We are looking at Hebrews chapter 13. So I told us that you know his his writing is now a little mixed up So once again and the beginning of Hebrews 13 is instruction to the Community of believers. So he says let brotherly love continue now brotherly love here There is feel you feel you is like a friendly affection for one another So he says that that's how the the believing community should be isn't it that we truly enjoy one another we truly care for each other and You know, we have that brotherly love for each other. Let it continue. Don't Let that stop do not forget to end it strangers. Now. This is a Instruction to the believers at that time because Apparently the ins you you remember the in that even Joseph went around looking for an in to Deliver the baby Jesus They didn't find a Place it was all full. So Similarly for the traveling ministers of God, it was hard to find in And you know also it was apparently not very safe because many immoral things would happen in these places So it was it was better for these ministers to stay with believers. So in any city town village The ministers would Be given a choice, you know, like they could actually stay with believers from that particular place So he encourages these Jewish believers and he tells them that you need to Be hospitable. Okay, so Entertain strangers entertain strangers. He's also saying strangers because he Is referring back to the times when you had people like Abraham and lot they They were talking to strangers, but they ended up being angels. So To have that heart, but of course, you know discerning be discerning and if you sense that There are strangers whom God wants you to Host be Welcoming so he says do not forget to entertain strangers for by so doing some have Unwittingly entertain angels then he says remember the prisoners as if chained with them. So this again is The way we look at the body We speak about the body with the many parts if one part is suffering then all the other parts are suffering so these are words written to People going through persecution. You remember that? So that is the reason he is talking about prisoners, maybe there were some believers who were taken as prisoners But he didn't want these believers to forget them. So he says please remember them Okay, as if we were Chained with them or empathy feel the pain which they are feeling And also those who are mistreated. So when we look at believers who are being ill treated around us What should be our attitude? Ignorance we can say We are safe know where we are. There's not nothing much going on we can continue to do the work of the ministry but Yes, we have some privileges at the moment But whenever we hear news of somebody is persecuted somebody is going through Opposition our heart must really go out for them We must feel for their pain and we must think how can we be of support to them? Maybe we don't have anything to give financially but we can of course pray We can do whatever is possible in our capacity So think remember the prisoners as if chained with them those who are mistreated Since you also are in the body also So basically empathy have empathy for those who are suffering then he goes on Again, these are all aspects of you know community life Christian Walk how to do life the those instructions now. He's talking about Marriage so he says marriage is honourable among all and the bed undefiled for but fornicators and adulterers God will judge So he emphasizes the Santity of marriage and he says that the God is the one who has instituted marriage So it is an honourable thing. We shouldn't be treated lightly. You know, you just Unfortunately in the current society that we live in it is taken very lightly However, that's not the Christian standard marriage is honourable and it is honorable among all So the way God upholds marriage even believers must uphold marriage and they must respect it Then it it says in continuation and the bed undefiled so basically it is talking about the You know the boundaries of the act of marriage, which is sexual love Which should be within you know a marriage Relationship and that is the way God has meant for it to be anything outside of that is immoral and He says that fornicators. I already mentioned to us fornication is that You know having that sexual intimacy without marriage without, you know marriage That is not right. It's called as fornication and God It's we are told that God will judge fornicators. We're also told that adulterers adulterers Adulterers is what adulterers is somebody who does not Honor the marriage relationship. So though they are married. They try to find, you know Sexual intimacy outside of the boundaries of marriage and both of these are wrong fornication adultery They are wrong and there is a warning. We are told that God will judge. It's a way of saying that Be ready to face, you know God's wrath if you do not honor Marriage as an institution Initiated by God and also the marriage bed, which is the sexual intimacy, which is within the boundaries of marriage Then he moves forward and addresses another aspect of Christian living He says let your conduct be without Covetousness, okay, what is covetousness? Covetousness is Wanting what others have you know, it's a It's not a positive desire. It's a negative thing if you Remember at the time of Jezebel and Ahab, they they wanted the vineyards that Another person had so they were willing to go to the extent of killing that individual which was not Which was not right in God's sight God became very angry that they tried to take away what belonged to another person that is Covetousness in a negative way wanting what somebody else has So as believers, we should not have that attitude. We see each other. We see people around and I Wanted I will take it from them We shouldn't have that sort of an attitude. That's not a godly attitude then be content with such things as you have so Instead what kind of attitude should one maintain the attitude says Okay, thank you God for what you have given me, you know, I basically Enjoy stored those things well, and I'm not trying to Get what others have at this contentment. Okay, so they have that kind of an attitude for he himself has said I will never leave you now for sake you so we may boldly say the Lord is my helper I will not fear what can man do to me. So simply, I know we are being told here that because God is In this case our provider our father. He said I will never leave you I will never forsake you so because of who God is and what he said we have to resonate with that What what should be our our response when we are going through? You know life, maybe we are comfortable or going through a lack we can still say you know God is my helper. I don't have anything to fear. What can Man do to me. So that is our confidence which we maintain So based on who God is there is a response that the believer should have and there's also a Confession that a believer should have and that is what is being talked of here So Jesus God has already revealed to us in his word that he's Jehovah Jireh the Lord our provider So we can be confident that we are well taken care of So he tells the believers that maybe at that time because of persecution they felt that Everything is being taken away. So that's the reason he's telling them.  So this is again about Christian Community and we know that in Christian community in the church we have leaders the elders Now he's talking about godly godly authority He's saying remember those who rule over you. So the reference is to godly authority And he says so what should be the responsibilities of you know godly leadership They speak the word of God, isn't it? So it's their responsibility to teach what God's word says so that people's lives can be aligned to what God's Instruction is and whose faith you follow. Wow. That is again a leadership lesson right there Leadership is not about telling people what to do. It's about Doing the right thing. So in this case, he says whose faith you follow. So The leader should first have faith and the leader should first be walking in faith Then what happens to the disciple or the follower? They just follow. Huh the way this person is Has faith. I want to be like that. I want to have that kind of faith. So there is an inspiration that is Drawing their hearts towards doing the right thing. So that is true leadership. So he says that We must remember such leaders Who have taught God's word who have led with an example of holding on to their faith And he says consider the outcome of their conduct. These are all very important things So conduct is our behavior, you know behavior our lifestyle, which is a product of our character So good leaders will demonstrate good character good behavior, you know The way what we discussed earlier, you know holiness reverence godly fear so all that is part of their conduct Now as followers, you know, we have to not just look at what is spoken Sometimes it's so easy. We can come and we can just say something and go away and nobody will know about the life of the Person, isn't it? And that's where problems happen that there is inconsistency in the stage life and there is Inconsistency, you know in the real life. So real life is different and Stage life pulpit life is different. So that's very very dangerous and you see the apostles earlier They understood that The conduct of the leader, you know, their way of Demonstrating faith all this is very important. That's why in Paul writes to Timothy You would see that he gives instructions leader should be like this. They should have a good example There they should have a righteous walk with the Lord So many things, isn't it? They they the way they manage their house some lot of instructions are given to the When you are going to choose a pastor or a leader so The people in the church, they are instructed you don't just follow their What is being spoken but try to follow people whose lives are a testimony of You know what what God is doing?  He says Jesus Christ is the same yesterday today and forever so it's a An encouragement again for the believer to say that Jesus has not changed now We are talking about a letter which was written. I told us somewhere around maybe 69 80. So it is just 30 years also After the ascension death burial resurrection ascension of Christ. So The generation that was there during the time of the trial of Jesus They were Many of them would be alive at the time and they would remember the life that Jesus What kind of life did he live? He lived a life of communion with the father. He lived a life of Authority over the works of the devil. He lived a life of nurturing and making disciples So all that they remember and so he's instructing them and he's saying he hasn't changed Just because now he's ascended into heaven. Do you think Jesus has changed? No Jesus is the same yesterday today and how long is he going to be the same? He's going to be the same forever. So in other words, you know, theologically if you want to put it One could say the immutable or it can't be broken or changed The character of God it remains the same. So Jesus is the same forevermore and you know that must bring a lot of Confidence to the believer that okay, even today the Lord Jesus is my redeemer. He is He's my healer. He's my deliverer. Nothing has changed. Okay, then moving on We have to follow after this Jesus So he says do not be carried about with various strange doctrines. Okay, again, you see They considered the times that they lived in As the last days So you would find in the writings of many of the Apostles the last days the last days So they were also Anticipating the return of Christ very eagerly and that's when Paul writes to the Thessalonian Church about the return of the Lord Jesus Christ so in the last days We recognize that there are false prophets and false teachers and you know spirits that spread false doctrines so there is a warning for the believers even the writer of the Hebrews is warning them and he's saying Don't get carried about with various and strange doctrines Okay, something weird something that does not have an anchor in the world. There are lots of such things even today if you You you would agree with me that people Come up with new teachings It sounds exciting in the beginning, but when you see the depth of it, you know, whether there are scriptures to Substantiate what this person is saying. There'll be nothing Or there can be scriptures but twisted one or two scriptures here But the way the interpretation goes, you know, it does not glorify the Lord Jesus It is not in agreement to the work of the spirit. So things like that So various and strange doctrines even during their times they had that so there is a warning. Don't get carried away When do we get carried away when we are not anchored? Okay, so be strong in the doctrine for it is good that the heart be Established by grace again, you know talking to the believers about the work of Jesus that we don't have to do You know righteous acts are not what win salvation for us Salvation is buying it through faith. So remember that we don't have to earn our salvation But we live our live out, you know our salvation with fear and trembling. So that is always there So he says don't become Religious no religious spirit is activities Rituals just the form but no true reverence and worship in it So he says not with foods which have no Which have not profited those who have been occupied with them So you understand the Jewish people they come from a background where a lot of rituals made them happy So they had a tendency to continue like that, you know practice some ritual, you know, it makes me feel holy maybe some Holy food He's saying no not required. What about grace then? No, you're already saved by grace now. Don't fall back go back to your old ways. Please don't do that So then he again Continues to explain about what Christ has done We have an altar from which those who serve the tabernacle have no right to eat So he says the kind of temple that we belong to now There are those who are physically the Jewish unbelievers Okay, they were still doing their offerings daily offerings all those things but He says those people have no part in what we are experiencing now If they don't have a right to eat in this real tabernacle And then again he he explains and he says for the blood of animals, right? It's it that is not what did the job for the bodies of those animals whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the High priest for sin are burned outside the camp therefore Jesus also that he might Sanctify the people with his own blood. So you see the comparison there whatever they are doing is symbolic But the ultimate work has been done by Jesus. He has sanctified us with his blood Suffered outside the gate therefore Let us go forth to him outside the camp bearing his reproach for here We have no continuing city, but we seek the one to come so basically, you know for us to Receive receive from God. So outside the camp No, maybe it's kind of referring to Like a new way of doing things Earlier people were used to Judaism a certain way of doing things But Jesus he this was a new way of living. So that's why outside the camp He died outside the camp. He shed his blood and now we are included into a Higher and a better form of worship is what we are being told here So in this new way of worship, which is not your typical ritualistic Temple worship, what kind of sacrifices are we supposed to bring verse 16? We are told let us continually offer the sacrifice of praise to God So praise is a sacrifice which we can offer that is the fruit of our lips Give the fruit of our lips and giving thanks to his name. So we may not see because We no longer have To shed blood and do things like that. So there are spiritual Ways in which we can offer sacrifices. So one of the ways is I called it here Even in the book of Peter, we will see about spiritual sacrifices, which we bring to God So here we've noted praise is a spiritual sacrifice Then thanksgiving giving of thanks to his name is a way we can lift up and sacrifice to God. So We ought to practice these things and again, he says but do not forget to do good and to share so Good life a good life a godly life Where we are blessing others. That's that's what we are called to for with such sacrifices God is well pleased.  This is Referring to leaders.  So why should you know one have a submissive attitude towards leaders? Because we are told that they have a responsibility and their responsibility is to watch out for our souls now sometimes for us as Followers we don't Understand why is this leader telling me? Why are they putting so many Restrictions and you know, we don't understand many things as we are growing up, but When Those who are leading you know by their wisdom they guide us in a certain way It's not to say that we have to be dumb and you know never never Question them because that's not the kind of authority again in the book of Peter and all we'll see How how exactly to lead people in a loving way but you know we we must give that due respect to Good godly leaders when they are instructing us. So we are submissive even though at times we may not Understand, you know, why should I do all this or you know what I don't see the value in this But still because these leaders God is going to hold them accountable They watch over watch out for our souls. So Because they have to give account. They're instructing us and we have to be submissive to them and Let us do so with joy and not with grief Okay, so how will it be, you know, if those of those of us who have some kind of a leadership role at the moment And you're guiding people helping people. What if they have a bad attitude and they say I don't want to do it But you know, I'll do it Now if they do it with that sort of a resentful attitude, it's very painful, isn't it for the leaders But what if they are joyful? We see in the book of Deborah at the time when they had to go fight a battle Where where people offer themselves wall as volunteers You know Deborah sings a song. It's great when people offer themselves voluntarily So in a joyful way people are willing to serve God So the same way over here when people joyfully respond to the instructions the leaders It's a great thing and that's the attitude we to as followers We have to maintain towards our leaders Now if we do it resentfully, we are told that it is unprofitable. It is Not useful. So finally in conclusion The writer asks for prayer. We see that even Paul in the closing Parts of some of his letters He says okay pray for us that we may be bold pray for us that Doors for the ministry could be open for us things like that. So it was again a good thing for People to pray for each other especially for people to pray for leaders. So he's saying please pray for us For we are confident that we have a good conscience that's amazing for a leader to to Say that everything that the leader has done they have done with the good conscience and You know this kind of testimony even each one of us should maintain Whatever we do for the people God's people we should do with the good conscience In all things desiring to live Honorably and then he says I especially urge you to do this that I may be restored to you the sooner or in other words You know, he wants to visit physically these people In their region and now the closing closing words or blessing if you want to call it He says now may the God of peace Who brought up our Lord Jesus from the dead that great shepherd of the sheep Through the blood of the everlasting covenant make you complete in every good work to do his will Working in you that what is well-pleasing in his sight through Jesus Christ to whom be glory forever and ever amen how beautiful so he says about our God that he is a God of peace and about the Lord Jesus who is our Shepherd and Lord Jesus was raised from the dead meaning he is a conqueror and then we are told that we Now have an everlasting covenant, you know with God and we are able to do Good work according to his will and that We must be complete in every good work Okay to do God's will That's only possible because of what Jesus has done. Otherwise, we would lack the capacity But he's saying look, I pray that you will complete it You will do whatever it takes to fulfill the purpose of God for your life and He ultimately gives glory to the Lord Jesus. So he says glory forever and ever amen Okay, so that's like a blessing. He leaves behind and in conclusion the last very very last portion He says and I appeal to you brethren bear with the word of exhortation For I have written to you in few words Okay, so he he's saying few words 13 chapters He's poured out his heart about various things to the persecuted believers but you know, he says few words and know that our brother Timothy has Been set free. So you see they were in difficult times. Remember we also saw he talked about prisoners So he's saying Timothy was in prison, but now he is set free With whom I shall see you if he comes shortly Greet all those who rule over you and all the saints or meaning say hi to everyone That's how we would say it. So he's basically closing off the letter And making some last comments and he says those from Italy greet you grace be with you all amen. Okay, so Grace be with you was one of their way of You know Blessing for others and sisters across now There are people based on I told us that the author is not Generally in most of the episodes the author will give their name But in this book author has not given their name So there is speculation. No, who could this be and there are people who say That uh, it it was um, Paul Okay Now one of the reasons people say it was Paul is this because he he talks about Timothy our brother Timothy and We know that that strong relationship Which Paul had was uh, you know with Timothy. Um, so Yeah, I mean we we don't know why He has not chosen to reveal his name maybe because of the persecution, but it's quite unusual and unlikely Of Paul not to mention his name Okay, so with that we come to the end of the book of Hebrews We are through with it and we can now move on to uh, first Peter I'll just give us uh, some time in case you have questions or some thoughts about what you have learned from the book of Hebrews Okay, so now we will be moving on to all the other books That we have to cover and yeah, we should be able to comfortably cover all of them Any thoughts any comments? Or anything you liked So in the online classes, no, it's very encouraging for us if we hear your voice uh, otherwise, it's like you're talking to a To a screen and I can see your photos, but still it's more uh, encouraging if you can Speak share your thoughts and comment That would be very nice Ma'am, I want to say one thing. Yes Yeah, how how our pastor Paul wrote and That's all the letters to believers and all the pattern how he gave the blessing and how he explained Port faith and all all testimony example, you know that all very nicely Uh, very very blessed and it's a little bit review from ot here. You taste of it. Yeah Yeah, thank you Kiran. Thank you for sharing your thoughts there. So, uh, you feel it's Paul who wrote it Okay, it's it's up to you But as long as we can learn from what has been said, so that's nice anyone else you want to share some thoughts And then after that, I'll Yes, yes The god will correct like as a worldly father corrects their children That's really awesome. He how much in love It shows how much he knows and how much interest in our life and We we have to accept with love and with the joy when god corrects us That's really needed. We should not get frustrated or fed up with those things, but Out the Holy Spirit to work in our lives. So he's doing for us So we'll become uh at the honorable vessel In another scripture it's quotes like that one. That's that's how the body's holding Chastain and discipline us That's really touched me that I gave whenever I wrote that portions. I can see the past love there That's really amazing Yeah, yeah, thanks Thomas. Thank you for sharing. Yeah, it is really Everything god does is with love And that's very clear from the book of Hebrews Especially the chastisement portion there. So thank you for sharing Anyone else your thoughts aren't any anything that you want to add Can we can't hear you aren't Okay, maybe Yeah, doesn't matter If if others have something to share you can And we'll move on to first Peter Okay, I think we'll move on to first Peter Yeah, great. So class you can go back review Hebrews read it over and over again And each time you learn something new from it and it Establishes you in the powerful work that Jesus has done so When you understood these things it's not easy to get carried away how he says right don't get carried away with the various and strange doctrines So if we are anchored in Christ and his work Then we will be strong and it's so important especially In the times that we live in with all kinds of teachings going around Now let's move on to the book of first Peter so you can turn to first Peter in your bibles okay, so As you see the The name of the epistles Have the name of the author So there are two epistles which Peter wrote and it has first Peter second Peter We Recognize that this was A letter which he wrote from a place called Babylon And we also know that Peter was a fisherman. So you don't expect him to Be proficient in language. Okay Yes, he used to make summons. He used to Preach the word but when it came to writing Uh, we're not sure, you know, how good he was and so, uh, he Took the help of Silas To write these epistles. Okay And the pattern is our usual pattern that Paul follows where uh, the author will give the name first And then, you know proceed so apparently those days they would write on scrolls scrolls and um, you Wouldn't have the patience to open the entire scroll to go to the end these days in our letters We will write at the end of the letter, uh, but you know, sometimes the scrolls are very big So first they'll give the name of the author. Okay, I'm the one who's writing it and then continue with the content this, um is a We are the ones who have divided it into sections and chapters and all for, um ease of understanding and You know communication but we know when Peter wrote it, he didn't write it like that So there's a flow of thoughts and when you look at the content you would find that Similar to Hebrews there is doctrine Who we are in Christ and what is our inheritance and all those things so there is doctrine There is also instruction lots and lots of instruction for christian life Uh, we will see that there is a mention of duties. So a master. This is how you should be a slave This is how you should be a wife. This is how you should be so there are christian Um duties as well that you could talk about and that is included in Peter's instruction When was this written it is again traced back to roughly the same duration as uh, Hebrews it was A time of persecution and also a time when the persecution under Nero was I mean It was going to pick up and we know that after 70 ad there was a destruction of the temple and so many things happened So it was that sort of a a transitional time when believers across we're going through Uh, a very rough time that peter also wrote this epistle And it is written in greek language. Uh, and there is uh, He has used the present tense when he talks about temple and sacrifices and all of that So that is the reason you know people say, okay, that means that uh, the temple was still there Because the greek is in present tense. Uh, and therefore, you know, it should be before 70 ad because after 70 ad the temple was Destroyed so, uh, that's how you look at it. Uh, who were the people who he was writing to you would see that They were Those who who he ministered to in the region of asia minor in in chapter one you will see the regions their names are mentioned and It was written to You know some places they say primarily gentiles, but other places they say jews and gentiles. So, you know, we We we will See the kind of instructions that he gives there. So jews and gentiles you could look at it that way So you don't necessarily have Um, uh, the manner of speaking that the writer of the Hebrews used he was Referring to the old covenant and it he has said He said you are my son the psalms So it's an assumption that your listener is already aware and the tabernacle the Portions of the tabernacle now a gentile will not understand all these things So it's quite clear that it is being spoken to the jewish audience, but in this case, it's not that You know that uh Jewish in the way it is written. So it could it is written to The gentiles and of course, you know the jews also could gain from what peter wrote and what was the purpose of the letter The purpose of the letter was encouragement So as I told you the time in which they lived persecution was increasing and there was Anticipated persecution from nero in the days to come, you know emperor nero So, uh, the hearts of the people was being prepared. They would have been so discouraged uh with The attitude of of people around so, you know, even Daily living issues are addressed. Uh, how should you be towards a very harsh? You know master Maybe people are very harsh to the christians at that time But peter addresses all those things and he says come on, you know your ultimate Uh thing is that your faith is in god and so you must maintain a good spirit and you must serve well all that You know, he he includes in this letter.  So he will begin First bit of chapter one, you will see that he will start by Explaining to the believer who a believer is, you know, how they have this inheritance in god, which is Which is unperishable and uh, that position in christ jesus So when you when you are reminded of the fact that That is who you are Then there is a lot of encouragement to live right because we are not from this kingdom Which will pass away, but we are living we are part of the unperishable kingdom And we know that we will receive a reward for the righteous life that we uh live for the sake of christ so It's basically a letter of great encouragement to the persecuted and Jesus is the focus, you know, uh for the believers and we will see later on that he will encourage the believers that uh You think you're going through so much of persecution, but just the way the writer of the Hebrews He said looking unto jesus, you know, we can't Have a better example of a person who has gone through so much pain and still Been submitted to god like a son joyfully Saying yes to the purposes of god like jesus and so We are encouraged that come on, you know, if jesus could do it You can do it You can carry a very positive attitude as you go through The challenges so let's start off. Uh We have roughly about five minutes, but it's okay. We will just begin and uh, then we will continue from here So, uh, we see here that he says uh, peter Uh an apostle of jesus christ. So introduction self introduction then To the pilgrims of the dispersion in pantes, galatia, capadosia, asia and bitania. So audience or You know how in the letter to from so From is is peter to is all these believers now they are Uh distributed across a certain regions and Sorry This region is also a Gentile region. Okay, so there are Gentiles living there and uses the term pilgrims. You know pilgrim is a stranger Now you have people who go to a religious place to visit and You know worship and then what do they do they come back? Such people are known as pilgrims so The way peter is looking at the believer is that we are Actually citizens of heaven But we are here in the world Temporarily that is why he calls the believers as pilgrims or sojourners sojourners also are people Who are traveling and they decide to Stay back in the city en route for some time.  That is the way he is looking at it So he's writing primarily to these Gentile regions and dispersion is Um The believers were spread across Okay, uh, all these places because he had he has he administered in these places and you see the apostles what they did was once they had Followers they didn't just forget them But they wanted to make sure that these followers become Disciples in every way that they are taught the doctrine They are taught the ways of christian life so on and so forth and that is why they are writing to them now Look at this all this. He is addressing the the believers. He called them pilgrims Now he says elect according to the fore knowledge of god elect He calls them elect. What is elect elect is picked out chosen or in our language We would say vip, you know, we you have some seats in our Program, which are set aside for the vip's so elect that is the elect elect according to the fore knowledge of god or god uniquely shows you is what he's saying And then he you know goes on to saying that the election involves sanctification or the cleansing that comes from god purification or Consecration that leads to obedience Okay, and the believers are cleansed from sin through the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus sprinkling of blood Was practiced by the believers for in various Things so they understood that but he's letting them know that this position was brought to you by what Jesus has done and You know, he calls them elect. So Sometimes based on this scripture, there is a question. You know, does it mean that god is already Pre-decided who is going to be part of the kingdom? No, it's not like that.  We will continue. We will pick up go through first Peter In the next class. So can somebody please pray and we will close today's class Maybe Kiran Yes, ma'am sir Okay, father god we come before you throne father god once again We want to say thank you father god for all and everything father. Thank you Thank you father god to giving us the wisdom and knowledge father god that we are nicely father god by the god There's father god we are understanding the subject father god. Thank you. Thank you father god We will more think father god that we can receive from you and we can apply to your kingdom for father god Thank you. Thank you. Bless to all the students yesterday and see ma'am and lead to your kingdom Father god thank you Rest of the day submitting to your hand. Take care of every side almighty teachers. Thank you Amen Amen Thank you kiran. Thank you everyone. So, okay. Yeah, god bless you Thank you ma'am. Yeah, thank you. Have a wonderful day. Yeah. Bye. We'll meet next week


Syracuse, beaten Georgetown by 7 with a minute and 11 seconds left to go and it's going to get gross. This one's brought to you by Jackie because they requested it. Thanks, Jackie. Watching number 21 on Syracuse here. Try to dish it to number one. He jumps up. He fouls him, gets fouled in return, lays down on the ground, thinks about complaining, then immediately runs and tries to get to the tunnel and get off the court. Why? We all ask. I took an elbow right to the mouth, right there. Bam! Right to the mouth. We're going to get a couple different angles of this and all of them are the same. Bam! Right to the mouth. That's the story that we're being told. Then he tried to leave. He tried to leave but Jim Bayheim said, no, you are not leaving and here's him talking about it. He was going to the locker room but I stopped him.  You didn't hurt anything else. Let's go. He's too important to us. We need him in there against pressure or handling the ball and stuff. So, yeah, he toughed it out. It was just an accidental play. In the old days, it might have been on purpose but this was accidental. Yeah, easy for you to say, Jim. You got nice teeth. Look at this dude.  But he's laughing. Now he's got to walk back to the court and show everyone. Even the other team's like, let me see, dude. Let me see, let me see. Yeah, pretty messed up. Don't look good. Yeah, let me see, let me see. And then, you know, just got to, he kept playing. This dude found the tooth. Going to go put it in a special jar. He keeps sending it to his grandson. He makes the first one and then number 11 on Syracuse points to the ref like, that dude's bleed in all over his arm. Ref says, yeah, come here, son. We got to get this. Hey, do you have a pencil anywhere?  And this dude, I mean, isn't it hurt? Shouldn't liquids like sting? Doesn't losing half a tooth hurt? He finished the game. Syracuse wins and that's the end of it. I hope he gets his tooth fixed now. Or maybe not. Maybe you leave the tooth not fixed for the rest of the season. That's the move. That's the move.


So he says I'm gonna continue working out with you right, but I'm gonna step it up I'm gonna step it up a notch and I keep telling him don't do this right. We've got a good thing going here Don't screw it up But what does he do of course? He screws it up Get to this Okay, this is when we're good. This is right before we go off the reservation, right? We got good progress going on I mean if you just look at him We've got excellent progress going on but it's not fast enough for him. This cannot be done fast This has to be done slow. He didn't gain all this weight that he gained and I was telling him this to 11 years, that's a lot of time to gain, okay?  Give me four months to get you back down, but still it's not good enough So he's looking good right here So in five weeks, okay? He dropped three pounds of fat pretty good He gained five or he dropped three pounds of fat. He gained five pounds of muscle, but look at this He's wigging out He's like I want to lose weight. I'm freaking gaining weight I've talked to him Chris. This is muscle. It's muscle mass, right? It's totally totally different thing Now you've got a bigger metabolic engine now these workouts that we're doing these high intensity workouts Now all of this time that you're spinning away from me. You're churning churning churning, okay? You're burning calories even when we're not working out with this bigger metabolic engine He doesn't want to hear that he wants the weight to go down so from week six to week 12 the wheels come off So now I see him he comes in to work out. He's lethargic.  What are you doing? He's like well.  Let's do some interval sprints, right? But he's not thinking that way. He's just he can't get around it also his diet is now messed up, right? Because if you want to lose weight, what's the first thing we're gonna do? We're gonna cut calories The first thing he does is he starts dropping fat out of his diet Now he is not only doing high intensity work He's doing long cardio now He doesn't have the nutritional support to support any of this and he starts augurine into the ground He's coming in with rings under his eyes. He's lethargic All of these things but hey the weight on the scale is going down. Yeah, it's going down. It's going way down He dropped nine pounds of scale weight in the following six weeks But if we look at this only 2.2 pounds of it was fat So now after the following six weeks, he is at less muscle mass than when he came to see me originally Now that the wheels have come off his metabolic engine is smaller.  He set himself up if he would have continued this course He would have set himself up for the same Oprah thing the same thing that happens to everybody that does this kind of a diet and that's a saying again, we lost the Lost all that harder muscle and essentially what Skyler talked about earlier. He gave his body the signal I don't need this muscle mass for Christ's sake. You got me doing all this endurance work That's the last thing I need to carry around this load. I've got to get rid of this. It's doing me. No good So fitness or health. I'm going to bring this back in to talk specifically about you guys You really have to figure out what your goal is you can Kind of ride that gray area between fitness and health you can push your fitness to a certain point because I do that You just have to be good at manipulating the variables and taking checks every now and again how your internal health is but really You have to choose do I want to be healthy? Or do I want to perform? Because once you make that choice that's going to determine everything else It's going to determine what your workouts going to be and it's especially going to determine How much time you invest Last year I talked about the four T's This year I've expanded it one to five T's because if we go down here And I'll get down to this in just a little bit the technique and talent portion. I've kind of split up but essentially We need to find out what your goals are and to help you figure out what your goals are Maybe you don't know. Maybe you're like well, I'd kind of like to be a high-performance athlete But you know, I've only got two hours a week to devote to it. Well, it's not going to happen. Okay, it's just not I Can't make you healthy easy in two hours. So maybe we need to readjust your goals Maybe maybe we have a conversation. I talk you know what right now at this point in your life You don't have time to devote to being a performance type athlete We need to bring you back down. We'll talk about I can make you healthy as a horse in two hours and maybe that's Maybe that's good enough for you at this time You also have to figure out what's my temperament or my tenacity because there's one thing about it. It doesn't matter what? What protocol you follow it doesn't matter whether you want to follow more of a bodybuilding template Whether you want to be a high-intensity training guy or whatever that is, but there's one thing about it You have to bring a certain temperament or tenacity to it So that's something else you need to determine You also need to figure out what tools do I have available to me at efficient exercise like I say I've got everything from ARX stuff all the way down to body weight stuff not everybody has access to that So this is another determination you need to make to what do I what do I have available? Technique and tools I Equate this to be in a chef Michelle my wife is a chef and in being a trainer or Or someone who trains themselves is very much like being a chef and the fact that you can look at a cookbook You can follow a recipe step by step by step by step that template and you will have a meal That's all right, you know it tastes pretty good But it has no pop it's got no kick if you want pop and kick You've got to go outside of that template and be a chef create your own create your own meal So you have to find out number one What? You know Do you even want to do that? Do you want to devote that kind of time to become a to become a chef? Not many people do right because he gets into geekville after a while I Mean it's asked Michelle what it's like when Skyler and I get together. It's ugly. I mean it's geekville Also talk about base camp Skyler talked a little bit about the fast twitch and slow twitch to This is going to determine eight or you're going to determine your training style So Let's say we have a kid or a trainee who's Fast twitch and I'll just use myself as an example. I am primarily a fast twitch guy My training methods look like I'm a fat train like I'm a fast twitch guy I stay in the power zone and I'll get to this in just a second I stay in the power zone most of the time but that doesn't mean That is my only training protocol I have to train outside of that to get better at being a fast twitch athlete but The majority of my time is spent in this area I have many clients who are endurance athletes. Obviously those are slow twitch dominant people The majority of their time needs to be of their weight training time needs to be centered around me Addressing that portion of their training because that's where they're going to excel I can make them a little bit better by jumping outside of that band and having them train more power oriented stuff or strength oriented stuff But for them to stay in the game long and for them to be better at what they are already wired already best suited for I need to stay in these zones and People what how do I know whether I'm a fast twitch guy or a slow twitch guy? Well, I guess you could spend five hundred dollars and get some genetic testing you might have an idea I mean they do offer that but the best thing is


In this paper, the authors propose a novel approach to detecting changes in remote sensing images using a long short-term memory, LSTM, network. This network is trained to recognize patterns in the data which indicate when a change has occurred. Once trained, the network can then be used to detect changes in new target images without any additional learning process. Additionally, the authors show that their method can detect both binary and multiclass changes. This article was authored by Haubua Liu, Huilu, and Li Chaomao.


Furthermore, making an argument that I have to change my motive activity, or I had to change my motive activity around 1971, most scientific work is what is called normal science by the historian of science Thomas Kuhn. Normal science is adding tiny bits of knowledge on top of the edifice of the science that exists and the science that is accepted by almost everyone. Occasionally, the basic approach that science is being done on comes under attack and something really new is done. This is called revolutionary science. In the 1970s, I had read Kuhn and could recognize that my past was revolutionary, but I was likely to have only normal science in my future. So be it. But within this limitation, I could do worthwhile things. I could try to exemplify a standard of good work. I could lead my colleagues into new areas of research. I could offer worthwhile commentary on the intellectual issues of the world around me and I could offer careful criticism of the scientific work about me. So new directions. For decades, now we're in 1975 or so, for decades, physics and chemistry departments have been studying atomic and subatomic phenomena and mostly ignoring the observable world of wind, water, waves, and sand, but partially because the existence of computers made possible new models of investigation. There were major opportunities in the scientific study of things that happened in the world about us. My colleagues, Albert Liebscher Bay and Sidney Nagel at the University of Chicago introduced the study of these things into that university and through Chicago and to physics departments all around. For example, I did a theoretical study focused on the shape of this little neck that connects a drop coming off of a pipette to a larger mass of fluid. This shape has a mathematical behavior described as a singularity and is quite universal in its behavior. At the same time, Degenne in France and Sam Edwards here in England were introducing these kinds of new subjects, I repeat, wind, water, waves, and sand into physics departments in their respective locations. Backwards, why do I need to be backwards? Along the same lines, I began a series of calculations to understand what would happen in real collisions amongst small pieces of material like grains, misspelled, of sand or sugar. In Newton's mechanics, when two particles collide head on, they come off with unchanged relative speed. This happens because they don't lose any energy in the process of their collision. In contrast, when two pieces of real material collide, because of friction-like effects, they move away from one another with a smaller relative speed than they had before the collision.  Here are the balls, here's a sketched picture. What happens is, if you let them bounce for a while, the balls towards the end come almost to a stop, and one ball moves up and back to the two ends with large speed. This is a striking result, and there are other striking results like that. Perhaps in response to this theoretical work by experimental colleagues, Nagel and Heinrich Jaeger, they did a series of investigations of real granular materials. One of the most amusing is seen in the next slide. Here's a movie of a sand shooting out, at least from where I stand, it's hard to see what the movie is, but I will try to make up for that. We have a jet of sand shooting out, and it hits a little target here. As it hits the target, it splashes around the target and forms a cone around the target. The remarkable thing about the formation of the cone is that the sand sticks together. The beam of sand doesn't fall apart. That's a big surprise, and not something that we expected. Another threat of work is what is called convective turbulence. It sounds formidable, but is exemplified by a most common situation, heating water to boil an egg. You'll heat the water from below and cool it from above. There is hotter water towards the bottom of the pot and cooler water towards the top. The heated water tends to expand, so the water at the bottom is less dense than the water at the top. Thus the water at the bottom cries to rise. You'll excuse me for giving volition to the water. It's not supposed to be a scientific thing to do, but all scientists do it. The water at the bottom tries to rise. The resulting motion was being investigated in the laboratory of my colleague Albert Liebscher Bay. I drew a picture, here's the picture, of what I thought was happening in what is called the convective cell, the box in his laboratory. What I saw in the box, literally with my eyes, but it takes some interpretation, was plumes. Plumes are little pieces of hot water going up and cold water going down, and a sort of complicated machine. I'll come back to this machine. The machine involves several different working parts. There's a jet of water form going up this way, and a jet of cold water form this way, and plumes being formed at the bottom. Now first I should tell you what a plume is. A plume, hot plume, is a region of heated, less dense water in a higher density environment. It is trying to rise.  Well, I am sort of. The thing that's different is that here I see a situation in which the fluid around the hot fluid is more dense than the hot fluid, and in the case of the air, it's less dense. But imagine that I have a more dense environment around me, and therefore I am trying to rise. I try to go up that way, but the fluid above me pushes down. So instead of going up, all I could do is go out. As I go out, I'm pushing against the fluid there, and it curls under like that, and you get something that looks like this. Here's a small plume of the source that forms in the laboratory. Here is a big open air plume, much more unfortunate for our world. This is a thermonuclear explosion, and the hot fluid rises there and forms a cap. The hot fluid rises here and forms a cap. Here's a picture of a lab cell with fewer plumes in it than existed in a Lebsche Bay cell. But you can see hot fluid going up that way, cold fluid coming down that way, in the form of plumes, the thing in the center is a thermometer to measure the temperature. Here's a movie, a movie of a computer simulation of that behavior. We have fluid swirling around. You can see the plumes, the caps aren't fully formed because we have a relatively small cell, but you can see the plumes if you want to look for them. I'm going to let this go through twice. We've just gone through the first time. What I want to look for is the change in direction of the motion. The motion is now going this way, but after a while it will turn around and go the other way, and that change in direction, come on, okay, back it up and I'll show you the change in direction. So back up one, go. So it goes along this way for a long time. You can see the plumes. What's going to happen is a plume is going to rise from here and the motion, there it happened, it happened. The motion started going in the opposite direction. My colleagues were interested in understanding how that change in direction occurred and a lot of other things and they studied the movie carefully in order to see what was going on. We can all agree that what we've just seen in the heated cell is a pretty complex motion. Complexity is a fraught word in U.S. science and culture. That's because there's a large body of people in the United States who refuse to believe that humankind is a result of an evolutionary process, but instead argue that we are the product of an intelligent design by a creator or more likely a creator with a capital C. At this point, as you can gather, I'm describing a segue from a situation in which I'm trying to help my colleagues move into new fields of science to a situation in which I'm helping them and perhaps others think about what the science implies in a social context. There is this view of people being constructed by a creator was, for example, put forward by the Reverend William Paley. In present day, Michael Beehe, who is a chemist, and Bill Dempsky, a mathematician and philosopher and ex-student of mine, are all intelligent design theorists. In my view, one of the responsibilities of a scientist or other intellectual is to use his or her expertise when relevant to add to the discussions of the day. My contribution to the intelligent design argument is to describe how complexity naturally arises in fluid systems. Beehe's argument starts out with a biological cell. There's a picture of a biological cell. Beehe points out that biological cells are amazingly complicated. He points out that they have lots and lots of different pieces and that the pieces all work together. He cannot imagine how they could have risen naturally through any process other than construction by a creator. I try to reply by saying that fluids are basically very simple. They could be described as little balls bouncing around and occasionally bump into one another. This then is a picture of what a fluid looks like. However, they can do things like this and now I'm going to describe for you in a little bit what this is. So we have on the bottom here a thin layer of fluid called a boundary layer. There are waves in this thin layer of fluid and the waves throw up spray. The spray forms into these mushroom-shaped objects which are plumes. The plumes then come up and move through the center of the box or move in a jet along the wall. When the plumes come up, they hit the top and they go splash. The splash produces waves that move across the top of the box. That produces cold plumes, inverted. Those cold plumes move across form a jet over here, move into the center, come down and go splash and this continues over and over and over again as you saw in the moving, as you saw in the computer simulation. That behavior is a behavior like a machine with many complicated parts. Nowhere as near as complicated as that, but many complicated parts. These include this jet here, the boundary layer there, this layer of moving fluid, the plumes and so forth. This machine forms naturally with doing nothing more than turning on your stove in the morning. Pot of water heated from below, cooled from above, that's what it is. It is conceivable to me at least that a biological cell is formed by a process of making itself more and more complicated, starting out with the natural ability of nature to be complex. We don't have much knowledge about how complexity arises in the present biological world or especially for the earliest biological forms. The intelligent design theorist, Stemsky and Beehe, do us some good by pointing out our ignorance, but neither they nor the intelligent design people more generally seem to have much positive to add to this discussion. A better view than theirs in my opinion is that of St. Augustine of Hippo who said, at least said according to the translation of a modern Catholic scholar Howard J. Van Til, I must admit that my Latin is not up to doing translations. The universe was brought into being in a less than fully formed state, but was gifted with the capacity to transform itself from unformed matter to a truly marvelous array of structure and life forms. I'll drink to that. In the last 1600 years, we've learned some specifics to help flesh out Augustine's good overview. We should not let the particular views of the universe provided by intelligent designs followers replace science in the school curricula. Instead, we should notice that evolutionary biology, paleontology, cosmology are not speculations. They're root parts of science and human knowledge. They belong in schools as part of the basis of our curriculum and of our understanding of the natural world. Other subjects unrooted in experiment should be avoided in school curricula. I have one final example that I'm going to give you all in concluding this talk. I'm going to be talking about large-scale computer models and I'm going to be asking implicitly how reliable are the largest-scale computer simulations in the physical sciences. This is another set of turbulence calculations. You can imagine a cold fluid sitting on top of a hot fluid because the hot fluid is less dense than the cold fluid. The hot fluid tends to rise and here is a picture, before we come to the picture, I should point out its practical importance. This instability, called the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the instability of this fluid trying to rise, is very important for the U.S. nuclear weapons labs. They saw variability of the early studies of this instability. They sponsored more than 20 major studies of this instability and the turbulence that it causes. First I should say something good about the nuclear weapons labs. I'm not going to say altogether good things, but they have the capacity to study over long periods of time problems that they think are important. That is rarely true. Governments have in general a very short attention span and industry is getting a shorter and shorter attention span every year. This fluid flow is very much like the convective turbulence flow mentioned earlier except that here there's no friction or rather the friction of the liquid is so small that there's nothing to stabilize the motion. So here's a picture of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The fluids of different densities sitting one on top of another and instability causes one fluid to drip into another and in this cartoon that's what results. This is not a cartoon, this is a computer simulation done at the three major weapons laboratories of the U.S. Department of Energy. Now, as I said before, the Department of Energy observed considerable variability in the studies they did of this kind. We at the University of Chicago, we is a funny word for what I'm going to describe to you. I was a spokesperson for the program, but very little of the scientific work, almost none of the scientific work came from me, however I will spoke or I have spoken or something or other. In any case, these guys, particularly Alan Calder, constructed a study which was called a type called a resolution study. As you go from here to here, you have a more and more careful and detailed description of the fluid. Here there are precisely four different boxes as you go across in this direction in which the computer recognizes the temperature in each box. Here there are eight boxes, here there are 512, here there are 2048. Similar scale changes occur in this direction. There are lots more boxes going up here than there are going up there. Now the interesting thing to see is how these studies settled down to result independent of the size of the box. This is what you hope is going to happen in order to result be reliable. How does this thing settle down? The answer is not at all. There's no friction, no friction means there's no way of stabilizing the thing. And what happens is as we go through this whole line of argument, the length of this motion of one region into another changes. It goes up and down. Something qualitatively different happens about here in that you lose the symmetry between the left and the right hand side of the thing. And by the time you get here, that symmetry is all gone. This is an argument that you never see a totally reliable result for this turbulent kind of computer simulation. We were using this kind of situation to calculate the explosion of a star. Many of you saw that explosion as you came in. This was what is called the supernova. A whole big star blows up and produces a flash of light that we can see across the entire universe. My colleagues had a novel picture of how that might occur. Here's the picture. They imagined that a hotspot was produced somewhere off-center in the star. That red dot is my cartoon view of a hotspot. That hotspot rises for the same reason as I would rise if I were a dense fluid. That hotspot rises to the surface of the star, comes up to the top, and produces a shockwave. That shockwave is a burst of pressure coming off of the surface. We had expected initially that when that shockwave was produced that that would produce the explosion that would blow up the star. But no, that's not what happens. We were disappointed to see that the shockwave produced essentially no explosion initially. Here's a picture of the hotspot and of the shockwave, as done by the computer, rather than my sort of primitive drawing. But my colleagues carried on and worked to see what would happen thereafter. They said, I need lots of hands for this, more hands than I've got, but I'll do my best. So here's the star. Here's the thing coming off. You have a burst of pressure here. That burst of pressure sends materials out, and the gravity from the star pulls the materials in, and those materials skip like a stone over the surface of the star and refocus themselves 180 degrees away from their starting point. This refocusing provides a hotspot, and that hotspot provides the starting point for an explosion of the star. This was essentially the first computer simulation which gave an explosion of a supernova. So our sponsors came to visit. We'd previously argued that the basic turbulence simulation was unreliable. We told the computers about our supernova ideas and computer simulation. But our supernova calculation is based upon turbulence and is least as unreliable as the turbulence calculations. How could we justify the support of our sponsors? We argued that our work was an exploratory simulation and was valuable because using calculations of this kind, one could produce a new and interesting scenario for supernova behavior. Scenario is a fraught word, too. It suggests that we're making an argument rather than producing a rigid and reliable scientific result. We could suggest other calculations and observations which might check the scenario. Our scenario was suggestive but not definitive. It is my view that many big simulations in the physical sciences adjust that. They're, in fact, ways of making arguments by waving computers around rather than waving their hands around, but they do make very pretty pictures. Research sponsors, unfortunately, often prize pretty pictures above ideas or scientific understanding. That turns out to be bad for science and bad for public policy formulation. So here's the movie. The movie shows the explosion of a star. There is a hotspot coming. Can we turn down the lights any further? No, I guess not. There's a hotspot coming up. It surfaces at the surface of the star. It then produces stuff which moves across the surface of the star and refocuses back on the other side. Here the process has been stopped and the camera runs around the star or the star runs around the camera. It's a virtual star and a virtual camera, of course. And there we go again. The explosion starts and continues and the camera pans back. And there is a huge explosion which, as I said before, can be seen on the other side of the universe. And the whole thing has, roughly, the same kind of quality as the cartoons that I drew. I thank you. Professor Kadinov, I understand that when you received the American medal for science, you received it from President Clinton. Yes, indeed. Unfortunately, we don't have the Queen today. We don't even have our Prime Minister. But nevertheless, we're delighted that you've agreed to join us to present a fascinating hour for us and to accept from the Institute of Physics the Isaac Newton Medal for Physics. I am honored. Thank you very much indeed. Thank you. I am honored to be even indirectly a part of the great tradition of British and English science. So first of all, the medal. Thank you. And secondly, I'll just read the citation, although you know more about it now than I'm sure that many of us did when we first arrived. The citation for inventing conceptual tools that reveal the deep implications of scaling variance on the behavior of face transitions and dynamical systems. Thank you very much.


A coalition of youth organizations have commenced engaging major stakeholders in the Nambara state governorship election. The group, in its tour of engagement, visited the state commissioner of police to a certain level of preparedness for the November 6th governorship election. They admonished the police to be civil in their conduct and ensure that the rights of citizens are not trampled upon. The commissioner of police expressed the command's readiness to deliver on its mandate. They also advised residents to ignore rumour and come out to exercise their civil responsibility by voting. You know that we cannot do it alone. We need that aspect. Yes, the police would provide all the security that is needed for this election to hold peacefully, where we need new and other bodies to continuously sensitize the people at that tour program or face-to-face direct talk to them to see how they can come out. I believe we are going to provide adequate security for anybody who wants to exercise franchise on that particular day. From what the commissioner, the assurance that the commissioner has given, I think I'm satisfied with their preparations. People are now generating hope. They are feeding themselves with good information that the police has established that it will be peaceful. So I'm hopeful that the election will come peacefully and nothing will happen to the people. I want to say to our young people, election will not be war, right? Vote and not fight because if you kill yourself, the politicians will remain.  So do not fight. Only vote.


What is the EU Charter? That's easy. It's the international treaty that a bunch of European countries signed after World War II. Wrong. That's the European Convention on Human Rights. But aren't they the same thing? No. And I'm about to explain why. I actually knew they weren't the same thing. I was just pretending for maximum educational impact. Yeah, alright. Roll title. The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights is a simple way of knowing which social, economic and political rights the EU must respect. It means that key bits of the EU, like its court and Parliament, must respect these rights when doing things like making laws. But how does that have anything to do with the UK? I was just getting to that, but thanks for interrupting. After Brexit, the government wants to get rid of the Charter. But until Brexit, the UK is still an EU member state, so we need to respect the Charter when doing things involving EU law. However, the government doesn't need to worry about the Charter when doing things outside of EU law. And that's where the EU Charter is different from the Human Rights Convention. The Human Rights Convention is always on, baby. And it applies in all areas of our lives whenever the state involves, such as healthcare, prisons and schools. So you were saying the Human Rights Convention is like a treaty or something? Correct. After World War II, European states got together and agreed a list of basic rights and freedoms that should be respected by everyone. That list became the Human Rights Convention. The EU Charter was introduced much later, in 2000. It copies a lot of the rights in the Convention, but it also goes a bit further, like in data privacy and workers' rights. So what's the point in having both? Excellent question. The EU itself isn't bound by the Human Rights Convention, so the Charter was created to make sure the EU respects human rights laws. So both the Charter and the Convention can be powerful tools in defending our human rights. Exactly. The Charter applies in fewer situations, but goes further than the Convention in some areas. So the Charter and the Convention are like a big package which protect our human rights. But after Brexit, the Charter could disappear from that package, and honestly, we don't know what that could do to our rights. So in these uncertain times, let's stand united in the fight for our rights.


When we want to build a new research organization, we have to ask ourselves the question what makes up a good research environment, what makes up a good research organization. And this is not a question that we've been asking as the first people. There are actually a lot of people that have been asking these questions for, and some of them aren't even in the room with us today, about what have been in history, research organizations have been very productive, research environments that have been extremely productive, and what were the key hallmarks that made them effective. And these are just some snippets. This is a slide actually from the last one in the conference, a slide for Juan. Then Ben Reiner has been talking about private ARPAs. This is a book I can very much recommend by Michael Nielsen, and then Adam Marble-Stewins and Sam Rodriguez work on focused research organizations. And when I think about what all of these works have in common, there are three elements that for me at least keep recurring, which is scientists have access to tools. They need to be able to basically test the boundaries of theory and tinker there and bump things against each other at the sort of cutting edge of technology. Then they need to be able to form dynamic teams, teams that consist of scientists from different disciplines, maybe even not only scientists but also practitioners that have very valuable micro-expertise. And then they need to be able to have some unconditional funding to get started and then ideally a smooth distribution of funding access as these projects mature. And I think one understudied example of where there was a productive research environment where the Cold Spring Harbor laboratory courses after World War II. So Cold Spring Harbor is actually not that far from here. It's like a 50-minute commuter rail train ride from New York. And after World War II, you had chemists, biologists and also physicists come together at Cold Spring Harbor and study the interaction between bacteria and phages. And that was at a time where the structure of DNA was not yet discovered or just about to be discovered. And by coming together only over summer with a diverse group of teams that had very specific micro-expertise, so for example Max Dellebrook was a trained nuclear physicist, didn't know a lot about phages and bacteria, but had a very quantitative way of looking at the world. These groups of scientists were able to ask some really interesting questions. Had the lab, you can see that in the background, to start some very easy first experiments and then would go back to their research institute, some of them in Europe, some of them in the States, and were able to write the grants that they needed in order to actually do the meaningful work that then led to a lot of breakthroughs. So rubbing it up, I think what scientists need to be in an effective research environment, they need access to scientific infrastructure to allow for this target tinkering, this access to like a new method that allows you to discover something about the world in a new way. They need to be able to form dynamic teams that might also just be very project-focused. So for example at DARPA, teams don't come together because there is a professor that has tenure and that's their lab, they come together because they're a particular project that needs to be solved or needs to be addressed. And then they need to be able to raise funding to develop initial infrastructure and then also accelerate the inventions basically with what Ben Reinhardt calls a smooth project size distribution. So you need to be able to grow a project in terms of the funding that it receives from, it is just an idea to this is a research project to this is already outside of the scope of a normal funding organization but maybe still not interesting enough for a venture capitalist towards this is a serious technology company. So then the next question is if we feel like we have answered some of these questions, what makes up an interesting and productive research environment, why do we want to do this online? And this is a bit of a personal story. So this is a graph that shows the movement patterns of inventors and on the y-axis you can see the net migration patterns where if the bar is below the zero line that means this country is churning inventors, inventors leave this country and an inventor is a person in this study that has published a patent and then on the x-axis you have different countries. And I was born on the left-hand side of this graph and then grew up on the right-hand side and then moved back to the left-hand side, got back to the right-hand side and today I'm back on the left-hand side and at some point you start to ask yourself well how many times do I need to move between these two different places and isn't there a lot of talent, a lot of potential inventors who do not have access to the means of invention and cannot be inventors because for them it's so far out of reach the next laboratory is so far out of reach the access to dynamic teams is so far out of reach the access to funding is so far out of reach. And we've lapped out we want to build a home for inventors online so that the location where you are becomes less important with regards to your ability to actually innovate. Which leads us actually to this overall goal that we have in the decentralized science movement the idea that within D-Sci we give everybody the opportunity to raise funds irrespective of where they're located and irrespective of whether it's a basic science funding project or if it has more of an entrepreneurial nature. We want to give everybody the ability to access laboratory services to run experiments no matter where they're based and we want to also build the infrastructure for scientists to share the data that they've collected in ways that reward both the inventor for the invention that they've made but also maintains accessibility for the commons. And when we look at the D-Sci stack today and I tend to think about decentralized science or science in general as this three-step process where you have funding agencies you have execution agencies places where actually the science gets done and then you have distribution mechanisms over the last couple of months really we have seen an explosion in projects like Science Fund, Gitcoin, Vitadao as agencies that can help you raise capital for a scientific idea that you have and then you have a lot of different projects that are targeting the distribution of scientific insight Research Hub, Adams, D-Sci Labs Molecule on the more translational side and Opsi for scientific data and what's really I think missing in the middle is a place where teams of scientists and tools of scientists interact where the funding has been collected and now you want to build your lab you want to build your web lab and you want to have access to particular services to generate new data and then you can distribute that new insight that you've gathered and that's something we're really passionate about at Laptown so the way that we want to provide that insight is by basically billing two, three products that are focused on the team side and the tool side and then an initial funding spark that I won't focus on too much today So how do we bring tools into an online room? How do we bring something like a cell culture bench into an online chat room? That's a really important question when we think about decentralized science and the answer that we have at Laptown is that we create a marketplace protocol where laboratories that are either for-profit or non-profit can share their services and offer their services in a very structured format and then we have team formation processes that are currently bundling under the idea of lab teams where we give these scientists a room to come together and also become discoverable by people that have micro-expertise So let's talk about the lab exchange first The lab exchange is a Dow government peer-to-peer exchange for data generating laboratory services So for example, if I have a small molecule that I've designed computationally the next question really after going through all the in-silico tools that are at my disposal within this group of scientists that I have found within Laptown is to then actually synthesize this small molecule and see what are the properties and test the binding behaviour to a particular target if I'm interested in that and for that I need to have laboratories that actually offer the service of synthesizing a small molecule and testing its behaviour and they need to be available on some kind of exchange So right now, the way that this exchange exists is a protocol is in a very early stage and the way that you interact with it the client is also very much focused on the first user group which are computation biologists that use the client to run in-silico discovery processes and then go through the very first steps of taking something that is only for example, a structural formula or a sequence of amino acids into the physical space so the way that you currently interact with the exchange is through a client that is still pre-release and there are some key functions that you can see here so there are basically two topics right now you can list all the available apps so for example, the Hello World example for the lab exchange is a reverse complement function you give a DNA sequence in you get a DNA sequence out but obviously also more complex stuff where there could be a laboratory on the other end on the exchange for example, folds proteins computationally and then what's important for us is that the data that scientists generate is also shared and at least visible to everybody so it's deeply integrated with IPFS and estuary in this case where from your command line you can upload a research file via estuary and expose it to IPFS and then basically you reference that when you submit a request for an exchange so how do you ensure quality in an exchange where people trade laboratory services there are really three mechanisms that we can make use of the first one is if you have a client so the scientist that's requesting a laboratory service from a provider say a laboratory the flow of capital from the scientist to the laboratory is not direct but the funds are held in escrow and there's an arbitration service which is not happy with the result with the quality in which the laboratory services was completed can basically appeal for an arbitration and the second mechanism is staking and slashing so the lab DAO plans to have a governance token lab that will be used by community members to basically collateralize the transactions that are taking place so for example if there's a transaction that's worth $10,000 such as synthesizing a protein that's doing to work to put something at stake that's proportional to the value of the transaction so if the lab is not doing the work in good faith then the ownership of the lab the membership of the lab within the DAO can be revoked and then as a third billing block not everybody can directly list on the exchange we're working through ways in which the DAO itself can onboard laboratories on the exchange in something that's taken to a token curated registry to ensure quality standards and also just overall compliance with regulators so when I open a request on the lab exchange the way I do this is I change the state of the smart contract and I basically provide some billing blocks that will later go into something that is called the lab NFT where the metadata is relatively simple I say I want to for example here generate a reverse complement and this is a standardized request where the whole DAO is maintaining a repository of different laboratory services that are offered and I say okay this is the user that's my wallet, there are some parameters in this case there are not a lot of parameters and this is my input file which is the FASTA file and then this is posted and once the laboratory claims that transaction says I'm on it and does the job and the additional data fields takes that metadata and mints it into an NFT and sends it to my wallet where the three additional fields are the identity of the provider any type of execution environmental information for example if it was a computational job and what computational environment was it done and then the output itself which in this case would be a FASTA file so just a genetic sequencing file and our hope is that through this open source community we could only maintain the development of new tools but we can also drive the emergence of standardizations around laboratory services overall because otherwise the conflict resolution cost between scientists is going to be so high so the hope is that over time scientists will converge on certain standards for how laboratory services are done such that we eventually end up in a state where something that is one off where we have a one-to-one relationship there is liquidity around the laboratory services and you have many to many relationships and eventually all the past transactions can be created if there were a knowledge graph which there are and you can develop more complex multi-step transactions where you actually plan complete experimental projects and can find someone to run them for you so this is how we plan to provide basically physical laboratory services to online research communities and then on the second side it's not only the tools that matter it's also the teams that matter to actually use them so we need to build tools that enable teams to come together online and form these dynamic teams so the question is how can we facilitate dynamic team formation and what I think is really important is that we have subgroups with subject matter stewards where there is a scientist or an initial project that is leading a group we need to have a forum for conversations where scientists can meet and that guide expert attention and then we need tools in which even an outsider that might just be browsing through the community see something that's interesting and can contribute their micro expertise and there's for everybody that wants to think a bit more about how do we design communities such that expertise is concentrated in a collective way and we have tools for collective intelligence Michael Nielsen has one chapter where he compares Kasparov versus the world and Karpov versus the world both of them were chess games and in both cases the chess master was playing against an online community but the tools that these online communities were using to make decisions around the chess moves are very different and in both cases the chess masters won was the way that the mechanism was designed had subgroups subject matter stewards and ways for discovery of micro expertise another question that we have to ask is how do we actually get scientists to contribute to a doubt this is still something that's very out there if you're an academic scientist you probably haven't heard a lot about what the type of work is that we're doing so we invest a lot of time in building onboarding flows that explain all of the centralized signs of our community and then something that we want is that laptop is the dow of laboratories where each lab starts out as a community of people that focus on a particular problem, focus on a particular project idea or develop and maintain a particular sort of repository but then over time develop their own culture start annotating and keeping track of their contributions among each other and this is just a screenshot of the coordinate graph which is a peer-to-peer system which we track contributions within our labs and then eventually even spin out as an independent sub-dow where this could really be the point where for example future research organizations meet or future biotech companies meet and then eventually branch off and focus on themselves and the project that they want to develop so how do I think we can further develop the d-size stack on this site I would like everybody to just explore new experiments in which we can fund signs I think reputation systems might be really interesting but also dangerous so that we don't repeat mistakes that we have with the current ecosystem where reputation is extremely important and the funding is very centralized and then on the execution side I think we need to just onboard more laboratory capacity and that's something that I'm really excited about and then on the distribution side not only think about the sharing of final research products such as a publication or an IPNFT but also think about how do you share hypotheses so for example an entry in a knowledge graph that ends with a question mark that is a shelling point for scientists to come together and share their opinions and with that I would like to thank you for your attention and look forward to the conversations afterwards


Hi friends and poor va and today we will discuss the following question find the unit vector in the direction of vector pq where p and q are the points 1, 2, 3 and 4, 5, 6 respectively. Let us now begin with the solution. Now let O be the origin then we have vector O is equal to 0 i cap plus 0 j cap plus 0 k cap. So we get then vector O p is equal to i cap plus 2 j cap plus 3 k cap because we have vector O p is equal to position vector of p minus position vector of O and we get that is equal to i cap plus 2 j cap plus 3 k cap and vector O q is equal to 4 i cap plus 5 j cap plus 6 k cap because vector O q is equal to position vector of q minus position vector of O and that is equal to 4 i cap plus 5 j cap plus 6 k cap. So we have vector pq is equal to vector O q minus vector O p and we have this is equal to now vector O q is equal to 4 i cap plus 5 j cap plus 6 k cap minus vector O p is equal to i cap plus 2 j cap plus 3 k cap. This is equal to now first we write the coefficients of i cap together so we have 4 minus 1 i cap plus we write the coefficients of j cap together so we get 5 minus 2 j cap plus we write the coefficients of k cap together so we get 6 minus 3 k cap and this is equal to 3 i cap plus 3 j cap plus 3 k cap so we have got vector pq is equal to 3 i cap plus 3 j cap plus 3 k cap. Now we have to find the unit vector in the direction of vector pq so for that first we will find mod of vector pq so mod of vector pq is equal to mod of 3 i cap plus 3 j cap plus 3 k cap and this is equal to under root of 3 square plus 3 square plus 3 square which is equal to under root of 9 plus 9 plus 9 and this is equal to under root of 27 so we get mod of vector pq is equal to 3 root 3. Now let the unit vector in the direction of vector pq is given by n cap therefore we have n cap is equal to vector pq upon mod of vector pq and this is equal to now vector pq is equal to 3 i cap plus 3 j cap plus 3 k cap upon mod of vector pq is equal to 3 root 3 and we have this is equal to 1 upon root 3 i cap plus 1 upon root 3 j cap plus 1 upon root 3 k cap so we have n cap is equal to 1 upon root 3 i cap plus 1 upon root 3 j cap plus 1 upon root 3 k cap hence the unit vector in the direction of vector pq is given by 1 upon root 3 i cap plus 1 upon root 3 j cap plus 1 upon root 3 k cap this is our answer hope you have understood the solution bye and take care


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Bullying is happening everywhere, all the time, isn't it? We have structured the world in such a way, at least the commercial forces on the planet constantly telling you, you are exclusive. And once we breed this exclusiveness, bullying is natural. This has to change, but that's not going to change overnight. That needs lots of work on humanity. Sadhguru, there's a lot of violence going on in the world now. And even my daughter was doing a paper on bullying in schools. So I found myself wanting to be able to explain to her what the source of violence is, and I wasn't too good at it. So I was wondering if you could speak to that, and then what somebody like myself could do to assist in the schools to help. See, if they do not train in school, how will they live in this world which is full of bullying anyway? The more powerful are always bullying, the less powerful. Whether it is in the… in the form of nations, or in the famed form of communities, or in the form of individual human beings, bullying is happening everywhere, all the time, isn't it? We have structured the world in such a way, if you don't learn to bully enough, at least in the society's eyes, you don't get anywhere. Either your bullying is crude just on the strength of your muscle, or it is in subtle ways. But bullying is happening all over the place. I want you to understand the world, the international situation is not any different from the street corner, just the way, the same way, isn't it? The strong lean on the weak in so many ways. It is still a caveman's world of survival of the fittest conducted in a more cunning manner, not straightforward. So the way the world runs right now is just by bullying. So we're producing leaders in the school. Those who bully well could become leaders tomorrow. Yes? So as a part of this, now we are in the process of starting a Isha Leadership Academy. Of course it'll have a basic MBA program, but the more important vision for this is to develop leaders on all levels, a housewife. Maybe we'll have a weekend management and leadership course for her.  Maybe a local small-time vegetable vendor, he every day meets at least fifty-hundred people. So maybe we'll have a week-long management course for him and a leadership course for him. Because we have not produced the right kind of leaders. Bullies are considered leaders. Compassionate human beings, people with a larger vision about humanity are not considered leaders, they're considered philosophers in this world. They're dismissed off as visionaries. This has to change, but that's not going to change overnight. That needs lots of work on humanity and individual human beings. General statements, slogans on the street will not help. It needs pointed work on individual human being. There's not been enough infrastructure to do that kind of work. So this is another thing we're doing now. All this that we're building here is infrastructure for an inclusive consciousness which has never been done in these parts of the world. And in the east it was done plenty in the past, but nothing in the last few hundred years. Because this infrastructure is completely missing in most parts of the world that for a human being to become a full-fledged, blossomed human being, there is no infrastructure. There's lots of infrastructure for survival. A lot. So bullying is essentially children are doing it because they perceive that's how the world works. Everybody is using whatever power they have to beat that somebody else. People are not using the power they have to uplift somebody. Even if they uplift somebody, there is a string attached that they can pull you down anytime they want.  They have a string attached to it. For this we need a powerful non-sectarian spiritual process to liberate people like that so that every human being can blossom in his own way. He need not be my way or your way. He can blossom in his own way as long as he's inclusive as life is. Life is inclusive. Inclusiveness is not an ideology. Inclusiveness is not some kind of a philosophy. Inclusiveness is the way of life. The existence is happening out of its inclusiveness, not out of exclusiveness. Not a single atom can exist here exclusively.  But the whole world is at least the commercial forces on the planet constantly telling you you are exclusive, isn't it? And once we breed this exclusiveness, bullying is natural. Bullying is not just because somebody is evil. Once exclusiveness is bred, bullying is natural. Inclusiveness is the only answer. Inclusiveness not in terms of I love you, you love me. Just clearly seeing life that it's an inclusive process, experientially seeing it's all inclusive, there is no other way to be.