Welcome to this show, the series that we were doing since long on the Central Vista and as most of our viewers know that we were doing walk the talk along the Central Vista but after the pandemic we were unable to walk along the Central Vista and instead we are using these new logistics of the technology and just trying to understand more about the Central Vista and now earlier which was supposed to be just the domain of the architects in the country that it looked like that only the architects are vociferously opposing the construction of the new parliament just for our new viewers who have joined and who are not really aware of what the Central Vista is. The precinct extends from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to through along the Rajpath to the Indi again and of course it extends to the Yamuna. So today we have a professor AGK Menon. Thank you professor AGK Menon joining us. Professor AGK doesn't require much introduction. He is one of the founding members of INTAC and today we are going to discuss about the the left out parts of the Central Vista which we have not discussed in the past because we have discussed that look it's an idea which was termed as a fascistic idea some said it is not synced with the heritage of our country and we had historians in our show but today we are going to discuss something very special which has not really come to the fore. So thank you professor Menon joining us and straight away I mean if I could ask you one of very simple questions you know because I remember you were one of the leading figures in the INTAC and also otherwise to ensure that the precinct of the Central Vista is part of the world heritage domain or so on because I am in Simla. I don't know whether my camera can really shoot the majestic Himalaya just behind me yeah but and I remember we have that heritage track the world heritage track from Kalka to Simla we know the beauty of that and we know why it is so important to conserve it so what went wrong and how do you really view it now? Okay let me start off by a bit of an introduction and that is that the whole idea of heritage. Yes professor Menon. Yeah now what is heritage normally until INTAC was formed that is in 1984 by and large most people thought of heritage as monumental you know the Taj for secret etc that was considered an architectural heritage. However after INTAC was formed we enlarged the scope the vision and the idea it's not as though that we invented something it's all over the world they consider it but in India somehow we often thought of or usually thought of heritage as these monuments and just to give an idea of the scale ASI was the custodian government and they were saving about they were conserving about 3600 monuments and that at once strikes you as an anomaly because you know in a country like India 3600 it must be something more of course there's something more but secondly heritage is not only monuments heritage is many other things it could be your Haveli it could be the natural heritage it could be your intangible heritage could be hundreds of things but somehow in our minds that is what got established and even today we suffer from it we somehow feel that the heritage of Central Vista is only North Bloc, South Bloc, Rashtrapati Bhavan etc which were the monumental buildings and we cannot look at the Central Vista as anything beyond that and just to carry that idea a bit forward right now if you talk to the architect he will tell you what I'm saving the heritage North Bloc is saved South Bloc is saved Rashtrapati Bhavan what are you people complaining about so this is the huge gap in our imagination so when we complain that you are destroying Central Vista they say my god we're not you're just Jholavala is just complaining about anything that we do and we're not destroying it look we have saved it we're not destroying all these things we are even saving the parliament building we're building a new top parliament sure but the old one is saved and look the Central Vista the Rajput trees are there the landscape is there what are you complaining about so you see the gap in our imagination of what is heritage now that's just a brief introduction that we try to open that up in if I focus on Delhi as in Delhi there were about 170 monuments according to ASI but when Intak got into the act we said no they're much more and we identified 1200 monuments and these are minor monuments are the kinds of monuments it could be in Shah Jannabad could be Havelis could be anything but 1200 we said are worth preserving why because they represent our history they are evidence of our history so part of our agenda was that so in 2000 we got this publication out about the city's heritage and one of the things that we identified was precincts and we one of the precincts we two precincts we identified was Shah Jannabad and to Delhi so those are identified as heritage earlier they were not and again to emphasize the point the world all over the world they are about hundreds of world heritage cities not a single one in India and then you begin to wonder you mean to say in India 5000 years we don't have any heritage cities obviously there's a gap in our imagination not that we did not have it but we imagine Varanasi as heritage we didn't imagine Ujjain as heritage we didn't imagine Madurai as heritage and we didn't imagine uh Latin's bungalow zone as heritage or Shah Jannabad as heritage and yet it has all the characteristics all the uh the uh evidence of heritage so in 2000 we published this uh uh a book saying the heritage of Delhi in which these two precincts there were six heritage zone the 27 heritage zones but out of the 27th the master planner Delhi when it came out in 2007 accepted six they accepted all the 1200 monuments saying that yes Delhi has 1200 monuments not just 174 that ASI is saying but 1200 but it also very interestingly the master plan said that these are heritage so for the first time Latin's bungalow zone Shah Jannabad got uh legal notification the heritage now that was step one then in 2013 we approached the government and said look it is heritage the master plan says it's heritage but according to us it is world heritage it is almost definitely much higher just like Taj is India's heritage but it's also world heritage so we managed to persuade the government and it was very difficult because you know you have to go through the means of culture you have to ASI ASI says our work is not managed this few number of monuments you're adding cities to it now how are you going to manage anyway in all fairness after a lot of lobbying they accepted it and in 2013 the government of India finally sent a dossier which we prepared the intact Delhi chapter prepared as because again a very technical document that you're going to prepare to to UNESCO and it was sent uh in 2014 the Modi government came into the picture now the whole idea is that to them heritage is politics and what we are saying is heritage is not politics heritage is history we had some good history because some bad history some history we ashamed of some history we are proud of but heritage is history in history so we said that look this is part of it but the new government said no it is not our heritage our heritage and you are naming Shah Janabad which is Mughal heritage and you're naming Latins bungalow zone which is colonial heritage we don't consider its heritage so they withdrew it now of course it's a sovereign government our prime minister elected democracy etc etc has every right to do it and he did it now that is where matter stands and it stood until now because this heritage of Latins bungalow zone and central vista is in the UNESCO tentative list it's not yet accepted because India withdrew it tentative list now that Modi's second term comes then they take more action first action was because withdrawing it now they're saying this has to be destroyed because you know barbie masjid has been destroyed now these have to be destroyed and according to me this entire redevelopment project is a strategy to destroy it okay it is presented as something we are redeveloping we are upgrading if you read the bit so if I could just ask you a question because you know you brought up a very interesting aspect rate right from 2000 2014 and in 2014 that the government actually was not serious but did you ever comprehend in 2014 that such kind of redevelopment is going to take place what you qualify to be the destruction of the heritage okay now I'll come to the second point even as as we said that all this is heritage it got into the first problem which is that heritage is something to be protected and as intact we were at pains to say in a country like India we cannot preserve heritage because we don't have the money we don't have money to eat how are you going to have money to preserve heritage so we said that it is not preservation it is conservation conservation means development and we did many projects including Varanasi Boganesh or Ujjain where we conserved it and developed it so we said that similarly Latvian's bungalow zone and the central district can be developed so this is where matters stand however that politicians everyone takes a time to understand it so in their minds when we say that it is world heritage it means keep it frozen and we said nothing of the sort nothing can remain frozen things are evolving our needs are changing and so we have suggested many things that should be done and in fact when the project when the designer of the project came I remember talking to the architect and said look Mr Patel several things can be done it is not as though we as conservationists are saying nothing should be done everything is wrong with your project we are saying nothing of the sort we are saying a lot of things can be done new buildings can be built all over the world they've done it look at Paris look at Paris they built hundreds of buildings and it's a world heritage city look at Beijing look at the 230 other world heritage cities in the world they all built none are frozen similarly this is this does not have to be frozen but as I told you the first point I made the mindset the mindset somehow is that heritage is something that is frozen and has to be kept frozen and intact has been trying very hard to say no we cannot afford to do that it has to develop so to answer your question a lot of things can be done in central Vista but it has to be done carefully and as intact we are done over so what does that mean I mean so what does that mean if you if you if you qualify that to me then it has to be done carefully yeah now I give you what does that mean all I can give you as examples say take Bhubaneshwar for example old Bhubaneshwar we did the conservation plant of Bhubaneshwar where we showed how the old Bhubaneshwar can develop and we made a whole budget you've been in the municipality you know that you work on budgets you know you work on projects so if I'm going to conserve I can't come to you and say look I want money for conservation it's a get run along you know where am I going to have money for conservation I don't have money for roads I don't have money for sewers and water supply how am I going to give you money for conservation agreed we said but give us money for the following projects and these projects should be done in such a way that it will not destroy heritage you don't have to break it down you don't do this you can do this a road can be built it doesn't have to go through the building it has to go it can go by the side and conserve it it's it the many I might say we don't want to get into that because of technical subject but the point we made is the the term we use was the conservation can be development oriented in other words the conservation does not have to be preservation oriented it can be development oriented and we have said the same thing about central vista when we say central vista is uh worded my I went through all that when I was trying to convince the government that issue world heritage obviously these questions came up obviously ASI asked this question obviously they had all this high power committee saying that look what are you talking about you would say we can't do anything here and I had to convince them that look at this look at that it's not my job it you know I'm not the DDA I'm not the ASI and I've got no authority I'm just a NGO suggesting this should be done so but yet all I can answer your questions by saying that yes development can take place in the following way and I can give you so many examples where I can show you it can be done and it has been done so to answer your second question it can a lot of things can be done okay thanks the process you get I remember being to keep you know the the capital of all the habitat three years of that yeah part of the delegation and I remember it's a world heritage site by the way I mean it's it's I mean if you if you go there I mean there's a stark distinction between the new Keto and the old Keto how they have conserved absolutely do you not think I mean something that sort could have been easily imagined and I mean if of course it could have been done you know for example take a simple thing like he wants to build a new secretariat for everyone it's a central visitor it can be anywhere without the kind of technology you and I are talking and you are sitting in Simla I'm sitting in Delhi we are talking to each other conducting a business we are not incapacitated because you're not sitting next to me actually yeah true true yeah so you know we can we can the governments can function by anywhere so the argument I would have used is that yes if you want to build a central secretariat wrong idea bad idea agreed but if you want to do it build it somewhere else build it in Dwarka build it in Narela build it anywhere and create a new city and if you look at historically we talk about seven cities of Delhi none of them destroyed the earlier city even the British did not that's interesting yeah yeah could you just explain that I mean that's very something very interesting I mean and that all those seven things that all those seven cities that came up yeah I mean none actually just opposed on on on the previous one yeah this is a peculiar thing about about Indian cities because in most of the world if you go to London you'll find layers and layers of cities are one above the other Roman either Greeks built over the Roman the others came and built over the Rome etc etc and yeah not in India in India somehow we built next to each other good bad there are the reasons one reason I can give you quite a funny way is that we thought it was bad luck to build on someone else I ruined you know be that as it may we did not and even the British did not British did not demolish Shah Jainabad they built it next to it Shah Jainabad did not build Tughlaqabad they built next to it so this has been a historical precedent and if Mr Modi in his power with 300 plus seats wanted to do something you can build a Modi Nagar in Narela in Dwarka in wherever and made it like others so in Berlin they did that Hitler did that Mosulini did it so I'm just saying if that was a vision it could have been done so here when you say I want to do it on Central Vista it is a problematic issue and as a conservationist I argue not as a politician as a conservationist it's a wrong idea. Professor Benan if I could just come back to Intak and the Visavi the Central Vista I remember Intak had written to the government and the ministry of housing and urban affairs at the outset of this project have you heard something from them and I mean it's really jitters me you see why because I find Intak even going down to the level of say and not to the level I mean but like conserving a temple in Pontus I have been in Himachal Pradesh but I haven't heard a word from Intak why is it so? No I'll answer that question in my own way not answer directly because that may not sound too good but you see when the first designs came out in late November December we were horrified and you know I know Bimal Patel we know Hardeep Puri we know the government you know it's not as though you and I are not familiar with them we are not strangers we try to contact them so in good faith we drop a thing saying that look gentlemen you can do a lot of things but can we please do it carefully and we are there to help you why because you don't know Central Vibhya, we have done a dossier on it we've got enormous amount of data we've got a whole lot of surveys we've got a whole lot of issues and what I even told them was that can you please re-nominate this place as Central Vista and as World Heritage and still build your buildings that will be a lesson if you can then you'll break this taboo we have in India that we cannot develop a World Heritage Site so I'm saying here's your challenge I told them I told Bimal Patel that I told Bimal Patel I said look you want to do this you are an architect you want your project have it but if you want to do this we'll have a feather on your cap you have done it the right way but of course we heard nothing we heard nothing from Mr Puri we heard nothing from Mr Bimal Patel we heard nothing from the powers that be and it's not as though we don't know them it's not as though we are strangers intact has quite a few ministries on their governing council but there is some taboo that you are not allowed to interfere in this project and that bothers me so if we contacted them they didn't say and so when you say the intact didn't intact did but in a very shall be quote civilized unquote we did not go around shouting at them we tried to negotiate with them and as I said someone like Bimal Patel I know I don't have to shout at him I if I were to argue with you I'll argue with you why would I want to shout at you so I said we can negotiate them but no there was absolutely no response okay Professor Menon I think there's something very interesting that I mean of course it's an international precedent that it's not just the conservation of the building but also the usage of the building I know for a particular use and now all of a sudden we are finding the north and the south south block would be museums and then even the parliament was supposed to be a museum in India so how really I mean understand I mean what do you think about it you see the degrees and degrees of conservation ideal would be preserved but as I told you in the beginning preservation may be a problem so you allow development you allow usage several things now as I said the whole degrees you might find it you might find north log in a ruin and you want to restore it you may not say I can do administration again I may make it to a museum and that all over the country you'll find a lot of conservation are made into hotels are made into into museums but that is not the situation here this was a functioning building it they claim it had some problems the seismic and all that it's possible to resolve it I'll give you one example I'll digress a bit here one of the very first projects when intact was formed I did was I was called to Bangalore because Bangalore chapters that look we have a huge problem we have this beautiful high court it's called Ataraka Cherry 130 years old the government is wanting to demolish it because they want to have many more courts you know the usual the the number of courts are required the building is 130 years old it's falling apart etc etc so intact sent me this is 1985 you know long time back and I went and examined and the engineers came and tried to convince me that we have to do it I looked at it I said look you know I can have an engineering study done but I look at it and say look this is building not going to fall at all but we can do studies to show what the seismic problems are I can see one beam there's a crack we can handle it this building is good enough for the next 100 years and I gave my report at that time civilized people were there I remember who was it Mr. Higide was the minister there PWD minister he listened he agreed and today they're really proud of the fact that Ataraka Cherry is still there and they've got more courts and it is functioning and I say well there's a perfect example of conservation so something that Bangalore Ataraka Cherry we had the same arguments that they're using here oh we need more space we need to do this this is a big structure this sees big problems 1985 we faced the same problem in Ataraka Cherry in Bangalore and we resolved it and they're happy about it today the new generation of Bangaloreans are very happy that Ataraka Cherry is still in the midst so I think it's degrees and degrees of handling this problem it could have been handled I don't see any reason why this building had to be emptied out there are reasons why it needed to be emptied out but again as someone has asked if it's unsafe for administration is it safe for museums? There's no answer to that you know of course it's a pay for museum it's safe for the administration but we know the building well because as intact then chapter they done studies there and all that it requires a huge amount of maintenance that's right stencil which requires a huge amount of maintenance maintenance is different from alteration change etc one has to maintain it maintaining the significance of the management so it could be done so that net of removing it functions from there and let me try to put it this way would a minister of partner affairs sits in South Glock or would he sit in one of the donor shaped modern buildings that they're going to be sitting in you tell me you know psychologically would the minister of yeah want to conduct his business in South Glock what do you want to do it in one of those donor shaped buildings that is being built for him now and remember the second problem there you already got a new building minister of external affairs they're going to demolish it it's five years that's strange five years old built to purpose going to be demolished and going to put him into a donut I just don't understand it so obviously you know it's inexplicable okay professor Menon if I could have the last two questions to you one is quite technical and of course another one is for our common viewers I mean I will ask that the that's the second question the first one is I think we've learned that there would be some eight stories and and also I mean the idea of the original skyline would also be validated so how do you really view and what is the relevance of a skyline okay to professor Menon now it's slowly slowly be understanding that's becoming an issue of the people I mean common because you know open spaces what will happen to those so as I said in the beginning that this trajectory from the architects to the common people after all this is the heritage of the common people so they own this heritage I mean so how do you understand how should they how should they be linked to this entire I want to say struggle but the part of part of the movement that that's getting developed to protect this into this stuff yeah so let's answer the second question first people we know that this is a people's place this is a democratic space after these buildings are built what's going to happen is going to be a security zone someone called it a special political zone spz someone it'll become a spz so it's why is it going to be a special you know right now even today you can't walk to north north south north there are barriers there security because you've got all the ministries there you can go there to take a selfie yeah basically there but it's not like old days I don't buy as a youngster you could cycle up to there and come back I can't do that anymore that is what's going to happen to central vista now with all these ministries coming up next to central vista this space will still have trees still have lawns we still have water bodies but it will have areas cctv you cannot picnic you can't do it move on move on move on you know nothing so common man is going to get work and take a place like deli then space where a lot of people would have open space this is their space this is where they picnic this is where they come to have an ice cream this is public public place somewhere where you have leisure also public places where you protect public place where you take a selfie all those in the public places all that's going to be is now going to become a security place with a barrier because and quite rightly so because of the security people will come and say no no no people can't come here because the government government is here a terrorist may come we've had it so it's become a security place so in answer to your second question people are going to be described of a very valuable public place by doing this first question what you've got an eight-story building earlier the trees of the skyline you could see the sky beyond the trees yeah if you look carefully maybe you could see nirvana one maybe you could see inconsequential today after all this going to a balance of buildings you know a wall of buildings next to each other all the way from the vijay chalk to india gate that is going to be the change in skyline so now it's going to be a hard skyline with this wall on both sides earlier you had a strong skyline you had three they're different and yet you're building it's not a different type of building and as I said it's a matter of their concession they say it's lower than india gate you know as you move favor to the public they're reducing the height of the by few centimeters below india gate you see it's peaceful it is wrong that's what the problem is okay but i'm provoked to ask last question again sure you're provoked enough so you can go ahead so what do you see in the future and how do you see the future the future and the redevelopment you know after the pandemic the supreme court has also said no construction is going to happen but you know the sinister move is very sinister so i mean i have i mean optimistic and be very practical so you see central vista is going to be destroyed with the 300 plus seats in the parliament he doesn't even have to ask the parliament he's doing it he didn't have to ask me for god's sake who am i so okay you and i are talking because you're asking me a question he's not going to ask me a question but okay so it's going to be destroyed but the answer to your question our cities are going to be destroyed because now you realize that urban development is a political play thing we always knew urban development was a capitalistic play thing you know big projects lot of scams lot of money and our cities are being destroyed even delhi is being destroyed you know look at your kidwai nagar look at you know all this happening right now there was money power now political power is becoming so the future of cities in india is bleak my friend is bleak and it is made in much more stark with this pandemic it should have gone the other way we should have made it much more humane much more human it's going to be the other way around unfortunately well thanks professor manana i just remember one of the anecdotes during my student days when i was a student activist in hemachal university and the indian state of advanced studies was being converted into a hotel yes we protested we objected with all our strength that we had and of course there was this whole aura like you people intellectuals architects who said no no we shouldn't be handed over to hotel today that means two of advanced studies still remains the in issue and i wish i mean i don't know but i still wish that the central vista also remains the central vista without the redevelopment but as you as you as you rightly pointed out i mean the challenges are really really great and we all are witnessing that thanks professor manan we'll definitely join on yeah so some other day with with uh yeah maybe with another topic yeah i because because from the central vista to maybe urbanism the kind of aesthetics that we are getting in the urban realm thanks thanks a lot okay thank you


Alrighty, so it's crazy how much track has been arriving in the past few nights. In fact, we've been missing shipments because one track piece will arrive and then several others will arrive slightly later. So in the storage area right now, I was counting about 16 to 18 pieces of track that are currently there. That's crazy. So that's not including the track that's already on site and ready to install. Remember, they're getting ready to install the turner to the station as they just finished the brake run yesterday. This adds up with the prediction that the lift hill will either start by next Thursday or be completed by next Thursday. We're not quite sure which one. But regardless, the lift hill is scheduled to be somewhat in action by next Thursday, which is crazy. So they had this secondary crane. This isn't the Fox crane. The secondary crane in there lifting the track and reorganizing it as I'm guessing there's lots more shipments coming. If we take this into account, we have about one third of the ride already on site. We have the support beams all the way up to the Imelman and we have the track pieces all the way up to the Imelman as well. Or should I say the bottom of the tunnel as it pulls up into the Imelman? That's a lot. That's about one third of the attraction rate there. Maybe just over one fourth, depending how you want to look at it. That's one fourth or one third of the attraction that's already there and ready to install in August. Again, it's August. That's crazy. So the construction site or the storage area is starting to fill up and got lots of great sites of track and all that. What's even cooler is these awesome shots of the track. So the lift hill pieces have what's called, I believe, a bumper on them. It helps with shock absorbance right there. It helps with a lot. I'm not quite sure.  But I believe they're called a bumper and their purpose is shock absorbance and helps with stress. But I definitely want you to correct me down below or reach out to me with what they're actually designed to do. But yeah, lots going on, lots of parts here. Super excited that the construction site is definitely about to soar in terms of actually erecting this coaster. And by the way, there'll be a Halloween haunt update video coming out in just a bit after this video. We got some Halloween haunt construction updates and the house was released. So there's some two new haunted houses from what I can tell coming to Halloween Haunt at Wonderland this year. And I'm super excited about it. They look really awesome and I couldn't be more thrilled considering I thought there was going to be no new haunted houses coming this Halloween on in terms of the construction site itself. Not too much going on. It looks like they're just getting ready to install the catwalks on the brake run before they start to turn out of the station. The storage area or the storage shed is definitely coming along nicely. It looks like it's just the roof they have left to put up. And they were doing electrical work on the station, which is crazy. They had some electrical people from Hartwell, I believe, working on the station area. So that was interesting. And they got some fencing in there ready to go as well. And the turnpieces out of the station are all on site now. As you saw, they were getting them ready to deliver. They're on site, ready to be installed right over here in the storage area or sorry, the actual construction site itself. So they are making some really good progress on this coaster. But you guys already know that I don't need to say that every update. They're making progress. They're making progress. I feel like I say that in every video. So they're an awesome construction team, obviously. Everything's moving very smoothly. I'm extremely impressed with how the construction site has been moving. So as you can tell, they're definitely going to be working on catwalks over the next couple of days. And the turn of the station may go up as well. Again, they have about two teams from the same team Fox working. So one team does the smaller things and one team works on the bigger parts of the project. And you can't see in this photo, but they're definitely working on the comb area of the station and installing electrical. That's what I'm assuming they're doing because they're from Hartwell and that's what Hartwell does. But yeah, nothing else really going on. They got some support columns in there, the I beam, H beam support columns. And they have the support columns for the catwalks ready to go as well. So I'm assuming it's going to all pick up over the next couple of days. Anyways, thanks for watching my construction update. Hope you guys enjoyed it. Smash that like button. Subscribe if you haven't and share this video for others to enjoy. See you guys soon. Bye.


All right guys, how we doing welcome back to the channel welcome back to another top 100 video We are indeed in the top 50 and that's a real success But what was in a success is probably the six or seven videos previous So I'm gonna say from number like 58 57 all the way down to 51 I was in a happy mood and look I don't need to tell you why I was so happy It was most probably obvious not only was I in my alter ego White Morpheus, but I'd also consumed a hell of a lot of drinks.  Maybe I should have waited. Anyways guys, it's been about two or three days Big weekend not gonna lie and it started We're whilst doing those videos. So here. We are number 50 on the list. Micah hide safety for the bills Let's get into it Split backfield slot left at the Buffalo 34 first and ten Jones pumps pumps long watch deep down the left side Micah hide just snatched it away from her at the last moment Yeah live it might it may well have been the greatest play you've ever witnessed you wouldn't have expected that to happen It's a game of inches and in this case the defense came out on top.  What? It's almost like a glitch Hopefully they're gonna break it down I told him on the sideline I that would might have been the most unbelievable play I've ever seen on the field I was playing man on tight end and I saw neck throw the ball in the air It looked like the receiver had maybe a step, but I got a lead jump on it So I could have got an earlier jump. I didn't believe it right away But what I knew he was starting from my head down started running You know, I thought the ball was gonna be at the receiver and I just looked up at the last second the ball was there It's I gotta say I gotta say so there's two. Okay. There's there's three perfect things happening right now the throw the route and the interception Be no surprise to see Micah hide cover a lot of ground Hide with a remarkable he couldn't even see it for God's sake That ball has got to have just come in to his range of view within The last what Jesus wouldn't even be a millisecond. Honestly recovery The bill safety seems you'd feel so cheated as the receiver and the thrower to be all over the field He's getting Strips Making plays from everywhere That's a big time boy by Mike. Hi. What's done to my legs right from the start. Just a big big hit Jaguar I Think Mike is athleticism bang credit for it Play that reminds me of his athleticism is going back two years ago against the Dolphins He jumps up on an onside kick spins in the air catches it on one foot and goes and supposed to touch them I think I've seen this. I think that that that that does ring a bell, but it doesn't take away any of the excitement or Ridiculousness of that play All you want to do as a defending team Well, you're gonna be attacking but you're defending the kick all you want to do is smother it All you want to do is get down on the ground. He's done that or more But what I do want to say is how did he get the kick up so high? Me if his athleticism is going back two years ago against the Dolphins He jumps up on an onside kid in the air That's a well. It's actually it's not even an onside kick is it because it needs to be Does it need to be ten yards? He caught it before the ten yard line. Anyway Catches it on one foot and goes and supposed to touch down for us So defending team can catch it anywhere attacking team needs to wait for it to get ten yards guys Just like in rugby, but I'll tell you what you wouldn't see that happen every day He's one of the most athletic guys I've ever known There's a picture of Micah the Colts game last year than the playoffs with one of the most athletic guys You've ever known well with that in mind You know what to do Micah Hyde Born 1990 so he's a veteran I'll go out on a limb and say he's a veteran December 31st 1990 31 years of age six foot even 197 pounds went to Iowa State or Iowa there's two Iowa teams. Anyway What was it? Iowa Hawkeyes, gotcha got picked up in the 2013 draft pick number 159 in the fifth round went to the Packers for four years and he's been at the bills since 2017 One Pro Bowl appearance in 2017 and his first year at the bills, but if we're talking about Sorry guys if we're talking about Sheer out-and-out athleticism I don't know. I think he transitions this pretty damn well into the game He stands at five eleven and three quarters hundred ninety seven pounds four five six of the forty yard dash Six seven eight for the three cone drill thirty three inches on the vertical ten foot one on the broad jump and twelve reps on the bench He's played a hundred and forty two total games. It's getting up there 583 combined tackles Five sacks including one last year 59 passes deflected 22 interceptions including five last year a career high and the list goes on and on He's played fuck. He's played a lot of postseason games He's played 15 postseason games and that's what you get playing with Green Bay and Buffalo Especially in the last couple years with Buffalo, but has he got a Super Bowl? Has he got a Super Bowl? Let's have a look No, he doesn't Unfortunate can they do it this year? Maybe let's see It threw a jump ball and the picture looks like he's three feet in the air like he's had in shoulders above every hang on What was this play? Picture of Micah the Colts game last year than the playoffs where they threw a jump ball and the picture looks like He's three feet in the air like he's had in shoulders above everybody else and knocking the ball down See that's it. That's a 33 inch vertical. He must have improved. Let's be honest He's been in the league for like eight years. He must have improved. It's got to be up towards 36 I've seen him dunk out here on this rim Micah hide it goes over the top of Deontay Johnson to bat that ball down I don't think he's batting anything like whether shooting basketball whether it's something I'm sure he's probably good at golf too, but just an all-around athlete. Look, I don't know if we go that far He's a football player Period hands down.  That's big price knows where he's supposed to be He knows where the ball is going to be I into the air and Micah hide somehow came up with it Micah knows how to play this game He is a football player Maybe Micah hide could dominate Eric or the courts what he still does best is fly around the football field The tip pass and cruise into the end zone for the Buffalo touchdown And it should be no surprise that the safety who was anywhere and everywhere once again turned up on the players list He wasn't there last year But he certainly made it this year guys Sounds as if he's only getting better and better and age 31 That is music to my ears being that I'm 31 to so I'm not gonna go out and say anything stupid like I normally would Such as It's not all over for me either because I'm sitting on a couch and he's on a football field Anyway, sounds as if he's got at least, you know a good three or four more good years and for that I say good luck Go bills and go Jags and go Bucks and go Finns Maybe those four maybe maybe oh, maybe I'll follow for this year Either way, I'll work it out in the next one. We're looking at Devondre Campbell Linebacker for the Packers and from behind he reminds me of another guy who we haven't actually seen on this list thus far But I'll talk about that and more in the next video. Thank you so much for being here guys We're in the top half That is a good feeling and I'll see you in the next one. Peace out


The Mutual Broadcasting System presents The Mysterious Traveller, written, produced and directed by Robert A. Arthur and David Cokin, and starring tonight two of radio's foremost actors, Leon Janney and Ralph Bell, in The Man Who Tried to Save Lincoln. This is The Mysterious Traveller, inviting you to join me on another journey to the realm of the strange and the terrifying.  February 12th, of course, is Abraham Lincoln's birthday and next April 14th is the anniversary of his death at the hands of an assassin. Many people have wondered what would have happened if Lincoln had not died that night. My story tonight concerns two such people and it begins in a small laboratory in a college in Pennsylvania. A heavy-set middle-aged man is tinkering with a maze of electronic apparatus. 1914, 1913, 1912, 1911, 1910, 1910. The gauge stops there, there's no penetration. An accumulated tension is too great to overcome unless I use more power. And if I do... Ah, just as I expected the field coil blew out. 39 years penetration and there I stick. Maybe if I get a more powerful tube. Ah, hello, Professor Hodges speaking. Professor Hodges? Mrs. Erskine? Mrs. Erskine? Oh, Professor Hodges, you've forgotten. I have? Forgotten what, Mrs. Erskine? My tea, Professor. Oh, it was very naughty of you, but I know how absent-minded professors are, so I'll forgive you if you come right over. Oh, oh yes, your tea. The truth is, Mrs. Erskine, I... Now I'm not going to let you say no. The dean is here and some very attractive young women and someone you surely want to meet. I do? Oh, yes. You know, he just wrote that wonderful book, If Lincoln Had Live, you must meet him. Oh, yes. Is he any relation to former Professor Henry Morrison? His son won't you right away. All right, Mrs. Erskine. Maybe I need some social life to take the cobwebs out of my brain. So glad you could come, even if I did have to remind you. And I want you to meet Tom Morrison. This is Professor Hodges. How do you do thing? Glad to meet you, Mr. Morrison. Mr. Morrison has just been telling me about his book. If Lincoln Had Live, it is fascinating. It is simply fascinating. It is... Oh, oh, but there's Lucy Johnson, and I must see a pleasure to just excuse me because... Oh, Lucy! Lucy, I want to speak to you, then. I'm just waiting for you. Mrs. Erskine was telling me you're a physicist, Professor Hodges, electronics. Yes, that's my line. I've heard of your book, Mr. Morrison, If Lincoln Had Live, tell me what would have happened. Well, as I was just telling Mrs. Erskine, I think tremendous things would have happened. Such as? I think Abraham Lincoln would have managed things so wisely that at the end of the war between the states, the whole nation would have recovered in ten years. Oh, yes? Go on. There would have been no bitterness. And as a United Nation, we'd have forged ahead much more quickly to take our place as a world leader. Yes, I... I can see how that would be. Why, we'd have been so strong in 1914 that we'd have prevented World War I by our very threat to intervene. Then there wouldn't have been any world war. Well, certainly the chances against it would have been much greater. Mr. Morrison, Tom, I am glad I came here today. I think you're the man I need. Need? In what way? I'm in the middle of a tremendous experiment. I need a man with imagination. That's you. I need a man I can trust. You again. Professor, what is this experiment? Tom, I'll answer one question with another. How would you like to step back through the pages of history to that fatal night of April 13th, 1865, and save Abraham Lincoln's life? These are the instruments I've been working with, Tom. They don't look like much, I guess, but they work. Up to a point, that is. So that's what a time machine looks like. I always wondered, and now I know. Time machine? Tom, you've been reading H.G. Wells. You and just about everybody else, I suppose, think of a time machine as an invention which could carry people back and forth through time, like an automobile carries them along the road, right? Well, pretty much, I guess. In that sense, a time machine is impossible, believe me. But in another sense, everyone travels about in time constantly. How do you mean? Tom, what happened on your seventh birthday? My seventh birthday? Well, I had a big party. I got a pony for a present. I rode that pony all over the lawn. You see, Tom, just now you traveled backwards 25 years in time, mentally. Well, say, say, I did, didn't I? I think I see what you're getting at. You can travel through time mentally, if not physically. That's it. And this machine here is just a refinement on that principle. If I used user subject, Tom, and focused it at some special date in history when I knew people were present at this spot. Yes.  You mean that my brain pattern would be impressed upon the brain of some man living in the past? Roughly speaking, yes. You'd be able to think with his mind, see with his eyes, hear with his ears, and move about in his body. I see. There are difficulties. For instance, suppose your mind finds itself inside the brain of a very strong-willed individual. Yes. You will probably be helpless, unable to influence his actions in any way. You see, you'll be dominated. I see. On the other hand, an easygoing or weak-willed person would be subject to your will. Mm-hmm. Then you couldn't always be sure of just what would happen when you made an excursion back into the past. Unfortunately, no. But that can't be helped. There are other difficulties. Right now, my main tube isn't big enough. I can't achieve penetration further back than 1910. Forty years. I have a bigger tube coming that should extend the range at least to 100 years. But why don't we wait for it? Suppose we do a little experimenting. What kind of experimenting, Professor? Tom, tomorrow, how would you like to go on a little jaunt back to the year 1912? Comfortable, Tom? Feel fine, Professor. I've purposely arranged this chair so that you can see out the window. Did you go to the public library across the street? Yes. It was erected in 1912, wasn't it? The very year you're going to visit. Did you know your mother was one of the first librarians there? Yes. It's family history that she met father when he went in to get a book. He was so bold over, he forgot the book. He also forgot to sign the library card in the back of it. I have the very book right here. The Life of Lincoln. The same book. It looks as if it hadn't been read in 40 years. It hasn't. Here's the card. Here's the line where your father should have signed his name. Perfectly blank. Dad certainly must have been smitten. That's just the point. Tom, I know it's possible to send your brain pattern back in time, but is it possible for you to change anything that happened then? To change anything? I hadn't thought of that. If the past has happened, it's fixed, isn't it? It can't be changed. I think it can. That's what we're going to test.   Good Lord. Yes. You will see with his eyes, think with his mind, move with his body. And Tom, you are going to sign this library card. Sign the card. You're going back to noon, July 10th, 1912. According to the timestamp on this card, the book was delivered at that exact moment. I see. And I'm to sign the library card that never was signed. I'm to alter the past. If you can. Maybe you won't be able to. But try, Tom. Try. Concentrate every power of your mind on it. I will. But you have the book and the card here. They're not in the library. Ah, they are. Back in 1912. Oh, of course. I was forgetting. Ready? Yes. Sit back. Relax. I'll attach the headpiece. There. Now concentrate your mind on the thought noon, July 10th, 1912. Repeat it over and over mentally. I understand. Take a few seconds. You may experience a period of dizziness. Be prepared for anything. Noon. July 10th, 1912. Noon. July 10th, 1912. Noon. July 10th, 1912. Noon. July 10th, 1912. Mr. Morrison, what is it? Are you ill? Uh, I, uh, I, I felt dizzy. Dizzy for a moment. Well, where, where am I? Well, this is the public library. And I have the book you called for, The Life of Lincoln. Why are you staring at me so oddly, Mr. Morrison? You, I, I've never, never seen you before. Have I? Why, no. I'm Miss Andrews, the assistant librarian. I just started work here today. Miss Andrews. Is, uh, is this July 10th, 1912? Well, yes, yes, of course. Oh, well, what time is it? Well, the clock is just striking noon. Oh, yes, yes, of course. Why did I ask that? I, I know perfectly well it is. It's as if, uh, as if there were a voice in my mind. It's odd. Are you sure that you'll feel all right, Mr. Morrison? Of course I do. Just a little giddy. That's the effect of love at first sight. Mr. Morrison. Oh, I mean it, Miss Andrews. Will you have lunch with me now, right away, so, so we can talk? Why, of course I will. Thank you, Miss Andrews. Get your hat. It, it is lunchtime, isn't it? Why, yes, why, yes, I believe it is, Mr. Morrison. But, but the book. Don't you want me to sign it out for you? Oh, bother the book. Lincoln can wait. But, uh, there's, uh, there's something. Yes? I, I'm trying to remember something. The, uh, the card. Yes, I, I have to sign the card. Not if you don't wish the book. Yes, yes, but I, I do. Something tells me I must. I, I, I don't know why. Give me the card, please. Yes, yes, of course. And, uh, a pen. There you are. Now, I, I'm feeling busy again. My name, Tom. No, no, no, not Tom, Henry. What's wrong with me? Henry... Morrison. Bear. Now, I, I... Mr. Morrison! Mr. Morrison, can I get you a glass of water? Tom, here. Drink this. Oh, thanks, Professor. No, it's better. I, I'm over my busyness. What happened? Tell me. Well, there was, uh, an instant of, uh, of busyness. Then I, I opened my eyes and, uh, Professor, I was standing in the, in the public library talking to a young woman. The woman who was later to become my own mother. Go on, Tom. Yes, it, it was noon, July 10th, 1912. And I, uh, I, I, I seem to be inside the mind of someone else. Someone who, who went on talking and acting as if I didn't exist. Of course.  Your father to be. Yes. Yes, I, I, I tried to make him realize I was there. I exerted all my willpower. Then I, I think he signed the library card. And I'm not, I'm not sure. Everything got far away in dark then. And I, I was sitting here with you back in 1950. We'll know in a moment if he did sign the card. If you did change the past, Tom, I'll open the book. If the card was signed, the signature will be there now. It'll have to be there. Look, it signed Henry Morrison. My father's signature. And look, he started to sign it, Tom. And then he crossed out the Tom and wrote in Henry. That proves your personality was dominant for a moment. We can do it, Tom. We can reach back into the past and save the life of Abraham Lincoln. And change the whole course of world history since 1865. As soon as the bigger tube gets here, we'll try further tests, send you back further. Tom, how would you like to be present to hear Lincoln deliver the Gettysburg address? Step to my foot, Tom. Oh, sorry, sorry, I, I felt dizzy. Well, where am I? Where are you?  It's Gettysburg, of course.  Quiet, the president's going to speak. The, uh, the president? President Lincoln, of course. Four score and seven years ago, our forefathers brought forth on this continent a new nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we do this, but in a larger sense, we... Professor, I saw him. I saw Lincoln. And I heard him deliver the Gettysburg address. And we've done it. We've achieved the penetration into the time we need. And we've proved you can stay there at least half an hour. It was terrific. There was, there was a farmer named Jesse Evans, a simple fellow. I, I was able to control his actions without difficulty. And, and for 30 minutes I saw Lincoln. Listen to him. Now, now I know I'm right. If Lincoln had lived, we'd all have a better world today. Tom, we'll leave for Washington tomorrow. We'll set up our instruments and equipment in the Ford Theater itself and John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln at about a quarter past ten on the night of April 13th, 1865. And you will return to that fateful night and prevent the shot from being fired. Everything seems to be working. I was afraid the trip by truck might have jarred the main tube. How still it is here. Listen to the silence, Professor. It's as if not a single sound had been uttered here since the night Lincoln was shot. Tom, considering this place is a museum now and maybe a million people have visited it. Still the atmosphere of silence is here. Think of it, sir. Through that doorway, Abraham Lincoln walked across those boards, up those stairs, walked unknowing to his death while John Wilkes Booth lurked outside a loaded pistol in his pocket. I know what you mean, Tom. Now let's plan our strategy. We have the place to ourselves until tomorrow morning. Let's try to imagine this theater as it was, April 13th, 1865. Let's figure out just where everyone was so far as we know. You tell me, Tom, you're the expert in this field. All right, Professor. Now over there is the box office. There, the entrance. This was the auditorium. And there, of course, was the stage. Up there was the private box in which Lincoln and his party sat. Ah, I wish we could get the gadgets up there, but we can't. Have to work from down here. At about nine o'clock in the evening, the president and Mrs. Lincoln entered with two guests. The play had already started. A ticket taker named Buckingham took their tickets, and an usher led them to their box. Now see, the one time. At about 10 minutes past 10, John Wilkes Booth sauntered in. He spoke to Buckingham, the ticket taker. Then he went on upstairs toward Lincoln's box. In his pocket, he carried a brass derringer loaded with one shot. And he struck almost immediately. Yes, sir. The president had an armed guard, John F. Parker. But Parker was criminally negligent. He left his post to watch the play. Left Lincoln unguarded. Booth slipped into the president's box, fired one shot into Lincoln's head, leaped to the stage, and made his getaway. Now, Tom. Yes, sir. Our experiments have proved, definitely, that your ability to alter the past depends on the type of mind into which the electronic pressure forces your own mental pattern. That's right. If I should hit a strong-willed man, I might not be able to control him at all. A neutral or a weak-willed type I can control and force to act. And you must act. Booth must be killed. You understand that? Of course. If I just stopped him, he might strike again later. Another danger is that we might send your mental pattern into the mind of someone who did not know Booth and would be unable to stop him in time. What do you suggest, sir? We have two possibilities. First, the guard Parker. He was weak-willed, and he was armed. He seems the most logical choice. Unfortunately, we don't know just where he was for part of the evening. He left his post, you know, and wandered around. And the pattern of pressure must be very carefully aimed. Of course. If we missed him... Don't tell him what would happen. My choice is Buckingham, the ticket-taker. Buckingham, eh? The ticket-taker is not ordinary. A man of, shall we say, great mental achievements, he will probably be able to control him. And remember, he knew Booth and, in fact, spoke to him. That's true. Also, we know almost exactly where he stood the whole evening. There, there by the entrance. All right, Tom. We will plan on sending you back to April 13, 1865, into the mind of Mr. Buckingham. Now, let's start getting ready. And steady, almost fell in. What's the matter, fella? You're drinking again? Oh, eh... Am... I... Well, this is Ford's Theater, of course. What's wrong with you? I'm all right. Thanks. Just... dizzy for a minute. So, I'm there. On the scene. Ford's Theater. The night of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Yeah, what's that? What about Lincoln? He's here tonight, you know. Yes, yes, I know. The lobby. Ford's Theater. April 13th, 1865. We've done it! And I can't fail. I can't! Quiet, quiet. The play's going on, you know. You mustn't disturb the president. No. The president. Yes. The president. He mustn't be disturbed. Oh, no, I... I'll see he's not disturbed. You are acting awful, stranger talking odd. Well, who am I? Tell me. Who am I? He's my name... Buckingham? Buckingham? That's a good one. Tell him, Harry, is his name Buckingham? It can't be. You're Buckingham. You? You're Buckingham? That's right, fella. Say, how much did you have to drink tonight? Nothing, nothing. We missed. Somehow. We missed. But it won't make any difference. It won't. I'll find him.  No, no. I can't sit down. I've got to find someone. Who? Lincoln. Yes, President Lincoln. And John Wilkes Booth. Got to find them. Save. Kill. Harry, help me to hold him up. He's staggering. And is he? Not to concentrate. On Lincoln. On Booth. Concentrate. Look around his breath. He's ill. Let him get him outside. No, no, I'm all right. It's 10 after 10. I have something important to tend to. Life and death. Have you seen Booth? John Wilkes. Booth. The actor. Have I seen Booth? Yes. Yes. Excuse me, Buckingham. I've got to go on in. I have a very important engagement to keep. Yes. Very important. A matter of life and death. Well, if you're sure you feel all right. Go right ahead. Thank you. Good night, gentlemen. Well, that was a funny performance. If I hadn't smelled his breath, I'd have sworn he was drunk. Ah, he's a funny one. Never know what he's up to. Let's talk just now about having an important engagement. Just bluff. You may be bound. Do you suppose he's in his right mind, though? Asking us if we'd seen John Wilkes Booth, the actor. When he's John Wilkes Booth. The mysterious traveler again. Did Tom and Professor Hodges succeed? No, you have only to open your history books and know they didn't. The past can't be changed. Only the future. And it can be changed for good or evil.  By all of us, each working in his own way. What future are you working for? While you think about it, I'll tell you about next week's story, The Big Hand. It's about two criminals who risk their lives in a desperate gamble for a million dollars. With death, is there ever... Oh, you'll have to get off here, I'm sorry. But I'm sure we'll meet again. I take this same train every week at the same time. You have just heard the mysterious traveler with a title role played by Maurice Tarplin. In the cast were Leon Janney, Ralph Bell, Miss Leslie Woods, and Raymond Edward Johnson. Original music composed and played by Al Finnelli. This is Bob Emmerich speaking. This is the world's largest network, the mutual broadcasting system.


Hey everybody, Matt here for Leighton Sports Cards ripping 2022 Bowman Baseball Jumbo four box break number four. Pick your teams. We have Anton H. Twins, Brandon S. Braves, Chris B. Giants, Chris F. Guardians Tigers, CJ L. Rangers, Derek M. Red Sox Dodgers and Marlins, Eric L. Angels, Gary M. Pirates, Gwyn W. D. Bax Orioles and Metz, Kyle B. Royals, Matthew W. Padres, Matthew F. Bluejays, Rick E. White Sox Rays and Mariners, Rob G. Yankees, Ryan B. Reds, Tom B. Cubs, Tony C. Phillies-Nats, Vinny H. Cardinals and Yuichi L. Brewers. Good luck. Here we go. Last four boxer was awesome. See if we can match it or top it this time. Sorry, those were Elvis Martinez. Just like Ray. That is gold. Isaac Pacheco. There you go, Tigers. It's a gold refractor. That is pink paper, $2.99. Haasium Kem. And Brewers, first bow and auto. Felix Valerio. There you go, Milwaukee. Austin Martin. There's pink paper, $2.99. Eduardo Lopez. Hedbert Perez. It's J. Rod. Shale Angeliers. Make sure you jump over to the LSC baseball YouTube channel. There's Red Sox, first bow and auto, Nico Cavadas. There you go, Boston. But be sure to subscribe to the LSC baseball channel. And I'll be going live there tomorrow morning at 10 a.m. Eastern. That is atomic refractor. Invicta to 150, Gabriel Arias. Sumisal Urbina. Aqua Shimmer, $125. I think you got that wrong. I think what you meant was, you're my only fan. Francisco Alvarez. And behind it, Rangers. Sorry, Sparkle Auto $2.99. Dustin Harris. I swear the Sparkle Speckle thing short circuits my brain. I don't know, this isn't, this isn't my channel. The baseball channels, you know, LSC channel. That's the one that will be featuring my face, mostly. Hassel, the other girl. That is Guardia, this first bow and auto. Jose, for me. Sola Meyer. Pro Castro. Max Meyer. Garo. Diamond Kings baseball random teams is up after this. It'll be a fairly quick break and then I'll jump out of the way so Caleb can get in here. Be sure to grab your spots for his breaks tonight. Luis Verdugo, purple paper, Yeti Cappé, Invicta, Ryan Rawlison, Del Quis Espadiz. Ooh, nice color coming. Let's see some ink on this. That is Tigers, Red Refractor Auto, five of five. Roberto Campos. That is Red Lava Refractor Auto. Detroit Tigers Congrats. Beautiful. The Tigers. That was Chris F with the Tigers. This is the main channel. We had some issues earlier. As soon as I clicked go live at 9.45 this morning, I clicked the button and it said that I couldn't go live and I clicked on a link and YouTube had a timer. It had a countdown from like 23 hours and 59 minutes, um, saying that I could go live at that time. So apparently we tested out all the equipment and everything yesterday and it looked great, but we didn't actually go live, which was a mistake, I guess. So yeah, I had to rush in here and try to get started on time. There's Alexander Vargas to 125. So if you dial Bruhan, this box actually has been, cards have been just a little stickier. First four boxes in this case were not sticky at all and the first box wasn't bad. It's Mauricio. Open packs in the candlelight. That's Whit Merrifield, the yellow paper of 75 Royals. And there he is again, Marlins. First bowman auto, Khalil Watson. Very nice hit, Marlins. That was Derek M. Derek grabbed the Marlins after two Khalils in the first half of the case and it paid off. Congrats. I told you sometimes that happens. Miguel Amaya, Hedbert Perez, green to 99. I don't think candlelight breaks would really be a good idea. I feel like having an open flame near cardboard with a breaker whose nickname used to be Slim Shaky might not, might not be a good idea. Bobby Whit Jr. It's Moximo Acosta, Libertore Gonzalez. Yeah. I don't, I don't remember who even came up with it now. But at the time I had just having some medical issues in my hands for like, I was losing tons of weight. My hands were super shaky. Somebody in good nature, Nick named me Slim Shaky. I just went with it. Marcello Meyer. Wander rookie insert. And Marlins. First bowman auto, Federico Polanco. Marlins. Max Meyer. Lava. 399 Jr. St. Clinton. Silver Strom. Blue Paper. Austin Martin to 150. There's Colson Montgomery and Victor. And Angels. Sparkle Auto to 299. Edgar Carroll. We go Angels. Khalil Watson. When he stopped in the middle of a break to ask me what my favorite dinosaur was, I knew it was going to be an interesting time working with him. Here's Guardians. First bowman auto, George Valera. There are plenty of these breaks today. Don't know about the personals. Maybe take a look after this break. Here's that burger. There's Scherzer. Aquapaper 499. Austin Hendrick. Leo Verpeguero. Sparkle. Last box. A super fracture would really tie this break together. Garrett Mitchell. Brady House. Wander. Jackson Rutledge. What's up, Tote? Henry Davis. Purple Lava to 250. What's up, Tote? The House. There's Jordan Lawler. Yeah, I corrected it earlier. And then when we, we had to take the stream down for a little while so they could fix the internet. Jason Dominguez. And when that happened, it didn't get changed when we reconnected. Yeah, I appreciate it. That is Dodgers. First bowman auto, Jose Ramos. Thank you, Tote. Yeah, CJ Abrams. So again, everybody, I will be live at 10 a.m. tomorrow on the LSC baseball channel. So make sure you check that out. Subscribe to it and grab your spots for tonight's breaks on the LSC main channel here. And then tomorrow's LSC baseball breaks during the day. Today was our first day. So, you know, a little bit of a train wreck, but I'll smooth it out for sure. What's happening, brother? Timing will get a lot better. Press the auto. And nice. Phillies. First bowman. Yellow or Pratt or Otto?  There you go, Phillies. That is an awesome looking card. There were some hitches. It's just like anything. You can plan and plan until you actually practice what you're planning. Issues are just going to pop up. That is Cubs. First bowman auto. Luis Ferdugo. Bryson Stott. Two packs to go. We'll do a hit recap. Then we'll do the random for Diamond Kings here very soon. There's a Wanderer of the Insert. Bryson Rodriguez. Grayrod. Max Muncie. That's a first bowman. Blue paper to 125. Nice card, A's. Waters and paper. All right. Let's do a hit recap. We had Autos, Cubs, Luis Ferdugo. Dodgers, Jose Ramos. Guardians, George Valera. Valera. Angel, Sparkle, Edgar Carroll. Marlins, Federico Polanco. Guardians, Jose Fermi. Ranger, Sparkle, Dustin Harris. Red Sox, Nico Cavadas. Brewers, Felix Valerio. Phillies, Yellow. Yosfar Garcia. Marlins, Khalil Watson. And Tigers, Red Lava to five, Roberto Campos. That will do it for the break. Thank you everybody. Appreciate it. Thank you for filling up these breaks. We have Diamond Kings closing us out next.


Hey, morning, let me get this first, okay. Well, I'm Yenduran and this is hacking reinforcement learning. Before I start, I would like to ask you a few questions. First, who here is already familiar with reinforcement learning? Well, a lot of people, nice. And who's expecting to learn something new about it today? Oh, then, okay. I'm super sorry to disappoint you. Because I got super sad when I found out that there was no breakfast and no social event. So I decided to go on a strike.  So, first thing first, what's AI corp? Well, every hacking story needs a big corporation. And AI corp is huge and super cool. People use its services to do AI stuff. But in the end, there's some sort of token exchange where you can make pretty good money if you're smart enough. In order to do so, you first have to access the environment or the end marketplace where you can exchange money for data. Once you have enough data, you will be allowed to access the algorithm marketplace where you can trade money for research. Everybody loves research because once you have it, if you know how to do a little magic with it, you can transform it into a lot of money. So you only have to repeat this cycle over and over again and become a millionaire. The thing is that if we found a way to bypass the end marketplace and get data for free, then we will have more money to trade for research, so we'll get rich quicker. Today, I'm gonna talk about the master plan to accomplish this. As any hacking process, first, we need to gather some information about our targets. So let's start talking a bit about reinforcement learning and planning. Most people use the environment to do reinforcement learning, which is like doing machine learning when you don't have needed labels, not examples available. The environment represents your data source and also the tasks to be solved, for example, playing an Atari game. So first, you need to generate and label data by sampling from the environment, for example, playing a game, taking random actions. So it's time you take an action, the environment will return several things. First, you'll get an umpire array, which represents an observation, a float, which represents the reward, the bigger the better, a Boolean indicating if the game has already finished, and a dictionary containing additional information. In training time, you will use all this information to create a label for each example. So you end up with a dataset of played games. All the reinforcement learning algorithms are about creating labels which are good enough to be learned by a neural network. So you need to train a neural network with those examples. So you get a model which is capable of getting highest score observations when using only the observations in test time to play the games. And there are also a handful of weird people who uses AI corp services to do planning rather than reinforcement learning. Both approaches aim to find a way to fight, to find highest score games. But when doing planning, the approach taken is a bit different. In planning, instead of training a neural network, you can do whatever you want to sample the environment and get a good score. The aim of our hack is to use planning to generate super cool datasets so we can train better our reinforcement learning models. So let's get to talk about planning a bit. A few years ago, I met on Twitter Sergio Hernandez, which is an Spanish mathematician who's even crazier than I am. Together, we challenged ourselves to derive from first principles, what we call fractal AI, which is our own theory on artificial intelligence that turns out that can also be used to solve planning problems. We love weird challenges, so we basically did it for the pleasure of finding things out and have some fun along the way. At first, we got really curious about the paper that defined intelligence as a thermodynamic process, and this was done within the framework of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Back then, deep learning wasn't a thing on the field, so this guy, Alexander Vinesgross, worked out an equation for intelligence. This equation may look a bit intimidating at first, but it's actually easy to understand. It says that if you want to look intelligent in any situation, then your next action will be the one that leads to the higher number of good possible outcomes in the future. And what are those possible outcomes? Well, you only have to count all the path that exists up to an arbitrary point in the future and map them to a score. This means that if we know the future, this equation tells us how to choose the right action. Unfortunately, knowing about the future is not that easy. So the only thing we can do is sample a bunch of random walks and use them as if they were the full cone, which is like the space of all future possible actions. Let me show you an example. This is how a cone can be approximated. You can see that the path of the cone has two different colors. Blue for the path that is started by moving left and red for paths that are started by moving right. The action chosen at each step will follow the color distribution of the cone. The cone, if the cone is blue, the cards will turn left a lot. If it's red, they will turn right a lot, and if the colors are balanced, they will just keep going straight. This is because the environment here is continuous, but if it were discrete, we would choose the action which has the most popular color. How we sample the cone is important, because the bigger the cone, the better. The cone represents what the agent sees at the given moment, and in order to take an action, it will only take into account the information that it sampled at its time step. This means that according to the equations, we only need to calculate a super huge cone to have a gold-like agent capable of solving any problem. Sounds cool, right? So why does nobody use causal and tropic forces? Well, you can see in the Google Trend plots how virtually nobody talks about it, and the few people who does it just for criticizing it.  The complexity of the problem scales exponentially with the time horizon. The equations presented can only be solved analytically in very few cases, and Monte Carlo algorithms fail to approximate the cone when it gets bigger. If we knew how to solve the equations, we would have, like, the ultimate planning algorithm, but even though this approach may sense intuitively, it isn't practical for solving problems that appear in reinforcement learning papers. It is impossible to calculate exactly a big cone, but is it possible to sample fast, super small subset of paths that can approximate well the full cone? This is the question that we try to solve. During the last five years, we spent most of our free time trying to figure out a way to sample interesting sequences of actions. We only had our own laptops, so we needed to do it under heavily constrained computational resources. We were forced to find a new method. In order to have complete control over how we want to explore the space of all those possible trajectories. After trying and failing, literally, like, 500 times, we managed to create a sort of stochastic wave function that allowed us to do exactly that. In the end, Fractal AI is nothing but a set of rules about how to define swarms and move them around in any state space. Our theory also offers tools to measure those swarms and compare them, so they can be used to solve integrals and different kinds of equations. So now we already know a bit the background that we needed. It's time to find vulnerabilities and build exploits. If we want to properly hack reinforcement learning, we need to know how this workflow is implemented.  And the environment follows the OpenAI Gym interface, which has become a de facto standard in the field. So, we want to preserve this public API in order for our TensorFlow to not notice how we're hacking it. So, we're going to perform a good old man in the middle in order to hack it. We're going to position ourselves as a proxy between the TensorFlow code and the environment. First, we're going to discard the action saved by the TensorFlow code and calculate our own. How? Well, first, we need to read the internal state of the environment and then calculate our malicious action. This action will be injected first inside the environment so we get better games and then we also will inject it inside the info dictionary so the TensorFlow code notice what we are doing. In order to calculate those actions, we will use two different zero days, which we call fractal Monte Carlo and the Swarm Wave. They will allow us to inject actions that lead to superhuman performance games, while maintaining the original flow of reinforcement learning intact. We will be using Swarms because it's actually the fastest way we found on how to calculate the expectations on how good will be the paths that follow given action. Swarm will allow us to take advantage of both the information contained in the status page itself, this is the observations, and also in the reward function. Let me show you an example of how a Swarm works. You can see a Swarm is nothing but a cloud of points that moves around randomly, while also avoiding crashing against the walls. This cloud of points in itself is nothing but a mathematical curiosity, but if we care to record the path that each of these points, also called walkers, follow, we will end up with a cone which is truly bigger than anything else you can calculate with other algorithms. The only problem with the Swarm is that they are like the closest thing to alien mathematics that we have seen so far, because they are built on a different set of assumptions than traditional statistics and probability theory. We think that it should be possible to prove that given enough time and computational resources, they end up working, but when you try to measure how well will they perform with respect to other algorithms, you'll run into a lot of trouble. That's why we hypothesize that this family of algorithms lies beyond what can be proven with currently no mathematical tools. So the only option we have is to try them out in real problems and see if they perform well enough to be used to solve them. And also forget about rigorous proof because for now we don't have any alternative. So let's present our zero days. The first one is called the Swarm Wave. This algorithm basically consists in moving a Swarm and recording the path it follows. So we end up with a cone. Unlike other planning algorithms that built a tree of paths after taking a step. In this case, when using a Swarm Wave you only need to sample one cone in order to know the trajectory that the agent will follow. This is how a Swarm Wave looked like. It built the path by keeping track of trajectories of the walkers and keeps expanding this tree until you reach the desired time horizon. This is not exactly the same algorithm that you can find in the repository because this is an older version of the project but the idea is pretty much the same. For example, here in this case we managed to calculate a path in a continuous environment which was 1,500 steps long. Our other zero day is what we call the Fractal Monte Carlo algorithm. If we wanted to calculate path the other ways algorithms do we would just need to use this one instead of using only one big tree to calculate the cone we calculate like a mini cone after taking each step. It is true that doing this using this algorithm requires more computational power but it greatly increases the performance of the agent. Another cool thing about Fractal Monte Carlo is that it allows us to approximate for every action a utility distribution of each one of them but let's see how it works in an environment which is more difficult than the one used to show how the swan wave works. In order to test this FMC algorithm Sergio built what we call the hardcore lunar lander which is an environment where you can deploy several spaceships. Each spaceship has two continuous degrees of freedom which represent the two propellers that it has. It has a fuel bar and some health points and in order to make it more interesting we attach it to a rubber band with a hook at its end. This spaceship will be rewarded if it uses the elastic hook to pick up a rock and it will be rewarded again if it's capable of dropping the rock inside the inner green circle. Once it drops the rock it cannot be picked up again until it leaves the outer dashed circle. The game will finish if the rocket crashes or runs out of fuel. We have drowned the cone here the same way we did with the carts but in this case things get a little messier. These gray lines here represent the future trajectories that the spaceship will follow while the color lines represent the trajectory that the hook will follow. If the hook's path changes color it will mean that at some point in the future the hook got either attached or de-attached from the rock. It's actually easy to check that even though the agent is only exploring a tiny fraction of the entire space of future paths it is capable of behaving reasonably well. For example, here you can see how the spaceship can take advantage of the elastic properties of the hook to catch the rock again and again and score several times in a row before losing it. It looks like our hypothesis of finding a small subset of useful paths still holds in these weird environments. So let's see how we can take advantage of it to build our exploits. So now we have everything we know so let's exploit some stuff because it's demo time. OK now it's time to play Pac-Man. So while I speak I will just leave a SwarmWave solving a Pac-Man game. I hope. Yeah, it's working, perfect. OK, in order to run the SwarmWave you have to take into account several parameters. First, the number of walkers which is the size of the Swarm that you will be using the bigger, the better this is like something which allows to calculate a live demo. I'm not sure because I didn't fix the random seeds but we should get between 20,000 and 30,000 points. You can also have to set some hard limits on the maximum score that you want to sample and the maximum steps that you are allowed to take. These numbers here represent how many times we want to repeat the same action after the same one. Most algorithms used to fix a number which they call like a skip frame but in this case we will just sample how many times you are going to repeat that action from this distribution here. Then we only need to create an environment, choose the kind of distribution that we will use as a prior and run our SwarmWave. It should be about to finish or it turns out that it performed fairly well. Okay. It took one minute and 18 seconds and it scored 36,000 points. Let's see how it played. If you want to run the same demo every old material it's in the online repository so you can you only need to check the link which is in the abstract of the talk in order to play this. So yeah, pretty awesome, right? What does mean scoring? Oh wait, there's more video games to come. So what does mean getting 36,000 points in one minute and 18 seconds? I built a few fails which are about benchmarking the algorithm both against human performance and two papers that I have linked here but as this is a bit boring let's just plot some graphs. First, the score. Here we are comparing the score that the Swarm Wave achieved against different algorithms from other papers. For example here you have the human performance which was like 40% of what we achieved used TC which is the one that AlphaZero uses or also we are benchmarking it and this one which is the state of the art and these two algorithms which run in a cluster in Amazon. This score is not that impressive so why are we using this instead of other algorithms? Well, because when you care to plot the efficiency of the algorithms we get this which is how many orders of magnitude faster Swarm Wave is with respect to other things that you can use. For example, you can see that it plays about five times faster than a human but when you compare it with other algorithms you get that it plays about 5,000 times faster than a cluster in Amazon or about 30,000 times faster than the algorithm that AlphaGo uses. So this is basically the only way you have to run a demo of Pacman in life in a talk. This was the Swarm Wave but what about Fractal Monte Carlo? Let's try how it works. In this case I'm making the environment a bit different because I'm choosing not to clone the random seeds that we are using in this case so instead of being a deterministic environment what the agency is is an stochastic one so it's not capable to predict properly where the ghost will be in the future. In this case we are taking about 2,500 steps samples per step at most and well it just tried to do the best it can in order to compare it with other algorithms to get an idea of how they work they usually use about 105,000 samples no, yeah 150,000 samples per step instead of 2,500 OK, so this time it didn't manage to finish the first level you can expect if you try it with these parameters to some time guest up to about 10,000 points but given that the task is so difficult we would need much more computational power to run it in real time this was just a small proof of concept of how we can solve the games but we are not actually performing the hack in order to do so we need to impersonate the interface of OpenAI Jim we can do that but in this case I'm showing you something a bit more interesting which is hacking instead of OpenAI Jim OpenAI baseline which is the fact of standard also for high quality implementations of reinforcement learning algorithms where they instead of using only one environment they use several in parallel instead of getting one observation you get a batch of them this time I'm using a pre-calculated database of games that I calculated yesterday while visiting the castle about a keyword this basically allows you to load the games and play high quality samples without your algorithms not noticing it you can see here that when I call a step I just take a string and it's completely in north and we only take the actions that our algorithm choose to take if you think about this is that when you get 100,000 points the counter restarts but I mean you can keep playing as long as you want when using this kind of environment you need to choose how long you want the chunks of the games calculated to be in this case we are either playing until you lose one life or see it just restarted the counter either until you place you lose one life or you get 35,000 points another curious weird thing about cubit that I don't really understand is that sometimes when you fall off the cliff you don't lose a life I'm not sure if there's a book about or what but I mean this is clearly taking advantage of it ok, enough for today this can clip playing forever so we managed to implement the proof of concept of the hack that was introduced a few minutes before but instead of mimicking the environment interface you can also generate data several other ways for example here we have also utilities for generating whole games so you can save them and use them later to do whatever you want to save them or instead of whole games examples that obey more of a supervised learning fashion for example here you can create a generator which outputs the current observation the action that should be taken the reward that you will get how the net observation will look like and the Boolean indicating if the game is over if instead of one single example a batch of them and feed it to Keras for example you can use this function here so this is pretty much the demo that I wanted to show you but we only played one game so what can we expect if we try it in other different kinds of environments generating data with our hack is actually faster and cheaper than having a human to play any Atari game but pitfall and using a wave you can even beat the human record in 32 out of 50 games which are the ones that are always tried in planning papers these two games here boxing and ice hockey you get a reward of plus one if you manage to score a goal in hockey or you manage to hit your opponent in boxing if it's the other way around you will get a minus one reward this means that even though the rewards are relatively sparse these kind of environments can easily be solved it is even possible to sample to get a relatively good performance on montezuma revenge which is a game with extremely sparse rewards in montezuma after starting a game you will only get rewarded once you are able to get the key which requires a sequence of precise movements where you won't be getting any reward at all meanwhile the wave can handle it because the swarm also uses information contained in the observation this means that when no reward is available the algorithm will just focus on exploring new new regions of the state space although it would be better to derive a specific algorithm for those kind of problems it's nice to see that the swarm wave is also pretty robust but the swarm wave really shines when we don't have sparse rewards in that case Atari games are pretty easy to solve with a swarm of only 15 walkers you can solve a steroids and solving Pacman takes about 5000 a funny thing about those environments is that most games have a hard-coded maximum score once you reach it the score will either stop increasing or it will reset the counter to zero for example like in Pacman or Qbert but Atari games are not the only kind of problems that a swarm wave can solve you can also try more challenging environments like Sonic or other Sega games in the OpenAI Retro Library even with a relatively small swarm for example this Sonic GIF you can see here was calculated using a swarm of 200 walkers and in this laptop it took less than 2 minutes to calculate if you want to go to a more hardcore environment you can install the DeepMind control library which allows you to try it on robots in this case we use the same walkers that we use to solve Pacman this is 5000 to get the robot to walk pretty well even though it looks like it's a bit drunk but taking into account that this is because we were sampling a six-dimensional vector completely at random so it could be worse well this is how the swarm wave performed now let's take a look at Fractal Monte Carlo this is like we show the difference between using the method proposed in the original paper of causal and tropic forces versus using Fractal Monte Carlo when we are bound to use the same number of samples this means that using it to solve Fetari games is completely an overkill so instead of using the traditional environments you can find in Python we will use the custom lunar lander to show how it performs it turns out that this hardcore lunar lander is an environment which is very difficult to solve for humans flying the rocket alone is a very difficult task on its own but when you attach the hook and the rubber band it becomes nearly impossible to control this is due to the bouncing of the hood which creates a chaotic motion and it turns out that humans are not really good at predicting that kind of chaotic movements but well looks like the rocket managed to solve it pretty easily so why don't we make it harder and make the rocks much heavier so more than one rocket is needed to carry them around this increases both the degrees of freedom and the difficulty of the problem becoming a much more challenging task all the examples here were calculated using 100,000 steps per action even though that we only have one core available this was like the maximum the hardest problem that we could solve in this case creating videos which were a few minutes long took several hours but we also tried increasing the number of agents in tasks which were easier to sample to see how this algorithm scales with the degrees of freedom of the agents we are right besides moving rocks around for example you can make several agents collect food which is represented by these green bubbles which are distributed across the environment in this case the agents are greedy this means that they just care about collecting food and not crashing against each other but we can take this kind of task one step further and force the agents to maintain information while gathering food for example here the cars also want to drop food inside the bots and the spaceships just want to keep food level high eating when needed but if you also tell them that they like to be close to each other you end up getting this kind of weird elastic motions these are the results of trying to minimize several cost functions at the same time and depending on how you define the personality of the agent which is how the weights of different objectives are balanced you can influence how rigid the formation will be and how often we will break it to gather food this is an example of how you can actually hack open AI baselines, I mean the only thing you need to do is comment the mechatarian function that the library provides and use the one that we make and when sampling the environment just ignore the actions that you sampled and recover them from inside the infodictionary so pretty much with three lines of code you can use any reinforcement learning algorithm so we finally managed to hack the environment and get data for free and actually only using the code presented in the talk approaching any inverse reinforcement learning problem should be feasible this means that we can approach reinforcement learning as a supervised task without any human intervention at all generating a dataset of 1 million games of Pacman is far way cheaper than training an agent to play Dota or even Starcraft 2 so once you have that dataset you can just overfit a deep network and see how it performs I mean I bet that you can get pretty good performance if you do that if you're bored enough you could even train a model or use that trained model as a prior for generating another million games which would have even higher scores because you already learned before and repeat the cycle until you get the performance that you want but that's the topic for another story for now, let's just have some fun trying out the new hacking techniques presented because this is how it finishes the first volume of my tales about hacking reinforcement learning before moving to the Q&A I'll talk a bit about myself I am Guillen Durand Balliste and I'm a PyData and I'm a Mallorca organizer I studied telecommunications engineering a few years ago and I learned to code in Python so I could hack some AI research as a hobby but I must confess that my dream is becoming a proper scientist and make a living out of my passion so if you happen to know some real AI researchers please tell them that I would be super happy to work with them so yeah, this is it I hope you like it and feel free to take a look at the repository of the talk it was a pleasure to be here thank you very much thank you, we have five minutes for questions if you have a question can you quilt on this side of the room please I'm not passing the microphone can you just come here and ask the question on the microphone, thank you so what is the reward you use for the Pac-Man game what is the reward what kind of reward how do you the reward I think is the score that you can see on the screen so all you just go yeah, I mean in that case yes, you get rewarded if you eat one of the cherries like 50 points if you eat one of the things that are in the coordinate that allow you to eat the ghost and if you eat a ghost depending on how much of them you eat you get different rewards if you eat the four of them you get like a super huge reward thanks for the talk are there any similarities between swarm wave and particle filtering particle filtering particle filtering is some kind of swarm particle optimization it's more like a sequential Monte Carlo yeah, I mean the idea is pretty much the same it's like trying to sample a distribution which matches the true distribution of your state space I mean let me show you here basically you distribute randomly a bunch of walkers but the thing is that the way they are distributed doesn't match the actual reward distribution of the function so what we do is move them around after each iteration so you pretty much end up with a distribution of the walkers which matches the distribution of the reward I mean all the code it's commented and presented on the github repository so you can take a look at it and get me in a coffee break so I can display you in depth nice talk, thanks the benchmarks you did against deep learning TensorFlow, did you run with GPU or what? no, I mean actually I didn't do a proper benchmark because it is required to use 1,500 steps per sample and it's like super expensive so I have not calculated the proper benchmark of it but I'm on it I mean I'm getting access to you have a budget yeah, nice but I mean you want to see how it works I have benchmarked it against two papers but in the repository it's also an excellent spreadsheet where you can find the performance of all the algorithms that exist compared to what we are getting both learning algorithms and planning algorithms nice, thanks I mean I think the only fair way to compare this is to benchmark it against the human records because the difference is like super huge in the scores that you get OpenAI Jim, yeah but I mean it's completely outdated no one uses it anymore I think they actually removed that I don't know that, I mean I used to use like the OpenAI Jim benchmarks but nobody was using them so I used a few scores over there a few years ago but I mean ah yes, yeah we get you can find in this excellent spreadsheet all the references from all the papers that we used to create the spreadsheet and we also yeah, ah the twin games yeah, that's where we got the table for human records okay I want to thank you Gillen for the talk, it was really nice to see the videos and thank you again thank you very much


The Global Security Forum was a broad-sweeping conference covering everything from cybersecurity to counter-terrorism, robotics, and the defense industrial base. Thank you all for coming. My name is John Hamery. I'm the president here at CSIS, and we've long wanted to be able to have a prominent national security conference in Washington on really cutting-edge issues, and this is the first year we've had a chance to do that. Thank you for coming. The Global Security Forum, CSIS's marquee conference, surveyed a range of major security issues confronting the United States. The forum brought together senior decision-makers from the private sector, government, and academia for open conversation and debate. Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General James Cartwright, keynoted the forum. Nine panels followed, covering topics such as cybersecurity, the role of nuclear weapons, and how to stop al-Qaeda. The two key tests that were going to happen this year for our Afghanistan policy, I have to be honest and say, I don't think they're going very well. Obviously, we need to be alert to changing needs, as we have been, I think, very much over the last eight years. No longer can you afford to be attacked, and then wait 30 days. You can't do it. We spoke with former Joint Chiefs Chairman General Peter Pace and former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft to hear more of their thoughts on these security challenges. Big picture here. Could you just explain to us the importance of U.S. overseas bases? Many, many different facets. Number one, it is very much an articulation of U.S. national policy. Where your troops are, what kind of access they have is very much an execution of U.S. national policy. Sir, where do you rank the importance of an Israeli-Palestinian compromise on the United States foreign policy agenda? I would put it right at the top now. I think that movement in that area would do more, both for President Obama and his sense of being able to actually grab a problem and deal with it, and also influence other problems in the region. To see more, please download the full video or audio of the conference from csis.org or iTunes U.