Welcome back to the channel everyone, and you're here with oh you are and that is a prime example of how things are going on eBay at the moment soon, you think they're going great Something jumps out at you, but hey here. We are again so cancelling my second store Why? good question for the last six months obviously we've all been struggling on the platform and I myself am not Outside of this impact as a seller I have been running two stores my second store has been my experimental store my testing store Which I've been using for trialing different techniques whilst at the same time Moving certain products across to niche the second store Lower sell itself through rate items Niche items etc that I want to be moving across into a bracket of its own and As such obviously the impact of that is it doesn't get a lot of sales Unfortunately with the platforms Changes shall we say It has put a financial struggle Against myself and the survival of the second store to the point where I have had to supplement the Expense for the second store from the profits from the first store. I can't do it anymore I I can't continue to run that business plan of supporting the second store From the first or I I've literally Over the last month or so changed the strategy for them to become Individually self-sustaining businesses as such Even though I Utilize the second store for testing from the first for the first store Before rolling out on any techniques that I may find successful I have Now reached a point where I cannot sustain that second store now my second stores listing capability is Almost as high as my first store so I could pretty much in principle double But With the reduced amount of sales that the platform is Serving up shall we say at the moment? I can't do it. I just can't do it. So I'm having to cancel my store subscription For my second store. I will leave the account as active But I have ended all my listings Now I I don't know if anyone else has Been through this Or has an opinion on how they would handle it But it's as I say it's been six months. I've tried to sustain it I've tried to support it and Underpin it from profits from the first store But I can't continue Sinking money into that second store when it's not Giving anything back. I've literally had Zero sales on my second store for about six weeks Literally and it had 260 listings So I have ended the listings. I have cancelled the subscription. I will look at Hopefully in the future revisiting that second store Initially, I'm thinking around springtime and Maybe if the platform starts to gain momentum or the business starts to gain momentum again I can then readdress it All the listings that I've taken off of my second store Similar items that would of in time been moved across to the second store from the first store I've also ended from my first store now this has Extremely reduced the amount of listings I have I've probably removed About 500 listings from a total of somewhere between 8 to 900 listings A lot of my products are Multivariation, so it's actually a lot more items than just 500 listings. I have Initially bundled up or I shall start again. I've I've Refotographed Rebundled recreated listings To cover all 500 items Which is why I have not for the last week or so puts much if any content out there So I apologize to everyone if they were expecting anything last week We will get back on track now So we'll get more content getting up there and we'll get that supplied ASAP now with those bundles it's curious because I've got 500 items as I say I've Refotographed Rebundled I've even packaged ready for shipping so I literally don't have to spend that time at the other side of the fence Which you can see a lot of it behind me here on the shelf Now There are about 12 items in each bundle and within 24 hours 36 hours of Relisting those bigger bundles. I've already sold one So you can look at it as I've sold one item one listing or you can look at it as even though I hadn't sold anything on my second store for six weeks within a day, I've sold 12 of those listings, but in one bundle so Yeah, I can live with that if that's the way it's got to go But it is on my first store my main store Which may have had an impact. I don't know Both businesses or both stores had identical information So it's not like That should have had an effect. Maybe the fact that I've had my main store open for four years could have had an effect It's difficult to work out and sometimes it's it's hard to make those big choices and those big changes but something had to happen and Around this time once I'd removed all of these listings repackaged and Relisted or created new listing should I say I Had noticed a massive increase in impressions on my main store now Initially, I had also obviously prior to removing these listings on the first and second store. I'd also Done a lot of work in the metadata on the existing listings on the first store my first initial thought was this is the Outcome of that Metadata improvement and listing improvements But it seems Jeff also over at Haver herself had a similar Observation on his impressions around the same day and my impressions have stayed up there since whether that is just a platform thing it could be that the platform is Pushing more impressions out there now It could be that the AI has now Started to settle in certain areas of its programming and it's managing to push more there Or it could be that there are more bios searching for those terms at the moment But Jeff sells a lot of different items to what I sell so I don't think it's probably the latter it'd be interesting to know if anyone else has noticed the increase in Promoted in in impressions and promoted impressions. I promote everything across my store I It's marketed in it's marketed. It's Calculated into my final profit margin, so I accept that as part of my business plan Not everyone's business plan is the same But for me it works or it has worked Also as a knock-on effect of this Yesterday, I had my larger sales day in Probably about a month and a half came out of nowhere Which was surprising again great happy for the sales Hopefully that's going to continue on the impressions have For the last four days have been the highest impressions. I've had in four years literally in four years It's curious That it suddenly spiked And it can only be platform-based in my calculations. It could only be platform-based. I can't see their overnight and sustainably since overnight being a huge increase in buyers suddenly Searching the platform I could be wrong. I could be wrong. I mean, let me know what your thoughts are It'd be nice to know who else has noticed similar patterns and What their observations are and what their full processes are going forwards For me though, I am down to one store we have to accept that sometimes Expansion isn't always a sustainable all the right option Sustainability is hard enough, especially in the current climate. It's difficult. It's difficult now With the economy. Yes, okay pays a part plays a part, but I People are still gonna need and want items still people are still gonna have money that have money Those that don't have as much money will be looking for bargains those items that they want or need Are still gonna be wanted and needed So the platform is is always gonna have those sales and those needs for and for those listings Whether or not we are priced in the right bracket or if we've got our listings in front of the right eyes That's the game isn't it? You know, that's the game of getting results and We're constantly trying new things. I mean, I know I sound a bit down. I do apologize I don't mean to be it's been a hard week. It really has been a hard week It's taken. It's tall. I've literally been doing You know, my brains not even working. I mean, let's put it this way I've been getting up by about five five fifteen each morning And I'm not getting to sleep until about twelve half twelve at night And I've been doing that. Well, I've been a form of that. I've been doing ever since day one but to this extent This last week has exhausted me but You got you know when you're self-employed and it's your business. You've got to put the hours in whatever the business needs That's what it means. I Will be working on trying to reduce that as we always do but you know, it is what it is So, yeah, so let's see let's see what else you want to discuss today Yes, bundling up the networks. He's starting to work and that's interesting If that is a pattern that continues I may well continue to source these products further down the line and Package and list them in the same manner It's possible I suppose that The increase In sales or the spike in impressions, etc could be because the items I've ended are lower priced and Now I've bundled them up into a higher price that the The higher Listing price on the average listing price should we say Has had a knock-on effect for the average selling price Which it then has had a knock-on on the sell-through rate and so on and so forth. It's possible It'd be great to know the answer to that one. Unfortunately, there is no way of knowing for sure But we shall see, you know, see if that pattern continues to grow and continues to move in the direction that I need it to It's frustrating and a shame that I've had to close down the subscription on the second store It's gonna mean that if I do want to test anything out. I'm gonna have to test it on my first store I'm not gonna risk listing stuff on the second store Just for testing at this point, I think I need to think of the bottom line and the margin that Even though yes, I want to help the community I can't financially afford that second store at the moment But I will always be testing. I will always be crunching numbers and I will always be supporting my fellow seller reseller in the community and Hopefully everybody will do the same for everybody and myself as well So yes Yes Sales have improved That's a good sign What we are noticing. I think with the impressions though is for a comparison twice today This morning before even seven o'clock. I had two separate sales and and both of them within 60 seconds of The cha-ching showing up on the phone. So let me know that I had a sale. I also then had the notification Bell ring to say you have a message for cancellation. I think what's happening here is they're pushing more impressions after the sale So obviously once you've gone to your basket, you've made your purchase I think it's then pushing other items. So it's throwing up more impressions and Unfortunately, I think In a negative results the items that is pushing to people are similar or same items that are cheaper Which is resulting in the instantaneous request to council Which I really hope they're not doing because that is going to be very frustrating and time-consuming and Just mentally exhausting if that's going to become a pattern I know eBay want to get more impressions out and we want to take those impressions, but if you're not serving The right impressions to people at the right point They shoot themselves in the foot again and it is It's becoming a repetitive cycle I Mean I don't about yourselves. I mean if you've experienced anything similar. Let me know, you know put it in the comments below It's it's all well and good to say, you know, just just accept the cancellation move it on Just carry on ignore it forget about it and move on It can be difficult. It can be difficult especially when that negativity is Is on the back of other possible negativities such as lower sales such as lower impressions such as Time constraints for trying to increase Your profitability on your platform trying to spend time researching for sourcing times trying to spend time Breaking down what's going wrong Trialing and erroring bit having the patience to wait for results to figure out The next move I know we're all in the same boat and that's business. I guess and I've always want to hold myself accountable for everything that affects my account Or my sale should I say more precisely? but Sometimes I think it would be easier and I know they won't do it, but I think it'd be easier if eBay were more transparent For example, when somebody goes to cancel an order that they've just purchased Instead of just saying request to cancel Maybe they have a drop-down option for us to see which is changed mind Found cheaper Ordered by a mistake or whatever those options are to at least give us Some avenue as long as they choose the right option and don't use their own Thought process of all I don't want to say it's this I'll say it's this But let's just say that they do put the right choice down at least it would give us an idea of an understanding of why things are happening in the way they are a Little more and not allow them to press ok to cancel or request to cancel until they've chosen an option I mean give them a box to say sorry About blah, maybe put a personal note in if they wanted and we know they're not going to always do it But again, it's more information the more information you can gather from The other side of the fence then the better your understanding of the impact of your business Or why things are happening and impacting your business in the way they are your thoughts Any ideas you think may benefit I know we are just Throwing spitballed ideas out there and these are may not necessarily be things that eBay would even consider Which we know this is the case, but at least if we could discuss ideas We could maybe put those across to them at some points and then if enough people put their point across maybe if it's Something that would benefit eBay. They may consider it in the future maybe it's always maybes, but If you do nothing, you'll get nothing if you do something You might see something and it's the might that's we're hanging on to we might get sales. We might get impressions. We might get better support from eBay in processes I Mean the changes that have happened of late. I mean, it's some of them are just crazy. I mean we've seen the feedbacks Having pictures why why would you need pictures on a feedback? You only need pictures in a case if you were raising a case for a return So you can as a buyer to put their point across from the buyer side This is what I've received or this is the quality of it or blah blah blah This is the damage etc etc so that it can be looked at as a visual case. You don't need visuals on a feedback There's an item number there you can click on your item number and you can see the listing and you can see all the pictures there The feedback doesn't need pictures. It's it's just far too open to interpretation. I Mean, I'm sure I'm not the only one. I've seen so so many over the last four years. You see so many seller buyers that Scam the system. I had one recently that eBay looked after me for thankfully, but they were They placed an order Within two days Once the item was shipped they then requested to cancel said I don't want it anymore Can I get my money back? Well, yeah, sure once you get the item you can send it back and then we'll cancel give you a refund One hour my money back now. Well, it doesn't work that way You have to wait till you get the item and then when they receive the item They'd realize that they would I don't pay for returns. I will not pay for returns at least that's my process at the moment I don't think it makes any difference. If they're buying it. They should be keeping it Unless there's something wrong with it and that's fine. You can return it if there is something wrong with it Because we'd have to pay for it then anyway, and this is what this customer had found They obviously know the system. They know that if they do buyers remorse, they're gonna have to pay for the return If they find something wrong with it, I pay for the return so Yeah, so the item basically they Received it and then when they received it within moments it was an item return raised and It was an inad And I was like, how is it an inad, you know, I mean it's exactly what it's listed I'm very careful with my listings and They said oh, it doesn't fit and it's poor quality and The picture they'd uploaded Was a two inch square corner of the entire item You couldn't even see the full item And then there was nothing wrong in in the two inches you could see anyway One it was still in the original packaging unopened To it was exactly the same Item as was in the picture So yeah, so they game the system eBay did look after me. They refunded me the return postage I still have the item. That's great. I can relist and resell. That's not a problem But the these are the situations and this is the point the case is where you need the picture What if they'd have put that picture up on your feedback? What benefit would it have been? You know, I mean or it there's also the issue where if somebody wants to be really Arsy as it were they could put another picture from elsewhere of The same product That maybe wasn't of the same quality and they could do that to you they could do that to your feedback And I think eBay need to monitor that a lot closer because I mean at the moment we have no control We have no face-to-face communication for feedback. Anyway, it's all done online Everything's online now you can you can so much of the eBay platform is not even human to human I mean how much communication can you have in a conversation in a couple of minutes and Resolve an issue whereas if you're doing it by a message You're waiting 48 hours for the response of from the first sentence It's just ridiculous But hey, you know, I mean that that's just one Area that they're looking after buyers should we say or giving buyers a bigger expanse of interactiveness on the platform to their experience You can't give them negative feedback Why the heck not If they were scamming you surely you would be able to or something similar You should have just as much right to give them a response to back up your story You don't want to be doing it on your feedback Because it sounds petty You know on your when they put feedback on your on your item they purchased from you You have the option to Counteract that feedback and put something on there, you know But you're gonna be careful what you put on there because you don't want to sound petty and sort of When when other buyers come come to look at your listings, sorry I Appreciate at the end of the day I mean what the platform is looking for buyers wants to give the buyers the best experience give them the most interaction on the site and on their Their purchases and their their thoughts on what they've purchased etc. I get that and that's that's great But maybe there should be a You know, I mean as I'm thinking it I see it's something that would never happen. It would just become a ranting platform, but maybe there should be a seller focused side of a Feedback as far as they should be a Like you can click on feedback and see everyone's interactions What it is what you serve feedback as a seller feedback as a buyer feedback left for others, etc But maybe there should be an option for sellers So a feedback section for sellers where sellers can see other sellers experiences from a transaction Does that make sense? So like the eBay community page, but just for sellers Feedbacks on transactions. So if you have a trans a feedback option you can feedback on say a buyer that's This is a great seller or buyer. Sorry or Be careful with this type of customer That will try this this and this so that is best practices for sellers as well to see the pitfalls So that you can see Aspects of the process obviously I think you would probably have to make sure you can't see the buyer's name So I force flat already doesn't it really? possibly something along the lines of This situation and you could give the listing but you could hide the The buyers details so that it was literally showing you your listing And they're from there. You could have a comment section after the that section showing the listing possibly saying I have experienced this with a seller They have tried to do this X Y and Z. This is how it played out be aware of this type of issue maybe you could in future deal with it in a certain way or Have a section where you could say you can ask for other people to comment what would be the best way, you know so they could see more detail of The journey of that particular transaction. I don't know maybe that's a bit Unproductive I don't know but I think so similar to like what we do here, you know So where we communicate with each other we comment on our experiences We say certain things have happened and then we get feedback from Our comments from other YouTube seller sellers on YouTube Let's say how this is how I dealt with it or maybe you want to try and deal with it this way or be careful It is be careful of that. Sorry very dry throw today So, I mean, maybe that could be of benefit, you know, I mean again an idea You know just an idea that might work for putting out there that could benefit some more people There are too many sellers on the platform. I get it but I Get it, but And we work that eBay are working to filter out the the less desirable sellers for sure unfortunately through The way the platform will be going forwards. We're going to lose reputable sellers that just can't either compete or because of the way The system is now or aspects of the system that it's just not going to allow them to be Successful or profitable going forward. So there will be less competition I get it Selfishly that is a good thing As a community, it's a shame that there will be good reputable sellers that just can't continue I do hope they have managed to find a way through and if they can't find a way through They do eventually come back if that is what they their dreams and their goals are It's a struggle for them, you know, I mean, of course it is That the platform is geared to buyers. We know this But it's biased buyers They have zero respect to sellers As far as the comparativeness of their respect to buyers They always Side initially on the side of the buy it. It's like the customer is always right And I think you may have taken that way too much to heart way too much to heart because as we know Customers not always right. We're all human. We all make mistakes and we're all susceptible to The possibility of doing something wrong whether it be by accident or on purpose and the system needs to be neutrally placed not By a biased you can still retain your buyers without Kissing their backsides Just be professional You know so we're coming up to the end of The quarter four now to be fair Depending on what you sell this could be the most busiest time Or it could be the most dead time for you now I think it depends on the products that you're selling. I think it depends on your geographic placement Quality of your account There are lots of aspects that will play into this I Generally find it does slow down around a few days prior to Christmas I'm very sorry It does slow down a few as I say a few days prior to Christmas But as soon as Christmas is I get sales on Christmas Day I get sales on boxing day and it just keeps going and that's great The kind of products I sell generally are evergreen They're also the type of products that people will buy post Christmas Which is good So I'm hoping for a great Q1 for 2024 and I'm going to keep pushing forwards for that and we're going to keep hoping for that I've not written off the remainder quarter four. I'm still hoping that things continue growing in the meantime and Stay sustainable. I need some stability and I think that is a big thing that we're missing at the minute Is there just is no stability the sooner eBay manages to? settle The ocean of the platform the better but hey This is eBay and this is what we want to do. So all these things come into play So yes comment below if you have any thoughts any questions Hit the like button if you like the content and obviously if you're new to the channel subscribe if you want future content around This type of thing and in the meantime, keep it real


So there's many different kinds of healing frequencies, there's not just one because you think of music, there's different kinds of music, right? So there's a big group of frequencies called RIFE, R-I-F-E frequencies, and those are, you know, been around for about 80 years or so. And these are very specific. So they have ones for very specific health conditions. And we have a whole list of... Yeah, so these are, there's about, there's so many, there's 10,000 of them, okay? So that's the old stuff. Now we use our own techniques, including RIFE techniques, but there's actually many techniques of creating these, let's say, music for healing. So we use, and then we made our own frequency, we call them quantum frequencies or higher quantum frequencies.


So, this is our session, Multilingual in Drupal 8, featuring visit the USA.com and Habitat.org. My name is Jay. I've worked with Media Current for the last eight years or so. My title is currently Director of Development, and you can follow me at Drupal Ninja on Twitter. This is my co-worker, Dan. Hi, I'm Dan. I've been doing Drupal for about eight years, and I got to work on Habitat.org, including the multilingual setup there. Awesome. Thanks, Dan. Just a little bit about Media Current. Media Current helps organizations build highly impactful, elegantly designed Drupal websites that achieve the strategic results they need. Okay, let's talk through today's outline. We tried to keep it pretty close to the original outline that we submitted for this session. Now, we'll be showing you a lot of annotated screen grabs just in the interest of time, and most of our examples are, of course, coming from visit the USA and Habitat. Many of you might be like me and Dan. Maybe you've done multilingual in Drupal, but either you don't do it all the time, or maybe you just haven't done it yet in Drupal 8. It had been a while since I had done a big translation like this, so it really felt like I was doing it from scratch. I think Dan and me, both around the same time, were working with our respective projects and talking with each other about different things. Our goal today is to hopefully save you a lot of time just walking through everything step-by-step. When we were working on this project originally, there wasn't a ton of comprehensive information out there, so I hope this really helps get you going. The great news about this is that you can do all of this setup without any coding knowledge required. It is a lot to take in and understand, but you can be a site builder and get it working. Please, if you have a burning question, you're confused about something, raise your hand, shout it out. You can wait till the Q&A if you want to, but I don't want anybody leaving here confused about anything, so please don't hesitate, raise your hand, or just come talk to us later. First, let's talk about the modules we're going to need to configure a multilingual Drupal site. So here we'll talk about the core modules you're going to need to enable to get going. You're pretty much going to need just about every multilingual core module enabled. So there's four main modules here. Configuration, translation. This allows you to configure things like blocks, menus, et cetera. Content, translation. This lets you translate nodes, taxonomy terms. Interface translation. We'll walk you through how to use this tool later. This lets you translate all of the hard-coded text you might have around the site. And then language, the language module allows you to add new languages. So notice, I didn't mention any contrib dependencies. The great thing in Drupal 8 is that you don't need a ton of contrib modules like you did in the past. And so this is awesome news. We got everything in core that we need. Okay, let's talk about setting up languages. We'll see this page a lot. First, go to slash admin slash configure. You're probably familiar with that page. There's this little section called regional and language. And we'll be walking through several of these items today. And so the first one is languages. By default, you will have English enabled or whichever language you install the site with. But you can add any kind of language you want. Now, many of the languages do have language packs. And they include things for interface translations for many of the core and contrib modules. And that's great if that's important for you. In our experience with our clients, the admin interface translation is more or less a non-issue just because a lot of the administrators are using the English interface. So the language pack piece isn't as relevant for us, but it could be different for you. Okay, so going to the configure languages page. It's not visible on this screen, but you can add your own custom languages. And this can be useful. This was useful for us on VisitUSA because we had our own language prefixes that were used on the old site course site. And so we were able to map it one to one. It made things less confusing. So that's an option. Okay. And now I'm going to hand it off to Dan to talk about translating fields. All right. So in Drupal, there's always been this question of whether you're translating your content at the entity or node level or at the field level. And going back to Drupal 6, it was always at the entity level. And what this meant was you would have, let's say you had a Spanish content and some English content, you would have a node for each. And they would each have an NID. And that worked out okay. But then in Drupal 7, they introduced entity translation, which made things a little bit easier because you were able to have a single node with multiple translations. And then you could translate each field individually. So each field would have its own content per translation. And this is the way that's been kind of driven forward in Drupal 8. And I think this is really good because it's, you know, very simply it's easier to manage fewer nodes than it is to manage, you know, a ton of different nodes, you know, one per language. It gets kind of unwieldy, especially when you might have incoming entity or node references. So most of this tutorial is going to go over how to configure translation at the field level. So the first, you know, step when you're trying to figure out how to structure your site for translation is you have to decide which content types you want to translate. In Habitat for Humanity, these were our country landing pages. So the first thing you want to do is edit your content type. And you'll see in the language settings, you'll see there's an enable translation checkbox. This is the one you want. It's pretty well labeled. Those other ones in there are there to confuse you a little bit, but if you're doing entity or field level translation, you don't need to worry about them because they'll be overridden, you know, just because you set the enable translation checkbox. So once you have a translatable content type, you can create a node of that content type. In our case, you know, Mexico is a good example of this. There's a country landing page that had different content depending on the language context that was detected. So, you know, you'll create the node. You'll fill in, you know, any default values. It won't be of much use until you have translatable fields, which we'll see in a minute. And then you'll have access to this translate tab, which is, you know, a sibling of the view and, you know, edit and all those revisions. And this is kind of, you know, mission control for a single node, really entity. It's the same across all entity types as you'll see. And you'll see which translations have been created, which, you know, are yet to be created. And this is where you can add those translations and populate the fields. Which brings us to, you know, the kind of the meat of this, which is how do you configure the fields for translation since we are doing translation at the field level rather than by using duplicate nodes. So this, again, was made pretty simple to figure out, I think, since it's all in core, that's really been great. You know, all this stuff is pretty well documented and, you know, evident, really. So to make a field translatable, you simply edit the field and click the users may translate this field. There's no trickery here. That's pretty much all you need to do. And what this will do is this will make it so that when you have some content that has this field, so in our case, you know, country node, you can enter a value for this field per language. So, you know, again, it's one node, one node ID, but multiple values for every field that you've indicated you want to be translatable. There's another way to look at all of this. You can go to the configuration screen in the region and language section and the one I've highlighted. And that gives you a really nice kind of bird's-eye view of all the translation settings for your pull sites, so for all entity types. At the top, you can choose which entity types you want to have translatable. And at the bottom, you have each entity type and then each bundle of that entity type to say what fields within that you want to make translatable. So, again, all of this interface exists kind of segmented in other places, but here's a nice way you can, you know, do it all at once. It's kind of big and ugly, but you can click a lot of things and get a lot done in one fell swoop, as it were. So, you know, we saw a pretty simple example of a field that you probably want to translate. You know, it was a WYSIWYG field, long text formatted as Drupal calls it, but Drupal has a lot of other field types and some of them are more, you know, a little bit trickier and, you know, when you're thinking about translation. So, you know, we encountered these and scratched our heads a little bit during our projects and, you know, we'll kind of share some of the insights that we gained. So, one of the, like modern sites rely on paragraphs a lot. So, just to give a quick synopsis of what that is, paragraphs is a contrib module that basically, instead of, you know, making the content on your nose and articles and other things be just a big WYSIWYG field with lots of strange markup and short codes and whatnot, you can have your content on nose or any entity be defined by paragraph references. And these, this makes it more structured. You can say, okay, here's a text paragraph, an image paragraph and, you know, any kind of paragraph. They're basically just entities with a, you know, like field collections with a set of fields that you can define. So, how does this, how do they, you know, what comes into play when you try to translate them? Well, it says don't translate. What that means is you don't want to translate the field referencing them. So, the field on your node referencing the paragraphs, you don't want to translate that. And it will remind you that you can't also, so that's helpful. Which, of course, begs the question of how do you translate paragraphs? The key there is that you can make the paragraph entity type translatable, just like you did with nodes. So, this is, you know, illustrating the great part about entity translation is that it's, you know, any entity it works for and in core, you know, the entity UIs are much better standardized than they were in Drupal 7, certainly Drupal 6. So, this is, you know, made pretty standard across all the entity types. So, once you translate the paragraph fields, you'll be able to translate your paragraph content nodes. Taxonomy field references is another kind of interesting one. You certainly can translate them, but, you know, to think about kind of what this implies when you have multiple translations with different taxonomy references, it makes filtering by those tags kind of tricky because you'll have, you know, you won't be sure, you know, what piece of content you're dealing with when you're filtering. And it's far simpler to leave the taxonomy reference field untranslated. But again, like paragraphs, you can actually make the taxonomy term entity itself translatable. So, that way, you know, the use case for that is like if you want to display the name of the term on the node, you don't translate the term reference field, you translate the term, and then language negotiation and language detection will take care of everything else for you. Images, this is probably a yes in terms of translation. Definitely the alt text on an image, you want to be translatable, assuming it's something that, you know, visitors coming in multiple languages might be seeing. Make the alt text translatable because that's important for SEO and accessibility, of course. And then, you know, kind of the more discretionary issues, the file itself, the field translation supports translating the file. And what that amounts to is you provide a different file for different languages. It works the same way as text in a WYSIWYG. And this, you know, there's certainly use cases for this. You know, if your node has like, you know, covering some kind of protest and you have one sign in Spanish, one sign in English, that might be, you know, useful for that. Otherwise, you know, you might be fine with a single image across all translations. Another one is node references or any entity reference. And this is very similar to taxonomy term references because those, the taxonomy term references derive from the entity reference field now. So, in short, you probably don't want to translate the field itself, but you do want to translate whatever's being targeted by that field. In this case, it looks like a node. And now I'm going to hand it off to Jay to talk about the translation interface. All right, thank you, Dan. Okay, so we're back at the regional language area, the configuration page. And now we're going to go to the user interface translation page. This is going to be similar. If you've used this in the past, it's pretty similar. Basically, this is like a search and replace kind of action. So, think about all the button text, all the other miscellaneous text strings you have in template files and things like that. This usually is text you want translated. So, as long as you use the translate function in Drupal, a.k.a. the t function, Drupal will know how to keep track of those strings and they will show up here. There are a couple of gotchas that we'll talk you through in a bit. Assuming your default language is English, you're going to be searching for all of your English text and then you'll need to fill in the translated copy into this interface. Now, what we did on visit is we were able to export everything, send over the files to a translation partner and import those back in in bulk. The import and export files that Drupal generates are human readable, so it's easy enough to work with. So, once we did that, it was easy enough for editors to just use this interface for any one-off strings that they needed to translate. So, any questions on this? Okay, let's look at menus. So, if you remember the page Dan showed you a minute ago where you could see all of your content configuration in one place, there's a little checkbox there for menu links. Then you'll need to check, save that. Once you do that, when you edit your menu links, you're going to see this translate tab and just like on your other content. So, that's pretty easy. Okay, we're getting the hang of this. What about translating taxonomy? Same kind of deal. Go back to the content configuration screen, turn on taxonomy terms, select whatever fields that you want translated and now you have a translate tab. So, that's so fun and easy. Okay, we're on a roll. Let's talk about how to configure language negotiation. So, we're back at the languages screen. This is where we added our languages earlier. So, if you're having trouble remembering where all of these pages are, remember you can access them all from that one area of the configuration page. So, earlier we didn't talk about the detection and selection tab at the top of this page, so let's do that now. This is going to give you a bunch of options on how to determine which language to render to the user. Now, I'll admit that I'm not an expert on all of these options. What I do know is that one of the more popular options that you probably need to know about is the URL detection method. And there's actually two sub-options that we'll want to talk about. So, click configure on your URL and it takes you to this page. So, two options, which unfortunately are mutually exclusive. The prefix option that you see on the left is the easier option. That's my preferred option. This is where you simply have a prefix in the URL that tells you which language to render. All of your links are going to add this prefix for you and so as the user clicks around, unless you mess something up, they'll see the right language, page to page. And usually the way you get to this page initially is by maybe selecting it from the language drop-down. Now, the second option is what we have on visit the USA. It's a little bit trickier. It's there on the right. So, on visit they have top-level domains for almost all of their languages. So, the first disadvantage to this is that it means you're going to have to log into each site to edit a translation. That's kind of a hassle. The URLs do look a little bit nicer and I guess there's maybe a little bit less risk that you could accidentally get to the wrong language that could happen with the prefix. So, the biggest problem is just that it adds more work for editors. Now, if you did subdomains, you could have a shared session across all of your subdomains but we actually had separate top-level domains for almost every geo. So, that's just something to think about. And we actually override this setting locally so that locally we use the prefix thing just to make things easy. So, there's your options there. Okay, now I'm going to hand it back to Dan to talk about a few gotchas. So, by and large the translation functionality that we used worked really well in both of the sites. I think this is really a function of it being baked into core now and it benefits from all the testing that's in core. So, core tests can't really pass if language stuff is broken. Whereas before it was on contrib modules and it was kind of very ad hoc. But nevertheless, there's definitely some tricks to it and hopefully we can save you guys some time by going over that. And just real briefly, we're going to be looking at views. Making sure that it filters correctly. Some tricks with the translation interface and also the path auto and translating that. So, language detection works pretty well in views but it's not quite as smart as the rest of the site.  Views, you have to actually tell it a specific filter to use and you tell it to filter by the language. And the one you want to choose is the content language selected for the page and that just means whatever the language detectors have decided is the correct language. Which should be the same as the interface language that everyone will also work. And by the way, so that will work for search API as well. So if you have a view that's, you know, doing a solar search, you can use that to pipe the correct language into your solar search results, which is nice. The next thing that we had to kind of puzzle over a little bit was making sure that the translation interface, you know, the place where you can enter in the strings that represent the translations.  Because Drupal's not smart enough to, you know, look through all of your code and see where, you know, every place where something's been passed through the t function, which is what constitutes the interface text. So the trick here is it helps to actually crawl your site to make sure that everything gets loaded into here.  I think WGet might have some useful options for that. But however you end up doing it, make sure that you've actually gone to each page so that the database gets populated. And then you'll be able to use this to enter the string that you want to use for whichever translation. And the last thing to watch out for is the path auto settings. So this is, if you're using it, like a common use case here is you take the node title and whatever that is, you kind of process that and turn it into the slug for the URL. And the only trick here is that you just have to keep in mind that if it's a non-ASCII language, it will be, you know, transliterated into ASCII characters and then piped into path auto and then it'll use that as the URL. So that's probably the functionality that you would want, just something to keep in mind. And Jay's going to tell us a little bit about Lingotech. Thanks, Dan. So the last thing we're going to cover before Q&A are TMSs. A TMS is a translation management system. Lingotech is well known in the Drupal community because they're very involved, but there are other providers as well. So I'll just be covering a couple of examples just so you can get an idea of what it looks like in case you decide to use a translation partner. For a visit, we used a company called SDL, and they're a pretty big company. And so they are leveraging a contributed module called Translation Management Tool. And that module also depends on some other modules. You don't really need to know so much about what it's doing, just that many TMS providers will give you what they call a connector module that uses this contributed module. And the smaller module is just basically the glue between the TMS and the TMT module. So the big benefit for us as users is that it means quite often the interface you have is pretty consistent provider to provider. At Media Current, we've worked with several different partners and it's just nice when there's consistency there because they're leveraging the same tool. So I only have a couple of screen graphs to show you real quick. Most of your translation modules are going to have some concept of like a cart, kind of like a shopping cart. Translations, they go into a cart.  That creates a job. And then there's lots of reporting around statuses and things like that. So you might have to wait because there's a human element to it. Then you receive the translations back and you're able to review them and then import them into Drupal. And the workflow is pretty easy to work with. So, Lingotech. Lingotech is also another option. What I like about them is they have, so we have an internal demo that will show the prospects and we use a little Lingotech module connector. And it's nice because you can get a developer account and you can configure it and it'll do a machine language translation. And it's pretty fast and easy and it sends it back. It's good for demonstration, right? If you're trying to show this is how TMS works. So Lingotech is good for that. Now it's interesting about Lingotech. I haven't talked to them about this. I'm sure there's some reason. They don't use the same contrib module as some other TMSs use. I'm sure there's some valid reason for that. But the workflow is pretty similar. So same kind of thing. You request translations, create jobs, download them, et cetera. Pretty easy. Yeah. And so that covers about 90% or so what we had to do on Visit the USA in Habitat. So I hope that's helpful for you. And I think that sums up the tutorial part of the presentation. So we'll open up the floor for questions. And if you've got somewhere else to go, feel free. Can you talk a little bit about language fallback in group plate? What happens when you go to content? Isn't translated into your current language? Right. I think what's typical as far as fallback languages, it's usually going to fall back to your default language, which is often English. And so that will happen. Usually it's like some kind of logic error somewhere. Why that's happening? Oh, I forgot to add a filter or whatever. Why is English showing up here? And so then it's basically a bug to fix. Right. So that's a good point. So the comment was sometimes you don't have that content available. So in that case, same kind of thing. It's just going to render your default language. I guess you could add some additional logic around it if you didn't want that to happen. But for the sites that we do, they pretty much want the entire page translated. OK. So I don't know if you guys may not use it anymore, but we used to rely heavily on the path logic module back in the Drupal 7 days. And we used it again in a Drupal 8 site. And we noticed that it was actually having a lot of issues with regards to internal paths when we were trying to go from Spanish back to English. Is that something you guys had to deal with with either of the sites you showed or just any in the past? That's a good question. I haven't run into that myself. And I haven't even used the path logic because I don't know that they have a stable Drupal 8 module path logic. I don't think they do. I think they may have a dev module. We might be using the dev version. I'm not sure. Right. So the problem being when you need to switch back and forth between languages. Yeah, sometimes we'll have a Spanish node that has a link in the content that links back to another English page that may be somewhere related. On purpose, it's trying to link from Spanish to English. OK. Yeah, I just haven't run into that issue myself. I don't know, Dan, if you've run into that. Because with us, it's pretty much they're using the dropdown or whatever coming in from Search Engine. So they're pretty much wanting to stay on the same site with Visit. I think if you pass it through the API URL forming functions, it will decide if the URL exists that you're trying to go to. And if it does, and that's good, and if it doesn't, it will go to the fallback. But if you try to link to a translation that doesn't exist, just put in the wrong prefix if you haven't translated, it will 404 at that point. OK. Yeah, this was just something one of my developers wanted me to ask. OK. I mean, it might be, I guess, it could be a bug in Pathologic if Pathologic's not enough. It's not aware enough of... We didn't use that. Right. We may not actually need it. We'll go back and re-evaluate. But figure it out. Thank you. Yeah, that's a good question. Yeah. Thanks for the session. I'm from East Africa, like in a small country called Rwanda. And then like every time that you list the languages, you will not find Kenya Rwanda. I mean, the language that you're using. Maybe it may be beyond like this session, but can you please tell us like a little bit on the process of adding that language and translating the strings, like not necessarily like the content you're putting in. Because sometimes it's awkward, like you have the content that you have translated. But when there is an error, it comes in English till the user doesn't know what to do. I guess I understand part of the question. I don't know. So I know adding a custom language that isn't there, that isn't available. So you don't have the language packs. But you can add, it's kind of arbitrary in some sense. You can add, as long as the valid prefix or whatever, you can add your own custom language. It's just, it's not going to have the language pack stuff. So it won't have the interface translations. But I'm not sure I understood the rest of the... Yes. You answering part of it, but I'm doing it for myself. But if I want to contribute, so that other person comes and finds it there. You want to contribute a language? Yeah. Translation? You can do it for yourself, but if someone also comes, I can find Kinya Randa. I was asking the process to make available that core content. Is it like contributing back translations? Yeah. Yeah. There's definitely a Drupal initiative to basically cover the interface translations in every language. I forget what the name of that project is. But it's localizing Drupal. So there's, and I think if you search for it, there's a way to, a concerted effort to do that. Yeah. I'll get it for you. Yeah, sure. Yeah, I'm sure we can find that. Hi. I work on a team of about 10 content developers maintaining a site of nearly 12,000 nodes. And we localized some of them into about 10 to 12 target languages. So a bug I noticed maybe about a month ago, two days before we launched our Drupal site, actually, was whenever I added a new paragraph type to a node that had been translated into another language and added English content to it, it was showing up in English on the other nodes, on the translated nodes. Okay, yeah. I realize this is probably a special case and fault of our configuration or something like that. So I was curious if you had ever encountered an issue like that, because we have a lot of different paragraph types to like leave each other like notes saying like this content is reused in this place. Please don't add a link or something like that. Yeah, I think I could see how that would happen. If you, I think the key is you, if you added in the English translation, because the thing with paragraphs is tricky, because every translation references the same set of paragraphs. So as soon as you do that, it'll appear in all the other translations. I think the key is you just have to translate it there. Did you try that? We have a localization vendor that we do periodic exports and re-imports of the translated content so it's not like automatic or very quick. Well, yeah, so that's the issue. It's that there's a delay. So if the page, if the page is unpublished, then it's not an issue, but a lot of times the page is published and then you need to add a paragraph. But as soon as you add a new paragraph, it's, and you just add English, then that it's gonna show up. I wonder, it's not really a bug, it's just kind of an unfortunate feature. Like I don't know if content moderation helps you with that, if you could save it as a draft and send it through to your partner or whatever. So, because ideally, if you could save the English as a draft, it's not yet ready to publish, then send it off, whether it's using one of these connector modules or they just have a login and they translate it however your process is, then that might be a way around it. I don't know how well the, yet the whole content moderation workflow works well with translation. Yeah, that's something we're setting up and it's a help site for a software company that's doing continuous delivery releases, but unfortunately, we're not on continuous delivery for localization yet, so we have to publish content that won't be localized for a few more months. So we've just told people to edit the existing paragraphs. Right. I mean, the other thing is you could try to work around the problem as far as adding additional logic somewhere that says don't show it if it's in a different language or something, I don't know. I'm sure there's some way to, with a code fix or something, work around the issue, but it is kind of unfortunate just the way it works. And someday, I think the paragraphs module will support actually translating that field reference so you can have a different set of paragraphs per node, or yeah, per node. So, you know, I haven't checked on that in a few months. I think it's on the roadmap, definitely, because it really should, because it is a, it's a problem, because you don't want all of your translations sharing the same paragraphs, because what if you wanted to have an extra paragraph? Right. So. Okay, so another work around with the issue, and we actually set it up on visit, we added an extra language field to the paragraph so that they could, it's kind of a work around. I don't know if it's a perfect architecture or not, but we added a language field on some paragraphs so that they could specify that this paragraph only shows up, and so we had to add a little bit of logic around it, so we check it in a conditional, say, well, if the language matches the detected language and show it, if not, don't show it, and so that's another way to work around the issue, so you could have, let's say it's a hero slider that's using, that's powered by a paragraph, you could have one that only shows for English, you know, only one that shows for Spanish or whatever, and then in your kind of a situation, you could initially set it only for English until it's translated, and then you either, you know, add more languages to that or just unset it so that it, again, applies. That's another kind of a work around, you know, that kind of issue. Cool, thank you. Okay, yeah. Kind of following on from that last question, do you know if it's possible to configure the fallbacks so that you can say, if there is no content in my language, just don't display it, don't give me English, just give me nothing, and then even to go a step deeper, is it possible to configure the order of fallbacks so that if a user says, I prefer Spanish but I also know French, that they can, they'll get content in Spanish, and then if there is no Spanish, go to the French, and then, like, is there how much granularity is for those? That's a good question, as far as fallbacks, because I know on the detection page you have fallbacks and things for the detection, but then as far as, like, setting language, you know, a certain language order, I don't know if that's possible or not. I don't know if you've seen that. Yeah, maybe a custom language detection plug-in that kind of looks at, you know, lots of user-specified two preferences, and then it would be a custom plug-in, though, I think, but it would be similar to the one that exists if you would just, you know, ask for multiple languages. Give it an array instead of just a single? Yeah. Thank you. Yeah, I mean, that problem makes sense. I haven't run into that, but yeah, I could see. Hi, how are you? I wonder if you had any experience with a domain module and the languages using them together, and specifically the problem, for example, if you have, say, for example, you know, a European site with, you know, 10 subdomains for each country, you know, each country, like a Spain, for example, you'd run it off SP.you know, some example.com, and then you want that to default to a Spanish language with the possibility of having it also in English, right? So that's the problem. How would you, you know, if you have any ideas on how to use both domain and language at the same time, given the tools that Drupal offers? So question is, we aren't using the domain module, so I don't have a great answer for that, unfortunately. I've only briefly looked at it before I know some other guys at Media Current have used it. Yeah, Habitat didn't use it either. So are you wondering about language fallback as well, or just not? Yeah, I think it's the same problem, sort of, but it's per subdomain, right? Probably with multi-site, you could probably solve it and, you know, you just use the default, you know, the default language. Right. Yeah, okay. Yeah. All right. Okay, sorry. Sorry. Yeah, unfortunately, we haven't run into every problem. These are good questions. Hi, I apologize if this is a question that was already asked. Yeah, no problem. That was a bit late, but I've been having an issue with, it concerns the paragraph module, we'll familiar with that, and the fact that it doesn't translate, you have a content type, and then you have a paragraph type that, you know, has five of the subsets of it, but the main parts of that content type can't be translated because you're using the paragraph module. Does that make sense, or is that something you're running through? Yeah, that is something we've covered. I think that's probably a very common thing. We have mentioned it a couple of times, so you can't translate the paragraph as a whole, the field at least, you can translate the fields on the paragraph, and like Dan was mentioning earlier, there is an effort to make the whole thing translatable like some other entities like taxonomy field. You can translate the actual field reference, but then paragraphs right now, you can't do that, so it's just kind of a limitation, but you can kind of work around it. It's got a few quirks to it as we've discussed, but you're kind of just working around it, so. Thank you. Okay. When you selected the languages at the beginning, if a language is not listed there, are you just not able to use it? Does it have to go back to like when he was talking about doing the translations? Right. So like Uzbek and Kuali are not there. Right, so you can add a custom language. There is a little bit of validation that they put in there that I found. You can't just put like FUBAR as the language code. There is a little bit of caveat. There's like a Wikipedia page that tells you all the valid codes, but as long as it's like a valid language code, you can add your own custom language, and it's kind of arbitrary in the sense of it's a prefix, and that prefix maps to whatever the label of the language is, and you're good to go. It's just like any other language. The only thing you don't have, of course, is all the language packs that are associated with that language that come in core. So if that's important to you, then you might want to start translating your own interface strings or whatever, but a lot of times that's not necessarily a big deal. So it's just a key value pair, basically, is all it is. Okay, thank you. Yeah. For that custom field for paragraph, you're using to hide the content. Is that something custom or it's available as a country? There's a language field type. I can't remember if that just comes. I can't remember if that was a contrib module or not. Is there a language field? Yeah, does that come with one of the language modules, maybe? But yeah, so we added, it's just called a language field. It's not custom or anything. It's a field that's available, either core or whatever. And we just added that to our paragraph type as a workaround so that we could say, this hero paragraph for a slide or whatever, we only wanted to show up for English. And that's, again, that's the workaround where we can kind of have the best of both worlds by default. All of our hero slides show up for every language. Each field is translated, of course, but we do have the option where they could specify one or two for only specific geos. And it's a decent workaround. Now, it just doesn't happen magically. So you have the field, you capture that. And then in a conditional somewhere, maybe it's in your little twig template, you say if language whatever matches up, then show it, else hide it, works pretty well. You would do it in twig in a template. Yeah, just in twig. So you're just looking at that field value. And if it is true, then show it. I mean, it's a pretty easy workaround. I think it's not a bad solution. Another question. If you use Lingatech, for example, they switch in your workflow with translation nodes to their workflow, right? So you cannot go and add translation and manage it there. You have to go through Lingatech. Is it possible to have both? I guess I'm not exactly following the question as far as Lingatech. Let me show you where you translate in the node, right? You can add the translation and edit it there. You physically go in and copy and paste in the translation, right? In Lingatech, it's disabled. That part is not available. You can manage it only through Lingatech. Okay, yeah. I actually didn't even realize that they... So you're saying that they limit you from translating your own content. I guess if the module is configured. Yeah, that would seem like... That doesn't seem right. It seems like you should, from the translate tab, be able to just click edit on specific translation. You're saying if you want to manually translate a node. I mean, that would seem like not great because you wouldn't necessarily want to send every single piece of content through Lingatech if you've got your own translators for some stuff. Or some of it's just not relevant to send to a translation partner. In Lingatech, when it's end up in Lingatech, they usually grab in the piece of content between tags. So it's not one text. It's pieces of it. And if you want to remove or rewrite the whole page. Right. You cannot do that. I guess I don't know if it's just a limitation. One more. You showed us that you have a country type and you have different pages, landing pages you called it for different countries. How do you set it up in Drupal 8? In Drupal 7, I figured it out, but Drupal 8, I cannot see it. So which part have you figured? You switch into language and it displays a home page but specific for the country. So the detection? Yeah, so the pages that we did that way weren't the home pages. It wouldn't have been at the root of the site. The country language pages had their landing pages, had their own URLs that were just for landing pages for that country. And you do it through redirect or there is something. In ITN Drupal 7, there is something like that. You go to site information and you can change it for different languages. Oh, change, yes. We did have to do this. And if I remember there was, so you're talking about different paths to be the home page per language. Right. Okay, yeah. You can do it, but if I remember, there wasn't a UI for it. But what you get into there is translating configuration. And it seemed weird to me because it seemed like there should have been a UI for that. Again, we've been said that it's now everything in ITN in the core, but that piece is missing. Right. So I guess you're talking about maybe special kind of pages. I have a panel pages. Right, panel pages. And we should have brought that up, actually. So that's one of the reasons why I lean towards everything being like a node type. So our home pages on Visio USA are node types. We have a node type called home page, and it makes that kind of a non-issue. All of our landing pages are node pages. And you just translated them, right? Yeah, and so they translate into normal workflow. So that's the downside if you do use panels which are kind of a special thing. They're not a node, right? They're the special thing. And so having had issues with panels in the password translation, when we started this project, I kind of avoided it knowing we could run into issues with it. We do have a couple special pages, like I think maybe the search page or something. We have a couple special pages where we work around it, but I think we're doing custom stuff there. So just as a general approach, if you can make your landing pages a node type, it's going to make your life easier. It's basically my advice. If it's kind of too late for that, you already have a site, then you might have to do something custom to get it figured out. Yeah, because the reason I ran into that issue is because our, the same thing as you, where the landing pages were actually pages that had different paths. So yeah, that was kind of a weird situation. And like Jay said, it's easier if you have one page and you just provide translations for that. But it's weird. Only Drupal 8. Yeah, no, it was definitely, I looked at that. I was like, why isn't there a UI for this? And the way I got that to work was by actually changing the config. Kind of hard to explain right here because it was, you know, what I did was I looked at how some other config was translated and, you know, some of the documentation and kind of put it together so that the front page path was also translated. But there was, yeah, there was definitely something weird, like it didn't have a UI for that. So I feel your pain. Yeah, the advice is to try to, you know, take the different approach. Maybe too late for that. But if you are starting a new site, think about, well, think that there's big advantages to most of your pages being actual node types. It's going to make your life easier. They're searchable, translatable, et cetera. So just be careful if you're going, if you have some kind of, you know, special landing page. Just understand you're going to have more limited experience if it needs to get translated. So. Thank you. All right. And so we're done. If you have any other questions you want to talk to us about, feel free to approach us up here. And yeah, thank you all for coming. Yeah.


One of the things I really enjoy about Mises University is that I think it is a great job of highlighting how the complexities that go in the process of creating so many of the things that we enjoy as consumers, right? And the purposes of talks by Dr. Sean Rittenauer and Jonathan Newman, you know, all kind of highlighted how there is this incredible complexity to the world that is able to produce goods on that we take for granted on a day-to-day basis. I think the same thing is true when it comes to the production of ideas that end up shaping the world. One of the things I love most about Mises' works is when he talks about the importance in the role that ideas have in shaping civilization, you know, that these are tangible things that have direct consequences on the world we live in. Well, just as there is the complexity of a structure of production that brings about consumer goods, the same is true in the ability of producing consumable ideas. With talks by Dr. Klein and Dr. Byland, we talked about the importance of entrepreneurship in the way that firms, you know, firms are not simply black boxes that we can yada-yada over in order to understand how innovation and new products are put on the market. Firms are that driving dynamic that produce those goods. You know, we can't take their existence for granted. And I think we've seen this clearly play out within the history of the Austrian school. You know, it is truly incredible to just imagine what Louis von Mises found for himself when he came here from Europe after fleeing the Nazis. And if anyone who has not read the, I think the most powerful book in the Mises bookstore is Gito Holzmann's Last Night of Liberalism. It's one of the great benefits that we have as Austrians is not simply having the right ideas, but we have such incredible heroic figures whose examples should inspire us to be the best that we can be. So Mises came to America with very little institutional support, right? The only reason he was able to have a teaching position at New York University was due to the benevolence of private donors who are interested in promoting his works. He was lucky to have a major ally in the media and Henry Haslett who helped get Mises connected within the New York scene. And he used his platform to help popularize Mises' ideas. He also benefited from Leonard Reed and the establishment of FEE that was dedicated towards not simply trying to influence the intellectuals. After all, at this time in America, American universities were incredibly hostile to the laissez-faire ideas of Mises. But by persuading the public, particularly aided by the massive network of entrepreneurs and businessmen trying to push back against FDR's new deal, Mises was able to reach an entire new audience that he would otherwise not have had access to. And during for a period, there was a time of great success. You had the founding of the libertarian press that published popular versions of Mises' speeches and articles for the lay audience. You had through NYU the coronals of building a new group of Austrian scholars from this kind of uniquely American libertarian tradition such as obviously Murray Rothbard and Israel Kursner. You had the success of human action, which was the book that you've turned Rothbard into a Misesian and was actually able to have a remarkably successful commercial audience. Unfortunately, however, these great kernels that were being planted in the late 40s, early 1950s, something happened along the way that by the time that Lou Rockwell founded the Mises Institute in 1982, I mean, so that you could probably fit all the Misesian economists in Murray Rothbard's living room. Now, a part of that had to do with competition within the libertarian academic sphere, right? You had Milton Friedman and the influence of the Chicago School became very a dominant economic force. So much so that when Murray Rothbard was at Cato, one of the big splits there was caused because of Cato's support now for Chicago School Economics, which is simply not a replacement for Mises. You had it with William H. Buckley taking up a lot of the area and the financial support within the American right with the rise of neo-conservatism and the increasingly hostile foreign policy brought about by the Cold War changes. You had a lot of dysfunction within the libertarian movement in general with some of the personality splats between Ayn Rand. So what you had was that basis of institutional support that Mises was able to enjoy in the 1950s became chaotic and dried out. In fact, it's very, you read the memoirs from Louis von Mises and he talks about how in the late 70s, he saw himself as not a great historian of, his goal with his ideas was to bring about a more peaceful and prosperous society, but instead he rather just became a historian of decline. Well, Louis von Mises died in 1973 and then incredibly the next year, we saw the birth of a new Austrian revival. Joe Salerno, who is just an incredible economic historian, has written a wonderful article on the South Welton Conference and trying to trace back what was actually the stepping stone that allowed for a conference of Austrian academics to gather in the first place there in 1974. He traces that back to another source of institutional support that the Austrian school is able to enjoy through the Volcker Fund, through the publishing of Man Economy and State by Murray Rothbard. So again, you had institutional support that produced products that was able to inspire academics to further expand on the work and start building out the school of thought. But it really wasn't until the founding of the Mises Institute in 1982 that the Austrian school became the thriving tradition that it truly is today. And that's why there is no, in my opinion, there's no more important living human being to the creating a civilized and peaceful society than Louis Rockwell. So we consider the fact that at this time, during the 70s you had a great consolidation of libertarian capital through individual decision makers that had their own biases and agendas. Louis Rockwell's ability to raise capital for the dedication of reviving a minor school of intellectual thought is really astounding. And he was able to get people to contribute to do this and did so again without the support of a major billionaire donor or without any firmly established institutional investments such as having a major university. Now the institute was eventually able to have some success with Auburn University for a brief period of time which allowed for a whole generation of faculty members, many of which were teaching this week that got their degrees from Auburn University. But I think one of the really great things about the institute's entire approach, the one that brought me here, it's the fact that we understand the importance of popularizing these ideas. Rothbard has wrote a great deal about his ideas of libertarian strategy and about how the importance is not simply trying to fixate on capturing institutions that have various incentive problems and built up kind of plaque that make them inherently hostile to free market ideas, but instead trying to talk to people directly. This is what the institute has done, done it through the production of popular article versions of Mises Rothbard in the Austrian School with the free market which was our newsletter for a very long time. So that gave way to Mises.org which is now, which is still today, one of the most red economic blogs in the world today. It started to allow us to have student programs where we have hundreds of students that are genuine Mises Institute alumni around the world. One of the great assets of not simply being narrowly focused on the development of scholars, though obviously we benefit tremendously from that action, right? We need new scholastic blood to keep developing and building the Austrian tradition. But by not simply focusing on that or trying to focus on trying to win over levels of power in DC, we've created this incredible division of labor of ideological battle. And there's some really cool things that we take for granted in the day-to-day basis that owe a lot of their inspiration from this popularization of Austrian ideas from the Mises Institute. For example, Wikipedia was literally founded after Jimmy Wells as a student of Auburn University visited the Mises Institute at the recommendation of Mark Thornton, read Hayek's Decentralization of Knowledge article. And from that, spawned the idea of an encyclopedia that could be edited by anyone out there. Doing so created, he had numerous attempts to try to create a definitive online Wikipedia wasn't until he got this key insight at the Mises Institute that he allowed the Mises Institute, that he allowed for Wikipedia to be what it is today. Unfortunately, there've been kind of backsliding against some of that control, right? But Wikipedia at its best was very Hayekian. We've seen it through the spread of Austrian ideas internationally. In 2012, or 2011, LAO Belt Trial of Mises Brazil came here and talked about the Austro-Libertarian movement as a starfish and not a spider. The idea being that what we have is that, again, instead of the centralized structure of funding and everything else where you kill the head, the entire movement dies, which is what we've seen in libertarian movements in the past. And said what we have is a series of cells of different individuals inspired by the Mises Institute strategy, taking it back into their country and building up their own networks. We've seen it with Mises Brazil, which has done the incredible feat where Louis von Mises has searched more in that country than John Maynard Keynes. And in some months, Murray Rothbard has searched more than Milton Friedman. That's an incredible accomplishment. We see it with scholars around the world that dedicate themselves to translating human action, man economy and state, the works of Hans Hermann Hoppe, Joe Salerno. That brings Tom Woods overseas to receive Lifetime Achievement Awards. This is all great. We've got a massive international marketplace because of this popularization strategy that has been so key to the Institute. And because of that, even though we do not have a physical location in the halls of power, by reaching out to the public, we've actually had an incredible amount of influence even on the political system. Ron Paul is most an influential libertarian politician in American history, is a part of the Mises Institute brand. We have state legislators around the country that have fought for state legal tender laws trying to push back against federal reserve dominance on the money supply, inspired by Mises Institute ideas. We've actually been able to stop certain positions within the federal government thanks to having staffers within Washington that read Mises, recognize the problems and are able to play their own internal games to leverage our knowledge. So even though we ourselves do not have a direct physical presence, the fact that we are able to reach out beyond simply the Ivy Towers of academia and inspire normal individuals to figure out ways of applying these ideas gives us so much more strength than we ever could if we tried to essentially plan it. And again, that is one of the things that has inspired me. Again, I think that the contributions that Lou Rockwell has made to the Austrian School, if you really think about it, it's Louis von Mises, Murray Rothbard and Lou Rockwell because without the ability to create an institution that provides support for these ideas and these scholars and the human interaction between the ideas and theory and the time and place in which we live, that has only made possible because of the actual entrepreneurship of these sort of institutions. And Lou Rockwell is the best of, I think within the libertarian tradition. So again, I apologize for starting off late and kind of wrapping up or trying to get it right on time, but thank you very much.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discuss the following question which says, in a class of 60 boys there are 45 boys who play cards and 30 boys who play carrom.  Before we move on to the solution, let's discuss some cardinal properties of set. First we have number of elements in the set A union B is equal to the number of elements in the set A plus number of elements in the set B minus number of elements in the set A intersection B. Then next cardinal property is number of elements in the set A minus B is equal to number of elements in set A minus number of elements in set A intersection B. Then we have number of elements in the set B minus A is equal to number of elements in set B minus number of elements in set A intersection B. This is the key idea that we use for this question. Let's move on to the solution now.  Then A union B would be the set of boys who play cards or carrom or both and A intersection B would be the set of boys who play cards and carrom both. A minus B would be the set of boys who play cards only and B minus A would be the set of boys who play carrom only. Now since we are supposed to find out the number of boys who play both games so this means we will find out number of elements in the set A intersection B and also we are supposed to find out how many boys play cards only. So this means we have to find out the number of elements in the set A minus B and in the third part we are supposed to find out the number of boys who play carrom only that means we will also find out number of elements in the set B minus A. Now we had considered A to be the set of boys who play cards and B to be the set of boys who play carrom and in the question we have that 45 boys play cards and 30 boys play carrom so this means the number of elements in set A is equal to 45 since 45 boys play cards and number of elements in set B is 30 since in the question it is given that 30 boys play carrom. Now A union B is the set of boys who play cards or carrom or both this means it would be the total number of boys in the class and we are given that there are total of 60 boys in the class thus we have number of elements in the set A union B is equal to 60. Now we have the cardinal property according to which we have number of elements in the set A union B is equal to number of elements in the set A plus number of elements in set B minus number of elements in set A intersection B. From here we have number of elements in set A intersection B is equal to number of elements in set A plus number of elements in set B minus number of elements in set A union B. So putting the values we get 45 plus 30 minus 60. This is the number of elements in the set A intersection B. So further we have number of elements in set A intersection B is equal to 15. Therefore for the first part we have that 15 boys play both the gains. Now next we will find out number of elements in the set A minus B that is number of boys who play cards only this would be equal to number of elements in set A minus number of elements in the set A intersection B according to the cardinal property that we have stated in the key idea. So putting the values we get this is equal to 45 which is the number of elements in the set A minus 15 that is the number of elements in the set A intersection B and so this is equal to 30 that is number of elements in the set A minus B. And therefore we say that 30 boys play cards only. Now next we are supposed to find out number of elements in the set B minus A that is the number of boys who play carom only this would be equal to number of elements in the set B minus number of elements in the set A intersection B now putting the values we get this is equal to 30 minus 15 which is equal to 15 that is number of elements in the set B minus A is equal to 15 thus we have 15 boys play carom only. So we have got the answers for all the three parts of the question for the first part we have that 15 boys play both the games then for the second part we have 30 boys play cards only and for the third part we have 15 boys play carom only. So this completes the session hope you have understood the solution of this question.