I am Parashyan. I took database and fundamental database as a course. The course was very good. I am from Saram Vishweshwari Institute and the course was very good. They explained the topic in very detail and I got very much knowledge of database from this and the exam was very good. It was all taught and it was kind of test like everyone should give. So did you take the test online or offline? I took the test online. Okay. So did you find it easy to answer the questions? Yeah the question was easy. Actually the topic they taught in the class was very deep and it was very good. So there's no problem in the exam. Okay. Were there questions from outside the portions covered in the course? No, no. There were topics in which they have not gone in such a depth but the question was asked. There were some questions. Okay. Did the questions come from assignments? Some of the questions. Okay. So how is NPTEL course different from your normal courses in the college? Actually from NPTEL the basic thing you will get the certificate from IIT. The basic thing like everyone won that and you can you get a chance to study from teachers or faculties of IITs and to gain a knowledge how the studies goes in IITs. Okay. Did you watch videos lessons by yourself or in group with your friends? I watched the video myself. Okay. So on average how much time did you have to spend on NPTEL video lessons every week? Every week I spend maximum one hour one and a half hour or two hours. Okay. So how do you plan to use this certificate? Definitely for placements, cells like for when I when to write something in my CV. Okay. And that's all that basically I will use in for my CV. Okay. So any other feedbacks that you want to give about NPTEL? The course was basically theoretical. I was expecting much much more practical use of it. I was expecting much more practical use of it. That was little disappointment because in database they can taught me like how to create in database in real life like in using some downloading and SQL overacle database and all but it was only theoretical. That was the like that was the thing I disliked about the course. Everything rest of all things fine. My name is Anir Kashyap and I'm from Avi College of Engineering. I have taken up this online course from my friends and the course I've chosen is loss of thermodynamics. Okay. So did you take the course online part of today? I took the course online. Okay. So did you find it easy to answer the questions online? Yeah. Okay. Were there questions from outside the portions? Were there portions outside the portion? No. Not at all. How NPTEL course was different from your normal courses in the college? The NPTEL course, it was more of application based. It was more of application based than normal theory classes which was done in college. Okay.  I would spend, per day I would spend around one hour. Okay. How do you plan to use the certificate? Certificate, most probably I'll be giving it to my college people. I might be getting HSS grades depending on that. Okay. How do you propose to use this course? Like for internship or any projects or for your job? How do you use it? Since I'm a mechanical engineering and loss of thermodynamics is very crucial subject for me. So I think I'll be using it in almost everyday life. Okay. Any feedback on NPTEL? It was pretty good. It was very useful. Hello, this is Dr. Anuradha. I'm Associate Professor working in Department of Computer Science and Engineering R by M.C. Bellari. I had opted for the course outcome based pedagogical principles for effective teaching learning. And this is the second time I had opted this course. First time I was unable to complete the examination section. The present day, today's examination section I've taken. And I would like to highlight on two different aspects. One is regarding the time duration, three hours for this exam session. I feel it was more time allotted for conduction of this exam. Hardly one and a half hours session was required to complete the 26 questions which were given in the exam. And secondly, with respect to the question paper pattern, much of the questions were targeting to only one specific criteria. The computations and all they were related to one particular syllabus. The entire section of the syllabus, what was explained in week one, week two, week three and four was not covered. Week two was given less priority. So I would like to suggest that all the sections should be given equal prioritization based on for conducting the exam. Thank you. Okay. And did you take the exam online or offline? Online. Okay. I mean, did you find it easy to answer the questions online? Yes. Were there questions from outside the portions covered in the course? They were not outside. Okay. Did questions come from assignments? Yes. How NPTEL program is different from your normal courses in the college? NPTEL provides us a wide variety of learning approaches. It not only concentrates on the university curriculum, we can learn behind the university curriculum and compete with the other higher up level of institutions. We can try to compete with the tier one and higher up IITs and all and we can have the gap filling between the tier two and tier one institutions. We can learn behind the curriculum. It facilitates even the teachers also to learn the newer programs. Okay. How do you plan to use the certification? Right now I have done a course now on OBE. Our institution has gone for NVA accreditation and it is accredited at a tier two level. We want to accommodate all the assessment techniques what were explained in the course and accommodate our students to learn in a better way. Okay. Do you have any suggestions to improve the portal? Suggestions as much as we can have the discussion forums and the blocks running out and timely blocks. We are not getting any proper responses for the discussion forums. So it will be helpful if the block conversation increases more. Okay. How do you propose to use the course for any job or any new projects? The new project that is now will be again submitting for accreditation after one and a half years. So we would like to accommodate all the things here whatever learned regarding the outcome-based assessment techniques and use that in our daily regular curriculum. Okay. Any other feedbacks that you want to give? Okay. Myself Ragu Kumar K.S. working as an assistant professor in the department of computer science, R. Y. M. C. Bhandari. So I'm very happy to write an examination for this. But initially, I thought that this is an examination is on three hours examination, but here it came to here only a 50 marks question and as well as one of our time durations. And one more thing is that I want to inform to the people saying that that is a assignment four. They have not received any questions from the examinations. That is the one thing I can give to this committee. So I record you to cover all the assignment questions and topics in the examinations. And for next time, you make it as 100 marks, it's better. How NPTEL program is different from the normal courses in all the charging universities? So it is NPTEL is a good course you are offering that is we're happy to say that this is NPTEL is a good course to follow the faculty as well as the students also. So for the student certification as well as the staff certification is good and we are going for the process. How do you want to use the certificate? No, it's just in just like in a program outcomes we can call it as a lifelong learning. If you're other than the teaching learning process, that means you can implement the teaching learning process and also can learn content beyond the syllabus also and they can beyond the curriculum also for a faculty as well as with the students. We can improve the skills knowledge that is the better that is an important thing is that we can enhance our upgrade or our skills also. Any other feedbacks that you want to give? No sir, already it's good. Thank you. Was this test center easy to locate? Yeah, that's an opportunity. You make more centers here too because we are from North India and North Karnataka. So you made the more centers for the North Karnataka's. So instead of coming directly to Bangalore, you make a more college in centers you can make it in North Karnataka. That's the one suggestion I can give. Yes, I'm in Akshijana and I'm taking my course on NPTEL for introducing on machine learning and it's for like eight year eight week course like one and a half or nearby two months and it's really helpful for us like who are freshers who are beginners to start to learn like machine learning like their subjects. So it is helpful. Okay. Did you take the test online or offline? Online test. Okay. Did you find it easy to answer the questions online? Yeah, if you like a few questions are a bit tough but if you go through the whole lectures it is possible to answer. Okay. How different NPTEL course is from your normal courses in the college or university? Yeah, because NPTEL courses are guidance by some RIT and lectures, RIT and professors, even some ISM professors also. So it's really helpful for beginners and freshers. Okay. How do you want to use the certification? Like for a campusing purpose if you have like a number of certifications on some few courses like if you go for a network security or if you go for like machine learning or data science related courses then it will be really helpful for us. Okay. Any other feedback? No, overall idea is good. It's sadhana hair. So as we were informed to take this test called NPTEL I took a course that was introduction to the modern applications.  Did you take online exam? Yeah it was an online exam. Okay. How different is NPTEL compared to your normal courses in the university or the college? See it is actually it is very easy because the registration is online like you need not to run here and there for the registration thing and all everything was done online even the payment payment thing also was done online and how it helped with my academics or my knowledge because there were so many videos assignments that we could do it and see online. So it really helped because we could see everything in the in the video and learn a lot of things. Okay. So what are you going to do once you are certified to NPTEL? I think I'll try to get some more knowledge about it and if possible I'll try to take up next some few more courses from the same. So how are you going to use this course? I think I'll use it to my resume that I have done this course and it might help me for showing that I did some extra thing out of my college courses. Okay. Any other reviews that you want to talk about? I think all the other people there should go through this link and see the courses because there are plenty numbers of courses which in which you might be interested to take part in. Okay. Hello I am Apurva Joshi. I am from Gulbarga. The experience of undergoing online examination was very good. I find it more comfortable than offline exams. We get a lot of information like which questions we have attended, we need to review and we have not attended and all. So it is more comfortable to undergo online exam and the arrangements made around was very good. Locating the center was easy and locating the seat and everything was easy. Thank you. Okay. So after the certification what are your plans? Yeah this course was actually very helpful for me. It will be helpful for my further projects. So that is what I look forward to implement that things learned during the course in my projects. Okay. How different was taking NPTEL program online than your regular courses in the university or the college? Yeah this was like very flexible thing. Whenever we wish to watch the course we could do that. It was like not restricted like college and all we have to go on specific time on particular time. Okay it was good. Rather even I feel more comfortable with offline I mean university courses than online actually. This is my personal opinion. Okay. Approximately how much time did you spend every day to watch videos? I did not spend actually every day like whenever I used to have free time I used to do that. Apart from my regular routine. Okay. Any other reviews that you want to give it to NPTEL? It was a very good thing that that's all I can say. Okay. Anything that you want to suggest to the portal? It is overall a very excellent platform. I don't have any other suggestions. Okay. Thank you. Hi my name is Aditya. My name is Akash. We have taken up operating system here from the NPTEL course. Same here same operating system. Okay. So how was this NPTEL program different from your normal courses in the universities? I found it like more informative. Informative and there was a lot of support. There was more exposure. Like there was PDF provided themselves. Okay. There was more exposure to the subject like the videos were very informative. Moreover it was free of cost. So anybody who wanted to use it can use it. So it was a really nice initiative. Bye. Okay. So any suggestions that you want to give it to the portal? Try improving your video quality a little bit. Try more interactive video sessions rather than just nodding heads. Okay. Okay. So after your certification what are your plans? Not really sure sir. Not exactly. Okay. How are you going to utilize this course as? Well I want to get into coding so I hope this will get me somewhere. Same here. Nice. Any other reviews that you want to give? Nothing else. Thank you so much NPTEL for the wonderful opportunity you have provided as well. My name is Ashwat Vair. I am from Adi Chunchangiri Institute of Technology, Chikmangalur. And I have taken design of Internet of Things, IOTS. And I have experience, good experience I have. And exam also, okay. Okay. Did you write offline exam or online exam? Online exam. Okay. How different was NPTEL course? It's different from offline exams and it's a little bit interesting. Okay. Enjoyed it. Okay. How is the course, I mean NPTEL course from the normal courses which you get in universities or college? It's special and we can, lessons are from IIT levels so we can understand very standard of understanding is very good. Okay. Then we can understood very, very wonderful. So experience was good. Okay. After your certification what are your plans? If they give chance to another course I will join. I hope they will give another one. Okay. Another courses repeatedly they will join. Fine. So any reviews that you want to give to NPTEL? No, Allah perfect I think. So any praisings that you want to give for NPTEL? No, Allah I think everything is should be okay. Hi guys, this is Vivek and right now I have came for, I made exam and I took the course this before three months and it was quite a good experience. I would like to all of you to take this course because it helps you to enhance your knowledge in modern application development. So basically my experience was awesome. I knew the some language, I knew some language but this was like a cherry on the cake like thing. Okay. So please do attend this course and be attentive and don't miss any lecture give the give the exams give the tests and be proper with yourself. I attended, I made course. Okay. So how different was NPTEL lectures from normal university or college lectures? Yeah, NPTEL lectures was quite structured. I like to hats off to those guys, those who have made, those who have given the time and also Hasura they've also contributed a lot of things. So it was quite structured like a first recap will be there then content will be there and then revise will be there. So it was quite good. What are the questions outside the syllabus? Yeah, some of course some questions will be there like I would suggest that 90% of the courses were inside the syllabus. So those are from videos and the from the content provided by the IMAID and Hasura and only five to six questions mainly you'll come across those questions when you will be going or browsing in the internet. So don't worry about it. So were there questions from assignments? Yeah, of course about 8 to 10 questions were from assignments also. Okay. What are your plans after the certifications? Yeah, after the certifications currently I'm working as a developer. So I'd like to inform my HR about this and of course they will praise me and I'll have great opportunities for that. Any suggestions for NPTEL courses? Any suggestions? The session will be one and the one and only one to the course and be with it. Don't miss it. Thank you. Okay. My name is Rahul. I took the course introduction to machine learning. Okay. How different NPTEL courses was from the normal course which you do in college or universities? These courses are you can self-paced them but they're not that rigorous in terms of content. They're different from other MOOCs because they're more rigorous from other MOOCs but in terms of content wise I think it's good for people who are working or don't have time to like do it through formal. Okay. So were there questions outside the course? No, no, no, no. Everything was within. Everything was within. Either it was covering the assessments or the course material. Okay. What are your plans after the certifications? No specific plans regarding this. I just wanted to learn and get certified so I can account for the time. But yeah, I hope to continue reading more in these topics. Okay. Any reviews about NPTEL portal? Yeah, it was surprisingly convenient.  Okay. Approximately how much time did you spend every day to watch videos? Weekly I can approximate saying that approximately four or five hours a week. Mostly on the weekends because weekdays I was busy. So any suggestions that you want to give? To the course. I would say that so sometimes I think they try to cover too much into little time. So I would say that pace it over a longer period because I think it becomes too complex. Sometimes jump is too sudden difficulty or content wise. So I just say that's the only thing I would say improve upon. Otherwise it was nice. Did you take the online exam or not? What's the offline exam? Hello everyone. I'm Aparna Nagbushan. I'm from Bangalore MS Ramayana Institute of Technology second year Computer Science Engineering. I've taken programming in C++ in NPTEL. It was very good and the exam was also quite normal as expected and the assignments which I have written was helpful. That's it. Thank you. Okay. So how different was NPTEL program from your normal courses in universities? In normal courses we'll just study whatever is there in the textbook or whatever reference books are given but here we'll study advanced techniques also. Okay. So did you take the online exam or the offline? Online exam. Okay. Can you suggest any inputs to the NPTEL portal? No it's appropriate as of now. Okay. What are your plans after this certification? After certification I'm going to continue this NPTEL of taking further courses. Okay. Were there questions outside the syllabus? No. It was not outside the syllabus. Everything was covered. Okay. Hi. I'm Dr. Krithika. I'm working as assistant professor in Subdegree Institute of Medical Sciences. I took online exam for NPTEL for the course of Health Research Fundamentals. Okay. How different was it from normal courses that you get in universities or college? It was actually an online course so it was related to my subject and a good experience as to know better about those contents related to research and also there was a good coordination with respect to any questions or any queries asked. It was really answered well in the forum. Okay. How was the quality of videos in the NPTEL? Yeah. Pretty good. Okay. I had no issues with downloading the videos or any lectures which were provided. Okay. So approximately how much time did you spend watching videos? Watching videos every week around two hours or three hours. Okay. So what are your plans after this certification? I actually did this course because I have done my MD in community medicine so it will help me more with respect to doing research activities and it has improved my knowledge per se with respect to research and conducting any activities in my future or guiding any of my juniors or any students who are interested in research. Okay. So how are you going to utilize this course in future? Of course in my day to day practice I am working as a staff as I already said as an assistant professor. So obviously in guiding the students in the routine curriculum based where they have research methodology per se as a part of their curriculum medical students. Okay. Any inputs that you want to give NPTEL? It was a very nice experience for me per se. I would like to take up more courses in this. This time I took only one exam. There are several others which are of benefit and useful. I would take up more exams. Karthik, I had taken the NPTEL course on programming in C++. The course mentor was Partha Pratim Das and it lasted for eight weeks and we had submit assignments, quizzes and finally the day of exam was today. Okay. How different was it from normal class courses that you get in universities? Basically in class courses the thing is that they have the fixed course but in this course it is like unlimited. We have advanced C++ so it was like we can expand our knowledge so it was a good experience. Okay. What are you going to do after this certification? I am planning to take up more but like explore more courses in NPTEL because the number of courses they have is huge and they are interesting and I would like to take it more in future. Okay. How are you going to utilize this course as? I can use the knowledge for like software programming and other things or like in interview I can use the certificate and other reason is like it's knowledge. Okay. Any inputs that you want to give for the NPTEL portal? They can make it more accessible to more number of people in India because because now if they digitalize like education it's better like instead of all people cannot afford attending colleges so if they digitalize more and make it make it accessible to more people so it will be better. Okay. Myself Akshay, I had taken an NPTEL course of project management and planning of civil engineering department and about the experience about the course. I think the course was a little bit tough but it's encouraging for us to learn more and more and the exam was quite good now. It's average then you can score around 50% but scoring high marks is very different. That's it. Okay. How different was this NPTEL program from normal lectures you get in universities? The teaching course was very good when compared to that you know what we what we get from our colleges because of the videos and the more basic information they give it was good compared to the colleges. Any inputs that you want to give for NPTEL? I thought some questions were wrong in the what is that exam they gave today. Okay. That's no you should have to see do that no. Okay so were there any questions outside the syllabus? No no no not questions outside the syllabus but there are three to four wrong questions. Okay. So were there questions from the assignments? From five percent that's it just three questions from the assignments. Okay. I'm Sahana working as assistant professor at RV College of Engineering. I'm working in electronics and communication department. I had opted for the course POC2 that is principles of communication too. Okay. So did you take an online exam or offline? I took online exam only. Okay. So how different was NPTEL program from normal courses in universities? Yeah here like you it is like I can just relate this with the flipped classroom like you used to give all the online videos and with respect to that we used to learn things and we used to answer and it was like wonderful experience because first time I took one of the NPTEL course this is the first time I. Okay. So how are you going to use this course as in future? Actually the course whatever I took it is in communication and my research area is also communication so I can apply some of the ideas in the in my research as well and also I can educate my students to take up some of the courses so that they can expand their knowledge in the same stream. Okay. What are your plans after this certification? Yeah after this I think I will be going for more other courses on NPTEL. Okay. Were there questions outside the syllabus? No no it was like exactly from the assignment plus some of the questions which are related with the video only. Okay any inputs that you want to give it to the NPTEL program? As of now I think I don't have any other inputs like it is like best. Okay. Any suggestions that you want to give? Nothing like that. Okay. Hi I'm Sridhar Rao working for a private company basically I'm working for this aircraft engines design so I have taken this introduction to data analytics course NPTEL course online course. Okay. Did you write the exam online or offline? Online. I have taken the test online. Okay so how did you find the NPTEL course different from normal courses in universities or colleges? This provides a actually very good flexibility okay because the videos are provided and we can go through it and our convenience. That is the main advantage I see with these online courses. Okay so now you're working and at this age how different was it to find these courses online and watch videos and learn from Yes because the videos provide enough information and also we can search in the Google for any additional information and they have another main benefit they provided is the forum so where whatever the questions we pose they are very casually answered and we are very satisfied with those answers whatever they have provided and whenever we have more clarification required also we put additional questions and try to get the responses they are very quick in giving the response. Okay nice so how are you going to utilize this certification? The course actually is like an introduction to data analytics it gives overview of various analytics aspects and now this is actually main task lies in implementing all these concepts in the real-time problems so we need to correlate these concepts to the real-time problems and it will be very helpful in the area where I am working so in that way it will this course is useful to me. Okay so any inputs that you want to give to NPTEL program? The one suggestion I see is the course mainly the test was mainly focused on theoretical aspects even though it has so many computational aspects calculations involved but the it is maybe would have been better would they would have tested on the computational aspect also in the test not only on the theoretical aspects. Okay any other reviews that you want to do? No other reviews and this. Okay thank you. Hello this is Ashwin I have taken NPTEL course from Wayne Cambridge College and the course is C++ or Ranathima Doops in C++ and I am from Ramaya College and the experience was too good here the faculty or the helping staff they were too good and yeah. Okay so how different was NPTEL lectures from normal lectures you getting university or college? It's actually better because and first of all you're getting for free that's you know too much than what we expect and if you need a certificate and an exam you need to pay a thousand bucks and if you pass there like get 40% you get back 500 rupees back and getting free knowledge from people like from IIT is you know damn difficult people search for it so providing that to students who need an opportunity to gain through this subjects is very much useful and yeah. Okay so what are you going to how are you going to use this certification? This certificate would be very much useful in the placement time or you know enhance our knowledge regarding these subjects yeah. Okay were there questions outside the syllabus? No nothing where and what I felt was nothing was out of the syllabus so it was easy to solve. So were there questions from the assignments? Yeah a bit of it not completely. Okay any review that you want to give to NPTEL? There would and what I felt is they shouldn't implement in the video lectures what they give because most of people are saying that they go for a text version preview so if they make an improvement in the video like you know what saying what is required and not going out of topic or not delaying so that you know it would be a useful thing and implement something projects that had been done you know for teaching the students almost you know be an improvement on the videos. Okay was this test center difficult to find? As I was new to this place it would be difficult but my friend bought me it so it doesn't make much difficulty. Okay. Hi my name is Saurav I'm from BMS IIT I have taken the course of programming data structure and algorithms of using Python. Okay how different NPTEL lectures compared to your college lectures or university lectures? According to me the NPTEL lectures was a little practical oriented thing after every examples which they show us in PPT they'll do in the software and tell us how the how it works actually practically so I liked about that. Okay after this certification what are your plans? Developing more information about the course like learning more about the Python which I have which I have learned in the NPTEL. Okay and how are you going to utilize this course as in future? This is mostly used for my placements because most of the companies in our college is IT companies so they are asking more of Python and other languages. Okay do you want to suggest any changes to the NPTEL existing portal? No nothing it's good actually. So do you want to give any reviews about NPTEL? Yeah NPTEL it's good I suggest more people to take this. Myself Himant Gopal Krishna and I am working as a civil engineer I work in metro projects and here I have taken the project planning and control subject and today I attended the exam the exam was quite good. Okay how was how NPTEL course was different from normal course? Because it is conducted by a reputed institution this is the reason different from others it is conducted by IITs. Okay so how are you going to utilize this course as in future? It will be an add-on for my resume and for my work also I will be having enough knowledge of the planning and controls and I'm a good experience regarding this. Okay so what are your plans after this online certification? Currently I'm working in the execution department so I want to change to planning department so I'm trying to collect as much of knowledge from these courses and any other certifications. Okay were there questions outside the syllabus? No okay most of the questions are covered in the syllabus. Okay were there questions from the assignments? Yeah some of the questions were from the assignments. Okay so any reviews that you want to give to NPTEL? Nothing nothing particularly nothing. Okay any suggestions for the NPTEL courses? Suggestions they have to contact the exams some frequent days not in one particular day not in one day at least they have to give a upload means one or two days or three days. Okay. Thank you. Thank you.


Hello my friends and welcome to another edition of running with Ryan today. I'm going running with a really awesome guy He's in town all the way from Lancaster, Pennsylvania He lives out there on a farm in the middle of Amish country with his family And he's got all sorts of cool animals and we're gonna learn all about one of the coolest animals Sherman he wrote a new book about him. It's called running with Sherman. Yes, people do run with donkeys It sounds weird, but it is a thing. He's also written a book called born to run. You may have heard about it. It's inspired Countless people all over the world to get out and run Myself included that inspired me to actually go down to the copper canyons and check out the Caballo Blanco race for myself That place has become near and dear to my heart. I absolutely love the copper canyons Ladies and gentlemen get ready for Christopher McDougal Here he is all the way from Lancaster, Pennsylvania What's up, I'm up. I'm awake. I'm out here in Boulder. Yeah living the gorgeous life, man Want to go for a little jog? Let's do it. First. I want to show that you're wearing the Luna sandals Look at that. I must bust these out because these are original pair of OG Leadvilles. No way You can see how like grooved and those are good today are yeah I told Ted man when he first gave me these things like I don't know how many years ago So it's a stop right here. You've got it. This is the perfect show He keeps redesigning different stuff, but to me. This is the only one I ever need. It's pretty sweet. Yeah Shout out to Barefoot Ted So you just said that Ted visited you in the Amish country Oh, yeah, so a lot of us from the whole born and run adventure. I've stayed really close I'm not here with Scott and Jenny, but Barefoot Ted actually showed up to visit me in Lancaster, Pennsylvania Just like dropped him among the Amish, which you know You want to talk about if an alien in a foreign culture Ted and the Amish? I mean they just stared at them like what like Martian are you? What is it? Did he bring his little one-wheel thing scooting around he did okay? Good old Barefoot Ted When you came out with born to run did you have any idea that it would have the impact that it did This is a weird thing to say Got the impact with the popularity. Yeah When I had that adventure I was thinking to myself Dude if this book sucks It's your fault This material is solid gold. Yeah, I hear the truffles Put the omelette. Yeah, don't mess it up. Yeah, absolutely. And so yeah, I just thought I had this amazing story my hands good morning and All I had to do is tell it right and why wouldn't people want to read it? It's funny Yeah bear for running chapter. I was that close to cutting it. Oh, really? It's the only chapter that isn't narrative. Yeah, it stops the story Well, let's just keep it in and see And you left it in there and it essentially sparked a barefoot revolution. I felt like that power cake Was ready to blow.  Totally gave it validation.  Oh, yeah How does that go? I mean you talk a little bit about it in the book Mostly you focus on Scott Narnofo, but you ran that race. So nine months earlier. I wasn't a runner at all Yeah, and that to me was One of the biggest surprises of the whole adventure was every step of the way I thought This is the last step, you know. Yeah, I can't run but I didn't say I can learn how to do this barefoot thing Well, I can but there won't be any race. Yeah, there's a race, but no one's gonna show up Yeah, yeah, so for me September Not running March, I'm trying to 50 Only tried it, but you finished the 50 miles and it's a hard 50 miles.  Yeah, so fun. Oh, yeah, you are so stoked. Yep I want adrenaline. Yeah, absolutely. Good morning guys. Hello and Being down there for me the race is great But it's everything that surrounds the race. That's so magical right the canyons the people Mama Tita's beans. Oh my god. There's pancakes, dude. The rest of the and born to run That's making so sorry. I'm good. Oh, I should cook with her one morning Oh, you did just to learn the recipe And it's amazing because you talk about that restaurant in the book and then when I went down there Oh my god, this is a real place and there's Mama Tita and the beans and guacamole or as good as they say it is My life is different because of that book and I can't say that about a whole lot of other books besides like Clifford the big red dog or something. Yeah, it's actually the only book. I've ever read twice. All right. Yeah Anyway So thank you for that. How you feeling? Little, you know Altitude, yeah, we got some of that altitude in your face up in here.  You wrote a book. It's called running with Sherman. You essentially saved the life of this donkey that was Kind of left for dead and you gave him a purpose in life So let's let's just kind of start at the beginning of how it all happened. Yeah Yeah, let's do it See now we just catch our breath. Yeah, we just enjoy this beautiful scenery look at this This is my backyard So so grateful man. So, yeah, the thing about it is that coming from basically zero sea level, yeah This altitude makes me suffer Other people doing a hamlet pretty well. Yeah, I'm not one of them. So we're running with Sherman You know, we took these donkeys from Really like 200 foot sea level. Yeah up to 11,000 for a Fair play. Yeah in the first day. We're there We weren't like this far. We're like a half a mile. We're like, oh my god And the thing about it is the donkeys they didn't have a problem with it and What you're trying to do with a donkey is Persuaded that everything's cool. Yeah, they sense you in distress that tells them something's wrong There's danger out here. And so to get them keep running you gotta be like The second I start breathing like whoa It must be a mountain line That's funny. So so quick tell people what people probably like what are you doing running with a donkey?  Okay, you're good. All right So what happened was We live in a place called Peach Bottom, Pennsylvania. It's an Amish farming community and We got wind that there was a guy Holding a donkey in a little stall. Yeah He's a hoarder and our neighbors wanted to get that donkey out of there They're desperate to get him out and away from the hoarder But they didn't know where to place him because everyone else is a real working farmer. Yeah, they don't have time or food For some hobby animal But we did yeah, you know, we're just some small-time farmers a couple little sheep and goats So you said you want this donkey? I mean, I didn't know any better make sure I got kids. Yeah, I'll take a donkey. Awesome. Everybody's wanted a donkey. Who would say no to a donkey? Yeah, let me see this animal. I think he's in horrible shape hosts that sort of form to can't walk and so Good morning.  Yeah, well guys line up With their donkeys and they'll do like 29 miles Run inside by side with their donkey and that became Like my kind of goal of my dream.  Literally two asses. Yeah Yeah, one donkey one jackass and did you have any experience with donkeys with animals of this size before adopting him? No, uh, so And now I moved out of Philadelphia to Lancaster Never had pets growing up in Lancaster We took in a few animals a couple sheep goats for my wife to milk You don't train the sheep. You just stick them out in the fields. Yeah So No experience and never try to train anything and Also the donkey You just went basically to Olympic level. It's not like a chihuahua. Yeah. Yeah, this is the most stubborn animal on planet earth So we're gonna walk now. We're gonna uphill. All right training a donkey You've set yourself up for masterclass MMA style combat And that's what we got into And you know, I haven't read all the book I skimmed through it recently And it's one of your more personal stories. A lot of the other books are about other characters. Good morning. Good morning This one's about you talks about you falling in love with your wife. It's it's really sweet How is it was it for you to to be more vulnerable in this book? It was hard. It was uh Something I've wrestled with actually from the beginning with born to run. Yeah, you know when I first wrote born to run I turned into my editor And he's like, I gotta see more of you. You're not even in this. Yeah, of course. I'm not in it You got jen and billy. Exactly. Scott. You got a runoffo. Yeah, you got to buy a market. You know, I'm the least interesting guy We had a thousand miles of that story. And he's like, that's the point these people are so Outsized, you know, there's such X-men mutants That they need uh A normal human as the access point. Yeah, I got it I put myself into born to run But as you say, it's mostly a Scott normal football. Yeah, I'm like a bio book to be honest. Yeah, true and then Natural born heroes. My editors are the same thing That's about I'm running about world war two resistance fighters, dude. I'm not put myself in that class. Yeah and finally With running with Sherman I finally got what he's talking about. Yeah, it's not saying that you're as good as these people. Yep it's showing the reader What your experience is like. So it's one thing to say, oh here's barefoot Ted So another thing to say here. I am with barefoot Ted. Yep. Here's like what it's like to get this tidal wave tsunami Of a human Yeah of a human So it's running with Sherman There are two things one was this really was my story. Yeah, and secondly, I thought This is like the next Evolution for me as a writer if I can do this well Then I'm really telling the story the right way. Let's have a quick moment to enjoy boulder. Look at this beautiful view Thanks for turning me around. Yeah, look at that. So that's the pretty part right there Got the flat irons. This is Wonderland Lake Flat irons home of my my last arrest Do you know about this? No, I don't let's hear it. Can we record this? Oh, yeah for sure. Okay, so um what happened was I was here for I think it was a paperback tour for born or run. Okay And so we had this thing because you know that amphitheater that greedy amphitheater up on flat iron So we had this thing where we started boulder books and we'll run up to the amphitheater And everyone could sit there and I should do the book talk up there like, you know, it's like Sophocles, you know Except and I got a permit for the um auditorium But you need a permit for the trails any run more than like 20 people you need permits I didn't know this and then like the day before the event I got a call from like boulder police saying I understand you're doing this trail run You're expecting 100 people You need a permit. It's okay. Good. I'll do it. It's like no, you don't have time. It takes like two weeks So we did it anyway That's the way to do it ask for Forgiveness not permission So what we did was you busted up into groups of less than 20 and we just came out from all sides Like, okay, you know legally I'm following the rule and there's a park ranger up there Really? He goes, are you Chris McDougall? And I said like no I'm barefoot 10 No, why do you want to know is like this your thing and I'm gonna all define He's like here's your citation. You know, really? I'm gonna see you in court He said to me basically he's like either you identify yourself or you're getting in the back of the car and going downtown He has his hands sitting on his gun. What? Yeah a ranger? Yeah. Wow. That's Jenny Jenny Jorker who's there So uh boulder takes itself too seriously sometimes. Well the thing about so I'm all indignant. I'm all like, you know, keep boulder We're free. We're probably could boulder. Yeah, you know fight the man And that's not the sand rock. Sand rocks like look dude.  Yeah And he's no pushover.  That's great advice. Yeah, so that's where it all happened. That's what we're talking about right up there And Jenny took this great picture of me like like this and it kind of like, you know So these houses it's like this place like impossibly expensive Oh, yeah, so the average the average family home in boulder is one million dollars So these ones are not your average. These are the big boys These are probably 1.5 to 2 and a half You gotta sell a lot of books to buy one of those houses make a lot of youtube videos You're right here people I'm running with Sherman. So I Don't have a whole lot of experience with donkeys. I've actually seen some down there in the copper canyons Yeah, but they're known as very stubborn and difficult to work with What did sherman teach you through this whole process? Well, number one that that's a misconception Okay, and I think there's a life lesson for you. Okay good These intractable problems you find morning You gotta ask yourself Not what's wrong with that guy. Yeah, what am I doing wrong? Yeah What am I where have I not tried and so with the donkeys? Coming into it from a place of ignorance. I'm trying all the wrong things yell and hollering pulling and now Much later in the process. It's all about the tool tool kit.  Yeah, I just keep pulling different tricks out of the bag So I run to one side run to the other I'll get up on top of her. I'll get next to her. That's what I learned is Every creature is Your potential partner.  He wasn't having it even a little bit.  Yeah, and now he's in a green meadow surrounded by Other sheep and goats through his buddies The last thing this guy wants Is to be by himself Why am I pulling him away from his friends? Yeah, I expect him to like this So we uh We tripled down We got two more donkeys And my poor wife who's a hula dancer not a runner Signed on so I run it with her own donkey. Oh, wow. I know dude. Holo fame. I love it. Holo fame And so once we created a herd Me and Mika and our friend Zeke Sherman flower Matilda Game changer But it was me like saying I said to me hammering on you got it. You got it Is understanding. Okay, where's he coming from? What's he want? And then changing it and it just made everything greater not a lot of people know about the history of Burro racing like why do humans why what why do they do this? Yeah Why the hell they do this there's a lot of questions I have about humans But this is one of them. I know you could answer This might be the ultimate why question of all the things you could do with your life at the time Why a donkey in the mountain? Yeah, exactly. So The story goes that back in the 1800s these prospectors Which stray gold up in the mountains up in the Rockies and you throw all their gear in the back of the donkey And then run to town Fast as they could to register the claim. Okay.  Yep So that's that's the the mythology.  That's true because women were not allowed but here first barrel race marathon Women were right there and they've been there ever since and this whole adventure Sounds like a sweet little animal love story, but it was tough man. We had a lot of Bad luck and I don't know if it's bad luck or good luck. Yeah, you know, I can't you got Where's the glass half floor half empty because we had bad luck But we immediately have good luck on top of it. So I've counted five broken bones and one broken marriage And one suicide attempt because in the course of this story. Really? Yeah. Yeah, you'll see man. It's crazy But every time I would drop an anvil on my foot Somebody would step up and help out. Yeah in a big way. So one thing was how he didn't get the donkeys for peace bomb to Fair play morning And he's two wild ladies 172 almost 58 about all about five foot three From virginia. Okay volunteer to drive our three donkeys And they're hardcore right wing bible something red state conservative ladies and I ain't any of that and the three of us were locked in a truck For two days Wow three donkeys in the trailer We had a ball. Well, I bet you did Sounds like the Beverly hillbillies part two with donkeys Also, I just noticed there's a helicopter above us. Did you pay that ticket over for flag stuff? Are they out here for you? It's the oj run. There's a helicopter It's here for Christopher fire up the Bronco, man. Let's go AJ Cali How much are donkeys way? Well, she flowers north of 700 700. Okay. Wow the little guys are 150 to two. Okay. So that's a lot of weight to To move for however long in 29 miles for some of these races. They handle it. No problem Brad won. He's one of these guys from here who really meant toward me like a boss too and He says the donkey can go 60 miles at a clip No break no problem.  They're like camels like they store a ton of fluids in them. So Yeah That's fascinating. Think about that 60 miles. I just and think about it is that I don't know if you saw a little You saw a little video last night, right? Mm-hmm Donkey rhythm, you know if you want to get your running form stored it out run with the donkey. Yeah, it's a It's totally rhythmic, man. So what'd you find yourself doing? You know you find yourself running straight rhythmic hitting around popping up I can be sloppy when I run, you know, like like this kind of stuff. Yeah, exactly So it's really cool. That's great. Who would have ever known the donkeys are great coaches for running for him, right? Right Oh, I think I asked about that netflix. Oh, yeah. Yeah, um You sold the story. Does that mean it's going to be a a movie or something or a documentary? that's gonna be a feature film and Oh, it's cool. Here's the view again. So here's what I know and it's not a lot but it's kind of exciting They got a advanced copy. They got a copy of the book before it was edited. Wow my agent just sent it out to netflix and reason-wise because They need family content. Mm-hmm. So yeah, sent it to them. They bought it. Boom. I edited Rough draft and I'm meeting with a screenwriter this friday when I'm in la to talk it over so You know, congrats. That's huge. Oh, it's cool. Yeah, I tend to sort of pump the brakes until It's actually already happened. You know, yeah, exactly. But because we've heard this one before McConaughey is going to play kabai obama movie, right? Yep, your website says that still by the way. Oh, yeah, well, you know Until it's proven false. I mean hasn't not happened yet, right? Yeah. So is there any development on that movie? There's always development for no movie. Gotcha. So yeah, uh, uh, they were supposed to roll cameras in may this past may Didn't happen and I'd say, you know There's things in your life out of your hands. Yeah, good guys And not worth the mental energy. I got enough in my life. Yeah, we're out like, hey, what's going on? So we're talking about the born to run film adaptation McConaughey was slated to to be the lead. He was going to be kavao or scott kavao. Okay Let me throw something at you, Ryan. See what you think. Yeah So when I wrote Born to Run I had access to this treasure trove of Masterpiece photos. Yeah, Louis Escobar's photos. Yeah Well, you get arguably say are some of the greatest running photos ever, wouldn't you? Yeah, I was totally I mean Top 10 the photos of scott and ornulfo side by side. Oh epic I feel like that's she'd go up in like a time capsule Daily and culture run my camera beautiful beautiful gorgeous pictures. Yep, and uh I shared them to my editor. He's like, yeah That's not the story Living people's minds. Really? Yeah, huh? Why give them an image? Then I had their own image. Okay, and I processed that I said, you know, I've never actually read a book Where the photos actually helped. Yeah And so he sort of flipped in the middle. Oh, it's not my thought. Oh, he's shorter than I thought whatever. Yeah and so with this movie I kind of had this feeling like Maybe this is all for the best.  I'm hanging on the boogie board. Yeah, let it be, you know Kind of like surfers are totally passes. It was his own work of art Never be repeated. Yeah, morning And that is kind of the magic of the book Is that you do get to form your own visualizations of what the canyons look like and what these Native Raramaery look like. Yeah Gliding through the air with their sandals and the dresses flowing in the wind and Yeah, yeah, so You know, I try I leave it Um, I'm happy you tell with the book Let it be. Okay That's good That's good life advice too. And you can only control what you can control and yeah And it's interesting when you go morning. Good morning When I went down to the canyons, there's quite a few gringos that go down there now, maybe 75 to 100 ish And you ask them Why they're down there and they're all of them will say I'm here because of the book And the book is your book. It's almost they talk about it like it's the bible I'm here because of the book It just goes to show What a Gripping story it was and you know, I'm getting my mom to read that book and she's not a runner at all And I'm like, you don't have to be a runner to like this book Yeah, I'd say sort of I wrote that for non-runners. Yeah to me this best sports films Are About sports.  Yeah, I love tin cup White men can't jump bull dorm to me the best art About a sport He's designed for people who don't play the sport, you know and born to one run was so influential natural born heroes What do you hope people take away from this story? You know, it's funny a friend of mine read the book Not a runner not an animal person And she I love it And I said cool. I wrote some feedback. What do you love about it? It's a book about joy. Yeah, like bam. You're so smart. Thank you. Yeah, and I think that's it. You know I was on this run recently in Hyde Park in London and I had an event across town I saw I was gonna run the event, but I really didn't know where I was going. It's getting dark I'm afraid the parts are actually gonna close and I'll be climbing the fence It's cold I'm stressed Then all of a sudden I was like, whoa, dude You're in Hyde Park. Yeah It's beautiful the sun is going down You're going to an event with people who like you How is this bad? Yeah, exactly. How's this a bad moment in your life?  Oh, man. I'd learned this with the burrows. Yeah, there's one time we're out in a run It's hot. Hungry thirsty Flowers fits in around not running turning circles and I'm like starting to steam man.  Yep. The moment you start the run is perfect and you got you go one or two ways You keep it perfect or you can mess it up. Yeah I think the way you mess it up is you bring all of your preconceptions What the run has to be well someone else ran this on straw in 25 minutes.  I'm at 26 You know I suck.  Yeah, exactly. I gotta pick it up. Yeah Instead of whatever it is is what it is. It's perfect. It's perfect. I love that and so morning That's my goal is to make everyone perfect because See you dog at the dog. Yep, find out about algae in the pond You know and breathe some fresh air enjoy the Leaves on the ground and take it for what it is. That's why I like running in general I've been running all my life is yeah, it's an opportunity just to get outside and Just be free like the run run free. I mean this moment dude. Yeah, right now It's a Tuesday morning. Yep And the rest of the world is doing whatever. Yeah, what are we doing? We're having a great time out In the boulder open space. Hopefully People who we run with Sherman is to ask themselves. Okay. Well, I don't have a donkey. Yeah, what am I gonna do? Yeah, and there are a lot of programs around the country Where runners can volunteer with rescue shelters and they're trained to run with the shelter dogs Oh, I know guys Philly Is now hot to 57 dogs He is personally had adopted no way he takes them out to different running clubs or in the Philadelphia area He does it three times a week And you'll take a different dog to a different shelter. I'm sorry to a different running club. Yeah, and 34 people show up and they'll be running with this dog and People like falling in love with these dogs and adopt them. So There's so much going on here. So imagine You know, oh man, I'm stressed. I'm tired. Everybody don't want to run but Find a run at dog system in the cage today. True get some out the door does his run The dog loves it the people in the running group will go berserkers. Yeah, so I'm hoping This kind of initiative can really gather momentum You know running clubs partnering with these shelters Getting these puffs out For the exercising Socialization. Thank you so much for doing this. I really appreciate it. My man This is blessed. Thank you for writing all the books that you write And just being a good human, you know, we need more you I'm not sure about that man. You mean we're gonna check and do a little survey Okay, I don't know all about your history, but from what I do know you're a really good guy and I appreciate that Open your random sample before you make a commitment there All right, so everybody out there Give him a high five go buy his book go buy any of his books His first book was called would girl talk or something girl trouble girl trouble. That's right. Yeah Go by running with Sherman.  All right guys, thanks so much for joining in joining in. Yeah, you're joining it. You're joining us We're in again. They're they're joining us in


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this video, we are going to talk about the outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which are the planets that are further away from the Sun. The terrestrial planets are the ones closer to the Sun, and these are the ones that are further away. And because they are further from us, they've also been less well studied, so fewer spacecraft have visited things like Jupiter and Saturn, than have visited Venus and Mars. So let's take a quick look and get an introduction to these planets here. And what we see is that we call these the Jovian planets, meaning Jupiter-like. So these are the Jovian planets. And we note that they are larger than the terrestrial planets, but still very small compared to the Sun. As you can see in the figure here, all four of them would comfortably fit inside by just a small portion of the Sun. However, to compare those sizes, if we were to take the smallest of these Jovian planets, all four of the terrestrial worlds would fit easily inside that. Now the compositions of these are also different. We had rocks and metals in the inner solar system with the terrestrial planets. These are composed instead of ices and gases. And I want to clarify what do we mean by ices? We tend to think of water ice, which is one component and a major component of what we have in the outer solar system, but it also includes ices of ammonia and methane. So they include, when we say ices and are talking about the outer planets, we are not qualifying that to be just water ice. And as I mentioned, these are still really tiny compared to the Sun. Even the largest of the planet's Jupiter is significantly smaller than the Sun and many, many Jupiters could fit with the inside the Sun. None of these have a solid surface at all. We will never land on any of these planets because there is no surface on which to land. However, we can land on their moons and they have a lot of moons and we'll see about that in the future. So let's look at a little bit more of the details of these planets. What are they made up of? Well, essentially they are made up of hydrogen and helium. Their composition is much like that of the Sun. So 75% by mass or 90% by number is hydrogen. So 90% of the atoms within these planets are hydrogen. 10% are helium, if we're just counting the number of atoms. And that leaves less than 1% to be everything else and primarily that is going to be the hydrogen compounds, which are what we call the ices. So that's what we have right here. About 1% or so by mass, less than that if we're just counting the number of atoms or molecules. So the vast majority of these are hydrogen and helium much like the Sun. So their composition is exactly the same and the rest of that material is again these ices and things like iron and silicon that make up a large percentage of the inner terrestrial planets are not a major component of the outer planets. Now let's look at each of these briefly and start off looking at Jupiter. So let's start off here with Jupiter. Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It's diameter 11 times that of the Earth. It's mass over 300 times that of the Earth. However, even though it is so tremendous, it rotates very quickly. Its day is very short, ours is about 24 hours, Jupiter's is less than 10. So you can imagine how fast those outer layers have to be moving because Jupiter is bigger than the Earth but spins more than twice as fast. Its orbital period is nearly 12 years, that's how long it takes to go around the Sun once, and it orbits at an average distance of 5.2 astronomical units or 5 times the Earth's Sun distance. You'll notice that its density is much lower than the other planets that we've looked at previously. We had densities of 3s and 5s generally showing rock and metallic materials. Now we are seeing that there are a lot of ices so when we start to see lower densities that's when we know that ices are making up a significant portion of the composition. Here we see Jupiter, we can see some of its structures. It has some light and dark banding structures across it. It does have the great red spot as well as other storms that are present in its atmosphere. You can see a lot of the turbulence even within these sections. You can see that they're very turbulent and there's a lot to try to understand in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Now let's move on and look at Saturn briefly. Saturn is known as the ringed planet although all of the Jovian planets have rings. This is just the one with the best set of rings visible from the Earth. Its diameter is very similar to that of Jupiter, a little less than 10 times the Earth, but its mass is a lot less, only less than 100 times the Earth's mass. And that means that Jupiter is much more compacted down by its gravity. So with Jovian planets as you make them more and more massive they don't necessarily get much larger and in fact they can get smaller as material crushes down. Its rotational period is similar to that of Jupiter, a little bit longer than 10 hours in this case. But because it is a lot further away from the Sun, nearly 10 astronomical units, it takes a correspondingly longer time to orbit the Sun almost 30 years to make one trip around the Sun. Saturn does have a mean density of less than 1. Now water would have a density of 1 gram per cubic centimeter, so that means that Saturn is actually less dense than water. So that it would, if you had something you could float it on, it would actually float on top of water. And that is because it is very uncompressed. Its mass is, it does not have yet enough mass, it had never gained enough mass to be able to compress it down. Were it to gain more Earths essentially to it, more Earth masses to it, it would not grow much in size, but it would in density, it would essentially compact down more. Now the next planet to look at would be Uranus. And Uranus is the first planet that we mentioned that actually has a discovery date. It was discovered in 1781. Prior to that it was not known, known to exist. Now this is, this was discovered quite by accident when William Herschel was actually looking for other objects that perhaps were nearby looking for what we call stellar parallax. And he happened to find this object that looked a little bit bigger, had it actually some size to it in his telescope. Now this is the planet that is lying on its side. And that means that its pole at times points towards the sun and its other pole points away. So it's tilt of its axis is closer to 90 degrees. Remember that the Earth's axial tilt was 23 and a half degrees. So this is really tilted significantly and therefore would have really extreme seasons. Its diameter is four times the Earth's. You can imagine four Earths fitting across the diameter of this planet here. And its mass is about 14 times that of the Earth. So significantly smaller than Jupiter and Saturn that we looked at previously. Its rotation period is a little bit longer, 17 hours. But it's so much further away, almost 20 astronomical units that it takes 84 years to orbit the sun once. Its density is very comparable to that of Jupiter, 1.3 grams per cubic centimeter. Again showing a concentration of ices. Now if you look at Uranus here it has a very bland blueish-green color. And that's because it does not have a lot of surface clouds that are seen. We saw a lot in Jupiter. They were a little more washed out on Saturn. And now on Uranus they're essentially gone. And that simply means that any structures are too far down below the surface of the clouds and the hazes for us to be able to see. Now as we get out to the last of the major planets and that would be Neptune. Neptune was discovered in 1846 and that was actually predicted to exist based on deviations in the orbit of Uranus. So it was predicted that it would exist and then happen to be found at that proper location. Previously it was actually observed by Galileo and recorded in his star charts but just recorded as another star. So while he saw it he did not actually recognize it as the planet. This is the most distant planet and its diameter and mass you should recognize. Those are pretty close to Uranus as well as its rotational period. So Uranus and Neptune have a lot of similarities between them just as some of the inner planets did. However it is a lot further away. 30 astronomical units meaning that it takes 165 years to orbit around the Sun once. Its density is actually a little bit larger so in a higher concentration of maybe some rock and icy materials and a little bit less of just the gases. Now all of the outer planets have been visited to some extent by a spacecraft. So each one has been visited at least once. Jupiter and Saturn we have had orbiters so we have had detailed studies of Jupiter and Saturn by having objects that orbit around them. The only craft that visited all four of these planets was the Voyager 2 craft. It actually visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune and is the only one to have ever visited Uranus and Neptune. It was launched back in the 1970s when there was an alignment of the planets and they were all lined up so it was able to go from one to another rather conveniently. You could not go travel back and forth through the Solar System because of the immense distances so you can't go get to one planet on one side of the Sun and then cut back across the Sun to go to another planet. It simply is not time efficient to be able to do that. It will take far too long of a time. However when Voyager 2 was launched it was actually able to visit all four of these and gave us our only close-up looks at Uranus and Neptune back in 1986 and 1989 respectively. Some of the other craft Jupiter has been visited by a number of craft. Some of these just kind of passed by. Ulysses is one example and Cassini on its way to Saturn and New Horizons on its way to Pluto did not actually go into orbit around Jupiter or study it in any great detail. However they did take images as they passed by. Juno was one orbiter encountering in 2016 and the Galileo craft that went there in 1995 with the two orbiters that have studied the planet Jupiter. Saturn visited fewer times being further away. Pioneer 11 which also visited Jupiter in 1979. The two Voyager craft and then the Cassini mission that orbited around Saturn as well for over a decade. And again Uranus and Neptune only visited the one time by that same craft and have not been visited again since. So let's finish up here with our summary and what we find is that the outer or Jovian planets have really very different properties than the inner terrestrial planets. They are two very different types of planets. One being solid and rocky and have surfaces on which we can land and the other being large and icy and gaseous and not having any surfaces that we could ever land on. However each of the Jovian planet has its own unique characteristics as well that we can look at in more detail. All of them have been visited by a spacecraft but to a much smaller extent than Mars and Venus which have been very explored in great detail by a number of craft. Only a few craft have gone out and the further out you get in the solar system the fewer craft have visited. So that concludes our lecture on the overview of the giant planets. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then have a great day everyone and I will see you in class.