in the last senior review. This is a full maximum likelihood analysis including all the backgrounds, all the nearby sources. This is a project led by Daniel Kaczewski. It's gonna be publication quality light curves for all the variable sources in the 4FGL data release two catalog. There are 1500 of these. And they're gonna come out with time bins of three days, one week and one month. I show you an example here of a three day light curve for one of these AGM. And the plan is to update these light curves regularly making them useful. Quantitative multi wavelength analysis is gonna be possible using these light curves because they are going to be the publication quality light curves and you can extract the data and then construct your own discrete cross correlation functions with whatever data you might have at other wavelengths. All right, so this is something new. What about time resolved energy spectrum? Our monitoring data don't include any information about time resolved energy spectrum. Flux values are not particularly sensitive to the spectral shape. The automated science process does construct a power loss spectrum for each source typically with large error bars because it's over short time intervals. But we know that many lat sources are not well represented by the functional form. So we've decided not to make those public. It wouldn't be scientifically valid. The basic issue here is that on short time scales the lat data are usually limited by photon counting statistics. So what is needed is a way to define what is a relevant time interval over which you might want to construct an energy spectrum. We're not gonna do that. The effort is just beyond it but what we do have are ways to define quantitatively those time intervals that might be of interest. And there are a couple of ways of doing this. One shown on the left is the Bayesian block method developed by Jeff Skargle. This was actually developed before Fermi launched. Jeff is however part of the Fermi lat team and has emphasized how it can be used for Fermi lat data. Basically a Bayesian block is a time interval over which you can say, this is not a statistical fluctuation for this flux. And this is where it changes to where it is a significant change. And you can see the Bayesian block shown in blue here breaks down intervals. Although you can see up and down on this curve beyond the blocks these are not statistically significant the Bayesian blocks gives you that. A complementary approach developed by Benwell a lot and his colleagues is to use adaptive binning. That is you expand your light curve interval to a long enough time that you get a significant detection. And then you've got something where you have enough statistics then to construct a light curve. Something useful that we provide. All right. Now, so far what I've talked about is just Fermi lat data. What about multi-wavelength monitoring? There are lots of groups who've already made monitoring data available for quite a few sources. And I list a bunch of those there. Fermi project and the Fermi lat team have been encouraging programs like this. Some of these have been supported by the Fermi guest investigator program. And then if the sources happen to be monitored the data readily available when interesting events occur or if you wanna do some analysis where you want to simultaneous data because remember you can always get the Fermi lat data. Now, we obviously do not do multi-wavelength monitoring but what we can do is make links to many of these resources available to anybody who wants it. And I show you here a couple of links to lists of groups that do multi-wavelength monitoring or multi-wavelength monitoring at particular wavelengths. And so if you find a source you're interested in this is a way to go to something provided by Fermi that tells you where you might look. Another thing we do to encourage cooperation is it's our policy to make sure we refer to the source of any data, even if the data are public because we know there have been groups who have made their data public, had their data used and had no reference to it. That's not fair. It goes back to the idea of getting fair return for your efforts. And the lat team policy is to make sure that we have at least invite the observers to participate in our papers if they want to, or at least make sure that we have very clear references, web links, references to papers, the people who've done the work. One particularly useful link, especially if you're interested in blazars is one that Matt Lister, he's with Mojave Radio Monitoring. He has a list of which observatories are monitoring which blazars. And this list is updated regularly and it can be searched. I show you a segment of it. What I did was I listed it by the most heavily monitored AGM. Take a quick look at it for a moment. If you look down this list, you'll see that the most monitored blazars over multi-wavelength are all Gamma Ray AGM. So if you're working on a blazar, here's a good reference source to go to. All right. What about planned campaigns? After all, monitoring programs cover only a fraction of the known Gamma Ray AGM and different monitoring efforts cover different sources. So multi-wavelength campaigns on specific sources are a good way to collect the data. The obvious comment here, organizing a multi-wavelength campaign is a lot of work. Starting with deciding on a source and then finding the resources to make the observation. We tried a couple of times as lack collaboration to organize a system. We have one I show you here called our VIP list, our very important project list. And we decided we would signal these out as ones that we thought ought to have multi-wavelength campaigns. Turns out this sort of top-down planning didn't turn out to be particularly useful. And the reason is back to this idea that a multi-wavelength campaign is a lot of work. Our experience is that multi-wavelength campaigns are largely driven by individual scientists who have a vested interest in particular source. And this often happens because they have access to observing facilities that can provide essential information. They have some prior experience with these sources and because these sources have some interesting properties. I'll show you an example here. This is a work on 4C plus 01.02 and was actually listed on the previous slide. This group has time on the South African Large Telescope, salt, it can do polarimetry. It's interesting because it's a fairly distant place on Redshifted 2.1 and has shown significant gamma-ray variability in the past. So results were presented of just a couple of weeks ago at the Fermi Symposium on this source because this group had chosen to do this. This is the best way to do it. You can't do it top down. Give you some idea of what's involved. The most extensive multi-wavelength campaigns involving gamma-rays have been those on Markerian 421 and Markerian 501. I show you a listing of the participating instruments on one of these campaigns. It's a tremendous effort. And my congratulations go out to David Ponek and the other participants for keeping up is a long-running planned campaign on these two AGM. And this is what's involved in this. So what can we do? Well, we can provide support for these planned campaigns. You go back to the FSSC webpage, you can find a number of links. You can find, for example, the observatory status, our timeline, targets of opportunity, which were possible. We no longer do those because of the solar array issue we had a couple of years ago. But you can also tell Fermi if you're planning a multi-wavelength campaign. And you can do it confidentially if you want. Basically, the idea is you tell us when you're doing your multi-wavelength campaign and we can make sure the project operators don't schedule a calibration that would take Fermi offline for a few hours. So this is something that we can do to support these planned campaigns. We can also provide information about individual sources. That is, we've seen a number of these sources and here's a link to a list of what we call friends of the sources. These would be the contact persons. People who've worked on these sources on behalf of the Fermi Large Area Telescope Deliberation. These are all the AGM that have been bright enough to have wanted a Latt Astronomers Telegram. And so if you decide you're interested in one of these, you can go to this link and say, oh yes, if I wanna do a study on PKS 1502 plus 106, the Latt person to talk to is Stefano Ciprini. So that's the information that we can provide. Well, third area, rapid response. Now, we view the entire sky. So it's, one thing we can do is to alert the multi wavelength community to interesting activities. That's critical to making the best use of our data. And so we use a variety of ways to report AGM activities. One way is using GCN notices. Now, if you're familiar with GCN, you're probably familiar with it in terms of gamma ray bursts, but they can also be used to report activity for AGMs. And we have done this, we do this regularly. They're generated automatically, again, using the automated science processing. And it's fairly conservative. What we do is we look at the data for all the monitored sources every day and ask is today's flux five sigma above the previous two weeks average. And if so, a GCN notice goes out. This is often the fastest way of getting information about a flaring source seen by the Fermilat. These are also fixed format notices and therefore they are machine readable. So you can set up your software to read one of these and say, ah, yes, it's interesting. I wanna point my telescope at it. So it's a useful way to do it. Second approach, we have what we call a flare advocate program. These are volunteer members, the lateral liberation. They take one week intervals running a set of analysis scripts, primarily written by Dennis Bastieri and Sarah Boussone. They run daily and it generates a report about all bright sources seen on both six hours or daily timescales. And then sent to the full team of flare advocates, show you an example of one here. The flare advocates then prepare astronomers, telegrams and the one that came out today on BLLAC activity. The flare advocate then typically becomes the friend of the source who would follow up on any multi wavelength campaign. Well, the flare advocate reports include approximate spectrum and lists of gamma rays with energies above 10 GEV, whose rival directions are consistent with locations of sources. Now, if a spectrum is hard enough, or if there are enough gamma rays above 10 GEV of possible interest, we can send an email to the TEV facilities with whom Latin has memorandum of understanding. Here's an example of a recent message. The way we have this set up is the flare advocates generate the report. And so there's no confusion about whether it comes from the Fermilat is I'm the one who sends it. And so I have this list of people who received this message. And this is again about BLLAC, which has been active for some time. And this goes out and alerts the TEV community. We have something else that we decided to try called the GAMA MW mailing list. This is a moderated archived mailing list. You have to be a member of it. You have to sign up for it. And the messages are archived and you can post messages to it or you can read it. Seemed like a good idea. In fact, it was prompted by a multi wavelength meeting. And it was actually the group from Veritas that suggested it. And we set this up still exists but it really has not been extensively used. It's not one of those great ideas. Nevertheless, it does still exist. And because it's a moderated list, it avoids the spam that creeps into many mailing lists. Well, what about the future? Well, with the emergence of observatories like the Zwicky transient facility in the Vera Rubin Observatory, that's the new name for LSST, they're gonna generate vast numbers of transient notices. It's gonna be necessary to have new systems of data sharing because the flood of results are gonna overwhelm anything like I've just described. So brokers are needed. Here's a link if you're interested in finding out how these brokers work. We think of transients as primarily dealing with Gambery Burse, but we know that GCN's already used to distribute information about AGN players and neutrino awards. There are two data management systems under development. And they're outlined in the next two slides. These are courtesy of Judy Rackison. First one is called Time Domain Astronomy Coordination Hub, TEC. And you'll see down at the center, this is a brand new version of GCN. And it will allow things to come in from places like ZTF, LSST, and all these other multi-wavelength, multi-messenger resources to send them out. I'm happy to say Scott Barthelme is still involved. Scott has kept GCN going for many, many years. And the fact that he's involved is some assurance that this new tax system will continue in the capability that we need. Another one is called SkimUp, scalable cyber infrastructure to support multi-messenger astrophysics. And this is sponsored by the US National Science Foundation. And it's primarily trying to deal with these huge floods of data from the optical telescopes. I don't know much about the details. It's really just under development. But what I can tell you is the TAC and SkimA groups are working to develop compatibility. And this is the future of sharing information. So at this point, I've shown you a whole list of things. How can the system produce results? I want to show you an example that illustrates how a lot of these pieces fit together. It's a familiar result, but the background might be interesting to you. It all started with a GCN circular, shown below. This announced a high-energy neutrino event seen by the ice cube observatory. And it announced this was a tracked event, which meant it had a pretty good localization. And it had a high level of confidence that this was an astrophysical neutrino. They set out this circular. And people did the usual follow-up. Everybody who's interested in neutrinos goes in looks and number of ATLs and number of GCN circulars appeared, listed some candidate objects or upper limits. Nothing was compelling as a counterpart. Few days later, I was in Amsterdam, attending a meeting about, of all things, transience. And we received this message from one of our Flare advocates, Yasuyuki Tanaka. And he said, we followed up on this. We did an optical observation and found there's this QSO that's brightening. And it's in the 3FGL catalog and it's a blazor. Well, it's not one of the monitored sources. So we had to use FABA to determine its light curve. And we discovered that it's flaring. So what should we do? Should we submit an ATL? Should we call the TEV people? Because it has a relatively hard power law index. So you see all these elements, the catalog, FABA, the ATL, email, all of these things. And Yasuyuki picked up on it. So next steps. The Flare advocates went to work on the ATL. I sent the message to the TEV community. And of course, since I was at a meeting at Transience, I talked to people at the meeting. There were people there from the TEV community, from SWIFT, from the ice cube community. And we put out this ATL. Yasuyuki was the lead author. Sara Boussone and Dan Kochetski were involved in this because they were already working on trying to calculate the chance probability of this occurring just at random, having a flaring blazor. We already knew it had brightened in the optical. We already knew it had brightened in the radio. So we sent out this notice. Well, a couple of days later, still at the meeting in Amsterdam, Anna Frankowiak sent me this message. She sent it across the room because she was attending the same meeting. Why don't we get the Fermilatin ice cube teams together and do a joint paper? We have an MOU with ice cube. So I then sent off a note to the leaders of the ice cube group, inviting them to consider doing a joint paper. Meanwhile, over on the right, you see the magic team had gotten the message. They had done more observations and they had made a VHE detection of this same blazor. So you put all these pieces together and the outcome was a multi-messenger paper in science. The U.S. National Science Foundation at a press conference got extensive press coverage. It was on the cover of science. It really got a lot of press. But considering this, this was essentially a three-sigma result. But its impact was significant primarily because all of these groups cooperated. If it had come out from just one of these groups, it probably would have gotten buried. But this is the way the system works. And I would say all this planning, we did all these options of sharing information, not every time, but all in all has worked pretty well. So I put up my summary and emphasize this point at the bottom. Fermi-Lat collaboration continues to work. Fermi is still in operation. ATL came out today and we look forward to continue cooperative efforts in the CTA era. And I thank you all for listening.


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