Hello Helen, thank you so much for doing this again with us. Hi Mohan, hello. I guess I'm going to give you the floor and you can go ahead with your presentation. Great, thanks very much. I hope the internet connection is okay from here in Cameroon. So I'm going to just talk through one specific chapter and how it's been related to some of the work in the field that I've been doing. So for me, from the professional standards, I focus on chapter six, which is managing data and information for protection outcomes. That's partly because I'm working for the Danish Refugee Council and that's something that we're very focused on in terms of our protection work. And it's also just something that's very much of interest to me, both in my previous positions in Myanmar and in other places. And in my current work where I'm deployed with the DRC emergency team, which they call IMPACT, where we do startup operations and emergency surge, as well as some gaps that are in here and there. So at the moment, we're starting up the anglophone crisis response in Cameroon. But a lot of my examples will be from me in Myanmar, I'm afraid, because I've been there for quite a long time. So I wanted to start off with, hopefully it's coming through, okay. Yeah, I wanted to start off with standard 6.1, which is protection data and information management must be carried out only by skilled and trained staff using appropriate information management systems and protocols. So this is something that was a real challenge for me and for my teams in Myanmar, partly because of the context and also just because we were running a very big operation across multiple states. So what we did coming in was we worked on developing standardized questions, standardized questionnaires. We had to really think about the methodologies for collecting protection information in our case through protection monitoring that would be appropriate. Because, for example, at that stage, the government at Myanmar was requesting official approval for anything that looked kind of too much like a regulated assessment for a survey, and that approval process could have taken years. So for us, we wanted to look at what would be suitable in that environment. So we work mainly on key informant interviews, focus group discussions and direct observations, and then use that to triangulate the information. But in order to do it in a quality way, we work through training teams across different states, training them in how to use survey CTO and then in how to connect that to Power BI, which has been amazing. And the teams loved working with it. And then also importantly, setting up an information sharing protocol, because something that we noticed with a lot of our teams, experts, nationals, was that people were kind of leaving hard copy papers on desks or they were transferring files through multiple different laptops with the same flash drive that maybe got viruses on it and things like that. So we wanted to really kind of stop that happening, and also regulate how people were communicating through Facebook, through WhatsApp, etc. So here's some of our teams in Northern Shan who were working on the survey CTO app and collecting data for protection monitoring. So then from that, we kind of built up this system and hopefully this gives you quite a good idea of what I was mentioning, which is collecting that information from the communities through survey CTO, downloading that file, saving it in the protected Google Drive, the only limited number of people had access to, putting it through Power BI to create this kind of analytics and then from there into our platform where we could showcase trends. But just sort of obviously this is the process, but the reasoning behind this was that we were going to use it for response and for advocacy. And we did that in terms of response, we were using that to create our proposals. So for example, we had a lot of trafficking cases that were happening in different states. And so we were using that to confer with the livelihoods team and put together joint proposals with protection and livelihoods where we could provide awareness on cancer trafficking and options for families in terms of alternative livelihoods. So we were doing kind of both things concretely at the same time. And we also use this to do a quarterly briefing with our with some of our donors and other partners in the country to try and raise those issues that were coming up and see if they could support not necessarily through DRC of course but through any organization that might be there and suited to try and respond. So that's 6.1. Then for the next, for the next point, I was looking at 6.5, which is that protection actors must gather and subsequently process protection data and information in an objective impartial and transparent manner to avoid or minimize the risk of bias and discrimination. Management of protection data and information must be sensitive to age, gender and other factors of diversity. So I've kind of focused on the first section of this, which is about having objective impartial information and minimizing bias and discrimination. So I think anybody that's run protection monitoring activities knows that this is super challenging in any environment really. And I certainly found the same thing in Myanmar. So just to give you an idea here, hopefully some nice pictures, here's some of my my teams going through Rakhine state on some protection monitoring visits. So yeah, it was a huge challenge in Rakhine, for example, where you're only by law, you can only hire people who are not Rakhine or one of the other ethnic groups of Myanmar. And then sometimes the kind of feedback you'll get after protection monitoring visits is things like the Rohingya or they would say Muslims are having a perfectly fine, they can go anywhere they want. They just have to use the backwater ways because in the front of the village is a checkpoint. So you have to sort of translate that into, well, actually, there's some pretty major restrictions on movement and, you know, this is what's happening as a result. For example, in Kachin state, we had areas controlled by the Kachin Independence Army, and a massive amount of support in the community for that armed group and for the associated agencies like the Kachin Independence Organization, for example, which is the kind of political group associated with them. And so you would ask in the government controlled areas, what are the protection issues, and maybe your teams would say, oh, well, there's been forced recruitment happening or there are places where people are being used as human shields. And then you ask what's happening in the non-government controlled areas and the response would be, no, there are no protection issues, everything's perfect. Of course, we knew that wasn't really the case. And I mean, I don't have the perfect solution for that, to be honest, but the way we partly got around it was training. And the other way we partly got around it was triangulating the data collected. So using key informant interviews in a slightly unconventional way, I guess, mostly in order to gather that sense of information rather than that person necessarily being an expert on a particular topic. So not taking phones through checkpoints, directly doing the protection monitoring ourselves, so having a bit more oversight over our teams. Yeah, I mean, there were no perfect ways, but that was some of the ways that we use the professional standards to try and improve the quality of our work. The next one I highlighted was 6.6, which is protection actors should, to the degree possible, keep the person who provided information of the action that's been taken on their behalf and of the ensuing results. So in my experience, this is the hardest part of the process. And it's often neglected, which is a real shame. I have to say I had to kind of dig around for this example because I don't know that I've been great at doing this, but I know that the joint IDP profiling service that came to Myanmar in 2016, this is a picture from the activities they were doing, were fantastic. They did this amazing assessment of the camps in Sitway. And then they came back and produced a whole video, managed to set up and screen this video of the results from the assessment, how the process of the assessment to everybody that had been involved in it from the Rehensia communities. And it was extremely well received. The feedback they had was very, very positive. We were working in the same area. So we heard from people also the same thing. They loved seeing how the data was used, how that information was used. And what people were doing to try and improve the situation there. So I thought it was a, yeah, not I can't take credit for it, but I thought it was a fantastic example. The next one I wanted to highlight was 6.17, which is protection actors must ensure accountability for the processing of personal data and sensitive information. They must establish formal procedures for the data and information management process from collection to exchange and archiving or destruction, including coaching of staff and volunteers, monitoring of quality and supervisory mechanisms. So that was quite a long one. But I thought what would be interesting to illustrate this was the setup we did of the Primero system, which is the overarching system which hosts the Child Protection Information Management System. Plus and the GBV Information Management System Plus. So the new versions of the GBV-INF and CPINF. And what we did in Myanmar was we brought together our teams, asked them how they thought about the case management they were doing. They were gathering this information from people, but was it really being systematized in a way that would respond best to their needs. And what our team told us, and what we got from the surveys we did with our cases, was that the deadlines for follow-up were not always well adhered to. And that sometimes they could be delayed follow-up or the teams were not able to capture this very well and to check on this very well. And so we looked for a way of doing that for our kind of case management and we adapted the Primero system in order to do that. But before we were able to do that and working with this fantastic consultant we had, we had to really establish the workflow of who filled out the actual forms. What kind of forms were we talking about? Who was checking the forms? Who could sign off on them? What was the process of going from one stage to another? And how were we making sure that nobody was falling through the cracks? So we're in the process of rolling out that Primero system. It's a system that seems to be going pretty well so far and it's establishing more accountability for follow-up. So when you first log in, you can actually see, okay, what are the cases that I should be dealing with today? And has my supervisor highlighted any cases where I should be following up immediately? And so hopefully that's also having the impact of greater accountability to our cases, which was, you know, the idea behind improving the system in the first place. So, yeah, and you can see here the picture which is from our training, who, this is a photo from one of our teams, Facebook, because they were bragging about loving the training for learning Primero. So the final one I wanted to highlight was 6.7, which is that protection actors should be explicit in the level of reliability and precision of the data and information they collect, use or share. So for this, what we're trying to do in the area where I'm working now in the southwest region of Cameroon is set up an interactive directory of services. So it's that kind of standard idea of service mapping, but hopefully in a way that is a little bit more precise about updating data and easier for us to share and for other people to use so that people in the communities feel that they have more access to that information and are able to make the best choices for their situation. So it's not a perfect system, obviously, you know, in terms of making referrals, we do need to look at how we would, you know, different systems in place to make sure of the safety of referrals. So this is what we're looking at the moment. This is amazing Boyer where I am at the moment in Cameroon. And then hopefully you can see that this is the kind of system that we're considering using. Let me just share Google Chrome. So hopefully that's coming through now. It's basically like a directory engine system. So we would be able to put in the types of systems available, other types of services available, sorry, so a health service, what location it would be at and do under key words. This is not the service directory, but just an example of the kind of system we'd like to use. So yeah, I think that's everything for me. Any questions? Thank you so much, Helen. That was great. I want to ask you two questions here. The first one is, in the protocol you put together, did you distinguish between different apps? I mean, did you have different level of data protection depending on the app? In the ISP, yes, we did. So, yeah, we pretty much banned any kind of information sharing of any protection information at all, you know, identifiable, non identifiable, just everything was totally banned for Facebook, because Facebook has really low levels of data protection. So it's not encrypted, and it can be easily viewed by anybody.  So we wanted to kind of totally, totally shut down Facebook usage. And then we did distinguish between that and say WhatsApp or Signal. Signal has obviously got the highest level of data protection. So if people needed to send very secure messages, we would suggest through Signal, just making sure that their phones also had password protection on them. WhatsApp is okay. I mean, it does have, you can do encryption end to end, but it's also possible for people to access if they, you know, if they're really looking, let's say. So yeah, we did put in, we put in different procedures for those different types of communication systems. Then my second question is if you can go back to the last slide you shared at 6.7. Have you started using that system? And how is it working? So we haven't started using it yet, but at the moment we're looking into different systems. So, yeah, one of the things I was really hoping to ask from the webinar, if it's okay, is to see if anybody has any systems that they've been using, or any, like, good practices for service directories, interactive service directories, because I would love to hear. This is just one that we're looking at at the moment, but very open to hear from people who have amazing ideas that they've been using. I don't know if it's possible to put my email address somewhere online to be able to contact me. Sure. Sure, absolutely. All right. All right, that was great. Thank you so much, Helen. I don't know if you have anything else to add? No, I think that's it for me. Thanks very much, Mohamed. Thank you so much for giving us the time again. Sure, of course. I hope you have a nice rest of the day. Thanks very much. Okay, bye.


What's up, Freedom! So today, I have a very simple, yet effective tip for you guys. So as you all should know, collaboration is one of the best ways to grow your channel. If so-and-so has a fan base and so-and-so has another fan base, you can combine them to start growing at a much faster rate. Well, sometimes this can be hard if you're a vlogger or a filmmaker or something. It's a lot easier to meet other filmmakers in a local area. So unfortunately, this only applies to people in the United States. There might be options out there for people outside the United States, but as far as I know, this is the method that's been working for me and I live in the United States. So I want to share this with you guys that live in the United States. That's a lot of United States, States, States, stuff. So back in like 2010, YouTube invited me out to the YouTube Creator Academy to meet and talk with everyone and discuss a lot of details and stuff. They set up this system to help keep in touch with other YouTubers in your area. And what it's called is YouTube Creator Clubs.  Hopefully, they'll approve you. I've never been denied or no one to be denied, but it's just kind of a policy they have to go through. But once you are accepted, you have an email chain where you can email everyone in your state. That's a YouTuber that signed up here. I've personally met some really cool YouTubers. I met the Impact Bros. I met Tim Schmoyer from Video Creators. I met a lot of awesome YouTubers in this area. All thanks to this little thing. Now, I don't really use it much anymore because I feel like I've met everyone that I want to be affiliated with, but it's still nice to have your name in there for someone new pops up. They can send an email and you get a pop up in your email and you're like, Oh, hey, I know that person or hey, I want to meet that person or hey, let's work together. You seem cool. So if you're in the United States, sign up for this, apply and maybe if you get accepted, check it out and introduce yourself to your state and see who in your area wants to work with you.  You could still use this to help collaborate and grow your channel and have new people to work with because having new people to work with is always a lot of fun. So anyways, guys, I hope this little tip helped you. It's quick and simple, but I remembered it all of a sudden. I got an email like, Hey, that would be a great tip to give them. So anyways, guys, I hope this helped. As always, come over to our daily vlog channel and hang out with our daily faces every single day. Dang, dang words are hard to day. And of course, we have a game channel as well. You can hang out with us over there. But anyways, guys, that's it and we will see you next time. See you.


Good morning everyone, my name is Claudia Bielinska and I represent Cloud Ferro Company. Here at Cloud Ferro Company I'm an Earth Observation Product Manager and today I would like to give you a brief introduction to CREODES platform, Copernicus platform for Earth Observation Data Access and Processing. Thank you very much for joining our webinar. I hope this one hour together will be beneficial for you, so you will have a chance to learn more about our platform. I hope that some of you are already our customers, CREODES users, so maybe you will hear again something about CREODES and maybe some of you plenty of things will be new things. So our today's agenda is from the beginning, CREODES platform architecture, how it's built, how it looks like, what can you find on CREODES platform, then available data collections, so both Copernicus data and paid very high resolution data. Then I would like to show you some practical things like how to use our tools, your browser and your finder and then we will move to Cloud Dashboard and I would like to show you how to set up a virtual machine on CREODES and this time I would like to show you how to set up virtual machine with Windows operating system. Before on our previous webinars we showed you how to set up virtual machine with Linux operating system and today we will use Windows and at the end we will have some time for a Q&A session, so you can ask your questions during my talk and we will try to answer your questions but at the end also we will try to have some time to discuss your questions if you will have any and then if anything will come to your mind you can always write an email to me and at the end you will see my email address so I hope that this session will go smooth and we will learn some things. So let's start from CREODES platform architecture. I would like to start from something else because as all of you probably know that CREODES platform is a cloud computing environment but let's think how data access and data sharing looks today. I think that some of you know how to use cloud platforms and you are doing it in your everyday work but I know also that some people are still stuck to another way, another path of data accessing and data sharing. So actually this slide, this process shows how it can look like but this process is really time consuming and it takes stages, it takes a lot of steps. So starting from satellites which acquire data then the data are received by some ground stations and then they are stored on ground stations and then they are published on some servers, some data hubs and then the user is coming to the data hub taking the data to his computer and then processing the data on his computer and then sharing the data with his colleagues with some people. So it's really time consuming process and it's not in one integrated environment but it's completely spread into different stages, different levels. So what we would like to change, we would like to change the way of data accessing and data sharing and that's what cryodias do. So cryodias is a change because when you want to acquire, when you want to access lots of data and really heavy data, when different users are accessing this data and the users are spending 80% on downloading and preparing the data for processing and then also when you process the data on your laptops, on your computers, it takes really a lot of time. So cryodias is something which is really I would say powerful and really useful. It's actually one common environment. It's a data repository, it's a cloud platform, so you can access the data, you can process the data, everything together in one environment. So today I will show you this one environment and I hope that you will start using cryodias. So basically cryodias, it's a cryodias portal and on that portal you can find very useful tools, EO Finder and EO Browser. So these tools are dedicated for users who would like to visualize the data online, who would like to download the data locally to computers, to computers. And then we also have cloud dashboard. So cloud dashboard is dedicated for users who would like to use cloud environment benefits. So cloud dashboard gives you access to Earth observation data, to a huge repository of the data and also it gives you environment for data processing. Also data storage, so everything in one place. So of course depending on the user needs you can only use portal and I would say quite intermediate tools or you can move to cloud and then do everything online in cloud environment. In general cryodias platform was built for European Space Agency, for European Commission and it's really dedicated to Copernicus. It was actually built for Copernicus scientific program because the Earth observation data which you can find on cryodias and mainly the data from Copernicus program. So from Sentinel mission plus the other data I will tell you more later on and also very high resolution data. So cryodias portal is a public cloud. So everyone can make a use of the cryodias portal and also can use cryodias repository. So make a use of the data set which are available and what is hidden under this cryodias portal, cloud services. So compute Earth data processing, block storage, object storage, virtual networking and backup. So when you store your data on the cryodias platform your data are safe. When you want to access the data, add more data, transfer the data, you can have different storages, different virtual machines and then everything is combined in one complete environment. So you don't need to switch to different computers and to different platforms because it's one common platform. So when we talk about this cloud environment we have to highlight that for our users we offer different virtual machines. So we have a lot of virtual machines and differences between those virtual machines are mainly in course, RAM and SSD network storage. So depending on your work, depending on the data, depending what you do, how much data do you process, you can choose a virtual machine which will be dedicated for you for your work. So we have our virtual machines have already, have already, have already, let's say, are communicated with the Earth observation repository. So when you enter virtual machine you can, you have access to Earth observation data repository immediately. So you can make a use of the data immediately. Then we have virtual machines which are dedicated for, which are dedicated for users who are using specific software like remote sensing software, GIS software. So for example we have virtual machines with ArcGIS installed but also with QGIS, with Snap and with different software.  We have also dedicated servers and you can see that those dedicated servers have different number of cores, RAM and SSD local storage. We have also virtual machines with GPU and the GPU is especially needed for data processing, for AI or machine learning. So I think that everyone can find something for themselves to, to make, let's say, work and projects process easier, easier. Then coming to the data, what data collections do we offer? What data collection can you access for free and for what you have to pay? So starting from, from Copernicus. We have available data, imagery data from Sentinel mission. So starting from Sentinel-1, which is the synthetic aperture radar satellite, you can access the data Sentinel-1 on a different level of processing. Then we have optical satellites Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B. And also here you can access different level of processing. So one level 1C and level 2A. So before the atmospheric correction and after the atmospheric correction. Then going farther, Sentinel-3, also A and B, then Sentinel-5P, which is especially dedicated for atmospheric analysis. And apart from Sentinel's, we have also data from Lancet Satellite, and we set SMOS, and actually newly added data from MODIS, Terra and Aqua satellites. Besides, we have also, we give our users access to Copernicus services. So here you have access to Copernicus atmosphere service, emergency, land and marine. So those services are not available, I mean access to those services is not available from our tools, Finder and Browser, but from virtual machines. And access to those services and to those data is completely open. You don't pay anything for the access to those data, and even for downloading. So you can download the data to your computer, or you can use it online, online depends on you. So imagery data, which are very useful for different analysis, but also we have different digital elevation models. And here you can see the whole list of our products available. And what is important here, for example, Copernicus digital elevation model. We have Copernicus DEM in different resolutions, in 30 meters and 90 meters for the world coverage of digital elevation model. We have also data from Altimeter, from JSON3. And also you can have access, also free access to product S2GLC, which is Sentinel to Global LandCover classification. So this classification was done for 2017, and the whole Europe was classified. So you can access the data and see different classes of LandCover classification. And I know that this classification will be will be done also, will be updated. So hopefully soon we will also publish the data from this classification as soon as the project will be, of course, finished. Then moving to VHR commercial data. So very high resolution commercial data are dedicated for a bit different purposes. I would say more detailed classification, more detailed analysis. So we give you access to data from Chinese Satellite, Zhilin-1, from Kazakhstan Satellite, Kaseosat, and also Korean CompSat. So you can see that, for example, resolution of that kind of VHR data is completely different, because here we can even access the data in centimeter resolution. So for example, 40 centimeters of CompSat. And then four meters, 1.6 meter resolution, which is also good. We can compare it to Sentinel-2, for example, which is 10, 20, and 60 meter. But maybe at this point, as I'm talking about resolution, I would like to also tell you that from now on, we have available online new processor, which is called Enhancer. And thanks to this Enhancer, you can receive much better resolution of Sentinel-2 data, so not 10 meter resolution, but 2.5 meter resolution. You can order processed data with this Enhancer online and via your finder, you can see how it works. Okay, so if you would like to learn more about the data, please visit our website. And if you would like to learn more about Sentinels, also please visit a dedicated to Sentinel website. To sum up, what you need to know about CREODES platform. So first of all, access to the platform is completely for free, and it's open to everyone. You can access the tools, your finder and your browser. You can access your browser without registering yourself, but if you would like to search for the data and download the data to your computer using your finder, you have to be registered users. But of course, registration is completely for free, and then using the tool and using the data is completely for free. So you receive free and immediate access to all the Copernicus data sets, which are available. And of course, downloading is for free. But also to users who would like to use data and who would like to use our cloud environment, cloud computing and stored services are paid. So if you would like to use virtual machines, we can have different models, different I would say pricing models per usage, so hourly and fixed term monthly, annually. This is something you have to pay for it. And also if you would like to use our processors, which are available for Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data, those services are also you have to pay for it. And then if you would like to have access to very high resolution imagery, this is also something which you have to pay for it. And from this point, I would like to encourage you all to test our platform. For the beginning, if you would like to apply, we can grant you 150 euro free credits, so you can launch your virtual machine and you can try if Creo-DS is a platform for you. Then as I was talking about Creo-DS tools, I would like to show you what kind of tools we have in our offer. So first of all, when entering Creo-DS portal, you can have access to your browser and your finder and also cloud dashboard. But for all of you who are Python, Python fans, we have Jupyter Notebook and the access to Jupyter Notebook is also for free. So using Jupyter Notebook, you can prototype anything and you can also use Earth observation data repository online from Jupyter Notebook environment. Then we have also third-party application. So you can access, for example, S2Sins, which is the kind of application to visualize Sentinel data in 2D and also 3D. But this third-party applications are also kind of applications built and developed by our users, for example, in the frames of ISA projects. So as the S2GLC product was developed, and then it's open and it's available for all of the users. Okay, from this point, I would like to show you your browser and your finder. I would like to show you how those tools work and how you can use it on your own. So I will switch to the browser. Okay, so coming to the Creo-DS portal. Here in the tab Tools, we have your browser and your finder, also cloud dashboard and the Jupyter app. So let's start from EOBroser, which is the tool for data browsing and data visualization. So to use EOBroser, you don't have to be registered users, but to use EOFinder, you have to be registered user. So if not yet, you are not registered, please just click the button register and register yourself to use the full benefits of the platform. So I will log in myself and then I will go to EOBroser. So here in EOBroser, you can see the map. So it takes actually my location. So we are located in Warsaw. Here on the left side, you have the whole list of data available here online. Data you can visualize here and you can search for the place of your interest. So here I would like to see Sentinel-2 on level 2A, so after the atmospheric correction. And I would like to see the data without clouds. It would be the best to see without clouds, but sometimes it's just simply impossible. So I will place here 10% of the full cloud coverage. Then we should select time range. So at the time range when the data was captured, so the time of our interest. So I will go to, let's say, March and then ending today. So let's click search and see if there are any nice data without clouds from the place which we are here now. Okay, so I see that here we have because first of all we can see the results here and also we can see the results on the map. So we can visualize it from map or from this search field. So I will visualize the data. So quickly the data were visualized. This is RGB composition. So based on the three channels, but here in the visualization tab, you can see that we have here different modes of visualization. So here now we have true color. Let's maybe find some river. We can have scene classification map. So here we can see the green areas and build up areas and then water bodies. We can have a false color, so using infrared. So in the bright red, you see all the green spaces in Warsaw. Then we can have a false color visualization and DVI visualization. So to detect green areas, detect agriculture fields, detect the forests and so on. We have here moisture index and we have also shortwave infrared. And the WA, so to detect water bodies and NDSE SI sorry index. So we can hear, for example, click one of the tabs of the visualization and we can compare, for example, false color to the RGB visualization. Here before I have added some pins. So those are green fields in one of the regions in Poland. And I can visualize the data. So I have here visualization of NDVI and also sorry, visualization of RGB. So if I would like to compare those images, I have to click here to compare. And then comparing by opacity or comparing by splitting those two. Let's say windows. So we can see how it looks in RGB and how it looks visualized by NDVI index. So this is what's created as browser is for. And then also when we are in the visualization tab from this window, we can download the image, but the image will be downloaded as a screenshot, not as the whole Sentinel file with all of the bands. It will be just a screenshot so you can, for example, present to your colleagues, paste it in your presentation and so on. So let's move back to create a portal and then go to tools. And then let's see EO Finder. So EO Finder, I would say is more advanced tool. So from this tool, you can search for the data by indicating here different criteria and you can download the data. I mean download the whole Sentinel file. So maybe let's move to Italy and then we can indicate here observed time or published time. So when the satellite observed that area or when the data were published to our repository, you can also search a place on the map. You can also write the name of the place here. Or you can, if you know what's the identifier of the Sentinel data you want to search, you can also put the product identifier here. So I will go to publish and then I will start to search for the data from May and then ending here today. Cloud coverage, of course, as less as possible. Then we will choose collection. So Sentinel 2. And here maybe I would just add that you can see more data available. So you can browse the causal satellite data, modis aquaterra and also Copernicus dem. But then I will just choose Sentinel 2. And then level processing 2A. And I will draw a polygon on the map to search for the data of the particular area around Venice. And then I will click search. Okay, so I have a couple of sentinels. We can see that cloud even zero percent. I can visualize it on the map. Coming one, looking at images one by one. So if I will find the one which I like, it can be here. I can simply visualize it. It looks good for me. And then I can download it. So by clicking this button download, the whole imagery, the whole Sentinel file with all of the bands will be downloaded locally to my computer. You can also, for example, add the data to your cart. So you can just, you know, as an in-store, collect the data. Some of the data are available online. So you can download them directly. But some of the data are kind of orderable. So we have to order them first. We have to download them first to our cache and cache. And when it will be available, you will be informed and you will be able to download them to your computer. So this is one way of using the whole data repository, downloading the data directly to your computer. But what I wanted to show you today is how to use a cloud environment and how to use virtual machines. So I will go back to the Creo-DIS portal and then I will go to tools and then cloud dashboard. Here, at the first window of cloud dashboard, we have to be, we have to log in. So using open ID connect means that we are using our login credentials as they are used for Creo-DIS platform. So yes, we are using it, connect. So we are connected to our environment, to our dashboard. And if we would like to open, launch new instance, new virtual machine, we go to instances. So from this window, you can see that for example, I have here one virtual machine which was created yesterday. You can see the whole information about the virtual machine. So from this point, you can disconnect, you can shut down your virtual machine and do anything which is possible here. So this is the kind of first window which informs you about your environment, what virtual machines you have and how do you use them and if they are running or if they are not running. But to launch virtual machine, we should click the button launch instance and then we will be moved to the pane for launching instance. So let's start from the instance name. I will call it pio, then we go to source. So source means, for example, what operating system our virtual machine should have or if it has to be the image, instance snapshot, volume, volume snapshot. If you will choose the image, so the virtual machine will be simply the image of the image of operating system. So here you can see that the list of available images is quite long. And we have her, for example, here, sent us with sent for cab. We have windows with ArcGIS and Ubuntu with QGIS. So different operating systems with, for example, already installed software, TensorFlow for machine learning. So depending what you would like to do. But I would like to simply use the windows image. So we can see that Windows 2019 is available. So I would like to add this one to my virtual machine simply by clicking this arrow up. So it was added. We can see it here and we can move to flavor. So what flavor should be of our virtual machine? At the beginning of my presentation, I showed you that we have plenty of different flavors depending on RAM, depending on total disk and so on. So here you can see that we have very small flavors, let's say. And then the numbers are also growing. So like very big extra large. So for today's purpose, I would like to use, for example, this one. So E01 large. So it will be enough for me. And this virtual machine has already connection to Earth observation data repository. So while entering the virtual machine, I will be already connected to the repository with the data so I can use the data in virtual machine. Okay, so I was connected. I mean, I added the flavor and then I will go to networks. So actually here adding the networks mean that we will communicate, means adding channels for communication. So first of all, we should add the private network to communicate with our virtual machine and also with different instances. And also we should add this connection EO data, so means the connection to Earth observation data repository. Okay, the next step and the last step actually is security groups. So if we want to have our virtual machine visible from outside, so if we want to ping it from outside, so our remote desktop will be visible for us, we should add this security group. So allow ping SSH from remote desktop. So by adding, by clicking this arrow, we will just use this security group as it's already here. And then this is the last step, which is just enough for us to create the virtual machine. And then we should just click launch instance and it will be immediately launched. We should just wait a bit for building it, preparing it, and it will be running. So here what is important, IP addresses. So when we are creating virtual machines, the IP addresses, private IP addresses are already created. But very important step is also to allocate floating IP, which we will do soon. Then I would like to move to the console or my virtual machine to establish the password. Because I'm not going to use the virtual machine from, let's say this window from the browser from Dashboard. But I would like to move to the remote desktop and to use it there. So from this point, I would like to open the console and then establish the password for administrator so I can access the virtual machine from outside. Okay, it takes time to open to start the console. Getting ready. Okay, as always with live demos, sometimes it doesn't go so quick. But that's technology, so let's give it time. Okay, we have here the running console. Okay, as it's not running so quickly, maybe I would just simply show you how to access the virtual machine from the remote desktop. But okay, yes. So it says that the user password must be changed before signing in. Okay, that's right. So that's what we want to do. So here the administrator window, we have to find ourself with the running mouse. We have the mouse is doubled here. So sometimes it's hard to catch it. Yes, so here we have to create a new password. Okay, as we created it, let's enter. Let's change the password for the administrator. Okay, the password was changed. Okay, and then it's applying the changes and you can enter the console from here. But as you can see, using console from this place, it's quite painful. So let's move to remote desktop. So I would simply go back to instances. And then the only last step which I have to do is to allocate floating IP. So from this place, associate floating IP. Sorry, not allocate, but I will choose associate floating IP. So we have to choose the IP address for our virtual machine and the port which will be allocated to our virtual machine. So let's not allocate it to EOData IP, but rather to our private network. So this will be, it will be this one. Okay, sorry, I was somehow, okay, again. And this one and let's associate the IP. It's working and soon the floating IP will be added. Okay, so our floating IP is here. So here in the dashboard in this window, you have all the necessary information you need to know to work with the remote desktop. Okay, so from here, I would like to open the remote desktop. So then we choose the floating IP. Okay, somehow I can see, let's see. Okay, I didn't see my floating IP newly created. So I will choose the one which I've created yesterday. So this is the completely different, I mean the completely same step. Okay, and entering the virtual machine. Okay, so we are here. So this is our virtual machine. So if we, with Windows operating system. So if we would like to see the Earth observation data repository from the desktop, we have here the script written to mount the L data. So if we click the script here immediately, we will have the access to Earth observation storage, the whole repository. So you can see it's here and the total size is 44 petabytes. So really a normal repository. And we will try to see what's inside of this repository. So of course we will see what's inside, but then if you would like to work with the data, you need a dedicated software. Yes, so here you see that we have here Copernicus services, NVSAT, JSON, Landsat, and the whole package of Sentinel data sets and also SMOS. So here we have current data sets, which are available online. We online, we have also archive data sets. So if only you would like to, for example, compare to some analyzes of the data, comparing different stages, different months, you can search for the data here and you can use the data from this place, of course, using dedicated software. So that's the way of creating a virtual machine and then entering the virtual machine from the remote desktop. I hope this will be useful for you. So this is the windows and if only you would like to see how to create it with Linux, please visit our YouTube channel to see the tutorials. Okay, so then I will come back, I'll just disconnect my virtual machine and then I will come back to the presentation. Okay, so yes, I was here already created the virtual machines. Maybe at the end I would like to give you very short information on how our users are using Creo-DIS platform, what products they developed, what projects they've made, they finished on Creo-DIS platform. So one of the good example is actually software Cent4CAP. So Cent4CAP works on Creo-DIS platform and this is the freeware software dedicated for agriculture monitoring. So basically Cent4CAP software uses sentinel data and also Landsat data. So this is all actually dedicated for CAP purposes. So while using Cent4CAP software, you can, for example, generate such products as cultivated crop type map, grassland mowing products, vegetation status indicator, and then agriculture practices monitoring products. So you can actually get really nice and useful products so for the agriculture monitoring. And the Cent4CAP software is all the time, let's say, modernized and new versions has been developed. So you can check the software and see if it will be useful for your purposes. Then another example is S2GLC, which I have already told you about. S2GLC was a product, was a project, actually, developed by Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and it was one of the European Space Agency projects. So in 2017, they have prepared classification of sentinel to data. So you can see the whole map of Europe, land cover map of Europe with different class types. And then also an interesting project developed by Space Research Centre and also Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, which is called EOSAT. So those are services for Earth observation based statistical information for agriculture and the project was dedicated for the main statistical office and also agency for restructuring and manufacturing modernization of agriculture. So also based on sentinel data set, they have prepared classifications from different years to compare the agricultural state of Poland and to see how it has been changed over the years, over the months, over the different seasons. So as you can see, Creodes platform is the platform, the cloud computing platform, which can help you in developing such nice projects and also which is really helpful if you have big data to be processed and if your products, if your sorry projects need powerful environment and if you need really to process the data in a short time, but really, but in really efficient way. I hope you enjoyed the webinar and of course I encourage you to visit Creodes platform and to test the platform and to see how it works for you. Thank you very much. Bye-bye.


And I get a chance now to sing the praises of not only Jonathan Dittrin, but also the Berkman Center for having put together effectively the intellectual center for our fields, the water cooler around which all of us can gather. They're extraordinarily generous, constantly holding terrific roundtables and seminars and conferences, galvanizing real activity in a space that needs it desperately. There's a couple of really pressing issues and I think that Berkman's ability to think about legal issues and technical issues and social issues together is what makes it such an incredible resource for thinking through how digital technology is changing everyday life. Well I work on the intersection of the internet and social causes that Berkman has such a variety of programs that are so current and on the cutting edge of how the internet affects civil society, how it affects democracies around the world, and individuals as they connect to communities. There's a wonderful intersection between my work on cultural commons and the way that people at the Berkman Center think about the internet. Mostly the great thing about the Berkman Center is it lets me do my own work and to have my own work fold into the work that's done here. We don't have lots of data from the democratizing world or from Africa or from other places and I think one of the things that Berkman has brought to that for instance in the blogging project is case studies of countries where there's not much information out there and I think that's really valuable. Internet is all about exchanging information and sharing your knowledge with other people. The Berkman Center in a way becoming a hub for people sharing information, I think it's remarkable to have a center dedicated to learn more and teach more about the use of internet for social means and I think it's admirable that something like that is being done right here. The internet evolves as people start using the internet for health information in different ways. One can imagine that that's going to have a profound impact on the healthcare system and there's a lot of cross-linking and opportunities I think for both folks at Berkman as well as people like me who want to understand the internet and information systems better. Computers are being entrusted with so much power and it's all essentially closed code systems and I think that we've got to work on opening up the black box, that we don't entrust too much to computers. I think we've got to walk a really careful line to what we entrust to computers and what we can't lose sight of the human value in our judgment. One of those really pressing issues is the notion of the complexity of user-generated content not just textual but also technological so when people are actually trying to reverse engineer technological artifacts in order to innovate in order to make new things. So I'm really interested in that and I think Berkman has an important role to play in helping innovators think about the legal implications of how they innovate. Patent law becomes very vague and fuzzy and the boundaries of patents are very fuzzy and there's a lot of uncertainty. It creates an opening for opportunists of all sorts. You can look at large companies who may be getting out of a business who act in an opportunist way. You can look at universities who have gotten patents and are using them in an opportunist way. Everybody, I mean it's rational when the system isn't working, you know everybody's a cheat and everybody's an opportunist. I think that digital copying has changed to the roots, the way we share knowledge and culture, the way we share knowledge, culture and information in this world and I think it's, despite the efforts of the content industries, an unstoppable change. The ability to access and search information and find things that are relevant to you in this vast sort of sea of data points is really an amazing thing. People armed with information are going to really have a very transformative effect in the way that they relate to the health care system, the way they relate to their doctors and hospitals. Probably the thing that I found most surprising about the web is the speed with which it has become completely ubiquitous among certain segments of the population and how closely it's become integrated into my own knowledge-seeking behavior. The closure of the digital divide is going to be incredibly important for people who do social change work. Looking back to pre-internet and thinking, yeah, a lot has changed. Some of it is accelerating trends that were already taking place, but not necessarily in that old sort of institutionalized way. So I think it's reshaping politics and it's reshaping political organizations. Holds politicians accountable in a way they were not being held in the past. The earliest copyright act in this country, 1790, was not called a copyright act, it was called an act for the encouragement of learning. And that is what, in terms of education, copyright should serve. And fair use is the path by which it becomes easier and easier to use it. Nobody can tell me that the transactions of the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers from 1879 is really something that needs to be protected by copyright these days. Some of the other issues that I think are really important are the ways that folks use digital technology to do all kinds of works. The work of activists, the work of advocacy groups around the world. And so I think bringing those communities together again is one of the really valuable things that Berkman does. 80% of doctors today still write all their records on pen and paper. So forget about even connectivity, it's all on paper and it's not even done by computer. So I think I have serious worries that the healthcare system, which is this gigantic part of our economy, is way behind and is going to lag behind for a long time. The internet is not a series of tubes. The internet is like trucks, big truck, with really bad construction zones.  But now I have to say I do Google myself to make sure as my friend and dear of the wonderful Information Privacy Scholar down to love just to make sure that things bad is being said about me. Having looked at politicians using Facebook and Myspace, I find it slightly cringeworthy that middle-aged men have got teenage girls as their friends. There's an enormous potential for our participatory democracy online. We're just not limited to the town square or to relying just on the mainstream press. But I think the more we network with each other, I think it's going to have a profound effect upon people's involvement with their issues and then in turn bothering their elected officials. So I'm hopeful. I'm not a Pollyanna, but I'm hopeful. The person that really, really provoked my interest was Stephen Coleman, who was at the Hansard Society and then went to the Oxford Internet Institute and was a colleague of mine. One of the great strengths of Berkman is that it has become the epicenter of so many internet luminaries. They set the stage for other people like me to want to learn more about what they do and incorporate it into our work. I've sort of taken amazing lessons from, of course, Lessig's code, his law, Joel Reidenberg, who really I think started that conversation, Dan Solow's work on privacy, and then Jonathan for his vision on technology and just his insights on how the internet is taking us in different directions. I would say those are sort of my big, those are my stars of influence. And I would mention the good work, remarkable work of investigative reporters and editors. I read this organization of journalists here in the United States. I'm a fan of Larry Lessig's work and I actually went to the Supreme Court and heard him argue the Eldred versus Ashcroft case. He's inspired. I got into a conversation with, with Lessig about rhetoric and so that was a really transformative moment for me. I have a good friend, Paul Holman, who's a hacker and he gives great talks as well and he'll stand up on stage and he'll hack into someone's phone in the middle of a presentation in order to demonstrate how insecure our devices are. Somebody like David Bolier, who is involved in the movement to think about knowledge as a commons. Jonathan Zatrain is the best speaker I think anyone will ever see. And he's an entertainer. I really think he's got to be on TV. Forget the law. Like it's not as lucrative the law. But Jonathan has to be on television.


A very good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindi News Analysis by Shankar Ayes Academy for the date 29th April 2021. These are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis. It has been provided along with the page numbers of different editions of Hindi newspaper. Now let us start our analysis with this first news article. This discussion is based on this news article which reports about the recent earthquake that was felt across northeast India, Bihar, West Bengal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. And according to the report by National Centre of Seismology, the epicentre of this earthquake was at Dekhyajuli which is a town in Assam. So in this context let us see about earthquakes, the science behind it and also about the seismic hazard zones or the earthquake hazard zones. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. See the earth's crust is a rocky layer of varying thickness. The crust does not occur as a single piece but rather it consists of multiple portions called as plates which are of varying size. And the lithosphere of the earth is broken into a number of plates known as lithospheric plates. Now these plates move around very slowly due to the movement of molten magma that is inside the earth. Now such plate movements cause changes on the earth's surface. Now one of the forces that causes these changes is the endogenic forces. It is the force which acts in the interior of the earth and they produce slow as well as sudden movements and one among them is the earthquake. So what is an earthquake? It is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth which lasts for a very short time. It is a natural event that is caused by the disturbance deep down inside the earth's crust. Now these disturbances lead to the release of energy which generates waves that travel in all directions. Or in other words when the lithospheric plates move the surface of the earth produces vibrations that travel all around the earth and these vibrations are what are called as earthquakes. Now how this is caused? See the plates inside the earth are in continual motion as we saw. So during their movement they brush past one another or one plate goes under another due to collision. So when these plates contact each other stress arises and these stress results in release of energy and thus this energy causes disturbance in the earth's crust and it is this disturbance that shows up as an earthquake on the surface of the earth. Now note that the release of this energy during an earthquake occurs along a fault. So what is a fault? A fault is a sharp break in the crustal rocks. Usually the rocks along a fault tend to move in opposite directions because the overlying rock strata presses these rocks which are moving in opposite directions. So the friction between these locks them together but their tendency to move apart at some point of time overcomes this friction and as a result of this the blocks get deformed and eventually they slide past one another abruptly. Now this causes a release of energy whose waves travel in all directions and remember that the point of rupture or the point where the energy is released is called as the focus of an earthquake. It is also called as hypocenter. Now this focus or hypocenter can be located near the surface or deep below the surface and the point on the surface that is directly above this focus is termed as the epicenter of the earthquake. Now here additionally it is also known about the vibrations caused by these earthquakes. As we saw earlier the fault rupture generates vibration and these vibrations are called as seismic waves it means shock waves or earthquake waves. Now these waves radiate from the focus that is the point of rupture and it radiates in all directions at various frequencies and velocities. Now usually these vibrations travel outwards from the epicenter as seismic waves and note that these waves are basically of two types one is body waves second one is surface waves. Now these body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and they move in all directions traveling through the body of the earth and that is why they are called as body waves and this is further subdivided into two types one is primary waves and second is secondary waves. The primary waves or the P waves are those that move faster and are the first to arrive at the surface. Now they are similar to sound waves and they can travel through gaseous materials even liquid and solid materials. Now the second subtype is secondary waves or the S waves. Now these arrive at the surface with some time lag and note that they can only travel through solid materials. Now the next type of waves is the surface waves. See when the body waves interact with the surface rocks it generates a new set of waves and these are called as the surface waves. Now these waves move along the surface and they are more destructive it is because they cause displacement of the rocks and this eventually leads to the collapse of structures. Now how an earthquake is measured? It is measured with a machine called as seismograph and generally the earthquakes are measured based on the magnitude or intensity of the shock. Now the magnitude of the earthquake is measured on the Richter scale. You would have all heard about Richter scale. In use also we hear that the earthquake was of 5 Richters, 7 Richters etc. So based on the estimation of Richter scale an earthquake with 6 or higher magnitude is considered very strong and earthquakes of 7.0 Richters is classified as major earthquake and we also saw that based on intensity of the shock also earthquakes are measured and this is measured using the Merkely scale which is used to calculate the earthquakes intensity. Now the Merkely scale expresses the intensity of earthquakes effect on people, structures and on the earth's surface. Now the range of the intensity scale is from 1 to 12. Now this map provides you the distribution pattern of earthquakes in India and note that based on the intensive analysis of the past earthquakes India has divided into five earthquake zones. These first two zones had experienced some of the most devastating earthquakes in India and these include the northeastern states areas along the Indian Naval border in Bihar, Uttarakhand then western Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir Valley in the Himalayan region and the Kutch region of Gujarat. So these areas are included in the very high damage risk zone. Then the second type of zone is the high damage risk zone. This includes the remaining parts of Germany, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, northern parts of Punjab, eastern parts of Haryana, Delhi, western Uttar Pradesh and northern Bihar all these fall under high damage risk zone category. Now the remaining parts of the country fall under the moderate to very low damage risk zones. You note that most of the areas that can be considered safe are from the stable landmass covered under the Deccan Plateau. So this is how earthquake hazard zones are provided in the NCRT so we saw this. Now additionally you should also know that we have a seismic zoning map of India and at this the whole country has been divided into four zones based on the historical seismicity and strong ground motions. We have zone 5 to zone 2 initially we also had zone 1 but it was later merged with zone 2. Now out of these zones zone 5 exhibits the highest seismic risk and zone 2 has the least seismic risk. So as you can see here zone 5 consists of parts of Jammu and Kashmir mainly the Kashmir valley, then western parts of Himachal Pradesh, eastern parts of Uttarakhand, then Kutch region in Gujarat and also north eastern states and Andaman and Nicobar islands. So you can see that the very high damage risk zones which we just saw is nothing but the zone 5. So similarly we can relate the high damage risk zone that is a second category with the zone 2 of seismic zoning map of India. Now just note that the seismic zoning map of India is prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards. Now the other parts of the country which comes under the remaining zones is given here for your reference. So from the news article we can say that now the earthquake has occurred in the zone 5 which consists of northeast India, Bihar etc. So that is all about earthquakes, how they occur, then about earthquake zones or seismic zones etc. Now let's move on to the next discussion. This discussion is based on this open article which talks about antimicrobial resistance. See the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has already killed over 3 million people globally especially the pandemic has exposed the vulnerabilities of the health systems across the world to the infectious diseases even in the richest countries. So the spread of COVID-19 has underscored the need for cross-national cooperation to maintain global health security. So in this context authors mentioned that COVID-19 is just a beginning of the future crisis and they are focusing on another major crisis or a greatest challenges that awaits the 21st century which is the antimicrobial resistance. So in this context let us see in detail about antimicrobial resistance, its causes and its impacts and the views of the author. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. So first what are antimicrobials? See these includes antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics. They are the medicines which are used to prevent and treat the infections in the humans, animals and plants. So what is antimicrobial resistance or in short AMR? It occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites they change over time and they no longer respond to medicines. That means it creates resistance to the antimicrobial drugs and this is what is called as the antimicrobial resistance. Now the issue with AMR is that it makes harder to treat the infections and it increases the risk of disease spread and it also increases severe illness and deaths and as a result of the drug resistance, antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines become ineffective and the infections become increasingly difficult or they become impossible to treat. Here just note that the microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as superbugs. Now let us see why this AMR is a global threat. See as we already saw the emergence and spread of drug resistant pathogens continues to threaten our ability to treat common infections especially the fact that is alarming is the rapid global spread of superbugs that cause infections that are not treatable with the existing antimicrobial medicines. Further there is also a lack of access to quality antimicrobials which also remains a major issue in many countries especially antibiotic shortages are affecting countries of all levels of development. Further the cost of AMR to the national economies and their health systems is significant because it affects the productivity of the patients and the productivity of their caretakers as they are forced to have prolonged hospital stays and it invites the need for more expensive and intensive care. So now how this AMR arises? See the important causes for rising AMR are the misuse of antimicrobials in medicine, then inappropriate use of antimicrobials in agriculture, then also the contamination around the pharmaceutical manufacturing sites is also a reason for this. Now the situation is worsening by the fact that no new classes of antibiotics have made it to the market in the last three decades. This means we are using the same kinds of antibiotics for the last three decades and this is mainly because of inadequate incentives for their development in production and research and development of antibiotics and antimicrobials. So in this regard the authors of this opiate article have provided certain data regarding antimicrobial resistance. According to them over 95 percentage of antibiotics in the development today are from small companies only because major pharmaceutical companies have largely abandoned innovation of new antibiotics. Further according to the authors AMR is already responsible for up to 7 lakh deaths a year. So if urgent measures are not taken then the world would soon face an unprecedented health and economic crisis which would result in 10 million annual deaths that is 1 crore annual deaths and it will cost up to 100 trillion dollars by the year 2050. And this is one of the reasons why authors mention that AMR represents an existential threat to modern medicine. That is mainly because with the increase in AMR the most common surgical procedures cancer chemotherapy etc they will face risk from untreatable infections and the scenario will be worse or more serious in the low-income countries and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa because already their health systems cannot bear the risk posed by the untreatable infectious diseases and now when even treatable infectious diseases do not respond to the drugs then the burden on their health system would increase exponentially and that is why the director general of WHO has said that antimicrobial resistance is a slow tsunami that threatens to undo a century of medical progress. See here the logic is simple for any infection if a medicine is invented then that means that infection can be treated with that medicine. Now what will happen if that medicine becomes ineffective and there is no new medicine to treat that infection this means that infection will continue and this will lead to increase in mortality rates and it will burden the health systems of the countries. So what is the way forward how we could tackle this issue see first and foremost need is developing of new antimicrobials so that even if the existing antimicrobials does not treat the infections we can tackle that issue by administering the new antimicrobials then second enforcing infection control measures to reduce the antibiotic use because we saw that misuse of antimicrobials is also one of the reasons for AMR then third measure could be a mix of incentives and sanctions that is ensuring that all those who need an antimicrobial have access to that medicine along with regulating its use that is whether that medicine is properly used as told by the physician is not has to be properly checked. So that is why we are saying we need a mix of incentives and sanctions and then we also need to track the spread of resistance in the microbes beyond hospitals so this would encompass the spread of resistance in the livestock then the checking of wastewater and farm runoffs to test for the presence of antimicrobials including antibiotics then finally we also need sustained investment to detect and combat new resistance strains and in this way we already have the AMR action fund it is a one billion dollar fund that was launched in the year 2020 to support the development of new antibiotics so we need more investments in this line so as to support developing of new antimicrobials and also to reduce its misuse so these are some of the points that you should know about antimicrobial resistance this topic mainly important from example perspective because we already have a main question in this regard as you can see here so take note of the important points we just discussed now let's move on to the next discussion now this discussion is based on this news article which talks about the death of the astronaut Michael Collins he's an Apollo 11 astronaut and he piloted the spaceship from which Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made their first steps on the moon in the year 1969 so in this slide let us discuss few facts about Apollo missions and also about Apollo 11 see Apollo program was the name of NASA's project in the 1960s and early 1970s to land humans on the moon this program consisted of 11 total space flights and among them the first four flights tested the equipment used in the Apollo program and the six of the other seven remaining flights landed on the moon and you should note that the first moon landing took place in 1969 and the last moon landing was in the year 1972 and in all these missions a total of 12 astronauts walked on the moon and these astronauts conducted scientific research and they studied the lunar surface and they also collected moon rocks to bring back to earth for research now among these missions the first man mission to the moon was Apollo 8 but however Apollo 8 did not land on the moon it only orbited the moon after which it came back to earth but however the first moon landing occurred in Apollo 11 mission that took place in July 1969 so what was the primary objective of Apollo 11 it was to complete a national goal that was said by the then president of USA John F. Kennedy that is to perform a crude lunar landing and return to earth now apart from this it also had other objectives such as scientific exploration by the lunar module then deployment of a television camera to transmit signals to earth and then deployment of solar wind composition experiment etc so on a whole what you should remember is that the crew of Apollo 11 consisted of Neil Armstrong Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin and among them Neil Armstrong became the first person to work on the moon so these are some of the important facts that you should know about the Apollo missions of NASA now let's move on to the next discussion now this discussion is based on this news article which talks about the coven portal as you know government has made vaccines available to all adults from may 1st that is those who are above 18 years can get vaccinated from 1st of May and this is based on the new vaccine policy now to get vaccinated the individuals need to register in the coven portal but the news article mentions that technological glitches were experienced while registering in the coven portal it is said that the portal either crashed or people failed to get the one-time password that is OTP so in this context let us know about coven portal see here coven stands for COVID vaccine intelligence network it is a cloud-based IT platform and it is supposed to handle my new details for India's COVID-19 immunization program so this includes registering of beneficiaries then allocating vaccination centers to the beneficiaries then also sending text messages with the name of their vaccinator to the beneficiaries then it also includes life monitoring of whilst containing vaccines in the cold storage so in simple terms coven is an online platform for the citizens of India to register for COVID-19 vaccination and schedule their vaccination slots at the nearest vaccination centers and besides this it also monitors the vaccine stocks in the cold chain now know that this portal is owned by ministry of health but it is managed by national informatics center of the ministry of electronics information technology now what are the major benefits of this platform first it regularizes the vaccination drive by allotting slots then it prevents proxy vaccination that is it ensures that no other person is getting vaccinated under the name of some other persons and this is ensured because this platform helps to identify the beneficiary through adhar so this is the working of the portal first we have to register in the portal through our phone number and some proof of ID and secondly we have to select the hospital from where we want to take the vaccine then we have to confirm our slot and we have to proceed to the center of vaccination on the designated date and time and note that once a person receives both the doses of vaccination the individual gets a QR based vaccine certificate and most importantly remember that this platform is an extension of the even platform here even stands for electronic vaccine intelligence network this network is an innovative technological solution that is aimed at strengthening the immunization supply chain systems across the country and this is for any vaccination now this innovative even was first launched in the year 2015 and it was launched across 12 states to support better vaccine logistics management at all cold chain points so this even supports the central government's universal immunization program and this is done by providing real-time information on vaccine stocks and flows and by providing real-time storage temperatures across all the cold chain points in the states and unit territories now this even network is being implemented under the national health mission of minister of health and family welfare now one of the benefits of this platform is that it has helped to create a big data architecture that encourages data-driven decision-making this in turn helps in consumption-based planning that helps in maintaining the optimum stocks of vaccines now all of this helps in coordinating the demand and supply of the vaccines so because of even vaccine availability at all times has increased to 99 percentage in most health centers but note that here we are talking about universal immunization program vaccines only and to deal with the covid-19 vaccination we have the coven portal so that is all about this discussion on coven and even now let's move to the next one our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about a report from a major swiss brokerage company called as ubs securities this company has given a report on the foreign portfolio investments and as per this report foreign portfolio investors have pulled out two billion dollars from indian equities due to the concerns over rising covid-19 cases so this is adversely affecting the economic recovery in our country and the report also speculates that they are likely to withdraw three to four billion dollars more in the short-term so from this it becomes important for us to know about foreign portfolio investments see it is a type of foreign investment so what is a foreign investment it means an investment made by a person resident outside india on a repatriable basis in the capital instruments such as shares of an indian company so foreign investments are a part of india's capital account of balance of payments see as you know balance of payments records the transactions in goods services and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specific time period such as typically a year so in this line the other type of foreign investment is the foreign direct investment so now let us see about foreign portfolio investment and how it differs from fdi see foreign portfolio investment or fpi it means the investments that are made through stock exchanges that is through the secondary market and the investments will be made in various financial instruments like shares debentures of a company through this secondary market now according to sebi fpi is an investment in shares of a company not exceeding 10 percent of the total paid up capital of that company so any investment about 10 percent according to sebi is fdi so through this the foreign investor can exert control in the management of the company so let us see how for that we need to know about fdi see fdi is an investment from a party in one country into a business or a corporation in another country and this investment is done with the intention of establishing a lasting interest here this term lasting interest is what differentiates the fdi from foreign portfolio investments because in fpi investors passively hold securities from a foreign country and since we initially saw that the foreign investments are under a capital account of balance of payments so these fpi and fdi both are under capital account only now here the real difference between both these foreign investment is that fdi aims to take control of the company in which the investment is made but on the other hand fpi aims to reap the profits by investing in shares and bonds of the invested entity without controlling that company so that means fpi is a monetary investment or financial investment and it aims at getting profits from shares interests from deposits etc and it is also otherwise known as hot money now the foreign portfolio investor stays her money in the capital market only for a short period of time so its destination period is so small and it is empirically considered as fluctuating capital because it is often short term only so that means fpi's are highly volatile they are a fair weather friend and speculative see here a fair weather friend means it cannot be relied on in times of difficulty then it also has other risks such as foreign exchange risk then it may lead to capital flight so here capital flight is the outflow of capital from a country due to many reasons such as negative monetary policies including currency depreciation etc and this also includes foreign portfolio investors pulling out from Indian market this also leads to capital flight and it also has other risks such as currency crisis which in turn affects the real economic variables so these are some of the points that you should know about foreign portfolio investment and how it differentiates from fdi and what are the risks in it now it's more to the next discussion this discussion is based on this editorial article which is with respect to who should have control over temples whether government or the communities so let us see the arguments by author who supports that communities should have control over the temples the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see this is actually a reactionary article to the one published on 22nd april in the hindi newspaper on 22nd april's article the author of that article had penned down the editorial in the context of freeing the temples in tamil adu from government control that is on that day the author of that article supported governmental control on temples see this was based on an act see initially there was a hindu religious and charitable endowments act of 1951 but this was replaced in 1959 by the tamil adu hindu religious and charitable endowments act and under these acts the temples were placed under the state control even supreme court had upheld this in its shirur mud case saying that it is perfectly in consonance with article 25 of the constitution so since then temples have been under the control of the tamil adu state so on that day author favored the opinion of retaining the temples with the governmental controls and one of the main justification given by that author was that state control can prevent concentration of power in the temples with some powerful casts but author of today's editorial article differs in this opinion so the author has tried to give contrasting viewpoints in this regard so in essence we can say that in today's article author has cited in favor of the community control of temples so let us go over the arguments and counter arguments of both the authors one by one now first the 22nd april article said that temples should be retained by the government because powerful casts may accumulate power and they may deny entry to the temple to certain sections of the society but author of today's article is defending this idea by saying that it will not be possible for powerful cast to deny entry to certain sections of the society because the entry into temples has been regulated by madras temple entry authorization act of 1947 and it has been enacted to address these issues only so author of today's article is supporting that denial of entry is not possible legally now next author of today's article also counters the previous article's views that said that historically kings always had a minister who was appointed to look after the temples so by this it was assumed that temples always had a significant supervision of the state but in today's article author has brushed this argument as a myth because there is lack of evidence to this fact the next argument put forward by today's author is that the constitution allows state interference in the religion only to the extent of secular functions of the temple see if you look at article 25 it empowers the state to regulate economic financial political or other secular activities which may be associated with religious practice but however according to the author this state control is resulting in the state performing some non-secular functions also for example in a case law called the sheshamal and others etc versus state of Tamil Nadu the court upheld that appointment of priests is a secular function and according to the author this is a stretched interpretation of the term secular so state should not be involved in such activities further author also argues that the constitution does not permit the state anywhere to assume ownership of properties belonging to religious institutions so based on this author stresses his point of relinquishing governmental control over temples then additionally on that day that is on April 22nd article author of that article also looked into other religious endowment acts of other religions to support his viewpoint where author also talked about the varkav act and said that this act provided a significant government oversight and even argued that even churches have been demanding governmental control on the institutions but author of today's article has observed that the reading of the varkav act reveals that such government oversight applies to charities and it specifically excludes places of worship such as mosques so hence taking cues from varkav act is also non-justifiable for governmental control on temples according to today's author so finally to justify his opinion today's author of the editorial has quoted british legacy see british government realized that a secular government should take no part in the management of religious institutions so british government at that time enacted the religious endowments act of 1863 and it repealed the pre-existing bengal and madras regulations that allowed governmental control so in the process of heading over the religious institutions to the society the british government at that time even created committees in every district to exercise control over temples so by this author argues that even the britishers had a secular color in enforcing the secularism so as a conclusion author believes that it is justified both legally and morally for temples to be owned by community rather than the government but here we should not forget about the contrasting opinion which is that the temples control might slip into the hands of powerful castes and this may result in losing out on the social gains achieved by the temple entry so in this discussion we have given both the arguments that favor community control and also governmental control on the temples so based on this discussion viewers and aspirants can frame their opinion and they can take their stand with this we have come to the end of this discussion now let's move to the next one our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about the recently launched supply chain resilience initiative ensured scri see this scri was formally launched by the trade ministers of three countries that is india japan and australia and this initiative is mainly launched to avoid the supply chain disruptions in the region see as you know covid-19 pandemic was having an unprecedented impact in terms of lives lost livelihoods lost and economies affected apart from this the pandemic also revealed supply chain vulnerabilities globally and also in the region so since september 2020 high-level consultations were held among australia india and japan and these consultations were focused on the importance of risk management and continuity plans in order to avoid supply chain disruptions in the future see a supply chain is nothing but a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer and this network includes different activities peoples entities informations and resources and the supply chain also represents the steps that is taken to get the product or service from its original state to the customer and companies develop the supply chain so that they can reduce their costs and they can remain competitive in the business landscape and it is also important because an optimized supply chain results in lower costs and a faster production cycle and that is why this initiative is important not only for india but also for the region so we can say that scri allows the commitments of these countries to strengthen resilient supply chains in the region let us see some of important policy measures under scri first is supporting the enhanced utilization of digital technology and supporting trade and investment diversification then the initial projects under scri includes sharing of best practices on the supply chain resilience then these countries would also hold investment promotion events and buyer seller matching events and they will also provide opportunities for stakeholders to explore the possibility of diversification of their supply chains now apart from all this the ministers also decided to convene or meet at least once a year to provide guidance to the implementation of scri and they also directed their officials to meet as often as required to take the initiative forward so in simple terms scri aims to create a virtuous cycle of enhancing supply chain resilience this will eventually help to attain a strong sustainable balanced and inclusive growth in the region now as you know at present china is a part of the supply chain of most of the countries including india so we can say that scri aims to reduce the dependency on a single nation that is china but as a response to this initiative china's foreign ministry has described it as an unrealistic initiative so let us just to see how particularly this initiative helps india see as we just saw china is a part of supply chain of most of the countries and particularly china's share of imports into india in 2018 itself was 14.5 percentage if you just consider the top 20 items supplied by china and india is also fully dependent on china in the areas such as active pharmaceutical ingredients for medicines such as paracetamol and especially from the last year itself we had bilateral issues with china so in such a scenario dependence on one country that is on china which is not our all-weather ally makes us more vulnerable so this initiative will help us to diversify our dependence so it will insulate us from the vagaries or unpredictability of a particular country so that is all you need to know about this discussion now let's move to the next one now we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session now this is a previous year question that was asked in 2019 and it is about multi drug resistance we can also say antimicrobial resistance the question asks which of the following are the reasons for occurrence of multi drug resistance in microbial pathogens in india first option given is genetic predisposition of some people this is not a reason so it is incorrect second option given is taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases this is the correct reason along with this we can say that misuse of antibiotics is also one of the reasons now the third one is using antibiotics in livestock farming we saw this during discussion so this is also a correct option now the fourth one is multiple chronic diseases in some people now this option is incorrect and here the question asks for the reasons for the occurrence of multi drug resistance so the correct answer is option b 2 and 3 only now this next question is based on even portal first statement is it is managed by national informatics center this statement is correct second statement is it monitors the cold storage supply chains to ensure vaccine availability this is also one of its objectives and here the question asks for the correct statements so correct answer is option c both one and two now this next question is based on foreign investments in india first statement is foreign portfolio investments aims to take control of the company in which investment is made but foreign direct investments aims to reap profits by investing in shares and bonds of the invested entity without controlling the company this is an incorrect statement because it should be the other way round fdi takes control over the company whereas fpis invest in the entity without controlling the company now the second statement is in india both fpi and fdi come under the capital account of balance of payments this statement is correct we saw this during the discussion and here the question asks for the correct statements so the correct answer is option b 2 only now this next question asks recently india has launched the supply chain resilience initiative in partnership with option a south korea in japan option b australia and new zeland option c acian countries option d japan and australia and the correct answer is japan and australia which is option d now this next question is which of the following Apollo mission succeeded in making the first human landing on the moon see here you should be careful about the question it asks the first human landing on the moon and the correct answer is option a apollo 11 see even though the first manned mission to the moon was apollo 8 apollo 11 only landed on the moon along with astronauts and the crew members in this mission included nilam strung michael collins and bus alterant and it happened in 1969 so option a is the correct answer let us take two main questions one is based on antimicrobial resistance and the other is based on regularizing religious institutions you can answer these questions and post it in the comment section with this we come to the end of today's hindi news analysis if you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to shankar ias academy youtube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation